Villanova College VILLANOVA, PENNSYLVANIA LIBRARY L 111 Class -A3 . 1B85-B6 Accession 27363 ->• ✓ DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, BUREAU OF EDUCATION. JOHN EATON, Commissiouer, to August 4, 18SG. N. H. R. DAWSON, Commissioner, from August 5, 188H REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION NATIONAL LIBRARY UF lie npPARTMtNT OF EDUCATION 400 W MAR 2 8 2013 lUARYLAND AvfcNyES.vv. ftSHINGTON. D C. 20202 THE YEAE 1885-’86. b y?.a satire- t on.i ; . GOYEeWs^T PRINTING- ti&FItfE. 1887. ■ ■ ' ■ ■ ■ * " ■ . . . ■ • *v ■ T E III ./7 3 CONTENT g. Report of the Commissioner of Education. Pago, Correspondence . . . ... ix Publications . . . ix Office library . . . . . . x Plan and scope of present Report .1 . General view of education in the United States Public-school systems of States and Territories The Peabody and Slater Funds . . . Secondary education . xiv The status of superior instruction . . . . xiv Attendance on college and university courses . . _ . xvi Manual and technical instruction . xvi Report on education in fine and industrial art . . . . xvm Report on Indian education and civilization . . . . . xvm Education in Alaska . . . . . . . xix Estimates and recommendations . xix Acknowledgments . . xx Appendix I.— State School Systems. School year, population, and school population (Table 1) . Enrolment, attendance, duration of schools and sittings (Table 2) . . Statistics relating to teachers (Table 3) . Teachers’ salaries (Table 4) . . . Public-school receipts (Table 5) . . . Public-school expenditures (Table 6) . State school funds, value of taxable property, and value of school property (Table 7) . . . Comparative statistics of State systems (Table 8) . . . Summary of the comparative statistics of State systems (Table 9) . Remarks upon the tables . - . - . Statement of present educational condition, by States. . Extracts from State reports relating to — School attendance . . . . . Supervision . - . . . Uniform school term . . Free text-books . - . Table of facts relating to chief State school officers (Table 10) . Summary of constitutional and legal provisions relating to education in tho several States . * . 6 8 9 10 11 13 16 20 21 24 40 43 44 45 46 47 Appendix II.— City-School Systems. Magnitude of the interests involved . . 217 Summary of statistics relating to city-school finances (Table 11) . 217 Comparative school statistics of a number of representative cities (Table 12).. 219 ^73 U 3 III IV CONTENTS. Page. Summaries of city reports . 221 Summary by States of school statistics of cities and towns containing 5,000 in¬ habitants and over (Table 13) . 239 Table of school statistics of cities and towns containing 5,000 inhabitants and over (Table 14) . . 240 Appendix III.— Training of Teachers. Remarks upon the table of normal schools . 307 Number of teachers who have received normal training . 307 State appropriations to normal schools . 308 Statistics of teachers’ institutes (Table 15) . 309 Courses of instruction and training . 310 Scheme of study for the Mas sachusetts State Noripal Schools . 310 Course of instruction, Connecticut Normal and Training School . 311 Course of instruction, State Normal School, Albany, N. Y . . . 311 Course of instruction for the Indiana State Normal School . . . 311 Two classes of normal schools . 313 German normal schools and teachers’ seminaries . 315 French normal schools . 317 Subsequent careers of normal-school graduates . 319 Summary of statistics of public normal schools (Table 16) . 320 Summary of statistics of private normal schools (Table 17) . 321 Statistics of public normal schools (Table 18) . . . . . 322 Statistics of private normal schools (Table 19) . . 328 Appendix IY. — Kindergartens. Charity kindergartens . 333 Public kindergartens . 333 Kindergarten training schools . 334 Summary of statistics of kindergartens (Table 20) . . . 334 Summary of statistics of kindergarten training schools (Table 21) . 335 Statistics of kindergartens (Table 22) . 336 Statistics of kindergarten training schools (Table 23) . . 355 Appendix Y. — Elementary and Secondary Instruction. Institutions for secondary instruction, chiefly private . 359 Preparatory schools . 360 General statistical summary of pupils receiving secondary instruction (Table 24) . 362 Statistical summary of students in preparatory courses (Table 25) . 363 Summary of statistics of schools for secondary instruction (Table 26) . 364 Summary of stat istics of preparatory schools (Table 27) . 365 Statistics of private schools for elementary and secondary instruction (Table 28) 366 Statistic^ of preparatory schools and departments (Table 29) . 426 Appendix VI. — Superior and Professional Instruction, superior instruction. Classification of institutions for superior instruction . 439 Summary of students in institutions for superior instruction (Table 30) . 439 Institutions for the superior instruction of women . 440 Summary of statistics of institutions for the superior instruction of women (Table 31), . 442 CONTENTS. V Pace. Statistics of institutions for the superior instruction of women (Table 32) . 444 Universities and colleges— general views . 459 Tho situation and tendencies as disclosed by the analyses . 459 Classification of collegiate students. . . 460 Statistics of selected corporations offering university instruction (Tables 33-35) 462 General view of tho relative number of classical and scientific students (Table 36) . 465 Ratio of college students to population . 467 Comparative statistics of attendance on classical and scientific courses (Table 37) . 468 Extracts from reports of college presidents : Admission requirements . 471 Incentives to study . 472 Conduct of studies . 473 Significance of the B. A. degree . „ . 474 System of fellowships at Johns Hopkins . 474 Scholarship system at Johns Hopkins . 475 Notes from university and college catalogues _ '. . 475 Summary of statistics of colleges aud universities (Table 38)... . 490 Statistics of colleges and universities (Table 39) . 494 Schools of science . „.... . 520 Number of agricultural students in the colleges of agriculture (Table 40) . 521 Summary of schools of science endowed with the national land grant (Table 41) 522 Summary of schools of science not endowed with the national land grant (Ta¬ ble 42) . - . . 524 Statistics of schools of science endowed with the national land grant (Table 43) 525 Statistics of schools of science not endowed with the national land grant (Table 44) . . . 530 PROFESSIONAL instruction. Summary of statistics of professional schools uy geographical sections (Table 45) 534 Schools of theology . 535 Summary of statistics of schools of theology (Table 46) . . 535 Statistical summary of schools of theology according to denominations (Table 47) . . . 536 Statistics of schools of theology (Table 48) . 537 Schools of law . 545 Summary of statistics of schools of law (Table 49) . 545 Statistics of schools of law (Table 50) . 546 Schools of medicine, dentistry, and pharmacy . 548 Summary of statistics of schools of medicine, dentistry, and pharmacy (Table 51) . * . . 548 Statistics of schools of medicine, dentistry, and pharmacy (Table 52) . 551 Summary of State laws regulating the practice of medicine . . . 561 degrees. Statistical summary of all degrees conferred (Table 53) . 570 Degrees conferred by universities, colleges, and scientific schools (Table 54).. . 576 Degrees conferred by institutions for the superior instruction of women (Table 55) . 588 Degrees conferred by professional schools not connected with universities and colleges (Table 56) . 590 VI CONTENTS. Appendix VII. — Special Training. Page. Summary of statistics of schools of industrial and manual training (Table 57) 596 Statistics of schools giving industrial training in various forms (Table 58) - 597 Statistics of manual-training schools (Table 59) . 602 Art instruction . . . . . . ' . - - . 604 Statistics of art instruction (Table 60) . . 605 Military schools and colleges . - . 607 Other military instruction . . . . . 607 Statistics of colleges and schools of military instruction (Table 61) .. — _ _ 609 Business colleges . . . 612 Summary of statistics of commercial and business colleges (Table 62). .... .... 613 Statistics of commercial and business colleges (Table 63) . . . 614 Summary of statistics of training schools for nurses (Table 64) . . 625 Statistics of training schools for nurses (Table 65) . . 626 Appendix VIII. — Education oe Special Classes. Education oe the deae and dumb . . . 632 Eleventh convention of American instructors of the deaf . . . 632 Dr. GallaudeVs mission to England . . 632 Reports of institutions . 633 Summary of statistics of institutions for the deaf and dumb (Table 66) . 635 Statistics of institutions for the deaf and dumb (Table 67) . 636 Education oe the blind— reports of institutions . 640 Summary of statistics of institutions for the blind (Table 68) . . 641 Statistics of institutions for the blind (Table 69) . 642 Education of the feeble-minded . . 644 Massachusetts School for the Feeble-Minded . 644 Summary of statistics of institutions for the feeble-minded (Table 70) . 644 Statistics of institutions for the feeble-minded (Table 71) . 645 Education of juvenile delinquents . 646 Summary of statistics of reform schools (Table 72) . . . 646 Statistics of reform schools (Table 73) . 647 Education of the colored race . 650 Colored public schools . . . . . 650 School population and enrolment of the -white and colored races in the former slave States (Table 74) . 650 Additional colored public-school statistics (Table 75) . . . . 650 Amount and disposition of the sums disbursed from the Peabody fund (Table 76) 651 Amount and disposition of the sums disbursed from the Slater fund (Table 77) . . 651 Statistics of institutions for the instruction of the colored race (Table 78) . 652 Summary of statistics of institutions for the education of the colored race (Table 79) . . . . — 655 Number of colored schools and enrolment in them (Table 80) . 656 Education of Indians . 657 Progress of Indian schools (Table 81) . 657 Statistics for 1885-’ 86 . 657 Summary by States of the statistics of all Indian schools (Table 82) . 658 Independent schools . . 659 The civilized tribes . . . . . . 659 Indians in Now York...... . . . 660 Appendix IX. — Miscellaneous. Educational benefactions.... . . . 662 Summary of gifts and legacies to educational institutions (Table 83).... . 662 Statistics of gifts and legacies to educational institutions (Table 84) . 664 CONTENTS. VII Page Educational publications . 677 Summary of the number of educational publications . 677 List of educational publicat ions . 677 Educational periodicals . 709 Scope of the table . 709 Statistics of educational periodicals (Table 85) . 71o Additional public libraries of 1,000 volumes and upwards (Table 86) . 716 Summary of statistics of public libraries of 1,000 volumes and upwards (Table 87) . . 717 Additional public libraries of 300 to 1,000 volumes (Table 88) . 718 Necrology . 720 Appendix X. — Education in Foreign Countries. Foreign educational statistics . 725 Comparative statistics of elementary education in foreign countries (Table 89) . 726 Salaries of teachers . 730 Annual salaries of elementary teachers in foreign public and State-aided schools (Table 90) . 730 Comparative statistics of elementary education in seven foreign cities (Table 91) . 731 Attendance at European universities (Table 92) . 732 Science and art instruction in Great Britain . 733 Particulars of the recent history of secondary instruction in Great Britain.... 734 Distribution of the hours of study at Eton (Table 93) . 737 Distribution of the hours of study at Harrow (Table 94) . . . . 737 Distribution of the hours of study at the Bedford Modern School and the Man¬ chester Grammar School (Table 95) . 738 The new law relative to the organization of primary education in France . 739 Educational progress in the Argentine Republic . 740 Appendix XI. — Papers on Educational Subjects. The promotion of higher political education . 743 University extension in England . 748 Schools in Alaska . 750 Index 755 ' * REPORT. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Education, Washington , B. 0., June 15, 1887. Sir : I have the honor to submit the Annual Report of this Office for the year ending J nne 30, 1S8G. I was nominated by the President to the Senate on the 3d day of August, and confirmed August 5, 188G, both dates being after the year covered by this Report had expired. I visited the Office immediately after my confirmation, and, after a necessary delay in order to arrange my private affairs at home, assumed personal charge of its work about the beginning of last October. correspondence. During the year 1S85-?8G, this Office received 8,522 letters, 50,771 printed communications, and 5,3GS documents, books, and pamphlets; the communications sent out by the Office during the same time num¬ bered 18,408 written and printed letters, 246,708 publications, and about 12,000 statistical forms of inquiry. All the statistical forms related to the year 1884- S5, and the result appears in the Report of this Office for that time. • publications. During the year 1885-’8G the Office distributed the following publica¬ tions not heretofore mentioned. Annual Report for 18S3-’84. Special report on American education in fine and industrial art; Part I : Drawing in Public Schools. Special report on outlines for a museum of anatomy, by Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, U. S. A. Report on education in Alaska, by Dr. Sheldon Jackson. Also the following circulars of information : No. 3, 1885. A review of the reports of the British Royal Commis. sioners on technical instruction. No. 4, 1885. Education in Japan. No. 5, 1885. Physical training in American colleges and universi¬ ties. IX X REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Besides the foregoing new publications, the following formerly re¬ ported documents were republished in 1885-?86, to supply renewed de¬ mands : Circular Ho. 1, 1885. City-school systems in the United States. Circular No. 6, 1884. Rural schools. Bulletin on instruction in morals and civil government. In addition to these, the Office had prepared and brought near to publication the following : Special report on education at the Hew Orleans Exhibition ; Part I : Catalogue of articles exhibited in the section of education ; Part II: Proceedings of the International Congress of Educa¬ tors ; and Part III : Proceedings of the Department of Superin¬ tendence of the Rational Educational Association, etc. Also two pamphlets, one on the study of music in public schools, and the other containing the proceedings of the Department of Superin¬ tendence of the Hational Educational Association for 1886. The list of publications prepared during, the year.l885-’86 certainly shows no lack of industry on the part of this Office ; though it may be questioned whether the undertaking of labors so vast and various with a force so limited in number was entirely wise. Upon the assumption of my new duties, I found that the Annual Re¬ port of the Office for the year 1884-’85was not complete, and that nothing had been done to prepare for the present Report. After a careful study of the situation I determined to urge the completion of the first-named document and other unfinished work then in the Office, and afterwards to concentrate all efforts as much as possible upon the preparation of the present volume, so that the delay in issuing it might be less than that in the case of previous issues, and that subsequent Reports might be more promptly prepared. Work upon the Report for 18?4-?85 was not completed until the month of December, 1886, whenpr eparatory work on the present Report began. OFFICE LIBRARY. The library of the Office, according to the Report of 1884-’85, con¬ tained 17,500 books and 45,000 pamphlets. There are now on the shelves more than 18,000 volumes and over 50,000 pamphlets, besides duplicates. The collection contains many pedagogical works, and forms a profes¬ sional library of great value. The preservation and cataloguing of this collection should be, as they have been, objects of constant attention, but the small amount of appropriation made for its benefit, and the limited force of the Office have not allowed as much to be done in this direction as is desirable. Of late years much attention has been given in this country to library organization and management, but educational libraries have not re¬ ceived the attention that their importance demands. I wish to em¬ phasize the value of this library as an educational agency. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. XI PLAN AND SCOPE OF TIIE PRESENT REPORT. Past experience had proved that the scheme of the Annual Reports, as established in the practice of the Office for fifteen years, could not be combined with prompt preparation and early printing of the docu¬ ment. The task which the devoted and experienced organizer of these Reports had found so increasingly difficult of execution, appeared to me to be yet more difficult when his guiding and informing care was no longer available. A revision of the plan upon which the future An¬ nual Reports of the Office should be made became, therefore, impeia- five. I need hardly say that it was my earnest wish to preserve, as far as practicable, the spirit and essence of the labor, even if changes in its form became desirable. I felt deeply responsible to the great body of American educationists with whom the Office held and holds such intimate professional rela¬ tions, and tried to keep in view the objects in which they took an inter¬ est or about which they desired information. At the same time a due regard for the economical and ready presentation of facts made it possi¬ ble to avoid repetitions, to omit unimportant items, to consolidate re¬ lated but hitherto separated facts, and to unite the discussion of statis¬ tical conditions with the tabular statements wherein they appear. By’ these means space has been saved. This fact has permitted the fuller discussion and presentation of special topics whenever such a course seemed advisable. Perhaps a short description of the first appendix in this volume will explain the foregoing remarks more effectually than any other form of statement. The appendix in question presents statistical tables respecting the public-school systems of the States, organized Territories, and the Dis¬ trict of Columbia, with illustrative text* wherein various points and top¬ ics are discussed and explained. The substance of these tables is in most parts similar to that shown in Table I of former Reports issued by this Office; but now an attempt has been made to apply some simple but useful statistical rules and methods for the purpose of supplementing and displaying the facts that are to be considered in order to facili¬ tate comparison of one State with another, and of this country with other nations. Then follows a resume of the general condition of public schools in the several States and Territories, drawn chiefly from the printed re¬ ports kindly supplied by the superintendents thereof. The appendix concludes with a somewhat elaborate abstract of the public-school laws of each State anti Territory, based on the latest editions and amend¬ ments obtainable. The other appendixes in this volume are made upon the same plan, so that the facts, summaries, and discussions respecting any form of institution, or any grade of instruction, may be examined in connection with each other and studied together. XII REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. The general order of facts and topics, as presented in previous Re¬ ports, has been little disturbed, so that the comparison of facts for the year with those of previous years will present little difficulty to the student of American education. The reference to foot-notes, which state the authority for the facts and opinions recited, has been made much more complete and minute than in former Reports. By this means it is hoped that statements made can be more easily verified or corrected, and that an effectual check upon careless or inefficient work may be supplied. An examination of these references will serve to give the ordinary reader a partial idea of the very numerous sources of information which the employes of this Office must consult in their ordinary work, and of the great labor neces¬ sary if anything like correctness of statement and catholicity of result is to be attained. The foregoing remarks have seemed to me necessary to the under¬ standing of the methods adopted or continued by me in the performance of the duties laid upon this Office by the law establishing it. I do not propose to discuss many topics in this Report, preferring to refer whenever necessary to the appendixes, where most of the facts have been recorded and discussed. A few remarks upon salient paints are here introduced. GENERAL VIEW OF EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES. In addition to the State and Territorial systems of public schools, to which more particular reference is made hereafter, this Office has for many years made statistical inquiries in many directions. Attention is respectfully invited to the following comparative statement respecting some of the results of these efforts, as they appear in the Report for lS84-’85 and in the present volume. In the first-named document 27 G cities, with a population exceeding 11,000,000, were reported as in cor¬ respondence with this Office. In the volume last mentioned 471 cities, with a population of about 12,130,000, were similarly reached. The other items in the following summary relate to schools of various kinds, chiefly separate from the public schools of States or cities, and include the number of such schools, as well as of their teachers and pupils : REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. XII! Statistical summary of institutions, instructors , and students, as collected by the United States Bureau of Education. 1884-’35. 1885-’86. Schools. 1 | a s eQ o 05 H Pupils. Schools. 73 (m S A q 3 v H Pupils. 1, 941, 133 42,283 2, 185, 418 Normal schools . 263 2, 076 55, 135 153 1,394 40, 325 Commercial and business colleges . 232 1, 099 43, 706 239 1,040 47, 176 Kindorgartcns . 415 905 18, 832 417 945 21, 640 Institutions for secondary instruction . 1, 617 8, 186 160, 137 1,440 7, 566 151,050 Preparatory schools . 179 1,218 1 17, 605 197 1, 434 21, 031 Institutions for the superior instruction cf women . 227 2, 862 28, 868 204 2, 123 27, 143 Universities and colleges . . 365 4, 836 65, 728 345 4,720 67, 642 Schools of science . 105 1, 282 17, 086 90 974 10,532 Schools of theology . 152 793 5, 775 142 803 6,344 Schools of law . . . . 49 285 2,744 49 283 3, 054 Schools of medicine, of dentistry, and of pharmacy. 152 2, 514 13, 921 175 ! 2,829 16, 407 Training schools for nurses . . . . 34 153 793 29 139 837 Institutions for the deaf and dumb . 64 516 7,295 61 596 7, 411 Institutions for the blind . 32 663 2, 377 29 623 2, 412 Schools for feeblo-mind. d children . . 1 17 422 3, 010 16 636 -2, 942 Reform schools . . . . . 1 _ j 43 i 877 9,213 63 582 1 13, 300 PUBLIC-SCHOOL SYSTEMS OF STATES AND TERRITORIES. The total expenditure of public moneys for educational purposes by the States and Territories during the year 1885-’36 reached the sum of $111,304,927. This exceeded the expenditure of the previou's year by $920,270. The expenditure per capita of average attendance was $15.29, of which $13.14 was for current purposes/* For each 100 persons six to fourteen years of age, there were 105 enrolled in the public schools, of whom 67, or 64.6 per cent., were in average daily attendance. This percentage of attendance has increased from 48.6 since 1876, an increase which presents in a most tangible form the improvement which has taken pi ace in regularity of school attend¬ ance during the last ten years. For the statistics in detail of the public schools of the country, I refer to Appendix I of this Report. I would call special attention to the com¬ parative table of the statistics of State systems of public schools (Table 8), in which are given in a systematic form many of the results which may be deduced by computation from the returns furnished by State superintendents. The relative status of education in the different States can be determined by the simple inspection of this table, thus render¬ ing it of more practical service than the tables of absolute quantities. * The expenditure for private schools and institutions of learning undoubtedly forms a considerable proportion of the money expended by the people for educational pur¬ poses; but unfortunately the amount ’cannot be determined by this Office, even ap¬ proximately. XIV REPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. In Table 9 is given a summary of Taffie 8 by geographical divisions, and also a general summary for the United States. These summaries enable one to see at a glance the principal features of the educational systems of the different sections of the country brought into juxtapo¬ sition with each other, thus furnishing material for the study and dis¬ cussion of educational questions in a more complete and general form than has been before attempted by this Office. Oare has been taken in working up these summaries to obtain the most accurate results which the imperfect data at the disposal of the Office permitted. It is my in¬ tention to have this mode of treatment of the returns receiyed from the correspondents of the Office continued and extended from year to year, thereby furnishing to future educators and statisticians a ready means of tracing, so far as it can be done by statistics, the growth of educa tion throughout the country. THE PEABODY AND SLATER FUNDS. Some account of the sums disbursed by the agencies established by the late George Peabody will be found in Appendix VIII, page 051. The results of the work undertaken by the trustees of the John F. Slater Fund, and other information relating to the education of the colored race, are given in the same appendix, pages 650-654. SECONDARY EDUCATION. The condition of secondary instruction, its true province, its appro¬ priate purposes, and the means by which these may be best accom¬ plished, are at this time among the most prominent topics of inquiry and discussion in countries that take the lead in education. Material collected during the last fifteen years enables this Office to present in systematic order the provision made for this grade of in¬ struction by private schools, seminaries, and academies. It is, how¬ ever, impossible to set forth the ideal of secondary instruction which exists among us, to show how far this ideal corresponds with that of other countries, or how much the secondary schools of the United States are contributing, or are prepared to contribute, to the solution of problems relating to this grade of instruction, without a fuller presenta¬ tion of the public high schools of the country than has heretofore been attempted. Special efforts will be made for securing this additional information for use in the next Report. In this effort I hope to have the hearty co-operation of the school officers and teachers engaged in this particular department of public-school work. THE STATUS OF SUPERIOR INSTRUCTION. ■ Seldom in the history of the United States have superior institutions of learning occupied so large a share of public attention or given signs of such vigorous and fruitful life as at the present time. In the cate- REPORT OF TITE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. XV gory specified must bo included not only the classical colleges and pro¬ fessional schools, but also schools of science, u pure and applied,” which have greatly increased the provision for superior instruction, extended its province, and borne an important part in the adjustment of its pro¬ cesses to the demands arising from the extraordinary increase of scien¬ tific knowledge and its applications to the leading industries of modern times. A careful analysis of the work of individual colleges and universities, as set forth in their catalogues and in answers to special inquiries sent out by this Office, shows a gradation of functions not unlike that rep¬ resented by the gymnasia, real schools, and universities of Germany, or by the great public schools, universities, and professional schools of England. The union of professional schools or departments with colleges of arts and science is a characteristic feature of the organization of superior in¬ stitutions in the United States. This relation operates, in some meas¬ ure at least, to check the tendency of students to rush into professional training without the previous preparation of disciplinary study and liberal culture. The theological profession exerts the largest influence in favor of thorough scholarship. The lack of this influence in the other profes¬ sions is deplored by their ablest representatives, who are in hearty sym¬ pathy with the efforts made by the presidents and faculties of universi¬ ties to raise the standard of professional training. The chief obstacle to the success of these efforts appears to be the length of time and the increased expense to the student involved in the more extended course. This difficulty, as repeatedly observed by the presidents of colleges and of professional schools, would be measurably overcome by endowments for the latter, which would make them less dependent upon tuition fees, and by adaptations of the undergraduate or graduate curriculum. The possibility of such adaptation is discussed by President Eliot, of Har¬ vard University, in his report for the current year, as quoted in Ap¬ pendix YI, page 471. Efforts directed to the elevation of law and medicine are not, however, likely to effect any very decided improvement in these professions, unless the laws regulating admission to practice operate to the same end. As regards medicine, the present status of these laws is set forth in Appendix YI, pages 561-569. Provision for special li^es of study bearing upon the requirements for a high order of medical and legal service is a feature of university development in the United States. Of equal importance, as touching one of the vital interests of national life, are the chairs of didactics, or pedagogics, whose influence is grad¬ ually but surely penetrating to every grade of instruction, imparting clearer conceptions of educational principles, inducing freer and sounder methods of instruction, and raising the ideal of popular education. XVI REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Among other lines of special study and investigation fostered by the universities and promising results of immediate practical value, are those relating to the English language and to the history of our own people. To the last mentioned belongs the early history of educational institutions, a line of research which may very properly be encouraged by this Office. ATTENDANCE ON COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY COURSES. While provision for liberal culture and for a high order of professional and special training is increasing among us, and our leading colleges and universities are attracting the attention of foreign educationists .and writers, by reason both of their material resources and their scholastic excellence, the opinion is gaining ground among us that the number of young men who avail themselves of this provision is relatively smaller than at an earlier period of our history. The material collected by this Office during the last fifteen years is un¬ doubtedly sufficient, if properly analyzed, to throw much light upon this matter. In order, however, that definite conclusions should be reached, more time must be given to the investigation than is afforded in a single year, and in the case of many colleges special inquiries in¬ stituted. The results of some preliminary studies in this direction are given in Appendix YI, page 468. At this early stage of the inquiry the inference seems to be justified that the number of students pursuing the branches which were com¬ prised in the old uniform college curriculum has relatively declined, but that this loss is more than compensated by the attendance upon advanced scientific and special courses. MANUAL AND TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION. Interest in the subject of u manual training” has shown no abatement during the year under review. Although few new experiments in this direction have been reported, distinct progress in respect to the general understanding of the subject is noticeable. This progress appears chiefly in the clearer recognition of the relation that manual training bears to general development, or, in other words, in the clearer recog¬ nition of its educational function. Physiologists have long been tell¬ ing us that muscular exercise invigorates the brain ; in addition to this important result which the exercise of the hand shares with all other bodily exercise, the advocates of manual training have urged its effects in quickening observation, in increasing the range and acuteness of the perceptive faculties, and in establishing an “intimate familiarity be¬ tween the mind and things.” This broad conception is gradually replac¬ ing that narrower vie win which manual training is regarded merely as a means of promoting industrial aptitude, or of affording preparation for specific arts. In a number of cities public opinion seems to be pre¬ pared to give practical effect to the idea forcibly expressed by l)r. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. XVII J. D. Kunkle, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, that “ to give hand instruction its full educational valuo it should be incorpo rated into the school course and pursued systematically in connection with cognate studies.” The advance in public opinion here noted is due to several causes. Among them must be included the influence of manual-training schools or courses co-ordinated to public grammar and high schools, as in Bal¬ timore and Boston, or created by private endowment, as in St. Louis and Chicago- While the main purpose of these schools is professedly educational, they do undoubtedly promote among their pupils a dispo¬ sition toward mechanical pursuits, and shorten by their training the period of apprenticeship for such of their pupils as eventually apply themselves to particular trades. Thus manual-training schools of the class referred to contribute somewhat toward the solution of the great industrial problems of the day. As regards provision for training skilled workmen for the various trades involving the application of science and design, little has been accomplished in the United States. The demand for such provision has, however* sensibly increased during the year, and the public dis¬ cussion of this requirement has led to a clearer understanding of the province of existing technical schools, and of the direction in which nture efforts are most urgently required. In the larger cities private individuals and associations are doing much to provide industrial training for the children who can only thus be kept from the ranks of the vagrant and vicious. The Industrial Edu¬ cation Association of New York is perhaps the most conspicuous ex¬ ample of organized effort for this particular purpose. Every year affords new evidence of the wisdom of the Congressional act of 1862, under which u colleges of agriculture and the mechanic arts” have been established in the several States of the Union. Very few of these colleges have, indeed, as yet realized the whole purpose of their foundation In some sections of the country their practical work has been confined to the agricultural department, in others to the department of mechanic arts, while in a few instances the practical work has been sacrificed to the literary and theoretic. In the main, however, these partial developments are due to accidents of time or place, and present no obstacle to fuller development in the future. On the whole, these colleges have proved to be efficient instrumentalities for the practical education of the people, and their experience throws much light upon the kind of education demanded by the classes en¬ gaged in agricultural and mechanical pursuits and the means by which the demand may best be met. New laboratories, the erection and equip¬ ment of machine shops, and the extension and improvement of experi¬ mental farms and stations are general features of these colleges for the current year. This group of colleges, together with the scientific schools not endowed by the land grant of 1862, afford large provision for a ed 86 - II XVIII REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. high order of technical and scientific training throughout the country. The extent to which the South is participating in the general move¬ ment for manual and industrial training should not be overlooked. The colleges of agriculture and the mechanic arts in Alabama, Arkansas, and Mississippi have materially increased their equipment for practical work during the year; the Legislature of Georgia has appropriated $65,000 for the building and furnishing of a technological school ; the Tuskegee Normal School, Alabama, is developing a work for the colored people of that State which embodies the best features of the Hampton Institute ; andTulane University has thrown its powerful influence on the side of a full, rounded, symmetrical education in which manual train¬ ing is a recognized feature. In connection with the work in the South particular interest attaches to provision for manual and technical train¬ ing in the cities of Washington and Baltimore. Successful experiments have been made during the year in the intro¬ duction of manual training into the public schools of Washington ; the Baltimore Manual-Training School reports progress for the year, and the city has continued to be a special centre of interest for those who are watching the development of technical instruction in the United States through the action of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company in establishing a technological school in the interests of their service. The investigations made in preparation for this enterprise, and the ex¬ ceedingly valuable and comprehensive report* in which the results have been embodied, throw great light on. the whole subject of technical in¬ struction, and cannot fail to exercise a stimulating influence on sim¬ ilar enterprises throughout the country, and more particularly in that section to which Baltimore belongs geographically. REPORT ON EDUCATION IN FINE AND INDUSTRIAL ART. Parti of this report, on “ drawing in public schools,” was finally made ready for the press, and the volume printed during the spring of 1886. It being a Senate document, only a small edition of 250 copies was ob tained, by kindness of the Department, for distribution by this Office. An additional nutnber was ordered by Congress, however, of which 2,000 copies were allotted to this Office for distribution. Work on Part II has progressed to such an extent as to warrant the expectation that it will be ready for the printer during the year 1887. REPORT ON INDIAN CIVILIZATION AND EDUCATION. Ever since the Centennial Exhibition, when the Department made an instructive and suggestive display of articles illustrating progress in adapting the native Indians of the United States to the conditions of civilized life and thought, this Office has collected material, printed and written, upon this subject. * Service Report on Technical Education, with special reference to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad service, by Dr. W. T. Barnard. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. XIX Another collection of articles, even more interesting ami suggestive, was displayed iu 1885 at theNew Orleaus Exhibition by the Indian Office, under the direction of Miss Alice 0. Fletcher. This collection excited so much interest in Indian progress and civilizatioa that the Senate in February, 1S85, ordered the material bearing upon the subject iu the possession of the Bureau to be printed. Miss Fletcher was assigned by my predecessor, the Hon. John Eaton, to the task of enlarging and preparing this mater1 al for the press, and has made such progress that it is my expectation that the work will be ready for the printer in a very short time.* EDUCATION IN ALASKA. When I took charge of this Office I found that Dr. Sheldon Jackson, general agent of education for the Territory of Alaska, had just departed upon a tour of inspection. For information as to the condition of things before his departure, I beg to refer to the report made by him to you for transmission to Congress. If later information is received while this Report is going through the press, it will be inserted in an appendix.! ESTIMATES AND RECOMMENDATIONS. In my letter of October 20, 1886, submitting estimates of the Bureau of Education for 1887-’88, I used the following language : It will be seen that I have asked for appropriations amounting to $70,095, which is in excess of the appropriations for 1886-’87 by $2,500. This amount is made up of $200 to the increase of the salary of the chief clerk, $500 additional to the library, and the salary of a librarian, or clerk of class four, $1,800. The sum of $500 is a very small addition to the allowance for the purchase of such books as should be placed upon the shelves of the library. So many new publications are being issued, that it is absolutely necessary to make a selection from them and to keep our library well supplied with the leading works upon subjects appertaining to the work of the Bureau. The salary of the chief clerk should be made equal to the salary of the same officers in the other Bureaus of the several Departments. The library, now numbering nearly twenty thousand volumes of valuable works, on nearly every subject pertaining to education and the philosophy of teaching, should be well equipped, with a librarian skilled in the newest and best methods of arrangement and classification. His services iu these departments of his work would not only be invaluable, but his familiarity with the subjects treated in the books of the library would be of untold convenience, and make the library a most valuable adjunct of the Bureau. * * * For these reasons I have asked for an appropriation of $1,800 for a librarian, and trust that it will be granted. The tendency is to increase in the work committed to the Bureau of Education. The statistical branch of the office is daily subjected to additional burdens in the shape of State, city, school, college, and university reports from the United States, and from many foreign countries. The statistics from all these ever-increasing sources are to be collected, tabulated, put in form, and finally given a local habitation in the Annual Report. The labor is twofold what it was in former years, and all indications point to a large and continuing increase in its operations. If it be decided that the * Since the date of this Report, Miss Fletcher has completed her work, and the manuscript has been sent to the Public Printer. t See Appendix XI, p. 750, infra. XX REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Bureau is to be kept within its present limits of investigation, in spite of the many new subjects now occupying the attention of educationists, the present force of the Office can be made to do the work as now done ; but if the Office is to comprehend these topics in its range of inquiry, to treat them as the advance in the methods of statistical science requires, and as the expectations of its intelligent correspondents hope for, some addition to the force will have to be made. If the present force cannot be increased according to the views and purposes of the administration, I shall most cheerfully conform to its policy, and endeavor with the means at hand to produce the best attainable results. Accompanying the foregoing letter I submitted the revised estimates therein mentioned. The following tabular statement compares the items of that estimate with the corresponding items of the appropriations made for the fiscal years 1886-’87 and 18S7-’S8, respectively : Object. Appropri¬ ation, fiscal year 188Q-'87. Estimate, fiscal year 1887- 88. j Appropri- | ation, i fiscal year | 1887-’88. Salaries of tbe — Commissioner . $3, 000 $3, 000 $3, 000 Collector and compiler of statistics . 2, 400 2, 400 2,400 Chief clerk . 1, 800 2, 000 1,800 Statistician . 1,800 1, 800 1,800 2 clerks of class 4 . Librarian . . 3, 600 3, 600 1,800 3, 600 Translator . 1, 600 1, 600 1, 600 2 clerks of class 3 . 3, 200 3,200 3, 200 4 clerks of class 2 . 1 . 5,600 5, 600 5, 600 6 clerks of class 1 . . . 7, 200 7, 200 7,200 2 clerks at $1,000 . 2,000 2,000 2, 000 7 copyists at $900 . 6, 300 6, 300 6, 300 2 copyists at $800 . 1, 600 1, 600 1, 600 Copyist at $720 . 720 720 720 Assistant messenger . 720 720 720 Skilled laborer . 840 840 840 2 laborers at $660 . 1, 320 1, 320 1, 320 2 laborers at $480 . . . 960 COO 960 Laborer at $400 . 400 400 400 Laborer at $360 . . . 360 360 360 45, 420 47, 420 45, 420 Library of the Office . . . . _ _ 1 . . 1,175 1, 675 1, 000 Collecting statistics . 3, 000 3, 000 2, 000 Distributing documents. &o . 3, 000 3, 000 1 2, 500 Education in Alaska . 15, 000 1 25, 000 25, 000 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. To the labors of my predecessor, the Honorable John Eaton, for more than sixteen years the Commissioner of this Bureau, I am much in¬ debted. The records and reports of this Office attest the efficiency of his work in the cause of Education. Whatever of good it has accom¬ plished is attributable, in greht measure, to his energy, zeal, and self- devotion. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. XXI In the preparation of this volume I am under repeated obligations to the many thousand correspondents of the Office, who have supplied the sources from which its contents have largely been derived. I am also indebted to the trained and laborious corps of employes in this Office for steady work and intelligent co- operation’ in the prepara¬ tion of this volume, and for useful help in other directions. I desire to express my special sense of obligation to Dr. Charles Warren, statis¬ tician j to Miss Annie Tolman Smith, translator; and to Mr. Henderson Presnell and Mr. Frederick E. Upton, clerks of this Bureau. My indebtedness to yourself and to the officers of the Department is manifold. The Public Printer and his principal assistants have given help whenever needed, and without stint or delay. I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, The Hon. L. Q. C. Lamar, Secretary of the Interior. N. H. R. DAWSON, Commissioner. w V . . APPENDIXES. ED 86 - 1 1 APPENDIX I. STATE SCHOOL SYSTEMS. s .i) •usr t ■ STATE SCHOOL SYSTEMS. STATISTICAL TABLES FOR 1885-86. Table 1. — School year, population, and school population. State or Territory. -e © o >> S-2 Population. a o ~f- - © Total. : G-14 years. c ^ 3 CO ~ ^ X, ?£ 1% California . Colorado . Connecticut . Delaware . Florida . Georgia . Illinois . Indiana . . . Iowa . Kansas . Kentucky . . Louisiana . Maine . Maryland . Massachusetts . Michigan . Minnesota . Mississippi . Missouri/ . Nebraska . Nevada . New Hampshire . New Jersey . New York . North Carolina . Ohio . Oregon . Pennsylvania . Hbode Island . „ South Carolina . Tennessee . Texas . Vermont . Virginia . West. Virginia . Wisconsin . Alaska . Arizona . Dakota . District of Columbia Idaho . Montana . New Mexico ...1 _ Utah . Washington . . Wyoming . . Per cent. 1S85-S6 Oct. 1 1,467, 384 326, 775 7-2 L 450, 968 ! I.. ..7.27 1885-86 July 1 935, 058 212, 046 6-21 358, 006 I.. ..5. 76 18S5-SG July 1 1, 001, 293 158,727 I 5-17 259, 973 I.. ..3.54 1885-86 Sept. 1 243, 910 30, 185 6-21 557, 955 I.. ..8. 47 18S5-S6 Sept. 1 670,807 104, 608 4-16 152, 166 I.. ..0. 72 1883-84 158, 768 28, 966 6-21 c40, 569 I.. . .5. 55 i885-86 Oct. 1 338,406 75, 095 6-21 123, 526 1886 Jan. 1 1, 694, 809 376, 265 6-18 d508, 722 . 1SS5-SG July 1 3, 280, 204 644,970 6-21 51, 077, 302 I.. ..2. 90 1885-86 Sept. 1 2, 061, 008 415, 625 6-21 740, 949 I.. ..2. 50 . 1883-84 Mar. 1, 766, 239 346, 436 5-21 623, 151 I.. ..3.04 . 1885-86 Aug. 1 1, 284, 809 259, 066 5-51 497, 785 I.. ..7. 96 1882-83 1,801,831 j 390, 268 6-20 5S1, 322 I.. -.1.66 1886 Jan. 1 1,008,951 218, 605 6-18 311,425 1885-80 Apr. 1 647,319 103, 697 4-21 212,782 j i D. ..0.51 1885-86 Aug. 1 1,009,798 192, 847 6-21 341,497 1885-86 Sept. 1, 942, 141 285, 778 5-15 348,903 i.. ..1.48 1885-86 Sept. 7 1, 912, 181 337, 390 5-20 5595, 752 ... 1885-86 Aug. 1 1, 117, 798 203, 145 5-21 387, 402 i.. ..7. 80 1885-86 ! Oct. 1 1, 237, 453 282, 999 5-21 450, 000 i.. ..1. 32 1885-86 j Jnly 1 2, 433, 747 512, 485 6-20 812, 425 i.. ..0.88 1885-86 i July _ 740, 645 146, 601 5-21 252, 006 i.. ..8. 04 1885-86 1 Sept. 1 59, 388 7, 090 6-18 9, 320 D. ..2.92 1835-86 i Apr. 1 362, 292 50, 814 5-15 83, 023 „ 1884-85 1 July 1 1, 278, 033 225, 960 5-18 366, 317 i.. V.2. 88 1885-86 j i Aug. _ 5, 330, 491 878. 322 5-21 L 735, 073 i.. -.0.81 1885-86 Dec. 1 1, 525, 341 328, 989 6-21 5530, 127 i.. ..2. 85 1885-86 i Sept. 1 | 3, 348, 589 638, 922 6-21 1,101, 358 i.. ..0. 53 1885-86 i Mar. i 234, 582 i ! 43, 156 <74-20 82, 860 i.. ..3. 55 1885-86 j June 1 4, 722, 954 1 1 891, 065 6-21 1, 568, 525 . 1885-86 i May 1 304, 284 j 46, 186 c5-15 63, 735 i.. ..5*98 1885-86 1 Sept. 1 1,085,789 241, 601 6-18 1885-S6 | July 1, 723, 996 j 383, 63S | 6-21 623, 450 i-. ..2.7S 1885-86 i Sept. 1 2, 027, 895 | 446,482 i ! 8-16 &331, 474 1885-86 | Apr. • 1 333, 155 54,474 5-20 99, 724 1885-80 ! Aug. 2 1. 660, 783 357, 322 5-21 610, 271 1885-86 | July 1 j ' 692, 726 153, 266 6-21 242,752 i'.'. .’2.83 1SS5-SG i July 1 1, 563, 423 305, 562 4-20 544,976 .... 1385-86 ] July 1 ! 35, 000 5, 060 1885-86 j July 1 76, 892 9, 631 6-18 10,219 .... 1 D- ..0.01 1885-86 ! July i 415, 610 68, 004 7-20 87, 563 1885-86 ! July 1 203,459 35, 288 C6-17 50,919 I . . . . . 1 1885-86 Sept. 1 55, 095 S, 279 5— 2L 15,399 1 1S85-86 ! Sept. 1 93, 029 10, 607 4-21 20,193 i.. ..2. 02 1880 131,985 ' 25, 778 7-18 £29, 255 j j 1885-86 July 1 179, 238 38, 579 6-18 50, G38 1 i.. .10. 3 18S5-88 July 1 104, 732 18, 587 6-21 j40, 000 .i.. ..8.10 1880 31, 391 3, 702 7-21 £4,112 | 56,334,711 ! 10,928,943 | . 1 a See “Population,” p. 22. 5 In 18S4-’85. c Approximately ; not including colored chil¬ dren in Wilmington. d In 188 T e Inclusivo. /No returns from two counties. g Age for distribution of school funds. h ^Returns from about 7-8 of the State. i TT. S. Census of 1880. j Estimated. 5 6 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. From Table 1, it appears that the population of the United States 6-14 years of age is 10,928,943, which may be regarded as fairly representing the elementary school demand. As this is the first year for which the population between these ages has been computed the increase as compared with any previous year cannot be indicated. The population of legal school age is given for all the States and for ten Territories, either for the current year 1885-’86 or some previous one. This shows an increase, as compared with the preceding year, in 24 States and 3 Territories, and decrease in 2 States and 1 Territory. Data is wanting for determining the nature of the change in the remaining States and Territories. The periods of legal school age remain the same as for the previous year, except¬ ing in South Carolina, where there has been an extension of two years, and in Wash¬ ington Territory, where there lias been a diminution of two years. The statistics of population 6 to 14 years of age, and of total population, afford the means of estimating the extent of the school demand in each State, and its compara¬ tive relation to the adult portion of the population, upon whom the obligation of meeting the demand rests. The computations have not been carried into this partic¬ ular, but a few contrasts which excite attention upon a very cursory examination of the columns are suggestive. For instance, it can hardly escape notice that the ratio of the population 6-14 years to the total population in the States of the Southern Central Division is much greater than the corresponding ratio in the States of the North Atlantic Division, the ratio of the former group ranging in fact from 21 to 23 per cent., and that of the latter from 15 to 17 per cent. Moreover, the rate of increase in the legal school population is higher in the Southern Central than in the North Atlantic Division. In other words, the former States have a greater and a more rapidly increasing school burden than the latter. Table 2. — Enrolment, attendance, duration of schools, and sittings. State or Territory, a Enrolment excluding duplicates. Increase or decrease. Average daily at¬ tendance. Increase or decrease. Averago duration of schools in days. Increase or decrease. "Whole at¬ tendance in days. I Total I number j of sit- I tings. Alabama . Arkansas . California . Colorado . Connecticut ... Delaware . Florida . Georgia . Illinois . Indiana . Iowa . Kansas . Kentucky - Louisiana . Maine . Maryland . Massachusetts Michigan . Minnesota . 252, 892 175, 935 189, 220 40, 690 Per cent. 1.. . 8. 15 1.. .6. 78 1.. .2. 83 1.. . 4. 61 152, 776 592, 000 125, 718 26, 428 125, 539 31, 263 60, 767 319, 724 743, 345 506, 126 472, 966 365, 239 282, 514 303, 416 145, 317 174, 980 349, 617 416, 751 233, 721 D. .0. 14 I.. .3.27 I.. .0.61 I.. .0. 31 I.. .8.85 I.. .3. 4S I.. .0.13 I.. .0. 80 I.. .2.91 I.. .1.16 I.. .0.42 79, 384 621, 447 33, 024 226, 407 503, 798 346, 575 284, 498 219, 908 178, 672 73, 091 102, 513 94, 582 260, 088 6250, 000 118, 697 Per cent. I... 5. 67 89.25 I... 6. 85 1.. . 8. 35 1.. . 6. 76 I... 2. 02 cl72 <2106 179. 74 cl57. 4 141 I...0. 56 I... 46. I. ..8. 23 I... 2. 70 153 129 144 I. .13. 21 1.. .1. 1. . .3. 1. . .2. 1.. . 3. 90 1.. .3. 29 1.. .1. 72 I. ..2. 41 102 126 104 191 172 144 116 42, 864 128, 350 081, 056 Mississippi .... Missouri . Nebraska . Nevada . NewHampshire New Jersey ... New York . North Carolina Ohio . Oregon . . Pennsylvania .. Rhode" Island.. South Carolina Tennessee . Texas./ . Vermont . Virginia . West Virginia 304, 380 568, 952 180, 059 7, 897 64, 219 222, 317 1, 027^ 767 305, 598 775, 149 49, 176 9S9. 429 7<47, 882 183, 966 383, 507 261, 021 • 71,667 308, 296 172, 257 1.. .4. 55 1.. .1. 12 1.. . 3. 59 1.. .0. 88 1. . .2. 55 1.. .0. 28 I. ..2. 49 1.. .0. 06 1.. . 6. 65 1.. . 0.74 D..0. 22 I. ..3. 33 1.. . 2. 58 1.. .0. 01 1. . .1.63 1.. . 0.42 185, 385 374, <7107, 5, 44, 132, 625, 185, 517, 35, 665, 33, 126, i278, 125, 46, 172, 103, I... 0.64 D .... 87 1.. . 7. 39 1.. . 2. 42 1.. .0. 06 1.. .0. 05 1.. .1. 36 1.. .1. 24 1.. . 4. 03 1.. .3. 77 ; el52 If 78 102 101. 85 192 178.5 60 161 101 143 190 70 80 D .28. D. .0. 5 ! . j . D..5. 45,074,012! 619,269 i"*2.’io’ 'YY’Y.YY! D "6. 5* Y 113,’ 928, 650 ’ 1.. 4. 1.. .6. D .12. 98 1. . .4. D .10. 1. . .2. 625 | D..5. 16 351 ! D..2.3S 899 j D..5.06 136 118 I.. 10. D..0.4 6, 351,129 a See Table 1, p. 5, for year of report. g In 1884-’S5. b Estimated. /t In addition to day pupils, 3,424 attended evening c For graded schools. schools. d For ungraded schools. t Several large counties failed to give this item, c In city schools. j Returns imperfect. / In country schools. STATISTICS OF STATE SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 7 Table 2. — Enrolment , attendanoe, duration of schools, and sittings — Continued. Stnto or Territory, a Enrolmont excluding duplicates. Increase or decrease. Average daily at¬ tendance Increaso or decrease. Averago duration of schools in days. Increaso or decrease. Wholo at¬ tendance in days. Total number of sit¬ tings. Wisconsin . 332, 327 Per cent. I... 3. 29 177, 004 322 64, 232 54, 902 24, 021 <28, 000 e4, 405 / 3, 150 19, 437 617, 504 1,920 Per cent. I...1. 23 175.6 200 I. ..5.6 31, 081, 909 6, 070 c82, 800 32, 330 11,000 11,388 / 4, 755 31,583 28, 000 / 2, 907 11, 435, 297 1.. .0. 59 1.. 19. 90 1.. 12. 83 1.. . 9. 59 1.. 10. 90 Arizona ....... Dakota 110 189 97 114 I. .11. 110, 111 District of Co- I.. .3. 11 :::::::::: Montana - New Mexico. .. Utah I.. 12. 1.. .0.53 1.. .0. 07 I... 4. 00 125 90 I.. 20. D .22. Washington ... tT Total . . . |7, 279, GIG . . 1 . . . 1 1 1 a See Table 1, p. 5, for year of report. c Actual totaL e In 1883-84. 6 In 1884-’85. d Estimated. /U. S. Census, 1880. Table 1, presents the statistics of school enrolment, average attendance, and school provisions, so far as these are attainable. The total enrolment, 11,435,297, shows increase as compared with 1884-’85 of 265,374, or 2.37 per cent. In two States, Alabama and Kansas, the increase in enrolment is above 8 per cent.; in two, Georgia and Oregon, it is between 6 and 8 per cent. Con¬ necticut and Rhode Island show slight decrease. The increased enrolment in the Territories is especially noticeable, excepting in Arizona and Utah, where it is less than 1 per cent. For a full understanding of the extent to which elementary instruction is diffused among the people the enrolment in private schools ought to be included in this sur¬ vey. Returns under this head, more or less complete, have been made from 12 States. These statistics would increase the enrolment in 6 of the States by 10 per cent, or more, and by less than 10 per cent, in the remaining 6. The average daily attendance, as reported for the entire country, is 7,279,61(5, an increase of 378,991, or 5.49 per cent. The fact of greater increase in this total than in that of enrolment undoubtedly points to greater regularity of attendance on the part of the actual pupils, which is an evidence of greater efficiency in the school sys¬ tems. The following are the States whose statistics afford this favorable indication : Cali¬ fornia, Colorado, Georgia, Illinois, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and South Carolina. To this list Utah can be added. The oniyother Territory in which entries are made under the head of increase or decrease is the District of Columbia, where the increase in average attendance was little more than one-fourth the increase in enrolment. Several States are omitted in the comparison between school enrolment and average attendance for the want of the necessary data. Among them are Arkansas and Michigan, which appear to keep no record of average daily attendance. The item of whole attendance in days is presented in the table for the first time. As it has not yet been included in the inquiries of the office, the statistician could only insert the number where it was found in the State reports. The importance of the number as a means of estimating the precise relation of school attendance to school demand, in individual States, and the amount of instruction enjoyed by the pupils in regular attendance, may be clearly seen by using it as the basis of computation in a single State. The whole attendance in days reported from Illinois is 77,031,056. This number divided by population 6 to 14 years gives a quotient of 119.5; divided by the enrolment, a quotient of 103.7, and divided by the average, attendance, a quo¬ tient of 153. The first quotient (119.5) indicates the average number of days’ in ¬ struction, upon the total reported, for every child 6 to 14 years of age ; the second (103.7) the average number of days’ instruction for every child enrolled ; the last (153) expresses the precise average duration of the schools in days, giving to each school a weight proportionate to its average attendance. The value of these several particulars as measures of the amount of elementary in¬ struction afforded under the State system depends upon the standpoint assumed. It is hoped that their importance will be so fully recognized that State superintendents, or other chief officers of education, will hereafter use their utmost endeavors to make the statistics upon which these several estimates shall be based full and accurate. 8 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Of the 28 States and Territories which furnish data to determine any change in the duration of schools in days, 17 show an increase, many of them quite large, and only 11 a decrease. On the whole the tendency is obviously in the direction of longer terms. The statistics showing number of school sittings are necessary for arriving at an exact knowledge of the school accommodations of the country. This item has been obtained from the reports of three States and one Territory; hereafter it is proposed to include this also among the inquiries made by the Bureau. Table 3. — Teachei's. State or Terri¬ tory. a Alabama Arkansas _ California . . Colorado .... Connecticut Delaware . Florida ... Georgia . . . Illinois ... Indiana . . . Iowa . Kansas ... Kentucky Louisiana . Maine - Maryland. . M assacbusetts Michigan . Minnesota . Mississippi . Missouri . Nebraska . Nevada . New Hampshire. . New Jersey . New York . North Carolina . . Ohio . Oregon . Pennsylvania . Rhode Island . South Carolina . . . Tennessee . Texas . Vermont . Virginia . W est Virginia Wisconsin . Alaska . Arizona . Dakota . Dist. of Columbia. Idaho . . . Montana . New Mexico . Utah . Washington . Wyoming . o o . ,3 -u> g 3 ■r- ® £ 1,979 d45, 889 91,257 47, 54'3 28, 114 48.510 12?; 783 31, 355 7,217 Total. Teachers. Male. 3,619 2,845 1, 128 347 ( 6561 ) c346 1, 013 6, 804 6, 872 5, 7G0 4, 029 fi , 721 1, 036 7 61, 640 > c420 1,194 1,060 3, 934 1,790 4, 042 2,605 49 404 818 5, 952 3,118 10, 825 807 8, 795 172 2, 09 L 4, 961 531 3, 405 3, 240 2, 349 4 61 1, 614 56 115 0128 303 420 031 Increase or decrease. Female. 1, 871 846 3, 308 957 52, 477 c2, 670 . 92 . 443 825 236 13, 815 6, 471 17, 359 5, 358 /3, 287 1,176 53, 023 c5, 043 2, 352 8,610 11,392 5, 023 3, 308 64 324 5, 884 165 3, 078 2, 998 25, 373 2, 002 13, 795 4, 054 14, 508 1, 103 1, 744 2, 346 330 2 3, 797 3, 380 1, 685 8, 699 6 88 3, 441 514 262 038 308 680 039 Increase or decrease. 15 65 188 94 93 50 112 150 90 247 14 148 5 " 48 96 115 90 131 101 138 113 255 D.. I... ; Increase Total. or , i decrease. Neces¬ sary to 490 691 444 304 038 016 624 S38 700 619 343 119 387 008 212 5,463 3,546 9, 670 15, 326 6, 813 7, 336 12, 967 8, 489 214 3,480 3,816 31, 325 5, 120 24, 620 1, 861 23, 303 1,275 3,835 7, 307 dl, 941 4,328 6, 785 4, 925 11, 048 10 149 5, 055 570 «350 377 0164 611 1, 100 070 ...98 .. 109 .. 202 .. 107 .. 185 .. 347 '.‘.“92 I... 128 I... 149 D. . 32 234 j D.. , I... i D.. 160 439 . 62 .. 192 .. 114 .. 182 .. 1 .. 910 D... 323, 088 a See Table 1, p. 5, for year of report. 5 In winter, c In summer. d .Returns imperfect. 8, 537 11, 129 18, 454 1, 985 7, 893 e Estimated. /For white schools only. 0 U. S. Census 1880. STATISTICS OF STATE SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 9 Table 4. — Teachers' salaries. State or Territory, a Avorago monthly salaries. Average annual salaries. Male. Incroaso or decrease. Female. Incroaso or docreaso. Both sexes. Male. Female. $20 78 ($115 » 79) $79 22 D.$0 75 $64 33 D.$l 56 04 0-1 1 1 ) . . 2 58 56 59 1). ... 77 09 89 ! 1 . 73 37 97 I ....33 632 31 53 00 53 00 52 14 i D. ... 31 41 73 1 . 61 44 60 36 80 287 67 237 36 37 40 30 42 42 02 I...1 17 33 85 I ..3 57 . . 23 33 35 00 32 00 34 15 I... 2 08 16 68 1 . 84 Maryland ... 38 GO 38 GO 351 26 351 26 Massachusetts _ _ 111 23 ' D..9 49 43 97 T . 12 Michigan . . . . 45 07 : D..1 10 31 20 1 . 02 332 50 224 04 Minnesota _ _ 39 00 D. ... 21 30 00 1 . 07 240 00 160 00 Mississippi 28 74 Missouri. _ ................... c51 00 (200 101 Nebraska . . I 42 08 ! D..1 0G 34 70 I D..3 04 500 00 300 00 Nevada _ _ 101 00 67 72 New Hampshire . . . J 40 22 I...1 01 23 56 1 . 36 New Jersey . . . 03 56 I...1 S3 | 36 30 J 1 . 66 New York . . . 1 409 27 North Carolina _ 25 05 22 50 Ohio . ; 55 00 ■ I...1 00 40 00 0 00 440 00 320 00 Ore son . . . 1 46 20 D..2 02 34 65 D..2 31 Pennsylvania . . 38 38 D....63 29 90 D....18 Rhode Island . 79 85 D ...30 43 85 1 . 14 758 57 416 57 South Carolina . . . 28 64 , I...1 14 j 25 30 I ....82 85 24 | 88 55 Tennessee _ 28 65 Texas _ _ _ j :::::::::: Vermont _ . 34 00 ; I.. .2 44 1 22 00 | 1 . 72 Virginia _ _ 1 30 77 j D. ...23 26 54 D.... 34 182 15 157 li West Virginia . . . j 1 Wisconsin SdlOO 58 | I 86 ! d39 90 I 1 36 l l e42 04 i I 89 ! e28 15 D 05 5 . Alaska . . . I 125 00 i 58 50 1,062 00 585 00 Arizona . j SO 45 j 76 18 1 804 50 761 80 Dakota . . .. _ ! 35 42 i D..2S1 30 90 D....39 District of Colombia 116 62 1 G1 17 /l, 106 20 /611 70 Idaho . . . . 1 . i #50 00 Montana _ . . 80 00 j 60 00 New Mexico . 30 67 J TTtah . i 46 90 i D..2 20 27 33 | D..2 27 323 42^ 104 45 Washin cron _ _ i 46 00 j I...1 00 30 00 D. 7 00 j AVvomincr _ _ _ _ i . 7iG0 23 . ...! 1 1 a See Table 1, p. 5, for year of report. 6 For white teachers only. c Salary per room. d In cities. e Outside of cities. / Approximately. g Estimated. h U. S. census 18S0. Table 3. — Tlie statistics relating to teachers emphasize certain marked deficiencies in the data attainable for nse in this report. Continuity of service, if not the chief, is certainly one of the chief conditions of efficiency in a teaching body. The rural schools of the United States suffer greatly from the want of such continuity ; the evil is everywhere recognized, hut too often in vague or partial showings. In re¬ spect to this, as to other conditions of the school system, it would undoubtedly be found that investigations resulting in exact information would have ultimate remedial effects. As the city school systems are comparatively free from the evils of frequent changes iu the teaching force, the changes occurring in a State during a year would represent with a sufficient degree of approximation the status of the rural schools iu respect to the permanency of their teachers. Obviously the difference between the number of teachers necessary to supply the schools and the number absolutely employed would indicate the number of changes during the year. By reference to Table 3 it will be seen that the two items are re¬ ported frKfri five States. The percentages of change are as follows in four of these ; Kansas, 9; Missouri 16; Ohio, 33; Wisconsin, 40. 10 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. In Oregon, the remaining one of the five, 1,985 is given as the number of teachers necessary to supply the schools, and 1,861 as the number absolutely employed, from which it would appear that 7 per cent, of the places remained vacant. The total number of teachers is 2,409 larger than the previous year, being an in¬ crease of 1.1 per cent. So far as returns classified by sex have been received, the total number of male teachers is 104,249, female 191,439, the males being 35.24 per cent, of the whole. The States reporting an excess of male over female teachers are Ala¬ bama, Arkansas, Florida, Indiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Car¬ olina, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia. Of twenty-three States in which the change during the year of the average monthly salaries of teachers is recorded, there has been for males an aggregate increase in ten States of $13.39, and an aggregate decrease in thirteen States of $23.75 ; for females an aggregate increase in eleven States of $8.06, and an aggregate decrease in ten States of $18, there being no change in Ohio, and Wisconsin not giving the average salary of all female teachers. On the whole, the salaries of teachers, both male and female, have decreased during the year. Table 5. — Receipts. State or Territory, a From S t ate taxes.. From local taxes. Increase or decrease , Total from taxes. From rents and interest on perma¬ nent fund. From I o tb er Total receipts.?) Alabama . Arkansas . . California . . Colorado . . Connecticut . . Delaware ........ _ Florida... . Georgia . . Illinois . . Indiana . . Iowa . Kansas . . Kentucky . Louisiana . . . Maine . Maryland . Massachusetts . . Michigan . Minnesota . Mississippi . Missouri . Nebraska . . Nevada . New Hampshire . New Jersey . . New York . North Carolina . Ohio . Oregon . Pennsylvania . Rhode Island . . South Carolina . Tennessee . Texas . . . Vermont . . Virginia . . West Virginia . . Wisconsin . . . Alaska . . . Arizona . . Dakota . . District of Columbia. Idaho . Montana . N ew Mexico . . Utah . Washington . . Wyoming . $230, 000 1*884*665 228, 449 d 52, 056 $175, 000 445, 563 1, 690, 705 801,818 1, 206, 803 el61, 048 I.. $36, 990 I. .101, 678 $405, 000 $141, 348 $175, 000 D.108, 307 D..83, 004 3, 574, 770 801, 818 1, 435, 052 c 138, 596 13, 127 161, 930 121, 199 66, 037 $721, 348 871, 575 3, 713, 366 936, 144 1, 663,019 e213, 104 491,185 1, 000, 000 1, 448, 447 /690, 223 278, 109 8, 239, 042 2, 881, 619 4, 972, 278 2, 660, 617 1.. . 68, 646 1.. 323, 965 769, 294 9, 239. 042 4, 330' 066 34, 318 59?, 437 675, 392 2, 660, 617 408, 180 769, 294 415, 332 10, 247, 811 43, 249 5, 048, 707 659,302 I 6,321,803 174. 969 I 3, 243, 745 342, 491 481,479 703, 717 1, 031, 249 D.. .1,943 I. . .34, 542 1, 046, 208 1, 512, 728 300, 000 514, 360 3, 376, 456 1, 999, 862 500, 776 2, 942, 641 D...2, S54 I . .54, 248 3, 376, 456 1, 999, 862 800, 776 3, 457, 001 52, 341 239, 874 762, 403 350, 787 66, 000 733, 741 30, 303 189, 723 494, 133 273, 506 24, 673 / 42, 648 470, 177 1,396 968 2, 750', 000 512, 061 1, 653, 352 260, 262 <71,126, 000 111, 631 *402, 508 / 139, 107 88, 508 75, 721 892, 448 9, 918, 719 35, 734 7, 440, 734 131 580 I ...8,556 545, 898 2, 389, 416 12. 668, 719 547, 795 9, 094, 086 391, 842 54, 021 132, 324 245, 000 288 17, 553 246, 337 74, 571 624, 229 122, 877 1, 079, 997 384, 548 636, 738 799, 253 748, 369 7i402, 508 938, 360 16, 396 33, 497 h 58, 405 138, 791 571, 139 1, 076, 511 1, 754, 792 4. 632, 992 2, 624, 155 866, 776 4, 215, 415 2, 138, 428 131, 444 617, 472 2, 421, 740 13, 537, 948 670, 672 10, 420. 420 850, 961 10, 703, 541 798, 263 h 460, 913 1, 077, 451 626, 806 367, 725 f 61, 017 j 15, 000 10, 662 59, 400 j 282, 689 487, 258 605, 454 785, 320 2, 644, 859 D . .32, 572 I ..13,786 I.. 106, 723 85, 760 1, 962, 322 282, 689 D.,.5,630 I ...1, 990 487, 258 1, 232, 260 1,153, 045 2, 705, 876 15, 000 96, 422 2, 021, 722 565, 377 62, 137 4, 986 71, 975 200, 000 492, 520 1, 412, 294 '”*18*441' I ..50,017 22S, 333 100, 171 53, 086 300, 000 D...9, 522 153, 257 300, 000 3, 329 65, 131 Total. 621, ,437, ,153, ,610, 15, 114, ,021, 565, 147, 228, 32, 221, 300, *36, 370 245 045 690 000 863 722 377 253 333 171 717 000 161 a See Table 1, p. 5, for year of report. b Excluding balance from previous year and the proceeds of bond sales, c Including proceeds from bond sales. d State appropriation; for white schools only. e For white schools only. / State apportionment. g State 'appropriation. Ain 1884-’85. i For university. j United States appropriation. ^United States Census, 1880. Table 6.- STATISTICS OF STATE SCHOOL SYSTEMS 11 u II ss'5>; W--| ; : .-i.-i.-iq i\ 8" i q i • o :S5 ig iq :§ i if i is il iS3 !i H ip; ie ini ;np j« 8 if Sr q if * ii i iq I... 1,1 30, 534 1 . 231. .r'32 2 :§ -5 jtf H Si o * sSiSIsl liffp IlllsslllsllrllllllSlilllsi WllWlIlWslSiW^S'siWS v<^r •**«« snog -r j © 1 i-t O P © 85 gag lea o igfsSS :g§2|3 ! 1 isiiB i i ilSli i • : CO » r-n O I HHf 3 : o . =T • : :| t- CO 553 hUS ° £ to o £* t-4 2 V 4-3 02 IfSssssSs I - r-T Of ilsll :S3ggS p-t is iS © S-. II | 0 hi j! iqj ii i i CO ; h j ° 5-2 ill m slslllss i rT^rfonVao j •iS- l i a : ^ : Permanent expenditure. 4*1 eS’t* h •5 3 £ hd 1 1 : g sf i « i £ : 5 j jo tco ri'S © iii r~ sits ; is f i s§ 51 ii ig State or Territory, a rC £ J 5 c * l 5 . V lrgmia . West Virginia . Wisconsin. . Alaska . 1 • ■ • B ■ j j: j i; * * f s|: i : 1 j § : *3 : SI; is g*s is 5 - 5 * !i i% Jj, j a s a h o ’k-5 j > i 12 % 2 *4-1 I 8.0 STATISTICS OF STATE SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 13 Table 7. — School funds, school property, Per cent. 17. 23 18.81 18. 90 16.68 18. 71 17. 96 18. 86 22.66 24. 56 28." 43 10. 25 22. 45 17. 33 18. 00 21. 79 20.91 23. 38 13. 30 17. 73 19.28 20. 03 23. 15 20. 96 15. 74 16. 94 22. 25 21.51 18. 56 24. 87 21. 26 7. 90 19. 94 15. 89 19. 97 12. 24 17. 62 STATISTICS OF STATE SCHOOL SYSTEMS. State school systems, for the school year 1885- 86. Ratio of average attendance to — Ratio of sit¬ tings to — © © o s ® S- ® 2 tc no © 2* > 3 < * Value of all property per capita of — Value of school prop¬ erty per capita of — Total popu¬ lation. a .2 d^* v> © © S © F-l a 44 a © a § a . cS o © 2 tc3 > © o P< . c- a Puo 3 ^ o’-1 H | d^ P.^ £ o p< . © © ^*.2 s* H 1 08 ** 12 o Ph 03 © H © p > © Per cent. 10. 41 Per cent. 46. 75 Percent. 60.41 Per cent Percent $114 136 725 473 521 $511 598 4,572 3, 824 3, 338 $0 59 8 91 9 61 8 31 $2 62 56 25 77 65 53 29 12. 56 10.84 11.83 79. 22 87. 55 75. 89 66. 45 64.95 63. 23 $70 95 88 69 70 22 1.05 1. 02 1. 62 1. 62 . 11.24 13. 36 15. 36 16. 82 50.64 60. 17 78.11 83. 39 62. 58 70. 82 67. 78 68. 4S 226 194 243 386 1,020 876 1,238 1, 912 89 3 99 7 89 6 98 6 74 35 49 33 41 45 44 40 06 17. 12 84. 89 GO. 21 25.8 216 1, 071 5 13 25 45 29 98 7. 24 15.84 9. 36 13. 39 33.43 98.85 49. 04 91.01 70. 69 70.54 54. 04 74.39 411 465 2, 565 2,435 4 80 2 48 29 99 12 96 30 34 26 44 494 358 113 298 180 442 636 2, 802 1, 968 495 1,416 810 3, 702 4,538 6 20 6 12 35 13 33 70 10. 62 14.98 15. 38 58.43 65. 51 73. 04 50. 79 57 68 65. 79 1.09 1. 65 33.6 4 00 5 25 4 01 6 39 18 99 26 54 33 56 45 56 26 01 9.04 12.36 75. 72 88.10 67. 99 69. 71 44 32 51 71 11.74 12.17 15. 46 15. 02 14.09 10.85 11.67 Ifi 14 71. 25 56.45 81. 05 81. 67 74.66 71.50 52. 44 72. 54 60. 89 60. 77 66. 81 71.67 67. 24 68.97 68. 87 72. 56 605 133 504 321 3, 672 C16 2, 643 1, 745 43 8 50 5 29 7 49 7 54 1 99 44 55 28 73 39 70 49 68 3 52 54 97 35 18 53 17 69 48 17.8 138 132 621 591 1 04 4 69 6 46 13. 99 10. 38 15. 00 11. 32 0. 92 85. 59 48.23 67. 79 57. 93 6. 36 65. 06 55. 90 60. 32 53. 26 510 206 230 319' 3, 120 956 1, 041 1, 632 1 10 2 84 4 60 5 15 12 82 23 51 10 67 18 91 40 59 22.4 2 62 6 98 6 86 20 97 42 64 39 55 13. 22 11.81 80. 82 68.07 68. 33 74.29 1. 33 2, 00 52 76 58 10 131 874 4 70 41 25 10.84 50.38 61.54 199 923 2 67 12 40 24 62 . 1::...::::: i 17 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 . 20 21 22 23 24 . 25 . 26 27 28 29 30 31 . 32 33 - 34 . 35 36 37 38 . 39 . 40 j 41 42 ■ 43 . 44 . 45 . 46 47 - 48 - 49 ED 86 - 2 18 i 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF E! Table 8. — Comparative statistics States and Territories. Ratio of school property to total prop¬ erty. Total popu¬ lation. Value of scl Per cent. Alabama . Arkansas . California . Colorado . Connecticut . Delaware . Florida . Georgia... . Illinois . Indiana . Iowa . Kansas . Kentucky . Louisiana . . - Maine . Maryland . Massachusetts . Michigan . Minnesota _ ' _ _ Mississippi . Missouri . Nebraska . Nevada . New Hampshire . New Jersey . New York . North Carolina . Ohio . Oregon . . Pennsylvania . Rhode Island . South Carolina . . Tennessee . Texas . Vermont . Virginia . . . West Virginia . Wisconsin . . Alaska . Arizona.— . Dakota . District of Columbia Idaho . Indian Territory . Montana . New Mexico . Utah . . .44 1. 23 2. 03 1. 60 $0 19 2 52 63 3 01 .39 3 02 2. 87 1. 75 3 67 4 59 2.38 1.17 .53 1. 25 1.71 1. 34 2. 92 .91 1. 00 4 30 6 82 77 .32 1. 69 1. 65 1 31 4 26 57 ,79 .54 1.23 1. 44 82 1 93 2 12 1. 34 Washington Wyoming... STATISTICS OF STATE SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 19 for the school year 1885-’86— Continued. Amount raised by taxation for schools per capita of — Ratio of amount j raised by j taxation lor schools to total prop¬ erty. Current expenditure a pur capita of- for schools ; Ratio of ! current ex¬ penditure a for schools | to total | properly. Total pop il¬ ia ti u. Population, 0-14. Average at¬ tendance. Total popu-: lation. Population, 6-14. Average at¬ tendance. j Mills Mills per dollar. per dollar. $0 28 $1 24 $2 65 2. 42 $0 52 $2 27 $4 85 ] 4.44 83 3 65 0. 10 ! 3 57 22 52 28 43 4. 93 3 13 19 74 24 92 4.32 ! 3 20 26 56 30 34 6.95 2 63 21 28 24 30 5. 57 2 14 13 72 18 08 4. 11 2 33 14 95 19 70 4.48 1 00 4 si 8 92 4.42 45 2 04 3 40 2.33 39 1 77 2 94 2. 02 2 82 14 32 18 34 11.57 2 68 13 63 17 45 ! 11. 01 2 10 10 42 12 49 5. 45 1 92 9 54 11 44 4. 99 2 07 10 27 12 10 9. 59 2 18 10 80 | 12 72 10. 08 . :::::::::::: . 1 1 62 10 09 10 21 3. 93 1 50 7 84 16 00 3. 22 1 33 6 96 14 20 2.86 | 1 77 10 01 3. 57 1 91 10 84 3.87 j 1 79 9 85 . 16 85 5. 00 1 51 8 31 14 23 4.22 65 2 83 4 32 5. 72 68 2 97 4 54 6.01 1 42 6 75 9 24 4. 76 1 42 6 72 9 21 . 4-.!5. 1 99 16 69 22 04 4. 51 1 51 10 74 12 19 2.37 1 48 10 58 12 00 2.33 2 38 14 42 20 24 4. 39 2 66 12 11 17 00 3.30 1 36 1 67 2 95 2. 70 38 1 78 3 16 2.89 2 72 14 23 17 56 5.39 2 43 12 74 15 71 4. 82 1 67 9 08 11 12 5.20 1 72 9 35 11 45 5.36 2 46 16 20 22 66 1 91 12 57 17 58 54 2 45 3 37 4. 14 56 2 51 3 45 4.24 1 46 8 94 10 45 2. 87 1 71 10 47 12 23 3. 36 74 3 45 7 15 3. 61 79 3 66 7 58 3. 82 1 66 7 52 11 10 7. 23 1 17 5 30 7 81 5.09 1 73 8 86 15 29 5. 43 2 01 10 29 17 77 6.31 1 25 10 01 4 86 29 73 36 78 1 78 10 89 13 48 2 78 16 02 23 54 2 78 16 02 23 54 2 45 21 53 | . 86 3 97 7 89 4. 30 1 03 4 78 9 49 i . 2 86 16 14 2 01 11 30 ! . j . 1 . . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 a Current expenditure does not include interest upon the value of school property. 20 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 9. — Summary, by geographical divisions, of the comparative statistics of State school systems. Group. Population per square mile. Ratio of population, 6-14, to total popula¬ tion. Ratio of enrol¬ ment to — Ratio of average attend¬ ance to— Total popu¬ lation. Population, 6-14. Total pdpu- lation. Population, 6-14. 1 Enrolment. North Atlantic Division . South Atlantic Division . South Central Division . North Central Division . "Western Division . The United States . . 90. 02 31. 46 18. 79 26.44 1. 88 Per cent. 16. 93 21.31 22. 12 19.47 16. 02 Per ct. 19. 52 18.32 14. 30 26.74 17.30 Per $t. 115. 25 85.97 79. 09 120. 60 108. 00 Per ct. 12. 75 11. 35 10. 91 14.83 11. 37 Per ct. 75.33 53. 28 49. 32 76. 20 70.97 Per ct. 65. 36 61.98 62. 35 63. 18 65.71 19.31 19. 40 20. 91 104. 54 12. 88 66. 51 63.56 Group. Assessed value of taxable property per capita of— Value of school prop¬ erty per capita of — Ratio of school prop¬ erty to total assessed valuation. Taxation for schools per capita of total population. Total popu¬ lation. Population, 6-14. Total popu¬ lation. Population, 6-14. if o a North Atlantic Division . South Atlantio Division . South Central Division . . $556 221 135 353 556 $3, 382 1,037 605 1,808 3,446 $6 84 1 21 $39 62 6 53 $54 17 12 13 Per ct. 1.16 . 54 $2 16 74 North Central Division . Western Division . The United States . 6 29 7 34 32 37 46 51 39 41 62 75 1. 77 1.35 2 23 2 86 359 1,861 5 57 29 14 39 49 1. 39 1 76 Group. Taxation for schools per capita of— Hi m a bi =< a--S ill m Hi Current expenditure for schools per capi¬ ta of— Ratio of current ex¬ penditure for schools to assessed valuation. Population, 6-14. Average at¬ tendance. Total popu¬ lation. Population, 6-14. is |J <3 a t> o . Pickett . . Warren Easton . . N. A. Luce * . . M. A. Newell . John W. Dickinson _ Jos. Estabrook . D. L. Kiehle . J. R. Preston . Wm.E. Coleman . Geo. B. Lane . W. C. Dovey . James W. Patterson . . . Edwin Chapman . Andrew S. Draper Sidney M. Finger . Eli T.'Tappan . E. B. McElroy . . . E. E. Higbee . * . Thos. B. Stockwell . James H. Rice . Frank M. Smith - ... O. H. Cooper . . Justus Dartt . J. L. Buchanan . Benj. S. Morgan . Jesse B. Thayer........ Sheldon Jackson. ...... R. L. Long . . . A. Sheridan Jones ...... Wm. B. Powell, white \ F. T. Cook, colored . . . ) J. H. Wickersham . Wm. W. Wylie . Trinidad Aland - .... L. J. Nuttall . . J. C. Kerr . . John Slaughter . Address. Term of office. Montgomery, Aia . . . Dec. 1886-’88 Little Rock, Ark. . . . Oct. 1884-’88 Sacramento, Cal .... Jan. 1887-’91 Denver, Colo . . . Jan. 1887-’89 Hartford, Conn . Jan. 1886-’S7 Dover, Del . April l886-’87 Tallahassee, Fla .... Jan. l885-’89 Atlanta, Ga . Nov. 1884-’S6 Springfield, Ill . Jan. 1887-’91 Indianapolis, Ind . . . Mar. 1887-’89 Des Moines, Iowa. . . Jan. 1884-’86 Topeka, Kans . . Jan. 1S87-’S9 Frankfort, Ky — .. Sept. 1883-’87 Baton Rouge, La. . . . May 1884-f’88 Augusta, Me . Feb, 1886-i’89 Baltimore, Md . Jan. 1886-’88 Boston, Mass . Jan. 1886-87 Lansing, Mich . Jan. 1887-’89 Saint Paul, Minn .... April 1885-’87 Jackson, Miss . Jan. 1886-’90 Jefferson City, Mo.. Jan. 1883-87 Lincoln, Neb'r . Jan. 1887-89 Carson City, Nev ... Jan. 1887-91 Concord, N. H . July 1884-86 Trenton, N. J . 1885-’88 Albany, N. Y.. ...... April 1886-’89 Raleigh, N. C . . Jan. 1885-’89 Columbus, Ohio . Jan. 1886-89 Salem, Oreg _ .... Sept. 1882, Jan. 1, 1887. Harrisburg, Pa . April 1885-’89 Providence, R. I - Elected annu¬ ally. Columbia, S. C...... Dec. 4, 1886-’88 Nashville, Tenn .... Jan. 1887— ’01 Austin, Tex ........ Jan. 1887-’89 Montpelier, Vt . Dec. 18S6-’88 Richmond, Ya . Jan. 1886-’90 Charleston, W. Va.. Mar. 1885-89 Madison, Wis . . Jan. 1885-’87 Sitka, Alaska ....... Indefinite. Prescott, Ariz . Jan. 1885-’87 Olivet, Dak . Mar. 1885-87 Washington, D. C . . . Bois6 City, Idaho. .. Feb. 1887-’89 Helena, Mont . Feb. 1883-’85 Santa F6, N. Mex. . . Feb. 1886-’88 Salt Lake City, Htah Aug. 1883-’85 Olympia, Wash. T . . Jan. 1884-’86 Cheyenne, Wy o . . . . . Mar. 1884-’86 Official title. State superintendent of education. State superintendent of public instruc¬ tion. Do. Do. Secretary of State board of education. State superintendent of free schools. State superintendent of public instruc¬ tion. State school commissioner. State superintendent of public instruc¬ tion. Do. Do. Do. Do. State superintendent of education. State superintendent of oommon schools. State superintendent of public instruc¬ tion. Secretary of State board of education. State superintendent of public instruc¬ tion. Do. State superintendent of education. State superintendent of public schools. State superintendent of public instruc¬ tion. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. State commissioner of common schools. State superintendent of public ins true, tion. Do. Commissioner of public schools. Superintendent of public education. State superintendent of public schools. State superintendent of public instruc¬ tion. Do. Do. State superintendent of free schools. State superintendent of public schools. General agent of education for Alaska. Superintendent of public instruction. Do. Superintendent of District schools. Superintendent of public instruction. Do. Ex-officio superintendent for reports. Superintendent of public instruction. Do. Do. SUMMARY OF CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO EDUCATION IN THE SEVERAL STATES AND TERRITORIES. ALABAMA. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SCHOOL SYSTEM. The General Assembly shall establish and maintain a system of public schools for the benefit of children between 7 and 21 years of age, separate schools for the races being provided.1 TOWNSHIP INCORPORATION. The inhabitants of each township are incorporated by the name of “ township — and range — ” according to the number of the United States survey.2 SCHOOL DISTRICTS. Every township and every incorporated city or town of 3,000 or more inhabitants is a school district, and may hold and own property.3 LEGAL SCHOOL POPULATION. Every child between 7 and 21 years of age is entitled to admission into and instruc¬ tion in any public school for its own race in its township, or in some other school in the State, as provided by law.4 SCHOOL CENSUS. An enumeration of all children between 7 and 21 years old, by race and sex, in each township is made by the superintendent thereof, and reported to the county superin¬ tendent, who makes a like report for his county to the State superintendent. This census is taken in August of years having odd numbers.5 LOCATION OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS. When only one public school is established in a township, it must be so located as to accommodate the largest number of pupils; but the location may be changed from year to year so as to accommodate those children who were not within reach of the school in previous years. Preference should be given to localities having a school- house already built or a site procured.6 If more than one school for each race be needed in a township, more maybe estab¬ lished by the local school officer.7 Preference in locating schools should be given to communities which will supplement the district revenue with the object of sustaining free schools for as long a session as possible.8 White and colored children must not attend the same school.9 No more than two schools for either race can be opened in any township Wherein the school revenue for said race does not exceed $50. The school revenue of each township is apportioned as nearly as practicable per capita of the probable school attendance. Children may be transferred to schools in other than their own school districts, but they carry their share of the school revenue with them ; and, if, after delibera¬ tion, it is determined not to have one public school for each race opened in a town¬ ship, and the children of the race, so left without a school, cannot be transferred readily to another school district, their share of the school revenue shall be paid to the parents or guardians of said children; Provided, Said children attend some other school the same length of time.10 SCHOOL YEAR, MONTH, DAY. The school year begins October 1 and ends September 30 ; the school month is 20 days ; the school day is not less than 6 hours.11 The (annual) session of a public school usually must be at least 12 weeks long, i. e., 3 scholastic months.12 1 Const., art. 12, sec. 1. 5 Ibid., sec. 39. 2 Code of 1876, sec. 963. 6 Ibid. , sec. 28. 3Sch. Laws ofJFeb. 7, 1879, sec. 48. 5Tbid., sec. 29. 4 Ibid., sec. 49. 8 Ibid., sec. 36. 3 Ibid., sec. 52. 10 Ibid., sec. 31. 11 Ibid., sec. 50. 12 Ibid., secs. 31, 34. 47 48 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. PRESCRIBED STUDIES. Physiology and hygiene, with special reference to the effects of alcohol, stimulants and narcotics upon the human system, must be taught to all pupils in all schools and colleges receiving any public money or under State control.1 SCHOOL OFFICERS. . A superintendent of education, elected by popular vote, shall -supervise the public schools.2 The State superintendent is chosen at the general election every two years. He must give a bond of $15,000 for the faithful discharge of his duties.3 The officers of the public-school system shall be a superintendent of education for the State ; a county superintendent for each county, and a township superintendent or 3 school trustees for each township or other school district.4 A vacancy in the office may be filled by the Governor for the remainder of the term.5 His duties are to supervise the common schools, to require reports thereon from his subordinate school officers; to remove them for official delinquency; to visit and inspect schools annually ; to encourage the forming of teachers’ institutes ; to appor¬ tion the public-school revenues, prepare and furnish all school blanks and record books, keep accounts with all school districts, and of all permanent school funds ; file bonds of subordinate school officers ; prosecute defaulters to the school fund : ex¬ change reports with other school officers ; collect an educational library ; prepare and publish school laws, and also an annual school report. His office must be at the State capital.6 STATE TAX. The Legislature may provide for a poll-tax, which shall be applied to the support of the public school in the counties in which it is collected.7 The poll-tax is assessed by the county tax-assessors, confirmed by the county com¬ missioners, and reported by the probate judge to the State superintendent.8 The poll-tax assessed is debited to the county tax-collector, and amounts collected and paid by him to the county superintendent are credited to said collector by the State superintendent. Amounts collected should be paid at the end of each month.9 Moneys arising from sale or other disposition of lands and other property granted or intrusted to the State for educational purposes, must be preserved undiminished.10 Lands and property given by individuals or by the State for educational purposes, and all estates of persons who die without will or heir, shall be applied to the main¬ tenance of public schools.11 The public-school income consists of interest upon the permanent school funds, the proceeds of other property given for school purposes, and of the poll-tax and a yearly appropriation of not less than $100,000 from the State treasury.12 Only 4 per cent, of the public-school income may be expended for purposes other than the payment of teachers’ salaries, but this restriction may be suspended by a concurrent two-thirds vote of both houses of the Legislature.13 The public-school income cannot be used for the support of any sectarian or de¬ nominational school.14 PUBLIC-SCHOOL LANDS. School lands are sections numbered 16 in every township granted by the United States for the use of schools in the township ; also other lands granted therefor ; all of which are vested in the State in trust to execute the objects of the grant.15 The public-school revenue, except that part resulting from the poll-tax, must be placed to the credit of the public schools at the beginning of the school year, viz, Oc¬ tober l.16 The auditor must notify the State superintendent of the amount of public-school revenue set apart for each scholastic year, stating source and unexpended balances from previous school years.17 The public-school revenue shall consist of interest upon proceeds of sales of lands granted by the United States for school purposes; of interest upon the United States deposit under the act of Congress, June ‘J3, 1836; income from proceeds of other lands given for school purposes to the State; escheats; $230,000 annual appropriation, pro¬ ceeds of poll-tax of $1.50 on each male between twenty-one and forty-five ; rents col¬ lected from unsold school lands; and proceeds of license taxes, which are to be ex¬ pended for public schools.18 1 Sch. Laws of Feb. 7, 1879, sec 45. (See also Public School Teach¬ ers.) 2 Const., art. 12, sec. 7. 8 Sch. Laws of Feb. 7, 1879, sec. 5. 4 Ibid., sec. 4. 8 Ibid., sec. 6. 6 Ibid., secs., 7, 8, 9. 7 Const., art. 12, sec. 4. 8 Sch. Laws of Feb. 7, 1879, 9 Ibid., secs. 14, 15. 10 Const., art. 12, sec. 2. 11 Ibid., sec. 3. 12 Ibid., sec. 5. 13 Ibid., art. 12, sec. C. 14 Ibid., sec. 8. 13. 18 Code of 1876. sec. 962. 16 Sch. Laws of Feb. 7, 1879, sec. 2. 17 Ibid., sec. 3. 18 Ibid., sec. 1. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 4(J PUBLIC-SCnOOL REVENUE. When the State auditor has certified tho amount of the educational income for the rear, the State superintendent shall deduct therefrom amounts sufficient to pay the current expenses of tho department of education, and the expenses of the normal schools; the remainder ho shall apportion among tho townships and other school dis¬ tricts of tho State.1 This apportionment is made by setting apart tho amount due to the district as in¬ terest on its “ 16tli section fund,” or other trust fund held by the State ; then, districts having no such amount due them are to bo apportioned a proportionate amount, equal, per capita, to that paid to districts having such an income as described:2 The basis of this apportionment shall be the latest filed enumeration of school pop¬ ulation in tho townships and districts ; the proportion of each district shall bo di¬ vided pro rata between tho two races.3 When made, the apportionments for each county must be sent in writing to the county superintendent.4 When the apportionment is complete, it must be reported by the State superintend¬ ent to tho State auditor, and by him to the State treasurer.5 The poll-tax collected in each county is paid to it as its school money, as its share of the amount collected from polls in the State.6 The poll-tax collected in a county belongs to it, as its share of the proceeds of such * tax ; the amount paid by each race is kept separate aud so reported’7 Each township or other district is entitled to the poll-tax collected in it ; and each race therein to the poll-tax paid by it.8 The school revenue due to each county from sources other than the poll-tax, having been certified to the State auditor, his warrant on the tax-collector of the county in favor of the county superintendent, and the payment of said warrant, is accounted as the payment of so much school money.9 Local school moneys for public schools must be expended in the districts wherein they are raised.10 EDUCATION OF TEACHERS. When 10 teachers, of either race, are licensed in a county, the county educational board must hold a teachers1 institute, of which the superintendent is president, and the other members of said board are vice-presidents. Said institute must meet at least thrice a year, and said teachers must attend at least one of these meetings, no fee or assessment being required. The exercises at said meetings shall relate to methods of teaching and discipline, choice of text-books, &c.u COLLEGE BOARDS. The University of Alabama and the Alabama College of Agriculture and the Me¬ chanic Arts are to be managed by boards of trustees, appointed by the Governor, con¬ firmed by the senate; one third each year. The Governor and State superintendent are members of each board, ex officio.12 COUNTY EDUCATIONAL BOARD. The educational board of each county must comprise the county superintendent and 2 teachers of said county, apppointed by him; the board must meet at least once in each quarter year, examine applicants for teachers’ licenses, issue the same, keep a record of all licenses issued, revoke the same for good cause, organize and maintain teachers’ institutes for teachers of each race.11 The county superintendent is appointed by the State superintendent, for two years, except when special laws otherwise direct.13 His duties are to keep and disburse school moneys, remove delinquent township superintendents and appoint their successors, bring suit against trespassers on school lands, and apportion schools between the races in each township.14 He must receipt to tax-collectors for all school moneys received from them, report¬ ing the amounts to the State superintendent.15 He must settle finally with tax-collectors on May 1 of each year, reporting result to the State superintendent.16 He must keep a book showing all receipts, apportionments, and payments of school moneys, and when and to whom paid.17 He must report annually the condition of public schools in his county to the State superintendent, and is liable to forfeit his pay and commission if he fail to make such report by November 10.18 1Soh. Laws of Feb. 7, 1879, sec. 53. ? lbierson addicted to profanity, drunkenness, gambling, licentiousness, or other demoralizing vices, or who does not believe in the existence of a Supreme Being. 8 1 Mansfield’s Digest, chap. 135, sec, 6159. 2 Const., ait. 14, sec. 3. 3 Mansfield’s Digest, chap. 135, sec. 6121. 4 Ibid., sec. 6122. 6 Ibid., sec. 6123. 6 Ibid., secs. 6134-6138. 7 Ibid., sec. 6139. 8 Ibid., secs. 6183, 6186. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 53 Ho shall issuo three grades of certificates, to bo styled certificates of the first, of the second, and of (ho third grades; thoso of the first, to be valid in the county for two years ; those of the second, for ono year; those of tho third, for six months.1 lie shall have power to appoint some suitable person to hold teachers’ institutes and examine teachers in his county, in case of his inability to attend such institutes and examinations.2 Teachers are required to attend the public examination, to become members and attend the regular session of tho teachers’ institute as soon as the same shall be es¬ tablished ; aud no teacher may be charged for loss of timo, when necessarily absent from school to attend such examination or institute.3 Public schools must be closed on days appointed for public examination of teach¬ ers, and during the sessions of teachers’ institutes not more than five days during any one session.4 The county examiner must, in his annual report, givo the number, names, and ad¬ dresses of all deaf-mutes, blind, and insano in each school district, under 30 years of age.5 Each county examiner is required to encourage the inhabitants of his county to form and organize school districts, establish public schools therein, indicate sound methods of instruction, labor to create an interest in the public schools, and annually, on or before September 20, make a tabular abstract of the reports made to him by the school directors in his county, as to districts, children of school age, attendance, and average attendance of such, male and female, white and colored; branches taught, teachers, school-houses, grounds, money raised by tax, amounts expended, and for what, revenue from common-school fund and from other sources, how and for what expended, and what amounts were, at the close of the school year, unex¬ pended and in the treasury.6 Failure to attend to any of these duties or to forward an abstract of directors’ re¬ ports to the State superintendent involves a penalty of $25, with all costs, to be paid into the county treasury.7 The examiner must keep in his office a record and description of each school dis¬ trict, with the boundaries clearly defined ; also a record of any change or alteration of boundaries.8 He must annually transmit to the county clerk of his county a written report, showing the number of persons between the ages of 6 and 21 years residing in each school district of his county.9 The county clerk must lay said report before the county court, to be used in making the apportionment of the general school fund to the various school districts.10 A county which, by change of county lines, or by the formation of a new county or counties, fails to receive the school funds that should be apportioned to it, from its school population being reckoned with that of the county or counties to which said funds may be apportioned, must be reimbursed for the loss thus incurred, said loss to be corrected in the first following apportionment of school revenue if possible, or, if not then made, in the second.11 Amounts refunded according to this provision must be deducted from the funds apportioned to the counties which originally received the erroneously apportioned revenues.13 MUNICIPAL OR TOWNSHIP SUPERVISION. Any incorporated city or town in this State, including the territory annexed thereto for school purposes, may be organized as a single school district in the manner and with the powers hereinafter specified.13 Upon the written petition of twenty voters of such city or town, it shall be the duty of the mayor, within five days, to designate a day, not less than seven nor more than fifteen days distant, for holding an election in said city or town for the purpose of voting upon the adoption of this act for the government of public schools therein, and for the election, by ballot, at the same time, of a board of six school directors for said city or town.14 Two of these shall serve until the third Saturday in May next after their election, two for one year and two for two years thereafter, and two directors, to serve three years, must be elected annually to fill the vacancies thus created. Said board must fill any vacancy that may occur therein until the next annual election. 15 Said board must hold a regular meeting on the last Saturday in each month, and may hold stated meetings at such other times as they may appoint, four members to constitute a quorum. 16 1 Mansfield’s Digest, chap. 135, secs. 6187, 61 8S. 2 Ibid., 6193. 3 Ibid., sec. 6243. 4 Act of March 27, 1885, sec. 1. 6 Mansfield’s Digest, chap. 135, sec. 6191. 6 Ibid., secs. 6190, 6191. 7 Ibid., sec. 6196. 8 Ibid., sec. 6192. 9 Ibid., sec. 6178. 10 Ibid., sec. 6179. 11 Ibid., sec. 6180. 12 Ibid., sec. 6181. 13 Ibid., sec. 6258. 14 Ibid., sec. 6259. 15 Ibid., sec. 6262. 15 Ibid., sec. 6264. 54 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Said board shall have power to purchase or lease school-house sites ; to build, hire, or purchase school-houses ; to keep them in repair, furnish them with necessary seats, desks, furniture, and other meaus necessary for the comfort and health of scholars and preservation of property ; to hire teachers for all public schools of the district ; employ a superintendent ; provide books and apparatus ; establish and maintain primary, graded, or high schools to accommodate all the scholars of the district ; de¬ termine the branches to be taught and the text-books to be used in the several schools of the district. 1 2 It is made the duty of the board to keep in operation the schools thus organized, not less than three nor more than ten months in each year, the board to have power to make and enforce all necessary rules and regulations for the government of teach¬ ers and pupils in said schools. Said board must visit the schools in the district at least twice each year, observe the discipline, mode of instruction, and progress of pupils, and must see that the teachers keep a correct register of the attendance, the branches taught, and other matters required by law or by the instructions of the State superintendent. 3 No draft or warrant may be drawn on the county treasurer, except in pursuance of an order of said hoard. All drafts or warrants on him must be signed by the presi¬ dent, or president pro tempore , and the secretary, and must specify the fund on which they are drawn and the use for which the money is assigned. 3 The title of all real estate and other property belonging, for school purposes, to any city or town organized into a separate school district under this act, is vested in said town or city, as a school district, and must be under the management and control of the board of school directors for said district as completely as other school property belonging to it.4 School districts formed and governed under this act are to be known by the name of the city or town constituting the district, with the words “School District of” prefixed thereto, and by such name may possess all the corporate powers usually possessed by bodies of like character. The style of the board of directors for any school district under the act is “Board of School Directors.”5 The board of school directors of any district organized as above said, must pay all debts and discharge all liabilities incurred by the several school districts existing under previous law and embraced in the district organized under this act.6 School districts organized under this act are to have their full proportion of the general school fund of the State.7 CALIFORNIA. STATE FREE-SCHOOL SYSTEM. The constitution makes it the duty of the Legislature to provide a system of com¬ mon schools by which a free school shall be supported in each district at least six months in every year, the system to include primary and grammar schools and such high, evening, normal, and technical schools as may be established by legislative, municipal, or district authority, and sets apart the entire revenue derived from the State school fund and State school tax exclusively for the support of primary and grammar schools, and forbids the appropriation of any public money for sectarian or denominational purposes, as well as the introduction of any such instruction into the the public schools.8 A school month is twenty school days, or four weeks of five school days each.9 All schools, unless otherwise provided by law, must be divided into primary and grammar grades.10 Every parent, guardian, or other person having control of any child or children between the ages of 8 and 14 years, must send such child or children to a public school for at least two-thirds of the time a public school is taught in each school year, at least twelve weeks of which must be consecutive : unless such children re¬ ceive instruction at home or in a private school, or have already acquired a knowl¬ edge pf the branches usually taught in the primary schools of tlie State, or are ex¬ cused on account of bodily or mental condition, or poverty, or sickness of parents or guardians ; provided such public school be taught for at least three months during the year within 1 mile of the pupil’s residence. Any parent or guardian failing to comply with the above is liable to a fine of not more than §20 for the first otfeuse, and not less than $20 nor more than $50 for each subsequent offense.11 Women over 21 years old, who are citizens of the United States and of the State, are eligible to all educational offices within the State, except those from which they are excluded by the constitution.13 1 Mansfield’s Digest, cliap. 135, sec. 6265. 2 Ibid., sec. 6266. 3 Ibid., sec. 6267. 4 Ibid., sec. 6269. 5 Ibid., chap. 135, sec. 6270. 6 Ibid., sec. 6271. 7 Ibid., sec. 6274. 8 Const., art. 9, secs. 5, 6, and 3. 9 Sell. Laws, sec. 1697. 10 Ibid., sec. 1663. 11 Act of Mar. 28, 1874. 12 Ibid. Mar. 12, 1874. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. LEGAL SCHOOL POPULATION. Every school, unless otherwise provided by law, must ho open for the admission of nil resident children between 6 and 21 years of age, and the boards of trustees or city boards of education have power to admit adults and non-resident children whenever good reason exists therefor. Trustees may exclude children of lilthy or vicious habits, or children suffering from contagious or infectious diseases, and may also establish separate schools for children of Mongolian or Chinese descent. When such separate schools are established, Chi¬ nese or Mongolian children must not bo admitted into any other schools.1 2 The district census marshal, annually, in May, takes a census of all children under 17 years of ago, who were residents of his district on the 15th day of May, and re¬ ports the results of his labors to the superintendent of schools (or to the board of education in cities) on or before the 5th of June.3 PRESCRIBED STUDIES. Instruction must be given in the following branches in the several grades in which each may be required : reading, writing, orthography, arithmetic, geography, gram¬ mar, history of the United States, elements of physiology, vocal music, elements of book-keeping, and industrial drawing; other studies may be allowed by the State board of education, or board of education of any county or city. Instruction must be given in all grades of schools and in all classes, during the entire school course, in manners and morals ; and attention must be given to such physical exercises for the pupils as may be conducive to health and vigor of body. All schools must be taught in the English language ; and no school must be continued in session more than 6 hours a day, and no pupil under 8 years of age must be kept in school more than 4 hours a day.3 In the grammar-school course, the studies are arranged in four grades, with special reference to the preparation of students for entering the scientific department of the University of California.4 STATE SUPERVISION. The State board of education consists of the Governor, the superintendent of public instruction, and the principals of the State normal schools ; the superintendent being secretary, and the Governor, president of the board. The board meets at least twice a year ; adopts rules and regulations; recommends : (1) rules for the examination of teachers ; (2) course of study in the public schools; (3) list of books for district-school libraries ; grants educational diplomas, valid for 6ix years, and life diplomas; keeps record of its proceedings; and designates some educational monthly journal as the official organ of the department of public instruc¬ tion. The State educational diplomas are granted only to such persons as have held city or county certificate at least one year, and have taught successfully for at least 5 years ; life diplomas are granted on the same conditions except that the applicant must have taught successfully for at least 10 years.5 The State superintendent of public instruction is elected quadrennially by the people.6 He apportions school money ; draws orders on the comptroller in favor of county treasurers for school moneys apportioned to the counties ; prepares and furnishes all necessary blanks to school officers ; has the school laws printed and distributed ; visits orphan asylums to which State appropriations are made, and examines into the course of instruction therein ; visits schools and inquires into their condition ; has bound all valuble school reports, journals, and documents in his office; reports to the State comptroller, on or before the 10th of August, in each year the total number of children in the State between the ages of 15 and 17 years, as shown by the latest reports of the school superintendents on file in his office; may call, biennially, a convention of county superintendents ; and reports to the Governor on or before the 15th day of December, preceding each session of the Legislature, a statement of the condition of the public schools, the State Normal School, and other educational institutions sup¬ ported by the State.7 STATE TAX. An annual poll-tax, not less than $2, on every male inhabitant of the State over 21 and under 60 years of age, except paupers, idiots, insane persons, and Indians not taxed, is levied and collected, and paid iuto the State school fund.8 STATE SCHOOL FUND. The proceeds of all lands that have been or may be granted by the United States to the State for the support of common schools, which may be or may have been sold * Scb. Laws. sec. 1662. 4 Ibid., sec. 1663. 7 Ibid., sec. 1532 et seq. 2 Ibid., sec. 1634. 5 Ibid., sec. 151S et seq. 8 Const, of 1879, art. 13, sec. 12. * Ibid., secs. 1664-8, and 1673. 6 Const., ait. 9, sec. 2. 56 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. or disposed of, and the 500,000 acres of land granted to the new States under act of Congress, 1841, and all estates of deceased persons who may have died without leav¬ ing a will or heir, and also such per cent, as may be granted or may have been granted by Congress on the sale of lands in the State shall be and remain a perpetual fund, the interest of which, together with all the rents of the unsold lands, and such other means as the Legislature may provide shall be inviolably appropriated to the support of common schools throughout the State.1 The State superintendent apportions the school money among the different counties according to the number of resident children therein between the ages of 5 and 17 years, exclusive of Mongolian children and Indian children not under the guardianship of white persons ; but the county superintendent apportions the State and county-school money of his county in the following manner: He ascertains the number of teachers each district is entitled to, by calculating one teacher for every 70 school-census children between 5 and 17 years of age, or fraction thereof, not less than 20 school- census children ; and the sum of five hundred dollars is apportioned to each district for every teacher assigned it ; and to districts having 10, and less than 20 school- census children, four hundred dollars is appropriated. All school moneys remain¬ ing on hand after the above apportionments, are apportioned among the several districts in proportion to the average daily attendance in each district during the preceding year. No school district is entitled to any apportionment of State or county-school money which has not maintained a public school for at least six months during the next preceding year.2 EDUCATION OF TEACHERS. The State Normal School at San Jos6 has for its object the education of teachers for the public schools. (A branch normal school was established at Los Angeles in 1882, by act of Legislature.) The Governor, State superintendent and 5 trustees ap¬ pointed by the Governor for 10-year terms constitute tho board of trustees of the State Normal School, and have general management and supervision of the same, and may, upon the recommendation of the faculty, issue diplomas of graduationto those completing the full course of study and training prescribed. To the persons receiving this diploma, the State board of examination grants a first-grade certificate. To those who complete the post-graduate course, the trustees may grant a professional diploma ; to these persons the State board of examination grants an educational diploma ; an elementary diploma may be ganted by the trustees to persons completing pail; of the prescribed course, and to these the State board of examination grants a second-grade State certificate.3 Whenever the number of school districts in any county is 20 or more, the school superintendent must hold at least one teachers’ institute in each year ; and every teacher employed in a public school in the county must attend such instituto and participate in its proceedings. In counties of less than 20 school districts the county superintendent may, at his discretion, hold an institute. Each session of the institute must continue not less than 3 nor more than 5 days.4 EDUCATION IN HIGHER AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES. The University of California shall constitute a public trust, and its organization and government shall be perpetually continued in the form and character prescribed by the organic act creating the same, subject only to such legislative control as may be necessary to insure compliance with the terms of its endowments and the proper investment and security of its funds; but all moneys derived from the sale of public lands donated to the State by act of Congress approved July 2, 1862, and the several acts amendatory thereof, shall be invested as provided by said acts of Congress, and the interest of said moneys shall be inviolably appropriated to the endowment, sup¬ port, and maintenance of at least one college of agriculture where the leading objects shall be (without excluding other scientific and classical studies, and including mili¬ tary tactics) to teach such branches of learning as are related to scientific and prac¬ tical agriculture and mechanic arts, in accordance with the requirements and condi¬ tions of said acts of Congress.6 COUNTY SUPERVISION. A superintendent of schools for each county is elected by the people every four years ; but the Legislature may authorize two or more counties to unite and elect one superintendent for the counties so uniting.6 He has charge of the schools of his county ; makes quarterly apportionments of school money; on the order of the board of trustees or board of education draws his requisition upon the county auditor for all necessary expenses against the school fund of any city, town, or district ; keeps open to the inspection of the public a reg¬ ister of requisitions ; visits and examines the schools of his county ; presides over 1 Const, of 1879, sec. 4. * Sell. Laws, secs. 1858, 1859. 3 Ibid., secs. 354, 1487 et seq. 4 Ibid. , sec. 1560 et seq. 6 Const., 1879, art. 9, sec. 9. 6 Ibid., art. 9, seo 3. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 57 county teachers’ institutes anti employs coiupotont lecturers for the same ; upon the order of the county board of examiners, issues temporary 'certificates; distributes laws, circulars, and blanks for the use of the school officers ; keeps in his office the reports of the Stato superintendent; keeps rocord of his official acts; approves or rejects plans for School-houses (except in incorporated cities and towns); appoints trustees to till vacancies ; preserves all reports of teachers and school officers ; in J uly, annually, grades each school (unless otherwise provided by law), and keeps record of such grading; may appoint a deputy; must report to the State superintendent, and to the county board of supervisors, the number of resident children in the county between the ages of 5 and 17 years, according to the latest returns of the census marshals; may require trustees to repair school buildings: may open schools and appoint teachers for same, if the trustees fail to do so; and makes reports when di¬ rected by the State superintendent, showing such matters relating to the public schools in his county as may be required of him ; failing to make such reports, he forfeits $100 of his salary. No school superintendent, receiving an annual salary of $1,500 or more, is allowed to teach in the public schools, but he may teach if his salary is less than $1,500 per annum.1 TEXT-BOOKS. The State hoard of education is authorized and empowered to compile, or have compiled for use in the common schools, a series of school text-books of the following description : Three readers, one speller, one arithmetic, one grammar, one history of the United States, and one geography. The board must secure copyright to all the books so compiled. Such hooks are to be printed by the State printer. Whenever one or more of the State series of text-hooks shall have been compiled and adopted, the State board of education shall issue an order requiring the uniform use of said book or booksin the common schools of the State, but such order shall not take effect until at least one year from time of completion of the electrotype plates of said book or books. These books are to be furnished to the common-school children at cost.2 LOCAL SUPERVISION. Each county, city, or incorporated town, unless subdivided by the legislative au¬ thority thereof, forms a school district. Districts lying partly in one county and partly in another may be formed by the county superintendents of such counties. The number of school trustees for any school district, except when city hoards are otherwise authorized by law, is three, elected, one annually, for three-year terms. Boards of education are elected in cities under the provisions of the laws governing such cities. The powers and duties of trustees of school districts and of boards of education in cities are as follows : To prescribe and enforce rules for their own gov¬ ernment, and the government of schools ; manage school property ; purchase school furniture, material, and apparatus ; rent, furnish, repair, and insure school property ; build school-houses or purchase or sell school lots when so directed by a vote of their district ; hire teachers, janitors, and employes of schools, fix and order paid their compensation, unless the same be otherwise prescribed by law ; suspend or expel pupils ; exclude from schools children under 6 years of age ; enforce the course of of study and the use of prescribed and authorized text-hooks ; appoint district libra¬ rians ; exclude from schools and school libraries all books of sectarian, partisan, or denominational character ; furnish books to indigent children ; keep a register of all children applying for and entitled to admission in the schools; arrange with trustees of any other school district for the attendance of children in the schools of said district, if advisable; appoint a school-census marshal ; visit schools ; call meet¬ ings of electors; make report whenever required directly to the superintendent of public instruction of the text-books used in their schools ; and to report annually, on or before July 1, to the county superintendent, in the maimer and form and on the blanks prescribed by the State superintendent.3 DISTRICT LIBRARIES. Except in cities not divided into school districts, 10 per cent, of the State school fand annually apportioned to the district is set apart as a library fund, to be ex¬ pended for school apparatus and books for a school library; unless the 10 per cent, exceeds $50, in which event $50 shall be annually appropriated. In cities not divided into school districts, the library fund consists of $50 for every one thousand children between the ages of 5 and 17 years, and is annually taken from the State school fund apportioned to the city. Libraries must bo kept when practicable in the school-houses ; and are free to all pupils of suitable age belonging to the schools ; and any resident of the district may become entitled to their privileges by payment of such fee as may be prescribed by the trustees.4 1Sch. Laws, see. 1543 et geq. 3 Act app’d JFeb’y 26. 1385. sSch. Laws, sec. 1611 etseq. 4 Ibid., sec. 1713 et seq. 58 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. TEACHERS. Before assuming charge of a public school the teacher must file his certificate with the county superintendent, As before specified, teachers are employed and paid by the boards of trustees of school districts or by city boards of education.1 2 In each county haying less than 100,000 inhabitants there is a county board ol education, consisting of the county superintendent and four other members (two of whom must be experienced teachers) appointed for two-year terms by the board oi supervisors. The county board of education must meet and hold examinations for granting teach¬ ers’ certificates semi-annually. These certificates are of two grades : County certifi¬ cates, first grade, valid for 4 years, authorizing the holder to teach a grammar school ; county certificates, second grade, authorizing the holder to teach a primary school. The board has power to revoke or renew certificates, and to adopt a list of books for district-school libraries. In every city, or city and county, having a board of education, there may be a city board of examination, consisting 6f the city superintendent of schools, and four other members (at least two of whom must be experienced teachers) elected by the city board of education, and holding office for 2 years. Eacli city board of education has power to examine applicants, and to grant city certificates of three grades; high school, valid for 6 years, in primary, grammar or high schools in the city ; city cer¬ tificates, first grade, valid for 4 years in any primary or grammar school of the city; city certificates, second grade, valid for 2 years in primary schools of the city. The board may also grant special city certificates, valid for 4 years, upon such special studies as are authorized by the city board of education, and may renew or revoke all certificates issued thereby.3 Certificates may be granted without examination by the county and city hoards of examination to holders of life diplomas, State educational and normal-school diplo¬ mas, State University diplomas (when recommended by the faculty), and State normal- school diplomas of other States ; and city boards may grant, without examination, certificates to holders of city certificates granted in other cities of California, and of life diplomas of other States.4 No person under 18 years of age is eligible to teach in any public school in the State, or to receive a certificate to t each.5 LOCAL TAXES. The board of supervisors of each county having less than 100,000 inhabitants must annually levy a county-school tax, not to exceed 50 cents on each $100 of taxable property of the county. Any district may vote to raise a tax to furnish additional school facilities for the district, to maintain any school in said district, or for build¬ ing one or more school-houses, or for any two or all of these purposes ; the maximum rate of district tax for building purposes in any one year must not exceed 70 cents on each $100, and the maximum rate levied for other school purposes must not exceed 30 cents on each $100 in any one year.6 COLORADO. STATE EREE-SCHOOL SYSTEM. The General Assembly shall provide for the establishment and maintenance of a thorough and uniform system of free public schools throughout the State, wherein all residents of the State between the ages of 6 and 21 years may be educated gratu¬ itously. One or more public schools shall be maintained in each school district within the State at least three months in each year. Any school district failing to have such school shall not be entitled to receive any portion of the school fund for that year.7 No distinction or classification of pupils shall be made on account of race or color.8 The school month consists of four weeks of five days each.9 The public schools must be taught in the English language.10 LEGAL SCHOOL POPULATION. Between the 20th day of June and the 10th day of July, in each year, the secretary of the district board of directors, or some other person authorized by him, must take a census of all resident persons between the ages of 6 and 21 years (over 6 and irnder 21). 1 Sch. Laws, sec. 1696. 6 Ibid., sec. 1704. 8Ibid., sec. 8. 2 Ibid., sec. 1768 et seq. 6Ibid., secs. 1818, 1830 et seq. 9 Sell. Law, sec. 78. 3Ibid., sec. 1787 etseq. 7 Const., art. 9, sec. 2. 10 Ibid., sec. 77. 4 Ibid., secs. 1775, 1792. SUMMARY OP STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 59 Ho must also ascertain the number of resident blind and dcaf-muto porsons between > the ages of 4 and 22 years, with the namo and post-office address of each. These census lists are forwarded to the county superintendent before the close of the current school year. 1 PRESCRIBED STUDIES. School boards shall provide to have the following branches taught (and others, if they think expedient): Orthography, reading, writing, arithmetic, English gram¬ mar, geography, the history of the United States (including the Constitution of the United States), physiology, laws of health, the elements of the natural sciences, theory and practice of teaching, and the school law of the State.2 STATE SUPERVISION. The superintendent of public instruction, the secretary of State, and the attorney- general constitute tho State board of education, of which the superintendent of public instruction is the president.3 4 The board has power to make rules and regulations for the government of the public schools, and is authorized to grant State diplomas to teachers and revoke the same. Such diplomas are valid anywhere in the State, and supersede the necessity of any and all other examinations by county, city, or local examiners. They are granted only upon public examination to teachers of good moral character, who are found to possess the requisite scholarship and culture, and whose professional ability has been established by at least two years successful teaching in the State. * The State superintendent is elected biennially by the people, and has general supervision of the public schools of the State. He hies all official papers, prepares lists of questions for the use of county superintendents at the quarterly examination of teachers, furnishes blanks and registers to school officers, has the school law printed, and distributes the same, visits counties and makes addresses, apportions school money semi-annually, makes a biennial report to the Governor, and may ap¬ point an assistant State librarian.5 STATE SCHOOL FUND. The public-school fund consists of the proceeds of such lands as have heretofore been, or may hereafter be, granted to the State by the General Government for educa¬ tional purposes ; all estates that may escheat to the State ; also all other grants, gifts, or devises that may be made to the State for educational purposes. The public-school fund shall forever remain inviolate and intact ; the interest thereon only shall be ex- pended-in the maintenance of the schools of the State.6 All public-school moneys are apportioned according to the number of resident children, between the ages of 6 and 21 years.7 No appropriation from any public fund or money shall ever be made in aid of any church or sectarian society, or to help support any institution of learning controlled by any church or sectarian denomination.3 Upon receipt of the certificate of apportionment by the State superintendent, the State auditor draws his warrant on the State treasurer in favor of the county treas¬ urer of each county for the amount due said county.9 The county treasurer collects all money belonging to his county and disburses the same, upon warrants drawn by the county superintendent, or by the proper district authorities, as may be provided by law.10 EDUCATION OF TEACHERS. Whenever reason able assurance is given by the county superintendent of any county in the State to the State superintendent, that no less than twenty -five teachers in said county desire to assemble for the purpose of holding a teachers’ institute to remain in session not less than two weeks of five days each, he shall appoint the time and place of said meeting, and is authorized to appropriate annually not less than $100 to defray the necessary expenses of the institute.11 EDUCATION OF DEFECTIVE, DEPENDENT, AND DELINQUENT CHILDREN. It is the duty of tho president of the State University, the president of the State School of Mines, the president of the State Agricultural College, and the principal of the Mute and Blind Institute, to make a biennial report to the State superintendent, showing the number of professors and pupils, and the general condition of said insti¬ tutions.13 11 Sc fa. Law, sec. 80. 12 Act relating to officers of State Educational and Reformatory Institutions. 1 Sch. Law, secs. 53 and 54. 2 Ibid., sec. 77. 3 Ibid., sec. 1. 4 Ibid., secs. 2 and 3. 6 Ibid., sec. 6 etseq. 6 Const., art. 9, secs. 5 and 3. 7 Sch. Law, secs. 11 and 19. 8 Const., art. 9, sec. 7. 9 Ibid., sec. 11. 10 Ibid., sec. 4. 60 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. EDUCATION IN HIGHER AND PROFESSIONAL, STUDIES. A board of regents, six in number, elected, one-third every Wo years, for the six- year terms, have the general supervision of the University of Colorado, and the ex¬ clusive control and direction of all funds of and appropriations for the University.1 Whenever the school boards of Wo or more contiguous districts shall deem advi¬ sable, they may establish a union high school, and elect from the members of said boards a committee of three, to be known as the high school committee, who hold their office as long as they are members of their respective boards. Said committee exercise all the powers and perform all the duties, with refer¬ ence to the high school that are required of school boards throughout the State. Such high school may be maintained forty weeks each year, and shall be free to all children, living in the districts that contribute to support the school, who are qualified for admission, according to the requirements prescribed by the committee.2 COUNTY SUPERVISION. In each cdunty is elected biennially a county superintendent of public schools, who is ex-oljicio commissioner of lands within his county.3 Ho holds quarterly examinations of teachers and grants certificates to such as are of good moral character, and are found competent to teach the studies prescribed for the public schools of the State, which certificates he may revoke for immorality, iu- competency, or for other just cause. Certificates granted by the county superintendent are of three grades, the highest of which (first grade) is valid for 2 years and may be renewed by his indorsement; the second grade is valid for 1 year, the third (lowest) is valid for 6 months, and may be granted to applicants failing to pass examinations in the natural sciences. He may appoint a deputy; must exercise careful supervision over the schools of his county and visit each school at least once each quarter that it is in session, enforce the school law, examine the accounts of the district officers, record his official acts, an¬ nually report the financial condition of his office to the board of county commissioners, apportion the school money quarterly, fill vacancies in district boards, ascertain the boundaries in each school district in the county, and make an annual report in Oc¬ tober to the State superintendent. County superintendents failing to make reports to the State superintendent and to county commissioners forfeit |l0 of their salary.4 TEXT-BOOKS. The district-school boards determine the kind of text-books to be used in their schools, but only one kind of text-book of the same grade or branch of study can be used in the same department of a school, and, after the adoption of any book, it shall not be changed in less than 4 years, unless for special reasons.5 Neither the General Assembly nor the State board of education shall have power to prescribe the text-books to be used in the public schools.6 LOCAL SUPERVISION. The General Assembly shall, by law, provide for organization of school districts of convenient size, in each of which shall be established a board of education to con¬ sist of three or more directors, to be elected by the qualified electors of the district, and to have control of instruction in the public schools of the district.7 Joint school districts may be formed from territory belonging to two or more con¬ tiguous counties.8 Women may vote at school-district elections, and may hold any school-district office.9 Districts containing a school population of more than 1,000, elect six directors, one- third annually for three-year terms. These directors elect a president, who may or may not bo a member of the board, a secretary, who may or may not be a member of the board, aud a treasurer, who must not be a member of the board ; each shall hold office for one year. Districts having a school population of less than 1,000, elect threo directors (a presi¬ dent, a secretary, and a treasurer), one-third annually for three-year terms. Every school board, unless otherwise especially provided bylaw, is empowered and authorized to employ or discharge teachers, mechanics, or laborers, and to fix, allow, and ordor paid their compensation; to determine the rate of tuition for non-resident pupils : enforce rules and regulations of the State superintendent ; fix the course of study ^provide school furniture ; rent, repair, and insure school-house ; build or re¬ move school-houses, and to purchase school lots when so directed by vote of the dis¬ trict ; hold in trust all real or personal property of the district ; suspend or expel 1 Const., art. 9, secs. 12 and 14. 3 Sch. Law, sec. 33 el seq. 3 Const., art. 9, sec. 6. 4 Sch. Law, sec. 13 et seq. sIbid., sec. 50. * Const., art. 9, sec. 16. 7 Ibid., sec. 15. 8 Sch. Law, sec. 31. ’Ibid., sec. 44. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 61 pupils, arul exclude from school all children under f> years of ago ; determine the number of teachers that shall be employed, and the length of school and school hours; provide books for indigent children; require pupils to be furnished with proper books; exclude from school and school libraries books of sectarian nature; require teachers to conform to the law; report annually to tho county superintend¬ ent, and to the State superintendent whenever instructed by him to do so.1 School directors may allow children of one district to attend school in another dis¬ trict, aud tho money to which such children are entitled in their own district must be applied to the support of the school whore they attend.2 School boards of districts of 3d0 or more inhabitants may establish separate high schools, if authorized by a vote of the district. The secretary of the board must keep an accurate account of the expenses incurred by the district, and must present a statement of the same to the board whenever called upon. He must also, on or before the tenth day of September of each year, make out and file with the county superintendent a report of the affairs of his dis¬ trict. Said report, must be made upon blanks prepared by the State superintendent, and contain such information as he may require.3 TEACHERS. No district board shall employ any person to teach in any of the public schools of the State, unless that person lias a license to teacli„ issued from the proper district, county, or State authorities, and in full force at the date of employment. Any teacher who commences teaching without such license, forfeits all claim for compensation out of the school fund for the term of teaching without such license. Teachers aie selected and paid by the district boards of directors.4 LOCAL TAXES. The county commissioners shall, at the time of levying the tax for county purposes, cause to be levied for the support of the schools within the county, a tax of not less than 2 nor more than 5 mills on the dollar of the assessed value of all taxable prop¬ erty, real aud personal, within the county.5 This tax shall be collected by the county treasurer, at tho same time and in the same manner as the State and county taxes are collected, except that it shall be receivable only in cash.6 The county commissioners shall also cause to be levied in each district such special school taxes as may be deemed necessary by the school board of the district, who shall specify the number of mills on the dollar to be levied. But the board of a district of less than 350 school inhabitants must not certify to a higher rate than 2 mills on the dol¬ lar, unless so instructed by the vote of the district. The board of a district of more than 350 school inhabitants may levy a library tax not to exceed one-tenth of 1 mill on the dollar.7 The electors of districts of less than 350 school inhabitants may order such tax on the taxable property of the district as they may deem sufficient for any of the follow¬ ing purposes : To pay teachers ; to purchase or lease school-house sites; to build, rent, or to purchase school- houses, and furnish the same ; to procure libraries for the schools, and to defray all other contingent expenses of the district.8 A special district building fund may be raised, levied, assessed, and collected in the same manner as provided for the special school fund.9 CONNECTICUT. STATE FREE-SCHOOL SYSTEM. The State constitution of 1818 confirms the charter of Yale College, and sets apart the interest only of that school fuud for the support of common schools.10 Public schools are open to all children over 4 years of age in the respective districts, aiul no person shall be denied admittance to and instruction in said schools on account of race or color, but children under 5 years may be excluded if school interests will be promoted thereby. Any town or school district may establish and maintain a kin¬ dergarten school, which any resident child between the ages of 3 and 7 years may at¬ tend.11 Every town may establish and maintain, in addition to the public day schools, pub¬ lic evening schools, for the instruction of persons over 14 years of age.12 All children 8 to 14 years olrl, unless excused on account of mentai or physical disa¬ bility or unless otherwise instructed in the studies prescribed, are required to attend school at least 12 weeks of each year, 6 weeks of which must be consecutive, excep¬ tion, however, is made of such as are employed to labor, if they have attended school 1 Sch. Law, sec. 41 et xeq. 2 Ibid., sec. 50. 3 Ibid., sec. 55. 4 Ibid., sec. 59. 5 Code, sec. 2816. 6 Sch. Law, sec. 63. 7 Ibid., sec. 66. 8 Ibid., sec. 62. 3 Ibid., sec. 69. 10 Coast., art. 8, secs. 1 and 2. 11 Sch. Laws, 1886, secs. 1, 3, and 4- 12 Ibid., chap. 10, sec. 1. 62 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. during 12 weeks of the preceding school year ; and no child under 14 may be thus employed, unless he has attended for at least 12 weeks during the preceding year, some public or private day school in which instruction has been regularly and thoroughly, given in the branches required to be taught in the public schools ; 1 and no child under 13 years of age shall be employed in any mechanical, mercantile, or manufacturing establishment.2 The penalty for violation of the above is $5 per week, but such penalties cannot ex¬ ceed $60 in any one year.1 Each city and town may make regulations concerning habitual truants from school, or any children between the ages of 7 and 16 years wandering about the streets or public places, having no lawful occupation or business, nor attending school, and growing up in ignorance.3 LEGAL SCHOOL POPULATION. The committee of each school district or its clerk must annually, in January, ascer¬ tain the name and age of every resident person over 4 and under 16 years of age,, and return the same to the school visitors of the town to which the district belongs, who correct the same and forward a corrected list to the comptroller, on or before the 5th of February, annually.4 MINIMUM LENGTH OF SCHOOL YEAH. School districts having a school population of 100 or more must maintain public schools for at least 36 weeks in each year : districts having a school population of more than 24 and less than 100 must maintain public schools at least 30 weeks in any one year ; other districts at least 24 weeks in each year, unless the average attend¬ ance during the preceding year was less than 8.5 Schools may be continued longer than the time required by law, by voluntary con¬ tribution or by tuition charges.6 PRESCRIBED STUDIES. In the public schools there shall be taught, reading, writing, spelling, arithmetic, English grammar, geography, physiology and hygiene (relating specially to the effects of alcoholic liquors, stimulants, and narcotics on the human system), and such other studies, including training in manual arts, as may be prescribed by the board of school visitors.7 STATE SUPERVISION. A State board of education, composed of the Governor, lieutenant-governor, and four persons appointed for four-year terms by the General Assembly, one in each year, and selected one from each Congressional district has control of the educational interests of the State. A secretary, appointed by the board, performs such duties in the super¬ vision of educational interests as that body may direct. The board may appoint a clerk to assist the secretary, and is authorized to appoint also an agent to secure ob¬ servance of the laws relating to the instruction of children. The board may direct what books shall be used in all its schools, not to be changed oftener than once in five years ; prescribes the forms of school registers, blanks, and returns ; ascertains and keeps informed of the condition of the public schools of the State ; holds educational meetings for the purpose of improving the methods and pro¬ moting the efficiency of teaching ; makes an annual report to the General Assembly in January of each year. The board may, upon public examination, grant certificates of qualifications to teach in any public school of the State, and may revoke the same ; shall prescribe the text-books to be used in teaching physiology and hygiene, and may prepare (or cause to be prepared) a text-book and charts for such teaching, which must be copyrighted by the secretary ; is the school committee of the district formed of the “Connec¬ ticut Industrial School for Girls ” ; determines the number of pupils of the normal school at New Britain ; must keep account of money drawn and paid out for school libraries and philosophical apparatus, and must, semi-annually, file with the comp¬ troller a detailed account of all State moneys received and expended during the pre¬ ceding half year.8 STATE TAX AND STATE SCHOOL FUND. The constitution declares that the school fund shall be a perpetual fund, the inter¬ est of which shall be devoted exclusively to the support of public schools. The State school-tax must equal $1.50 for every person between 4 and 16 years of age. This, together with the income of the permanent school fund, is annually divided and distributed by the comptroller among the several towns in proportion to the number of persons in each between the ages of 4 and 16 years. 1 Sch. Laws, ed’n of 1886, chap. 2, sec. 1 et seq. 2 Ibid., chap. 17, sec. 1. 3 Ibid., chap. 2, sec. 12. 7 Ibid., chap. 3, secs. 1, 5. 8 Ibid., chap. 1, sec. 1 et seq. 4 Ibid., chap. 13, sec. 1 etseq. 5 Ibid., chap. 3, sec. 1 etseq. 6 Ibid., chap. 13, sec. 25. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 63 Tho comptroller transmits the amount distributed to each town to its treasurer on the application of its school visitors or of its school committee, if such town consti¬ tutes but one school district ; 1 but no town shall receive any such money from the treasury for any district therein, unless the school in such district during the preced¬ ing year has been kept open the number of weeks required by law.'2 The money received from the United States in pursuance of act of Congress ap¬ proved June *23, 1830, shall be and remain deposited with the towns which have re¬ ceived or shall agree to receive it, to be kept as a deposit in trust for the State, and must be accounted for when called for ; aud until called for, the entire income thereof must annually be appropriated for the support of the public schools in tho towns.3 EDUCATION OF TEACHERS. An annual appropriation is made for the maintenance of the normal school at New Britain, which “ shall be and remain a seminary for training teachers in tho art of instructing and governing in the public schools of the State.”4 A sum not to exceed $3,000 is annually appropriated for the maintenance of meetings of teachers and school officers held at various convenient places in the State, for the purpose of giving instruction in the bestniodesof administering, governing, and teach¬ ing public schools.6 EDUCATION OF DEFECTIVE, DEPENDENT, AND DELINQUENT CHILDREN. The judges of the criminal and police courts of the State, and justices of the peace have power to commit to the Reform School : 1st. Any hoy under 16 years of age, who may be liable to punishment by imprisonment. 2d. Any boy under 16 years of age (with the consent of his parent or guardian) charged with any crime or mis¬ demeanor, the punishment of which, on conviction, would be confinement in jail or prison. 3d. Any boy under 16 years of age, destitute of home and means of obtain¬ ing an honest living, or who is in danger of being brought up to lead an idle and vicious life. 4th. Any boy under 16 years of age who is incorrigible, leads a vagrant life, and resorts to immoral places or practices — refuses to labor or to attend school. Boys committed to the Reform School must remain there until 21 years old, unless sooner discharged by the board of trustees. Girls between the ages of 8 and 16 years, who lead an idle, vicious, or vagrant life, may be committed to the Connecticut Industrial School for Girls, to be kept there until 21 years old, unless, sooner lawfully discharged. But the above does not deprive any girl of 12 years of age and upward of the privilege of choosing her own guardian, with the approval of the court of probate. For the care and protection of neglected children between the ages of 2 and 16 years, one or more temporary homes are prepared in each county. No pauper or convict is permitted to live or labor in these homes, nor are children demented, idiotic, or suffering from incurable or contagious diseases admitted therein. Indigent imbecile children may be sent to the school for imbeciles at Lakeville. Provision is made by special acts for the education of indigent deaf-mutes in the American Asylum at Hartford, and in the Whipple Home School for the education of deaf-mutes, in Groton. Provision is also made by special acts for the education of indigent blind children in the Perkins Institution and Massachusetts Asylum for the Blind, at Boston, Mass.6 EDUCATION IN HIGHER AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES. The interest on the Agricultural College 'fund is semi-annually paid to the ‘‘presi¬ dent and fellows of Yale College,” to be applied exclusively to the maintenance of that department of said college, known as the Sheffield Scientific School, in which gratuitous instruction is furnished to persons nominated to be pupils of said school in the manner prescribed by the General Assembly.7 In addition to the common public schools, every town may establish and maintain schools of a higher grade, and may choose by ballot a committee of not more than five residents of the town, who shall have such power and duties in relation to such schools as are by law imposed upon the district committees in relation to district schools.8 TEXT-BOOKS. Text-books are prescribed by the school visitors, subject to the control of the State board of education.9 Books are furnished by the districts free of charge to indigent children.10 Any town may direct its school visitors or board of education or town committee to purchase, at the expense of said town, the text-books and other school supplies 1 Sch. Laws, chap. 13, sec. 7. ^Ibid., chap. 12, sec. 9. 8 Ibid., chap. 16, sec. 1 et seq. 4 Jbid., chap. 1, sec. 10. 6Ibid., chap. 1, sec. 2. 6 Ibid., chap. IS, sec. 1 et seq. 7 Ibid., chap. 14, sec. 1 et seq. 8 Ibid., chap. 9, secs. Iand2. 9 Ibid., chap 5, sec. 1. 10 Ibid., chap. 8, sec. 1, 64 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. used in its public schools, and such test-books and other school supplies shall be loaned to the pupils of said public schools free of charge (subject to such rules and regulations as the school visitors or the board of education or town committee may prescribe).1 LOCAL SUPERVISION. Every town has a board of school visitors, composed of three, six, or nine members, chosen by ballot, one-third annually for three-year terms, provided that when there are only -three members they shall be elected triennially. They prescribe rules for the management, studies, classification, and discipline of the public schools ; examine teachers and grant and revoke certificates; may, if the town so direct, employ teachers for all its public schools, after consulting with the several district committees ; make rules for arrangement and use of libraries and ap¬ prove the books selected therefor ; fill vacancies in district offices ; may require pupils to be vaccinated ; fix sites and approve plans for school-houses, and superintend any high or graded school ; appoint one or more of their number acting as school visitor or visitors, to visit schools at least twice during each term ; (boards of education, town committees, and boards of school visitors may, however, appoint a person not one of their own number to be acting school visitor or superintendent of schools.) The secretary of the board of school visitors must keep a record of all its proceed¬ ings and of those of the acting school visitors, and submit to the town an annual re¬ port, with the report of the acting school visitors; must, on or before the 15th day October, send two copies of said reports to the secretary of the State board of educa¬ tion, and furnish such additional returns and statistics as may be called for.2 “ School societies” organized under the act of 1855, which are not co-extensive with the towns in which they are situated, are made school districts in said towns, with all the powers and duties of school districts, except that they shall annually choose instead of a district committee, a board of education, consisting of six or nine persons, chosen by ballot, one-third annually for three-year terms. This board has all the powers and is subject to all the duties of district committees, and makes an annual report to the State board of education and sends returns and certificates di¬ rectly to the comptroller.3 Each school district chooses by ballot, at the annual meeting, a committee of not more than three persons ; a clerk and a treasurer and a collector. This committee holds office for one year, except in districts with not less than 200 children, between 4 ?_nd 15 years of age, where the members are elected one-third annually for three-year terms. The committee or some of its members must visit schools twice during the term ; may supply books to indigent children free of charge ; may suspend or expel pupils ; provide school-rooms and furnish fuel for same, and give such information and as¬ sistance to the school visitors of the town as they may require.4 Each town has the power to form, unite, alter, and dissolve school districts, and parts of school districts within its limits, and two or more towns may form school districts of adjoining portions of their territory, such districts not to contain less than forty persons between 4 and 16 years of age.5 Any town may abolish all the school districts and parts of school districts within its limits, and assume and maintain control of the public schools therein, subject to such requirements and restrictions as are or may be imposed by the General As¬ sembly.6 SCHOOL-HOUSES AND OTHER SCHOOL PROPERTY. No district is entitled to receive any money7 from the State or the town unless it has a school-house and out- buildings, satisfactory to the board of school visitors. No new school-house shall be built except according to a plan approved by the board of school visitors and by the building committee of the district.7 To such school districts and towns maintaining high schools, as raise funds for the purpose of establishing school libraries and procuring philosophical apparatus, a State appropriation is made to aid such purpose, and an annual appropriation is made for maintaining or replenishing such libraries or apparatus, provided the district or town raise a like sum. TEACHERS. The district-school committees, unless otherwise directed by the district, or unless the town has directed the school visitors to employ' teachers for the schools, and the wages of such teachers as are legally employed by the district committees are paid by the district ; but no teacher shall be employed in any public school or receive any7 pay unless he has a certificate of approbation, signed by7 a majority of the school visitors, or by all of the committee appointed by them.8 1 Sch. Laws, chap. 3, sec. 10. 5 Ibid., chap. 0, sec. 1. 2 Ibid., chaps. 3 and 5. secs. 1, 6, 7 et seq. 6 Ibid., chap. 7. sec. 1. 3Ibid., chap 4, secs. 4 and 7. ^Ibid., chap. 6, secs. 3G, 37. 4Ibid., chap. G, secs. 24, 2G. 8Ibid.. chap. 8. sec. 1; chap. 12, sec. 1. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. G5 No teacher who fails to keep tho school registry provided by the State is entitled to receive auy pay. 1 LOCAL TAXES. Towns and school districts may vote to tax themselves in order to raise funds for the support aud maintenance of schools, or for the purpose of building, furnishing, or repairing school-houses.'4 DELAWARE. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SCHOOL SYSTEM. The Legislature shall provide by law for establishing schools and promoting arts and sciences.3 Article 1. STATE SUPERINTENDENT. On the second Tuesday in April, annually, the Governor shall appoint and commis¬ sion some suitable person, of good moral character, well qualitied in mental attain¬ ments for the place, as superintendent of the free schools of tlm State of Delaware, who shall hold his office for one year, and until his successor shall be in like manner appointed. The Governor shall have power to lill any vacancy caused by death, resig¬ nation, or otherwise. 4 Tho superintendent is to visit every school once a year; is to note in a book, kept for that purpose, the number of scholars, the condition of the school building, ground, and appurtenances, the qualification and efficiency of the teachers, the conduct and standing of tho scholars, the method of instruction, and the discipline and govern¬ ment of the schools. In the visits to the schools he is to advise with the teachers ; give them such in¬ structions as to discipline and teaching as he may deem necessary ; aud shall have power to suspend or withdraw a teacher’s certificate on his refusal to comply with the reasonable directions of the superintendent. He is, by all means in his power, to strive to advance the cause of education, and, in order to secure his entire time for this purpose, is not to engage in any other business or calling.5 6 The superintendent must examine all persons who apply to him for that purpose, and who propose to teach in this State, aud any one interested may attend such ex¬ amination, which may be oral, or by printed or written questions, or partly by each method. Every applicant of good moral character, who shall be found qualified to teach or¬ thography, reading, writing, mental arithmetic, written arithmetic, geography, his¬ tory of the United States, English grammar, elements of rhetoric, algebra, geometry, and natural jjhilosophy, shall be recommended to the State board of education for a first-grade certificate, and the said board approving the same, shall direct such certifi¬ cate to issue, signed by the superintendent and countersigned by the president of said board, the certificate so issued to be good for three years, unless sooner revoked by the superintendent for cause, to be approved by said board. Applicants of good moral character who, on examination, answer 90 per cent, of all questions asked in orthography, reading, writing, mental arithmetic, written arith¬ metic, geography, history of the United States, and Euglish grammar, shall receive from the superintendent a second-grade certificate, goodfortwo years, unless revoked for cause, to he approved by said board. If any such applicant fail to answer 90 per cent, cf the questions asked in exami¬ nation in the blanches mentioned fora second-grade certificate, but shall answer at least 60 per cent, thereof, he shall receive from the superintendent a third-grade certifi¬ cate, which shall be good for one year, unless revoked for cause.5 The superintendent is to keep an accurate list of certificates granted by him, with the dates thereof, and the names of persons to whom they are granted.7 The State superintendent must aunually, ou the first Tuesday in December in each year, report in writing to the Governor the conditions of the public schools, and make sncli recommendations and suggestions as he may think proper.8 He shall hold a teacher’s institute, in each of the counties of the State, at least once a year, of not less than three-days session, at which time all the teachers in their respective counties shall attend, unless unavoidably detained ; and the superintend¬ ent shall then give to teachers all the information in his power, and such other in¬ structions as he may deem advisable for the advancement, of education, aud have a general interchange of views with teachers as to the wants of the*various schools.9 With the consent of the State hoard of education, or a majority of the hoard, he may Lave power to redistrict, or consolidate, any of the districts in Sussex County, when, 1 Sch. Laws, chap. 12, sec. 2. 2 Ibid., chap. 9, sec. 1, and chap. 15, sec. 1 et seq. * Const of 1831, art 7. ED 4 Code, sec. 1, chap. 46, vol. 1G. 7 Ibid,, chap. 355, vol. 16. EIbid., sec. 4, chap. 46, vol. 16. 8Ibid., sec. 7, chap. 46. vol. 16. 6 Ibid., sec. 5. chap, 46, vol. 16. 9 Ibid., sec. 11, cinq?. 46, vol. IS. 66 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. in his judgment, such consolidation or redistricting is necessary for the promotion of education in said county : Provided , however, He shall not interfere with any con¬ solidated district or incorporated hoard of education.1 By act of April 17, 1885, the selection for the text-hooks for the public schools of the State, formerly made hy the superintendent alone, is made the duty of the State hoard of education, of which he is a member, such selection beginning the second Tuesday of July, 1885, and to be renewed the second Tuesday of July, 1890, and every five years thereafter : Provided, That nothing contained in this act shall re¬ quire a change in the text-books used in the country districts of the State before the year 1890.2 Article 2. ASSISTANT SUPERINTENDENT. The Governor, at the time of the appointment of the State superintendent, shall ap¬ point and commission some suitable person as assistant superintendent of the free schools of the State of Delaware, who shall hold his office for the term of one year and until his successor shall be appointed.3 It shall be the duty of the assistant superintendent to aid the State superintendent in the performance of his duties, and to that end he shall be subject to his direction. It shall also be the duty of the assistant superintendent to act as secretary of the State hoard of education.4 Article 3. STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION. The secretary of State, president of Delaware College, and the State snperintendent shall constitute a State board of education for this State; it shall meet on the first Tuesday in January in every year, in the capitol at Dover, at 2 o’clock in the after¬ noon. The assistant superintendent shall act as secretary; the president of Dela¬ ware College, by virtue of his office, as president of said board of education. The board shall hear appeals and determine all matters of controversy between the super¬ intendent and teachers or commissioners, and between school commissioners and teachers ; and, with the State superintendent (as aforesaid) shall determine what text¬ books shall be used in the free schools of the State. The board and superintendent are to issue a uniform series of blanks for the use of teachers, and to require all re¬ cords to be kept and returns to be made according to these forms.5 They are also to prepare and distribute proper forms to be signed by the school commissioners of each district, certifying under their hands that they have adopted and used in their respective districts the text-books directed by the State board of education to be used, and no others, except in branches as to which the State board has given no direction ; and the auditor of accounts may neither settle with a school district, nor give any order or certificate, to it, its clerk, or commissioner, till such certificate shall be presented and filed with him. The members of the State board may receive no compensation for the performance of their duties. A majority of the members constitute a quorum to do business, but a less number may adjourn from time to time until a quorum be obtained. Their secretary must keep a record of their proceedings, and all books, papers, and other documents must be carefully preserved by him, and be handed over to his successor in office.6 The provisions of articles 1, 2, and 3 (relating to the superintendent, assistant superintendent, and State board) are not to apply to any school or school districts managed or controlled by an incorporated board of education, unless by special re¬ quest of said board.7 Article 4. districts. The limits of the school districts in the several counties, and all alterations of such limits, whether by a division of a district, the union of several, or otherwise, must be recorded in the office of the clerk of the peace of the proper county. The clerk of the peace must certify, in due form, to the trustee of the school fund, the number and location of each school district laid out by the levy court of his county, and every alteration of a district. The levy court, two-thirds of all the members concurring, may, upon application, make such alterations, having due regard to the public convenience and to the in¬ terest of the schools, but notice of such application intended to be made, and of the time when it will be made, must be given by advertisements posted in four or more public places, in each district to be affected by the change, twenty days before the application is made, or the court shall not receive- it.8 1 Chap. 355, sec. 13, chap 46, vol. 16. 6 Ibid., sec. 2, chap. 369, vol. 16. 2 Chap. 446, p. 650, appended to school law of 1881. 6 Ibid., sec. 3, chap. 46, vol. 16. 3 Ibid., sec. 1, chap. 369, vol. 16. 7 Ibid.', sec. 10, chap. 46, vol. 16. 4 Ibid., sec. 3, chap. 369, voL 16. 8E. C., chap. 42. sec. 1. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 67 No additional district, however, may bo laid olf, uulcss it bo made to appear that there will be left in the original school distriot, or districts, at least thirty-live scholars over the age of live years, and also a like number in tho additional school district proposod to bo laid out.1 2 Each school district, by name of “ School district No. — , in - county,” or “United school district, No. — , in - county,” may take and hold ground for school-house, the appurtenances and furniture; may take and hold by devise, bequest, or donation, real and personal estate, not exceeding in clear annual income §1,000, for tho use of the free school in said district, and may alien the same ; may take bond from the col¬ lector; may prosecute, actions upon it; and in any action for injury to any property of tho district may Recover double damages and costs. Any of said actions may bo brought before a justice of the peace, if tho sum demanded does not exceed §100, and he must proceed as in other demands of like amount. A school district shall not possess any other corporate power or franchise.3 Article 5. UNION OF SCHOOL DISTRICTS. Two or more school districts, in any county, may unite for establishing and sup¬ porting a free school for their common benefit, and such districts, when united, shall be one district by the name of “ United school district Nos. — , in - county.”3 United school districts shall have the same powers and exercise them in the same manner as original districts. The power of taxation shall extend to the amount that could lawfully be raised by tax in the several districts composing such united district if acting separately. The place of meeting of school voters of a united district shall be the school-house of the district, or, if there be none, then at the school-house mentioned in the notice, which shall conform to any standing order of the school voters.4 The respective school committees of adjoining districts shall have power to make such arrangements as they may deem proper in establishing a school for small chil¬ dren over 6 years old for the joint benefit of such adjoining districts.5 Article 6. STATED MEETINGS. The school voters in each district shall hold a stated ‘meeting every year, on the first Saturday of April, at 2 o’clock in the afternoon, at the place appointed by the levy court, until there shall be a school-house for the district; then at such school- house. The meeting shall be kept open for at least an hour. Any number of voters present may proceed to business and their acts shall be valid.6 They shall appoint a chairman and secretary, and then elect by ballot one member of the school committee to serve for a term of three years as a successor to the member whose term shall at that time expire, and likewise elect to fill all vacancies or unex¬ pired terms occasioned by death, or otherwise, of auy member of said committee.7 The school voters shall then resolve, by a majority of votes, what sum shall be raised in said district for a school-house or a free school therein. They shall then vote by ballot respecting a tax, and if a majority of votes be “ far a tax,” the sum so resolved to be raised may be levied by taxation. If a majority be “ against a, tax,” tho sum to be raised may be raised by subscription.6 When a majority of the voters of any school district, at their annual meeting in April, wish to raise by tax, for the support of a free school in their district, more than the [minimum] amount provided for in article 11 of the school laws, namely, $150 in each school district of New Castle County , $125 in each school district of Kent County , and $60 in each school district of Sussex County , they shall resolve by a majority of votes what sum shall be raised for that purpose : Provided said sum does not exceed $400, exclusive of the amount provided by article 11. 8 When a majority of the voters of any school district at their annual meeting in April wish to raise by tax any sum of money not exceeding $500, for the purpose of building or repairing a school-house in their district, they shall resolve by a majority of votes what sum shall be raised in said district for that purpose.9 No vote respecting a tax shall be taken at any other time than at the stated annual meeting, or the substitute therefor. Any district upon raising the sum of $300 in any year by tax, may, in addition thereto, levy such further sum as may be required for a good school therein, by quarterly apportionment, in the discretion of the committee, on the person sending scholars to such school, unless a majority of the voters, at the stated annual meeting, direct otherwise.6 1 R. C., p. 214, and cliap. 296, sec. 1, toI. 12. 2 Ibid., chap. 42, sec. 22. sIbid., sec. 8. 4 Ibid., sec. 9. 6Ibid., sec. 10. 6 Ibid., sec. 3. 7 Ibid., and ebap. 138, sec. 2, voL 13, 8 Ibid., ebap. 70, sec. 2, yoL 12. 9 Ibid., sec. 3, vol. 12. 68 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Article 7. OCCASIONAL MEETINGS. Occasional meetings of the scliool voters of a district may be called by the school committee, by advertisement stating the business of the meeting, posted as required for stated meetings. They must be held where the stated meetings are held. Any number of the school voters, met pursuant to such call, may appoint a chair¬ man and secretary and transact any business mentioned in the advertisements, bnfc no other. The secretary shall make a note of the business mentioned in the adver¬ tisements, and where and when they were posted. These entries shall be conclusive, unless proved fraudulent ; and the making of such fraudulent entry is punishable by a fine that may reach glOO.1 Article 8. RETURNS. Two certificates of the proceedings of every meeting of school voters must be made and signed by the chairman and secretary ; oiiehmst be delivered to the clerk of the district, the other to the clerk of the peace of the county, to be kept asia public rec¬ ord. If the chairman or secretary neglect his duty in this respect for the space of a month, he shall be hold guilty of a misdemeanor and be fined $50. The proceedings of the meeting, in such case, shall be void, and the school committee in office next before such meeting shall continue in office so far as to call another meeting, and shall proceed to do so by advertisements, posted as required for stated meetings. A statement that the proceedings of the meeting have not been duly returned shall be a sufficient statement of the business ; and at a meeting so called the school voters shall have power to do any act which they could have doue at the preceding meet¬ ing, and the meeting shall be regulated by the law applicable to the preceding one, and be a substitute therefor.3 Article 9. POWERS AND DUTIES OF COMMISSIONERS AND CLERKS. The powers and duties of school committees shall be: 1. To determine the site, lease or purchase the necessary ground, and build or pro¬ cure a suitable house for the district, as near the centre of the district as possible. When built or procured, it shall not be removed, nor another procured without the direction of the school voters at a stated meeting. 2. To keep the sohool-house in good repair, supply it with necessary furniture and fuel, and bring actions, if necessary, for any injury to it. 3. To provide a school for the district when and as long as, their funds will enable them, and to omploy teachers. They shall employ no teacher whom they shall not have ground to believe tobe of good moral character and well qualified to teach reading, writing, arithmetic, English grammar, and such other branches of learning as they may deem necessary tobe taught in their district, and who does not hold a certificate from the State superintendent. They may employ a female teacher when and for such parts of the year as they shall deem best to do so. They may dismiss a teacher. They may make regulations for the government of the school, and by these provide for the expulsion of a scholar for obstinate misbehavior. The school shall he free to all the xvliite children of the district ore r G years old. 4. To receive and collect all money belonging to, appropriated, or resolved to he raisedforthe district, and to apply tbe same justly. 5. To appoint collectors for the district., and take security by boud. G. To do all acts requisite for effecting the premises — the acts of a majority to be as effectual, in all cases,. as if done by them all.3 It shall be the duty of the school committee to post two copies of the account set¬ tled, as required by article 15 [on settlement of school committees ■ with the auditor ], in public places of the district within Li) days after settlement, ou penalty of forfeiture of $10 to the district for neglect of said action. 4 The school committee must also annually, at the stated meeting, exhibit a just ac¬ count of their receipts and expenditures, and a report of all their proceedings — may then appoint persons to settle such account — and must pay to their successors in of¬ fice all money due from them. If for 10 days they neglect to do this they forfeit and must pay, additionally, at the rate of 5 per cent, ou the sum due. For these duties the committee may receive no emolument ; but for attendance be¬ fore the auditor they may, on the settlement of their account, be allowed each $1 per day, and 3 cents per mile of necessary travel.5 1 R. C., chap. 42, see. 5. 2 Ibid., sec. 6. 3 Ibid., sec. 11 ; also 3cc. 0, chap. 46. vol. 16. 4 Ibid., sec. 19. 6 Ibid., sec. 20. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. GO DISTRICT CLTCllKS. It is made tho duty of the clerk of each school district to givo notice of stated meetings by advertisements, under his hand, of the day, hour, and place thereof, posted in five or more public places of the district, at least 5 days before the meet¬ ing. If ho noglect this duty he forfeits and must pay the district $10 ; but the want of such notice does not make the acts of the meeting void. If there bo no clerk tho commissioners shall give tho notice under the same penalty.1 Tho clerk must also keep a record book of the district, in which ho must enter its bounds, describe any change therein, copy tho certificate of the proceedings of every meeting of tho school voters, tho proceedings of the school committee, and the names of the scholars attending the school, a list of whom must be furnished by the teacher. This book shall bo evidence. He must also keep all papers belonging to tho district or the committee. 2 The clerk of each school must distribute the books recoived from the State superin¬ tendent, as aforesaid, to tho scholars of the district, or to their parents, guardian, or other person, as they may desire, on receipt of the price for tho same, which must bo forwarded by him to the State superintendent within WO days thereafter. The clerk of each district is held responsible foy the safe-keeping of the books furnished him by the superintendent, and also for the. price of those sold to parents, guardians, scholars, or other persons. Any money or the value of any books which said clerk may fail to account for, ac¬ cording to law, may be recovered in the name of the State by the State superintend¬ ent, before a justice of the peace, as other accounts, when the sum does not ex¬ ceed $100. Such clerk must also report to the State treasurer quarterly, the number of books, their kind and price, supplied by the State superintendent, as aforesaid ; and at tho expiration of his term of office must turn over to his successor in office all the books on hand, and take a receipt for the same, -which shall be his voucher in settlement.3 Article 10. TEACHERS. Every teacher employed under the provisions of this act must make out and hand to the commissioners of the district, at the eud of each quarter, a report, setting- forth the whole number of pupils attending school during the quarter, designating whether male or female, the number of days each has attended, the books used and branches taught; and until such report shall have been made it shall net be lawful for the commissioners to pay such teacher his or her salary. The report made in pursuance of this provision must be forwarded annually, in the month of April, by the clerks of the several districts to the State superintendent.4 The time during which tho teacher shall bo in attendance on the county teachers’ institute may not be deducted from his or her period of service as teacher by the com¬ missioners of the district.5 By act of April 16, 1S35, the trustee of the school fund is required to set apart an¬ nually, in the month of August, oat of the portion of the school fund distributed to each county, tho sum of $100, the same to be applied toward the expenses of holding tho teachers’ institute in each county of this State, which sum, so set apart, shall be paid to tbe State superintendent of free schools, upon his draft on the trustee of the school fund; the money so drawn by the superintendent to be used by him towards defraying the expenses of the teachers’ institutes in each county, and for no other purpose whatever.6 Article 11. ASSESSMENTS. It is the duty of the school committees of the several school districts to make assess¬ ment lists for their respective districts ; such lists to consist of the rates of all whito male inhabitants of the district over 21 years old, of the rates of the personal prop¬ erty, of all such white inhabitants and of the clear rental value of all the assessable real estate within the district owned by white persons. But such personal property of white persons subject to tax for school purposes in the school districts is to be lia¬ ble to assessment and tax for these purposes only in the school district in which it is actually located. Tho school committees may not take the rates of personal property from the assess¬ ment list of the hundred in which it stands assessed at the time, but must fix tho rates of such property for their respective districts on personal view thereof, or other information of the owners or persons having control of the same.7 1 R. C., chap. 42, sec. 4. 2 Ibid., sec. 21. 3 Ibid., chap. 369, sec. 6, vol. 18. 4 Ibid., chap. 46, sec. 12, vol. IS. 5 Ibid., chap. 369, vol. 16. 6 Ibid., chap. 445 of “Free Schools,” appended to digest of 1832. *7 ibid., chap. 42, sec. 12. 70 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. The school commissioners in each school district must annually, in the month of April, assess and levy, without regard to any vote thereon, in each school district of New Castle County the sum of §150, in each school district of Kent County the sum of §125, and in each of the school districts in Sussex County the sum of §75— this last in lieu of a former §80. 1 A copy of the assessment list must he posted in some public place of the district for inspection, and the committee must give notice, by advertisement, in at least 5 public places in the district, that said list is posted, and where ; also of the day, hour, and place (not less than 5 days thereafter) of their sitting to hear objections to it. Upon such hearing they must make all just corrections, and add anything omitted, but not alter a rate taken from the assessment list of a hundred.2 The list when settled shall be conclusive, and must stand till the next assessment in the district, when a new list must be made for each school district.3 The several school committees elected must annually, on oath or affirmation, revise the assessments of rental values in their several districts, so as to make them bear a due proportion to each other, having respect to their productiveness to their several owners.4 When said assessments have been so adjusted, it is the duty of the clerks of the sev¬ eral districts to direct a letter to each non-resident whose rental valuation has been assessed in any district, stating the amount of his or her rental valuation in any of said districts, and the day and hour when the school committee will sit as a court of appeal to hear any objections that may be made to such assessment.6 Article 12. LEVY AND COLLECTION OP TAXES. On completion of the assessment and levy of the school tax in the school districts of the State by the respective school committees, these committees must determine the rate on every hundred dollars of the assessment lists required to raise the sum levied, with 10 per cent, added for delinquencies and costs of collection. After determin¬ ing the rate, as aforesaid, said school committees may accept the tax of every person liable to pay the same who shall tender the payment before the 10th day of May, in the year which said tax shall be levied, and the committees must allow to every "per¬ son so paying the tax within said time, an abatement of 8 per cent, upon said tax.6 On the 10th of May in each year, or as soon thereafter as possible, the school com¬ mittee in each district must execute and deliver their warrant, with duplicate of the uncollected assessment list, to a collector specially appointed by the said school com¬ mittee, or to the collector of county taxes for the hundred in which such school dis¬ trict may be situated, and the said collector is required to accept the same and collect the taxes thereon assessed. To execute the said warrant the said collector is given all the powers of a collector of county rates, and must proceed in the same manner.7 If any collector of a hundred refuse to receive and execute a warrant directed to him according to this section, he forfeits and must pay to the school district whose school committee issued such warrant the sum of $50. 8 Article 13. SCHOOL FUND. The clear income of the school fund of this State is apportioned among the school districts as follows : 1. The dividends on an investment in 5,000 shares of Farmers’ Bank stock, made under act of February 21, 1837 ; the interest on §131,750 of a bond of the State of Delaware to the school fund of the said State, at 6 per cent, interest, and the in¬ terest on the sum of $5,000 advanced to the county of Sussex under act of February 17, 1837, must be divided, as they fall due, among the counties equally, except that Sussex County is to have, for its schools, the interest on the §5,000 above mentioned, in addition to its one-third part of the dividend from the general school fund. 2. All the clear dividends or profits from any other bank stock, securities, or prop¬ erty, belonging to said fund, together with the clear sum from fees for marriage and tavern licenses, and any other income of said fund, or money directed by law to be paid to the trustee of said fund for distribution, must be apportioned among the several counties according to their tchite population, as ascertained by the census of 1830.9 The trustee of the school fund, in apportioning annually the share of its income to each county in the State, must distribute it equally among all the districts in the re¬ spective counties, without regard to the question whether the said districts are origi¬ nal or subdivided, and so that each district in the same county shall receive the 1R. C., chap. 369, sec. 8, vol. 16. 2Xbid.. chap. 42, sec. 12. 3 Ibid. 4 Ibid., chap. 296, sec. 2, vol. 12. 5 Ibid., sec. 3. 6 Ibid., chap. 43, sec. 13. 7 Ibid., and chap. 354, vol. 16. sIbid., chap. 42, sec. 13. 9 Ibid., sec. 2. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 71 same sum or sliaro ; oxcopt that in apportioning the share of New Castle County among the districts thereof, the said trustees shall distribute one -seventh part of this among the districts in the city of Wilmington ; the residue among the remaining districts equally.1 Akticle 14. DRAFTS ON THE SCHOOL FUND. Whenever the school voters in a school district raise in any year, by subscription or tax, §*25, the school’ committee may draw an order on the trusteo of the school fund for such district’s share of the proceeds thereof. Such order, accompanied by a certificate that the committee did actually receive that amount, shall be ac¬ cepted and paid by the said trustee to the extent of any sum that may stand to the credit of the district when the order is presented, and any money that shall be placed to its credit during that year of the account shall be applicable to the balance.3 The year of accounts tvith school districts must commence on the first day of August , and at the end of every such year the accounts of all the districts must be closed. An order drawn on the faith of money raised in one year may not be paid out of sums credited to the district in any other year ; but money remaining to the credit of a district at the end of the year may be drawn by the committee on their order and certificate that the said district has raised and paid to them a sum equal to what would have been needed to draw the same in the year when it was credited to tliedis- trict. If it be not so drawn within three years, it is forfeited, and must be carried to the county’s portion of the school fund, "divisible among all the districts thereof the next year. The trustee of the school fund must certify the date of each order, the sum paid thereon, and the amount stated in the certificate to have been raised in the district, to the auditor of accounts, who is to charge the committee with that amount on set¬ tlement.3 If any person make a fraudulent certificate to draw money from the trustee afore¬ said, he is to be held guilty of misdemeanor and fined double the amount of said certificate.4 Article 15. SETTLEMENT OF SCHOOL COMMITTEES WITH AUDITOR. The auditor is to settle the accounts of school committees who have drawn money as aforesaid. For this purpose, everysuch committee must, under penalty of forfeiting to the district $25 for neglect , appear with their accounts and vouchers before him, when he shall attend in the comity of such committee to settle the account of the county treasurer and others, of which he must give notice. The settlement must show how long a school was kept in the district, the compensation of the teacher, the number of scholars, the sum raised, and whether by tax or volun¬ tary contribution ; the sum drawn, and the sum expended ; all of which must be stated in the auditor’s report to the General Assembly.5 For information as to the condition of the schools, the auditor is required to pre¬ scribe forms of returns to be made by school committees for collecting the statistics of all the free schools in the State. He may require returns according to such forms, and may refuse to settle the account of a school committee till the proper return be made ; and if, in consequence, settlement of an account be not made during his at¬ tendance for that purpose, the school committee must incur the forfeiture above pro¬ vided, with the same liabilities and consequences as if they had failed to appear.5 Article 16. SOURCES OF THE SCHOOL FUND. All money appropriated to, or invested for, “the fund for establishing schools in the State of Delaware ” must belong to “ the school fund of the State of Delaware.” The State treasurer for the time being is the trustee of this fund, with power to re¬ ceive, sue for, and recover any money or property bequeathed, given, or belonging to said fund. He is to vote as holder of any stocks belonging to said funds ; to lease any real estate devised, given, or belonging thereto, for terms not exceeding 3 years ; to distrain for and collect the rents thereon accruing, and to improve and manage such estate as may be proper. The public faith is solemnly pledged for the faithful appropriation of all bequests or gifts to said fund, towards the establishment and support of schools for instruction in reading, writing, arithmetic, grammar, and such other branches of knowledge as belong to a good English education. No part of said fund may he applied to any acad¬ emy, college, or university. The trustee of the school fund must annually, upon settling his account with a 1 ft. C., chap. 442, sec. 1, voL 1L *Ibid., chap. 42, sec. 16. 3 Ibid., sec. 17. 4 Ibid., sec. 18. 6 Ibid., sec. 19. 72 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. committee of the Legislature, publish the particulars of such settlement, and mention the name of auy person who has made a gift or bequest to said fund, with the amount.1 2 Other sources of the fund are : The proceeds of marriage and tavern licenses ; one- fourth of all the money arising from licenses for auctioneering ; foreign life-insurance agency; vending of goods, wares, and merchandise by samples ; keeping of traveling jacks or stallions; keeping eating houses ; takiug photographs; acting as brokers ; real-estate agency; exhibiting circuses ; practicing jugglery; selling vinous, spirit¬ uous, or malt liquors; also one-fourth of the money from fees on commissions issued to prothonotaries, clerks of the peace, recorders of deeds, clerks of the orphans’ court, and sheriffs. These and all other moneys or property given, appropriated, or belong¬ ing to said fund are dedicated to public education in the State of Delaware.3 Laws Relating to Schools for Colored Persons. The levy courts in the several counties of this State are required to levy annually, in the month of April, a tax of 30 cents in the hundred dollars, and so pro rata, on the assessments of the real and personal property and poll of colored persons, as they stand upon the assessment lists of the several hundreds, which tax is to be set apart as a distinct fund for the maintenance of schooAsjfor colored youth in the State.3 All moneys collected under this act are to be paid, as other taxes, tq.the county treasurer in each county, to be kept by him as a separate fund, and to be paid by him to the treasurer of the ‘‘Delaware Association for the Education of Colored People.” The fund arising from the provisions of this act and paid to said association is to go to the support and maintenance of schools for colored youth throughout the State, and to be distributed by the said association. The treasurer of said association is to give bond to the State of Delaware, in the penal sum of $2,000, for the faithful application of the moneys received under this act.4 The sum of $2,400 is appropriated annually from the State treasury to be also expended for the education of the colored children of the State. The money so ap¬ propriated is to be paid by the State treasurer to the treasurer of the “Delaware Association for the Education of the Colored People” on or befoie the 1st day of October in every year; the treasurer giving bond in the penal sum of $5,000 for the faithful application of all moneys received here-under, said bond to be approved by the secretary of State and to be recorded in his office.5 FLORIDA. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE FREE- SCHOOL SYSTEM. The Legislature must provide a uniform system of common schools and a university, and for a liberal maintenance of the same. Instruction in them is to be free.6 A superintendent of public instruction, whose term of office is made 4 years, and until the appointment and qualiiication of his successor, is given general supervision of the educational interests of the State.7 The superintendent of public instruction, secretary of State, and attorney-general constitute a body corporate, to be known as the board of education of Florida.8 A special tax, of not less than 1 mill on the dollar of all taxable property in the State must be ievied and apportioned annually for the support and maintenance of common schools, in addition to the other means provided.9 SCHOOL POPULATION AND SCHOOL YEAR. The legal school population of the State — i. c., children entitled to free instruction in the common schools — consists of the resident youth between the ages of 6 and 21 ascertained by a quadrennial census.10 A school year consists of 3 terms; the term, of 3 school months; the month, of 22 teaching days.11 PRESCRIBED STUDIES. The only studies prescribed in this State, as a whole, are those which the State su¬ perintendent requires of teachers in order to their securing first, second, and third- class certificates.12 Uniformity of text-books in each county is requirod, and this im¬ plies at least an approximation to a county uniformity of studies.13 CHIEF STATE SCHOOL OFFICER. The superintendent of public instruction is given the oversight, charge, and man¬ agement of all matters pertaining to public schools, school buildings, grounds, fur¬ niture, libraries, text-books and apparatus.14 1 It. C., chap. 40, secs, 197-8. G Const, of 1803. art. 8, 3ec. 2. 12 Ibid., secs. 24-26 and Eesrula- 2 Ibid., sec. 4. 7 Ibid., sec. 3. tions of Dept, of Pub. Inst., 8Ibid., chap. 48, see. 1, vol. 15, and 8 Ibid., sec. 9. pp. 28-33. chap. 309, vol. 15. 3 Ibid., sec. 5. »Act of Mar. 1, 1883, p. 23 of Seh. 4 Ibid., chap. 373, vol. 16. 10 Code of 1809, secs. 1 and 39. Laws. 6 Ibid., chap. 362, vol. 16. 11 Ibid., sec. 32. 14 Code, sec. 12. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 76 He is ompowcred and required (1) to distribute to school officers and teachers cop¬ ies of the school laws, forms, and instructions for their use ; (2) to provide plans for school buildings and directions as to furniture and apparatus; (3) to call meetings of county superintendents and other officers with a view to information as respects the working of the school system and the means of improving its efficiency; (4) to assemble teachers in institutes and employ instructors to inform them of improved methods of teaching and conducting schools ; (5) to grant certificates to graduates of the department of teaching, and to successful teachers, and to lix the grades and standards of qualification of teachors generally; (G) to aunnally apportion among the counties of the State the interest on the common-school fund, and the fund raised by a one-mill State tax authorized by the constitution, each according to the num¬ ber of resident children between the ages of 4 and 21. 1 STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION. This board has the oversight and management of all lands held by the State for educational purposes; the safe keeping and expenditure of the State educational funds ; the auditing of the accounts of the State superintendent, aud the decision of questions and appeals referred by him to the board. It is to co-operate with him in the organization of the department ofipublic instruction and in the general diffusion of knowledge in the State.2 q ecf COUNTY BOARDS OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. Each board of public instruction is a corporate body by the name of “ The board of public instruction for the county of - , State of Florida,” and in that name may hold real and personal estate, receive bequests aud donations, and perform other corporate acts for educational purposes. The title of the school property of the county is vested in the county board and its successors in office. The county superintendent of schools is, ex officio, secretary and agent of the county board, and the county treasurer the treasurer of the county-school funds. It is the duty of each county board to maintain schools in every locality of the county where they may be needed; such schools to accommodate, as far as practica¬ ble, all the youth between the ages of G and 21 years, during not less than 3 months each year ; also to appoint from 1 to 5 trustees to care for such schools, examine and employ teachers, secure healthful sites, as well as fair accommodations, and apportion moneys according to average attendance.3 The members of the county boards, as well as of the State board, must be indorsed as of good moral character, possessing a fair education, and ready to extend the ben¬ efits of free instruction in the public schools to all classes of youth.4 COUNTY SUPERINTENDENTS. It is the duty of each county superintendent to ascertain where schools should be established; to present to the county board plans and estimates for necessary school buildings ; to visit each school at least once a term ; to do all he can to awaken in¬ terest in education ; to confer frequently with school trustees as to their duties ; to select as trustees persons likely to be efficient ; to keep a record of each school estab¬ lished, with the number, name, and description of locality, as well as of expenses in¬ curred for it, and of his visits of inspection to each school ; to notify the State super¬ intendent of the names and addresses of county school officers and teachers on their entrance upon duty ; to see that the interests of the county are regarded in contracts for school buildings and apportionment of moneys ; to examine candidates for teach¬ ing when empowered to do so by the county board, and to revoke or suspend teachers’ certificates for cause.5 sokool trustees. It is made the duty of each school trustee, or board of such trustees, to have the charge of schools and school interests over which they have been appointed ; to attend to the improvement of the school property committed to them; to supply the needed text-books, stationery, and apparatus, the books for libraries, and the forms fpr sta¬ tistical reports ; to inspect each school at least once a month ; to see that the in¬ struction and moral influences are good ; that the attendance and deportment of the pupils are satisfactory, and that the buildings, furniture, fences, and grounds are kept in good condition. They are also to endeavor to secure regular and prompt attendance of school chil¬ dren, a dutiful observance of needful regulations, and a greater general interest in education on the part of citizens ; are to keep full records of their official acts, ac¬ counts of moneys ai d property received by them or disbursed, the length of time each teacher was employed, and the condition of the accounts of teachers or other per- Bons; are also to report to their county superintendent quarterly.6 ^ode, sec. 13. sIbid., secs. 10, It. 3 Ibid., secs. 14-20, inclusive. 4 Regulations of Dept, of Pub. Inst., p. 23. “Code, sec. 22. 6 Ibid., sec. 23. 74 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION, TEACHERS’ certificates. A certificate of qualification to teach, school may he granted hy a county hoard of public instruction, and be good in the county for a year, or may come from the State superintendent to graduate of the department of teaching, or to eminently success¬ ful teacher ; this latter certificate to he of three grades, good .in any part of the State for the time specified in each case ; fair moral character, as well as literary qualifications and power of governing and managing a school, to he prerequisites.1 2 teachers’ duties. Every teacher is directed to labor faithfully for the advancement of pupils in their studies, and to inculcate, hy precept and example, truth, honesty, patriotism, and the practice of Christian virtues ; to require cleanliness, neatness, order, promptness, and gentility of manners, habits of industry and economy, a regard for the rights and feel¬ ings of others, and a sense of their responsibilities and duties as citizens ; to see that the school-house, grounds, and furniture are not needlessly defaced or injured; to enforce due restrictions on the conduct of the pupils, avoiding, however, any unre¬ quired severity ; to suspend pupils for immorality or gross misconduct, giving notice of the suspension to the parents and the school trustees ; to hold a public examina¬ tion of the school each term, and at the close or suspension of the school for any term to deliver up the keys and school property to the trustees.3 The reading of the Bible at the opening of school, with short unsectarian devotions, is allowed ; but no pupil may be required to engage in them against his conscience, or against the wishes of his parents or guardians.3 Time necessarily spent by a teacher in going to, attending on, and returning from a teachers’ institute is not to be deducted from a teacher’s pay.4 Teachers may devote a half-day each week to instruction in needle-work or manual labor.5 GENERAL PROVISIONS AS TO SCHOOLS. Youth, residing in a county, may attend school in an adjoining one, on the consum¬ mation of arrangements between the x>roper officers for a transfer of such youth’s share of the school fund to the other county.6 When citizens of a neighborhood where there is no free school desire one for the education of their children, they may have it by raising amongst themselves one-half of the salary of a teacher or teachers for at least a three-months school term ; for then the board of public instruction of the county must notify the county commissioners of the amount and purpose for which the money has been raised ; and if suitable ar¬ rangements for the accommodation of the school and boarding of the teacher are pro¬ vided, the county commissioners must, at the next tax levy, raise the same amount, not to exceed a dollar a month for each pupil entitled to attend the school. That done, the county school board must open the school and use for its support the funds that have been so collected.7 A county (or school district) neglecting to establish and maintain, for at least 3 months in any year, such a school or schools as the available funds will support, for¬ feits its portion of the school funds during such neglect, and moneys so forfeited must be apportioned among the several counties at the next annual apportionment.8 CENSUS OF SCHOOL CHILDREN. It is made the duty of the tax assessor of each county to take quadrennially, at the time of assessing the taxes of his county, a census of all the children of the county be¬ tween the ages of 4 and 21, and also of those between 6 and 21, the former being the age for the reception of school money, the latter the age for free instruction in the common schools. He is also to report to the county superintendent whether any of those reported are deaf-mutes. For the performance of these duties he may have 3 cents for each child reported ; while for failure to perform them he forfeits $50, and the county superintendent must perform the duty.9 TAXES FOR SCHOOL PURPOSES. The special tax of one-tenth of 1 per cent, on the assessed value of the taxable property of the State, provided for in section 5, article S of the constitution, is required to be collected at the same time and in the same manner as other taxes. * The treasurer of the State board of education is to keep an account with each of the several counties, in which account he must credit each county with its proportion of the income of the school fund and of the fund raised by the 1-mill tax authorized by the constitution, and must charge them with the amounts receipted for by the treasurer of the board of public instruction to the tax-collector, and all amounts paid them by the State under the direction of the board of public instruction.10 1 Code, secs. 24-26. 2 Ibid., sec. 29. 3 Ibid., sec. 31. 4 Ibid., sec. 33. fiIbid., sec. 35. 6 Ibid., sec. 36. 7 Ibid., sec. 37. 8 Ibid., sec. 38. 9 Ibid., secs. 39, 40. 10 Ibid., secs. 41, 42. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 75 GEORGIA. STATE FBEK-SCHOOL SYSTEM. There shall bo a thorough system of common schools for the education of children in the elementary branches of an English education only, as nearly uniform as prac¬ ticable, the expenses of which shall bo provided for by taxation, or otherwise. The schools shall be free to all children of the State, but separate schools shall bo provided for tlio white and colored races.1 Existing local school systems were not affected by the constitution of 1877 ; nor were schools, not common schools, deprived of participation in the educational fund of the State as to all pupils therein taught in the elementary branches of an English education.2 Private elementary schools may be taught in connection with the public schools, subject to the approval of the school officers of the districts, the teachers of such schools being required to hold legal certificates and to make reports of school statis¬ tics the same as public-school teachers.3 SCHOOL POPULATION. It shall bo the duty of the county and city boards of education of the State to have the enumeration of the children between the ages of 6 and 18 years taken under in¬ structions from the State school commissioner in the year 1888, and every ten years thereafter ; but any county board that was dissatisfied with the correction made by authority of the State board of education in the returns of 1882 could liaye an enumer¬ ation taken in 1883 under the provisions of the above law.4 MINIMUM LENGTH OF SCHOOL YEAR. Schools must be maintained for at least three months in each year, except when it is impracticable on account of the sparseuess of population to make arrangements for keeping up the primary schools for so long a time ; in such cases the county boards of education may establish schools to continue for two months only.5 • STATE SUPERVISION. The Governor, the attorney-general, the secretary of State, the comptroller-general, and the State school commissioner constitute the State board of education. Of this board the Governor is ex officio president, and the State school commissioner the chief executive officer. The board takes and holds, to it and its successors, in trust for the State, any grant or devise of lands, or any donation or bequest of money -or other personal property made to it for educational purposes, and places in the hands of the State treasurer for safe-keeping, all moneys and personal property so received, and titles to land : the State treasurer pays to the order of the board the income or prin¬ cipal thereof as the board may from time to time require in pursuance of the law. The board acts as a court of appeals in questions relating to school law.6 The State school commissioner, appointed biennially by the Governor and con¬ firmed by the senate, is charged with the administration of the school laws, and a gen¬ eral superintendence of the business relating to the public schools of the State. He prescribes forms for reports ; gives instructions as to the execution of the school laws ; visits the counties for the purpose of examining into the administration of school law, of counselling with teachers, and of delivering addresses ; apportions school money, and reports annually to the General Assembly.7 STATE SCHOOL TAX AND STATE SCHOOL FUND. The poll-tax (not to exceed $1 on the head), any educational fund now belonging to the State (except the endowment of and debt due to the University of Georgia), a special tax on shows and exhibitions, and on the sale of spirituous and malt liquors — which the General Assembly is hereby authorized to assess — and the proceeds of any commutation tax for military service, and all taxes that may be assessed upon such domestic animals as from their nature and habits are destructive to other property, the net proceeds cf fees for inspecting fertilizers and for the hire of convicts ; all en¬ dowments, devises, gifts, and bequests made to the State or State board of education ; one-half of the net earnings of the Western and Atlantic Railroad, and some special fines and forfeitures are set apart and devoted to the support of the common schools.8 The State school fund is apportioned to the different counties by the State school commissioner, and in each county such funds thus apportioned are paid to the county school commissioner by the tax- collector of said county, upon order from State school commissioner. 1 Const, of 1877, art. 8, sec. 1. 6 Ibid., sec. 1242 et seq. 8 Ibid., art. 8, sec. 5. 7 Const, of 1877, art. 8, sec. 2, and Stat., sec. 1248 8 Act Gen. Ass., approved Sept. 28, 1883. et seq. 4 Act of Gen. Assem., approved Sept. 28, 18S3. 8 Ibid. sec. 3, and Stat., 1267. * Stat., secs. 1269 and 1270. 76 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. The poll-tax of each county is set apart for the support of the schools of that county alone.1 EDUCATION IN HIGHER AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES. The trustees of the University of Georgia may accept bequests, donations, and grants of land or other property for the use of said university, and the General As¬ sembly may make donations thereto. The General Assembly may also make appropriations to any college or university (not exceeding one in number) now established or hereafter to be established in the State for the education of persons of color.'2 The superior court may charter school, college, or academy, upon the petition of one or more discreet and proper persons, showing that such school is or is about to be established in the county in which the court is sitting, and asking for corporate authority. To such persons and their legal successors, the court may grant a charter bestowing upon them such corporate powers as are not inconsistent with law nor in violation of private rights. Such charter is good for twenty years unless sooner re¬ voked by law.3 The boards of education or other constituted authorities having charge of the public schools in those counties or municipal corporations having a system of public schools, supported by local taxation, not restricted to the elementary English branches, may open and annex to such public schools a department of industrial education, in which the students may be taught the use of tools for working in wood and metal.4 COUNTY SUPERVISION. Each county composes one school district and (unless under special local laws) has a county board of education of five members, elected by the grand jury for four- year terms, subject to partial biennial change. A secretary, chosen by the board from its own number or from the citizens of the county for a term of four years, is ex ofjicio county commissioner of education with duties similar to those of couuty superintendents elsewhere. The county board of education prescribes, from time to time, what text-books and books of reference shall be used in the common schools of the couuty (the Bible is not to be excluded from the common schools of the Stifle, but no books of sectarian or sectional character can be introduced). It may establish evening schools and man¬ ual-labor schools, may permit children residing in one subdistrict to attend school in another, lays off the county into subdistricts, is empowered to employ teachers, to purchase, lease, or rent school sites, to build, repair, or rent school-houses, and fur¬ nish the same, decides controversies, and grants teachers’ certificates.5 The county school commissioner examines applicant for license to teach, and recommends to the county board of education for license such applicant who is ad¬ judged competent to govern a school and give instruction, visits schools, grades teach¬ ers, audits accounts, keeps a record of his official acts, makes such reports to the State school commissioner as may be required by that officer,6 and makes an annual report to the grand jurv at the spring term of the court, and places his books before them for examination.’ local supervision. For each subdistrict the county board of education appoints three trustees (one each year), who hold office for three years. These trustees supervise the school operations of the subdistricts, visit schools, make such recommendations to the county board in relation to the school interests of their subdistricts as may seem to them best, and make an annual report to the county board of education. Authority may be granted to counties, upon the recommendation of two grand juries, and to municipal corporations upon the recommendation of the corporate au¬ thority, to establish and maintain public schools in their respective limits by local taxation ; but such law does not go into effect until approved by a two-thirds vote of the qualified electors of such county or corporation.3 Any city having more than 2,000 inhabitants, or any county, under authority of the General Assembly, may organize an independent system of public schools and may draw its pro rata share of the State school money, provided the chief executive officer of such independent organization makes the same regular reports to the State school commissioner as are required of the county school commissioners.* Boards of education failing in any year to put schools in operation forfeit their share of the school money of that year.10 TEACHERS. The county boards of education choose such teachers as are recommended by the 1 Stat., secs. 1249a and 1271a. 2 Ibid., sec. 5209. 3 Sell. Laws of lSS4-'85, page 58. 4 Act of Leg., Oct. 16, 1885. 5 Stat., sec. 1253 et seq. 6 Ibid., sec. 1261 et seq. 7 Ibid., sec. 1263a. s Const, of 1877, art. 8, sec. 4. 9 Stat.. sec. 1272. Ibid., 1275a. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 77 school trustees of the subdistricts ns tlio choice of the community to bo served. Teachers are paid at the expiration of each term of school by the county school commissioner, upon order from the county board of education.1 2 The county commissioner (with such assistants as he may select) examines appli¬ cant for license to teach in the primary schools in the following: Orthography, reading, writing, English grammar, geography, and arithmetic. Those who propose to teach in schools of higher grado are examined in the studies belonging to such schools. Under the present constitution thero can be no schools of higher grade, except under local systems. Tho first (highest) grade license is valid for three years; the second, two years; third grade, one year; fourth (lowest) grade, six months (granted to those who are competent to teach only a portion of the legal branches) ; and in some particular sub¬ districts in which the children have made but little advancement in obtaining an education.3 All teachers must have licenses to teach, “but certificates of proficiency and licenses to teach” granted by tin- North Georgia Agricultural College arc good as licenses in the public schools of the Slate.3 Several counties, cities, and towns have special laws governing their school sys¬ tems. In some instances taxes (in addition to those authorized by law) are levied aud collected under authority bestowed by special laws.4 ILLINOIS. STATE FUSE-SCHOOL SYSTEM. The constitution requires that provision bo made for a thorough and efficient syetem of free schools whereby all children of the State may receive a good common-school education.5 Every person having the control and charge of any child or children between the ages of 8 and 14 years must send such child or children to a public or private school for a period of not less than 12 weeks in each school year, unless such child or children are excused from attending school by the board of education or school directors of the city, town, or school district in which such child or children reside. The penalty for non-compliance with the above law is not less than §5 nor more than $20. 6 Children are not to be excluded from school on account of race or color.7 Women 21 years old and upwards, and possessing the qualifications prescribed for men, are eligible to any office under the general or special school laws of the State.8 LEGAL SCHOOL POPULATION. The legal school age is from 6 to 21 years.9 The board of trustees of each township shall prepare or cause to be prepared and forwarded, on or before the 15th of July preceding each regular session of the Gen¬ eral Assembly, to the county superintendent or State superintendent, a statement showing the condition of the schools for the preceding biennial period, giving each year separately. One of the items shown by this report is 11 the number of persons under 21 years of age, with a separate enumeration of those above the age of 12 years who are unable to read and write.”10 If the township trustees fail to prepare and forward, or have prepared and for¬ warded, the above statistics, the county superintendent shall employ a competent per¬ son to take the census.11 MINIMUM LENGTH OF SCHOOL YEAH. Schools must be kept open at least 110 days in each year and longer if practicable.12 The school month is the same as the calendar month ; but teachers are not required to teach on Saturdays, legal holidays, and days of thanksgiving and of fast appointed by the national or State authority.13 PRESCRIBED STUDIES. Schools established under the school laws shall be for the instruction of pupils in Orthography, reading in Euglish, penmanship, arithmetic, English grammar, modern geography, the elements of the natural sciences, the history of the United States, physiology and the laws of health, and in such other branches, including vocal mu¬ sic and drawing, as the directors or the voters of the districts may prescribe.14 1 Stat., secs. 1257& and 1271. 6 ActofLeg. approved June 29, 1885. 11 Ibid., sec. 21. 2 Ibid., sec. 1261. 7Ibid., approved Mar. 24, 1874. 12 Ibid., sec. 43. * Act of Leg., Feb’y 2S, 1877. 8 Ibid., approved April 3, 1873. 13Ibid., sec. 54. 4 See Sell. Laws (1886), p. 41 et seq. 9 Sell. Law, 1880, sec. 48. 14 Ibid., sec. 50. ‘Const., art. 8, sec. 1. 10 Ibid., sec. 36. 78 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. STATE SUPERVISION. The State superintendent is elected quadrennially by the people, and must give bond for $25,000. He keeps a record of all matters pertaining to his office ; is ex officio member of State board of examiners for management of the State Normal University ; counsels and advises with teachers ; has the supervision of all the common and public schools in the State; is the general adviser and assistant of county superintendents; makes such rules and regulations as may be necessary and expedient to carry into efficient and uniform effect the school laws of the State ; has power to cause school money to be withheld from officers, townships, districts, or teachers failing to make reports as re¬ quired by law ; makes a biennial report to the Governor on or before the first day of November, preceding each regular session of the General Assembly.1 STATE TAX AND STATE SCHOOL. The common-school fund consists of, first, an annual appropriation of one million dollars ; second, the interest on what is known as the school fund proper, being 3 per cent, upon the proceeds of the sales of the public lands in the State, one-sixth part excepted, and, third, the interest on what is known as the surplus revenue distributed by act of Congress, and made a part of the common-school fund by act of Legislature March 4, 1837. The State auditor of public accounts apportions the annual school fund (money) among the different counties in proportion to the number of children in each, under 21 years of age, and issues his warrant to the superintendent of schools of each county upon the collector thereof. There warrants are received by the State treasurer in payment of amounts due to the State from county collectors.2 Neither the General Assembly, nor any county, city, town, township, school dis¬ trict, or other public corporation, shall ever make any appropriation in aid of any church or sectarian purpose, or to help support any institution of learning controlled by any church or sectarian denomination ; nor shall any grant or donation of land or money or other personal property ever be made by the State or any such public cor¬ poration to any church or for any sectarian purpose.3 EDUCATION OF TEACHERS. Two State normal universities (Illinois State Normal University and Southern Illi¬ nois Normal University), whose objects are to qualify teachers for the common schools of the State, by imparting instruction in the art of teaching, and all branches of study pertaining to a common-school education ; in the elements of natural sciences; in the fundamental laws of the United States, and of the State of Illinois, in regard to the rights and duties of citizens, and such other studies as the board of education may prescribe. The Illinois State Normal University is managed and supervised by the board of education of the State of Illinois, whose members hold office for six years. The Southern Illinois Normal University is managed by a board of five trustees ap¬ pointed by the Governor for four-year terms. To each of these universities each county may send two pupils free of expense, and each representative district is entitled to gratuitous instruction for a number of pupils equal to the number of representatives in said district.4 * A county may establish a normal school and levy taxes and appropriate moneys for the support of such, and also for the purchase of grounds, buildings, and furniture for the same ; or two or more counties may unite in establishing a normal school. The management and the control of such schools are vested in a county board of edu¬ cation, consisting of not less than five nor more than eight members, elected by the board of supervisors or county court for three-year terms, subject to partial annual change.6 The county superintendent must hold an annual teachers’ institute, continuing iii session not less than five days, for the instruction of teachers and those who may de¬ sire to teach, provided two or more counties may hold an institute together. Instruction in these institutes is free to all who hold valid teachers’ certificates ; others attending them must pay a registration fee of $1, unless they have paid an ex¬ amination fee and failed to obtain a certificate.6 EDUCATION OF DEFECTIVE, DEPENDENT, AND DELINQUENT CHILDREN. An act “to regulate the State charitable institutions and the State Reform School, and to improve their organization and increase their efficiency,” approved April 15, 1875, makes it the duty of the State superintendent to visit such of the charitable in¬ stitutions of the State as are educational in their character, and to examine their 1Sch. Law, sec. 1 et seq. 2 Ibid., sec. 6S et seq. 3 Const., art. 8, sec. 3. 4 Act Lee., Feb. 18, 1857, and March 9, 1869. 6 Ibid., March 16, 1869. 6 Ibid., sec. 51. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 79 facilities for instruction, and the aovoral superintendents of those institutions aro re¬ quired to make such roports to him as ho may proscribe. EDUCATION IN HIGHER AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES. Any township may, by a majority vote of its electors, establish a high school, or two or more adjoining townships or parts of townships may join in establishing a high school. It is the duty of tho president, principal, or other proper officer of every organized university, college, seminary, academy, or other literary institution, heretofore in¬ corporated or hereafter incorporated in the State, to make out, or cause to bo made out and forwarded to the office of t he State superintendent, on or before the 15th day of August in each year, a report showing the value of real estate owned by the corporation; the amount of other funds and endowments ; the number of instructors; tho number of students; tho studies pursued, and the books used; the course of in¬ struction ; the terms of tuition ; and such other matters as may be specially required by the State superintendent.1 COUNTY SUPERVISION. The county superintendent is elected every year by the qualified voters of tho county. He must execute a bond of not less than §12,000. He keeps record of all land sales ; of all moneys received, loaned, and paid out ; and makes financial report to the county board ; apportions money to townships ac¬ cording to the number of resident children under 21 years of age ; visits schools ; examines teachers;2 advises school officers and teachers ; assists in the management of county teachers’ institutes ; examines the accounts of township treasurers ; may employ assistants ; may loan money, not interest, belonging to the county fund ; re¬ ports to the State superintendent on or before the 15th day of August before each regular session of the General Assembly, or annually if so required.3 All bonds, notes, mortgages, moneys, and effects which, have heretofore accrued or may hereafter accrue* from the sale of the sixteenth section of the common-school lands of any township or county, or from the sale of any real estate or other property, taken on any judgment or for any debt due to the principal of any township or county fund, and all other funds of every description which have been or may hereafter be carried to and made part of the principal of any township or county fund, are set apart as .the principal of the township or county fund respectively, and no part thereof shall ever be expended for any purpose whatever, but shall be loaned out and held for use, rent, or profit. The interests, rents, issues, and profits only, arising from the principal, shall be dis¬ tributed for school purposes.4 TEXT-BOOKS. The district school directors direct what branches of study shall be taught and what text-books and apparatus shall be used in the several schools, and enforce uni¬ formity of text-books therein ; but shall not permit text-books to be changed oftener than once in 4 years.5 LOCAL SUPERVISION. Each Congressional township is established a township for school purposes ; but fractional townships may be consolidated. The business of the township is done by 3 trustees, elected 1 annually for 3-year terms by the legal voters of the township. These trustees are successors to the trustees of school lands appointed by the com¬ missioners’ court, and of trustees of schools elected in townships under acts of Feb¬ ruary 26, 1841, and March 1, 1847. The trustees must hold regular semi-annual meetings in April and October, and special meetings when necessary. One of the trustees is appointed president of the board, who holds his office for 1 year, and some resident person who is not a director or trustee is appointed treasurer, who is ex-officio clerk of the board, and holds his office for 2 years, and must make satisfactory bond. The trustees lay off townships into districts ; apportion school money j examine all books, notes, mortgages, securities, &c., of the township treasurer or other township school officer ; have the care and custody of school building and school sites ; may remove the township treasurer ; may purchase real estate in satisfaction of any judg¬ ment or decree; report to the county superintendent biennially or oftener if required to do so.6 The township treasurer keeps all moneys, books, and papers belonging to his town¬ ship and must keep account of all the amounts received and paid out by him ; may lend moneys which come into his hands, except such as may be subject to distribution, 1 Sell. Law, secs. 35 and 54. *Ibid., sec. 5L sIbid., sec. 11 et seq. 4Ibid., sec. 66. 5 Ibid., sec. 48. 6 Ibid., sec. 23 et seq. 80 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. and must give to the county superintendent an annual statement of such loans : must keep the township fund loaned at interest; must make a semi-annual statement, and also an annual exhibit of ike fiscal affairs of the township to the board of trustees ; and must make semi-annual statements to each district or part of district in the town¬ ship, showing the condition of the account of such district or part of district.1 Each district elects 3 school directors, 1 each year, for 3-year terms. The directors ascertain the amount of special cax to be levied in their district: are liable as directors for balances due teachers; adopt and enforce rules and regulations for the management and government of schools ; appoint and dismiss teachers; fix course of study ; may purchase at the expense of the district text-books to be loaned to indigent children, who shall return them at the close of the session ; may suspend or expel pupils ; have supervision and control of school-houses and school- house sites. The clerk of the board of directors must make an annual report to the township treasurer or treasurers.2 In all school districts having a population of not less than 2,000 inhabitants and not governed by any special act in relation to free schools there is elected, instead of the directors provided by law in other districts, a board of education to consist of 6 members and 3 additional members for every 10,000 inhabitants, elected in the same manner as the school directors for 3-year terms; such boards have the power and it is their duty, in addition to the powers and duties of school directors: 1. To establish and maintain free schools not less than 6 nor more than 10 months in each year. 2. To repair, improve and furnish school-houses. 3. To buy or lease sites for school-houses with the necessary grounds. 4. To establish schools of differ¬ ent grades and make regulations for admission of pupils into the same. 5. To levy annual tax for the support and maintenance of free schools, but it is not lawful for such board to purchase or locate school-house sites, purchase, build, or move school- houses, or levy a tax to extend school beyond 10 mouths in each year except on pe¬ tition of a majority of the voters of the district. 6. To examine and employ teachers and fix the amount of their salaries. 7. To employ a superintendent, or superintend¬ ents, when expedient. 8. To’lay oil the district into subdistricts. 0. To visit schools, to establish such by-laws, rules and regulations as they may deem necessary, and to prepare and publish an annual report. The township treasurer has charge of all funds and pays them out on order of the board. In cities of more than 10,000 inhabitants the city treasurer holds the school funds subject to the order of the board of education, upon warrants countersigned by the mayor and city clerk.3 TEACHERS. No teacher shall be authorized to teach a common school who is not of good moral character, and who does not possess a valid certificate of qualification. These cer¬ tificates are of two grades : First grade (highest), valid for two years, certifies that the holder is qualified to teach orthography, reading in English, penmanship, arithme¬ tic, English grammar, modern geography, the history of the United States, the ele¬ ments of the natural sciences, physiology, and the laws of health. The second-grade certificate is valid for one year, and shows that the holder is qualified to teach all of the following branches except the elements of the natural sciences, pkysiolog3r, and the laws of health. These certificates are granted by the county superintendent, may be renewed by his indorsement, or may be revoked by him at any time. A diploma from the county normal school may be accepted by the county super¬ intendent as sufficient evidence of qualification to entitle the holder to a first-class certificate. The State superintendent is authorized to grant State certificates to such teachers as may be found worthy to receive them, which shall be of perpetual validity in every county and school district in the State. (State certificates are granted only upon public examination.) Teachers must keep registers of their schools ; and must also make a schedule of the names of all pupils under 21 years of age attending their schools (aud when pupils reside in two or more districts, townships, or counties, separate schedules must be kept for each district, township or county), and deliver the same to the directors. Teachers’ wages are payable monthly, and upon receipt of the schedules above mentioned ; the directors make out and deliver to the teacher an order upon the township treasurer for the amount due said teacher.4 LOCAL TAXES. Counties may levy a tax to support the county normal schools; townships may levy a tax for the support of township high schools ; and districts, cities and towns (by the directors or boards of education), levy taxes for school purposes. 1 Sell. Law, sec. 55 et scq. 2 Ibid., see. 42 et aeq. 3 Ibid., sec. SO et seq. 4 Ibid., sec. 50 et scq. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 81 No district, liowovor, shall levy a tax for building school-houses, in any one year, greater than 3 per cent, of the taxable property, except to pay indebtedness pre¬ viously contracted-1 INDIANA. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE FRKE-SCHOOL SYSTEM. Intelligence and virtue being the safeguards of liberty and the bulwark of a freo and good government, the State shall ever maintain a general, suitable, and efficient system of free schools, whereby all persons in the Stale between the ages of six aud twenty-one years may receive gratuitous instruction.2 TAXATION FOR SUPPORT OF THIS SYSTEM. The General Assembly shall provide by general laws for the suppoit of common schools by taxes, which shall never exceed, in any one year, two mills on the dollar on the taxable property of the State ; and by an annual per capita tax of one dollar, to be assessed on every male inhabitant of this State over the age of twenty-one years: Provided, The General Assembly may, by general law, authorize school districts to levy, by a vote of the qualified electors of each district, a tax not to exceed five mills on tiie dollar in anyone year for school purposes: Provided, further, That no such tax shall be appropriated to any other purpose, nor to any other district than that for which it was levied.3 SCHOOL DISTRICTS. The boundaries of school districts in counties of this State shall remain as estab¬ lished, except that the county court shall have power to alter the same whenever a majority of the citizens residing therein shall petition the court to do so. But no new school district shall be formed having less than 35 persons of scholastic age residing within the territory included in such new district, and no district now formed shall, by the formation of a new district, be reduced to less than 35 persons of scholastic age.4 STATE SUPERVISION. A State superintendent of public instruction, elected for two years by the qualified voters at a general election, takes office the 15th day of March succeeding his elec¬ tion, on taking and subscribing the oath prescribed by law. 5 He is charged with the administration of the system of public instruction and a general superintendence of the business relating to the common schools of the State, and of the school funds and school revenues set apart and appropriated for their sup¬ port. 6 At each regular session of the General Assembly, on or before the 15th day of Jan¬ uary, said superintendent must present a biennial report of his administration of the system of public instruction, with (1) a brief exhibit of his labors, experience, and observation as to the operation of the system, and the remedy for observed imperfec¬ tions ; (2) of the amount of permanent school funds ; of their general condition, the revenue derived from them and from other sources ; estimates for the following two years, and estimated value of all other property for school purposes ; (3) of his plans for better organization of the schools, aud for the increase, safe investment, and bet¬ ter* preservation of permauent school funds; (4) of the results of the year then clos¬ ing, as compared with those of the year or years preceding, so as to indicate the progress made in public instruction ; (5) must furnish such other information as to the schools, their funds, revenues, &c., as he may think will bo of interest to the General Assembly. 7 He is also to visit each county in the State at least once during his term of office, and examine the auditor's books and records as to the safety of school funds and rev¬ enues.8 The State superintendent must exercise such supervision over the school funds and revenues as may be necessary to ascertain their safety and secure their preservation and application to the proper object ; and shall cause to be instituted in the name of the State of Indiana all suits necessary for the recovery of any portion of such funds or revenues.9 The superintendent is assisted by a State board of education, of which he is, ex officio, a member and president, his coadjutors in the board being the Governor, the presidents of the State University, of Purdue University, and of the State Normal School, with the superintendents of common schools of the largest cities of the State, as determined by the enumeration of children for school purposes reported by county superintendents. This board must elect one of its members secretary and treasurer, to have the custody of its records, papers, and effects ; such records, papers, and effects, 1 Act of Leg., March 15, 1859, sch. laws, sec. 35 aud 47. sCoDst., article 14, sec. 1. 8 Ibid., sec. 3 4 Code of 1885, secs. 6171. 6174. 7Ibid., sec. 4410. 5Sch. Law, edition of 1885, secs. 8Ibid., sec. 4411. 4406, 4407. 9 Ibid., sec. 4413. 6 Ibid., sec. 4408. ed SG - 6 . 82 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. with minutes of proceedings, to he kept at the office of the superintendent, and to be open for his inspection.1 2 The State board takes cognizance of questions that arise in the practical adminis¬ tration of the school system, considering, discussing, and determining them. It also prepares questions for the examinations of teachers, prescribes the time and manner of their use by county superintendents,3 and may grant State certificates of qualifi¬ cation to teachers who on searching examination are found to possess eminent scholar¬ ship, professional ability, and good moral character.3 COUNTY SUPERINTENDENCE. Each county in this State has a county superintendent, appointed by the assembled township trustees biennially, on the first Monday in June, to examine applicants for teachers’ licenses and grant them to such applicants as 'prove their worthiness, for 6 months, 12 months, 24 months, or 36 months, according to the ability to teach and gov¬ ern displayed by the several ones applying. The 6-months license is merely a trial- test, and may not he renewed, while a 24-months one, run up at the next examination to one of 36 months, or 2 licenses for 36 months each in quick succession, may, if ap¬ proved by the State hoard of education, issue in an 8-year professional license, good throughout the State. These examinations for licenses must he held by the superin¬ tendent at least once a month in open session, those granted to he limited in their operation to his county, except the 8-year ones approved by the State hoard, and all to he revocable for incompetency, immorality, cruelty, or general neglect of the busi¬ ness of the school. Each license granted is to he reported to the State superintend¬ ent, with indication of its grade, and with the name of the teacher to whom it has been given, distinguishing between males and females.4 The more general duties of the county superintendent are to supervise the schools of his county, visit each one of them annually, with a view to increase their use¬ fulness, attend and preside at the county teachers’ institutes, carry out the orders and instructions of the State board of education and State superintendent, and serve as a medium between the latter and his subordinate school officers : Provided, That city schools having a superintendent employed by the city board, may, at the request of said board, be exempt from the supervision of the county superintendent. COUNTY BOARDS OP EDUCATION. Each county superintendent, with the trustees of the townships in his county, and the chairman of the school trustees of each town and oity in it, constitute a county board of education, which meets semi-annually on the first week day of each May and September, to consider the general wants of the schools and school property of which the members of the board have charge. This board, the county superintendent presiding, attends to all matters relating to the purchase of school furniture, books, maps, charts, and libraries. Text-books adopted by it since March, 1877, are, as a rule, unchangeable for six years. Uniformity of text-books is held to be desirable, but is not required. Adopted books, however, must be used.5 The county boards may each adopt a course of study for their district schools, with rules and regulations for the government of these, but not make rules for incorpo¬ rated cities. Prescribed studies are orthography, reading, writing, arithmetic, geography, Eng¬ lish grammar, physiology, history of the United States, good behavior, and such other branches as the advancement of the pupils may require or the trustees direct. As a rule, these must be taught in English, but the parents of 25 or more children in a school may demand the teaching of German to their children.6 SCHOOLS IN TOWNS AND CITIES. Each civil township and each incorporated town or city in this State is a distinct municipal corporation for school purposes, the trustee of the township and the trus¬ tees of towns and cities being school trustees, and performing the duties of clerk and treasurer for their several schools. The trustees may employ a superintendent for their schools. The common council of each city, except Indianapolis, and the board of trustees in each of the incorporated towns, elect, at their first meeting in June, three school trus¬ tees to hold office 1, 2, or 3 three years, as determined by lot at the time of organ¬ ization, and thereafter elect annually one such trustee to hold office for 3 years. These trustees constitute the school board of the city or town, organizing by electing, within 5 days from their call to office, one of their number as president, one as secre¬ tary, and one as treasurer. The treasurer gives bond to the county auditor, with at least two sureties not members of the board, for not less than twice the money that may come into his hands ; the president and secretary, bonds with like sureties, approved 1Scli. Law, edition of 1885, 3 Ibid., sec. 4422. 5 Ibid., sec. 4436, and appended sec. 4420. 4 Code of 1885, secs. 4424, decisions 2, 4, 6. 2 Ibid., sec. 4421. 4429. 6 Ibid., sec. 4497. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 83 by tbo auditor, for at least one-third oftho treasurer's bond. The county auditor, ac¬ cepting such trustees, must see to their sutlicionoy to secure the school revenues which their cilices may bring them, as well as the township and other revenues. The trus¬ tees must receive these revenues, keep accurate accountsof their receipts and expendi¬ tures of them, and render to the couuty commissioners, annually, the first Monday of August, a clear statement of each one for the school yoar ended the 31st day of the previous July.1 In Indianapolis, instead of school trustees, there is a board of school commissioners, one for each school district in the city, elected by the qualified electors in the district, to levy taxes for the support of the city schools, not to exceed 25 cents on §100 for grounds, buildings, and supplies, or 25 cents on each $100 for paying teachers, with one-liftli of a mill on si for free libraries in connection witli the city schools. By a committee or officer of this hoard teachers may be examined for positions in the city schools and be licensed if found qualified. Tho board may also purchase grounds and school supplies, construct school buildings, employ and pay teachers, appoint super¬ intendents, disburse through its treasurer moneys for school and library expenses, and enforce regulations for the grading of the city schools, for a course of instruction in them, and for due government and discipline — the members all to serve without any compensation.2 The tax levies made by order of the board must be certified by its president and secretary to the city clerk, who must collect them as other city taxes are collected, and once a month pay them over to the treasurer of the board. Taxes for school pur¬ poses collected by the county treasurer must be paid over by him to the treasurer of the board of school commissioners, and so must moneys distributed by county officers to which the common schools of the city may be entitled ; these payments to the city treasurer to be made also once a month to the treasurer of the board of school com¬ missioners, ENUMERATION AND ATTENDANCE. In this State attendance on the public schools has thus far been a boon, not a com¬ pulsion. All resident children, ascertained by an annual census to be between the ages of 6 and 21, are, unless married, entitled to enlistment and instruction in the schools of their respective townships, towns, and cities. Transfers to an adjoining county, township, town, or city, are allowed if asked for at the time of the annual enumeration ; but in such cases the school money of the child must go with, the child to the new place of enlistment and instruction.3 White and colored children must be enumerated in separate lists, and may be or¬ ganized in separate schools, having all the rights, privileges, and advantages of other schools of their township, town, or city. Should such separate schools not be provided, the colored children may attend the public schools with white children ; and if a child attending a school for colored youth can prove, by examination and certificate of the teacher, advancement enough for promotion to a higher grade than that af¬ forded by the colored school, the trustee or trustees must see that the child is per¬ mitted to attend a school of like grade for whites without unjust discrimination on account of race or color. TAXATION FOR PUBLIC SCHOOLS. A State tax is required to he annually assessed and collected, as State and county revenues are assessed and collected, for the support of a general system of common schools. The amount of this tax is 16 cents on each hundred dollars of taxable prop¬ erty, real and personal, and 50 cents on each taxable poll, without regard to the race or color of the owner.1 The trustees of townships, towns, and cities have also power to levy each a special tax for the construction, rent, or repair of school-houses ; for providing furniture, school apparatus, and fuel ; and for paying other necessary expenses of their schools, except tuition. such tax may exceed 50 cents on each §100 of taxable property and a dollar on each poll, in any year. Tho income from such tax is termed the spe¬ cial school revenue .5 Each county auditor must make the proper assessments of special school tax levied by the school trustees ; must set down the amount of such tax on his tax list and du¬ plicate thereof, as other taxes are set down, in appropriate columns ; must extend such assessments to the taxable property and poll of persons transferred, according to the rate and levy thereof in the township, town, or city to which the transfers have been made ; ancl such taxes must he collected by the county treasurer, as other taxes are collected, and he paid when collected to the treasurer for school purposes of the proper township, town, or city, on the warrant of the county auditor. To enable county auditors to assess this tax, county superintendents must report to the auditors the basis of the apportionment of school revenue for tuition, and a state¬ ment of transfers made for school purposes. 1 Code of 18S5, secs. 4439-4441, 4445. 2 Sell. Law. secs. 4457-4464. * Ibid., secs. 4465, 4466. 3 Ibid., 1883, art. 4, secs. 4472, 4474. 5 Ibid., secs. 4467, 4468. 84 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. LOCAL AND SPECIAL TAXES. The trustees of civil townships or of incorporated towns, and the common councils of cities have power to levy annually a tax not exceeding 25 cents on $100 of prop¬ erty and 25 cents on each taxable poll. The funds arising from such taxes come under the charge of the same officers, secured by the same guarantees, subject to the same rules, anu applied in the same manner as funds arising from taxation for com¬ mon-school purposes under the general laws of the State. They ‘must, however, be applied in the civil township, town, or city in which they have been assessed and col¬ lected.1 A special tax to pay debts contracted against any township in the construction, re- Eair, or completion of school-houses, or in providing furniture or apparatus for them, as been allowed, such tax not to exceed 25 cents on each $100 of taxable property in a year, should the legal voters of the township decide in favor of the tax. But as this affects only debts contracted previous to March 11, 1873, it is probable that the permission is now obsolete.2 EDUCATION OP TEACHERS. December 20, 1865, a legislative act required that there should be established a State normal school, the object of which should be the preparation of persons for teaching in the common schools of Indiana. In order to its establishment and main¬ tenance 4 competent persons appointed by the Governor were to constitute a per¬ petual body corporate, with power to sue and to be sued, to hold in trust all funds and property provided for said normal school, and to bo known as the “Board of Trustees of the Indiana State Normal School. ” The superintendent of public instruc¬ tion was to be, ex officio, a member of this board.3 The conditions of admission to instruction were to be 16 years of age for females and 18 years for males, good health, clear evidence of moral character, and a written pledge, filed with the principal, to teach in the common schools of Indiana a period equal to twice the time spent in the normal school. The provision for its support was made, after the first year, $10,000 semi-annually, and $2,000 or less, annually, for warming, lighting, repairs, &c. The school thus established is still the chief means for the thorough education of teachers for the State schools, Indiana University aiding also in preparing teachers for high-grade work and Purdue University in preparing them for scientific instruc¬ tion — the former chartered as a college in 1828 and as a university in 1839; the latter opened to students in 1874 as the State College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts. OTHER EDUCATION FOR TEACHING. The trustee of each township is required to hold, at least one Saturday in every month while the schools of his township are in session, a township institute or model school for the improvement of the teachers, and two such may be held each month, presided over by a teacher or other person designated by the trustee. The trustee must contract with every teacher to either attend on the full session of each insti¬ tute or forfeit a day’s wages for every day of absence, unless such absence be occa¬ sioned by sickness. When present the teacher must take part in the exercises.4 The superintendent of schools in each county must also hold, preside at, and con¬ duct the exercises of each township institute at least once a year, encouraging these and like associations, aud laboring to elevate the standard of teaching and improve the condition of the schools.5 Under this last suggestion teachers’ associations and teachers’ reading circles have been extensively established, though not required by law. TEACHERS, HOW SELECTED. The school trustees of townships, incorporated towns and cities, may employ as teachers in the common schools only such persons as can present licenses to teach is¬ sued from the proper State or county authority, and in full force at the date of the em¬ ployment. Any teacher who undertakes to teach a common school without such license forfeits all claim* to compensation from the school revenue. But if a license held expire by its limitation within a term of employment, the teacher may complete the term within the then current school year.6 Trustees may not employ teachers whom a majority of those entitled to vote at school meetings decide at such a meeting that they do not wish to have employed. And if, after the opening of a school, a majority of such voters petition the trustee to dismiss a teacher, ho must do it, but only on duo notice, upon good cause shown, and with pay for the teaching service rendered. If persons attached to and forming a school district have, at their school meeting, designated other branches of learning than those in section 4425 of the school law, as what they wish to have taught in their school, the trustee, in employing a teacher, 1 Sch. Law, secs. 4469, 4470. * Ibid., sec. 4471. 8 Ibid., secs. 4542-4548. * Ibid., article 8. sec. 4520. 8 Ibid., sec. 4521. 6 Ibid., seo. 4501. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 85 may require 6iicb teacher to bo examined as to bis qualifications to teach these other branches.1 TEACHERS AND TRUSTEES TO MAKE REPORT8. To enable trustees to make the reports required of them, each teacher, whether in township, town, or city, must, at tho expiration of each school term, report by affidavit to the proper trustee the length of term in clays ; the teachers employed, male and female; their daily compensation; the pupils admitted, male and female, and those between the ages of C and 21 ; the average attendance; books used aud branches taught ; also the pupils in each branch. Until such report is filed no teacher may receive more than 75 per cent, of pay for services.11 This information given, tho trustees of the townships, towns, or cities must annu¬ ally report, on the 1st Monday of August, for the school year ended July 31, to the county superintendent, in tabular form, the following items: Number of districts, schools taught aud their grades ; teachers, male and female ; average pay in each grade; tuition revenue at the opening of the year; amount received during the year from the county treasurer, and the balance on hand ; the time of school in days ; school- houses built, cost of them ; number aud kind before erected ; estimated value of this and all school property ; volumes in school libraries, and number used during the year ; volumes added ; assessment on each $100 of property, and each poll of special tax for 6chool-houses, with full amount of levy ; balance also of special school revenue on hand at the beginning and received during the year from the county treasurer ; amount of such revenue expended and on hand ; acres of nusold Congressional school lands, val¬ ue of them and income from them, with such other information as may be called for by the county superintendent and superintendent of public instruction. Failure to make these reports is punishable by $25 line and a witholding from the delinquent trustee of tho money apportioned to his township, town, or city, till his report is duly made and filed. EDUCATION OF DEFECTIVE, DEPENDENT, AND DELINQUENT YOUTH. By special acts of 1844, 1847, 1S67, and 1879 provision was made for the education, under State auspices, of the deaf aud dumb youth of the State, of tho blind, of sol¬ diers’ orphans, of feeble-minded children, and of boys who needed to be reformed as well as educated. The schools for the first two classes mentioned are located ar In¬ dianapolis ; those for the second two, at Knightstown ; that for the boys’ reformatory, at Plainfield. IOWA. Constitutional Provisions for Education. The General Assembly shall encourage, by all suitable means, the promotion of in¬ tellectual, scientific, and moral improvement. The proceeds of all public lands devoted to commercial-school purposes, together with escheats, shall remain a permanent fund for the support of common schools throughout the State.3 Temporary funds for school purposes are such as shall arise from fines collected on account of penal offenses and the non-performance of ihilitary duty.4 All moneys for the support of the common schools shall be distributed to the dis¬ tricts in proportion to the number of youths between the ages of 5 and 21 years.* The university lands and the proceeds thereof constitute a permanent fund for the sole use of the State university.6 The State university shall be established at one place, without branches at any other place, and the university fund shall be applied only to that institution.7 Legal Provisions for Education in Iowa, administration. Besides a State superintendent of public instruction, each county has a school su¬ perintendent, each township and independent district lias a board of directors, and each of the Bubdistricts, into which a township may be divided, a subdirector, these Bubdirectors forming a district township board. In addition to common schools the system includes high schools, State normal schools, teachers’ institutes, State uni¬ versity, agricultural college, reform schools, and institutions for the defective classes. No person shall be deemed ineligible by reason of sex to any such office in the State.8 state supervision. The superintendent of public instruction is chosen at the general election in each odd-numbered year, and holds his office for the term of two years.9 1 Sch. Law, 1883, art. 8, sec. 4502. * Ibid., sec. 4449-4451. * Scb. Laws, art. 9, sec. 3. 4 Ibid., sec. 4. 6 Ibid., sec. 7. 6 Ibid., sec. 2. 7 Const., art. 9, sec. 11. 8 Code of 1873, chap. 136, sec. 1. 9 Code, sec. 589. 86 REPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. He shall be charged with the general supervision of all the county superintendents and all the common schools of the State. By meeting the county superintendents in convention, he may try to secure a more uniform and efficient administration of school laws. He shall attend, when practicable, teachers’ institutes in the several counties of the State, assisting in their instruction and management. He shall render a written opinion, relative to any school law, to any school officer asking for the same, and shall determine all cases appealed from the decision of county superintendents.1 He shall be a member, ex officio, of the board of regents of the State university, and shall receive an annual report from said board.2 The salary of the superintendent is §2,200 per annum, and of his deputy, §1,200 per annum.3 STATE FUND. The State fund arising from the sale or rental of the public lands and from escheats is distributed among the school districts proportionately to the number of youth from 5 to 21 years old.4 COUNTY SUPERVISION. Board of supervisors. — The board of supervisors, among numerous other duties, is concerned with a certain control of public-school matters. In each county the board consists of 3 persons, which may, however, be increased to 5 or 7. They are elected yearly by the qualified electors of their respective counties.5 They can levy taxes for the support of soldiers’ orphans, for county high schools, and for common schools. They control the sale of school sections of public lands and manage the fund.6 The members of the board receive 84 per day for actual service and §2.50 when employed on committee service, together with mileage. In counties having a popu¬ lation of less than 10,000 they cannot exceed the limit of 20-days service, with pay, in one year; in counties having a population between 10,000 and 30,000 they cannot receive pay for more than 30 days ; for 30,000 and over, 40-days service is the limit.7 County superintendent. — The county superintendent is elected in each odd-numbered year for the term of 2 years.s He cannot be a member of a board of directors or board of supervisors.9 He shall examine teachers, issue certificates, hold normal in¬ stitutes each year, conform to the instructions of tho State superintendent, and report to him annually. He receives §4 for each day’s actual service.10 COUNTY-SCHOOL FUND. The county auditor apportions the county-school tax, together with the interest of the permanent school fund to which his county is entitled, and all other money in the hands of the county treasurer belonging in common to the schools of his county.11 LOCAL SUPERVISION. School districts. — Each civil township or independent district, organized as a school district, is made a body corporate, with powers to hold property, make contracts, &c.13 Board of directors. — The several subdistricts anuually meet for the election of a subdirector.13 In all district townships comprising but 1 subdistrict the board shall consist of 3 subdirectors. In all districts comprising but 2 subdistricts the board shall consist of 1 subdirector from each subdistrict and 1 from the township at large.14 The board of directors makes purchases, payments, and sales to carry out the vote of the district,15 fixes site for each school-house,16 divides the district,17 audits claims,13 visits schools and fixes rules for their government,19 but has no jurisdiction over inde¬ pendent districts.20 Subdirector. — The subdirector makes contracts for providing fuel, for employing teachers, and for making all other provisions necessary for the convenience and pros¬ perity of the schools within his subdistrict.21 INDEPENDENT DISTRICTS. A city, town, or village may organize an independent district.33 An indepen-* dent district is under the management of a board of 6 directors, chosen by tho electors of the district. The board is organized by electing one of its number as pres¬ ident, and choosing a secretary and treasurer from outside the board : Provided, That in all independent distrists having a population of less than 500 the board shall consist of 3 directors, who elect from their own number a president and secretary, but choose a treasurer from outside.23 1 Code, see. 1577. 2 Ibid., sec. 1587. 3 Ibid., sec. 3760. * Ibid., sec. 1S37. 5 Ibid-, secs. 294, 299. 6 Ibid., secs. 1639, 1703, 1779, 1845, 1860. 7 Ibid., sec. 3791. 8 Ibid., sec. 589. 9 Ibid., sec. 1765. “ Ibid., secs. 1766, 1767, , 1769, 1772, 1774, 1776. 11 Ibid., sec. 1781. 12 Ibid., sec. 1716. 13 Ibid., sec. 1718. 14 Ibid., sec. 1720. 15 Ibid., sec. 1723. 16 Ibid., sec. 1724. 17 Ibid., sec. 1725. 18 Ibid., sec. 1733. 19 Ibid., sec. 1734. 20 Ibid., sec. 1792. 21 Ibid., sec. 1753. 22 Ibid., sec. 1S00. 23 Ibid., sec. 1802. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 87 Said district may have as many schools and ho divided into such wards or other subdivisions for school purposes as the board of directors may deem proper, and shall bo governed by tlio laws for “ district townships” when applicable.1 Independent districts, located contiguously, may uuite and form one independent district.3 School districts lying in two counties may be formed into an independent district.3 Township districts may bo consolidated and organized as independent districts.4 . On the contrary, if tlio majority wills, each independent district shall become a subdistrict of the district township.6 Independent districts may issue bonds, but no district shall contract debts in excess of 5 per cent, of the last assessed valuo of the property of the district.6 INDUSTRIAL EXPOSITIONS IN SCHOOLS. It shall be the duty of the board of directors of independent school districts, and of the subdirector of each subdistrict, if deemed expedient, under the direction of the county superintendent, to introduce and maintain an industrial exposition in connection with each school under their control.7 These expositions shall consist of useful articles made by the pupils, such as sam¬ ples of sowing, cooking, knitting, crocheting, and drawing, iron and wood work of all kinds, and any other useful article at present known or invented by the pupils, together with farm and garden products in their season.3 The pupils shall be required to explain the use and method of their work, and kind and process of culture of farm and garden products.9 These expositions shall be held in the school-room upon a school day as often as once a term and not oftener than once a mouth.10 FORESTRY. The board of directors of each district township and independent district shall cause to be set out and properly protected twelve or more shade trees on each school- house site belonging to the district where such number of trees is not now growing.11 LOCAL TAXES. County taxes of 1 to 3 mills on the §100 may be levied ; and district taxes not to exceed i5. mills on the dollar for a “ school-house fund”; §5 a pupil for a ‘‘contin¬ gent fund,” and §15 per resident pupil for a “teachers’ fund,” which shall include the semi-annual appropriation from the State fund.13 TEACHERS’ QUALIFICATIONS. The law requires of the teachers, scholarship, moral character, ability to govern, and aptness to teach.13 The county superintendent shall examine all applicants as to their competency and ability to teach the common English branches, including elementary physics and United States history. Teachers of music, drawing, penmanship, bookkeeping, Ger¬ man, or other language shall receive, certificates for competency in these special branches.14 . The State board of examiners, created to encourage training in the science and art of teaching, is composed of the superintendent of public instruction, the president of the State University, the principal of the State Normal School, and two other per¬ sons, one of whom shall be a woman.15 STATE BOARD OF EXAMINERS. Candidates for State certificates shall be examined in the common branches, together with book-keeping, physiology, United States history, algebra, botany, natural phi¬ losophy, drawing, civil government, constitution and laws of Iowa, and didactics. Candidates for State diplomas shall be examined in the foregoing branches, together with geometry, trigonometry, chemistry, zoology, geology, astronomy, political econ¬ omy, rhetoric, English literature, and general history, and such other branches as the board of examiners may require.16 A State certificate is valid for 5 years, and a State diploma is valid for life, unless revoked for cause.17 TEACHERS’ NORMAL INSTITUTES. The county superintendent shall hold annually a normal institute for the instruc¬ tion of teachers and those who may desire to teach, requiring the payment of a regis¬ tration fee of §1 each, and also §1 from every applicant for a certificate.18 1 Code, sec. 1806 2 Ibid., 1811. 3 Ibid., 1812. 4 Ibid., 1814. 0 Ibid., 1817. 6 Ibid., 1821. 8 Ibid., sec. 2. 9 Ibid., sec. 8. 10 Ibid., sec. 6. 11 Ibid., chap. 23, sec 12 Ibid., secs. 1779—17; 13 Ibid., sec. 1767. --Luiu., ±061. jluiu., sec. TSch. Laws of 1874, chap. 64, see. 1. 14 Ibid., sec. 1766 15 Ibid., chap. 167, sec. 1. 10 Sch. Laws 1882, chap. 167, sec. 4. 17 Ibid., sec. 5. 18 Code, sec. 1769, as amended by chap. 57, Laws of 1874, and chap. 54, Laws of 1878. 88 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Said institutes shall remain in session not less tlian 6 working days. Fifty dol¬ lars are appropriated annually from the State treasury to defray the expenses of one such institute in each county.1 STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. A school for the special instruction and training of teachers for the common schools of the State is established at Cedar Falls, in Black Plawk County.3 - The school is under the management of a hoard of 6 directors, elected by the Gen¬ eral Assembly, no two of whom shall be elected from the same county.3 It organizes by electing a president and vice-president, from its own number, and a secretary and treasurer who are not members of the board.4 The board employs teachers, makes rules for admission of pupils, and may charge a tuition fee not exceeding $6 per term. The session of schools shall continue at least 26 weeks.5 The board reports annually to the State superintendent of instruction.6 COMMON SCHOOLS. In each sub district there shall be one or more schools for the instruction of the youth between the ages of 5 and 21, for at least 120 days in each year.7 The subdirector shall annually take an enumeration of the children between the ages of 5 and 21 years, distinguishing males from females, and shall report the same to the secretary of the district township.8 Tuition. — When pupils reside in one district and attend school in another, in the same or adjoining county or township, the board of directors of the township in which such children reside shall pay to the district in which they attend school the average expense of said pupils per week.9 Text-boolcs. — There shall be no chauge iu the school books used in any school oftener than once in three years, except by a vote of the electors of the district.10 COUNTY HIGH SCHOOLS. Each county having a population of 2,000 inhabitants, or over, may establish a high school for pupils more advanced than those attending district schools, and for persons desiring to fit themselves for the vocation of teaching.11 Such schools shall be in charge of 6 high-school trustees, to be divided into three equal classes, each class to hold its office' one, two, and three years respectively, as decided by lot. Each year thereafter two trustees are elected to succeed those whose term is about to expire.12 Said trustees shall levy taxes for school buildings, teachers’ wages, and for contin¬ gent expenses. No tax for buildings shall exceed 5 mills on the dollar. When levied for teachers’ wages and contingent expenses, the tax must not exceed 2 mills on the dollar.13 Model schools are to be encouraged, and advanced students and those preparing to become teachers may be employed in teaching the younger pupils.14 Tuition shall be free to all pupils of such school residing in the county where the same is located.15 If vacancies exist they may be filled by pupils from other counties on payment of a prescribed tuition.16 Each member of the board of trustees is entitled to $2 per diem for time actually employed.17 STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. The 11 act donating public lands to the several States and Territories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts”, was made the basis of an agricultural college and model farm, which were placed under the con¬ trol and management of a board of five trustees, elected by the General Assembly.18 The president shall control and direct the affairs of the college and farm, submit to the rules of the board, and report to it at its annual meeting, and at such other times as it shall direct. The board in turn reports biennially to the Governor of the State.19 Tuition shall be forever free to pupils of this State, over 16 years old, who have been residents 6 months previous to their admission. Each county in the State shall have a prior right to tuition for 3 scholars.20 The course of instruction and practice includes the following branches : Natural philosophy, chemistry, botany, horticulture, fruit-growing, forestry, ani¬ mal and vegetable anatomy, geology, meteorology, entomology, zoology, the veteri- 1 Code, sec. 1584. 2 Ibid., chap. 129, sec. 1. 3 Ibid., sec. 2. 4 Ibid., secs. 2 and 3. 6 Ibid., sec. 5. 6 Ibid., sec. 9. 7 Ibid., sec. 1727. 10 Ibid., sec. 1728. 8 Ibid., secs. 1754-55. 11 Ibid., sec. 1697. 9 Ibid., sec. 1793!(as amended 12 Ibid., sec. 1700. by chap. 64, Laws of 1876, 33 Ibid., sec. 1702. aiid chap. 41, Laws of 34 Ibid., sec. 1706. 1878.) 16 Ibid., sec. 1707. 36 Ibid., sec. 1708. 37 Ibid., sec. 1712. 38 Ibid., secs. 1604,1605. 39 Ibid., 1610, 1611. 20 Ibid., 1619. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 89 nary art, plane mensuration, levelling, surveying, book-keeping, and such mechanic arts as arc directly conuected with agriculture ; also such other studios as the trustees may prescribe.1 2 STATE UNIVERSITY. The objects of the State University are to provide the host and most efficient means of imparting to young men and women a liberal education.3 The university shall include a collegiate, scientific, normal, law, and such othor departments as the board of rogonts may determine.3 Tho regents consist of the Governor of the State, who is president of the board, ex officio, the president of the university, who is a member, ex officio, together with one person from each Congressional district of tho State, who shall be elected by the Ger- eral Assembly.4 The board of regents shall enact laws for the government of the university, appoint its officers and determine their salaries.5 The president of the university shall report regularly to the regents, they in turn to the superintendent of public instruction, and he to the General Assembly.6 STATE REFORM SCHOOL. A reform school shall be permanently located at Eldora, Hardin County, and main¬ tained for the reformation of boys and girls under the age of 18 years.7 The school is to be managed by a board of five trustees appointed by the General Assembly, and no two from the same Congressional district.8 The board has power to enact by-laws and rules ; to appoint, remove, and pay em¬ ployes ; to provide employment and instruction for the inmates.9 One or more of tho trustees shall visit the school once in every month to examine the boys and girls in their school-rpom, and labors, and inspect the register and ac¬ counts of the superintendent.10 Any boy or girl committed to the State Reform School shall be there kept, discip¬ lined, instructed, and employed under the direction of the trustees until he or she ar¬ rive at the age of majority, or be bound out, reformed, or legally discharged.11 The act of aiding an inmate to escape, or of knowingly concealing such an one, after his escape, is punishable with a fine not exceeding $1,000 and imprisonment in the penitentiary for a term not exceeding five years.12 soldiers’ orphans’ homes. The board of trustees of the Iowa Soldiers’ Orphans’ Homes, consists of one person from each of the counties in which the said homes are located, and one from the State at large, appointed by the General Assembly for two years.13 The board has full power to manage all the affairs in said homes ; Provided, That the county recorder of the county in which each home is located, shall act in connec¬ tion with the resident trustees in making quarterly settlements with the Orphans’ Homes superintendents.14 The State appropriates $10 per month for each orphan actually supported.16 The board of supervisors may levy a tax not to exceed one-half mill on the dollar for orphans in its county needing such aid.16 INSTITUTION FOR DEAF AND DUMB. At Council Bluffs there shall be permanently maintained an institution for the support and education of the deaf and dumb, under the supervision of a board of trustees, consisting of 5 persons to be elected by the General Assembly.17 Non-resi¬ dents on payment of $40 per quarter shall be entitled to an education in said institu¬ tion.18 Every deaf and dumb citizen of the State, of suitable age and capacity, shall bo entitled to receive an education in said institution, at the expense of the State, and each couDty superintendent of instruction shall report annually to the superintendent of said institution, the names of such defective persons between 5 and 21 yea:s, resid¬ ing in his county.19 For current expenses there is appropriated $40 per quarter for each pupil.20 To meet the ordinary expenses of the institution there are appropriated $12,000 an¬ nually.21 The superintendent of said institution reports annually to the Governor of Iowa, the niimber of pupils, cause of deafness, studies pursued, trades taught, articles manu¬ factured and sold, with a detailed statement of expenditures.22 1 Code, sec. 1621. 2 Ibid., 1585. 3 Ibid., 1589. 4 Ibid., 1588. 6 Ibid., 1596. 6 Ibid., 1600,1601. 7 Ibid., sec. 1643. s Ibid., 1644. 9 Ibid., 1647. 10 Ibid., 1650. “ Ibid., 1661. 12 Ibid., 1663. 13 Ibid, sec. 1623. 14 Ibid., 1624. 16 Ibid., 1630. 16 Ibid., 1639. 47 Ibid., 1685. 13 Ibid., sec. 1688. 19 Ibid., 1689. 29 Ibid., 1692. 2‘ Ibid., 1693. 22 Ibid., 1694. 90 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. COLLEGE FOR THE BLIND. A college is maintained at Vinton, in tlie county of Benton, under tlie supervision of a board of trustees, consisting of 6 persons, chosen by the General Assembly.1 Trustees receive $5 per diem for actual service, and 10 cents per mile for traveling expenses.2 To meet the ordinary expenses of the institution, $8,000 are appropriated annu¬ ally.3 For meeting current expenses there is also appropriated an amount, necessary, but not to exceed $40 per quarter to each pupil.4 All blind persons, residents of Iowa, of suitable age and capacity, are entitled to an education in this institution at the expense of the State.5 An industrial home for blind persons who are unable to support themselves is estab¬ lished in conjunction with said college, and controlled by the same board of trustees.6 KANSAS. CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO EDUCATION. The constitution of 1859 ordains that the Legislature shall encourage the x>romotion of intellectual, moral, scientific, and agricultural improvement, by establishing a uniform system of common schools and schools of a higher grade, embracing normal, preparatory, collegiate, and university departments.7 That there shall be a superintendent of public instruction for the State and one for each county.8 That there shall be a perpetual school fund arising from the sale of certain grants of public lands and from estates of persons dying without heir or will, also the pro¬ ceeds of estrays and of fines, both for exemption from military duty and for breach of penal laws, shall be applied for school purposes in the several counties in which the money is paid or fines collected.9 Provisions shall be made by law for a State university having a perpetual fund arising from the sale or rent of certain grants of public lands and from other grants, donations, or bequests.10 No religious sect or sects shall ever control any part of the common-school or uni¬ versity funds of the State.11 The State superintendent, secretary of State, and attornoy-general shall constitute a board of commissioners for the management and investment of the school fund.13 ADMINISTRATION. For the State and for each county there is a superintendent of public instruction, elected biennially. Each school district is managed by a board of three members elected for three years, with the change of one member annually. STATE SUPERVISION. State superintendent. — The State superintendent before entering upon his duties takes the oath of office and executes a bond in the sum of $10,000 with two or more sureties.13 He has power to appoint an assistant superintendent of public instruction, aud an additional clerk, who shall act as clerk of the board of commissioners of school funds and perform such other duties as the superintendent shall require.14 He shall apportion to each county and distribute the income of the State school fund and the annual taxes for school purposes.15 He shall give official opinions at the request of county superintendents, and keep a record of the same. Before giving such opinion he may consult the attorney-gen¬ eral.16 He shall visit each county of the State at least once in two years, and shall recom¬ mend the most approved text-books for the common schools.17 His biennial report shall be made out and delivered to the Governor on the 1st day of December preceding each regular session of the Legislature. 18 STATE PERMANENT SCHOOL FUND. The board of school-fund commissioners, composed of the State superintendent, secretary of State, and attorney-general, is concerned with the management and in¬ vestment of the State permanent school, State normal-school, and State university funds. The secretary of State is the president of this board, aud the State superintendent is the secretary. In the absence of either of said officers, the attorney-general shall act as president, or as secretary, as the case may require. 1 Code, sec. 1664. 2 Ibid., sec. 1668. * Ibid., sec. 1675. ♦Ibid., sec. 1676. 6 Ibid., sec. 1681. 7 Ibid., art. 6, sec. 2. 8 Ibid., sec. I. 9 Ibid., sec. 6. 11 Ibid., art. 6, sec. 8. 12 Ibid., sec. 9. 13 Laws of 1879, cbap. 166. sec. 78. J5.Ibid., sec. 81. 16 Ibid., sec. 83. 17 Ibid., sec. 85. 18 Ibid., sec. 88. SUMMARY OP STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 91 Tho board meets monthly at the office of the State superintendent.1 2 All moneys belonging to said funds shall bo held by tho State treasurer, subjeot to the order of tho board of commissioners.51 STATE ANNUAL SCHOOL FUND. The State annual school fund consists of tho annual income derived from the interest and rents of tho perpetual school fund.3 This annual fund is further augmented by sums of $50 paid by each insurance company doing business in the State.4 On orders of the State superintendent this fund passes from the custody of the State treasurer to each county treasurer, and thenco to each district treasurer.5 COUNTY SUPERVISION. County superintendents. — The county superintendent, before entering upon the duties of his office, subscribes the proper oath and executes to the State a bond of $1,000.6 It shall be his duty to visit each school in his county at least once each term of six months, to attend the normal institute held in his county, to hold a public meeting in each school district of his county at least once in every year for the purpose of dis¬ cussing school questions and elevating the standard of education. He shall keep a register of the teachers employed in his county, a complete record of his official acts and of the semi-aunual apportionment of the State and county-school funds. Four times a year he shall make an official report to the State superintendent, and until such report is forwarded the warrant for his salary shall not be drawn.7 Also an annual report bearing date of October 1, containing a statement of the num¬ ber of school districts or parts of districts in the county, and the number of children, and their sex, over 5 years old and under 21 ; a statement of the number of district schools iu the county, the length of time a school has been taught in each, the number of scholars attending the same, their sex, the branches taught, and the text-books used, the number of teachers employed in the same and their sex; a statement with similar enumerations of private or select schools, graded schools, the normal school, if any, the normal institute, of academies and colleges ; a statement of the amount of public money received in each district or parts of districts, and amount appropriated to the support of graded schools ; and a statement of the amount, raised by tax in each district, paid for teachers’ wages, school sites, houses and appendages, or for any other lawful purpose.8 The compensation of the superintendent is from $400 to $1,000 per annum, accord¬ ing to the number of the school population.9 COUNTY-SCHOOL FUND. All fines and penalties imposed, and all forfeitures incurred, in any county, shall be paid unto the treasury thereof, to be applied to the support of common schools.10 UNORGANIZED COUNTIES. All unorganized counties in the State, by law attached to organized counties for judicial purposes, are attached to the same counties, respectively, for school purposes.11 The superintendent of public instruction in the county to which any unorganized county is attached, shall appoint a deputy to organize school districts in such unor¬ ganized county, and the deputy shall report to him on all matters pertaining to the schools and school districts, giving such information as the superintendent may re¬ quire as well as that specified by law.13 The inhabitants of school districts in such unorganized counties shall hold annual and special meetings as provided by the general school law. The powers of the quali¬ fied voters, as well as the duties and powers of school-district officers, shall be the same as in organized counties, except as to the issuance of school-district bonds.13 LOCAL SUPERVISION. School districts. — Every school district shall be deemed duly organized when the officers constituting the district board (of three) shall have been elected and quali¬ fied.14 Every school district thus organized, is a body corporate with the usual powers and responsibilities.15 Joint districts, lying partly in two or more counties, may be formed which shall be under the jurisdiction of the superintendent of that county which has the largest amount of territory embraced by such district.16 1 Laws of 1879, chap. 166, sec. 113. 2 Ibid., sec. L22. 3 Laws of 1876, chap. 122, art. 16, sec. 1. •Ibid., sec. 8. 8 Ibid., secs. 2, 6,7. 6 Laws of 1881, chap. 152, sec. 1. 7 Ibid., sec. 2. 8 Ibid. , sec. 5. 9 Ibid., sec. 6. 10 Gen. Stat., chap. 82, sec. 332. 11 Laws of 1879, chap. 159, sec. L 12 Ibid., sec. 2. 13 Laws of 1885, chap. 177, sec. 1. 14 Laws of 1876, chap. 122, art. 3, sec. 1. 15 Ibid., art. 3, sec. 2. 16 Laws of 1879, chap. 158, 6ec. L 92 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. School districts may, at their annual meetings for the election of school officers, in¬ dicate by a majority vote their desire for a county uniformity of text-hooks.1 A majority of the school districts of a county having thus expressed their wish, the county superintendent shall call for one delegate from each municipal township and city of the third class in the county, who, when elected, shall constitute a county text-hook board, whose duty it shall be to select and prescribe the .text-books to be used in each branch taught in the public schools.2 Such a board may be elected once in every five years in each county, and the county superintendent shall be, ex officio, chairman. But when a uniformity of text-books shall be adopted in any county, no change shall be made for a period of five years.3 District officers. — The officers of each school district are a director, clerk, and a treasurer, who constitute the district board. One member is elected annually by the district electors to serve for three years.4 * The director presides at all district meetings, and signs all orders drawn by the clerk upon the treasurer of ihe districts. He also represents the district in all suits, pro and con.b The clerk, besides keeping a record of the proceedings of his district, shall submit arid read to the electors of his district the annual report, embracing the school popu¬ lation. attendance, sex, branches studied, kind of text-books, length of school year, teachers’ wages, funds received and disbursed, and any other statistics which the county superintendent may require.6 The treasurer of each district having filed his bond for double the amount for which he may become responsible, shall receive and disburse the public moneys upon the orders of the director and clerk of the district, shall keep proper records, and make an annual report of the same.7 District board. — The district boardhas care and keeping of all school property, hires teachers, and visits singly or together all the schools of its district at least once a term, as the exigencies of each school may require, examining closely into all matters which would promote the interest and efficiency thereof.8 The district board certifies, annually, the aggregate percentage by it levied on the real and personal property in each district. This levy of taxes is collected by the county treasurer and paid over to the treasurers of the respective school districts.9 The board is authorized to open the school-house for the use of religious, political, literary, scientific, mechanical, or agricultural societies belonging in its district.10 For the purpose of erecting or purchasing one or more school-houses in and for any school district, the board has power to issue the bonds of the district in an amount not to exceed 6 per cent, of its taxable property, provided the question of issuing such bonds has been affirmed by a majority of the electors of such district.11 Library fund. — The several school districts of the State may vote, at the annual meeting, a tax upon all taxable property of the district, of from one-half to two mills on the dollar, according as the taxable property is in excess of $50,000 or less than $20,000. The money collected for this tax shall be used under the direction of the board, for the purchasing of a school-district library, which must be confined to works of history, biography, science, and travels. The district clerk shall serve as librarian, unless some other competent person shall be appointed by the board.12 SCHOOL DISTRICTS, UNION OR GRADED. At a called meeting of the electors of two or more districts the majority may deter¬ mine to unite for the purpose of establishing a graded school in which instruction shall be given in the higher branches. Such a district is organized by the election of a board of directors, consisting of a director, clerk, and treasurer, who shall possess all the powers and discharge all the like duties of the district board of directors.13 The union district shall be entitled to an equitable share of the school funds drawn from the treasurer of each district so uniting, in proportion to the number of children attending said graded school. The board may levy taxes for buildings and neces¬ sary expenses to be governed in all respects bythe law for levying and collecting dis¬ trict taxes. Any single district shall possess power to establish graded schools in like manner as two or more districts united.14 PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN CITIES OF THE FIRST CLASS. In all cities of more than 15,000 inhabitants the board of education shall consist of three members from each ward, if the city has not more than four wards, one of whom 1 Laws of 1885, chap. 171, sec. 1. 2 Ibid., secs. 2, 4. 3 Ibid., secs. G. 7. 9. 4 Laws of 1876, chap. 122, art. 4, sec. 1. E Ibid., sec. 4. 6 Ibid., sec. 8. 'Laws of 1879, chap. 15G, sec. 1; Law3 of 1876, chap. 122, art. 4, secs. 14, 15, 18. 3 Laws of 1876, chap. 122, art. 4, secs. 22, 24, 27. 9 Ibid., sec. 30. 10 Laws of 1876, chap. 125, sec. 1. 11 Laws of 1883, chap. 132, sec. 1. 12 Laws of 187G, chap. 122, art. 8, secs. 1, 2, 3. 13 Ibid., art. 7, secs. 1, 2. 14 Ibid., secs. 3, 49. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 93 in each ward shall he elected annually, and shall hold his office for the term of three years. In each city under this act having more than four wards, the board shall con¬ sist of two members from each ward, one of whom in each ward shall bo elected an¬ nually, and shall hold his office for the term of two years.1 The board of education has power to select its own officers, to make rules and regulations, to establish a high school, and to exercise solo control over the public schools and school property of the city.* The board shall organize by the election of a president and vice-president from its own members, each of whom shall serve for one year. It may elect a clerk and superintendent, who shall not bo a member of the board, and both shall hold otlico during the pleasure of the board. Annual reports are presented to the board by tho president, superintendent, and by the several committees.3 It is the duty of the president to preside at all meetings of the board, to appoint committees, and to sign all warrants ordered by tho board to be drawn upon the eity treasurer for school moueys. 4 The vice-president acts in case of his absence or disability.6 The clerk shall keep a journal of the proceedings of the board, havo the custody of its records, countersign all warrants, keep au account of all financial transactions with the city treasurer, and shall, at least ouce in eveiy three months, publish in said city a statement, under oath, of all moneys paid and received by order of the board. He shall receive a salary not to exceed $1,000 per annum, aud give a bond in the same amount beforo entering upon the duties of his office.0 The city superintendent shall have the charge and control of the public schools, sub¬ ject to the orders, rules, aud by-laws, of the board, and shall receive such compensa¬ tion as the board may deem adequate.7 The treasurer of the city is, ex officio, the treasurer of the board of education, and gives such bond as it may approve. He attends all meetings of the board, if required, aud prepares a monthly statement of its finances. His compensation from the board is $50 per annum.8 The board of education, at such times as it shall deem expedient, shall appoint three competent persons, who are styled “The Examining Committee of the Board of Education,” whose duty it is to issue certificates of competency to teach and of good moral character. Together with such, the board may also elect as teachers any who hold diplomas or certificates from the State board of education.9 The board shall prepare the annual estimate and levy of moneys required for the support of the city public schools, which estimate shall not exceed 7 mills on the dollar, nor shall the schools be kept open more than nine months in the year.10 The title of all property held for the use and benefit of the public schools shall be vested in the board of education.11 The board shall make au annual report of all the schools under its charge.12 No member of the board shall receive any pay or emolument for his service.13 PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN CITIES OF THE SECOND CLASS. All cities having a population over 2,000 and not exceeding 15,000 inhabitants are styled cities of the second class.14 The common schools in each city shall be kept open not less than 3 nor more than 10 months in the year, and shall be free to all children between the ages of 5 and 21. 15 Territory outside the city limits, but adjacent, may be attached to such city for school purposes, the taxable property thereof being subject to taxation aud bearing its proportion of all expenses of the city schools.16 The public schools in cities of this class shall be a body corporate by the name and style of “ The Board of Education of the City of - , of the State of Kansas.”17 At each annual election a board of education, consisting of two members from each ward, is chosen, one of whom shali hold office for two years. No member of the board shall be a member of the council, nor shall any member of the council be a member of the board of education.18 The powers, organization, officers, duties, and responsibilities of the board are essen¬ tially the same as in cities of the lirst class.19 Public schools in incorporated cities which have not less than 250 and not over 2,000 inhabitants, if not otherwise provided for by law, shall be governed by the pro¬ visions of the act which apply to the organization and maintenance of district schools or of union or graded schools.20 1 Laws of 1885, chap. 100, sec. 1. 2 Laws of 1876, chap. 122, art. 10, sec. 4. 8 Ibid.. sec. 5. 4 Tbid., sec. 6. 6 Ibid., sec. 7. •Ibid., secs. 8, 9. 1 Ibid., sec. 8. 8 Laws of 1885, chap. 178, sec. 1 . 9 Laws of 1876, chap. 122, art. 10, sec. 12. 19 Laws of 1881, chap. 149, sec. 2. 11 Laws of 1876, chap. 122, art. 10, sec. 17. 12 Ibid., sec. 20. 13 Ibid., sec. 11. 14 Laws of 187G, chap. 122, art. 11, sec. 1. 15 Ibid., sec. 2. 16 Ibid., art. 11, sec. 3. 17 Ibid., sec. 4. 18Ibid., sec. 7. 19 Ibid., secs. 9 to 32. 20 Ibid., art 12, sec. 1. 94 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. No portion of tlie corporation of a city of tire tliird class sliall be detached from the school district in which the city is located, and the whole of such corporation shall remain in one school district for the purpose of schools and taxation.1 Duties of teachers. — The teachers of every district or graded school are required to keep a daily record of attendance, deportment and recitation of each pupil, and to file with the district clerk at the close of each term a full report of the entire num¬ ber of pupils admitted, male and female, the text-books used, branches taught, and any other matter which the district board or eounty superintendent may require, under penalty of forfeiting the last month’s wages.2 NORMAL INSTITUTES. The county superintendents shall hold annually, in their respective counties, for a term of not less than four weeks, a normal institute for the instruction of teachers and those desiring to teach. For this purpose two or more counties may be united in the sparsely-settled portions of the State.3 For the support of these institutes a fee of $1 is charged for each teacher’s certifi¬ cate, and a registration fee of $1 from each person attending the institute, while the board of county commissioners may appropriate, as may be deemed necessary, to the extent of $100. 4 State aid in the sum of $50 is also available when 50 names are registered at any institute.5 BOARD OF COUNTY EXAMINERS. In each county there is a board of county examiners, composed of the county super¬ intendent, who is, ex officio, chairman, and two persons of competent education ap¬ pointed by the county commissioners on the nomination of the county superintendent. They serve one year and receive a sum not to exceed $12 in any one quarter of the year.6 This board, on the last Saturday of January, April, October, and at the close of the county normal school, holds public examinations for all persons proposing to teach in the common schools of the county (cities of the first and second class excepted).7 The certificates issued by county boards are of three grades, first, second, and third, and continue in force 3 years, 2 years, and 1 year.8 Certificates of the first grade are issued to persons not under 18 years, who have taught successfully 12 school month's, and certify that holders are proficient in the common English branches, including Constitution of the United States, book-keeping, physiology, hygiene, theory and practice of teaching, and elements of natural phi¬ losophy.9 The second grade are issued to persons not under 17 years, who have taught suc¬ cessfully not less than 3 months, and who are competent to teach all the branches prescribed for first-grade certificates except book-keeping and the elements of natural philosophy.10 STATE BOARD OF EXAMINERS. There is a State board of education, consisting of the State superintendent of pub¬ lic instruction, the chancellor of the State University, the president of the State Ag¬ ricultural College, and the principals of the State normal schools at Emporia and Leavenworth. This board is authorized to issue State diplomas to teachers of unexceptionable moral character, of eminent professional experience and ability, and who have taught for 2 years in the State. Such diplomas shall be valid for life in any part of the State, unless revoked by the State board of education.11 This board is further authorized to issue State certificates to teachers having the proper qualifications. These are of two grades, one for 3 years and one for 5 years. They are valid in any part of the State unless sooner revoked.1'3 The board also prepares a series of questions for use in the examination of teachers by the county boards of examiners, which are forwarded by the State superintendent to the several county superintendents.13 No certificate shall be granted to any person after January 1, 1886, who has not passed a satisfactory examination in elementary physiology and hygiene, with special reference to the effects of alcohol, stimulauts, and narcotios upon the human system ; and provision shall be made for instructing all pupils in each public school upon these topics.14 SCHOOLS. The district schools shall at all times be equally free to all resident children over 5 and under the age of 21 years.15 • 1 Laws of 1876, chap. 122, art. 12, sec. 2. s Ibid., art. 6, sec. 1. Laws of 1877, chap. 136, sec. 1. 4 Ibid., sec. 3. 6 Ibid., sec. 6. s Laws, chap. 175, sec. L 7 Ibid., sec. 2. 8 Ibid., sec. 3. 9 Ibid., sec. 4. 10 Ibid., sec. 5. 11 Laws of 1876, chap. 122, art 6, sec. 7. 12 Ibid., sec. 8. 13 Laws, chap. 180, secs. 1, 2. 14 Ibid., chap. 169, sec. 1. 16 Laws of 1876, chap. 122,art. 5. sec. 3. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 95 No school district in which a common school has not boon maintained at least three months in each year shall be entitled to receive any portion of the State school funds.1 A school month consists of 4 weeks of 5 days each of 6 hours per day.2 Whenever there is not sutlicient public money to support a public school tho length of time determined by the electors of the district, then the district board may assess a tuition fee, proportioned to tho number of days each pupil has been in actual at¬ tendance during the term.3 In all school districts in which there is a good and sufficient school building, a school shall be maintained for a period of not less than 4 months, between the 1st day of October and the 1st day of June in each school year.4 Should tho legal voters of any district neglect, refuse, or fail to provide a levy of tax sufficient for a school of 4 mouths, the, county superintendent, in conjunction with the county commissioners, shall immediately make an estimate of the amount necessary, have the same placed upon the tax roll of tho county, and such tax shall be collected in like manner as other taxes.5 The county superintendent, upon the failure or refusal of tho directors to provide and maintain a school as contemplated by this act, shall hire a teacher or teachers, provide fuel and appendages for the maintenance of a school for at least 4 months, and the treasurer of such district shall pay the amounts due upon the order of such county superintendent. And any qualified voter of such district may bring suit against the county superintendent for failure to comply with the provisions of this act. Nevertheless, these provisions shall not apply to school districts which will be re¬ quired to levy more than 1 per cent, to support such school.6 In each school district shall be taught in the English language, orthography, read¬ ing, writing, English grammar, geography, and arithmetic, and such other branches as may be determined by the district board.7 No sectarian or religious doctrines shall be taught or inculcated in any of the public schools of the city, though the reading of the Holy Scriptures is not hereby pro¬ hibited.8 Children between the ages of 8 and 14 years are required to attend either a public or a private school for at least 12 weeks in each year, 6 weeks of which time shall be con¬ secutive, unless excused by the proper authorities.9 The penalty for violation of this act on the part of parents or guardians is a line of from $5 to $20. 10 School officers are required to investigate all cases of neglect under this act, and to prosecute them under penalty of a fihe of not less than $20 nor more than $50. 11 KENTUCKY. EDUCATIONAL PROVISIONS OP THE STATE CONSTITUTION, 1850. The capital of the fund called the 11 Common-School Fund,” together with any sum which may be hereafter raised in the State for the purpose of education shall be held inviolate, in order to sustain a system of common schools from the income thereof.”13 A superintendent of public instruction shall be elected by tyre qualified voters of the Commonwealth to hold office for 4 years, at the same time the Governor is elected. 13 ADMINISTRATION. The common schools of Kentucky are managed by a State board of education, State and county superintendents, and district trustees. In city, town, or village districts the proper officers shall report annually to the county superintendent, but he shall have no control over the schools in such districts, the same being governed in all respects by the local authorities.14 STATE SUPERVISION. Board of education . — The superintendent of public instruction, the secretary of State, the attorney-general, together with two professional teachers to be elected by them, shall be a body corporate styled "The Board of Education of Kentucky.”15 The superintendent is president of the board, and with two other members may control its corporate action at any regular or called meeting.16 The State board of education constitutes a standing committee, who shall prepare rules, by-laws, and regulations for the government of the common schools, which shall be adopted and enforced under the authority and direction of the county super¬ intendent, in all cases where the trustees shall fail to enforce the same ; they shall 1 Const., art. 6, sec. 4. 6 Ibid., sec. 3. 11 Ibid., sec. 3. 2 Laws of 1876, chap. 122, art. 5, 7 Laws of 1877, chap. 170, sec. 1. 12 Sch. LawsoflSS-fart.ll.sec.l. sec. 2. 8 Laws of 1876, chap. 122, art. 10, 13 Ibid., sec. 2. 3 Ibid., sec. 6. sec. 22. 14 Ibid., art. 7, sec. 7. 4 Laws of 1881, chap. 150, sec. 1. 9 Laws of 1874, chap. 123, sec. 1. 15 Ibid., art. 4, sec. L 8 Ibid., sec. 2. 10 Ibid., sec. 2. 16 Ibid., sec. 3. 96 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. select and recommend a proper conrse of study and suitable lists of text-books for the guidance of tbe trustees, winch books shall not be changed oftener than once every five years.1 The board has the power to require county superintendents and trustees to make special reports, to keep in existence the State Teachers’ Association, and to cause the annual meeting of three model State teachers’ institutes of three- weeks session each, at one of which the annual meeting of the State Teachers’ Association shall be held. Each institute shall be under the supervision of the State superintendent, but UDder the immediate conduct of an expert normal teacher, with the necessary assistants, all of whom shall be selected by the board through the State superintendent.2 Superintendent of public instruction. — The superintendent of public instruction shall take the oath and enter upon the duties of his office on the first Monday succeeding the inauguration of the Governor.3 His salary is $2,500 per annum, and he has power to appoint two clerks, o$e at $1,500 and the other at $850 per annum.4 He shall report biennially to the General Assembly the condition, progress, and pros¬ pects of the common schools ; the amount and condition of the school fund and how distributed ; the amount produced from local taxation, and how and for what dis¬ bursed; an abstract of the county superintendent’s report ; the practical workings of the common-school system of the State, with suggestions as to any alterations re¬ quired.6 In his report he shall set forth the objects, methods of admission, &c., of the insti¬ tutions for the blind, the deaf and dumb, and the feeble-minded.6 He is empowered to hear appeals and to construe the common-school laws. Before rendering an opinion he may obtain the advice of the attorney-general.7 In case of any donation or devise of property, he is authorized to appoint an agent, under proper bond, having the same power as an administrator or executor, in order to bring the proceeds into the treasury of Kentucky.8 He may visit annually any and different portions of the State for the purpose of in¬ vestigating and directing the operations of the common-school system, and of promot¬ ing by addresses or otherwise the cause of popular education.9 STATE SCHOOL FUND. The school fund shall consist of the fund dedicated by the constitution and laws of the Commonwealth for the purpose of sustaining a system of common schools therein.10 (1) The interest on the bond of the Commonwealth for $1,327,000, at the rate of 6 per cent. (2) The dividends on some capital stock of the Bank of Kentucky, representing a par value of $73,500, owned by the State. (3) The interest on the bond issued for surplus, due the couuties by the State, at the rate of 6 per cent. (4) The annual State tax of 22 cents on each $100 of the taxable property of the State. (5) The annual tas of 50 cents on each $100 of the capital stock of the Farmers’ Bank of Kentucky, of the Bank of Kentucky, of the Farmers’ and Drovers’ Bank, and of the Bank of Shelbyville. (6) All other moneys and property, taxes, fines, and forfeitures expressly set apart in aid of common schools.11 All officers whose duty it is to collect the special taxes, fines, and forfeitures for the school fund shall report annually to the superintendent of public iustruction.12 The net revenue of the fund accruing during each school year shall constitute the sum to be distributed, which shali not be used for any other purpose than the pay¬ ment of teachers of common schools legally qualified and employed.13 The pro rata apportionment is based upon the whole number of children between the ages of Band 20 years in the State, ascertained and estimated by the superin¬ tendent of public instruction. The proportion for each county and school district is determined by the annual census returns of the same.14 If any portion of the revenue previously apportioned to a county be not called for during any school year the same shall remain in the treasury to the credit of the county, to be distributed the succeeding year, as the interest on the bond for surplus is now distributed.16 COUNTY SUPERVISION. The county superintendent shall possess moral character, ability to manage the common-school interests, and be competent to examine the teachers who may apply. 1 Sob. Laws of 1S84, art. 4, sec. 5. 2 Ibid., sec. 9. 8 Ibid., art. 5, sec. 1. 6 Ibid., sec. 6. 7 Ibid., sec. 12. 8 Ibid., sec. 13. 9 Ibid., sec. 14. 1° Tbirt. art. 2. : 11 Ibid., see. 2. 12 Ibid., sec. 4. 13 Ibid., secs. 5, 7. 4 Ibid., sec. 2. 6 Ibid., sec. 5. 10 Ibid., art. sec. 1. M Ibid., sec. 8. 16 Ibid., sec. 9* SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 97 No person shall l>o eligible to the office who is not 24 years old, a citizen of the United States, and who has not resided two years next preceding his oloction in the State, and one year in the county.1 2 Ho is elected by the qualified voters of each county every two years.3 No person is eligible, until he shall have first procured a certificate from the judge of the circuit court of the county in which he shall be a candidate, that he has been publicly examined before said judge by a person appointed by him, and that he is qualified to discharge the duties of county superintendent as required by law.3 No county judge, justice oftho peace, circuit clerk, county clerk, county attorney, sheriff, coroner, assessor, or employed teacher shall hold the office of county superin¬ tendent.4 * Before entering upon his duties, he shall take the oath of office and give bond ap¬ proved by the county court for the faithful discharge of his duties.6 He shall at least once during the year visit each district school of his county, con¬ demn any school-house unfit to be occupied, and make a census report annually, to the State sunerinteudeut of the school population in each district.6 On or before the 10th day of January, February, May, and the 1st day of July in every year, ho shall make a sworn report to the State superintendent, showing the districts in which schools have been taught for a full session or for one-half the ses¬ sion, in order that the proportionable amounts due for teachers’ wages may be drawn from the State treasury.7 The penalty for falsifying such reports is from §200 to §500 or imprisonment for 6 mouths, or both.8 He shall make an annual report to the State superintendent, showing in tables of details the school districts of his county by number ; the districts in which schools were taught, and the length of time taught; and those in which no schools were taught; the highest, lowest, and average number of children at school; the cost of tuition of each child ; number of private schools, academies, and colleges, and length of session ; the number of teachers employed and average wages for both male and female ; amount of money received for common schools by local tax or otherwise, and for what disbursed ; number and kind of school-houses and value of each ; number built and value of each; number of district libraries, and number of volumes in each, and the increase during the year; the amount he has received for official compensa¬ tion and expenses.9 He shall keep an official record of all moneys and of business transacted; shall have the disposition of county funds coming into liishands ; the oversight of special taxes, fines, and forfeitures ; shall hold in trust any devise, gift, or donation ; shall conduct or superintend the examination of teachers and pay them their salaries, and for cause may suspend or remove a teacher or trustee.10 # COUNTY TAXES. In any county the legal voters may authorize the levying of a tax in aid of com¬ mon schools therein.11 The amount of tax assessed in no case shall exceed 25 cents on each §100, nor §1 on each poll.13 The officers collecting the taxes shall pay the same to the county superintendent, to be distributed by him in the same manner as he disposes of the fund apportioned to him, by the superintendent of public instruction.13 If at the time the vote is taken for a county tax, any district shall have imposed upon itself a tax in aid of its common schools, equal to or in excess of the one voted by the county, then no part of the tax voted by the county shall be collected in said uistrict ; but if any district shall have imposed a less tax than that provided by the county vote, such district tax shall not be collected so long as the county tax is col¬ lected.14 When any town or city shall have a separate representation in the Legislature, or separate school organization, such city or town shall not vote with the county on the imposition of any tax to be levied in such county. Louisville, Newport, and Coving¬ ton, shall not participate in the election of a county superintendent for their respect¬ ive counties.15 DISTEIOT TRUSTEES. Each school district is under the control of 3 trustees, one of whom is elected au- nually, by the qualified voters of the district for the term of 3 years. Any widow having a child between 6 and 20 years old may also vote.16 The trustees are a body politic and corporate, and their private seals or scrolls shall stand in lieu cf a corporate seal.17 1 Sell. Laws of 1884, art. 6, sec. 1. 2 Ibid., sec. 2. 3 Ibid., sec. 4. 4 Ibid., sec. 5. 6 Ibid., sec. 6. 6 Ibid., secs. 7, 8. 7 Ibid., sec. 9. 8 Ibid., sec. 10. 9 Ibid., sec. 12. 19 Ibid., secs. 14, 15, 16, 21, 22, 24. 11 Ibid., art. 3, sec. 1. 12 Ibid., sec. 2. 13 Ibid, art. 6, sec. 7. 14 Ibid., sec. 8. 15 Ibid., see. 9. 16 Ibid., art. 8, sec. L 17 Ibid., sec. 4. FD So - 7 98 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. They shall keep a record of official transactions, open at all times to the inspection of the county superintendent.1 The trustees, with the consent of the county superintendent, may purchase school sites, erect school buildings, and provide furniture and apparatus. To this end they may assess both per capita and property taxes within legal limits. Also a poll-tax of not more than $2, for incidental expenses, of parents who actually patronize the school.2 They shall employ a qualified teacher, agree with him as to compensation, and for good cause may remove him, subject to the approval of the county superintendent.3 When a school begins, one of the trustees, within 5 days, shall visit the same ; thereafter, once a month. They have power to suspend or expel a pupil.4 They shall make for the county superintendent an annual census of the school pop¬ ulation of the district, under a penalty for failure or fraud.6 Also a report for pro rata revenue of the district, and an annual report to the county superintendent, which shall contain a detailed statement of all matters per¬ taining to their official conduct.6 In addition to being fined for neglect of duty or misfeasance in office, the trustees shall be removed from office by the county superintendent.7 SCHOOL DISTRICTS. When it shall appear to the county superintendent that a district in his county is not adapted to the accommodation of the pupils, or that a new district is necessary, he shall report the same to the judge of the county court, whose duty it shall be to appoint some suitable citizen of the county, who, together with the county surveyor and the county superintendent, shall form a commission to reform such district or to lay off and define a new one. No district so laid off shall contain an area of more than 9 "square miles, unless it shall be necessary to enlarge the size so as to include 20 school children.8 No change shall be made in the boundary of a district as reported by the commis¬ sion, except by order of the county- court after one month’s notice and satisfactory proof to the court that the change is indispensably necessary.9 No district shall include more than 100 school children, unless it contains a town or village, except in cases of extreme necessity, and in no case less than 20. Each school-house shall be located as near the centre of the district as practicable.10 A district may be composed of parts of 2 adjoining counties, and shall be reported only as belonging to that county in which the school-house may be situated. 11 When a city, town, or village establishes a system of common schools adequate to the instruction of all the children therein, with tuition free, the same shall be deemed one district and entitled to its proportion of the school fund.12 But this act is not to affect, modify, or repeal any local or special law which estab¬ lishes any city or town in one district, but the same shall be governed in all Aspects by the local laws and authorities. 13 DISTRICT LIBRARIES. When, by contribution, purchase, or otherwise. 40 volumes can be collected, the district trustees may organize a library in connection with the district school for the use of the district. But none of the school revenues from general taxation shall be used for this purpose.14 The library may be kept in the district school-house, the teacher acting as librarian. The trustees are accountable for its care and preservation and have power to assess and collect all fines and fees, reporting annually to the county superintendent.15 The State board of education shall prepare a list of books suitable for school libra¬ ries, with uniform rules and regulations for their management and membership.16 TEACHERS. Certificates. — Teachers in the common schools must possess certificates, signed either by two members of the county board or two members of the State board of examiners. The certificates are either first, second, or third class. Second-class certificates expire in 2 years and third-class in 1 year. A first-class certificate is valid for 4 years, and may be renewed, without a fee, for 4 years more by the county superintendent. But no certificate is valid out of the county in which it is granted. The State board of education defines the qualifications necessary to procure a certificate of each class.17 Board of examination. — The county superintendent, with two competent persons appointed by himself, constitute a county board of examiners. These persons sub- 1 Sell. Laws of 1884, art. 8, sec. 5. 2 Ibid., secs. 6, 7, 8. 3 Ibid., sec. 9. 4 Ibid., sec. 21. 6 Ibid., sec. 12. 6 Ibid., sec. 13. 7 Ibid., sec. 17. 8 Ibid., art. 7, sec. 1. 9 Ibid., sec. 2. 10 Ibid., sec. 3. 11 Ibid., sec. 4. 12 Ibid., sec. 7. 13 Ibid., sec. 8. 14 Ibid., art. 1 1, sec. 1. 15 Ibid., sec. 2. 16 Ibid., sec. 4. 17 Ibid., art. 9, sec. L SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 99 scribe an oath to faithfully discharge their duties, and tlioy share proportionally the proceeds of a dollar fee for each examination.1 The superintendent of public instruction appoints two professional educators, who, together with himself, constitute a State board of examiners, who shall examine teachers applying for State certificates.2 The State certificate is evidence that tlio teacher is possessed of good moral char¬ acter, a knowledge of the common-school branches, together with physiology and hygiene, and a fair ability to teach and govern a school. It is valid for 5 years, and if the teacher shall have taught continuously during that time, it may be renewed by the State board without his passing another exam¬ ination. The fee for this certificate is $3, and it is divided proportionally between the two members of the board appointed by the superintendent.3 Duties. — It is the duty of each teacher to keep a register, and at the close of the term to make a report to the county superintendent of the number of pupils enrolled, highest, lowest, and average number in attendance, number of pay pupils, and any other matters of interest and importance. For willful neglect or failure to do so, the county superintendent shall withhold $20 of his salary due.4 Teachers shall faithfully enforce the course of study and the regulations prescribed, under penalty of dismissal. They have power to suspend from school any pupil for good cause, reporting the case to the trustees in writing, or appealing the same to the county superintendent, whose decision shall be final.5 An assistant teacher may be employed when the regular daily attendance is 50, and in no case shall less than 2 teachers be employed when the regular daily at¬ tendance is 60 or more.6 . Teachers' institutes — Between the 1st of July and the 1st of September the county superintendent shall organize, annually, a teachers’ institute, which every teacher must attend for the full session of not less than 4 days. There is no reduction of teachers’ wages during this vacation of the schools ; but in case of non-attendance the certificate is forfeited, unless satisfactory excuse has been rendered.7 The superintendent of public instruction may appoint able normal instructors to conduct these institutes, who are paid by the county superintendent from the insti¬ tute fund derived from a fee of $2 from each one attending the same.8 At each session of the institute every subject embraced in the common-school course shall be illustrated and discussed, together with every feature of school organization and management; and the common-school laws of the State shall be read and ex¬ pounded.9 County teachers ’ association. — During the session of the institute there may be held a county teachers’ association, and an evening of 2 hours may be daily set apart for this purpose. The objects of such association shall be primarily to discuss and devise the best ways and means of promoting the interests of common schools and the improvement of teachers.10 The county superintendent in his annual report shall mention the time and place of holding the teachers’ institute, the name of the conductor, number of persons reg¬ istered, sum collected, number of teachers of common schools who did not attend, and such other information concerning the institute and the association as he may consider interesting and important.11 SCHOOLS. No school shall be deemed a “ common school,” nor be entitled to any contribution out of the school fund, unless the same has been actually kept by a qualified teacher for 3 months in districts having 35 pupils or less, for 4 months in districts having more than 35 and less than 45 pupils, and for 5 months in districts having 45 or more during the same school year, between the ages of 6 and 20 years. There is nothing to prevent a person over 20 years old from attending a common school if he pays tuition fees.12 A school kept for a part of the year as a common school, may be kept for the re¬ mainder of the year as a private school, available only to contributors.13 The school year begins on the 1st day of July and ends on the 30th of June. Twenty school days constitute a school month.14 The following branches of study are prescribed by the State board of education : Reading1 spelling, writing, arithmetic, English grammar, English composition, geog¬ raphy, Linited States history, and laws of health. In any district where as,,many as one-third of the pupils are the children of other than English-speaking parents, their respective languages may be added to the foregoing course of study.15 Free text-books are to be supplied to indigent orphan children in any county by the county judge, the amount paid not to exceed $100 in any one year.16 1 Sch. Laws of 1884, art. 9, secs. 6 Ibid., art. 1, sec. 7. 12 Ibid., art. 1, sec. 8. 2,3. 7 Ibid., art. 10, secs. 1,2. 13 Ibid., sec. 4. 2 Ibid., sec. 6. | Ibid., secs. 3, 5. 14 Ibid., secs. 5, 6. 3 Ibid., sec. 7. " Ibid., sec. 6.- 15 Ibid., art. 4, see. 6. 4 Ibid., sec. 4. 10 Ibid., sec. 7. 16 Ibid., sec. 7. 6 Ibid., sec. 5. 11 Ibid., sec. 8. 100 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER or EDUCATION. When any family shall have any infectious or contagions disease, no member shall attend any school until permitted by the trustees.1 Willful disobedience and defiance of the teacher, habitual profanity and vulgarity, or other gross conduct, shall constitute good cause for suspension, dismission, or ex¬ pulsion from school.3 No publications of a sectarian, infidel, or immoral character shall be used or distrib¬ uted in any common school.3 Certificates of graduation, signed T)y the county board of examiners, together with the indorsement and official seal of the State superintendent, are issued to pupils of the common school who have faithfully completed the prescribed course of study.4 COLORED SCHOOLS. All sums arising from any donation, grant, or devise, designed to aid in the educa¬ tion of the colored children of the State, shall be held and used for the purpose spec¬ ified.5 The county shall be laid off into suitable districts, so that no district shall contain more than 100 nor less than 20 colored children of pupil age.6 Colored school trustees for each colored school district shall be elected at the same time and manner that white trustees are elected. The district taxes, votes, schools, and attendance thereof shall strictly conform to the color line.7 The colored school officers and teachers shall be organized into teachers’ institutes, for themselves, in like manner as the whites. There is likewise equal provision for the establishment of a teachers’ association.8 LOUISIANA. ESTABLISHMENT OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The State constitution of J 879 provides for the establishment of free public schools, for the education of all children of the State, between the ages of 6 and 18 years, to to be maintained by taxation or otherwise.9 Nothing is said, either in the constitution or in the school laws, as to compulsory at¬ tendance. Each parish (county) is divided into wards or school districts, and to these the school funds are apportioned according to the number of persons in each ward or dis¬ trict between the ages of 6 and 18 years.10 Women over 21 years of age shall be eligi¬ ble to any office of control or management under the school laws of this State.11 LEGAL SCHOOL POPULATION. The assessors of the different parishes of the State (the parish of Orleans excepted), every two years, on or before the tenth day of November, make an enumeration of all the youths of school age (designating the number of each sex), in each school district or ward into which the parish is divided. Duplicate lists of such enumeration are prepared; one is delivered to the president of the board of school directors, the other transmitted to the State superintendent of public education.13 STATE SUPERVISION. All free public schools are under the control of a State board of education, com¬ posed of the Governor, the lieutenant-governor, the secretary of State, the attorney- general, the State superintendent of public education, and two citizens of the United States (who have resided in the State for at least two years), appointed by the Gov¬ ernor for a term of four years.13 The State board of education, having general control of all the public schools of the State, makes rules and regulations for the government of same ;u the State super¬ intendent, elected quadrennially by the people,15 is secretary and executive officer of the board,16 and is charged with the general supervision of all the parish boards of education and of all the common, high, and normal schools of the State ; he must see that the school system is carried into effect and put into uniform operation,17 and must make quarterly apportionments of State school money.18 STATE TAX. For the maintenance of public schools, an annual poll-tax, not less than Si uor more than $1.50, is levied upon every voter,19 and by act of the Legislature which met in 1884, the State appropriation for public schools was increased from 1 to 1£ mills on the dollar.20 1 Sch. Laws of 1884, art. 13, sec. 7. 2 Ibid., art. 1, sec. 8. 3 Ibid., sec. 9. 4 Ibid., sec. 10. 5 Ibid., art. la, sec. 1. 6 Ibid., sec. 2. 7 Ibid., sec. 4. 8 Ibid., secs. 5, 6. 9 Const, of 1879, art. 224. 10 Sch. Laws of 1877, p. 11 ; also Const. 1879, p. 54. 11 Const., art. 232. J2 Sch. Laws of 1877, p. 31. 13 Ibid., art. 1, sec. 1. 14 Ibid., art. 2, sec. 2. 15 Const, of 1879, art. 225, and 16 art. 1 of sec. 1 of Sch. Laws of 1877. 17 Sec. 23 of art 21. 18 Sch. Laws, art. 26, sec. 26. 19 Const, of 1879, art. 208. 20 Louisiana -Journal of Educa¬ tion, Oct., 1884, p. 197. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 101 Tlio school funds consist of: 1. The procoeds of taxation for school purposes, as provided by the constitution. 2. The interest on the proceeds of all public lands which have been granted by the United States to the State, for the use and support of public schools. [For the free-sohool fund this interest annually amounts to $45,234.70 ; for the seminary fund, $5,440 ; for State Agricultural and Mechanical Col¬ lege fund, $9,115.65.] 3. Lands and other property which may be bequeathed, granted, or donated to the State for school purposes. 4. All funds or property other than unim¬ proved lands, bequeathed or granted to the State, not designated for other purposes. 5. The proceeds of vacant estates falling under the law to tho State.1 The amount of school fund apportioned to each parish by the Stato superintendent is paid by the State treasurer to the treasurer of that parish board, upon tho war¬ rant of the president, countersigned by the secretary thereof. The poll-tax collected in any parish is appropriated to that parish.2 The parish treasurer pays out the school funds intrusted to his charge, on warrants drawn by tho president and countersigned by the secretary of the parish school board.3 No funds raised for the support of the public schools of the State shall be appropri¬ ated or used for the support of any sectarian schools.1 EDUCATION OF TEACHERS. A State normal school, located by the State board at Natchitoches, is established under provisions of act No. 57, session of 1884.4 * EDUCATION IN HIGHER AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES. The “ Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College” is rec¬ ognized by the constitution of 1879, and provision made for the maintenance of the same. Provision is also made for the establishment in the city of New Orleans of a university for the education of “persons of color.”6 COUNTY SUPERVISION. Parishes have (with the exception of Orleans Parish), each 5 to 9 directors of public schools, appointed by the State board for four-year terms, and a parish superintend¬ ent of public schools, appointed by the board of directors. The board of directors has general supervision and control of schools in the parish ; appoints a special committee to examine persons desiring to teach in the parish, and prescribes rules and regula¬ tions for the government of all schools under its control; the parish superintendent acts as secretary of the board.6 TEXT-BOOES. Text-books are selected by the State board of education, and when selected cannot be changed for four years.7 LOCAL SUPERVISION. The public schools of the city of New Orleans are under the direction and control of a board of directors of the city schools ; this board consists of 20 members, 8 ap¬ pointed by the State board of education and 12 appointed by the board of adminis¬ trators of the city of New Orleans, and appoints, for the constant supervision and periodical examinations of the city public schools, a chief superintendent, who holds his office for a term of four years.3 Visiting trustees for each ward or district of parishes may be appointed by the parish board ; such trustees to make to the parish board reports of the condition, prospects, and needs of the schools.9 SCHOOL PROPERTY. Apparatus and furniture for schools and school-houses are provided by the parish boards of directors.10 teachers; how selected and paid. All teachers of the free public schools (except in the parish of Orleans), are ap¬ pointed by the parish boards of directors. In the city of New Orleans they are ap¬ pointed by the board of directors of city public schools. No teacher in the city schools is appointed permanently, without a previous probation of at least three-months service in a manner satisfactory to the chief superintendent and the “committee on teachers.” All teachers, whether in parish or city schools, must be of good moral character, and pass a satisfactory examination.2 1 Const., arts. 228, 229, 238. 6 Acts of 1882, number 70. 2 Sch. Laws of 1877, p. 21. 7 Sch. Laws of 1877, p. 10. 3Ibid., p. 14. s ibid. 4 See p. 1 88 of Report of State superintendent of 9 Acts of Gen. Assm. of 1882, pp. 90, 91, 92. public education of 1884-85. 10 Ibid., p. 91. 6 Const, of 1879, arts. 230, 231. 102 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. LOCAL TAXES. Any parish may order a levy of 2 mills on the dollar in any year on all taxable property in the parish, to be used for the support of the free public schools.1 * The hoard of administrators of the city of New Orleans is authorized and directed in making up the budget of city expenses, to include therein, the amount needed to sustain the city schools during the current school year, provided the amount does not exceed $275, 000.3 EXTRACTS FROM RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THE STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION. The public schools shall be designated as elementary, high, and normal schools. In the elementary schools there shall be taught spelling, oral and written ; reading, penmanship, drawing, geography, arithmetic, familiar science (object lessons), physiology and hygiene, and civil government. The high schools shall be for the continued instruction of such youth, over 14 years of age, as are competent to pur¬ sue those branches which will tit them for business pursuits, or for admission into the normal schools, or to the Agricultural and Mechanical College, or Tulane University. The normal schools shall be for the general improvement of young teachers and for the professional training of such graduates of the high schools aS desire to teach. In every school district shall be kept open, at least 24 weeks in each year, a suffi¬ cient number of schools for the instruction of all children who may legally attend public schools therein. A public examination in all the schools shall be held at least once in each year. The presidents or secretaries of parish boards of school directors shall, in addition to the regular reports required of them by law, make to the State superintendent, in connection therewith, full and complete reports as to the condition and amount of the school lands in their districts. MAINE. ESTABLISHMENT OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The constitution of 1820 authorizes and empowers the Legislature to require the several towns to make suitable provision, at their own expense, for the support and maintenance of public schools.3 Every child between the ages of 9 and 15 years must attend a public school for at least 12 weeks in each year, unless excused by the school officers.4 Every parent who does not send his children to school as above required, forfeits not exceeding $5 to the treasurer of the town, for school purposes;5 every boy be¬ tween the ages of 9 and 15 who refuses or neglects to comply with the above law, for¬ feits not exceeding $5. 6 LEGAL SCHOOL POPULATION. The school population includes all persons between the ages of 4 and 21 years. A certified list of the names and ages of all resident persons in each school district from 4 to 21 years is returned to the assessors and school committee in April, annually, by the school agent of the district. If school agent neglects to make return, the school committee must do so.7 These returns are forwarded to the State superintendent of common schools, annu¬ ally, in May or June, by the school committees, and ho, annually, on the first day of July, ascertains the number of children of school age in the towns from which returns have been received, and furnishes a list thereof to the treasurer of the State.8 MINIMUM LENGTH OF SCHOOL YEAR. There is no prescribed length of the school year. Five days constitute the school week and four weeks a school month.9 PRESCRIBED STUDIES. Instruction must be given to all pupils in all schools supported by public money or under State control in physiology and hygiene, with special reference to the effects of alcoholic drinks, stimulants, and narcotics upon the human system.10 STATE SUPERVISION. For the general supervision of the schools there is a State superintendent of com¬ mon schools, appointed triennially by the Governor, with the advice and consent of the council. His duties are to obtain and disseminate information relating to school systems; to take necessary measures for holding State educational conventions; to hold county 1Scli. Laws of 1877, art. 26, sec. 4 Sell. Laws, sec. 24, pp. 9, 10. 8 Ibid., secs. 90, 106. 28. 5 Ibid. sec. 25. 9 Ibid., sec. 87. 2 Ibid., art. 29. 6 Ibid., sec. 26. 19 Ibid., p. 31, act of 18S5. 3 Const, of 1820, art. 8. 7 Ibid., secs. 94, 89. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 103 institutes; to publish abstracts of proceedings of such conventions ; to prescribe the studies to bo taught in tho common schools ; to make report to the Governor and council annually; in short, to exorcise general supervision and control of all tho publio schools.1 2 STATE TAX. A tax of 1 mill on a dollar is annually assessed upon all proporty in the Stato, for tho support of common schools.3 STATE SCHOOL FUND. The permanent school fund consists of all moneys received from sales of lands, ap¬ propriated for the support of schools, or from notes taken therefor, and of any other moneys appropriated for tho same purpose. A sum equal to 6 per cent, of such fund, together with all money received by the State from the tax on banks, is annually appropriated to the support of common schools and distributed among the several towns, according to the number of children therein between the ages of 4 and 21 years. Immediately after making the annual apportionment in July, the treasurer of State notifies each town of its proportion, which shall not be paid to any town until its return is made to the superintendent of common schools, nor so long as any State tax assessed upon such town remains unpaid. The mill tax for the support of common schools is distributed by the treasurer of State on the first day of January, annually, to the several cities, towns, and planta¬ tions, according to the number of scholars therein, as the same shall appear from the official return made to the State superintendent for the preceding year.3 EDUCATION OF TEACHERS. The course of instruction in the State normal schools includes the common English branches in thorough reviews, and such of the higher branches as are especially adapted to prepare teachers to conduct the mental, moral, and physical education of their pupils ; also the art of school management, including the best methods of government and instruction.4 Whenever not less than 30 teachers and school officers of any county form an associa¬ tion, under rules of government approved by the State superintendent, for the pur¬ pose of mutual improvement in the science and art of teaching, and of diffusing a knowledge of the best methods of improving the public-school system, by the holding of conventions at least once a year, under the supervision of the State su^rintendent, the State defrays the necessary expenses of holding such conventions ; Provided , That not more than two such associations are to be formed in any county, and the expenses of no more than two conventions of any such association in any year are to be de¬ frayed by the State.5 EDUCATION OF DEFECTIVE, DEPENDENT, AND DELINQUENT CHILDREN. The Governor, with the approval of the council, may send such deaf persons as he deems fit subjects for instruction, at the expense of the State, to the American Asy¬ lum, at Hartford, Conn., or to the Portland School for the Deaf, at Portland, as the parents or guardians may designate in their written application for aid.6 EDUCATION IN HIGHER AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES. To any town, union of towns, or districts establishing and maintaining a free high school for at least 10 weeks in any one year, the State pays one-half the amount expended for instruction in said school, the amount thus paid by the State not to exceed $250. No town can receive such State aid, unless its appropriation and expend¬ itures for such school have been exclusive of the amounts required by law for com¬ mon-school purposes. The course of study in the free high schools embraces the ordinary English academic studies, especially the natural sciences in their application to mechanics, manufact¬ ures, and agriculture. Ancient and foreign languages cannot be taught at the ex¬ pense of the State fund, unless the school in which they are taught was established before March 18, 1880. These free high schools are subject to the laws governing common schools, where applicable, unless otherwise provided. Any town may author¬ ize its superintending school committee to contract with and pay the trustees of any academy for tuition of scholars within such town in high-school studies, and said town receives same State aid as if said expenditure had been made for free high school.^ Any city or town may annually make provision for free instruction in industrial or mechanical drawing to persons over 15 years of age, either in day or evening schools, under direction of the superintending school committee.8 1 Seh. Laws, secs. 102, 104. 4Ibid., sec. 107. 7Ibid., secs. 28, 31, 32, 33. 2 Ibid., sec. 119. 6 Ibid., p. 38, act of 1885. 8Ibid., sec. 11, p. 6. 3 Ibid., secs. 117, 118, 121. 6 Ibid., sec. 126. 104 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. LOCAL SUPERVISION. Towns annually determine the number and limit of school districts therein (and may choose school agents) ; elect a superintending school committee of 3, or elect a supervisor of schools, who shall perform the duties of said committee.1 No per¬ son is ineligible to the office of supervisor of schools, or of superintending school committee, on account of sex. Members of superintending school committee hold office for 3 years ; examine and employ teachers, unless the town otherwise vote ; direct the course of instruction ; select a uniform system of text-books (not to be changed for 5 years, unless by vote of the town), and may purchase and fix prices of same ; examine schools and in¬ quire into the regulations and discipline thereof; dismiss teachers for sufficient cause; expel scholars ; exclude scholars riot vaccinated ; direct expenditures ; classify scholars ; and make annual report to the State superintendent.2 Plantations have the same rights and privileges as towns as to school laws, and may form districts and raise money for school purposes.3 SCHOOL-HOUSES AND OTHER SCHOOL PROPERTY. School-houses and furniture are provided by the towns or districts. Insurance may be procured on school property by the school agent, if the district so direct.4 TEACHERS — HOW SELECTED AND PAID. Teachers are examined, licensed and ajjpointed by the superintending school com¬ mittee, as already specified. Teachers must be of good moral character, have a “ temper and disposition suitable to be instructors of youth,” and must pass an ex¬ amination in reading, spelling, English grammar, geography, history, arithmetic, book-keeping, physiology and hygiene.5 LOCAL TAXES. Every town must raise and expend annually for the support of schools therein, ex¬ clusive of any income from corporate school fund, or from any grant from the State, or from any donation, bequest, or forfeiture, not less than SO cents for each inhabi¬ tant.6 School districts have power to raise and expend money for the rental, purchase, care and improvement of real and personal property, useful or necessary for public- school purposes, or for the maintenance of graded schools.7 * MARYLAND. ESTABLISHMENT OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The General Assembly “shall by law establish throughout the State a thorough and efficient system of free public schools, and shall provide, by taxation or otherwise, for their maintenance.”8 LEGAL SCHOOL POPULATION. School age for whites is 6 to 21 years ; for colored, 6 to 20 years.9 MINIMUM LENGTH OF SCHOOL YEAR. In every district in each county one or more free schools are kept open 10 months in the year if possible.10 Five days constitute a school week.11 . PRESCRIBED STUDIES. In every district school there must be taught orthography, reading, writing, Eng¬ lish grammar, geography, arithmetic, history of the United States, and good behavior; algebra, book-keeping, natural philosophy, the Constitution of the United States, the constitution of Maryland, vocal music, drawing, and physiology. The laws of health and domestic economy are also to be taught whenever the board of district school trustees deem it expedient; and in districts where there is a considerable German population, the board of county school commissioners is authorized to cause the German language to be taught, if it think proper to do so.12 STATE SUPERVISION. Educational matters affecting the State, and the general care and supervision of public education, are entrusted to a State board of education, consisting of the prin- 1 Sch. Laws, sec. 18, p. 8. 3 Ibid., secs. 86, 87. 8 Ibid., sec. 89, et t,eqm 4 Ibid., secs. 30, 93. 6 Ibid., sec. 87. also p. 31. * Ibid., sec. 6. 1 1bid., sec. 48, 55. 8 Const, of 1867. art. 8, sec. 1. 9 Sch. Laws of 1877, chap. 9, sec. 1, and chap. 18, sec. 5. 10 Sch. Laws, chap. 7, sec. 2. 11 Ibid., chap. 7, sec. 9, and by-laws of State board of education, art. 7, sec. 3. 12 Ibid., chap. 7, sec. 3. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 105 cipal of State normal school, the Governor of tho State, and 4 persons (one of whom must bo a resident of the Eastern shore), from among the presidents and examiners of the several county boards. Tliese lour members are appointed at the regular biennial session of the General Assembly by tho Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the senate.1 The State board meets on the last Wednesday in May, August, November, and Feb¬ ruary of every year, in tho State normal-school building, and the members of the board receive “ no salary, but actual expenses incurred in attending these meetings.” It is tho duty of the board to enact by-laws for tho administration of the public-school system ; to suspend or remove examiners or teachers who aro found to be inefficient, incompetent, or guilty of moral delinquency, unfitting them for their offices; to ex¬ plain the true intent and meaning of the law, and decide all controversies and dis¬ putes that may arise under it ; to act as assistants and advisers of tho various county boards ; to issue circular letters to teachers and school commissioners on public-school business; to issue a uniform series of blanks for reports and returns; to examine can¬ didates for the office of county examiner when requested by the county school board ; to grant certificates to teachers of long experience and established reputations, and to make an annual report to the Governor on or before January 15. The members of the State board are, ex officio, trustees of the State Normal School, and the principal of the State Normal School is, cx officio, a trustee of the State Agricultural College.2 The principal of the State Normal School is the executive officer of the State board of education, and is, ex officio, State superintendent of public instruction.3 STATE TAX. A tax of 10 cents on each $100 of taxable property throughout the State is annually levied for the support of free public schools and the Maryland State Normal School, which tax is collected at the same timo and by the same agents as the general State levy, and is paid into the treasury of the State.4 On the 15th day of June, the 1st day of October, the 1st day of January, and the 15th day of March in each year, the comptroller apportions the amount of the proceeds of the school tax among the several counties and the city of Baltimore in proportion to their respective population, between 5 and 20 years of age, and notifies the State board of education and the treasurer of the several boards of county school commis¬ sioners, and of the city of Baltimore of the amount due to each on the several days aforesaid ; these amounts are paid to the treasurers of the said boards by the State treasurer upon the draft of the president anu secretary of the same ; but if in any county the schools are kept open less than months of the year ending December 31, the comptroller withholds from such county the April installment of the State school tax.5 The income of the free-school fund is disbursed by the State treasurer upon the warrant of the comptroller.6 EDUCATION OP TEACHERS. A State normal school for the instruction and practice of teachers in the science of education, the art of teaching, and the mode of governing schools is located at Balti¬ more, the sessions of which must not be less than 9 months in a year. The course of study is prescribed by the State board of education.7 A teachers’ institute, to continue 5 days, is held in each county once a year.8 EDUCATION IN HIGHER AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES. High schools may be established by counties or by districts, and, if practicable, military tactics may form a department in same.9 COUNTY SUPERVISION. Educational matters affecting a county shall be under the supervision of a board of county school commissioners, 3 in number, whose term of office is 2 years,10 who elect a person (not a member of the board) to serve as secretary, treasurer, and examiner ; in counties having more than 85 schools an assistant examiner may be appointed.11 The board of county school commissioners has the general supervision and control of all the schools in the respective counties, and makes annual report to the State board of education on or before November 15. 12 The county examiner holds regular examinations of teachers, visits the schools in his county, and makes quarterly reports to county board, and on or before January 15 in every year, notifies the comptroller how many months the schools of his county have been kept open.13 1 Sch. Laws, chap. 2, sec. 1. 2 Ibid., chap. 3, secs. 1 to 10. 3 By-laws, State hoard of educa¬ tion, art. 1, sec. 3. 4 Ibid., chap., 19, sec. 1. 6 Sch. Laws, chap. 19, sec. 6. 6 Ibid., sec. 2. 7 Ibid., chap. 12, secs. 1, 4, 7. 8 Ibid., chap. 13, sec. 1. slbid., chap. 17, secs. 1, 2, 4. 10 Ibid., chap. 1, sec. 2. 11 Ibid., chap. 4, sec. 1. 12 Ibid., secs. 4, 7. 13 Ibid., chap. 11, secs. 4, 5, 8. 106 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. The secretary and treasurer of the board of county school commissioners must give bond, must keep full account of all moneys received and paid by him, and all matters relating to the duties of his office, preserve the same and all vouchers relating thereto ; must be present at every meeting of the board, but has no vote ; keep the minutes and conduct the correspondence, file and keep all letters and reports pertaining to business of the board, and prepare and submit for adoption the annual report to the State board of education.1 - TEXT-BOOKS. Text-books are adopted (and may be purchased) by the boards of county school commissioners for the public schools in their respective counties.2 LOCAL SUPERVISION. Educational matters affecting a school district are under the supervision of a board of district school trustees, 3 in number, appointed by the county school commis¬ sioners annually.3 The mayor and city council of Baltimore have full power and authority to estab¬ lish in said city a system of free public schools, and may delegate supervisory powers and control to a board of school commissioners ; may prescribe rules for building school-houses, and locating, establishing and closing schools ; and are authorized and empowered to levy and collect upon the assessable property in the city, such amount of taxes as are necessary to defray the expenses incurred for educational purposes by them.4 The commissioners of public schools of Baltimore have the power to examine, ap¬ point and remove teachers, prescribe the qualifications, fix the salaries, subject to approval of the mayor and city council, select text-books (provided they contain nothing of a sectarian or partisan character), and must make annual report to the State board of education.5 SCHOOL-HOUSES AND OTHER SCHOOL PROPERTY.. Every school-house is built and furnished according to plans and drawings issued from the office of the county school commissioners.6 TEACHERS : HOW SELECTED AND PAID. Teachers are appointed by the district school trustees (except in Baltimore), and their salaries are fixed by the county school commissioners,7 and paid, by their order, at the end of each term.8 A teacher in public school must have certificate of qualification, issued by the examiner of the county in which he desires to teach, or from the principal of the State normal school, a diploma as graduate of said school, or certificate from State board of education.9 MASSACHUSETTS. ESTABLISHMENT OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The constitution of 1780 declares that “it shall be the duty of Legislatures and magistrates, in all future periods of this Commonwealth, to cherish the interests of literature and the sciences, and all seminaries of them, especially the university at Cambridge, public schools and grammar schools in the towns.10 In every town there must be kept, at the expense of said town, a sufficient number of schools for the instruction of all the children who may legally attend public school therein.11 A town may establish and maintain, in addition to the schools required by law to be maintained therein, schools for the education of persons over 12 years of age ; such schools may be kept in day or evening.12 Every town and city having 10,000 or more inhabitants must maintain, in addition to the schools required by law to be maintained therein, evening schools for the in- • struction of persons over 12 years of age, in orthography, reading, writing, geogra¬ phy, arithmetic, drawing, the history of the United States, and good behavior, and such other branches of learning as the school committee may deem expedient.13 Every person, having under his control a child between the ages of 8 and 14 years must, annually, cause such child to attend for at least 20 weeks some public day school in the city or town in which he resides ; and for every neglect of such duty forfeits to the use of public schools in such city or town a sum not exceeding $20, unless he is unable, by reason of poverty, to send such child to school, or the child attends, for like period of time, a private day school, or is otherwise furnished with the means of 1 Sell. Laws, chap. 11, sec. 6. 6 Ibid., chap. 0, sec. 5. 10 Const, of 1780, chap. 5, sec. 2. 2 Ibid., chap. 10, sec. 2. 7Ibid., chap. 8, secs. 2, 5, art. 2, 11 Sch.Laws(Mass.),chap.44, sec. L 8 Ibid., chap. 2, sec. 3. sec. 6. 12 Ibid., chap. 44, sec. 12. 4 Ibid., chap. 16, secs. 1, 4. 8 State hoard of education by -laws. 13 Sup. Sell. Laws of 1885, pp. 6, 7. 6 Ibid. sec. 2. 9 Ibid., chap. 8, sec. 1. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 107 education, or has already aoquired tlio branches of learning taught in the publio schools, or is physically or mentally incapacitated for attendance at school.1 2 LEGAL SCHOOL POPULATION. School ago is from 5 to 15 years. Solit)ol census is taken annually in May by tlio school committees, and the number of children of school ago thus ascertained is reported by them, to the secretary of the board of education on or before tho last day of tho following April.3 MINIMUM LENGTH OF SCHOOL YEAR. Six months is tho minimum length of the school year in common public schools ; 10 months in the high schools.3 PRESCRIBED STUDIES. Orthography, reading, writing, English grammar, geography, arithmetic, drawing, the history of the United States, good behavior, physiology and hygiene must be taught in all public schools ; algebra, vocal music, agriculture, sewing, and the ele¬ mentary uso of hand tools, when tho school committee deem it expedient.4 5 In the high schools in towns containing 500 inhabitants or householders, in addi¬ tion to the foregoing, instruction must be given in general history, book-keeping, surveying, geometry, natural philosophy, chemistry, botany, the civil polity of the State and of the United States, and the Latin language ; in towns of 4,000 inhabit¬ ants, the teachers must be competent to instruct in the Greek and French languages, astronomy, geology, rhetoric, logic, intellectual and moral science, and political econ¬ omy.6 STATE SUPERVISION. The State board of education consists of the Governor and lieutenant-governor and 8 persons appointed by the Governor, with the advice and consent of the council, each to hold office 8 years from the time of his appointment, 1 to retire each year. The board holds in trust for the State, all donations or bequests of lands or money for educational purposes, prescribes form of school registers and blanks for returns ; appoints its own secretary ; may appoint agents to visit cities and towns to inquire into the condition of schools ; manages the State normal schools, collects school sta¬ tistics, makes an annual report; in short, has the general managemeut of the free schools in the State. The secretary of the board recommends to the board and to the general court such improvements as maj come to his notice ; visits schools ; collects in his office such school books, apparatus, maps, and charts as can be obtained without expense to the State ; collects information as to condition of public schools, and distributes blanks, school registers, and reports as soon as they are prepared ; he makes an annual re¬ port.6 STATE SCHOOL FUND. The annual income of the school fund is divided, one-half being distributed with¬ out specific appropriation to the towns and cities of the State for public-school pur¬ poses ; all other educational expenses of the State, not otherwise provided for, are paid from the other half of said income, and unexpended parts thereof are added to the principal of said fund. 7 The income from said school fund appropriated to the support of public schools, which has accrued on December 31 in each year, is apportioned by the secretary and treasurer, and is paid over by the treasurer to the treasurers of the several cities and towns on the 25th of January thereafter.8 Besides the above there is an “ Indian-scliool [fund,” the income from which goes for the support of schools among the Indians in certain towns in the State, and the “Todd normal-school fund,” the income from which is applied to specific objects in connection with the normal schools not provided for by legislative appropriation.9 EDUCATION OF TEACHERS. Normal schools are established in different parts of the State, the design of which is to prepare the pupils for the work of organizing, governing, and teaching the pub¬ lic schools of the State. A normal art school is also established.10 When the board of education is satisfied that 50 teachers of public schools desire to unite in forming a teachers’ institute, it must make suitable arrangements there¬ for.11 1 Sch. Laws of 1S83, chap. 7, sec. 1, p. 42. 2 Ibid., chap. 46, secs. 3, 5. 3Ibid., chap. 44, secs. 1, 2. 4Ibid., sec. 1, p. 22, and act of June 16, 1885. 5 Ibid., sec. 2. 6 Ibid., chap. 41, secs. 1 to 17. 7 Sup. Scb. Laws of 1885, sec. 1, p. 4. 8 Scb. Laws of 1883, chap. 43, sec 4. 9 Ibid., chap. 43, secs. 7, 9. )0Ibid., pp. 55, 57, 60. 11 Ibid., chap. 42, sec. 1. 108 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. State aid is also given to county associations of teachers holding an annual meet¬ ing of not less than one day ; and aid is given, subject to approval of the board of education, to the Massachusetts State Teachers’ Association.1 EDUCATION OF DEFECTIVE, DEPENDENT, AND DELINQUENT CHILDREN. With the approval of the State board of education, the Governor may send such deaf-mutes, or deaf children, as he may deem fit subjects for education, at the expense of the State, for a term not exceeding ten years to the American Asylum at Hartford, or to the Clark Institution for Deaf-Mutes at Northampton, or to any other school for deaf-mutes in the Commonwealth as the parents or guardians may prefer.2 The board of education has the same supervision over the admission and instruc¬ tion of pupils in the Perkins Institution for the Blind aud Massachusetts School for the Blind, that it exercises over the instruction of deaf-mutes and deaf children.3 Every town must make all needful provisions and arrangements concerning habit¬ ual truants, and children between 7 and 15 years of age, who may bo found wauder- ing about in the streets, or public places therein, having no lawful occupation or business, and not attending school, aud must provide suitable places for the confine¬ ment, discipline, and instruction of such children.4 Three or more cities or towns in each of two, three, or four contiguous counties may establish union truant schools.5 Each town may, and every town containing 5,000 or more inhabitants must, make all needful provisions and arrangements for the care and education of neglected chil¬ dren under 16 years of age.6 The Massachusetts “Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children ” may be appointed guardian of destitute, abandoned, and abused children under 14 years of age, for such time as seems fit to the judge of the probate court making the ap¬ pointment.7 EDUCATION IN HIGHER AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES. Every town may, and every town of 500 families or householders must, in addition to the “public schools,” maintain a high school; or two adjacent towns having each less than 500 families or householders, may establish such high school.8 Any town may, and every city and town having more than 10,000 inhabitants must, annually, make provision for giving free instruct! on in industrial or mechanical draw¬ ing, to persons over 15 years of age, in either day or evening schools, under the di¬ rection of the school committee.9 A town may maintain, at the option of the school committee, one or more schools for training young men or boys in nautical duties; boys attending such schools may be excused from attendance on other schools.10 TEXT-BOOKS : HOW SELECTED. The books to be used in the public schools are selected by the school committee, who also prescribe, as far as is practicable, the course of studies and exercises.11 The school committee of every city and town must purchase, at the expense of such city or town, text-books and other school supplies used in the public schools ; said text-books and supplies to be lent to the pupils of said public schools free of charge.12 LOCAL SUPERVISION. Every town must, annually, choose a school committee, who shall have the gen¬ eral charge and superintendence of all the public schools in the town. This commit¬ tee may consist of any number of persons divisible by three ; one-third of these to be elected annually, and to continue in office 3 years. No person is ineligible to serve upon a school committee by reason of sex.13 School committees, when deemed advisable by a majority of their own members, or when directed by city ordinance or town vote, may appoint superintendents of schools.14 Two or more towns may, by a vote of each, form a district and. employ a superin¬ tendent, to be annually appointed by a joint committee.15 SCHOOL-HOUSES. Every town not divided into school districts must provide and maintain a sufficient number of school-houses, properly furnished and conveniently located for the accom¬ modation of all the children therein entitled to attend the public schools; and the school committee, unless the town otherwise directs, must keep such houses in good order and must procure a suitable place for schools where there is no school-house, ‘ Sell. Laws of 1883, chap. 42, secs. 4, 6 Sell. Laws of 1883, cliap. 48, 11 Ibid., chap. 44, sec. 33. sec. 18. 2 Ibid., chap. 41, sec. 16. 7 Ibid., chap. 48, sec. 22. BSup. (acts), Sch. Laws of 1885, p. 1? 8Ioid., chap. 44, secs. 2, 3. 4 Sell. Laws of 1883, chap. 10, sec. 10. 9 Ibid., sec. 7. * 6 Sap. Sch. Laws of 1885, p. 10. 10 Ibid., sec. 9. 12 Sup. Sch. Laws of 1885, p. 7. 13 Sch. Laws of 1883, chap.44, sec. 21. 14 Ibid., sec. 43. 15 Ibid., secs. 44, 45. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 109 and provide fuel and all other things necessary for tlio comfort of the scholars therein, at the oxpense of the town.1 TEACHERS : IIOW SELECTED AND TAID. The school committeo of every town (unless the town decides that the duty ho per¬ formed by a prudential committee), select and contract with the teachers of the public schools, require satisfactory evidence of good moral character of all toachers who may bo employed, and ascertain by personal examination tlioir qualifications for teaching, and tlioir capacity for tho government of schools.2 Every teacher of a town or district school before opening such school must obtain from tlio school committee a certificate in duplicate of his qualifications ; 3 after filing one of these certificates with tho selectmen he is entitled to receive, on demand, his wages due at the expiration of any quarter, or upon tho close of any single term of service ; provided he has properly filled up and completed his register, and returned the same to the school committee.1 LOCAL TAXES. Towns must, annually, raise such sums of money for the support of schools as they may judge necessary, tho same to be assessed and collected in like manner as other town taxes.6 MICHIGAN. CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS REGARDING EDUCATION. A superintendent of public instruction shall be elected at each biennial election for tho term of 2 years.6 The proceeds from tho sale of certain Government lands granted for educational purposes, as well as from land or property given by individuals or appropriated by the State for like purposes, shall be a perpetual fund.7 The interest on the proceeds of escheats shall be appropriated exclusively to the support of primary schools.8 Provision is made for the establishment. of a system of primary schools, whereby a school shall be kept without charge for tuition at least 3 months each year, in every school district in the State, and all instruction in said schools shall be conducted in the English language.9 Eight regents, elected by couples for a term of 8 years, constitute the body corpo¬ rate known as “The regents of the University of Michigan.”10 The State board of education consists of 3 members, elected singly for a term of 6 years. The superintendent of public instruction shall be, ex officio, a member and sec¬ retary of the board.11 Institutions for the benefit of the defective classes shall always be supported.12 The Legislature shall provide for the establishment of an agricultural school, also for the establishment of at least one library in each township and city.13 ADMINISTRATION. The school system is managed by a State superintendent of public instruction, a State board of education, a board of regents of the University of Michigan, county boards of 3 school examiners, township boards of 3 school inspectors, and district boards of 5 trustees for graded and of 3 trustees for ungraded schools. The administration provides for graded, ungraded, and high schools, township and district-school libraries, county teachers’ institutes, teachers’ associations, State nor¬ mal schools, university, agricultural colleges, institutes for the deaf and dumb and the blind, 2 reform schools, and public schools for dependent and neglected chil¬ dren. STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION. The functions of the State board of education are to grant diplomas to graduates of the State normal school, and State certificates to teachers ; to prepare examina¬ tion questions and lists of books for school libraries.14 STATE SUPERINTENDENT. The State superintendent has general supervision of public instruction and of all State institutions, other than the university, that are essentially educational in their character ; and it shall be his duty to visit these institutions, and to meet with their governing boards at least once in each year. He shall prepare annually and transmit to the Governor a report containing — 1 Sell. Laws of 1883, chap. 44, sec. 46. 2 Ibid., sec. 28. 3 Ibid., sec. 29. 4 Ibid., chap. 46, sec. 15. 6 Const., art. 8, sec. 1. 7 Ibid., sec. 2. 8 Ibid., sec. 3. 9 Ibid., sec. 4. 16 Ibid., secs. 6, 7. 11 Ibid., sec. 9. 12 Ibid., art. 8-, sec. 10. 13 Ibid., art. 8, secs. 11, 12. 14 Gen. Sch. Laws, secs. 125, 164, 166, 167. 110 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. 1. A statement of the condition of the university and of each of the several State educational institutions, of all incorporated institutions of learning, and of the pri¬ mary, graded, and high schools. 2. Estimates and amounts of expenditures of all educational funds. 3. Plans for the management of such funds, and, if needed, plans for the better organization 6f the educational system. 4. The annual reports and accompanying documents of State educational institu¬ tions. 5 Abstracts of the annual reports of the school inspectors of townships and cities. 6. All such other matters as he shall deem expedient.1 He shall also publish and transmit laws and forms to officers (sec. 3), make appor¬ tionment of primary-school fund (secs. 4-6), deliver official books, &c., to successor (sec. 7), prescribe forms of teachers’ certificates (sec. 129), prescribe rules for boards of examiners (sec. 130), hold county institutes annually (sec. 157), may appoint conductors of teachers’ institutes (sec. 158), shall draw on the State treasurer for expenses of State teachers’ institutes (sec. 161), and send examination questions to examining officers (sec. 167). STATE FUND. The “ primary-school interest fund” having been apportioned by the State super¬ intendent, is distributed by warrants from the auditor-general, drawn upon the State treasurer in favor of each county treasurer, who disburses to the townships and cities respectively.2 The respective shares of this fund are forfeited by all districts in which the length of time the school has been taught falls short of 3 months. In more populous districts the limit is 5 months, and in the most populous dis¬ tricts, schools must be maintained not less than 9 months in the year, under penalty of forfeiting their interest in this fund.3 No moneys received from the primary-school interest fund shall be appropriated for any purpose except the payment of teachers’ wages, and not even then, if the teacher has not received a legal certificate of qualification. Neither shall such moneys be used for the support of any school of a sectarian character.4 COUNTY BOARD OF SCHOOL EXAMINERS. The chairmen of the boards of school inspectors, of the several townships in each ' county having elected 3 school examiners for the county, 1 to hold office for a year, 1 for 2 years, and 1 for 3 years, they shall annually thereafter elect 1 school examiner for 3 years.6 It shall be the duty of the board of examiners and the chairmen of the boards of school inspectors of the several townships, to hold each year, a joint meeting at the county seat, to consult and advise with reference to the more efficient supervision of the schools and teachers under their charge.6 The secretary of the county board of school examiners shall visit any school in the county, and examine into its condition whenever he shall receive notice that said school is not profitably conducted, and report the result of his investigations to the board. He may also call a special meeting of the board, for the purpose of suspending or revoking the certificate of said teacher and citing him to appear before said meeting.7 COUNTY CLERK AND TREASURER. It shall be the duty of each county clerk to receive all such communications, blanks, and documents as may be directed to him by the State superintendent, and to dispose of them in the manner directed.3 He shall, immediately after receiving the annual reports of the several boards of school inspectors, examine into the correctness of such reports, and when necessary, shall require the same to be amended ; he shall then indorse his approval upon them and immediately transmit one copy of these duplicate reports to the State superin¬ tendent, and the other copy he shall file in his office.9 The several county tieasurers shall apply for and receive the moneys apportioned to their respective counties, and shall immediately give notice to the treasurer and clerk of each township in his county of the amount of school moneys apportioned to his township, and hold the same subject to the order of the township treasurer.10 TOWNSHIP BOARD. Each township having elected 1 school inspector to serve a year, and 1 to serve 2 years, they shall thereafter, on the first Monday in April annually, elect 1 inspector for 2 years ; also 1 township clerk and 1 supervisor, each for 1 year.11 1 Gen. Sell. Laws, sec. 1. 6 Ibid., sec. 126. 2 Ibid., sec. 4. 6 Ibid., sec. 132. 3 Ibid., sec. 27. 7 Ibid., sec. 134. 4 Ibid., sec. 38. 8 Ibid., sec. 75. 9 Ibid., sec. 76. 10 Ibid., sec. 77. 11 Ibid., secs. 151, 152, 153. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. Ill Any female above the ago of 20 years, having resided in the State 3 months and in the township 10 days next preceding any election, shall bo oligiblo to the office of school inspector.1 2 3 The school inspectors of each township, together with the township clerk, shall con¬ stitute the township board of school inspectors, said board shall elect 1 of the inspect¬ ors chairman of the board, and the township clerk shall be the clerk thereof. The chairman of said board shall be the treasurer thereof, and shall give bond for double the amount of money handled, with two sufficient sureties. ' The whole number of meetings of the board of school inspectors at the expense of the township during any one year shall not exceed 8. Further meetings may be held in case of necessity, but without expense to the township.4 TOWNSHIP CLERK. The township clerk keeps a record of all the proceedings of tho board of inspectors and prepares all of their reports.5 He shall cause a map to be made of his township, showing the boundaries and num¬ bers of districts, and parts of districts as established by the inspectors.6 He certifies all assessments for school purposes, apportions school moneys received from county treasurer, as well as all moneys raised by township tax or received from other sources for the support of schools.7 TOWNSHIP SUPERVISOR AND TREASURER. It shall be the duty of the supervisor of the township to assess the taxes voted by every school district in his township, and the same shall be collected and returned by the township treasurer.8 He shall also assess, upon the taxable property of his township, 1 mill upon each dol¬ lar of the valuation thereof in each year. Such portion of this tax as a majority of the electors may decide shall be applied for the purchase of books for the township library, and the remainder shall be apportioned for the support of district schools.9 DISTRICT BOARDS AND OFFICERS. At the first meeting in each school district there shall be elected by ballot a mod¬ erator for the term of 3 years, a director for 2 years, and an assessor for 1 year; regularly thereafter, at the annual meetings, their successors shall be elected "for a term of 3 years each.10 The moderator, director, and assessor shall constitute the district board. Two members form a quorum and meetings may be called by any member serving a writ¬ ten notice upon the others, at least twenty-four hours previous to the meeting.11 DISTRICT BOARD. The district board has power to purchase property, to build, to hire or to lease as may be necessary.12 The board estimates the amount of tax for support of schools, which, including the district’s share of the primary-school interest fund and the 1-mill tax, shall not exceed the sum of §50 for a school month, and the board shall report such taxes to the township clerk.13 The board hires teachers, has the care and custody of all school property, specifies studies, and prescribes text-books ; purchases books for poor children, establishes and enforces rules for the school, and may suspend or expel disorderly pupils.34 It is the duty of the moderator to preside at all meetings of the district and of the board ; to countersign warrants and orders ; to bring suit on the assessor’s bond, and to perform any other duties that may be required by law.15 The director is to act as clerk at all meetings of the district and of the board, to give notices of meetings, to draw and sign warrants and orders, to draw and sign contracts, to provide appendages and keep school-house in repair, to keep an accu¬ rate account of all his expenses as director, to present estimates to the annual meet¬ ing of the district, to preserve records and documents, and such other duties as shall be required of him.16 The director, or such other person as the district board may appoint, takes a school census every year.17 He shall also report annually to the board of school inspectors, showing — 1. The whole number of school children in the district. 2. The number attending school during the year under 5, and the number over 20 years of age. 1 Gen. Sell. Laws, sec. 154. 2 Ibid., see. 53. 3 Ibid., sec. 54. 4 Ibid., sec. 58. 6 Ibid., sec. 59. 6 Ibid., sec. 61. 7 Ibid., secs. 62, 63, 64. 8 Ibid., sec. 65. 9 Ibid., sec. 66. 10 Ibid., sec. 28. 11 Ibid., sec. 33. 12 Ibid., sec. 35. 13 Ibid., secs. 36, 37. 14 Ibid., secs. 40, 41, 42, 43, 44. 15 Ibid., sec. 47. 16 Ibid., sec. 48. 17 Ibid., sec. 49. 112 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. 3. The number of non-resident pupils for the year. 4. The whole number in attendance. 5. The length of time the school has been taught during the year by a qualified teacher and the wages paid for teaching. 6. The average length of time scholars between 5 and 20 years of age attended school during the year. 7. The amount of money received from the township treasurer. 8. Tne amount of money raised by the district and how used. 9. The kind of books used in the school. 10. And such other facts in regard to schools as the State superintendent shall require.1 The assessor is to file a bond with the director for double the amount handled, with two sufficient sureties, to pay the proper orders of the director, to keep a record of receipts and disbursements, to make an annual report to the district board, to ap¬ pear for the district in suits in which he has no adverse interest, and to perform such other duties as may be required.2 SCHOOL DISTRICTS. The township board of school inspectors shall divide the township into school dis¬ tricts, and may regulate and alter the boundaries thereof ; but no district shall con¬ tain more than 9 square miles of land, and this shall be composed of contiguous and compact territory.3 4 Every school district properly organized shall be a body corporate, by the name and style of “ School District Number - of - ” township or townships.-1 The qualified voters in any district may vote such taxes as the meeting shall deem sufficient for acquiring sites or school-houses ; but the amount of taxes to be raised in any district in the same year that any bouded indebtedness is incurred shall not ex¬ ceed, in districts containing less than 10 children of pupil age, $250 ; in districts hav¬ ing between 10 and 30 of such children, $500 ; and between 30 and 50 children, $1,000. They may appropriate any surplus from the 1-mill tax, after having maintained a school in the district at least 8 months in the school year, for the purpose of purchas¬ ing and enlarging school sites, or for building or repairing school-houses, or for pur¬ chasing books for library or school apparatus, or for any incidental expenses of the school.5 Any school district, by a two-thirds vote of the qualified electors, may borrow money for school purposes and may issue bonds therefor, as follows : Districts having less than 30 children may contract a debt not to exceed $300 ; dis¬ tricts having 30 children, a debt not to exceed $500 ; 50 children, $1,000 ; 100 children, $3,000; 200 children, $8,000; 300 children, $15,000; 400 children, $20,000; 500 chil¬ dren, $25,000 ; 800 children, $30,000. In no case shall the indebtedness extend beyond 10 years.5 Any district may vote a tax to redeem the bonds, or may borrow money to pay bonds and issue further bonds.7 GRADED-SCIIOOL DISTRICTS. Any school district containing more than 100 children between the ages of 5 and 20 may, by a two-thirds vote of the qualified electors, organize as a graded-school dis¬ trict; and, having also elected one trustee for 1 year, and two trustees for 2 years, and two more for 3 years, they shall annually thereafter elect a successor or success¬ ors.8 It shall be the duty of the board of trustees of any graded-school district — 1. To classify and grade the pupils. 2. To establish in such district a high school, when so ordered by a vote of the electors, to determine qualifications for admission thereto, and the fees for tuition. 3. To audit and pay. the director’s accounts. 4. To employ teachers, to determine the amount of their compensation, and to re¬ quire the director and moderator to make contracts with the same. 5. To employ such officers and servants as may be necessary for the management of the schools and school property, prescribe their duties and fix their compensation, and to perform such other duties as are required of district boards in other school districts.9 Two or more contiguous districts having, together, more than 100 children of pupil age, can unite and form a graded-school district.10 TOWNSHIP LIBRARIES. A township library is maintained in each organized township, which shall not be subject to sale or alienation from any cause whatever.11 1 Gen. Sch. Laws, sec. 50. 5 Ibid., sec. 27. 2 Ibid., sec. 52. 6 Ibid., sec. 78. * Ibid., sec. 8. 7 Ibid., secs. 80 and 81. 4 Ibid., sec. 14. 8 Ibid., sec 107. 9 Ibid., sec. 109. 10 Ibid., sec. 111. 11 Ibid., sec. 112. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 113 All persons "who are residents of the township are entitled to tho privileges of said library. When, however, there is a district library, tho persona residing within tho bounda¬ ries thereof shall bo entitled to the privileges of the district-school library only.1 2 The township board of school inspectors has charge of the library, applies for and receives all moneys appropriated, purchases the books and procures the necessary ap¬ pendages for the library.8 DISTRICT LIIIRARIES. Any school district having a school census of not less than 100 children, by a two- thirds vote, may establish a district library, and such district shall be entitled to its just proportion of books from the library of any township in which it is wholly or partly situated, and also to its equitable share of library moneys from the township.3 The district school board shall have charge of the district library, and its duties, responsibilities, and provision of money shall be the same as are those of tho school inspectors in relation to the township library.4 A failure to report library statistics to the State superintendent, or the misuse of library funds, w orks a forfeiture of the apportionment in favor of other townships and districts of the county, unless the boards report that the public will be better served by using said money for general school purposes, in which case no forfeiture shall occur.5 The clear proceeds of penal fines shall be exclusively applied to the support of the township and district libraries, unless in any township the board shall determine to use such moneys for general school purposes.6 The qualified voters of each township may levy a tax for the support of libraries.7 The district board may donate or sell district-library books, which shall form there¬ after a part of the township library.8 It shall be the duty of the State board of education to make a list of books that are not sectarian or partisan in character, to advertise for proposals, and to contract with bidders to furnish books to the townships or districts ordering them.9 TEACHERS. No part of the moneys devoted to teachers’ wages shall be paid to any teacher who shall not have received a certificate of qualification from proper legal authority be¬ fore the commencement of his school.10 The written contract with teacher shall specify the wages agreed upon, shall re¬ quire the teacher to keep a correct list of the pupils and the age of each, and the number of days each is present, and to furnish the director with a correct copy of the same at the plose of the school.11 TEACHERS’ INSTITUTES. The annual fee of $1, collected by boards of examiners from each male applicant for a teacher’s certificate and of 50 cents collected from each female applicant, is paid into the county treasury and set apart as a teachers’-institute fund.13 The State superintendent shall annually appoint a time and place in each organized county, for holding a teachers’ institute. If the county contains less than 1,000 children of pupil age, the institute shall be optional with the superintendent, unless requested by 15 teachers of that county. Teachers in adjoining counties may unite in such request, and the superintendent may hold an institute for the benefit of two or more adjoining counties and draw the institute fund from each.13 Teachers can close school to attend the institute and draw their full wages for the interim.14 An amount not to exceed $60 for each institute of 5-days duration shall be paid out of the State treasury, in case the county-institute fund is insufficient.15 The State superintendent is authorized to hold, yearly, a State institute, drawing upon the treasury in an amount not to exceed $400, but the aggregate cost of insti¬ tutes to the State shall not exceed in any one year $1,800. TEACHERS’ ASSOCIATIONS. Any 15 or more teachers or other persons residing in this State, who shall associate for the purpose of promoting education and science and improvements in the theory and practice of teaching, may form themselves into a corporation, under such name as they may choose, having published for one month previous a notice of the time, place, and purpose of the meeting for such association, and having filed in the office of the secretary of State a copy of the constitution and by-laws of said association.16 1 Gen. Sell. Laws, sec. 113. 2 Ibid., see. 114. 8 Ibid., sec. 117. 4 Ibid., sec. 118. * Ibid., sec. 120. 6 Ibid., sec. 122. 7 Ibid., sec. 123. 8 Ibid., sec. 124. 9 Ibid., sec. 125. 10 Ibid., sec. 38. 11 Ibid., sec. 40. 12 Ibid., secs. 155, 156. 13 Ibid., sec. 157. 14 Ibid., sec. 158. Ibid., sec. 160. 16 Ibid., sec. 169. ED 86 - 8 114 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Such association may possess real and personal property to the amount of $5,000, to he used for no other purpose than the legitimate business of the corporation.1 EXAMINATION OF TEACHERS. The county hoard of school exami uers holds two regular public examinations in each year at the county seat. It also holds special public examinations, not exceeding one for every 25 school districts.2 The board grants certificates to teachers of good moral character, learning, and ability to instruct and govern a school ; but not until they have passed a satisfact ory ex¬ amination in orthography, reading, writing, grammar, geography, arithmetic, theory and art of teaching, United States history, civil government, together with physiol¬ ogy and hygiene, with particular reference to the effects of alcoholic drinks, stimu¬ lants, and narcotics upon the human system.3 The board grants 3 grades of certificates. The first is granted to those who shall hav® taught at least one year with ability and success, and is valid in the county for 3 years. The second is granted only to those who shall have taught at least (i months with ability and success, and is valid for 2 years. The third-grade certificate author¬ izes the holder to teach in the county for one year. Special certificates may be issued by the secretary of the board of examiners for a specified district ; but not to continue in force beyond the time of the next meeting of the board.4 * The board may suspend or revoke any certificate for cause, though not without a personal hearing, unless the teacher neglect or refuse to appear before the board.6 NORMAL- SCHOOL DIPLOMAS. All graduates of the State normal school who have completed the full course of instruction shall receive diplomas from the State board of education,6 Every graduate receiving such diploma shall also receive a certificate from the normal-school board of instruction, wdiich shall serve as a legal certificate of qualifica¬ tion to teach in any of the schools of the Sta te. Such certificate can only be annulled by the normal-school board, but its effect may be suspended for cause i a any county, township, city, or district. STATE CERTIFICATES. The State board of education holds regular meetings, at which it grants State certificates to such teachers as are found to possess eminent scholarship, professional ability, and good moral character. Said certificate entitles the holder to teach in any of the schools of the State and shall be valid for the term of 10 years, unless annulled by said board. The examiner’s fee is $5. 7 This board also prepares questions suitable for the examination of teachers for the various grades of certificate! provided by law, and these are distributed by the State superintendent.8 The members of this board receive $3 per day and traveling expenses while actu¬ ally engaged in the duties of their office.9 SCHOOLS. The annual meeting of each school district shall be held on the first Monday of September in each year, and the school year shall commence on that day.10 A school month within the meaning of the school laws shall consist of 4 weeks of 5 days in each week, unless otherwise specified in the teacher’s contract.11 No separate school or department shall be kept for any persons on account of race or color.12 ^ Non-resident pupils may attend a district school by paying a tuition determined by the district board.13 Any pupil guiity of gross misdemeanor or persistent disobedience may be sus¬ pended or expelled by the district board, whenever the interest of the school shall be advanced thereby.14 A census of all the children in the district between the ages of 5 and 20 years shall be made within 10 days next previous to the beginning of the school year.15 COMPULSORY ATTENDANCE. Every parent, guardian, or other person having control of any child between the ages of 8 and 14 years, is required to send such child, or children, to a public school for at least 4 months in each school year ; and 6 weeks of said attendance, at least, shall be consecutive, unless such children are excused by the district board.16 1 Gen. Sell. Laws, sec. 170. 7 Ibid., sec. 166. 2 Ibid., sec. 128. 8 Ibid., sec. 167. 3 Ibid . sec. 129. 9 Ibid., sec. 168. 4 Ibid., sec. 130. 10 Ibid., sec. 21. 6 Ibid., sec. 131. 11 Ibid., sec. 40. 6 Ibid., sec. 164. 12 Ibid., sec. 45. 13 Ibid., sec. 46. 14 Ibid., sec. 44. 16 Ibid., sec. 49. 16 Ibid., sec. 180. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 115 No child under the age of 14 years shall be employed by any person, company, or corporation, unless such child shall have attended some public or private day school, at least 4 months of the 1*2 next preceding the month in which such child shall be so employed.’ The district board will furnish text-books for the use of children whose parents are not able to furnish the same.- Truant officers are empowered to institute proceedings to carry out the provisions of this compulsory aet.:1 Proceedings may be instituted against the officers or agents of corporations for any violations of this act.1 * 3 REFORMATORY EDUCATION. In all cities and villages in this State maintaining a graded 'school, the board of education or other authority in charge, may establish one or more ungraded schools for the instruction of juvenile disorderly persons.4 In all cities and villages truant officers are appointed for the enforcement of this act, whose compensation is fixed by the school boards.5 The following classes of persons between the ages of 8 and 16 years shall be deemed juvenile disorderly persons: Class one. Habitual truants. Class tico. Pupils who are incorrigibly turbulent, disobedient, or insubordinate, or are vicious or immoral in conduct. Class three. Children who are not attending any schools, and who habitually fre¬ quent streets and other public places, having no lawful business or employment which renders attendance at school impossible.6 The truant, officers must warn alleged truants and incorrigibles as well as their parents and guardians, They shall also serve written notice upon the latter to the effect that any child belonging to class one, class two, or class three must begin reg¬ ular attendance at the ungraded school.7 In case of refusal or neglect on the part of parents or guardians, recourse may he had to courts of jurisdiction, and on convictiou, a fine of from $10 to $*25 shall be imposed, or even a bond in the penal sum of $100 may be required, conditioned that the child or children of such person shall attend such ungraded school. If said con¬ victed person plead inability, under oath, the child, if a boy, may be sentenced to the Reform School at Lansing; or if a girl, to the Industrial Rome for Girls, at Adrian, for a term not extending beyond the age of 16, unless sooner discharged by the proper authorities. No child under 10 years of age shall be sent to the Reform School or Industrial Home.8 In cases of inability, school books are provided for the pupils of said ungraded school.9 ’ * MINNESOTA. ESTABLISHMENT OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The Legislature shall make such provisions by taxation, or otherwise, as, with the income arising from the school fund, will secure a thorough and efficient system o public schools in each township in the State.10 All schools supported wholly, or iu part, by State school funds shall be styled the public schools, and admission to them shall be free and without charge to all persons between the ages of 5 and 21 years residing in the district.11 MINIMUM LENGTH OF SCHOOL YEAR. The minimum length of the school year is three months. Four weeks of five days each constitute a school month. l- STATE SUPERVISION. The State superintendent of public instruction is appointed by the Governor, by, and with the advice and consent of the senate, and holds office for two years.13 His duties are to apportion school money semi-annually, according to the number of pnpils enrolled ; to keep papers, reports, and public documents transmitted to him by county superintendents and auditors, and other sources; to meet county superin¬ tendents of each judicial district (or two or more districts combined), to discuss matters pertaining to the school system and ascertain facts regarding same; to hold institutes and training schools; to prepare and distribute blanks and registers; to report annually to the Legislature.14 1 Gen. Sch. Laws. sec. 181. sec. 183. 3 Ibid., sec. 185. 4 Ibid., sec. 187. ’Ibid., sec. 188. c Ibid., sec. 189. 7 Ibid., secs. 190,191. 8 Ibid., sec. 192. 9 Ibid., sec. 193. 10 Const, of 1857, art 8, sec. 3. 11 Laws of 1881, sec. 1. 12 Ibid., sec. 31. 13 Ibid., sec. 49. 14 Ibid., secs. 52,57, 75. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. 11H STATE SCHOOL FUND; nOW DISBURSED. “The proceeds of such lands as are, or hereafter may be, granted by the United States for the use of schools within each township in this State, shall remain a perpetual school fund to the State ; the principal of all such funds shall forever be preserved inviolate and undiminished.”1 The State auditor, as soon as he receives a certified copy of a semi-annual appor¬ tionment of school money of the State, draws a warrant on the Stats treasury, pay¬ able to the order of the State treasurer, and to be applied by him on the payments due for State taxes in semi-annual settlements, with each county named in the copy of apportionment. If the amount so apportioned to an.y county is larger than the amount of taxes paid to the State in such settlement, the excess of such apportion¬ ment is remitted by -the State treasurer to the county treasurer.2 The county treasurer, upon the order of the county auditor, pays to the treasurers of the school districts the amounts due to said districts.3 EDUCATION OF TEACHERS. For the education and preparation of teachers three normal schools are established. They are under the control of a board of directors (appointed by the Governor), which holds office for four years ; the board prescribes the courses of study in the normal schools, appoints one teacher for-eacli, specially qualified to give instruction in teach¬ ers’ institutes, and adopts any rules and regulations necessary to the efficiency of the same; and has the power to organize, in connection with each normal school, model schools for the illustration of the best methods of teaching and government.4 * To aid the teachers in qualifying themselves for a successful discharge of their du¬ ties, teachers’ institutes are annually held in the sparsely-settled counties, each to. continue at least one week ; in the thickly-settled localities normal-training schools are annually conducted, each to continue not less than four nor more than six weeks.6 EDUCATION IN HIGHER AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES. The Governor, superintendent of public instruction, and the president of the Uni¬ versity of Minnesota, ex officio, are constituted a board of commissioners on prepara¬ tory schools, for the encouragement of higher education in the State. Any public graded school which gives instruction in regular courses of study, em¬ bracing all the branches prescribed as prerequisite for admission to the collegiate department of the University of Minnesota, and admits students of either sex from any part of the State, without charge for tuition, is entitled to receive aid from the State, subject, however, to the rules and regulations of the board of commissioners.6 The State University is established by constitution of 1857.7 COUNTY SUPERVISION. County superintendents are elected biennially by the people; their duties are to examine and license teachers ; visit schools; organize and conduct county teachers’ institutes; encourage teachers’ associations; introduce best methods of instruction ; receive the reports of school-district clerks and teachers, and transmit an abstract of same to the State superintendent; distribute blank reports aud circulars to teachers and clerks of the school districts. They report to the State superintendent, ou or be¬ fore the 20th of October in each year, the number of different scholars, between the ages of 5 and 21 years, properly enrolled in the school of each district; and on the day before the last Wednesday in each year, they file with the county auditors an abstract of the scholars enrolled within the year, together with the length of each school in months.8 TEXT-BOOKS. The State contracted with Daniel D. Merrill, of St. Paul, to furnish for use in the public schools of the State, a uniform series of text-books in the following branches of study : Spelling, 1 book ; reading, 4 books ; arithmetic, 3 books ; grammar, 2 books; geography, 2 books ; history, 1 book ; and such other books as may be required by the State superintendent : the quality in matter and material of the books furnished to be determined by a board appointed for that purpose. The text of such books shall be subject to revision not oftener than once in 5 years. These books are to be furnished to the State at fixed prices, aud shall be supplied to the schools of the State at prices fixed by the State superintendent, and shall be used in all the public schools of the State (except those under special charters). For the purpose of carry¬ ing out the provisions of this act, the sum of $50,000 was appropriated and set apart as a “school text-book fuud.” [The question of the continuance of the text-book contract was submitted to a 1 Const, of 1857, art. 8, sec. 2. 2 Ibid., sec. 77. 3 Ibid., sec. 83. ' 4 Sec. 129 el' seq. 6 Ibid., sec. 53. 6 Ibid., sec. 148 el seq. 7 Const., art. 8, sec. 4. 8 Ibid., sec. 58 et seq. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 117 vote of the poople in 1880, anil was to ho again submitted to a vote in 1885. The ro- fcult of the latter election has not been ascertained.]1 2 LOCAL SUPERVISION. Every common-school district has a board of 3 trustees, elected 1 each year for 3-year terms, which has general charge of the interests of schools and school-houses in the district.3 Women are allowed to voto in the elections held for the purpose of choosing school officers, or considering school measures; and are eligible to hold any office pertaining solely to the management of public schools.3 Any city, town, village, township, or school district (of 500 or more inhabitants) may be organized into an independent school district, under the management of a board of directors, (5 in number, selected one-third each year, for 3-year terms, who may elect a superintendent. This board of directors has general control and man¬ agement of the schools of the district, makes rules and regulations for the govern¬ ment of the same, and may appoint 3 competent persons examiners of teachers; said examiners to be appointed, 1 each year, for 3-year terms.4 SCHOOL-HOUSES. School-houses and libraries and apparatus are provided by order of the legal voters of the school districts.5 teachers: how selected and paid. Any one proposing to teach common schools in the State must pass examination in orthography, reading in English, penmanship, arithmetic, grammar, modern geogra¬ phy, history of the United States, and the practical facts of hygiene ; for the above, certificates are given, valid for 6 months or 1 year, according to grade of exam¬ ination. A certificate for 2 years is granted if, in addition to the above branches, the applicant (who must have taught with success at least 3 months) passes satis¬ factory examination in elementary algebra, elementary plane geometry, physical geography, physiology, natural philosophy, civil government, and the theory and practice of teaching.5 Certificates for 6 months are valid in districts only ; for 1 year and 2 years, valid for country only.6 Teachers who have certificates of qualification are selected and paid by the district boards of trustees or directors, with which they make written contracts, specifying the wages per month and time employed.7 LOCAL TAXES. Each school district may levy a tax on the taxable property of the district suffi¬ cient to meet the conditions on which apportionments from the State school funds are made to districts, and may raise such additional amounts as the district may deter¬ mine, to purchase or lease school houses and sites.8 If districts neglect to vote tax for schools, the trustees may levy the tax.9 For the purpose of maintaining public schools, the commissioners of each county aro authorized to levy an annual tax of one-tenth of I per cent, on the amount of the as¬ sessment made by the assessors of each township each year. The county treasurer sets apart, for the support of schools, the proceeds of all fines for the breach of any penal law, not otherwise appropriated by law, and all moneys arising from liquor licenses, and unclaimed money arising from sale of estrays.10 All special taxes for any school purpose, in pursuance of law, shall be levied in like manner, and by the same persons as county taxes.11 MISSISSIPPI. ESTABLISHMENT OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS. It shall be the duty of the Legislature to encourage by all suitable means the pro¬ motion of intellectual, scientific, moral, and agricultural improvemeut, by establish¬ ing a uniform system of free public schools, by taxation or otherwise, and shall, as soon as practicable, establish schools of higher grade. No religious sector sects shall ever control any part of the school or university funds of the State.12 Separate school districts are established for the two races.13 No school district can contain less than 12 square miles, nor less than 45 educable children, except where too great distance or impassable obstructions would debar 1 Const., art. 8, sec. 15G et seq. 2Ibid., sec. 23. 8 Ibid., sec. 13. 4Ibid., sec. 94, et seq. 6 Laws of 1881, sec. 19. 6 Ibid., sec. 66. 7 Ibid., secs. 31,111. 8 Ibid., see. 19. 9 Ibid., sec. 24.' 1(1 Ibid., sec. 84. 11 Ibid., sec.30. 12 Const, of 1868, art. 9, secs. 1,9. 18 Laws of 1886, sec. 40. 118 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. children from school privileges, in which case a district containing not less than 20 children may be established. Where it is necessary, adjacent portions of 2 counties may form a line school district.1 Any incorporated town of 750 or more inhabitants may constitute a separate school district, if the mayor and aldermen so elect.3 LEGAL SCHOOL POPULATION. The legal school age is from 5 to 21 years.3 The principal teacher in each school district is required by the county superintend¬ ent to keep in the register of the school a record of the names, ages, and sex of all the educable children in the district ; the same to be examined and approved by the local trustees, and by the resident member of the county school board.4 minimum length of school year. One or more public schools must be maintained in each school district at least foui months in each year ; any school district failing to do so, forfeits its share of the school money for that year.5 Twenty days constitute a school month.6 PRESCRIBED STUDIES. The following studies constitute the curriculum of the common schools of the State: Spelling, reading, practical and mental arithmetic, geography, English grammar and composition. United States history, elements of natural philosophy, and elements of physiology/ STATE SUPERVISION. The State superintendent of public education is elected by the people quadrennially. The State board of education consists of the secretary of State, the attorney-general, and the State superintendent. The State superintendent has general supervision of the common schools and the educational interests of the State, and performs such other duties as shall be prescribed by law. The State board of education has charge of the common-school fund, appoints and suspends county superintendents, decides appeals, audits claims against the common- school fund, determines the contingent expenses of the superintendent’s office, and regulates all matters arising in the practical administration of the free public-school system which are not otherwise provided for.7 8 STATE TAX. The Legislature may levy a poll-tax, not to exceed $2 a head, in aid of the school fund, and for no other purpose.9 The Legislature shall also, from time to time, as may be necessary, provide for the levy and collection of such other taxes as may be required to properly support the system of free schools. And all school money is divided, pro rata, among the children of school age.10 STATE SCHOOL FUND. The State constitution of 1868, as amended in 1875, declares that u the proceeds of lands now belonging to the State, granted by the United States, and of the lands known as swamp lands (except the swamp lands situated on Pearl River in the counties of Hancock, Marion, Lawrence, Simpson, and Copiah), all moneys paid as an equivalent for persons exempt from military duty and the funds arising from the consolidating of the Congressional township funds and the lauds belonging thereto, together with all the moneys donated to the State for school purposes, shall be securely invested in United States bonds, and remain a perpetual fund, the interest of which shall be in¬ violably appropriated for the support of free schools; and that all proceeds of lands now or hereafter vested in the State by escheat or purchase, or forfeiture for taxes, and the clear proceeds of all fines collected in the several counties for any breach of the penal laws, and all moneys received for licenses granted under the laws of the State for the sale of intoxicating liquors or keeping of dram shops, shall be collected in legal currency of the United States and paid into the treasury to be distributed, pro rata, among the educable children of the State in the manner provided by law.” 11 When the amount of school fund in the State treasury in any fiscal year does not, in the aggregate, amount to $300,000, exclusive of the Chickasaw or other special funds, then the State treasurer shall transfer from the general fund to the common- 1 Lavs of 18S6, sec. 41. 2 Ibicl., sec. 42. 3 Const., art. 10, sec. 1. 4 Laws of 1806, sec- 85. 6 Ibid., sec. 5. 6 Ibid., sec. t6. 7 Laws of 1886, sec. 48. 8 Const, of 1868, art. 10, secs. 2, 3 ; also Laws of 1886, sec. 3 et seq. ■ Ibid., sec. 7. 1C Ibid., sec. 10. 11 Ibid., sec. 6, as amended in 1875. SUMMARY OP STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 11 0 school fnrul a sufficient amount to make tho school fund $300,000, and this sum is distributed by the auditor among the several counties.1 All school money is distributed in July and January of each year, or as soon t here¬ after as practicable, by tho auditor, by warrants on tho treasury payable to the county treasurers, and all distributions (as before stated) are made, pro rata, according to the number of educablo children in each county.1 EDUCATION OF TEACHERS. Institutes are hold in each county tho first three Saturdays in each scholastic month for the improvement of teachers in their qualifications and methods of teach¬ ing. Separate institutes are held for the two races, and each has a just proportion of institute days. These institutes are managed according to instructions sant out by the State superintendent.9 EDUCATION IN HIGHER AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES. The Agricultural and Mechanical College apportions its scholarships among the several counties of tho State in proportion to the number of white educable children in each. COUNTY SUPERVISION. The county superintendent of education is appointed by the State board of educa¬ tion, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, and his term of office is 2 years.3 Before any person can be appointed county superintendent he must procure a cer¬ tificate from the board of examiners, appointed iu each county for that purpose, one by the judge of the circuit court, one by the chancellor of the district, and one by the board of supervisors of each county. This board of examiners, whose ter$i of office is 4 years, examines all persons desiring to be appointed county superintend¬ ent, first, as to educational qualifications, which must not be inferior to those re¬ quired of a first-grade teacher ; second, as to habits and moral character ; third, as to executive ability. If such examination is satisfactory a certificate so stating is given. The State board cannot appoint any one to be county superintendent who does not submit such certificate with his application for appointment, except in cases where no board of examiners was appointed, or where said board failed, neglected, or re¬ fused to hold examinations.4 The eounty superintendent examines and verifies accounts of teachers for their monthly salary ; issues pay certificates ; makes annual report to the board of super¬ visors, mayor, and aldermen of any incorporated city or town constituting a separate school district ; selects and employs teachers for public free schools where the trustees fail to make the selection two weeks before the time appointed for the beginning of the session ; makes an annual report to the State superintendent and such special re¬ ports as may be required by him or by the State board of education ; reports also monthly, and annually, to the county supervisors; visits schools : holds teachers’ insti¬ tutes; examines teachers; grants and revokes teachers’ certificates, and performs such other duties as may be required of him by the laws of the State or the rules and regulations of the board of education or State superintendent.5 The county school board is appointed biennially, by the county superintendent and the board of supervisors, and consists of one memlrer from each supervisor’s district. This board, presided over by the county superintendent, meets annually in August, and locates the school districts and establishes the schools of the county for the next scholastic year.6 LOCAL SUPERVISION. The patrons of each school elect, annually, 3 trustees, 2 of whom must be resident patrons of the school, and the third a resident of the school district, who select and recommend teachers for their respective schools, look after the local interests of the schools and visit the samef protect the school property, settle difficulties between teachers and pupils, and make such further provisions for the comfort and welfare of pupils as may seem fit. In incorporated towns the trustees are elected by the mayor and aldermen.7 TEACHERS; HOW SELECTED AND PAID. Teachers are selected by the school trustees, but before entering upon their duties they must sign duplicate contracts, prescribed by the regulations of the State board.8 Upon the presentation of a pay certificate for services rendered as teacher, duly attested by the county superintendent, the clerk of the board of supervisors, or the town clerk, as the case may be, issues iiis warrant upon the treasury for the amount due, which is paid by the county treasurer.9 1 Laws of 1886, sec. 70. 4 Laws, sec. 10. 8 Ibid., secs. 87, 64. 2 Ibid., sec. 23 et seq.; act of Leg. 5 Ibid., sec. 12 et seq. 9 Ibid., secs. 5, 72. approved March 8, 1882. 6 Ibid., sec. 38 et seq. 1 Const., art. 10, sec. 4. 7 Ibid., sec. 36. 120 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. No teacher shall he elected by the trustees who has not obtained a license for the scholastic year in which the school is to he taught.* LOCAL TAXES. It is the duty of the supervisors of each county to levy on the taxable property of such county, an annual tax of 3 mills or more on the dollar, to make up any de¬ ficiency in the aggregate amount of common-school funds, arising from other sources, necessary to maintain the public free schools of the county during the time required by law.1 2 A city or town, constituting a separate school district, has the power to levy and collect a tax for the erection or repair of its school buildings;3 and its mayor and al¬ dermen must annually levy a tax sufficient to maintain the public free schools of such city or town, and pay for fuel and other necessaries for the same during the scholas¬ tic year.4 * MISSOURI. ESTABLISHMENT OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS. “The General Assembly shall establish and maintain free public schools for the gra¬ tuitous instruction of all persons in this State between the ages of 6 and 20 years.7’6 ‘ ‘ Separate free public schools shall be established for the education of children of African descent.776 Each county is subdivided into school districts,7 and any city, town, or village, may be organized into a single school district.8 Neither the General Assembly nor any county, city, town, township, school district, or other municipal corporation, shall ever make any appropriation, or pay from any public fund whatever, anything in aid of any religious creed, church, or sectarian pur¬ pose, or to help to support or sustain any institution of learning controlled by any religious creed, church, or sectarian denomination whatever ; nor shall any grant or donation of personal property or real estate ever be made by the State, or any county, city, or other municipal corporation, for any religious creed, church, or sectarian pur¬ pose. LEGAL SCHOOL POPULATION : HOW AND WHEN ASCERTAINED. It is the duty of the directors of each school district and of the school boards oA cities to make, between the 31st of May and 15th of June, each year, an enumeration of the names of the resident white and colored youths (noting them separately) be¬ tween the ages of 0 and 20 years, and forward lists of same to the county com missioner, by whom they are forwarded to the State superintendent.9 MINIMUM LENGTH OF SCHOOL YEAR. The minimum length of the school year is 310 or 4 months. The school day consists of 6 hours; the school week, 5 days ; the school month, 4 weeks.11 STATE SUPERVISION. The supervision of instruction in the public schools is vested in a board of educa¬ tion, consisting of the superintendent of public schools, the Governor, the secretary of State, and the attorney-general.13 The board has general supervision of the entire educational interests of the State ; invests and has care of the State school funds, and reports biennially, to the General Assembly.13 The State superintendent, elected quadrennially by the people, visits Congressional districts, spending 5 days in each annually ; delivers lectures ; apportions school money among the counties ; construes school law ; is regent of State normal schools ; receives reports and statistics ; has authority to examine and license teachers, andre- ports, annually, to the Legislature or Governor.14 • STATE SCHOOL FUND. The proceeds of all lands granted by the United States to the State (not otherwise appropriated); all moneys, stocks, bonds, lands, or other property belonging to any fund for educational purposes, except wherein the rights of counties, districts, cities, or towns would be infringed ; the n§| proceeds of the State tobaccp warehouse ; all sales of property which may accrue to the State by escheat, or for sale of estrays, or for unclaimed dividends or distributive shares of estates of deceased persons, or from 1 Laws of 1886, sec. 49. 6 Ibid., sec. 3. 2 Ibid., see. 75, ?Sch. Laws, sec. 2021. 3 Ibid., sec. 47. 8 Ibid., 7142. 4 Ibid., sec. 76. 9 Ibid., secs. 7049, 7084. “Const, of 1875, art. 11, secs. 1, 11. ,0Ibid., sec. 7122. 11 Ibid., secs. 7031, 7061. 12 Const. 1875, art. II, sec. 4. 13 Sch. Laws, secs. 7090, 7094. 14Ibid., secs. 7122, 7138, 7139, 7140. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 121 fines, penalties, and forfeitures; any proceeds of tlio sales of public lands which may have been, or may be paid to the State, if Congress consents to such appropriation ; all grants made to tho State and not otherwise appropriated by the terms of the grant, constitute the Stato school fund; tho income of which, together with 25 per cent, of the State revenue, is annually applied to tho support of public schools and tho Stato university.1 * The school money is annually apportioned in July by the State superintendent among the different counties, upon the enumeration and returns made to his office, and tho amounts are cortiliod by him to tho Stato auditor and to the county clerks; which amounts, so apportioned, tho county treasurers retain in their respective county treasuries from tho State funds; these amounts, together with all other money for the use of schools in each county, aro annually apportioned among the several dis¬ tricts by the county clerks.3 EDUCATION OF TEACHERS. For the purpose of training teachers, 3 normal schools are established, each under the control of a board of regents/5 and a normal department is established in Lincoln In¬ stitute, Jefferson City, tor colored teachers ; provided the trustees of the school certify under oath, that they hold in trust buildings and grounds valued at not less than §15,000.4 Normal institutes may be held by the county commissioner of each county ; and, as soon as established, must be attended by each and every teacher if possible.5 In city, town, and village school districts, high schools are provided in which studies, not provided for in the primary schools, may be pursued.6 The University of Missouri is established by constitution, as before mentioned.1 COUNTY SUPERVISION. A county commissioner of public schools for each county is elected by the people every 2 years. He examines teachers, condenses and returns to the State superin¬ dent the educational statistics of the county as reported by its officers to him ; sup¬ plies school officers with the law, and blanks for reports ; examines and licenses teach¬ ers, and performs such other duties as may be required by the State superintendent.7 The county court has control and jurisdiction of the school funds of the several townships in the county.8 LOCAL SUPERVISION. The government and the control of district schools are vested in a board of direc¬ tors, 3 in number, who are elected for 3-year terms by the qualified voters of the district,9 but in city, town, or village districts, there are 6 directors who hold their office for 3 years.10 SCHOOL-HOUSES. School-houses are erected and furnished by order of the qualified voters of a dis¬ trict; and the board of directors has charge of the same and of other property belong¬ ing to the district, except such as may be specially confided to the district clerk.11 OTHER SCHOOL PROPERTY. The school directors provide the necessary globes, maps, and other apparatus for the school-room.12 Books for a district library may be bought by order of the voters of the school dis¬ trict; in cities, by the board of directors or education.13 TEACHERS! HOW SELECTED AND PAID. Teachers who are legally qualified are employed by the board of directors.14 No person is granted a certificate to teach in any of the public schools who is not of good moral character, and qualified to teach orthography, reading, penmanship, arithmetic, English grammar, modern geography, history of the United States, and civil government. After September 1, 1886, no certificate will be granted unless appli¬ cant pass satisfactory examination also in physiology and hygiene, with special reference to the effects of alcoholic drinks, stimulants, and narcotics generally upon the human system.15 Teachers are paid by the county treasurer, upon the order of the board of directors, by warrants signed by the president of the board and countersigned by the district clerk.16 1Sch. Laws of 1881, sec. 7093; also see Const., art. 11, sec. G. lScb. Laws, sec. 7122, 7123. srbid., sec. 7155. 4 Ibid., secs. 7176,7178. 6 Ibid., secs. 71S0, 7186. 6 Ibid., sec. 7146. 7 Ibid., secs. 7081, 7083, 7084. 8Ibid., sec. 7107, 9 Ibid., sec. 7040. 10 Ibid., sec. 7143. 11 Ibid., secs. 7031, 7044. 12 Ibid., sec. 7044. 13 Ibid., secs. 7031, 7147. 14 Ibid., sec. 7046. 15 Ibid., sec. 7077. 16 Ibid., sec. 707L 122 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. LOCAL TAXES. The qualified voters of any school district may levy such tax as they may deem sufficient to purchase site, erect school-house thereon, and furnish the same, such tax not to exceed in any one year 1 per cent, in cities, towns and villages, and sixty- five hundredths of 1 per cent, in other districts.1 Boards of education arc authorized to make estimates for a tax not to exceed two- fifths of 1 per cent, on all the taxable property of the school district, said tax to con¬ stitute a sinking fuud for the redemption of auy outstanding bouds of such district,2 and are also authorized to make an estimate for the levy of a tax to pay the annual interest on all bonds of the district.3 NEBRASKA. ESTABLISHMENT OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS. “ The Legislature shall provide for the free instruction in the common schools of this State of all persons between the ages of 5 and 21 years.” 4 No sectarian instruction shall be allowed in any school or institution supported wholly, or partly, by the public funds set apart for educational purposes; nor shall the State accept any grant, conveyance, or bequest of money, lands, or other property to be used for sectarian purposes.5 Every organized county is divided into school districts,6 but each corporate city of more than 1,500 inhabitants constitutes one school district.1, LEGAL SCHOOL POPULATION. An annual census of all resident persons of school age, as above specified, is taken by the district school director or boards of education. A certified copy of such list is sent from each district to the county superintendent,8 who reports the total number of pupils in the county, so enumerated, to the State superintendent.9 MINIMUM LENGTH OF SCHOOL YEAR. The minimum length of the school year is three months.10 Unless otherwise specified, 20 days constitute a school month.11 PRESCRIBED STUDIES. In all schools supported by public money, or under State control, instruction must be given in physiology and hygiene, with special reference to the effects of alcoholic drinks and other stimulants and narcotics upon the human system.12 STATE SUPERVISION. The supervision of the free schools of the State is vested in a State superintendent of public instruction, elected biennially by the people. His duties are : To organize normal institutes; visit schools; construe school law; prescribe forms for reports ; cause the school laws to be printed in pamphlet form ; apportion school money, and report to the Governor, annually ; and distribute copies of said report to the Legisla¬ ture and to the school directors and county superintendents.13 STATE TAX. For the support of free schools, in addition to the income from permanent school fund, an annual tax is levied, not to exceed one and a half mills upon the dollar val¬ uation of the grand list of the taxable property of the State.14 STATE SCHOOL FUND. The perpetual funds for common-school purposes, of which the annual interest or income only can be appropriated, are : 1. Such per centum as has been or may be granted by Congress on the sale of lands in the State. 2. Moneys arising from the sale or leasing of sections 16 and 36 in each township. 3. The proceeds of all lands granted to the State, not otherwise appropriated by the terms of the grant. 4. The net proceeds of escheats, forfeitures, or from unclaimed dividends, or distribu¬ tive shares of the estates of deceased persons. 5. All moneys, stocks, bonds, lands, and other property already belonging to the common-school fund.15 1 Sell. Laws, see. 7030. 2 Ibid., sec. 7037. 3 Ibid., sec. 7038. 4 Const, of 1875, art. 8, see. 6. 6 Ibid., sec. 11. 6 Sell. Laws, p. 14. 7 Ibid., sec. 1, p. 65. 8 Ibid., sec. 12, sub. div. 2, p. 34. 9 Ibid., sec. 3, p. 57. 10 Ibid., sec. 14, p. 26. 11 Ibid., sec. 3, p. 52. 12 Ibid., sec. 1, p. 53. 13 Ibid., pp. 50, 51; and Const., art. 5, sec. 1. 14 Ibid., p. 56, sec. 1. 18 Const, of 1875, art. 8, sec. 3. SUMMARY OF STATU SCHOOL LAWS. 123 Provision must bs made, by general law, for an equitable distribution of tlio income of the above.1 The State treasurer, upon the warrant of tho State auditor, pays to each county, semi-annually, the amount of school money apportioned to said county by tho State superintendent, according to the number of resident scholars in the county.3 The total amount of school money of each county is semi-annually apport ioned by the county superintendent as follows: Ouo-fourth to bo distributed equally to tho several school districts in the county; tho remaining throe-fourths to bo distributed according to the number of scholars (last enumerated) in each district.3 County treasurers pay to tho district treasurer’s the amounts apportioned to their districts. 1 EDUCATION OF TEACHERS. “For the purpose of training and instructing persons, both male and female, in the arts of teaching and managing schools, and in the principles and practice of the various branches of learning taught in the public schools,” a State normal school is established, and an endowment fund provided for the same.5 “ For tho purpose of allowing teachers an opportunity to improve themselves in the art of teaching,” two kinds of teachers’ institutes are also held — normal insti¬ tutes, organized by the State superintendent, and county institutes, by the county superintendent.6 EDUCATION OF DEFECTIVE, DEPENDENT, AND DELINQUENT CHILDREN. The Legislature may provide, by law, for the establishment of schools for the safe¬ keeping, education, employment and reformation of all children under the age of 16 years, who, for want of proper parental care or other cause, are growing up in mendi¬ cancy or crime.7 County superintendents must, annually, in September, report to the superintendent of the Blind Asylum and the Nebraska Institute for the deaf and dumb, respectively, the names, ages and post-office addresses of all persons between the ages of 5 and 21 years, who are blind or deaf and dumb, or deaf to such an extent as to be unable to acquire an education in the common school.8 EDUCATION IN HIGHER AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES. His>li schools may be established in any district containing more than one hundred and fifty children of school age.9 T|he university is recognized by the State constitution, and provision made for the management and general government of the same.10 COUNTY SUPERVISION. In each organized county there is a county superintendent, elected by the people for 2 years, who has general supervision of the county free schools, examines and licenses teachers, visits schools, organizes county institutes, delivers lectures, dis¬ tributes blanks for reports, examines reports of school boards, and reports, annually, to the State superintendent.11 TEXT-BOOKS. The district boards or trustees prescribe the course of study and text-books for the use of schools.13 LOCAL SUPERVISION. Each district has a school board of 3 members, elected for 3 years ; but districts con¬ taining more than 150 children of school age may elect, as a district board, 6 trustees, who hold office for 3 years each, 2 elected annually.13 Women may vote at district-school elections.14 The officers of the boards are a moderator, a director, and a treasurer. The mod¬ erator presides at all meetings of the district ; the director is clerk of the district board, and makes out annual report to the county superintendent. This board has the general care and management of all schools and school money of the district.15 City schools are under the direction of boards of education, consisting of 6 or 9 members, elected, one-third annually, for 3-year terms,16 who may elect a superin¬ tendent for a term of not more than 3 years.17 1 Const, of 1875, art. 8, sec. 7. * Sell. Laws, secs. 2, 3, p. 57. 8 Ibid., sec. 4, p. 58. ‘Ibid., secs. 9, 10, p. 59, 6 Ibid., sec. 15, p. 64, sec. 12, p. 63. * Ibid., p. 54, secs. 1, 2. 7 Const, of 1875, art. 8, sec. 12. 8 Scb. Laws, sec. 14, p. 49. 9 Ibid., sec. 1, p. 42. 10 Const., 1875, art. 8, sec. 10. 11 Scb. Laws, sec. 1 et seq., p. 44. 12 Ibid., sec. 3, p. 43, see. 3. p. 39. 13 Ibid., sec. 1, p. 28, sec. 1, p. 42. 14 Ibid., sec. 4, p. 23. 15 Ibid., sec. 1 et seq., p. 30. 16 Ibid., sec. 3, p. 66. 17 Ibid., sec. 8, p. 68. 124 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. SCHOOL-HOUSES. The district boards of directors build, hire, or purchase school-houses, and make sale or conveyance of any site or other property of the district, when lawfully directed by the qualified voters of the same, at an annual or special meeting.1 The school board has the care and custody of the school-house and other property of the district, unless confided to the custody of the director.2 teachers: how selected and paid. Teachers are employed by the school trustees or by the director of the district school board.3 No person is allowed to teach unless he is of good moral character, and has a cer¬ tificate from the county superintendent, or from some authority to grant teachers’ certificates, or has a diploma from the State Normal School or from a State normal school of another State, approved by the $tate superintendent.4 The county superintendent grants 3 grades of certificates ; for third or lowest grade, valid in special district only, for 6 months, satisfactory examination is required in orthography, reading, writing, geography, arithmetic, physiology and hygiene, English composition, and English grammar ; second grade, valid in the county for 1 ye&r, all the above and history of the United States, civil government, book-keeping, black-board drawing, and theory and art of teaching : first grade, valid in county for 2 years, 1 year’s successful teaching and, in addition to the foregoing branches, ex¬ amination in algebra, geometry, botany, and physics.5 Professional State certificates, entitling the holder to teach in any public school in the State without further examination, are granted to permanent teachers of high character aud broad scholarship and successful experience, upon examination by the State superintendent, or by a committee appointed by him, and are also granted, without examination, to graduates of colleges and universities of good standing who have received a first-grade certificate, and have successfully taught in any high school in the State for 3 years.6 Teachers are x>aid by the district treasurer upon order signed by th9 director and countersigned by the moderator of the district school board.7 LOCAL TAXES. The voters of any school district at any annual meeting may determine the tax to be levied for all school purposes, not to exceed 25 mills on the dollar in any one year, 10 mills of which may be for the building, purchase, or lease of school-houses.8 Cities may levy and collect, annually, a tax of not more than 2 per cent, on all tax¬ able property of the district (city), for school purposes.9 NEVADA. ESTABLISHMENT OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The Legislature shall provide for a uniform system of common schools by which a school shall be established, and maintained in each school district at least 6 months in every year.10 Every child, between the ages of 8 and 14, must attend a public school at least 16 weeks in each school year, unless excused by the board of school trustees, provided the public school is within 2 miles of pupil’s residence.11 Each county is divided into school districts, but each village, town, or incorporated city constitutes but one school district.13 No sectarian instruction shall be imparted or tolerated in any school or university under State control.13 LEGAL SCHOOL POPULATION. The trustees of each district, annually, in the month of May, must take, or cause to be taken by a census marshal, a census of all resident children over 6 and under 13 j years of age, and return a certified copy of such enumeration to the county superin¬ tendent before the 1st of July, following, to be reported by him to the State superin¬ tendent.14 MINIMUM LENGTH OF SCHOOL YEAR. The minimum length of the school year is 6 mouths. A school month consists of 4 weeks of 5 days each, unless otherwise specified.15 1 Sch. Laws, sec. G, p. 40. 3 Ibid., sec. 9. 8 Ibid., sec. 11. p. 34, and sec. 3, p. 43. 4 Ibid., secs. 5, 1, pp. 46, 52. 6 Ibid., sec. 6 et scq., p. 46, 6 Ibid., sec. 4 et seq., p. 52. 7 Ibid., sec. 16, p. 36. 8 Ibid., secs. 11, 12. p. 25. s Ibid., sec. 24. p. 74. 10 Const, of 1864, art. 11, secs. 2, 9. 111 Scb. Laws, art. 11, sec. 1. 12 Ibid., art. 7, secs. 1, 2. 13 Ibid., art. 13, sec. 5. J4 Ibid., art. 6, sec. 1; art. 5, seo. ' 4; art. 3, sec. 3. 15 Ibid., art. 13, sec. 4. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 125 PRESCRIBED STUDIES. Orthography, reading, writing, arithmetic, the elements of natural philosophy, and geography must bo taught in all the public schools, and in each school above the grade of primary, there must also be taught English grammar, history of the United States, chemistry, and elementary physiology and hygiene; and in such schools as the board of trustees may direct, all or any of the following : Algebra, geometry, drawing, natural history and philosophy, astronomy, and the elements of book-keen¬ ing.1 STATIC SUPERVISION. The State board of education consists of the Governor, the superintendent of pub¬ lic instruction, and the surveyor-general. Its powers and duties are to adopt a sys¬ tem of rules for State and county examinations; to prescribe text-books and course of study in the public schools; to recommend lists of books for district-school li¬ braries; to grant and revoke (when advisable) life and 6-year diplomas, and 3-year State certificates ; to have necessary printing done by the State printer, and to keep record of its proceedings. The board has appellate jurisdiction over all questions relating to schools and referred to county superintendents.3 The superintendent of public instruction is elected quadrennially by the people. He is required to apportion the school money, semi-annually, to the counties, in pro¬ portion to the number of children of school age in each; to make a biennial report to the Governor, to prescribe forms and regulations for making all reports; prepare pamphlet copies of the school law and send to school officers ; to visit each county in the State once in each year, in the interests of education. He is, ex officio., curator of the State museum and secretary of the board of directors of the State Orphans’ Home.3 STATE TAX. The State constitution of 1864 provides that the Legislature shall provide a special tax of one-half of 1 mill on the dollar of all taxable property in the State, in addi¬ tion to other means of support and maintenance of the State university and common schools; which tax at the end of 10 years may be reduced to one-fourth of 1 mill on the dollar.4 STATE SCHOOL FUND. The State school funds consist of all moneys accruing to the State from lands "iven or bequeathed, or which may hereafter be bequeathed, to the State for school purposes ; all fines collected under the penal laws of the State; 2 per cent of the gross proceeds of all toll roads and bridges, and all estates that may escheat to the State.5 All school moneys due each county are paid by the State treasurer to the county treasurers, semi-annually, in January and July, upon the warrant of the State comp¬ troller, drawn in conformity with the apportionment of the State superintendent.6 EDUCATION OF TEACHERS. A State teachers’ institute may be held annually by the State superintendent, to continue not less thau 5 nor more than 10 days, and county teachers’ institutes may be held in each county annually, under the supervision of the county superintendent, if authorized by the board of commissioners.7 The Legislature shall have power to establish normal schools.8 EDUCATION OF DEFECTIVE, DEPENDENT, AND DELINQUENT CHILDREN. The superintendent of public instruction is authorized and required to make ar¬ rangements with the directors of the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind, at San Francisco (now Berkely), California, for the admission, support, education, and care of the deaf and dumb and blind of this State, and for that purpose is empowered to make all needful contracts and agreements with said directors to carry out these provisions.9 EDUCATION IN HIGHER AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES. The Legislature shall provide for the establishment of a State university, which shall embrace departments for agriculture, mechanics, arts, and mining, and shall have the power to establish such different grades of schools from the primary depart¬ ment to the university, as they may deem necessary.10 COUNTY SUPERVISION. The county superintendent of public schools is elected biennially by the people. 1 Sob. Laws, art. 1. sec. 5. 2 Ibid., art. 1, secs. 1, 4. sIbid., art. 2, sec. 1, 5. 4 CoDst. of 1864, art. 11. sec. 6. * Seh. Laws, art. 12, sec. 1. J iinci.. art. iz, sec. o. 7 Ibid., art. 9, secs. 1, 2. 8 Const., art. 11, sec. 5. 9 Act of Gen. Assem. app. Mar. 2, 18G9. 10 Const., art. 11, secs. 4, 5. -gJ 126 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. (The district attorneys, in addition to their duties as such, are, ex officio , county su¬ perintendents.)1 The county superintendent apportions the school money of the county, visits pub¬ lic schools, distributes blanks, reports, &c., keeps on file the reports received by him, pays for books furnished by school trustees to indigent children, appoints school trustees in districts failing to elect them and fills vacancies occurring in said offices, appoints two competent persons to act with him as board of examination, for the purpose of examining applicants and granting certificates o-f qualification to teachers of public schools, holds institutes (as before mentioned), and reports, annually, to the State superintendent.2 TEXT-BOOKS. A uniform series of text-books, as already noted, is prescribed by the State board of education, not to be changed oftener than once in 4 years.3 LOCAL SUPERVISION. Three school trustees, who have charge and supervision of the public schools of the district, and hold office for 3 years, are elected, one each year, by the voters of each district ; but in districts containing more than 400 school children there are 5 school trustees, who hold office for 5 years, one elected each year. They divide the schools into infant, taught by the Frcibel system, primary, grammar, and high-school depart¬ ments; but the infant department is not established in school districts of less than 300 children ; provide books for indigent children ; apportion the school funds of the district; in short, have general control and management of the public schools and finances of the districts.4 SCHOOL-HOUSES. School-houses, and maps, black-boards, and furniture for the same, are provided by the boards of trustees or boards of education.5 teachers: how selected and paid. Each teacher is employed by the board of trustees, and must have a certificate from the State or county board of education, in full force and effect. Teachers are paid by the county treasurer.6 LOCAL TAXES. The board of county commissioners levies an annual county-school tax, not less than 15 nor more than 50 cents on each $1D0 valuation of taxable property. The qualified voters of any school district may vote to tax themselves to furnish ad¬ ditional school facilities for the district, for erectiug new school buildings, or for the purpose of keeping schools open for a longer period than the ordinary funds will allow.7 After a school has been maintained free to all pupils 6 months of the current school year, the trustees of any district have the power, at their discretion, to assess such rate-bills of tuition as they may deem necessary for the payment of teachers'* salaries, in addition to the public moneys of the district.8 NEW HAMPSHIRE. constitutional provisions regarding education. Knowledge and learning, generally diffused through a community, being essential to the preservation of a free government, spreading the opportunities and advan¬ tages of education through the various parts of the country, being highly conducive to promote this end, it shall be the duty of the Legislatures and magistrates in all future periods of this government, to cherish the interests of literature and the sci¬ ences, and all seminaries and public schools; to encourage private and public insti¬ tutions, rewards and immunities for the promotion of agriculture, arts, sciences, commerce, trade, manufactures, and natural history of the country ; to countenance and inculcate the principles of humanity and general benevolence, public and private charity, industry and economy, honesty and punctuality, sincerity, sobriety, and all social affections and generous sentiments among tha people.9 administration. For the State there are a superintendent of public instruction, aboard of commis¬ sioners of the literary fund, and a board of trustees of the State normal school ; 1 Sch. Laws, art. 3, sec. 1. *1. Ibid., art. 3, sec. 1 et seq. ; 2. Ibid., art. 10, sec. 1. 3 Ibid., art. 1, sec. 4. 4 Jbid., art. 4, sec. 1; art. 5, sec. 1 et seq. * Ibid., art. 5, secs. 6, 9. ‘Ibid., art. 5. sec. 5; art. 8, sec. 1. T Ibid , art. 5, sec. 10. g Ibid., art. 5, sec. 13. * Const., sec. 83. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 127 for towns there are school hoards and a superintendent if desired; lor districts a moderator, a clerk, and a prudential committee. The administration is concerned with common, graded, and high schools; with an industrial school, teachers’ institutes, and a normal school, and, “ l>y contract,” re¬ lations are held with academies, seminaries, and colleges. Women are permitted to vote in school meetings and are eligible to town, township, and district-school offices.1 SUPERINTENDENT OF TUBLIC INSTRUCTION. The Governor and council appoint the State superintendent, who shall hold his office for 2 years, and shall have general supervision and control of the educational in¬ terests of the State.2 His duties are to hold teachers’ institutes, to visit and lecture in towns, to report the condition of the normal school, to investigate the condition and efficiency of pop¬ ular education in the State, and to awaken and guide public sentiment in relation thereto, to make an annual report, and to discharge such other duties as the law may assign.3 STATE FUNDS. Every banking corporation shall pay to the treasurer on or before the second Wednesday of June, annually, one-half of 1 per cent, on the amount of the actual capital stock of the bank at that time. The sums so paid shall constitute a fund to be called the literary fund.2 All sums of money hereafter received from the tax on deposits in savings banks by non-resident depositors, or depositors whose residence is unknown, shall constitute a part of the literary fund.4 The Governor, secretary, and treasurer shall constitute a board of commissioners to manage said fund.3 The treasurer shall assign and distribute, in June, annually, the literary fund among the several towns and places, according to the number of scholars, not less than 5 years old, who shall appear to have attended the district common schools- in such towns and places for a time not less than 2 weeks within that year.5 The money thus received shall be applied to the maintenance of common schools, or to other purposes of education in addition to the sums required to be raised by law.6 The proceeds of the sale of State lauds are set apart as a school fund, the annual income of which shall be applied to the purposes of common-school education, and shall be disbursed upon warrants drawn upon the treasurer by the Governor, to be applied in such way and manner as the Legislature may from time to time determine.7, SCHOOL DISTRICTS. The division of towns (townships) into school districts, heretofore existing, is hereby abolished, and each town (township) shall hereafter constitute a single district for school purposes, with this exception, that districts organized under special acts of the Legislature may retain their present organization.8 Each town (township) shall forthwith take possession of all the school-houses, lands, apparatus, and other school property owned by said districts.9 The provisions of this act shall not be applied to school districts holding funds for school purposes in such manner as to prevent said districts from retaining and enjoy¬ ing the benefit of said funds.10 Any town (township), afterS years from the time this act goes into effect (from and after March 1, 1886), may, by a majority vote of all the electors of the district, re-establish the district system in such town (township), and shall thereafter be sub¬ ject to the same laws as are now in force in relation to school districts.11 The laws in relation to school districts, so far as consistent, are to continue in force.12 A special school district may unite with the town (township) district.13 All districts, legally organized, shall have and exercise corporate powers.14 Any town or any district may raise money for supplying the scholars in the com¬ mon schools with suitable school books free of charge.15 Contiguous districts may unite in support of schools, and also in building or re¬ pairing joint school-houses.16 Every district, including land in different towns (townships), shall be deemed a dis- 1 Laws of 1879, chap. 57, secs. 18 6 Ibid., sec. 7. 12 Ibid., sec. 9. and 19. 7 Ibid., sec. 10, 11, 12. “Ibid., chap. 89, sec. i. 2 Gen. Laws, chap. 94, sec. 1. 8 Laws, chap. 43, sec. 1. 14 Gen. Laws of 1886, sec. 14. sIbid., sec. 2. 9 Ibid., Bee. 2. 16 Laws of 1883, chap. 46. sec. 1. 4Ibid., sec.3. 10Ibid.. see. 7. I6Gen. Laws, chap. 83, secs. 22, 6Ibid.. sec. 5. “Ibid., sec. 8. 23. 128 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. trict of that town in which most of the voters reside ; hat the district may, by vote elect to which town it will belong.1 Joint districts are entitled to their just proportion of school moneys from any and every source.3 If any 3 or more voters are aggrieved by the location of any school-house, they may petition the school board, which shall hear and determine the location thereof.3 If any 10 or more voters are aggrieved by the location of any school-hous e, they may petition the county commissioners, who shall hear and determine the location thereof.4 DISTRICT OFFICERS. The officers of a district shall be a moderator, a clerk, aud prudential committee, not exceeding 3, who shall be adult citizens of the district; shall be chosen by ballot, and may be either male or female ; shall be sworn, and shall hold their offices for one year.5 The moderator of a school district shall have the same power and duty as a mod¬ erator of a town meeting, to conduct the business and to preserve order, and may ad¬ minister oaths to district officers and others. Iu case of a vacancy or absence, a moderator may be chosen at any meeting.0 The clerk shall keep a true and attested record of all the doings of each meeting; shall deliver to the selectmen a certified copy of every vote to raise money within 10 days ; shall make and certify copies of any votes when required and payment is ten¬ dered therefor ; shall have power to administer oaths ; to preside as moderator until a moderator, pro tempore, shall be chosen, and if the clerk be absent, a clerk, pro tempore, shall be chosen.7 The prudential committee shall select and hire teachers for the district, provide them board, furnish fuel, make repairs to school-house and furniture, notify the super¬ intending school commissioner of the commencement and close of the schools, and give them such information and assistance as may be necessary for the performance of their duties.8 BOARDS OF EDUCATION. Any other school district (other than one composed of the whole town), in any town of the State which may so elect, and in which there are 50 children of school age, or which may support a public school during not less than 30 weeks in each year, or a graded school during not less than 24 weeks, may choose, by ballot, a board of edu¬ cation.9 Such board shall consist of 3, 6, or 9 persons, one-third of whom shall hold office for one year, one-third for 2 years, and one-third for 3 years. Thereafter one-third of said board shall be chosen by ballot annually.10 The board shall have the care and custody of all the property belonging to the dis¬ tricts, employ teachers and fix their compensation, shall have the control and man¬ agement of the schools of the district, and, generally, shall perform the functions of prudential and school committees. 11 The boards of education of adjoining towns, cities, or districts may contract with each other or with any academy, seminary, or college incorporated under the laws of the State for the education of scholars, upon such terms and conditions as they may agree upon. 12 Said boards are sworn to fidelity ; choose a president and secretary of their own number, and hold meetings as often as may be necessary. They receive no compen¬ sation, except such sums as the towns may allow them for performing the duties of school committees within the districts for which they are chosen. 13 A report of receipts and disbursements is made to the district at every annual meet¬ ing of the board. Where the district is composed of the whole town (township), the board makes a report to the town, and in other cases to the school committee of the town, citing such facts as the committee shall, by law, be required to report to the town. 14 The school committee (school board) shall visit and examine personally, or by a subcommittee by them appointed, each school kept in town at least twice in each term, near the beginning and toward the close thereof. 15 1 Gen. Laws, chap. 83, sec. 7. 2 Ibid., sec. 13. 3 Ibid., chap. 88, sec. 4. 4 Ibid., sec. 6. 6 Ibid., chap. 87, sec. 10. 6 Ibid., sec. 11. 7 Ibid, sec. 12. 8 Ibid., sec. 14. 9 Ibid., sec. 17. 10 Ibid., sec. 18. 11 Ibid., , sec. 19. 12 Laws, chap. 89, sec. 2. 13 Ibid., chap. 87, sec. 20. 14 Gen. Laws, chap. 87, secs. 21, 22. Sections 14 and 17 to 22, inclusive, relate to districts organ¬ ized under special acts of the Legislature and are not applicable to town (township) districts wherein the school board has all the powers of superintending and prudential committees. 15 Ibid., chap. 89, sec. 17. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 129 TOWN OFFICERS. Every town, at tbo annual mooting, shall chooso by ballot and by majority vote, tbreo “selectmen” who shall manage all tho prudential affairs of the town. A ma¬ jority of tho selectmen are competent to act in all cases.1 2 Among other duties they shall assess, annually, upon tho polls and taxable estates §1 on every §350.® Tho town, at any legal meeting lor the purpose, may raise a sum exceeding tho amount aforesaid.3 Such sum shall be appropriated to the sole purpose of koeping an English school, or schools, for teaching reading, writing, English grammar, arithmetic, geography, to¬ gether with such other branches as are deemed best, including tho purchase of fuel and making occasional repairs.4 * It is also the duty of the selectmen (1) to assign school money to each district ; (2) to draw orders on the town treasurer for school money, and, under certain circum¬ stances, both ; (3) to set off school lot, and (4) to lay out high-school lot ; (5) to make enumeration of children, and, (6) together with the school board, may purchase school apparatus. 6 TOWN BOARDS OF EDUCATION. The duties heretofore devolving upon superintending and prudential committees shall hereafter be performed by a school board of 3 persons in each town (township) to be chosen by ballot at the annual school meeting, and to hold office for 3 years. At the first election, however, one person shall be chosen for 3 years, one for 2 years, and one for 1 year.6 The said board of each town shall provide schools at such places and times as may best subserve the interests of education, and the board may use a portion of the school money, not exceeding 25 per cent., for the purpose of conveying scholars to and from such schools.7 TEACHERS. All persons proposing to teach in the town shall produce satisfactory evidence of good moral character and suitable temper and disposition, and shall be examined in such branches as are usually taught in the class of schools in which they propose to teach, and also as to their capacity for governing the same, and if found competent the school boards shall give them certificates thereof, setting forth the branches they are found capable of teaching.8 Teachers of common schools shall be examined in reading, spelling, writing, En¬ glish grammar, arithmetic, geography, and the elements of history, and in physiology and hygiene, with special reference to the effects of alcoholic drinks, stimulants, and narcotics upon the human system, and in other branches usually taught in said schools.9 The school board may prescribe for any school, when deemed best, the studies of surveying, geometry, algebra, book-keeping, philosophy, chemistry, and natural his¬ tory, or any of them, and other suitable studies ; and teachers proposing to teach in such schools shall be examined in said branches in addition to those required of other teachers.10 , No teacher shall be employed or paid unless he shall produce and deliver to the pru¬ dential committee a certificate of qualification.11 Every teacher at the close of his school shall make a return of the register to the school committee (school board), who shall give to him a certificate thereof ; and no teacher shall receive payment until such certificate is produced and delivered to the prudential committee (or school board).13 STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. The State Normal School is established for the training of teachers for the common schools of the State. The instruction is confined to such branches as are usually taught in normal schools. The school shall be in session at least twenty weeks in each year.13 The management of the school is vested in a board of trustees, composed of the Governor, superintendent of public instruction, and five persons appointed by the Governor, with the advice and consent of the council, and to hold office two years. It shall have the general management of the school, and shall meet at least once in each year. Said trustees shall receive no compensation, but shall be paid their reasonable expenses.14 The courses of study are prescribed. The first shall include all the branches taught 1 Gen. Laws, chap. 40, sec. 2. 2 Ibid., chap. 85, sec. 1. 3 Ibid., sec. 2. 4 Ibid., sec. 3. 6 Ibid., sec. 4; (2) chap. 40, sec. 9; (3) chap. 88, sec. 12; (4) chap. 90, sec. 11, and (5) 89 sec. 20 : (6) Laws of 1879, chap. 53, sec. 1. 6 Laws, chap. 43, seo. 4. FT) SO - 0 7 Ibid. , sec. 6. 8 Gen. Laws, chap. 89, sec. 3. 9 Laws of 1883, chap. 37, sec. 1. 10 Ibid., chap. 37, sec. 2. 11 Gen. Laws, chap. 27, sec. 6. l2Ibid., chap. 89, sec. 16, p. 218. I3Ibid., chap. 93, sec. 1. 14 Laws of 1879, chap. 45, sec. 1. 130 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. .n the common schools of New Hampshire, and shall require for its completion at least one school year. The second shall include the higher branches in addition to the other course, and shall require for its completion at least two school years. Certifi¬ cates of graduation are issued.1 Tuition and graduation are free upon agreement to teach in the schools of the State for a period equal to the time spent in the course or courses of study.2 The sum of §5,000 is annually appropriated for the maintenance of said school, to be expended as the trustees shall direct.3 teachers’ institutes. The State superintendent shall organize, superintend, and hold at least one teachers’ institute each year in each county of the State.4 The principal and teachers of the State Normal School shall give instruction at said institute without additional compensation, except for travel and necessary ex¬ penses.5 The expenses of county institutes are defrayed from the proceeds of the sale of the State lands.6 Teachers may close their schools three days in any one term, or five days in one year, while in attendance upon a teachers’ institute.7 SCHOOLS. In the absence of an express contract, a session of three hours in the forenoon and three hours in the afternoon shall constitute a school day ; and five such days a school week, and four such weeks a school month in the district schools of the State.8 No person can attend school without the consent of the authorities, unless an in¬ habitant of the district.9 Each scholar must be vaccinated;10 may be dismissed for misconduct;11 if assigned to one school, cannot attend another.12 Habitual truants may be compelled to attend school under penalty;13 offenders in default of fine maybe committed to the reform school.14 Children under 10 years of age are not to be em¬ ployed by manufacturing corporations under penalty,15 but may be employed when under 14 years if they attended the district school the time it was kept the preceding year.16 None under 16 years maybe employed unless having attended some school at least twelve weeks the preceding year.17 The penalty for each offense is a fine not exceeding $20. 18 Whoever has charge of any child, between the ages of 8 and 14 years, residing in any school district in which a public school is annually taught for the period of 12 weeks or more shall cause said child to attend the school for 12 weeks at least, under penalty of a fine.19 HIGH SCHOOLS. A district for the support of a high school may be established in any town (town¬ ship) or district by a majority vote in town meeting, or by a vote of two-thirds the legal voters of a district having not less than 100 children between 6 and 16 years of age.20 Two or more school districts may unite to form a high-school district.21 Such schools are supported and managed in a manner similar to that of the com¬ mon schools.22 NEW JERSEY. ESTABLISHMENT OF FREE SCHOOLS. “ The Legislature shall provide for the maintenance and support of a thorough and efficient system of free public schools for the instruction of all children in this State between the ages of 5 and 18 years. ”23 No portion of the public-school money shall be used for the support of sectarian schools.24 Instruction at home or in public or private schools must be provided by parents or guardians for all children between the ages of 7 and 12 years, for at least 20 weeks in each year, the required subjects being spelling, reading, writing, English grammar, geography, and arithmetic, unless such children are mentally or physically unable to receive the same.25 Habitual truants, or children immoral in conduct, or incorrigibly vicious, who may be between 7 and 15 years old, are deemed juvenile disorderly persons, and if 9 or more 1 Gen. Laws, chap. 93, sec. 3. 2 Ibid., sec. 5. 3 Laws of 1879, chap. 45, sec. 2. 4 Laws of 1883, chap. 73, sec. 1. 6 Ibid., sec. 2. 6 Ibid., sec. 4. 7 Laws, chap. 84, sec. 1. 8 Laws of 1883, chap. 31, sec. 1. 9 Gen. Laws, chap. 91, sec. 1. 10 Ibid., sec. 2. 11 Ibid., sec. 3. 12 Ibid., sec. 4. 13 Ibid., sec. 6. 14 Ibid., sec, 9. 15 Laws of 1879, chap. 21, sec. 1. 16 Laws of 1881, chap. 56, sec. 2. 17 Ibid., sec. , 1. 18 Ibid., sec. 3. 19 Gen. Laws, chap. 91, sec. 14. 20 Ibid., chap. 90, sec. 1, and Laws of 1881, chap. 23^ sec. 1. 21 Ibid., sec. 3. 22 Ibid., secs. 4 to 10, inclusive. 23 Amend, of 1875 to Const, of 1844. 24 Act of March 16, 1881. 25 Act of Leg. app’d Apr. 20, 1885, sec. 1. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 131 years old, and tlie parents or guardians provo that they are unable to make such chil¬ dren attend school, they may be arrested and sent to a juvenile reformatory and kept there until they aro l(i years old, unless sooner discharged by the board of control of the reformatory.1 2 No child under the ago of 15 years shall be employed by any person, company, or corporation to labor in any business whatever, unless such child has attended school for at least 12 consecutive weeks in tho 12 months immediately preceding such em¬ ployment ; and no child under 14 years of ago shall bo employed for a longer period than 60 hours in a week.3 Every manufacturer, merchant, or other employer, employing any person contrary to the above, upon conviction, shall bo lined, for each offense, not less than $50 nor more than $100; and every parent or guardian who, knowingly, permits the employment of such children is likewise subject to a fine of not more than $25 nor less than $10 for each child so employed. 11 No tuition fees for the support of public schools are allowed. All such schools must be free to persons of school age.4 Corporal punishment is prohibited/ On tne annual arbor day appropriate exercises must bo introduced in all the schools in the State.® LEGAL SCHOOL POPULATION. The clerks of the school boards of education, oj: boards of trustees, must, annually, during the month of May, take the census of all resident persons of school age be¬ tween 5 and 18 years, and report the same to the county superintendent.7 MINIMUM LENGTH OF SCHOOL YEAR. Schools must be kept open at least 9 months in each year.3 Four weeks of 5 days each constitute a school month.9 STATE SUPERVISION. The State board of education consists of* the Governor, the president of the senate, the speaker of the House of Assembly, the attorney-general, the secretary of State, the State comptroller (who are trustees of the school" fund, also), and the trustees of the State Normal School (two from each Congressional district, appointed by the senate and General Assembly for 2-year terms), together with the treasurer "thereof ap¬ pointed by them. 10 The powers and duties of the State board in the main are : To prescribe rules and regulations for carrying into effect the school laws ; to recommend additions and amendments to the school laws ; to appoint State and county superintendents, pre¬ scribe rules and regulations for holding teachers’ institutes, to order all necessary re¬ pairs to the grounds, buildings, and furniture of the State Normal School, and to keep the buildings and furniture insured ; to authorize payment of the necessary inci¬ dental expenses of the State superintendent; to decide all appeals from the State superintendent; to approve the by-laws and regulations for the management of the New Jersey School for Deaf-Mutes, and to report, annually, to the Legislature in re¬ gard to all matters committed to its care. 11 The State superintendent holds office during the pleasure of the board not to ex¬ ceed 3 years, and is, ex officio, secretary of the board of education, president of the State association of school superintendents, and a member of the State board of examiners and of all county and city examiners. He has supervision of all schools receiving any part of the State appropriation; apportions school money to the coun¬ ties ; prepares blanks for reports and returns ; decides disputes ; preserves in his of¬ fice such books, maps, and other school apparatus as may be secured without expense to the State ; files reports which may be sent to his office, and reports, annually, in December, to the board of education.13 STATE TAX. For the purpose of maintaining free public schools there is levied and collected, an¬ nually, upon the taxable real and personal property in the State, a State school tax equal to $4 for each child in the State between the ages of 5 and 18 years.13 Ten per cent, of this amount is known as a reserve fund, and is apportioned among the counties by the State board equitably and justly, according to its own discre¬ tion, on or before the 15th day of April in each year. The remainder is apportioned by the State superintendent according to the number of children of school age in each 1 Act of Leg. approved Apr. 1!0, 1885, secs. 5, 7. 2Ibid., sec. 2. 3March 5, 1883, sees. 3, 4. 4 Sell. Law, sec. 84, 5Ibid., sec. 98. 6 Act of Leg., April 14, 1884. 7 Sell. Law, sec. 36. 8Ibid.,^ec. 63, p. 25. 9 Ibid., sec. 44, p.18. 10 Ibid., secs. 1, 52, 54, 65. 11 Ibid., secs. 2 to 4. 12 Ibid., sec. 5, et seq. 13 Ibid., sec. 77. 132 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. county, and orders are drawn by him on the comptroller of the treasury in favor ol the county collectors for the total of both amounts thus apportioned each county.1 STATE SCHOOL FUND. The public stocks and moneys appropriated by law for school purposes, and all moneys received from the sales and rentals of the land, under water, belonging to the State, constitute the permanent school fund.3 Out of the income from this fund $100,000, annually, is appropriated for the support of public schools.3 The State comptroller, annually, draws his warrant on the State treasurer in favor of the county collector of any county for the portions of the State appropriation be¬ longing to such county, whenever the collector presents an order for the same, drawn by the State superintendent.4 The county superintendent apportions the school money of his county among the townships, cities, and districts; and no district is to receive less than $200; and districts with 45 children, or more, not less than $345.5 EDUCATION OF TEACHEES. For the training and education of teachers in the art of instructing and governing, a State normal school and teachers’ institutes are established, and annual appropria¬ tions are made for the same.6 EDUCATION OF DEFECTIVE, DEPENDENT, AND DELINQUENT CHILDREN. An annual appropriation is fixed by law for the expenses of tuition and main¬ tenance of pupils in the New Jersey School for Deaf-Mutes.7 EDUCATION IN HIGHER AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES. To any city, town, or township raising not less than $3,000, annually, for a technical school, the State pays a like sum, not exceeding $5,000 in any year.8 COUNTY SUPERVISION. The county superintendent, appointed by the State board of education, subject to approval of the freeholders, holds office for 3 years ; examines and licenses teachers ; forms districts; provides for graded schools ; examines candidates for scholarships in the State Agricultural College and grants certificates of appointment ; and discharges other duties of general supervision aud superintendence over the public schools of the county, in accordance with regulations provided by the State board of education.9 TEXT-BOOKS. A uniform series of text-books and the course of study for the public schools are prescribed by the district trustees in connection with the county superintendent.10 Books are provided for indigent children free of charge.11 LOCAL SUPERVISION. For the district supervision 3 trustees are elected, 1 each year, for 3-year terms. vTo this office women are eligible.) The trustees have general management and control of the district public schools, and report, annually, to the county superintendent.12 The district trustees of each township together constitute an association called the township board of trustees, which meets at such times and places as.the county super¬ intendent may appoint, for the purpose of hearing communications from him in regard to the management of the schools, and of submitting to him questions for advice or opinion relating to the same.13 SCHOOL-HOUSES. District trustees, authorized by the vote of the district, erect, enlarge, repair, or improve school buildings, furnish the same, and keep them insured.14 The township committee of townships, having township boards of education, may build school-houses, if notified to do so by the board of education.16 Cities provide school-houses for their schools and may borrow money for building or enlarging the same.16 TEACHERS: HOW SELECTED AND PAID. Teachers are employed and dismissed by the district boards of trustees, by whose order they are paid.17 1 Sch. Law, sec. 80. 2 Ibid., secs. 66, 67. 3 Ibid., sec. 73. 4Ibid., sec. 82. 6 Ibid,, sec. 81. 6 Ibid., secs. 51, 67a. 7 Ibid., sec. 67 a. 8 Acts of Leg., March 24, 1881. 9 Sch. Law, .sec. 19, et seq. 10 Ibid., sec. 39, div. 6. 11 Ibid., div. 8. 12 Ibid., sec. 31, etseq. 13 Ibid., sec. 40. 14 Ibid., sec. 39. '“Act of Leg., April 20, 1S85. 16 Ibid., March 31, 1882. 17 Sch. Law, sec. 39. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 133 No teacher is entitled to any salary unless ho is tho holder of a proper teachor’s certificate in full force and effect.1 For the examination of teachers there are 3 boards of examinora; tho State hoard, consisting of tho State superintendent and the principal of tho State Normal School ; tho county board, consisting of the county superintendent and not inoro than three teachers, appointed by him ; and the city boards, consisting of such members as the board of education of the city may appoiut. (Certificates granted by them entitle the holder to teach in the city schools.)'2 There are three grades of State and county certificates, the lowest State certificate ranking one degree above the highest county certificate. Applicants for third-grade (lowest) county certificates must bo 10 years old, and are examined in orthography, reading, writing, geography, practical arithmetic, and English grammar; license valid in county only for 1 year; for second-grade county certificates applicants must have had 1 year’s experience in teaching and are examined in tho foregoing and his¬ tory of the United States, book-keeping, and theory and practice of teaching; license valid in county only, for 3 years. Candidates for first-grade county certificates must have at least two-years expe¬ rience in teaching, and are examined, in addition to tlio subjects required for second- grade certificate, in physiology, natural philosophy, English composition, algebra, the Constitution of the United States, and the school law of New Jersey ; license valid in any part of State for 5 years. Candidates for third-grade State certificates must bo 19 years old, and are exam¬ ined in spelling, reading, penmanship, book-keeping, geography, English grammar, arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, history and Constitution of the United States, physics, chemistry, geology, botany, physiology, theory and practice of teach¬ ing, and school law of New Jersey ; license valid for 7 years. Candidates for second-grade State certificates must be 2 L years old and have 2-years experience in teaching. The examination is the same as for third-grade certificates ; license valid for 10 years. Candidates for first-grade State certificates must be 25 years old, with not less than 4-years experience in teaching. The examination is the same as for second and third, with the addition of 2 standard works on teaching aud school government, but each candidate is required to draw up a plan for organizing the schools of some large city. The license is valid for life. First-grade State certificates are granted to teachers who have been successful principals of graded schools, or of city high schools for 10 years or more. 3 LOCAL TAXES. In addition to the State tax for the support of public schools each city (by munici¬ pal board) and school district may raise by tax such sums of money as may be needed for school purposes or for building, or enlarging, school buildings when approved by a majority of the voters in such district.4 Poll-taxes directed to be raised for school purposes in any township must not ex¬ ceed $1, and must be applied to the school districts where collected.5 NEW YORK. ESTABLISHMENT OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS. Common schools in the several school districts of the State shall be free to all per¬ sons (except Indians) over 5 and under 21 years of age residing in the district, but non-residents may be admitted upon such terms as the trustees shall prescribe.6 “ The revenues of the common-school fund shall be applied to the support of com¬ mon schools ; the revenues of the 1 literature fund ’ shall be applied to the support of academies.’’7 No person shall be deemed ineligible to serve as any school officer or to vote at any school meeting by reason of sex.8 Two or more adjoining districts may establish union free schools, which shall be under a board of education consisting of not less than 3 nor more than 9 trustees. The school authorities of any city or incorporated village, the schools of which are or shall be organized under the above law or under special acts, or the trustees of any union school district, or of any district organized under a special act, may estab¬ lish a separate school or schools for the instruction of children and youth of African descent resident therein and over 5 and under 21 years of age ; aud such schools shall be supported in the same manner, and receive the samo care, and be furnished with the same facilities for instruction, as the white schools therein.9 1Scli. Law, sec. 43. 6 Act of Leg., April, 3, 1878. * Ibid. , secs. 48, 49, 50. 6 Gen . Sch. Laws of 188G, title 7, secs. 39 , 40. ‘Sees. 2 to 13 of Rules and Regulations of State board of 7 Const. 1846, art. 9. education, in conformity with clause 1, sec. 2 of Sch. Law. 8 Act of Leg., Feb’y 2. 1880. ‘Ibid., sec. 86. 9 Gen. Sch. Laws of 1886, title 10, sees. 1, 2. 134 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. The State superintendent is charged with providing the means of education for all Indian children in the State. He shall establish the necessary schools, employ super¬ intendents, and, with the concurrence of the comptroller and secretary of State, cause suitable buildings to be erected for their accommodation. The Indian children in the State between the ages of 4 and 21 years shall be en¬ titled to draw public money the same as white children. The superintendent shall cause an annual enumeration of said Indian children to be made. Besides this, an annual appropriation for Indian schools is made out of the surplus income of the United States deposit fund.1 By act of May 5, 1884, the schools for colored children in the city of New York were ■ ] classed as ward schools and were opened for the education of pupils for whom ad¬ mission is sought, without regard to race or color. Every child between the ages of 8 and 14 years, unless physically or mentally un¬ fitted, must be caused by the parent or person having control of it to attend some school or to be regularly instructed at home in reading, writing, spelling, geography, ' arithmetic, and English grammar, for at least 14 weeks in each year, 8 of which, at least, when attending school must be consecutive. Two-weeks attendance at an i evening school count as one week’s attendance at a day school. Persons having control of such children, and failing to comply with the above re¬ quirement forfeit $1 for the first offense and, thereafter, shall forfeit §5 a week for the j time they shall fail to comply with the required provisions, not to exceed 13 weeks in any one year. No child under 14 years of age shall be employed to labor in any business during school hours of the public school unless such child has been duly instructed at least 14 weeks the preceding year ; and any person employing' a child who has not been so duly instructed during the preceding yehr shall forfeit $50 for each offense. Penalties for violation of the above laws are added to the public-school money of the district.2 LEGAL SCHOOL POPULATION. The trustees of each school district shall annually, in August, report to the clerk j of the town in which the school-house of the district is situated the number of chil- r dren of school age (over 5 and under 21 years of age) residing in the district on the 30th of June previous to making such report. This report shall not include children j supported at a county poor-house or an orphan asylum, nor any Indian children residing on reservations where schools provided by law for their education are taught.3 PRESCRIBED STUDIES. The act of March 10, 18S4, makes it the duty of local school authorities to provide for the instruction of all pupils in all schools supported by public money or under ] State control, in physiology and hygiene, with special reference to the effects of al- j coholic drinks, stimulants, and narcotics upon the human system.4 MINIMUM LENGTH OF SCHOOL YEAR. To entitle a district to its quota of public money, its schools must be maintained ; during each year 28 weeks of 5 days each. A deficiency not exceeding 3 weeks in any year, caused by a teacher’s attendance upon a teacher’s institute within the county, shall be excused.5 STATE SUPERVISION. The State superintendent is elected by joint ballot of the Legislature ; his term of I office is 3 years; his salary $5,000 per annum. He is, ex officio, a trustee of Cornell * I University and of the New York State Asylum for Idiots, and a regent of the Univer- ] sity of. the State of New York; has general supervision over the State normal 1 schools : must provide for the education of the Indian children of the State ; visits 1 and inspects the institutions for the instruction of the deaf and dumb, blind, and I all similar institutions ; may appoint clerks for his office ; may appoint persons to ] visit and examine common schools; must visit schools himself if he can do so ; may 1 grant and annul State certificates; may remove school officers; must prepare suitable j registers, blanks, and regulations ; must submit an annual report to the Legislature, j STATE TAX AND STATE SCHOOL FUND. The capital of the common-school fund, the capital of the literature fund, and the j capital of the United States deposit fund shall, each year, be appropriated to, and J made a part of, the capital of the said common-school fund.7 1 Act of Leg., April 1, 1856. 4 Act of Leg., Mar. 10, 1884. 2 Ibid., appr’d May 11, 1874 (amended 1876). See 6 Ibid., title 3, sec. 7. also Brownell’s ‘ ‘ Handbook for Trustees.” 6 Ibid., title 1, sec. 1, et seq. s Gen. Sch. Laws of 1886, title 7, sec . 60. 7 Const., art. 9. SUMMARY OF STATE SCIIOOL LAWS. 135 There shall ho raised in oaoli year, by tax upon tho roal and personal eshito of each county, 1 mill and one-fourth of a mill upon each and every dollar of tho equalized valuation of such estate for the support of common schools, and tho moneys so raised shall be paid into the State treasury. No such money shall bo paid out of the treas¬ ury except upon the warrant of tho superintendent, countersigned by the comptroller, referring to the law under which it is drawn. The Stato treasurer and State superin¬ tendent may borrow monoy to make up deficiency caused by non-payment of taxes by counties. The moneys raised by State tax, or borrowed to supply a deficiency thereof, and such portion of the income of tho United States deposit fund as shall bo appropriated, aud the income of the common-school fund, when tho same are appro¬ priated to the support of common schools, constitute the Stato school moneys, and shall be divided aud apportioned by the Stato superintendent on or beforo the 20th day of January in each year, as follows, and all moneys so apportioned, except the library moneys, shall be applied exclusively to the payment of teachers’ wages. He shall set apart the salaries of school commissioners, and certain sums to cities aud incorporated villages of 5,000 or more inhabitants, employing a superintendent of schools or similar officer, sums for library moneys, Indian schools, and a contingent fund. After deducting these amounts he shall apportion one-half of the remainder equally among the school districts and cities which report a school taught during tho preceding year by a qualified teacher or succession of qualified teachers for at least twenty-eight weeks of five days each ; and for every additional teacher who teaches the whole term the district is entitled to another share. The other half of said re¬ mainder (and the library moneys in the same way) is apportioned among the counties of the State according to their respective population. The moneys so annually appropriated by the superintendent are payable on the first day of April, next, after the apportionment, to the treasurers of the several counties and the chamberlain of New York City. Real and personal estate may be granted, devised, bequeathed, and given in trust and in perpetuity or otherwise to the State or to the superintendent of public instruc¬ tion for the support or benefit of the common schools.1 The school commissioner or commissioners of each county apportion the county’s share of the library money among the districts of such county in proportion to the number of children of school age, in each, as shown by the report of trustees. They apportion one-half of the remaining unapportioned moneys (the county’s share of the last one-half of the apportionment made by the State superintendent, with certain other moneys) in the same way as the library money ; and the other one- half in proportion to the average daily attendance of resident pupils of school age in the different districts as ascertained from the records kept by the teachers.2 School moneys apportioned to any district remaining in the supervisor’s hands on the first Tuesday in March are lost to the district and are re-apportioned.3 As soon as the county-school money is apportioned by the county school commis¬ sioners they shall certify to the supervisor of each town the amount of school moneys so apportioned to this town, and the portions thereof to be paid by him for library purposes and for teachers’ wages to each such distinct separate neighborhood, dis¬ trict, or part of a district. The town supervisors (who must give bond to the county treasurer before the lat- . ter pays them the money apportioned their towns) take charge of the money appor¬ tioned by the school commissioners and disburse the same. The supervisor pays upon the written order of a sole trustee, or a majority of the trustees, all school money ap¬ portioned to union free-school districts to the treasurer of such districts, upon the order of its board of education.4 EDUCATION OF TEACHERS. The normal school at Albany was established for five years by act of Legislature, May 7, 1844, and was permanently established by act of April 12, 1848. This school is under the supervision of the State superintendent and the regents of the university, who fix the terms of admission of pupils and appoint a board of five persons, of whom the State superintendent is one, which constitutes an executive committee for the care, management, and government of said school, under rules and regulations prescribed by the superintendent and board of regents. Under the provisions of the act of April 7, 1866, and of special acts, normal schools are established in various parts of the State ; to these State aid is annually given. These schools have the power to grant diplomas, which are equivalent to a certificate of qualification to teach in the common schools.5 It is the duty of every school commissioner at least once in each year to organize in his own district, or, in concert with one or more commissioners in the same county, to organize in and for the combined districts, a teachers’ institute, and to induce, if pos¬ sible, all the teachers in his district to be present and take part in its exercises. 1 Const., title B, sec. 1 et seq. 3 Ibid., title 4, sec. 4. 2Gen. Sell. Laws of 1886, title 3, sec. 27 et seq., and Brown- 4 Ibid., title 3, sec. 10 et seq. ell’s “ Handbook for School Trustees,” p. 24. 6 Ibid., p. 132 et seq. 136 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. The State superintendent shall advise and co-operate with the school commissioners in fixing the times and places of holding the teachers’ institute ; and he shall have the power to employ, or cause the school commissioners to employ, suitable persons at a reasonable compensation to conduct and teach the institutes ; and he shall visit such of the institutes as he can ; and he shall establish the basis upon which the yearly appropriation for the support of teachers’ institutes shall be distributed to the several institutes. All schools (except within the boundaries of an incorporated city) -shall be closed (without loss of apportionment of public-school money) during the time a teachers’ institute shall be in session in the same county in which such schools are situated.1 The treasurer shall pay, on the warrants of the comptroller, to the order of any one or more of the school commissioners, such sum or sums of money as the State superin¬ tendent shall certify to be due to them for expenses in holding a teachers’ institute ; and, upon like warrant and certificate, to the order of any persons employed by the superintendent to conduct and teach any teachers’ institute, his reasonable compen¬ sation as certified by the superintendent.2 The appropriation provided by chapter 425 of the laws of New York of 1877, for the instruction in academies and union schools in the science and practice of common- school teaching, includes the due inspection and supervision of such instruction by the regents of the university, and the expenses of such inspection and supervision are paid out of said appropriation on vouchers certified by the regents of the university. Each scholar instructed for the full term required by law in such class organized for instruction in the science and practice of common-school teaching, who shall have passed the regents’ preliminary examination in arithmetic, English grammar, geogra¬ phy, and spelling, and who, in addition, shall have passed the final examination pre¬ scribed for such classes by the said regents, including an examination in the history of the United States, the principles of civil government, and the methods of teaching, shall be deemed to have sufficient learning to teach in the common schools of the State ; and to each such scholar the regents of the university shall grant a testi¬ monial which, when indorsed by any school commissioner, shall constitute a certifi¬ cate of qualification and a license to teach in the common schools of his district for one year ; and at the expiration of the period named in said license, and at successive expirations thereafter, said certificate may be re-indorsed by any school commissioner and constitute a license to teach in- the common schools of his district for a period not to exceed three years after each re-indorsement.3 EDUCATION OF DEFECTIVE, DEPENDENT, AND DELINQUENT CHILDREN. All deaf and dumb persons over twelve years of age who shall have resided in the State three years immediately preceding the application (or, if a minor, whoso parents, or, if an orphan, whose nearest friend, shall have resided in the State as above men¬ tioned) shall be eligible to appointment as State pupils in one of the State institu¬ tions for the deaf and dumb authorized by law to receive such pupils ; and all blind persons of suitable age and similar qualifications shall be eligible to appointment to the institutions for the blind in the city of New York or in the village of Batavia. All appointments (except those to the Batavia institution) are made by the State superintendent upon application, and if the parents or guardians are able he may im¬ pose conditions whereby they shall bear part of the expense of educating and cloth¬ ing such pupils. Each pupil so received into either of the above institutions shall be provided with board, lodging, and tuition. The regular term of instruction for such pupils is five years, but may be extended to eight years. In addition to this term of appointment State pupils maybe appointed to the high class in the New York Institute, the Western New York Institute, or the Central New York Institute. 4 The schools of the several incorporated orphan asylums in the State (other than those in the city of New York) share in the distribution of the school moneys in the same manner and to the same extent, in proportion to the number of children edu¬ cated therein, as the common schools in their respective cities or districts, and are subject to the rules and regulations of the common schools. 5 Cities and incorporated villages must provide suitable iilaces for the care and edu¬ cation of truant and vagrant children. 6 EDUCATION IN HIGHER AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES. Cornell University receives students, one from each Assembly district in the State, and gives them instruction free of any tuition fees or any incidental charges. In the selection of these students preference shall be given, where other qualifica- 1 Gen. Sell. Laws of 1886, title 11. 2 Ibid., sec. 1, et seq. 8 Act of Leg., June 7, 1882. 4 Act of Leg., title 1, sec. 9 et seq. 5 Gen. Sell. Laws of 1886, April 10, 1850. 6 Ibid., April 12, 1853, and May 11, 1874. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 137 tions are equal, to the sous of those who have (lied in the military or naval service of the United States.1 The State superintendent is authorized and empowered to make and enter into an agreement with the American Museum of Natural History in the city of New York, for a term not to exceed 2 years, to furnish and maintain, in connection with said mnseuin, a course of free instruction, to be given and illustrated by the curators of said museum, on human and comparative anatomy, physiology, zoology, physical geography, and such other subjects as the superinteudeut may require, to the teach¬ ers of the common schools, the normal schools of the State, the Normal College of the City of New York, and the Training School for Teachers in the city of Brooklyn, who may desire to avail themselves of this training, and to provide at least one lecture every year during the term of agreement to be delivered on one or more of said sub¬ jects^ each of the State normal schools, the Normal College of the City of New York and the Training School for Teachers in the city of Brooklyn, aud to supply to the above normal and training schools, and to the public schools of New York City and of Brooklyn aud to any common school, on the application of its trustees, all such appliances, plates, and apparatus as may be necessary for the proper presentation of this instruction. The superintendent may also contract with said museum to report the above information to artisans, mechanics, and other citizens when suitable halls are provided. To carry out these provisions an annual appropriation of §18,000 is made during the term of said agreement.2 For the education and training of pupils in the science and practice of navigation a nautical school is established in th e city of New York.3 No literary or scientific college or university shall be incorporated under the pro¬ visions of the general law for incorporation of benevolent, charitable, scientific, and missionary societies without the approval of the regents of the University of the State of New York, and all such incorporated colleges or institutions must make an annual report to the regents.4 COUNTY SUPERVISION. Each county comprises one or more school-commissioner districts, but cities elect¬ ing a superintendent of schools or similar officer are not included in these districts. A school commissioner is elected triennially for each district by the electors thereof ; his salary is §1,000 per annum, which may be increased by the supervisors. The school commissioner defines the district boundaries; visits and examines schools ; examines the district libraries ; advises with and counsels the trustees and other school officers ; may direct trustees to make repairs on school-houses ; may con¬ demn unfit school-houses ; examines and licenses teachers ; holds teachers’ institutes ; may annul certificates ; examines charges against teachers ; visits classes organized in any academy or union school under appointment by the regents of the university for instruction in the science of common- school teaching and the principles of sach academies or union schools in the re-organization and management ; and advises and assists in the final examination of such classes, and reports to the regents of the university as to the instruction of such classes : must use his utmost influence to ele¬ vate the character and qualification of teachers, and to advance the interests of the schools under his supervision. He is subject to the rules and regulations prescribed by the State superintendent, to whom he must make an annual report.5 TEXT-BOOKS. The boards of education, or such bodies as perform the functions of such boards, in the several cities, villages, and union free-school districts of the State, have the power, and it is their duty, to adopt and designate text-books to be used in the schools under their charge in their respective districts. In the other school districts in the State the text-books to be used in the schools therein are designated by a two-thirds vote of all the legal voters present and voting at the annual school meeting adopting the text¬ books. When a text-book shall have been adopted it shall not be changed for 5 years ex¬ cept by a three-fourths vote of the authorities making the selection.6 To indigent children between the ages of 8 and 14 years text-books may be fur¬ nished free of charge for 14 weeks in each year.7 LOCAL SUPERVISION. It is the duty of each school commissioner to divide the territory of his district into a convenient number of school districts, and in conjunction with the commissioner or commissioners of adjoining school-commissioner districts, to set oft' joint districts; he may also set off any neighborhood adjoining any other State of the Union where it is most convenient for the children to attend a school in an adjoining State. 1 Act of Leg., May IB, 1872. 4 Laws of 1882, chapter 367 6 Act of Leg., June 5, 1877. 2 Ibid., May 20. 1886. 2 Gen. Scb. Laws of 1886, title 2, sec. 1, et seq. 7 Ibid., May 11, 1874. 138 REPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. The inhabitants of any neighborhood entitled to vote when assembled in any an¬ nual meeting, or at any other meeting duly called by the school commissioner, have the power, by a majority of the votes of those present, to appoint a chairman for the time being, choose a neighborhood clerk and one trustee, and to fill vacancies in office. The inhabitants so entitled to vote, when duly assembled in any district meeting, have the power, by a majority of the votes of those present, to choose 1 or 3 trustees, a district clerk, a district collector, and a librarian, but in all school districts having more than 300 resident children of school age all district officers, except the treasurer and collector of union free-school districts, shall be elected by ballot : this provision, however, does not apply to cities nor to union free-school districts whose boundaries correspond with those of an incorporated village, nor to any school dis¬ trict organized by special act of the Legislature in which the election of district officers is different from that prescribed by the general law, nor to any school dis¬ tricts of the counties of Richmond, Suffolk, Chenango, Westchester, Warren, and Erie ; to fix the amount of the collectors bail ; to designate sites for school-houses ; to vote a tax upon the taxable property of the district ; to purchase, lease, or im¬ prove such sites, and to hire, build, purchase, or repair school-houses ; to vote a tax not exceeding $25 in any one year for the purchase of school apparatus, and for the purchase of text-books for poor scholars ; to vote a tax not exceeding $10 in any one year for purchasing books for the district library ; to vote a tax to supply a deficiency in any former tax; to authorize the trustees to have the school-house and furniture insured ; to alter or repeal their proceedings ; to vote taxes for the follow¬ ing purposes : (1) For the purchase of a book in wdiich to record their proceedings ; (2) to Replace moneys embezzled, and to pay costs of suits and appeals; (3) for contingencies (not exceeding $25 in any one year) ; (4) to pay deficiency in teachers’ wages or to pay judgment for teachers’ wages. (If the inhabitants refuse, or fail to vote their last tax, the trustees must do so.) The clerk of each school district keeps all records of the district, serves all notices, and records all proceedings of his district. The librarian has charge and supervision of the district library. The term of office of a trustee of a neighborhood and of a sole trustee of a district is 1 year. The full term of a joint trustee is 3 years. The term of office of all other district and neigh¬ borhood officers is 1 year. The trustees of school districts make out district tax lists, and issue a warrant to the collector of the district for collection of the same ; provide school-houses and have the custody of the same; contract with and employ teachers ; give orders on the su¬ pervisor for payment of teachers’ wages ; apply the library money, if less than $3 to the payment of teachers’ wages ; must render to the district, once each year, a full and true account of all moneys received and expended by them ; and must, in August of each year, make an annual report to the school commissioner.1 TEACHERS. No teacher is a qualified one unless he is at least 16 years old, and has an unannulled diploma granted to him by the State Normal School or an unrevoked and unannulled certificate of qualification given to him by the State superintendent, or an unexpired certificate of qualification given to him by the school commissioner within whose district he is employed, or by the school officer of the city or village in which he is employed, authorized by special act to grant such certificate. Unqualified teachers cannot be paid by public money or district tax. Teachers must keep lists and accounts of attendance and deliver the same to the district clerk, at the close of their school term.2 NORTH CAROLINA. ESTABLISHMENT OP PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The General Assembly shall provide, by taxation or otherwise, for a general and uni¬ form system of public schools wherein tuition shall be free of charge to all the chil¬ dren of the State between the ages of 6 and 21 years ; children of the white race and children of the colored race shall be taught in separate public schools.3 Each county of the State shall be divided into a convenient number of districts.4 * LEGAL SCHOOL POPULATION. It is the duty of the school committee of each district to take and return to the county superintendent, on or before the 1st of November in every year, a full and accurate census of the resident children between the ages of 6 and 21 years.6 MINIMUM LENGTH OP SCHOOL YEAR. The minimum length of the school year is 4 months of 20 days each.6 1 Gen. Sch. Laws of 1886, titles 6, 7. 2 Ibid,, title 7, art. 5. 8 Const, of 1876, art. 9, sec. 2. 4 Ibid., sec. 3. BPub. Sch. Law, sec. 2579. 6 Const., art. 9, sec. 3, and Pub. Sch. Law, sec. 2580. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 139 PRESCRIBED STUDIES. No brandies shall bo taught in tho public schools except spoiling, defining, reading, writing, arithmetic, English grammar, geography, elementary physiology and hygiene, and tho history of the State and United States; provided tho school committee may make special arrangements to allow other branches to be taught.1 STATE SUPERVISION. The State board of education consists of the Governor, lioutenant-govornor, secre¬ tary of State, treasurer, auditor, superintendent of public instruction, and attorney- general, aud has charge of tho “ literary fund” of the State, apportions the school money among the counties, and has full power to legislate and make all needful rules and regulations in relation to free public schools and tho educational fund of tho State ; but all rules and regulations of the board may bo altered, amended, or repealed by the General Assembly.2 The State superintendent of public instruction is elected quadrennially by the people, and is secretary of the State board of education.3 He has the school laws published and distributed, directs the operations of the systems of public schools, and enforces the laws and regulations in relation thereto ; acquaints himself with the educational wants of the several sections of the State, aud takes all proper means to supply the same by counselling with tho county school officers, by lectures before teachers’ institutes, and by addresses to public assemblies on subjects relating to the public schools ; signs all requisitions on the auditor for the payment of money out of the State treasury for school purposes ; and reports biennially to the Governor" at least 5 days previous to the regular session of the General Assembly.4 STATE TAX. In addition to the State and county capitation taxes, appropriated by the constitu¬ tion, and other revenues for the support of public schools, there are levied and col¬ lected every year for the maintenance and support of the public schools, 12$ cents on every $100 worth of property and credits in the State, and 37£ cents on every poll in addition to the taxes in the revenue law.5 STATE SCHOOL FUND. The proceeds of all lands that have been, or may hereafter be granted by the United States to this State (not otherwise appropriated), also all moneys, stocks, bonds, and any other property now belonging to any State fund, for the purposes of education : also the net proceeds of sales of swamp lands belonging to the State, and all other grants^ gifts, or devises that have been, or may hereafter be made to this State, and not other¬ wise appropriated by the State, or by the terms of the grant, gift, or devise; together with sp much of the ordinary revenue of the State, as may be set apart for that pur¬ pose, constitute the State school fund.6 All moneys, stocks, bonds, and other property belonging to a county-school fund, also the net proceeds from sales of estrays, the clear proceeds of all penalties and for¬ feitures, and of all fines collected in the several counties for any breach of the penal or military-laws of the State, all moneys paid by persons for exemption from military duties, and the net proceeds of any tax imposed on licenses to retailers of spirituous liquors, and to auctioneers, belong to and remain in the several counties, aud are ap¬ propriated for the support of free public schools therein, provided the amount col¬ lected in each county be reported annually to the State superinten dent. 7 The State treasurer pays out the school money on the warrant of the State auditor, issued on the order of the State board of education, in favor of a county treasurer, duly indorsed by the county treasurer in whose favor it is drawn.8 The county treasurer disburses all public-school money of the county.9 EDUCATION OF TEACHERS. The board of education of any county may annually appropriate an amount not exceeding $100 out of the school money of the county for the purpose of conducting one or more teachers’ institutes for said county ; or the board of each of two or more adjoining counties may appropriate such amount for a union teachers’ institute for said counties.10 The constitution provides that the General Assembly shall establish and maintain a normal department in connection with the State University.11 1 Pnb. Sch. Law, sec. 2566. 2 Const., art. 9, secs. 8, 10. 3 Ibid., arts. 3, 9, secs. 1 , 9. 4 Pub. Scb. Law, art. 2540 et seq. 5 Ibid., sec. 2589. s Const., art. 9, sec. 4, or sec. 2543 of Pub. Sch. Law. 7 Pub. Sch. Law, sec. 2544, or Const., art. 9, sec. 5. 8 Ibid., sec. 2538. 9 Ibid., sec. 2554. 10 Ibid., sec. 2567. 11 Const., art. 9, sec. 14. 140 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. EDUCATION OF DEFECTIVE, DEPENDENT, AND DELINQUENT CHILDREN. Tlie constitution declares that the General Assembly shall provide that all the deaf- mutes, the blind, and the insane of the State shall be cared for at the charge of the State, and that it shall also provide for the establishment of orphan homes.1 EDUCATION IN HIGHER AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES. The benefits of the State University, as far as practicable, are to be extended to the youth of the State free of expense for tuition. The constitution of 1876 declares that the General Assembly shall, as soon as prac¬ ticable after the adoption of said constitution, “ establish and maintain in connection with the university a department of agriculture, of mechanics, and of mining.”2 COUNTY SUPERVISION. The county boards of education consist of 3 members each, elected biennially by the justices of the peace and the county commissioners of each county ; they are charged with the general management of the public schools of their respective coun¬ ties; decide all controversies and questions relating to the boundaries of school dis¬ tricts and to the location of school-houses, or which may arise upon the construction of the school law ; apportion the county-school money ; divide the counties into school districts ; and see that the school law is enforced, but must obey the instruc¬ tions of the State superintendent and accept his construction of the school law.3 The county superintendent of public instruction is elected biennally by the county board of education, the county commissioners, and the justices of the peace, in joint ses¬ sion; he examines and grants certificates to teachers, and annually furnishes to the county board of education a list of all to whom certificates are granted; conducts teachers’ institutes; may suspend teachers if district school committee concur; visits schools; distributes blanks and school registers; and reports annually to the State superintendent.4 TEXT-BOOKS. ' The State board of education recommends a series of text-books to be used in the public schools for a term of 3 years, and until otherwise ordered. But no sectarian or political books are allowed to be used in the public schools.5 LOCAL SUPERVISION. For each white and each colored school district, there is elected, biennially, by the county boards of education, a school committee of 3 persons. The committees have the care of the school-houses, sites, grounds, books, and all other public-school property of their respective districts ; may sell school-houses or other public-school property ; may buy sites for school-houses, subjectto the approval of the chairman and secretary of "the county board of education ; have genera], man¬ agement of the school affairs of the districts, and make an annual statistical report to the county superintendent.6 teachers: how selected and paid. Teachers are employed by the district school committees, subjectto the ratification of the county superintendent and supervision of the county board of education After teachers exhibit to the school committees a statement of the number of pupils, male and female, the average daily attendance, the length of the term and the time taught, the latter give orders on the treasurer of the county board, payable to the teachers for the full amount due for services rendered,7 but all such orders must be yountersigned by the county superintendent before the treasurer pays the same.8 No teacher can teach in the public schools unless he has a certificate from the county superintendent, in full force and effect.9 LOCAL TAXES. If the tax levied by the State for the support of the public schools is insufficient to maintain one or more schools in each school district for the period of 4 months in a year, the board of commissioners of each must levy, annually, a special tax to supply the deficiency for the support and maintenance of said schools for 4 months or more. (The supreme court has decided, however, that the commissioners cannot ex¬ ceed 66f cents on the $100 valuation of property, and $2 on the poll, including all levies by the Assembly, and excluding all levies under special acts for special pur¬ poses.)10 A local assessment act was passed by the Legislature in 1883, authorizing the levy 1 Const., art. 11. secs. 8, 10. 7 Ibid., secs. 2580, 2581. 2 Ibid., secs. 7, 14. 8 Ibid., sec. 257L 3 Pub. Sell. Law, secs. 2545, 2546. 9 Ibid., sec. 2580. 4 Ibid., sec. 2566 et seq. 10 Ibid., sec. 2590, and p. 7 of Report of State super- 8 Ibid., sec. 2539. intendentof education, 1885-’86. 6 Ibid., secs. 2553, 2579 et seq. .SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 141 ami collection of special tax for school purposes in the school districts, hut this net has been declared by the supremo court to be unconstitutional, in violation of section 2, article 9, of the constitution of 1876. 1 2 OHIO. CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS REGARDING EDUCATION. The principal of all funds arising from the disposition of lands or other property intrusted to this State for educational and religious purposes shall forever be pre¬ served inviolate, and the income therefrom shall be faithfully applied to the specific objects of the original grants or appropriations.3 The General Assembly shall make such provisions, by taxation or otherwise, as, with the interest arising from the school-trust, fund, will secure a thorough and efficient system of common schools throughout the State, but do religious or other sect shall ever have any exclusive right to or control of any part of the school funds of this State.3 STATE COMMISSIONER. The State commissioner is elected triennially, at the general election for State officers. In case of a vacancy the Governor fills it by appointment.4 He gives bond in the sum of $5,000, with two or more sureties.5 He shall visit, annually, each judicial district of the State, superintending and en¬ couraging teachers’ institutes, conferring with boards of education or other school officers, counselling teachers, visiting schools, and delivering lectures on topics related to popular education.6 He shall furnish blanks for reports;7 shall appoint school board examiners,8 shall countersign State certificates,9 shall have supervision of school funds,10 and shall make an annual report.11 STATE FUNDS. For the purpose of affording advantages of a free education to all the youth of the State, there shall be levied, annually, a tax upon the grand list of taxable property of the State, and the proceeds thereof shall constitute the “ State common school fund;” if the General Assembly fail to designate the rate for any year the same shall be 1 mill upon each dollar of valuation.12 The State shall pay 6 per cent., annually, upon the proceeds of “salt” and swamp lands ; and the moneys received from the sales of such lands shall constitute an irre¬ ducible debt of the State, and the income thereof shall be devoted to the common schools.13 Moneys derived from the sales of land granted by Congress for the support of pub¬ lic schools shall constitute the “common-school fund,” and the income thereof shall he devoted exclusively to the support of common schools.14 Bequests, donations, etc., to the common-school fund shall be vested in the same, and the income applied according to the intent of the donor or devisor.15 The auditor of the State apportions the income from these funds to the several counties, and the county auditors apportion them to the school districts in the county on the basis of the enumeration of school children.12 COUNTY COMMISSIONERS. The county commissioners are authorized to hear appeals and decide upon the trans¬ fer of territory from one district to another; they may revise, on appeal, the appor¬ tionment of contingent fund by boards of education : they may levy the contingent fund if the board of education in any district fail to estimate and certify the same; and they may also levy for site and house in a joint subdistrict.16 The auditor of each county shall collect all tines and other money for the support of common schools in his county and pay the same to the county treasurer, and shall inspect all interest accounts relative to section 16 or other school lands.17 SCHOOL DISTRICTS. The State is divided into school districts, and styled, respectively, city districts of the first class, county districts of the second class, village districts, special districts, and township districts.18 Each city having a population of 10,000 or more by the census of 1870 is styled a city district of the first class. 19 1 Pub. Sch. Law, sec. 2594. See also p. 9 of Report of State su¬ perintendent of education, 1885-’86. 2 Const, of 1851, art. 6, sec. 1. 3 Ibid., sec. 2. 4 Sch. Laws of 1883. sec. 354. 6 Ibid., sec. 355. 6 Ibid., sec. 357. 7 Ibid., sec. 4058. s Ibid., sec. 40G5. s Ibid., sec. 4067. 10 Ibid., sec. 358. J1 Ibid., sec. 361. 72 Ibid., sec. 3951. 73 Ibid., sec. 3952. 74 Ibid., sec. 3953. 15 Ibid., sec. 3955. 76 Ibid., secs. 3893. 3907.3969, 3941a. 17 Ibid., sec. 3970. '* Ibid., sec. 3S85. 12 Ibid., sec. 3886. 142 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Each city having a population of less than 10,000 is styled a city district of the second class.1 2 Any school district now existing other than city, village, and township districts is styled a special district.3 The several subdistricts and joint subdistricts now existing within any township district shall continue, according to their respective boundaries, to be subdistricts or joint subdistricts thereof.3 BOARDS OF EDUCATION. In city districts of the first class the board of education consists of two members from each ward, except in cities where the law provides for only one from each ward, though in these exceptional instances the board by a majority vote may provide that thereafter each ward shall be represented by two members : Provided , That in city districts of the first class having a population of 150,000 and over, the board of edu¬ cation shall consist of 37 members.4 In first-class city districts, where the board consists of two members from each ward, one is elected, annually, to serve for two years.5 When the board consists of as many members as there are wards, each is elected for two years, the elections occurring annually, but alternating from wards designated by an even number one year, to wards designated by an odd number the next year.6 In city districts of the second class and in village districts the board of education consists of six members and in some instances of only three members ; but the city district may, by a majority vote, provide for a board consisting of as many members as the city has wards.7 In city districts of the second class, if the board consists of six members, two mem¬ bers shall be elected each year for a term of three years, and if the board consists of three members, one member shall be elected each year.8 If the board consists of as many members as the city has wards, then one member from each ward shall be elected biennially, as in city districts of first class.9 In village districts, if the board contains six members, two members are elected annually for a term of three years ; if it consists of three members, one member shall be elected each year for a term of 3 years.10 The board of education of each township district divided into subdistricts shall consist of the township clerk and the directors who have been appointed clerks of the subdistricts. If the township is not divided into subdistricts then the board con¬ sists of the township clerk and the directors of the district.11 In each subdistrict and in each township, not divided into subdistricts, there shall be elected, annually, one person to be styled director, who shall hold office for three years.12 The board of education of each special district shall consist of three members, which may be changed to six members by the electors of the district.13 One member of said board is elected, annually, to serve three years.14 Township boards may establish by mutual agreement a joint subdistrict composed of parts of two or more townships. The school in such a district is under the control of the board of the township in which the school-house is situated.15 The boards of education of all school districts are hereby declared to be bodies politic and corporate.16 All property, real or personal, vested in any board of education, shall be exempt from tax and from sale or execution.17 Each board of education shall organize by choosing one of its members president, and, except township boards, by choosing also a clerk, who may or may not be a member of the board. Each member is sworn to fidelity.18 The board of education of any district is empowered to build, enlarge, repair, and furnish the necessary school-houses ; directors of subdistricts shall, under such rules as the township board of education may prescribe, provide fuel, build, enlarge, re¬ pair and furnish school-houses, and make all other provisions necessary for the schools within their subdistricts.19 Each board, except in cities of the first grade of the first class, shall, annually, deter¬ mine the entire amount of money necessary to be levied as a contingent fund, for the continuance of schools after the State funds are exhausted, to purchase sites, to prect school-houses, and for other school expenses.20 'The boards of education of cities and villages, and the directors of subschool dis¬ tricts, shall, in the months of March, April, May or November, plant shade and orna¬ mental trees in the school yards and grounds under their respective control.21 1 Sch. Laws of 1888, sec. 3887. 2 Ibid., sec. 3891. 3 Ibid., sec. 3892. 4 Ibid., sec. 3897. 5 Ibid., sec. 3898. 6 Ibid., sec. 3899. 7 Ibid., sec. 3904. 8 Ibid., sec. 3905. 9 Ibid., sec. 3907. 10 Ibid., sec. 3908. 11 Ibid., sec. 3915. 12Ibid., sec. 3916, 13 Ibid., sec. 3923. 14 Ibid., sec. 3924. is Ibid., secs. 3928,3929. 16 Ibid., sec. 3971. 17Ibid., sec. 3973. 18 Ibid., secs. 3979, 39S0. 19 Ibid., sec. 3987. 20 Ibid., seo. 3958. 21 Ibid., seo. 3987a. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 143 LIBRARIES. In any district tlio board of education may appropriate money from the contingent fund for the purchase of books for tlio use and improvement of the scholars and teachers of the district, and in the purcliaso of philosophical or other apparatus such appropriation shall not exceed, in any one year, $1,200 in city districts contain¬ ing cities of the lirst grade of the first class, $300 in other city districts of the first class, $150 in city districts of the secoud class, and $75 in other districts; and the books so purchased shall constitute a school library, the control and management of which shall be vested in the board of education.1 2 For the purpose of increasing and maintaining the school library of city districts, the board of education may levy, annually, a tax of one-tenth of one mill on the dol¬ lar. 9 In all cities having a population of 10,592 a levy of two-tenths of one mill on tho dollar may be made lor school libraries, and in tho city of Cleveland a tax of two and one-half tenths of one mill on the dollar may be levied.3 TEACHERS. No person shall be employed as a teacher in a common school who has not obtained from a board of examiners a certificate of good moral character, and that he or she is qualified to teach orthography, reading, writing, arithmetic, geography, English grammar, and the history of the United States, and possesses an adequate knowledge of the theory and practice of teaching ; but persons who are expected to teach only special studies may be examined in regard to such studies only.4 5 All teachers are required by boards of education to keep proper school record's, and such teachers as fail to file with the clerk the reports required of them may have their pay withheld.6 STATE BOARD OF EXAMINERS. There shall be a State board of examiners, which shall consist of five competent persons, to be appointed by the commissioners of common schools. The term of office shall be three years.6 The board may issue two grades of certificates : first class, life certificates ; second class, for ten years, the latter to be issued to applicants of satisfactory attainments in the branches required for county certificates, and to be valid in any school where such branches only are taught.7 All certificates issued by such board are countersigned by the State commissioners. Each applicant shall pay a fee of $5.8 COUNTY EXAMINERS. A board of county examiners, consisting of three persons, is appointed by the probate judge. The term of office is three years.9 The meetings of the board shall not be more than eighteen in any one year ; a ma¬ jority of the board may examine applicants and grant certificates, the fee for which is 50 cents each.10 The board may grant certificates for 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36 months, valid only in the county wherein issued, except in city and village districts, unless indorsed by the president and secretary of the board of examiners of such districts ; and the exam¬ iners may grant certificates for five years to such applicants as, in addition to the neces¬ sary qualifications, have been teaching for three years qext precediug their applica¬ tion, eighteen months of which shall have been in one place ; and such certificate may be renewed without examination at the discretion of the board.11 CITY AND VILLAGE EXAMINERS. The board of examiners for each city district is appointed by the board of educa¬ tion of the district ; such board may consist of either 3, 6, or 9 persons, as the board of education may determine. The term of office is three years.12 Each applicant for examination shall pay a fee of 50 cents. The board may grant certificates for 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 years, valid within the district where issued. The certificates for 5 and 10 years, if in part on account of consecutive years of teaching, shall be renewable without re-examination, at the discretion of the examining board.13 The provisions apply to boards for city districts of the second class, and village districts having a population of not less than 2,500, except that such boards shall consist of 3 members.14 ] Sch. Laws of 1883, sec. 3995. 2 Ibid., sec. 3996. 3 Ibid., secs. 4002, 4006. 4 Ibid., sec. 4074. 5 Ibid., sec. 4059. 6 Ibid., sec. 4065. 7 Ibid., sec. 4066. 8 Ibid., secs. 4067, 4068. 9 Ibid., sec. 4069. 10 Ibid., sec. 407L 11 Ibid., sec. 4073. 12 Ibid., sec. 4077. 13 Ibid., sec. 4081. 14 Ibid., sec. 4084. 144 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. The fees received from applicants for examination are paid to the treasurer of the district to be applied to the support of teachers’ institutes.1 teachers’ institutes. A teachers’ institute may be organized in any county by the association of not less than 30 practical teachers of common schools residing therein ; such institute shall appoint a secretary, and also a committee to manage the affairs of the institute, who shall be under a bond, with sureties, in double the amount of the institute fund in the county treasury.2 When a teachers’ institute has not been held within two years in any county, the State commissioner may hold such institute.3 The board of education of each city district of the first class may provide for hold¬ ing an institute yearly ; if not held, the institute fund shall be given to the county to be used for the county institute.4 An association of teachers of several adjacent counties may organize an institute, and the boards of all city, village, and special districts within such counties may contribute from the institute and contingent fund to defray the expenses thereof, and may permit teachers employed by them to attend the institute one week.5 All institutes held under these provisions, except the institute provided for by the preceding section, shall continue at least four days and shall report to the commissioner of common schools.6 SCHOOLS. The school year shall begin on the 1st day of September of each year, and close on the 31st day of August of the succeeding year ; and a school week shall consist of five days and a school month of four school weeks.7 All unmarried youth between 6 and 21 years are of school age.8 Each board of education shall establish a sufficient number of schools to provide for the free education of the youth of school age ; and each township board of educa¬ tion shall establish at least one primary school in each subdistrict under its control.9 The board may organize separate schools for colored children when it will be for the advantage of the district.10 The board of any district in which there is a “ children’s home,” or orphans’ asylum, or county infirmary, shall establish in such home, asylum, or infirmary a separate school, so as to afford, as far as practicable, the advantages of a common-school edu¬ cation ; such schools are under the immediate control of the respective directors of said institutions, subject to the same laws that guide boards of education and other school officers.11 In any district composed in whole or in part of a city or village the board may pro¬ vide a suitable number of evening schools.12 Each board shall determine the studies to be pursued and the text-books to be used in the schools under its control ; but no text-book shall be changed within 3 years after its adoption, without the consent of three-fourths of all the members of the board at a regular meeting ; and all branches shall be taught in the English lauguage.13 The board of any district shall cause the German language to be taught when a de¬ mand is made in writing by 75 resident freeholders, representing not less than 40 pupils.14 Attendance of pupils upon the public schools is enforced, unless good and sufficient reasons are presented.15 It is unlawful to employ children who have not attended school.16 It is the duty of the board to ascertain the condition of children who are not at school.17 The board may supply pupils with books when parents or guardians satisfactorily declare their inability. The penalties for violating any provisions relative to attend¬ ance are not less than $2 nor more than $5 for the first offense, nor less than $5 nor more than $10 for each subsequent offense.18 Any board of education may establish one or more schools of higher grade than the primary schools.19 CINCINNATI AND TOLEDO UNIVERSITIES. The common council of the city of Cincinnati may accept educational trusts for the purpose of funding, maintaining, and aiding a university or other institution for the promotion of free education.20 1 Sch. Laws of 1883, sec. 4083. 2 Ibid., sec. 4086. 3 Ibid., sec. 4090. 4 Ibid., sec. 4092. 6 Ibid., sec. 4093. 6 Ibid., sec. 4094. 1 1bid., sec. 4016. 8 Ibid., sec. 4030. 9 Ibid., sec. 4007. 10 Ibid., sec. 4008. 11 Ibid., sec. 4010. 12 Ibid., sec. 4012. is Ibid., sec. 4020. 14 Ibid., sec. 4021, 15 Ibid., sec. 4023. 16 Ibid., sec. 4024. 17 Ibid., sec. 4025. 1S Ibid., sec. 4027. 19 Ibid., sec. 4009. 20 Ibid., sec. 4095. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 145 The custody and management of all trust funds for said purposes shall be committed to a board of ID directors, of whom the mayor shall be one, and the ot hers shall ho ap¬ pointed by the common council from persons of approved fitness, citizens of the city, six of whom shall bo nominated by the board of education, and 12 by tho superior court of said city. The term of office of each director is six years.1 2 The directors i>ossess all power as to tho government, conduct, and control of said institution.3 The children, wards, or apprentices of tho citizens of said city shall not be charged for admission or instruction.3 A tax not exceeding one-tenth of 1 mill on the dollar may be levied on the tax¬ able property of the city for the support of said institution.4 The provisions of this chapter shall be applicable to the city of Toledo, except that the board of directors shall consist of 13 members and tho rate of taxation shall not exceed one-half of 1 mill.5 OREGON. ESTABLISHMENT OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS. The Legislative Assembly shall provide by law for the establishment of a uniform and regular system of common schools.* LEGAL SCHOOL POPULATION. Schools supported by a tax upon districts are free to all resident persons, between the ages of 6 and 21 years ; but a census of all resident persons between the ages of 4 and 20 is reported, annually, by the clerks of the district boards of directors to the county superintendent and reported by him to the State superintendent.7 MINIMUM LENGTH OF SCHOOLS. Districts must maintain school at least 60 days in each year or forfeit their share of the school money.8 PRESCRIBED STUDIES. It is the duty of every teacher to give, and of every board of school directors to cause to be given, to all pupils, suitable instruction in physiology and hygiene, with special reference to the effects of alcoholic drinks, stimulants and narcotics upon the human system.9 STATE SUPERVISION. The Governor, secretary of State, and superintendent of public instruction consti¬ tute the State board of education, which meets semi-annually, and has the power ;to authorize a series of text-books to be used in the public schools, to prescribe a series of rules for the general government of the public schools, and to sit as a board of examination10 and to grant life diplomas, State certificates, and two grades (1 and 2) of certificates of the same force as those granted by county superintendents. The State superintendent of public instruction is elected by the people quadren¬ nially. He acts as secretary of the State hoard, exercises a general superintendence of the county and district school officers and the public schools of the State ; superintends the printing and transmission of such blanks, forms, rules and regulations as the State board may authorize ; holds once each year a teachers’ institute in each judicial dis¬ trict, and a State teaehers’ association ; issues, under the direction of the State board, circulars to each county superintendent asking what text-books he prefers, and an¬ nounces the result of the votes and reports, biennially, to the Legislative Assembly.11 The Governor, secretary of State, and State treasurer constitute a board of commis¬ sioners for the sale of school and university lands, and for the investment of the funds arising therefrom.13 STATE SCHOOL TAX AND STATE SCHOOL FUND. The eonnty courts of tho several counties of the State are required to levy for school purposes at the same time they levy other taxes, a tax of 4 mills on the dol¬ lar upon all the taxable property in their county, which tax is collected a3 other taxes.13 “ The proceeds of all lands which have been or may hereafter be granted to the State for educational purposes (except lands granted to aid in the establishment of a university) ; all lands and proceeds of property which may accrue to the State by 1 Sch. Laws of 1883, sec. 4098. 2 Ibid., sec. 4099. 3 Ibid., sec. 4100. 4 Ibid., sec. 4104. 5 Ibid., sec. 4105. 6 Const, of 3857, art. 8, sec. 3 7 Sch. Laws of 1882, title 4. sec. 46, 49. 54, and title 3, sec. 25. 8 Sch. Laws, of 1886, sec. 42, 61. 9 Ibid., sec. 59. ;0 Ibid., title 2, sec. 15 et seq. 11 Ibid., title 1, sec. 1 et seq. 12 Const., art. 8, sec. 5. 13 Ibid., title 3, sec. 28. ED 86 -10 146 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. escheat or forfeiture ; all moneys paid as exemption from military duty ; the pro¬ ceeds of all gifts, devises and bequests made to the State for common-school purposes ; the proceeds of all property granted to the State when the purposes of such grant are not stated ; all the proceeds of the 500,000 acres of land to which the State is entitled by act of Congress (1841), and also 5 per cent, of the net proceeds of the sales of the public lauds to which the State shall become entitled on her admission into the Union (if Congress shall assent to such appropriation of the two last grants men¬ tioned) shall be set apart as a separate and irreducible common-school fund, the in¬ terest of which, together with all other revenues derived from the school lands, shall be exclusively applied to the support and maintenance of common schools in each school district and purchase of suitable libraries and apparatus therefor.”1 “ To the school fund the act of 1878 added 10 per cent, of all moneys received after 1878 from the sale of swamp, overflowed, and tide lands granted to the State by the United States.”2 The income of the common-school fund is distributed by the State superintendent3 ' among the several counties of the State in proportion to the number of children resident therein between the ages of 4 and 20 years. Of the school money in the treasury of any county, collected in pursuance of the levy of the county court, the county superintendent in April and August of each year apportions $50 to each district of the county that has reported to him, as required by law, and all the balance of school money, of whatever nature, is apportioned by him among the districts of the county, in proportion to the number of resident persons in the districts between the ages of 4 and 16 years of age. But, if at the time of making these apportionments, there is not enough money in the treasury to pay $50 to each district, then he shall apportion all the money then in the treasury, pro rata, among the districts which have reported to him according to law. As soon as he makes such apportionment, he draws orders on the treasurer in favor of the districts for their respective shares, and transmits the same to the clerks of the districts.4 EDUCATION OF TEACHERS. Four State normal schools are established by special acts of the Legislature, and are authorized to grant diplomas. Modern training schools for professional practice in teaching must be maintained in these normal schools, and all normal students may have the privilege of training in the same.5 Besides these, teachers’ institutes are also held.6 EDUCATION OF DEFECTIVE, DEPENDENT, AND DELINQUENT CHILDREN. Annual appropriation is made for the maintenance of the Oregon Institute for the Blind, in which all- blind persons, residents of the State, of sound mind and in good health are entitled to free education for two years, or (by authority of the State board of education, which is made a board of trustees for said institute) for a longer time. Non-residents of the State may be received as pupils on the payment of $250 in gold coin, annually, in advance.7 A school for the education of deaf-mutes was created by act of the Legislature, ap¬ proved Oct. 25, 1880. COUNTY SUPERVISION. The county superintendent is elected biennially by the people. He lays off his county into school districts, and keeps a record of the boundaries and number of the same, apportions the school money, and takes care of the school lands of his county ; examines teachers, and grants certificates ; visits schools ; receives reports from school districts ; makes an annual financial report to the county court and an annual report to the State superintendent. A county superintendent failing to perform his duties is liable to a fine of $100, and if he fail to report to the State superintendent he may he removed from office by the county court.8 TEXT-BOOKS. The State superintendent, under the direction of the State board of education, issues to each county superintendent a circular letter containing a list of studies re¬ quired to be taught in the public schools, together with the wholesale price of all books in said list. Each county superintendent writes opposite each study the text-book or series of text-books preferred. 1 Const, of 1857, art. 8, secs. 2, 4. 5 Acts oi Leg., Feb. 6 and 26, 1885. 2 Laws of 1878, sec. 21. 6 Sch. Laws of 1886, sec. 4. 3 Sch. Laws of 1886, ec. 13. 7 Act of Leg., Oct. 21, 1876. 4 Ibid., sec. 25. 8 Sch. Laws of 1886, sec. 21, et seq. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 147 The text-books or series of text-books in any one branch receiving tho majority of all the votes of the county superintendents, shall bo the authorized text-books or series of text-books in that branch in tho public schools of tho State for four years.1 LOCAL SUPERVISION. Each distriot elects 3 directors (1 annually) for 3-ycar terms, ami also a district clerk, who holds office for 1 year. The directors authorize the collection of district taxes ; purchase, lease, or build school-houses and furnish tho same when authorized to do so by a vote of tho district; see that the wishes of the district toward outside scholars are respected; employ teachers and assist them in the government of the school; audit claims against the district and draw orders on tho clerk for tho amount; require a bond of the district clerk; examine and correct the assessment roll; levy rate bills, and perform such other duties as the wants of their district may demand ; and if they neglect to per¬ form their duties they shall forfeit their office and pay a lino of $10, subject to a ma¬ jority vote of the district. The directors of districts containing 10,000 inhabitants or more may provide that one or more schools shall be taught in the German language. Women who are widows, who have educable children and taxable property in the district, and who have resided in the district 30 days, are entitled to vote at district- school meetings. It is the duty of the district clerk to record all proceedings ; to give notico of an¬ nual and special meetings ; when any tax is levied by the district, to make an assess¬ ment roll of taxable property ; to collect district-school taxes; to make an annual report to the county superintendent ; to keep an account of all moneys received and paid out by him; to send list of district school officers to the county superintendent ; to act as secretary of all district meetings ; and to make out rate bills for tuition and collect the same. 2 Any city or town containing 10,000 inhabitants constitutes 1 school district and elects 5 school directors, 1 annually, for 5-year terms. It is the duty of this board to employ a city superintendent of schools ; to employ teachers, janitors, carpenters, etc., and fix their compensation; to prescribe courses of study and make rules and regulations for the government of said district ; to choose text-books, additional to those authorized by the State ; to create a board of exam¬ iners ; to lease, build, and furnish school-houses ; to provide polling places for school elections ; to make annual report to the tax-payers of the district ; to fix the rate of tuition of non-resident pupils. Any qualified voter at school elections is eligible to the office of school director in such districts.3 TEACHERS. Teachers of the public schools, selected and paid by the school districts, must hold valid certificates. The county superintendent examines applicants for teachers’ certificates in the fol¬ lowing branches: Orthography, reading, writing, mental and written arithmetic, English grammar, geography, modern history, theory of teaching, physiology and hy¬ giene.4 LOCAL TAXES. District meetings, legally called, have the power to levy a tax upon all real and per¬ sonal property in the district, and make any necessary appropriation for the support and benefit of schools/5 PENNSYLVANIA. ESTABLISHMENT OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 4 “The General Assembly shall provide for the maintenance and support of a thorough and efficient system of public schools, wherein ail the children of this Commonwealth above the age of 6 years may be educated, and shall appropriate at least $1,000,000 each year for that purpose. Women 21 years of age and upwards shall be eligible to any office of control or management under the school laws of this State.” No money raised for the support of public schools of the State shall be appropriated to, or used for the support of any sectarian school.6 Every township, borough, or city constitutes a school district, but independent districts may be formed when 20 or more taxable inhabitants of any township or townships desire and petition for the formation of the territory upon which they reside into a separate common-school district.7 1 Set. Laws of 1886, sec. 10. 2 Ibid., sec. 34, et seq. 3 Ibid.,, title 7, sec. 1, et seq. 4 Ibid., secs. 25, 48. “Ibid., sec. 41. 6 Const, of 1873, art. 10, secs. 1, 2, 3. 7 Sell. Laws, secs. 1, 4. 148 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. No minor nnder 13 years of age shall be employed in cotton, woolen, silk, paper, bagging, or flax factories ; any owner or employer of, or in any of said factories, or agents therefor, wilfully or knowingly employing any such minor shall pay a flne of $50 for each offense. No minor between the ages of 13 and 16 years shall be employed in such factories longer than 9 calendar months in any one year, and who shall not have attended school at least 3 consecutive months within the same year.1 No boy shall be employed in any mine unless proof be given that he is 12 years old.3 LEGAL SCHOOL POPULATION. The legal school age is from 6 to 21 years.3 MINIMUM LENGTH OF SCHOOL YEAR. The schools of every district must be kept open at least 5 months in the year, unless the maximum amount of tax allowed by law to be levied for school purposes is in¬ sufficient to keep them open for that length of time.4 Twenty days constitute a school month.5 PRESCRIBED STUDIES. In every district there must be taught orthography, reading, writing, English grammar, geography, arithmetic, physiology and hygiene, with special reference to the effects of alcoholic drinks, stimulants, and narcotics upon the human system, and such other branches as the board of directors or comptrollers may require.'6 STATE SUPERVISION. The State superintendent of public instruction is appointed by the Governor, with the advice and consent of two-thirds of the members of the senate. He holds hia office for 4 years ; decides, without appeal, all controversies or disputes which may be referred to him; gives advice, explanations, construction, or information relative to common-school law ; signs orders on the State treasurer ; apportions the State ap¬ propriation for schools ; prepares and distributes blank forms ; may appoint one of his clerks a deputy superintendent ; may remove county superintendents and appoint others in their stead, until the next triennial convention of directors ; and reports, annually, to the Legislature.7 STATE APPROPRIATION. The amount of State appropriation due each district is based upon the number of taxable citizens, as certified by the county commissioners at each triennial assessment, and is paid by warrant of the State superintendent, on the receipt at the department of public instruction of the certificate of the president and secretary, approved by the county superintendent, that the schools have been kept open “according to law, accompanied by the statistical report of the school operations during the year.8 EDUCATION OF TEACHERS. State aid is given to 12 normal schools in as many “ normal-school districts.” The purpose of these schools is to train young men and young women as teachers for the common schools of the State, and to be entitled to the benefits of State aid each school must have at least 6 professors of liberal education and known ability ; must have buildings containing a hall of sufficient size to seat at least 1,000 persons, and class rooms and lodging rooms for at least 300 students; must have at least 10 acres of ground ; must have a library and a model school ; must admit 1 student alternately, male and female, from each common-school district within the counties composing its normal district, at a cost fixed by the trustees of the several schools.9 County teachers’ institutes are also held, for a term of at least 5 days annually, in each county of the State. Special institutes are also held in the cities of Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and Altoona;10 and cities of the third class may hold annual teaohers’ institutes, not subject to the authority of the county superintendent.11 EDUCATION OF DEFECTIVE, DEPENDENT, AND DELINQUENT CHILDREN.- Provision is made by law for the education and care of destitute, friendless, and vagrant children between the ages of 4 and 16 years.12 The board of school directors of any school district having more than 20,000 inhabitants, and having within the limits of the city or township, in which the 1Sch. Laws, sec. 220. 2 Ibid., sec. 222. 3Xbid., sec. 47. 4 Ibid., sec. 88. 3 Ibid., p. 264. 6 Ibid., sec. 147. 7 Const, of 1873, art. 4, sec. 8, and Scb. Laws, 135, et seq. 8 Sch. Laws, sec. 140, and decis. 153, p. 72, of same. 9 Ibid., secs. 180, 181, 197. 10 Ibid., sec. 166. 11 Act of Leg., June 26, 1885. 12 Scb. Laws, sec. 223, et seq. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 149 school district is, ft or more deaf-mute children of proper ago for attending school is authorized to open and maintain a special school for the education and training of such deaf-mutes; and deaf-mute children from other school districts may bo sent to this school, provided such other districts pay their proportionate share of the ex¬ pense of the school, not to oxceed $150 for each child for 1 year ; such school to bo a part of tho common-school system of the district.1 The school boards are authorized to provide books and apparatus for tho instruc¬ tion of indigent blind children between the ages of 9 and 13 years, at annual cost for each of not more than $12.2 EDUCATION IN HIGHER AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES. In cities of the second class tho central board of education has tho power to estab¬ lish and maintain one or more schools for the instruction of pupils in tho useful branches of the mechanic arts and kindred subjects.3 Colleges and academies receiving aid from the State must annually submit a report showing their general condition to the State superintendent.4 * COUNTY SUPERVISION. The county superintendent of common schools is elected triennially by the school directors of each county ; no person is eligible to the office of county, city, or bor¬ ough superintendent in any county of the State, who does not possess a diploma (from a college legally empowered to grant literary degrees), a diploma or State certificate issued by a State normal school, a professioual certificate from a county, city, or bor¬ ough superintendent of good standing, issued at least 1 year before the election, or a certificate of competency from the State superintendent ; nor shall any person be eli¬ gible unless he is of good moral character and has had successful experience in teach¬ ing within 3 years of the time of his election.6 The county superintendent visits and inspects the schools of his county and causes the prescribed studies to be taught ; reports failures to make provision for instruction in physiology and hygiene ; examines teachers and grants certificates of qualification ; conducts teachers’ institutes, and reports annually to the State superintendent.6 TEXT-BOOKS. The school directors or comptrollers of districts select the series of text-books, not to be changed more than once in 3 years.7 School directors or comptrollers may purchase text-books for use in the public schools of their respective school districts out of the school funds of the district, and when so procured the necessary books sball be supplied, free of cost, to each pupil, to be returned at the close of the annual school term in each year, or as the board may direct.8 LOCAL SUPERVISION. Every district elects 6 school directors, except consolidated wards of boroughs and cities, where 3 are elected in each ward, and other cases specially provided for by local statute. They are elected one-third annually, and hold office for 3 years.9 Each board of school directors, and each board of comptrollers in cities and bor¬ oughs, shall choose a president and a secretary, who may or may not be members of the board.10 The boards provide for the establishment of the schools, and have the power to grade the same ; affix fire escapes to school buildings 3 or more stories high ; transfer pupils to other districts ; establish joint schools on or near county or township line; may borrow money for erecting school-houses or purchasing grounds for the same.11 They direct what branches of learning are to be taught in the schools and what books shall be used ; provide cases for books in school libraries ; may establish even¬ ing schools ; visit all the schools of their respective districts, and exercise a general supervision of the same.12 In any city, borough, or township, having more than 5,000 inhabitants, the school directors may elect a city, borough, or township superintendent, who shall hold office for 3 years ; if such election be held the State superintendent must be given the name and address of the person so elected ; and such city, borough, or township shall not then be subject to the authority and j urisdiction of the county superintendent, except in the matter of holding the annual teachers’ institutes. Such city, borough, or township superintendents perform, within the limits of their several jurisdictions, all the duties enjoined upon county superintendents, and dis- 1 Sch. Laws, sec. 48. 6 Ibid., sec. 146 et seq. 2 Ibid., sec. 50. 7Ibid., secs. 70, 71. 3 Act of Leg., June 25, 1885. 8 Act of June 25, 1885. 4 Sch. Laws, sec. 206. 9 Scb. Laws, sec. 24. 6 Ibid., secs. 149, 152. 10Ibid., sec. 35. 11Ibid., sec. 47 et seq. 12 Ibid., secs. 66, 69, 210. Act of May 22, 1883. 150 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. charge such other duties as the by-laws, rules, and regulations of the respective hoards of directors may require ; and must report, monthly, to the department of common schools, such facts relating to the schools under their charge as the State superintendent may require.1 2 SCHOOL-HOUSES. The school directors cause suitable lots of ground to be procured, and suitable buildings to be erected, purchased, or rented for school-houses, and supply the same with the “proper convenience and fuel.”3 teachers: how selected and paid. The school directors appoint the teachers of the common schools in the districts, fix the amount of their salaries, and may dismiss them at any time for incompetency, cruelty, negligence, or immorality.3 After teachers make out and file with the board of directors or comptrollers their monthly reports, they are paid by drafts on the district treasurer, signed by the presi¬ dent and attested by the secretary of the board.4 All teachers in the public schools must have valid certificates ; and no teacher shall be employed in teaching any branch of learning other than those enumerated in his or her certificate, nor shall a certificate be granted to any person who is in the habit of using as a beverage any intoxicating drinks.5 LOCAL TAXES. For the support of public schools, the school directors or comptrollers of every dis trict annually determine the amount of tax necessary, and levy and appprtion this tax according to the valuation of proper subjects and things made taxable. Directors (or comptrollers in cities or boroughs where the school property is vested in them) may annually levy a special tax not exceeding the regular annual school tax for such year, to be applied solely to the purpose of purchasing or paying for the ground, and the building and erection of school buildings thereon. The highest tax which can be levied in a district in any one year for school purposes is 26 mills on the dollar — 13 mills for school purposes, and 13 mills for building purposes.6 Besides the above there are : 1. A rate tax on such trades, occupations, professions, and salaries, and emoluments of office as will yield over $1 by the rate on its valua¬ tion. 2. A minimum occupation tax of $1 on all resident male taxable persons, over 21 years old, whose assessed occupation, salary or emoluments of office when multiplied by the rate levied for school purposes will not produce at least $1.7 RHODE ISLAND. ESTABLISHMENT OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to promote public schools and to adopt all means which it may deem necessary and proper to sechre to the people the ad¬ vantages and opportunities of education.8 No person can be excluded from any public school in the district to which such person belongs, if the town is divided into districts, or if not so divided, from the near¬ est public school, on account of race or color, or for being over 15 years of age, nor except by force of some general regulation applicable to all persons under the same circumstances, but no person can attend any public school unless such person has been vaccinated.9 “ All the public schools of the State, including the State Normal School, are open to children of officers and soldiers belonging to the State, mustered into the service of the United States and of those persons belonging to the State and serving in the navy of the United States, and who died in said service during the late war, or who were discharged therefrom in consequence of wounds or disease contracted in said service, or who were killed in battle, without any cost or expense for taxes or other charges imposed for the purpose of public education.7110 Every person having under his control a child between the ages of 7 and 15 years must cause such child to attend, for at least 12 weeks, annually (at least 6 of which must be consecutive), some public day school in the town in which the child resides, unless the child is physically or mentally disqualified to receive instruction, or is educated by other means for a like period of time, or has already acquired a knowl¬ edge of the elementary branches taught in the public schools. For every neglect of such duty a fine not exceeding $20 is imposed. No child under 10 years of age shall be employed in any manufacturing or mechan¬ ical establishment of the State, and no child under 14 years of age shall be so em- 1 Sch. Laws, sec. 176 et seq. 5 Ibid., sec. 162 and decision 8 Const., art. 12. sec. 1. 2 Ibid., see. 51. 112 (pp. 54, 129). 9 Scb. Man. of 18S2, chap. 61 3 Ibid., sec. 67. 6 Ibid., 88 et seq. secs. 1, 14. 4 Ibid., sec. 68, 76. 7 Ibid., aeo. 98 et soq. 10 Ibid., chap. 61, sec. 13. SUMMARY OF STATE* SCHOOL LAWS. 161 ployod except during tli© vacat ions of the public schools, unless during tho yoar next preceding such employment he shall have attended school at least 12 weeks.* LEGAL SCHOOL POPULATION. The town clerks (or somo person whom the hoard of aldermen of any city or tho town council of any town shall appoint for the purpose) take or cause to be taken annually, in January, a census of all person between tho ages of 5 and 15 years, inclu¬ sive, residing within the limits of their respective towns on the 1st day of said Jan¬ uary. The returns of the census must bo placed in the hands of the school committee on or before the 1st day of March in each year, and the receipt of tho chairman or clerk of the school committee to the effect that the returns have been reoeii d, mo be for¬ warded to the commissioner of public schools before ho shall draw his order for tho payment of any of the public money to that town.1 2 MINIMUM LENGTH OF SCHOOL YEAIi. Public schools must bo maintained at least 6 months in each year or forfeit appro¬ priations.3 PRESCRIBED STUDIES. The school committees of the several towns must make provision for tho instruc¬ tion of the pupils in all the schools supported wholly or in part by public money, in physiology and hygiene, with special reference to the effects of alcoholic liquors, stimulants, and narcotics upon the human system.4 STATE SUPERVISION. The general supervision of the public schools of the State, with such high schools , normal schools, and normal institutes as are or may be established and maintained wholly or in part by the State, is vested in a State board of education, consisting of the Governor and the lieutenant-governor and of one other member from each county except Providence, which has two. The board elects the commissioner of public schools. Two members of the board are elected annually by the General Assembly for 3-year terms. The Governor is president and the commissioner of public schools is secretary of the State board. The board meets quarterly, prescribes rules and regulations for carrying into effect the laws in relation to public schools ; may cause to be paid annuallv'to, and for the use of each free library in the State for the purchase of books therefor, a sum not ex¬ ceeding §50 for the first 500 volumes in such library, and §25 for each additional 500 volumes therein (such annual payment to anyone library, however, must not exceed $500) ; makes rules prescribing the character of books in such library and regulating its management ; and makes an annual report to the General Assembly. The commissioner of public schools is elected annually ; visits schools ; may employ a clerk ; shall, under the direction of the State board, recommend and bring about, as far as practicable, a uniformity of text-books; apportions school moneys; assists in the establishment of and selection of books for school libraries, and makes an annual report to the State board of education. STATE SCHOOL FUND. - The money which now is or which may hereafter be appropriated by law for the establishment of a permanent fund for the support of public schools shall be securely invested and remain a perpetual fund for that purpose.5 The sum of $1*20,000 is annually paid out of the income of the permanent school fund and from other money in the treasury for the support of public schools in the several towns, and is apportioned by the commissioner as follows: The sum of $100 is appor¬ tioned for each school, not to exceed 15 in any town; the remainder is apportioned in proportion to the number of children from 5 to 15 years of age, inclusive, in the several towns.6 The money so apportioned is applied to the wages of teachers exclusively, and no town shall receive any part of such State appropriation unless it shall raise by tax for the support of public schools a sum equal to the amount it may receive from the treasury for the support of public schools. Whenever the public schools are maintained by district organization the town com¬ mittee apportions equally among the districts located in each, the whole of the town’s proportion of the $120,000 received from the State, and in addition thereto at least one- fourth as much more from the town appropriation for the support of public schools. 1 Act of 1883, sec. 1 ; Stat., secs. 363, 467 et seq. 2 Ibid., chap. 50, secs. 10, 12. 3 Sell. Man. of 1882, chap. 56, sec. 16. 4 Stat., chap. 415, sec. L 5 Const., art. 12, sec. 2. 6 Stat., chap. 429, sec. 1 et seq. 152 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. The remainder of the town appropriation, and the moneys received from registry and dog taxes and from other sources, is divided into two equal parts, one of which is ap¬ portioned to the districts according to the average attendance of the preceding year: the other part is apportioned at the discretion of the committee; provided that the total apportionment to any one district shall not be less than $180. 1 An annual appropriation is made for the support and maintenance of evening schools in the several towns of the State, under the general supervision of the State board of education, which shall apportion said appropriation.3 EDUCATION OP TEACHERS. The Normal School is under the management of the board of education and the commissioner of public schools as aboard of trustees. The tuition in said school is free to all applicants passing a satisfactory examina¬ tion and giving satisfactory evidence of their intention to teach in the public schools of the State for at least 1 year after leaving said school. The trustees grant diplomas to those who finish the regular course of studies at the normal school, and may examine applicants to teach and grant certificates to those found qualified. A sum not exceeding $500 is annually paid for defraying the necessary expenses and charges for teachers and lecturers for teachers’ institutes, to be held under the direc¬ tion of the commissioner of public schools : and a sum not exceeding $300 is annually appropriated for publishing and distributing educational publications and providing lectures on educational topics.3 EDUCATION OP DEFECTIVE, DEPENDENT, AND DELINQUENT CHILDREN. The sum of $6,000 is annually appropriated out of the general treasury for the edu¬ cation of the indigent blind of the State at the Perkins Institution for the Blind, at South Boston, Mass. ; for the education of indigent deaf-mutes of the State at the American Asylum, at Hartford, Conn., or at the State School for the Deaf, at Provi¬ dence ; and for the education of such indigent idiotic and imbecile persons of the State at institutions now established within or without the State for the education aiid improvement of such idiotic and imbecile persons. A sum not exceeding $3,000 per annum is also appropriated for the maintenance of a day school for the education of the deaf and semi-deaf children of the State, which the State board of education was authorized to establish by sec. 1, chap. 291, R. I. Statutes. The State board of education was authorized by act of the General Assembly of 1884 to establish and maintain a State home and school for neglected children. The State board constitutes the board of control of said institution. The town council of education and the city council of each city shall make needful provisions and arrangements concerning habitual truants and children wandering about in the streets and public places, having no lawful occupation or business, not attending school and growing up in ignorance ; and shall make such ordinances as will be most conducive to the welfare of such children and to the good order of such town ; and shall designate or provide suitable places for the confinement, discipline, and instruction of such children. Every minor convicted under such ordinance shall be committed to some institution so provided, for a period not exceeding 2 years.4 EDUCATION IN HIGHER AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES. State scholarships in Brown University (to which the land scrip granted by the United States to the State of Rhode Island for the establishment of au agricultural college was assigned by resolution, 1863) are awarded to young men of the several towns who have not the means of educating themselves. Such young men are nominated by the senators and representatives of the several towns, and the selections are made by the Governor and secretary of State acting with the president of the university.6 The sum of $1,000 is annually appropriated to the Rhode Island School of Design.6 LOCAL SUPERVISION. Every town must establish and maintain a sufficient number of public schools under the management of the school committee, subject to the supervision of the commis¬ sioner of public schools. Any town may be divided by a vote thereof into school districts ; but any town may abolish all the school districts therein, and may increase the number of the school committee to a number not exceeding 7. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 153 The school committee of each town consist usually of 3 members, clectod, ono- thiril annually, for 3-year terms. The school committee, annually, elect a superintendent of tho public schools of the town, who performs, under tho advice and direction of the committee, such duties and exercises such powers as they may assign him. The school committee meet at least four times a year; may alter and discontinue districts; may establish schools where school district fails to do so; locate school- houses; may examine applicants for the situation of teacher in the public schools, or appoint persons to so examine them ; and may annul certilicates ; visit schools; raako and put up in each school-house rules and regulations for the attendance and classi¬ fication of the pupils, for the introduction and use of text-books, and works of ref¬ erence, and for the government of the public schools; and prescribe the studies to be pursued therein under the direction of tho commissioner of public schools; may suspend pupils; apportion school money; may allow scholars residing in one district to attend school iu another district ; report annually to the commissioner of public schools. Each school district elects, annually, a moderator, a clerk, a treasurer, a collector, and either one or three trustees. Any two or more adjoining school districts may establish a school for older and more advanced children of such districts, or may unite into one district for the purpose of supporting schools ; and any district may devolve all the powers and duties relating to the public schools in the district on the school committee.1 The trustees of school districts have custody of the school-house and other district property ; employ and pay the teachers ; provide school-rooms and fuel ; may allow scholars from without the town or State to attend the public schools of the district on such terms as they may determine ; visit schools ; see that the scholars are sup¬ plied with books ; make out tax bills ; and make all required returns to the school committee, and perform all other lawful acts required of them by the district.2 SCHOOL-HOUSES AND OTHER SCHOOL PROPERTY. School-houses are provided by the authorities of the towns or school districts. The State appropriates $3,000 annually, for the purchase of dictionaries, encyclopae¬ dias, and other works of reference, maps, globes, and other apparatus for the use of the public schools of the State.3 TEACHERS. No person can be employed by any trustee to teach as principal or assistant in any public school unless he has a certificate of qualification signed either by the school committee of the town or by some person appointed by said committee or by the trustees of the normal school.4 LOCAL TAXES. Towns may grant and vote such sums of money as they shall judge necessary for the support of schools, purchase of sites for, and the building and repair of school- houses, and for the maintaining of school libraries. Any town having, by taxation, established a free public library may, annually, ap¬ propriate a sum not exceeding 20 cents on each $1,000 of its ratable property for the maintenance and increase of such library, and every town, not owning a free public library, may, at the annual town meeting, appropriate a sum not exceeding 20 cents on each §1,000 of ratable property for the maintenance and increase of any public library therein.5 Every district may raise money by tax on the ratable property of the district to support public schools or to build or repair school-houses, provided the amount of the tax be approved by the school committee of the town.0 SOUTH CAROLINA. CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS REGARDING EDUCATION. The supervision of public instruction shall be vested in a State superintendent of education.7 There shall be elected in each county one school commissioner to constitute in the aggregate a State board of education of which the State superintendent shall be chairman.8 The General Assembly shall provide for a liberal and uniform system of free public schools throughout the State. There shall be kept open, at least 6 months in each year, one or more schools in each district.9 1 Sfcat., chap. 15, sec. 10. 6 Ibid., chaps. 34, 395. * Ibid., chaps. 51, 55; also decision No. 77, p. 159, c Ibid., chaps. 51, 57, secs. 4, 7. Sch. Man. of 1882. ' 7 Const, of 1868, art. 10, sec. 1. 3 Ibid., chap. 49, sec. 7. 8 Ibid., sec. 2. 4 Ibid., chap. 57. 8 Ibid., sec. 3. 154 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. It shall he the duty of the General Assembly to provide for the compulsory attend¬ ance, at either public or private schools, of all children between the ages of 6 and 16 years not physically or mentally disabled for a term equivalent to 24 mouths, at least.1 2 The General Assembly shall levy an annual tax on all taxable property throughout the State for the support of public schools. There shall be assessed on all taxable polls in the State an annual tax of SI each, to be applied solely to educational pur¬ poses. The school tax shall be distributed among the several school districts in the State in proportion to the respective number of pupils attending the public schools. No religious sect or sects shall have exclusive control of any part of the school funds of the State, nor shall sectarian principles be taught in the public schools.3 There shall be a State normal school, open to all persons who may wish to become teachers.3 Educational institutions for the benefit of the blind, deaf and dumb, and other benevolent institutions shall be established and supported by the State, including a State reform school for juvenile offenders.4 The General Assembly shall provide for the maintenance of the State university, and by means of the land given to this State by act of Congress shall provide for the establishment of an agricultural college and may make the same a branch of the university.5 All the public schools, colleges, and universities of this State supported in whole or in part by the public funds shall be free and open to all the children and youths of the State without regard to race or color.6 The proceeds of all lands given by the United States to this State for educational purposes, and of all properties given by individuals or appropriated by the State for like purposes, and of all escheats, shall be invested and preserved as a State school fund, and the income thereof shall be appropriated for the purposes of free public schools.7 THE STATE SUPERINTENDENT OF EDUCATION. The State superintendent of education is elected at each general election in the same manner as the other State officers. He gives a bond in the penal sum of $5,000 with sufficient sureties ; he is also sworn to fidelity, and takes in addition the oath with respect to duelling. His compensation is §2,100 per annum, and $1,200 are al¬ lowed him for clerk hire in his office.8 He has general supervision over all the free schools of the State, and shall visit every county in the State for the purpose of inspecting the schools, awaking an in¬ terest favorable to the cause of education, and diffusing as widely as possible by public addresses and personal communication with school officers, teachers, and par¬ ents, a knowledge of existing defects and of desirable improvements in the govern¬ ment and instruction*©!' said schools. He shall secure, by and with the advice of the State board of examiners, uniform¬ ity in the use of text-books throughout the State, and shall forbid the use of sectarian o-r partisan books and instruction in the public schools.9 He shall make a report through the Governor to the General Assembly at each reg¬ ular session thereof.10 STATE BOARD OF EXAMINERS. The State superintendent and 4 persons appointed by the Governor, by and v. ith the advice and consent of the senate, to hold office for 2 years, shall constitute the State board of examiners. The State superintendent is, ex officio, chairman ; his clerk is also clerk of the board.11 The State board of examiners constitutes an advisory body to the State superin¬ tendent, and it has power to review all decisions of the county boards of examiners. Appeals to the State board must be made through the county board in writing, and the decision of the State board shall be final.12 The State board has power — 1. To adopt rules and regulations for its own government and for that of the free public schools. 2. To prescribe and enforce rules for the examination of teachers. 3. To prescribe a standard of proficiency before county boards of examiners. 4. To prescribe and enforce the course of study in the free public schools. 5. To prescribe and enforce uniformity of text-books, except in the city of Charles¬ ton : Provided, That it shall not have power, without the permission of the General Assembly, to change a text-book within five years from the date of its adoption. 6. To grant State teachers’ certificates and to revoke them for cause.13 1 Const, of 1868, art. 10, sec. 4. 6 Ibid., sec. 10. 10 Ibid., sec. 988. 2 Ibid., sec. 5. 7Ibid., sec. 11. 11 Ibid., sec. 993. 3Ibid., sec. 6. 8 Gen. Stat., title 9, chap. 19, 12Ibid., sec. 995. 4 Ibid., secs. 7, 8. * secs. 986, 989. 13 Ibid., sec. 996. 6 Ibid., sec. 9. 9 Ibid., sec. 987. SUMMARY OP STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 155 The school board meets twice a year, and oftener if necessary, for tho examination of teachers. Tho certificate issued by it authorise the holders to teach in any of the free public schools, and they are valid for 2 years. They may be renewed with or without examination, at tho discretion of the board.1 COUNTY SCHOOL COMMISSIONERS. In each county thero is elected at each general election a school commissioner, who shall hold office until his successor is elected and qualified. Ho gives bond, with sure¬ ties, in the penal sum of $1,000.3 Tho county commissioner is sworn to fidelity, and also takes tho oath with respect to duelling.3 He shall acquaint himself with the character and condition of each school in his jurisdiction, noting deficiencies either iu the government, classification of pupils, or methods of instruction, and observing the character and condition of the school- houses and the furniture. He shall encourage the formation of associations of teach¬ ers for common improvement, attending tho meetings thereof, and contributing to their efficiency.4 He shall conform to the instructions of the State superintendent, and shall serve as the organ of communication between him and school authorities.6 He apportions, annually, tho county-school fund among the several school dis¬ tricts.6 His compensation, not to exceed $3 per day for actual service, is determined by the county board of examiners. He is also allowed a sum not to exceed $100 for trav¬ elling expenses.7 All moneys disbursed by any county treasurer on account of school funds, or taxes, or poll-tax, shall be paid on the orders of the board of school trustees, countersigned by the county school commissioner.8 COUNTY BOARDS OF EXAMINERS. In each county there is a board of examiners, composed of the school commissioner and 2 other persons appointed by the State board, who shall hold office for the term of 2 years. No person shall be appointed who is not competent to teach a first-grade school. The county board issues certificate, revocable for cause, setting forth the branches of learning which the holder is capable of teaching, and the examination is to be renewed every year. Members of board receive $3 per diem for the number of days not exceeding 5 in each year.9 The county board of examiners constitutes an advisory body to the county commis¬ sioner, and also a tribunal for determining any matter of local controversy in refer¬ ence to the construction or administration of the school laws. -Either party to the controversy, however, may appeal to the State board of examiners.1* Each county board of examiners shall divide its county into convenient school districts and every school district shall be a body politic and corporate. SCHOOL TRUSTEES. Each county board of examiners appoints for each school district a board of 3 school trustees. The trustees organize by appointing one of their number clerk of the board, who presides at official meetings and keeps a record of its proceedings.11 The board of trustees has authority, subject to the supervision of the county board — 1. To provide suitable school-houses. 2. To employ teachers having regular certificates. 3. To suspend or dismiss pupils. 4. To call meetings of the people of the district. 5. To care for, manage, and control school property. 6. To visit the schools at least once in every term, and to see that they are conducted according to law and with the utmost efficiency.13 TEACHERS. No teacher shall be employed in any of the free public schools without a certificate from the county board of examiners or from the State board.13 Each school teacher shall file with the clerk of the board of trustees, at the expi¬ ration of each school month, a complete report of the whole number of scholars ad- 1 Gen. Stat., title 9, chap. 19, sec. 997. 2Xbid., sec. 998. 3 Ibid., sec. 999. 4 Ibid., sec. 1000. 6 Ibid., sec. 1001. 6 Ibid., sec. 1002. 7 Ibid., sec. 1003. 8 Ibid., sec. 1023. 9 Ibid., secs. 1005, 1006. 10 Ibid., sec. 1007. 11 Ibid., sec. 1009. 12 Ibid., secs. 1010, 1012. 13 Ibid., sec. 1005. 156 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. mitted to the school during each school month, average attendance, branches taught, and the number of pupils engaged in studying each branch. It shall not be lawful for a county commissioner nor for a trustee to receive pay as a teacher of a free public school.1 NORMAL INSTITUTES. The faculties of the State normal institutes shall have authority to grant certifi¬ cates of qualification to teach in the free public schools, which shall be valid for 3 years. They shall also have authority to grant diplomas, which shall exempt the holders from further examination. The State board shall prescribe the course of study and the standard of qualifica¬ tion.2 Each county commissioner shall, when deemed advisable by the county board of examiners, apportion from the income of the 2-mill tax a sum not exceeding $200 to defray the expenses of teachers’ institutes conducted under regulations prescribed by the State superintendent.3 SCHOOLS. The school year begins, annually, on the 1st day of November, but each county board shall have power to limit the school term according to the school fund of its county.4 The school month consists of 20 school days, and this number shall be taken as the unit of computation in estimating the average attendance in the free public schools.5 In every public school there shall be taught, as far as practicable, orthography, reading, writing, arithmetic, geography, English grammar, history of the United States and of this State, the principles of the Constitution and laws of the United States and of this State, morals, and good behavior.6 TENNESSEE. ESTABLISHMENT OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly in all future periods of this govern¬ ment to cherish literature and science. No public school shall allow white and negro children to be received as scholars together.7 There shall be established and maintained in this State a uniform system of public schools. The public-school system shall be administered by the following authori¬ ties: A State superintendent, county superintendents, and district school directors.8 LEGAL SCHOOL POPULATION. The public schools are free to all persons between the ages of 6 and 21 years, resid¬ ing within the school district ; and in special cases those children residing in different districts may be educated in school, under such regulations as may bo prescribed by the directors of the districts interested. The school census is taken annually, in July, by the clerks of the school districts, and reported by them to the county superintendent.9 MINIMUM LENGTH OF SCHOOL YEAR. Public schools must be kept open for at least five months in the year.10 PRESCRIBED STUDIES. In every public school there must be taught orthography, reading, writing, arith¬ metic, grammar, geography, elementary geology of Tennessee, history of the United States; and vocal music may be taught therein. Other branches cannot be intro¬ duced except as provided for by local taxation, or they may be allowed by special regulations upon the payment of such rates of tuition as may be prescribed.11 STATE SUPERVISION. The State superintendent is nominated by the Governor and confirmed by the senate. He must be a person of literary and scientific attainments, and skilled and expe¬ rienced in the art of teaching ; he holds his office for two years, but is liable to re¬ moval from office by the Governor for misconduct or neglect of duty. He collects and disseminates statistical and other information relating to the public schools ; visits schools ; sees that the school laws and regulations are faithfully executed ; prepares and distributes blank forms for returns ; "has school laws printed and distributed ; appoints, at his discretion, persons in each county to visit and examine public schools^ and report their condition to him ; requires county -superintendents to make annua] 1 Gen. Stat., title 9, cliap. 19, 6 Ibid., sec. 1015. 9 Ibid., chap. 8, and chap. 12, sec. 101G. c Ibid., sec. 1004. secs. 1 and 5. 2 Ibid., sec. 997. 7 Const., art. 11, sec. 12. 10 Ibid., chap. 16, sec. 4. 3 Ibid., sec. 1002. 8 Pub. Sch. Laws, chap. 1. 11 Ibid., chap. 13. 4 Ibid., sec. 1014. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 157 reports, and such other reports as ho may deem propor; appoints some one to make the reports required of the county superintendent, when the latter fails to do so • prescribes the mode of examining and licensing teachers; preserves in his office all educational documents that may come into it ; reports to the State comptroller on the 1st day of December, in each year, the scholastic population of each county; and on or before tho 15th day of December makes an annual report to the Governor.1 STATE TAX. For the support of public schools every male inhabitant of tho State, subject to taxation, must annually pay a poll-tax of $1, and a tax of one mill on the dollar is annually assessed upon all property subject to taxation, which is collected as other taxes are, and, together with the poll-tax, is paid over to the county trustee, in tho county where collected, and distributed therein to each school district, according to the scholastic population.'2 STATE SCHOOL FUND. The permanent school fund is $2, 512, 500, drawing 6 per cent, interest, payable semi¬ annually. To the above permanent State fund may be added, from time to time, the proceeds of all escheated property, of all property accruing to the State by forfeiture, of all lands sold and bought in for taxes, of the person al effects of intestateshaving no kindred entitled thereto by the laws of distribution, and donations made to the State for the support of public schools, unless otherwise directed by the donors. The principal of said fund shall always remain unimpaired and entire ; and the annual income arising therefrom is dedicated to the support and maintenance of the public schools of the State.3 The State school fund for the annual support of public schools is the annual pro¬ ceeds of the permanent State school fund, and any money that may come into tho State treasury for the purpose, from any source whatever.4 All moneys in the treasury of the State for the annual support of her schools, on the first Mondays in October and April of each year, are apportioned by the comptroller among the several counties according to their scholastic population, as reported to him by the State superintendent. He must give notice of such apportionment to the county trustees of each county, and issue his warrant on the State treasurer in favor of the county trustee of each county for the amount apportioned to such county and transmit the warrant to such trustee.5 EDUCATION OF TEACHERS. The State board of education, consisting of the Governor and six members appointed by him, for 6-year terms, has chargeof the State Normal College and makes arrange¬ ments for opening normal schools. These normal schools are to be made first-class institutions for the professional education of teachers, and the most approved meth¬ ods of instruction are to be adopted, and none but skilled and experienced teachers are to be employed to take charge of them. Ten thousand dollars are annually appro¬ priated to the Normal College at Nashville exclusively, provided the general agent of the Peabody fund allows Peabody scholarships to the State, as to other States. Besides this, $3,300 are annually appropriated for scholarships in approved institutions of learning for two colored pupils from each senatorial district in the State. A diploma from a normal school exempts the holder from the examination prescribed as a condition precedent to employment in the public schools in any county of the State.6 EDUCATION IN HIGHER AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES. Cadets in the University of Tennessee are appointed by the senators and repre¬ sentatives. Incorporated cities and towns may establish and maintain, within their respective corporate limits, a system of high-graded common schools.7 COUNTY SUPERVISION. The county superintendent is elected biennially by the county court. He must be a person of literary and scientific attainments and is subject to removal from office for misbehavior or inefficiency, at any time, by the county court. He has supervision of the public schools in the county ; visits schools and confers with teachers and dis¬ trict dire ctors ; sees that the district directors make their reports as required of them ; keeps himself informed as to the merits of text-books, and suggests to the district directors such changes as may, from time to time, be advisable with a view to secur¬ ing uniformity in the course of study throughout the county, when it can be done without increased expense to the parents; performs such duties in relation to the ex- 1 Pub. Sch. Laws, chaps. 2, 3. * Ibid., chap. 15, sec. 3. 3 Ibid., sec. 1. 4 Ibid.,. sec. 2. 5Ibid.,soc. 7. GIbid., chap. 20. 7 Ibid., chaps. 19, 18. 158 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION, animation of teachers and issuing to them certificates of qualifications as may he re¬ quired of him hy the State superintendent ; reports to the county trustee, as soon as ascertained, the scholastic population of each school district on the last day of June ; keeps record of his official acts, and keeps record of the numbers and boundaries of school districts; observes such directions and regulations as the State superintendent may prescribe, and makes special reports to that officer whenever required ; and on or before October 1st makes to him an annual report for the year ending June 30th, preceding.1 LOG AX. SUPERVISION. There are three directors for each school district elected, one annually, in August, for 3-year terms. If directors are not elected at such time, the county superin¬ tendent appoints them. The school directors appoint one of their number chairman and another clerk and treasurer ; explain and enforce the school laws and regula¬ tions ; visit the public schools ; employ and dismiss teachers ; suspend or dismiss pupils ; see that the census of children, required by law, is taken properly ; hold reg¬ ular meetings, as prescribed 'by law ; call meetings of the people of the district for consultation in regard to the school interests thereof; keep separate and apart schools for white and colored children ; draw warrants upon the county trustee ; manage and control the public-school money and property of the district ; make any special report required by the county superintendent, and report to him, annually, by the 15th day of September.3 They may subdivide school districts, or may agree to form joint school districts near county lines, and they have the power and authority to make contracts of con¬ solidation with the trustees, teachers, or other authorities of academies, seminaries, colleges, or private schools, by which the public schools maybe taught in such institu¬ tions ; but all the branches of study prescribed for the public schools must be taught free of charge in such consolidated schools. Graded schools are preferred to ungraded ones.3 The clerk of the district acts as secretary of all school meetings of the district; keeps an accurate record of all proceedings of the board of directors, and especially of the purpose and amount of accounts ordered to be paid, and of the date of their be¬ ing audited ; keeps a cash account and a record of his own official acts, open to in¬ spection, and discharges such other duties in connection with the school business of the district as may be required of him.4 The mayor and aldermen of any municipal corporation, establishing graded public schools, are empowered to appoint a board of education, consisting of not exceeding 6 qualified citizens residing within the corporate limits, which board has full power, as trustees or directors, to manage and control such schools, to elect or employ teach¬ ers, and to prescribe all needful rules and regulations. The members of this board are elected, two annually, for 3-year terms.’ Schools or school systems established in cities and incorporated towns, under a dif¬ ferent management, before the enactment of the above law, continue under the same.6 TEACHERS : HOW SELECTED AND PAID. Teachers are selected by the school directors (or in cities, by the school board), and written contracts, in duplicate, specifying rates of salary per month, are made before they enter upon their duties. They are paid (except in city schools) by the county t rustee upon the warrant of the district clerk.7 No teacher of public schools can be employed or receive any pay from the public „ funds unless he or she has a certificate of qualification given by the county superin¬ tendent for the county within which he or she is employed.8 LOCAL TAXES. When the money derived from the school fund and State tax is not sufficient to keep up a public school for 5 months in the year in the school districts in the county, the county court levies an additional tax sufficient for this purpose, or submits the proposition to a vote of the people, and may levy a tax to prolong the schools beyond the 5 months ; said tax to be levied on all property, polls, and privileges liable to taxation, but must not exceed the entire State tax. Taxes so levied by the county are collected as other county taxes and paid to the county trustee for distribution among the school districts according to their school population.5 SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 159 For tlio purpose of establishing and maintaining graded public schools, or tor erect¬ ing or purchasing school buildings and furnishing the sumo, the mayor and nldermoti of any municipal corporation may levy and collect an additional tax to that imposed by or under the geuoral school law, upon all taxable polls, privileges, and property within the corporate limits; but such special tax, together with the municipal taxes for municipal purposes must not exceed the rate of taxation for general purposes iixed by the chartered limitation.1 2 TEXAS. ESTABLISHMENT OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS. Be it enacted by the Legislature of the Stale of Texas : That the constitutional provis¬ ions for public schools are hereby appended as a part of the sohool law of this State.® A general diffusion of knowledge being essential to the preservation of the liberties and rights of the people, it shall be the duty of the Legislature of the State to estab¬ lish and make suitable provision for the support and maintenance of an efficient sys¬ tem of public schools.3 All funds, lands, and other property heretofore set apart and appropriated for the support of public schools ; all the alternate sections of laud reserved by the State out of grants heretofore made, or that may hereafter be made, to railroads or other corporations of any nature whatever ; one-half of the public domain of the State, and all sums of money that may come to the State from the sale of any portion of the same, shall constitute a perpetual school fund.4 One-fourth of the revenue derived from the State occupation-taxes and a poll-tax of $1 on every male inhabitant of this State between the ages of 21 and 60 years shall be set apart, annually, for the benefit of public free schools ; and in addition thereto, there shall be levied and collected, annually, an ad valorem State tax of such an amount, not to exceed 20 cents on tl}e $100 valuation, as, with the available school fund arising from all other sources, will be sufficient to maintain and support the public free schools of this State for a period of not less than 6 months in each year, and the Legislature may also provide for the formation of school districts within all or any of the counties of this State, by general or special laws without the local notice required in other cases of special legislation, and may authorize an addi¬ tional annual ad valorem tax to be levied and collected within such school districts for the further maintenance of public free schools and the erection of school buildings therein : Provided , That two-thirds of the qualified property tax-paying voters of the district, voting at an election to be held for that purpose, shall vote such tax, not to exceed in any one year 20 cents on the §100 valuation of the property subject to tax¬ ation in such district. The interest derivable from the permanent school fund and the taxes herein author¬ ized shall be the available school fund, and shall be distributed to the several coun¬ ties according to their scholastic population.5 All lands heretofore or hereafter granted to the several counties of this State for educational purposes, when sold, shall beheld by-said counties alone as a trust for the benefit of public schools therein, and the interest thereon and other revenue shall be the available fund.6 Separate schools shall be provided for white and colored children, and impartial provision shall be made for both.7 The Governor, comptroller, and secretary of State shall constitute a board of edu¬ cation, which shall distribute said funds to the several counties, and perform such other duties concerning public schools as may be prescribed by law.8 STATE SCHOOL FUND. The State treasurer shall receive and hold as a special deposit all moneys belonging to the available school fund and keep an account of the several sources from which they accrue, and he shall pay out such moneys on the warrant of the comptroller.9 STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION. The Governor, secretary of State, and comptroller, constitute a State board of ed¬ ucation, which holds its sessions at the seat of government. The Governor is, ex officio, president of the board, and a majority constitutes a quorum.10 The State board of education shall, annually, make an apportionment of the avail¬ able school fund among the several counties of the State, and to the several cities and towns constituting separate school organizations, according to the scholastic pop¬ ulation of each.11 1 Pub. Sch. Laws, chap. 18, sec. 3. 6 Amended Const., art. 7, sec. 5. 2 Sell. Law of 1884, sec. 1. 6 Ibid., sec. 6. 3 Ibid., art. 7, sec. 1. 7 Ibid., sec. 7. 4 Ibid. , sec. 2. 8 Ibid. , sec. 8. 9 Ibid., sec. 26. 10 Sch. Law of 1884, sec. 11. 11 Ibid., sec. 22. 160 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Appeals from the rulings of the State superintendent shall always be made to the State board of education.1 SUPERINTENDENT OP PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. A State superintendent of public instruction is elected at each general election for State and county officers, who shall hold office for a term of two years, and shall re¬ ceive an annual salary of $2,500. He mav appoint 1 clerk at an annual salary of $1,200. He is sworn to fidelity, and shall not be eligible during his term of office and for 4 years thereafter to any other State office.1 The superintendent is charged with the administration of the school law and a gen¬ eral supervision of the business relating to the public schools of the State. He shall hear and determine appeals, and shall examine and approve all accounts against the school fund.2 He shall advise and counsel with the school officers of the counties, cities, towns, school districts, and communities as to the best methods of conducting the public schools, and shall be empowered to issue instructions aud regulations binding for ob¬ servance on all officers and teachers in all cases wherein the provision of the school law may require interpretation in order to carry out the designs therein ; also in cases wherein the law is silent, and where necessity requires some rule that shall prevent delay and inconvenience in the management of school affairs.3 The State superintendent shall require of all school officers and teachers reports relating to the school fund and other school affairs, which shall, with such other mat¬ ters as he may deem important, be embodied in his regular report to the State board of education.4 He shall be, ex officio, secretary of the State board of education, and shall keep a complete record of all its proceedings.5 COUNTY SUPERINTENDENT. The county judge, under the direction of the State superintendent, shall have the im¬ mediate supervision of all matters pertaining to public education in his county. He shall confer with aud counsel teachers and trustees, visit and examine schools, deliver lectures on educational topics or secure some one to do so. He shall organize and hold teachers’ institutes ; shall approve all vouchers against the school fund of his county and all contracts between teachers and trustees; and shall discharge such other duties as the State superintendent may prescribe.6 The county judge shall give a bond in the sum of $1,000 for the faithful perform¬ ance of duty (as county superintendent), and shall also take the prescribed path.7 County judges shall be entitled to the following compensation: For the disburse¬ ment of $500 or less of the school fund, $25 shall be allowed ; for the disbursement of $500 and not exceeding $1,000, $50 shall be allowed ; and for each additional $1,000, or fractional part thereof, $10 shall be allowed ; and 10 per cent, of said salary shall be added thereto for postage, stationery, and printing expenses connected with the administration of the school law.8 . Upon the receipt of the certificate issued by the board of education for the State fund belonging to his county, the county judge shall add thereto the county fund, and having deducted any lawful expenses against said funds, shall apportion the remainder to the several school districts or communities as per scholastic 'census.9 DISTRICTS AND TRUSTEES. All trustees for school districts shall be elected by the qualified voters thereof ; but if no election is held, the county judge shall at once appoint 3 trustees for the vacant district to serve for the ensuing year. No person shall be eligible to serve as a school trustee who cannot read aud write.10 The trustees of the school districts shall be a body politic and corporate in law, and shall have the title and name of “ District Trustees of District No. - , and County of - , State of Texas.”11 The scholastic census of all children in each district, between the ages of 8 and 16 years, giving name, age, color, aud sex, shall be taken by the district trustees, under the supervision of the county judge.12 School trustees shall determine how many schools shall be maintained in their respective school districts or communities, and at what points they shall be located ; also, when the schools shall be opened and when closed ; they shall contract with teachers and manage and supervise the schools subject to the rules and regulations of the county judge and State superintendent. They shall approve all teachers’ 1 Sch. Law of 1884, sec. 12. 6 Ibid., sec. 21. 2 Ibid., sec. 13. 6Ihid., sec. 43. 3 Ibid., sec. 15. 7Ibid., sec. 44. 4Ibid., secs. 17, 18 8 Ibid., sec. 45. °Ibid., sec. 46. 10 Ibid., sec. 36. “Ibid., sec. 37. 12 Ibid., sec. 40. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 1G1 vouchers, and all other claims against the school fund of their districts or communi¬ ties.1 2 Trustees of districts that levy a school tax, shall make contracts with teachers to teach for a period of not less than C months in a scholastic yeftr, which may or may not. be divided into two terms.'* Tlio amount of tax which a district may vote to impose for tho building of school- houses, or for supplementing tlio State school fund apportioned to such district, shall not exceed 2 mills on the dollar.3 When a school district or community has no school-house, or not a sufficient num¬ ber, the available school fund credited to said district or community may be used for erecting a house upon the following conditions, to wit : 1. A suitable piece of land shall be donated as a site. 2. The citizens must contribute of tlicir labor and means an amount at least equal to the school fund so used.4 COMMUNITY SYSTEM. There are 5:1 counties in tlio State that are exempt from tho district system pro¬ vided for in this act. The citizens of said counties may unito and organize themselves into free-school “communities,” entitled to share in the available school fund belong¬ ing to the county.5 For the purpose of such organization bona fide residents of the State shall make an application in writing to the county judge. Such petition shall set forth that the pro¬ posed organization is for a white or colored “community,” togothor with a list of the names of tho children, with the age and sox of each child, and also the names of 3 citizens to serve as trustees.6 Such communities may be organized for male and female schools, separate or mixed, as circumstances may require: Provided , That in towns of not more than 1,500 inhabi¬ tants, no more than 2 school communities for white children and 2 for colored chil¬ dren shall he organized.7 Three trustees shall be appointed by the county judge for each community school, and these shall be the 3 citizens named in the petition unless he is satisfied from per¬ sonal knowledge that they are unworthy or incompetent.8 . TEACHERS. Any one desiring to teach a public free school shall, unless known to the county judge, present a certificate from the justice of the. peace of the precinct in which he or she desires to teach, or in which he or she may reside ; or in case the applicant has acquired no residence in this State, then some other certificate which will satisfy the county judge that the applicant is of good moral character, and of correct, exemplary habits. The county judge, if satisfied, shall thereupon convene the county school board of examiners and direct an examination of the applicant in the following branches, to wit : Applicants for third-grade certificates shall be examined in orthog¬ raphy, reading, writing, arithmetic, geography, and English grammar ; applicants for second-grade certificates shall be examined in the branches aforesaid, and also in composition and history of the United States; applicants for first-grade certificates must also be proficient in the elements of algebra, geometry, natural philosophy, school discipline, and methods of teaching.9 Teachers with certificates from the Texas State normal schools and the summer normal schools are not required to pass an examination. A diploma from a Texas Stato normal school is valid during good behavior. A cer¬ tificate of 1 year’s attendance at said school is valid for 3 years. A certificate from a summer normal school is valid for 2 years.10 Teachers shall receive salaries not exceeding the following sums: Teachers with first-grade certificates, $75 per month; with second-grade certificates, $50 per mouth-; with third-grade certificates, $30. A certificate of 1 year’s attendance at a State nor¬ mal school is regarded as a second-class certificate. This schedule of salaries does not apply to teachers employed in districts voting a local tax on themselves.11 Teachers shall keep daily registers and make monthly reports ; also term reports, under penalty of forfeiting the last mouth’s salary.12 It shall be the duty of all teachers in the public schools to attend the Summer Nor¬ mal Institute as far as possible.13 Trustees of a school community in making contracts with teachers shall determine the salary upon the following rates of tuition : To teachers holding a first-class cer¬ tificate, not more than $2.50: to those holding a second-class certificate, not more than $2; and to such as hold a third-class certificate, not more than $1.50 per month 1 Seh. Law of 1884, sec. 53. 2 Ibid., sec. 54. 3 Ibid., sec. 31. 4 Ibid., sec. 61. 6 Ibid., secs. 71, 72. 6 Ibid., secs. 73, 74. 7 Ibid., sec. 76. 8 Ibid., sec. 78. 9 Ibid., sec. 48. 10 Ibid., sec. 49. 11 Ibid., sec. 50. 12 Ibid., sec. 51. 13 Ibid., sec. 52. ET> SC, - 11 162 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. per capita shall be allowed for pupils within the scholastic age : Provided , That no teacher holding a first-class certificate shall receive more than 075 per month; none holding a second-class certificate more than §50 per month ; and none holding a third- class certificate more •than §30 per month. Three teachers holding first-grade certificates, to he appointed by the county judge, shall constitute the county board of examiners, and shall receive from each teacher examined the sum of §3. Teachers’ certificates shall be valid anywhere in the State : Provided, That when a teacher removes from one county to another he shall obtain a certified paper from the county judge that his school certificate has not been cancelled. Otherwise he shall be incompetent to contract with school trustees unless he be re¬ examined.1 2 STATE NORM Ali SCHOOLS. There shall be established a normal school to be known as the “ Sam Houston Nor¬ mal Institute,” and located at the college formerly known as the “Austin College,” at Huntsville, in Walker County.3 The State board of education shall have possession and charge of said institute.3 Not less than 2 students from each senatorial district, and 6 from the State at large, shall be received as State students, who shall receive tuition, board, and lodging free to the extent of the appropriation. Other students shall be required to pay tuition in whole or in part as the board may prescribe. Each student must be at least 16 years of age.4 The students are obligated to teach in the public free schools 1 year or more, ac¬ cording to the period of their normal instruction.5 The sum of §1,400 is annually set apart out of the available free-school fund for the support of this school.6 There shall be established at Prairie Yiew, in Waller County, a normal school for the preparation and training of colored teachers.7 The board of directors of the Agricultural and Mechanical College is authorized to manage the affairs of said school, and to admit, as State students, 1 from each senatorial district, and at least 3 students from the State at large, who shall be not less than 16 years of age.8 The students obligate themselves to teach in the public free schools for colored children for a period equal to the time spent in this school, receiving the usual com¬ pensation.9 Six thousand dollars are annually set apart out of the interest accruing from the university fund for the support of said school.30 SCHOOLS. The children of the white and colored races shall be taught in separate schools.11 The scholastic year begins on the 1st of September and ends on the 31st of August.13 A school mouth consists of not less than 20 days, and a school week of 5 days of 7 hours each, including intermissions and recesses.13 The scholastic census is limited to children between the ages of 8 and 16 years.14 All the -public schools shall be required to have taught in them : Orthography, read¬ ing in English, penmanship, arithmetic, English grammar, modern geography, com¬ position, and such other branches as may be agreed upon by the trustees or as directed by the State superintendent.15 Colored children shall receive the benefit, as far as practicable, of the public-school fund, and the funds set aside in any district or community for colored children shall not be used for the education of white children, and vice versa.16 SCHOOLS IN CITIES AND TOWNS. Any city or town in this State may acquire the exclusive control of the public free schools within its limits.17 Six trustees, to hold office for 4 years, are chosen by a municipal election to take charge of and manage the public free schools and institutions of learning in such city or town.18 The county judge of the county in which said city or town is situated, and the mayor of such city or town, shall be, ex officio, members of said board of trustees.19 Said board of trustees shall have and exercise exclusively the same powers, control, and management in- regard to such free schools and institutions of learning as are now, or hereafter may be conferred upon the council or board of aldermen of such cities or towns.20 1 Sell. Law of 18S1, sec. 56. 2 Special act April 21, 1879, sec. 1. 3 Ibid., sec. 2. 4 Ibid., secs. 3, 5. 6 Ibid., sec. 4. 6 Ibid., sec. 7. 7 Special act April 19, 1879, sec. 1. 8 Ibid., sec. 2. 9 Ibid., sec. 3. 10 Ibid., sec. 4. 11 Ibid., sec. 7. 12 Ibid., sec. 6. 13 Ibid., sec. 10. 14 Sell. Law of 1884, sec. 40. 16 Ibid., sec. 55. 16 Ibid., sec. 60. 17 Special act April 3, 1879, sec. 1. 18 Ibid., sec. 3. 19 Ibid., sec. 4. 20 Ibid., sec. 6. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 1G3 The city or tlio town council shall have power, by ordinance, to annually levy and collect not exceeding one-half of 1 per cent, ad valorem taxes, for the support and maintenance of public free schools in the city or town which has been constituted a separate and independent school district.1 2 The board of aldermen shall have power, by ordinance, to levy and collect ad va¬ lorem taxes for the support and maintenance of public free schools.3 Any towns or villages having 200 inhabitants or over, not desiring to incorporate for municipal purposes, may incorporate for school purposes only; and, by the order of the county judge, 5 trustees shall bo elected in said town or village who shall bo vested with the full management and control of the free schools, including the powers and manner of taxation for free-school purposes that are now conferred upon the council or the board of aldermen of incorporated cities and towns.3 The city council of every city or town of 1,000 inhabitants or more, incorporated under the general law, that has assumed or shall assume control of its public free schools, may appoint 6 persons of good moral character, and qualified voters of such city or town, as a board of trustees for such schools, of which board the mayor shall be, ex officio, chairman.4 A trustee so appointed shall servo without compensation, and shall hold office for the term of 3 years.5 The public free schools of such city or town shall be under the control and super¬ vision of such board of trustees, aud said board shall have the same power to control and manage said schools that the city council or board of aldermen has.6 VERMONT. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SCHOOL SYSTEM. One or more schools shall bo maintained in each town for the instruction of the young in the common-school branches.7 When the inhabitants of a town cannot be conveniently accommodated in one dis¬ trict, ic shall be divided by the voters thereof into several districts.8 A district when organized shall be a corporation.9 A town may, at its annual meeting, abolish the district system.10 A town having abolished its district system may at any second annual meeting thereafter restore it.11 COMPULSORY ATTENDANCE. Every child of good health and sound mind between 8 and 14 years of age shall at¬ tend a public school at least 3 months in a year, unless otherwise educated.13 LEGAL SCHOOL POPULATION. No person under 5 years of age shall be received as a pupil in a public school.13 No provision is made for the enumeration of all the children of school age.14 The use of any school bnilding may be grantedforthe instruction of children under 5 years of age in a kindergarten school, and any town or district may establish or pay the expenses of such school.15 SCHOOL YEAP>, MONTH, AND DAY. The school year shall commence! on the first day of April and end on the last day of March following. In the absence of express contract, a session of 3 hours in the fore¬ noon and 3 in the afternoon shall constitute a school day, 5 such days a school week, and 4 such weeks a school month.16 Each school district shall provide for the instruction of its legal scholars, in the branches required by law, for at least 2 terms, amounting in the aggregate to 20 weeks in each school year. In case any district fail to do so, the selectmen of the town in which such district is located, upon the petition of any voter, shall provide for such instruction and collect the expenses thereof of the defaulting districts.17 PRESCRIBED STUDIES. Instruction shall be given in the common schools in reading, writing, spelling, En¬ glish grammar, geography, arithmetic, free-hand drawing, history, and Constitution of 1 Amend’s to Rev. Stat. by 17th Leg., art. 425a. 2 Ibid., art. 522a. 3 Ibid., arts. 541a, 541b. 541c. 4 Special act of April 14, 1883, see. L 6 Ibid., sec. 2. 6 Ibid., sec. 5. 7 Laws of 1880, sec. 558. 8 Ibid., sec. 499. 9 Ibid., sec. 507. , 10 Ibid., sec. 589. 11 Pub. Acts of 1886, No. 26 ; Laws of 1880, sec. 606. Up to April, 1886, 34 towns had adopted the town system and 1 had returned to the district system after using the town system for 5 years. 12 Laws of 1880, sec. 669. 13 Ibid., sec. 675 14 Sch. Rep., 1885-’86, p. 5. 15 Pub. Acts of 18S6, No. 32. 16 Law of 1880, sec. 677. 17 Ibid., sec. 560. 164 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. the United States, and good behavior ; and special instruction shall be given in the geography, history, constitution, and principles of government of Vermont.1 INSTRUCTION IN SCIENTIFIC TEMPERANCE. Instruction shall be given in the public schools as to the nature and effects of alco¬ holic drinks and narcotics, in connection with physiology and hygiene. This in¬ struction shall be as thorough as that in arithmetic or geography; and shall be given orally to pupils not able to read, by text-books to those who are ; such text-books shall give at least one-fourth of their space to these subjects, not less than 20 pages for the highest grade.2 HIGH AND GRADED SCHOOLS. District high schools. — If the children of a district are so numerous as to require more than one teacher, the district may vote to erect as many school-houses as are necessary, and may direct the sciences or higher branches of study to be taught in one of such schools.3 Union schools. — Contiguous school districts may form a union district for maintain¬ ing a school for the benefit of the older children of such districts.4 Town high schools. — A town may establish one or more high or central schools for advanced pupils of the several districts of the town.5 Each pupil attending a high or central school shall pay a certain sum per term for tuition.6 If the sums paid for tuition be not sufficient to maintain any such school, the bal¬ ance shall be made up by taxation in the district where located.7 Graded schools. — A school maintained by a town or school district for not less than 30 weeks each year, and consisting of 4 or more departments taught by 4 or more teachers, all under the control of 1 principal, and having an established course of study, shall be a graded school and entitled to all the privileges granted by law to such schools.8 STATE SUPERINTENDENT OF EDUCATION. The General Assembly shall elect, at each biennial session, a State superintendent of education.9 He shall devote his whole time to promoting the educational interests of the State, and shall visit every part thereof each year; deliver lectures upon the subject of education; confer with town superintendents ; visit schools with them, and furnish blanks for certificates and for collecting school statistics.10 He has also general control in normal and training schools over the appointment and removal of teachers, courses of study, examinations, and expenditures; also, holds teachers’ institutes and educational meetings. STATE SCHOOL TAX. If in any year the income appropriated for the use of schools in a town with any tax voted by the town, after deducting oue-half of the income of the United States deposit money, amount to a less sum than 9 per cent, of the grand list of the town, the selectmen shall assess a tax for such amount as such sum is less than such 9 per cent. This does not apply to towns using the town system.11 If the selectmen do not assess this tax the town shall forfeit double the amount to the county, one-fourth for the use of the county and three-fourths for the use of the schools of the town.12 STATE SCHOOL FUND. This fund consists of the United States deposit money.13 Such money shall be apportioned to the several towns in proportion to the number of inhabitants of each,14 and shall be in the charge of the trustees of the public money,15 who are to invest it and pay the income to the town treasurer.16 The income from the deposit money received by each town shall be annually appro¬ priated to the support of its schools. But if a town has other resources for the support of schools 6 months each year, it may appropriate such income for schools or for any other purpose.17 STATE APPROPRIATIONS TO NORMAL SCHOOLS. The sum of $1,000 a year is appropriated to each normal school, to be expended by the trustees under the direction of the State superintendent.18 1 Laws of 1880, sec. 558. 2 Pub. Acts of 1886, No. 33. s Law of 1880, sec. 572. 4 Ibid., sec. 573. * 6 Ibid., sec. 579. 6 Ibid., sec. 587. 7 Ibid., sec. 588. 8 Ibid., sec. 571. 9 Ibid., sec. 452. 10 Ibid., sec. 453. 11 Ibid., sec. 657. 12 Ibid., secs. 658, 659. 13 A legacy from tlie limiting ton estate also, became available in 18S4-’85. 14 Laws of 1880, sec. 640. lfi Ibid., sec. 641. 16 Ibid., sec. 644. 47 Ibid., sec. 647. 18 Ibid., sec. 472, Pub. Acts of 1882, No. 27. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 165 Each town is entitlod to a scholarship in the normal school, which is reckoned at $12 a half-year.1 2 If in addition to all sums received from the State by direct appropriation and for scholarships, and from tuition and ront of school lands, the trustees of a normal school shall in any year furnish and use, under the direction of the State superintendent, for current expenses, the sum of §500, they shall receive from the State an equal sum, which shall be used in paying for instruction.3 The above sums for the support of normal schools are paid only upon the condition that the law with regard to normal schools has been complied with.3 EDUCATION OF TEACHERS. The normal schools at Randolph, Johnson, and Castleton, are continued until August, 1S90.4 There shall be two courses of study in a normal school, and no more. These courses are arranged by the trustees and the State superintendent, and shall contain no for¬ eign language. No subject not included in them shall be taught. Certificates of graduation shall be given to all those who pass a final examination.5 6 A graded school organized in accordance with a special act of the General Assem¬ bly, and situated in a county in which there is no normal school, may establish a training-school department for the instruction aud training of teachers. These shall ha ve two courses of study, as in normal schools.5 The State superintendent shall annually, upon the written application of 25 teach¬ ers in any county (except Grand Isle and Essex, where the application of 15 shall suf¬ fice), hold one teachers’ institute in such county, for a term not exceeding 3 days. He may employ assistants, and a sum not exceeding §30 a day for all expenses shall be paid him by the State.7 When no such application is made in due season, the State superintendent may hold in any county not less than 2 nor more than 5 educational meetings, for 1 day and evening, each. He may employ assistants at these meetings, and shall receive from the State not more than §12 for each.8 INSTITUTIONS FOR THE DEFECTIVE AND DEPENDENT CLASSES. The Governor shall be commissioner of the deaf, dumb, aud blind, and of idiotic and feeble-minded children of indigent parents, and as such commissioner shall con¬ stitute the board for their instruction.9 The maximum sums appropriated for the benefit of the above classes are as follows: Deaf and dumb, §5,000; blind, §4,000; idiotic and feeble minded children, §2, 000. 10 The beneficiaries under these provisions are instructed at various specified institu¬ tions without the State.11 The board of civil authority in each town shall annually, through the county clerk, make return to the Governor of such persons who should become beneficiaries as above. The Governor may designate beneficiaries.13 TEXT-BOOKS. There shall be in each town a text-book committee, who shall select and recom¬ mend text-books on the subjects required by law to be taught in the common schools.13 The use in such schools of auy other text-books than those recommended, except as books of reference, shall be unlawful.14 Pupils whose parents or guardians do not supply the proper text-books after due notification, may be supplied by the district or town, and the prices thereof shall be added to the next annual tax of such parents or guardians, if they are able to pay the amounts.15 Towns may purchase and hold text-hooks for use iu their schools, if the towns so vote.15 Text-hooks on the subject of the nature and effects of alcoholic drinks and nar¬ cotics shall be furnished by the State.17 LOCAL SUPERVISION. Town supei'inten dents.— The term of office of a town superintendent shall continae 1 year.18 Town superintendents shall visit each public school in their respective towns at least once a year; shall inform themselves as to the discipline and progress of study 1 Laws of 1880, secs. 4G7, 471. 2 Ibid., sec. 473. 3 Ibid., secs. 471, 473. 4Ibid., sec. 462. 8 Ibid., secs. 464, 466. 6lbid., sec. 474. 7 Ibid., sec. 454. 8 Ibid., sec. 455. 9 Ibid., sec. 680. 10 Ibid., sec. 682. 11 Ibid., sec. 683. 12 Ibid., secs. 634, 6S6. 13 Ibid.; secs. 609, 610. 14 Ibid., sec. 611. 15 Ibid., secs. 612, 613. 16 Ibid., sec. 614. 17 Pub. Acts of 1886, No. 34. 18 Laws of 1880, sec. 453. 166 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. in such schools ; advise the teachers, and adopt the necessary measures for the exami¬ nation, regulation, and improvement in learning in such schools.1 The account for services of a town superintendent shall not be allowed until ho has filed with the State superintendent the statistical returns required by law.2 The town superintendents in each county shall meet annually, to decide upon a set of questions to be used in examinations of teachers for county certificates ; 3 also, to elect county examining board.4 Each town superintendent shall hold two public examinations of teachers annu¬ ally, to be held on the same day throughout the county, and may grant town certifi¬ cates to those passing such examinations.5 Town superintendents may appoint to scholarships in the normal schools.6 District committees. — A school district may, at an annual meeting, elect a prudential committee of from 3 to 9 persons.7 The prudential committee shall provide and keep in order school-houses ,• provide fuel, furniture, and all appendages; appoint and remove teachers, and adopt meas¬ ures, not in conflict with those of the town superintendent, for the inspection, ex¬ amination, regulation, and improvements of the schools.8 Town hoards of school directors. — If a town vote to abolish the district system, it shall at the same meeting elect a board of 3 or 6 school directors.9 This board shall elect one of its number chairman, who shall have the power and duties of town superintendents.10 The board of school directors shall be sworn. It shall have care of the public-school property, prescribe the number of schools, employ teachers and fix their compensation, have the management of the public schools, and in general have the powers and duties of prudential committees.11 WHEN WOMEN MAY VOTE. Women shall have the right to vote in all school-district meetings, and in the elec¬ tion of school commissioners in towns and cities, and the same right to hold office re¬ lating to school affairs.12 teachers’ examinations and certificates. A certificate of graduation from the lower course of a normal school or of a train¬ ing-school department of a graded school shall be a license to teach in the common schools of the State for 5 years ; and a certificate of graduation from the higher course of the same shall be a license for 10 years.13 Candidates for county licenses must be 20 years of age, if men, and 18 if women; they must have taught 10 weeks successfully,* and have suitable testimonials. They are examined before the county board in all subjects required by law to be taught in the common schools, and in passing receive a county license good for 5 years.14 Each town superintendent shall hold 2 public examinations of teachers annually.15 Such superintendents may grant certificates, good until June 1 of the following year, to those passing those examinations.16 TOWN-SCHOOL FUND. The selectmen of a town shall have charge of the real and personal estate in such town appropriated as a fund to the use of schools therein, unless otherwise provided by law, or unless the person giving any part thereof direct the same to be managed in some other way. The selectmen shall lease lands appropriated for such purpose, and loan moneys on interest with sufficient security.17 Their proceedings as to the fund shall be in the name of the town.18 Moneys received on account of the town-school fund shall be paid into the treasury of the town.19 LOCAL TAXES. A town may at the annual town meeting raise money for the use of schools.20 The selectmen of a town using the town system shall annually appropriate for the use of schools in such town a sum not exceeding one-half nor less than one-fourth of the grand list of such town, and shall assess a tax annually, to defray such appropri¬ ations.21 All expenses incurred by a school district for support of schools in excess of public moneys received by the district, shall be defrayed by a tax upon the grand list of the district, embracing polls, real estate, and personal property.22 1 Laws of 1880, sec. 459. 9 Ibid., sec. 594. 2 Public Acts of 1886, No. 31. 10 Ibid., sec. 595. 3 Laws of 1880. secs. 485, 486. 11 Ibid., sec. 597. 4 Ibid., sec. 477. 12 Ibid., sec. 524. 6 Ibid., secs. 487, 488. 13 Ibid., sec. 475. 6 Ibid., 468, 469. 14 Ibid,, secs. 480, 482. 7 Ibid., sec. 509. 15 Ibid., sec. 487. 8 Ibid., sec. 515. 16 Ibid., secs. 488, 491. 17 Ibid., sec. 652. 18 Ibid., sec. 653. 19 Ibid., sec. 655. 20 Ibid., sec. 656. 21 Ibid., sec. 607. 22 Ibid., sec. 630. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 167 A school district may assess a tax to repair or furnish a school-house, or purchaso or biro a building or lands.1 A tax may be assessed by the prudential committee of a district in support of a town, high, or central school within it, if the sums received for tuition be not sulli- cient.2 DIVISION OP PUBLIC MONEY8. The selectmen of each town shall annually divide the school moneys in the treasury of such town among the school districts.3 ^ the amount ot such moneys does not exceed £ 1 ,200, ouc-half theroof, and if it exceeds $1,200, one-third thereof, shall be divided equally among the school districts ; the remainder shall be divided among the districts in proportion to the aggregate attendance of scholars between 5 and 20 years of age.4 No district shall receive its share of such moneys unless a school has been main- tanred therein the minimum time, and under the conditions required by law.B VIRGINIA. CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS REGARDING EDUCATION. The General Assembly shall elect, in joint ballot, within 30 days after its organiza¬ tion under this constitution, and every fourth year thereafter, a superintendent of public instruction. He shall have the general supervision of the public free-school interest of the State, and shall report to the General Assembly for its consideration, within 30 days after his election, a plan for a uniform system of public free schools.'5 There shall be a board of education, composed of the Governor, superintendent of public instruction, and attorney-general, which shall appoint and have power to re¬ move, for cause, and upon notice to the incumbents, subject to confirmation by the senate, all county superintendents of public free schools. This board shall have, regulated by law, the management and investment of all school funds, and such supervision of schools of higher grades as the law shall provide.7 The General Assembly shall provide by law, at its first session under this constitu¬ tion, a uniform system of public free schools, and for its gradual, equal, aud full in¬ troduction into all the counties of the State by the year 1876, or as much earlier as practicable.8 The General Assembly shall have power, after a full introduction of the public free- school system, to make such laws as shall not permit parents and guardians to allow their children to grow up in ignorance and vagrancy.3 The General Assembly shall establish, as soon as practicable, normal schools, and may establish agricultural schools and such grades of schools as shall be for the public good.10 The board of education shall provide for uniformity of text-books, and the furnish¬ ing of school-houses with such apparatus and library as may be necessary, under such regulations as may be provided by law.11 The General Assembly shall set apart, as a permanent and perpetual literary fund, the present literary funds of the State, the proceeds of all public lands donated by Congress for public-school purposes, of all escheated property, of all waste and un¬ appropriated lands, of all property accruing to the State by forfeiture, and all fine9 collected for offenses committed against the State, and such other sums as the Gen¬ eral Assembly may appropriate.12 The General Assembly shall apply the annual interest on the literary funds, the capitation tax provided for by this constitution for public free-school purposes, and an annual tax upon the property of the State of not less than 1 mill nor more than 5 mills on the dollar, for the equal benefit of all the people of the State, the number of children between the ages of 5 and 21 years, in each public free-school district, being the basis of such division. Provision shall be made to supply children attending the public free schools with necessary text-books in cases where the parent or guardian is unable, by reason of poverty, to furnish them. Each county and public free-school district may raise ad¬ ditional sums by a tax on property for the support of the public free schools. All unexpended sums of any one year in any public free-school district shall go into the general school fund for redivision the next year : Provided, That any tax authorized by this section to be raised by counties or school districts shall not exceed 5 mills on the dollar in any one year, and shall not be subject to a redivision, as hereinbefore pro¬ vided in this section.13 The General Assembly shall have power to foster all higher grades of schools under its supervision and to provide for such purpose a permanent educational fund.14 1 Laws of 1880, sec. 525. 2 Ibid., sec. 58S. 3 Ibid., sec. 661. 4 Ibid., sec, 662. 5 Ibid., secs. 663,665. G Const., art. 8, sec. 1. 7 Ibid., sec. 2. 8 Ibid., sec. 3. 3 Ibid., sec. 4. 10 Ibid., sec. 5. 11 Ibid., sec. 6. 12 Ibid., sec. 7. 13Xbid., sec. 8. 14 Ibid., sec. 9. 168 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. All grants and donations received by the General Assembly for educational pur¬ poses shall be applied according to the terms prescribed by the donors.1 Each city and county shall be held accountable for the destruction of school prop¬ erty that may take place within its limits by incendiaries or open violence.2 The General Assembly shall fix the salaries and prescribe the duties of all school officers and shall make all needful laws and regulations to carry into effect the pub¬ lic free-school system provided for by this article.3 ADMINISTRATION. There shall be established and maintained, in this State, a uniform system of pub¬ lic free schools.4 The public free-school system shall be administered by the following authorities, to wit : A board of education, a superintendent of public instruction, county and city superintendents of schools, and district school trustees.6 * BOARD OF EDUCATION. The board of education shall be a corporation by that name, and shall consist of the Governor, the superintendent of public instruction, and the attorney-general.- It shall have all the rights and powers now or heretofore vested in the board of the literary fund.6 The duties of the board of education shall be as follows, viz : To make by-laws and regulations for its own government, and for carrying into effect the school laws. To observe the operations of the free-school system, and to suggest to the General Assembly any improvement deemed advisable therein. To invest all the capital and unappropriated income of the literary fund in specified securities. To appoint and remove county superintendent of schools subject to confirmation by the senate. To decide appeals from decisions of the superintendent of public instruction. To audit all claims arising under this act which are to be liquidated out of the State funds. To regulate all matters arising in the practical administration of the school system which are not otherwise provided for. To make an annual report to the Legislature. To punish county superintendents for neglect of duty, or for any official misconduct, by reasonable fines, to be deducted from their pay, by suspension from office and pay for a certain time, or by removal — subject in the latter case to confirmation by the senate, as hereinbefore provided.7 SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. A superintendent of public instruction is elected by the General Assembly, by joint vote, to hold office for 4 years. Any vacancy in the office is filled temporarily by the Governor.8 His salary is $2,000 per annum. He is also allowed travelling expenses not to ex¬ ceed $500 in any one year.9 The superintendent of public instruction shall be the chief executive of the public free-school system, upon whom shall devolve the following duties, to wit : He shall take care that the school laws and regulations be faithfully executed, and shall use all proper means to promote an appreciation and desire of education among the people. It shall be his duty to determine the true intent and meaning of the school laws and regulations, and to explain to the county superintendents and other school officers the several duties enjoined thereby upon them, and his decision shall be final, unless and until reversed by the board of education. He shall require of county superintendents detailed reports annually, and as often besides as he may deem proper ; and he may require special reports, at any time, of any officer connected with the school system. He may also appoint persons, at his discretion, to visit or examine all or any of the public freo schools in the county, wherein such persons resido, and report to him touching all such matters respecting their condition and management and the means of improving them as he may indicate: but no allowance or compensation shall bo made to such persons for their services or expenses. He shall decide all appeals from decisions of county superintendents of schools, when made in prescribed form; but he may, at his discretion, refer the matter to the board of education, whose decision shall always be final. But appeals shall be in all cases 1 Const., art. 8, sec. 10. a Ibid., sec. 11. 8 Ibid., sec. 12. 4 Cod. Sck. Laws of 1883, sec. 1. B Ibid., sec. 2. * Ibid., soc. 3. 7 Ibid., secs. 7, 11. 13, 15, 10, 17. 8 Ibid., sec. 18. 9 Ibid., sec. 10. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 1 (30 from tbe decisions of tho superintendent of public instruction to the board of educa¬ tion. Ho shall annually, and as often besides as he may deem necessary, prepare a scheme for apportioning the money appropriated by the State for public five-school purposes among tho several counties ami cities, on the basin of the number of children between the ages of 5 and 21 years, in each school district. He shall report annually to the board of education. Ho is a member of tho board of visitors of Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College, and of tho board of cura¬ tors of Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute; a member of corporation of the “Miller Manual-Labor School of Albemarle;” a member and chairman of tho board of visitors of Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute, and has power to appoint to scholarships in Nashville University.1 STATE FUNDS. There shall be and ai-e hereby set apart as a permanent and perpetual literary fund the present literary funds of tho State, the proceeds of all public lands donated by Copgress for public school purposes, of all escheated property, of all waste and unap¬ propriated lands, of all property accruing to the State by forfeiture, and all fines col¬ lected for offenses committed against the State, donations made for the purpose, and such other sums as the General Assembly may appropriate. The same shall be known by the name of tho “literary fund;” and the annual income arising therefrom shall he and hereby is dedicated exclusively to the support aud maintenance of public free schools in this State.2 The State funds, applicable annually to the establishment, support, and maintenance of public free schools, embrace the annual interest on the literary fund, a capitation tax of not exceeding §1 per annum on every male citizen who has attained the age of 21 years, and such tax on property, not less than 1 mill nor more than 5 mills on the dollar, as the General Assembly shall from time to time order to he levied.3 COUNTY SCHOOL BOARDS. The ceunty superintendent of schools of each county of the State, together with the district school trustees in each county, including those in cities of the second class, shall, for certain purposes hereinafter specified, constitute a body corporate under the style of “ The County School Board of - County.” This board shall be subject to the higher authorities in like manner as the district boards.4 The county superintendent of schools for each county shall he, ex officio, president of the county school board. COUNTY SUPERINTENDENTS. There shall he appointed for every county 1 superintendent of schools. The regular term of office shall be 4 years. 5 The said superintendents shall each receive $39 for each thousand population under their respective jurisdiction for the first 10,000, rejecting fractions less than 500 ; and $20 for each thousand of population in excess of 10,000 and up to and including 30,000, rejecting fractions less than 500 ; and $10 for each thousand of population iu excess of 30,000, rejecting fractions less than 500, provided that the pay of no superintendent shall in any case he less than $200.6 The duties of each county superintendent shall be as follows : To explain the school system upon all suitable occasions, and to promote an appre¬ ciation and desire of education among the people by all proper means in his power : to prepare a scheme for apportioning State and county-school funds and furnish copies thereof; to examine teachers and grant certificates; to promote improvement and efficiency of teachers; to assist in the organization of hoards of district school trus¬ tees, with the privilege of being present at all meetings of such boards and of par¬ ticipating in the discussions of questions therein, but not of voting ; to visit and ex¬ amine schools and school districts, examine records and official papers of school dis¬ tricts, advise and counsel teachers ; to decide appeals or complaints ; to administer oaths and take testimony in all matters relating to public schools, whenever required, iu cases pending or tOKiome before himself or before the superintendent of public in¬ struction, or before the hoard of education ; and also to administer the oath of oifi eo to district school trustees when called upon so to do ; to observe regulations pre¬ scribed by superintendent of public instruction and make reports ; to be the clerk of electoral board; to name and number school districts: to be president of the county school board; to prepare list of questions for examination and forward copy of same to superintendent of public instruction ; to apportion State money to districts : to hold institute at least annually, and may examine teachers at same ; to appoint ad- Cod. Sck. Laws of 1883, sees. 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 25, 27, 30, 32, 150, 244, 205, 282, 310. 2 Ibid., sec. 118. 3 Ibid., secs. 119, 120. 4 Ibid., sec. 73. 5 Ibid,, sec. 34. 6 Ibid., sec. 35. 170 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. visory committee to select test-books, and act as chairman of same ; to require report; from teacher as to use of text-books, and to withhold receipt for monthly report for violations; to see that the regulations of board of education are enforced, and make monthly reports to superintendent of public instruction. County superintendents are not allowed to teach in the public schools.1 2 COUNTY FUNDS. The county funds applicable annually to the establishment, support, and mainte¬ nance of public free schools embrace such tax as shall be levied by the board of su¬ pervisors, fines and penalties imposed, and donations, or the income arising therefrom: Provided , That no tax levied by any county for public free-sckool purposes shall in any case exceed 1 mill on the dollar of taxable property.3 DISTRICT BOARDS. The General Assembly shall, every 4 years, elect 3 citizens of each county, to be known as the county board of school commissioners.3 All vacancies existing or occurring in district boards of school trustees shall be filled by said county school electoral boards : Provided , That no person who is unable to read and write shall be aj)pointed a school trustee.4 The duties of boards of school trustees shall be, in general, as follows: To enforce school laws and regulations; to employ and dismiss teachers; to sus¬ pend or dismiss pupils ; to provide indigent scholars with text-books ; to require the taking of census of school children ; to call meetings of the people for consultation in regard to school interests ; to prepare estimates of funds needed in the district for providing school-houses, &c.; to care for and control school property in district ; to report annually to superintendent of schools ; to visit the public free schools within the district from time to time, and to take care that they are conducted according to law and with the utmost efficiency; to provide suitable school-houses, furniture, and appliances ; to have jmwer to introduce higher branches and require fee to be paid monthly or quarterly in advance, not exceeding $2.50 per month tor eachpupil ; to make subdistricts, which may include portions of two or more districts, or portions of two or more counties ; to issue warrants on school fund for pay of teachers ; to hold two regular meetings in each school year ; to have absolute power to employ teachers ; to enter into written contracts with teachers, and to have no power to employ said teachers unless they hold certificate of superintendent for current year.5 DIRECTORS OF SUBDISTRICTS. Each sub district, at a meeting ot at least one-fourth of the voters thereof, shall elect 3 persons residing in the district to serve as school directors for the term of 3 years, though at the first election the terms of service shall be graded as 1, 2, and 3-year terms. No compensation shall be allowed and no one chosen who is unable to read and write.6 The teacher for each school district shall be chosen by the school directors of that subdistrict from among those licensed by the county superintendent.7 The school directors shall collect and apply the contributions provided for in the fifth clause of this section ; shall make known to the district boards the wants of the school in respect to furniture, apparatus, and other appliances, and shall do all in their power to protect and improve the school property. They shall also support and counsel the teachers. They shall also do what they can to secure the enrolment and regular attendance of children at school, and to promote the appreciation and desire of education among the people.8 DISTRICT FUNDS. The district funds applicable annually to the establishment, support, and mainten¬ ance of public free schools embrace such tax as shall be levied by the board of super¬ visors of the county for the purposes of the school district, fines and penalties, and donations or the income arising therefrom : Provided , That no tax to be levied by any school district for school purposes shall exceed 1 mill on the dollar of taxable prop¬ erty.9 It shall be the duty of the city or town council, and of every incorporated town of over 500 inhabitants which has been erected into a separate school district, to pro¬ vide in due time, and it shall have no power to withhold, the sum or sums reported by the city or town school boards.10 No public money shall be paid to support any school with a smaller daily average than 10.11 1 Cod. Sch. Laws of 1883, secs. 34, 45 ; also secs. 48, 49, 57, 79. 344, 350, 354, 355, 360, 389, 402, 403, 405,408, 409. 2 Ibid., secs. 119, 121, 122. 3 Ibid., sec. 417. 4 Ibid., sec. 420. 6 Ibid., secs. 49, 69, also 74, 100, 110, 152, 154, 355, 366, 370, 378, 379. 6 Ibid., sec. 154. 7 Ibid., sec. 157. 8 Ibid., sec. 158. 9 Ibid., secs. 119, 122. 10 Ibid., sec. 340. 11 Ibid., sec. 382. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 171 CITY SCHOOL BOARDS. Tin* school boards of cities shall have power, subject to the approval of the common councils, to prescribe the number and boundaries of the school districts and the num¬ ber of trustees, not exceeding 3 from each district; but until such provision is made every such city which is not divided into wards shall constitute a single school dis¬ trict, and iu every city which is divided into wards each ward shall bo a school dis¬ trict.1 2 All the school trustees in a city or town shall constitute a singlo corporation under the style of “The School Board of the city (or town) of - which shall have the same officers, powers, and duties as ordinary boards of district school trustees, except as otherwise provided.9 CITY SUPERINTENDENTS. There shall be a city superintendent of schools in cities of the first class, and whenever the population of any county in which a city of the second class or the greater part thereof is located exceeds 15,000, without including the population of said city, such city may have a superintendent of schools separate from so much of the said county as lies without the city limits.3 A city superintendent shall receive pay from the State in like proportion as county superintendent of schools; but nothing in this act contained shall be construed to limit the amount of additional remuneration which ho may receive from the council of the city within which he acts. 4 * A city superintendent may teach in a public school ex officio, wlien requested to do so by the city school board.6 City school boards and superintendents shall be required to perform the same duties and shall be subject to the same rules and limitations as the district board and county superintendents, respectively, except so far as may by this act be otherwise provided.6 City superintendents of schools shall be appointed and removed by the board of education, subject to confirmation by the senate.7 TEACHERS: QUALIFICATIONS AND DUTIES. No teacher of a public free school shall be employed or shall receive any pay from the public funds, unless he or she shall hold a certificate of qualification in full force, given to him or her by the county superintendent for the county within which he or she is employed.8 All applicants for examination to obtain a license to teach in the public schools must be at least 18 years old.9 Every teacher in a public free school shall keep a daily register of facts pertaining to his school.10 Written contracts shall be made with all public free-school teachers, in a form to be prescribed by the school regulations, before they enter upon their duties. Such con¬ tracts shall be signed in duplicate, each party holding a copy.11 In schools having not less than 40 pupils enrolled, with an average attendance of 30, at least 2 teachers shall be employed, the whole time of 1 to be devoted to in¬ struction in the elementary branches.13 County and cicy superintendents are required to hold in their respective counties and cities at least oue teachers’ institute during each scholastic year, at which all the teachers employed in the public free schools shall be expected to attend.13 EXAMINATION OF TEACHERS. The county or city superintendent shall hold examinations for those who desire to teach school in his county or city for the current school year.14 Examinations shall be held on orthography, reading, writing, arithmetic, grammar, geography, and history, and if the applicant desires to take charge of a school in which the higher branches have been introduced, he must be examined on all such higher branches. The examination shall be both oral and written, and the same or similar questions shall be propounded to all applicants for the same grade of certifi¬ cate, under such regulations as the superintendent may prescribe.15 VIRGINIA NORMAL AND COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE. The Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute shall be under the government and control of 7 visitors, 6 of whom shall be well-qualified colored men, appointed by the Governor, with the consent of the senate.16 1 Cod. Sell. Laws of 1883, sec. 323. 7 Ibid., sec. 337. 2 Ibid., sec. 324. 8 Ibid., sec. 91. 3 Ibid., sec. 331. 9 Ibid., sec. 345. 4 Ibid., sec. 332. 10 Ibid., sec. 92. 6 Ibid., sec. 333. 11 Ibid., sec. 93. 6 Ibid., sec. 336. 12 Ibid., sec. 113. 13 Ibid., sec. 390. 14 Ibid., sec. 348. is Ibid., sec. 349. 16 Ibid., sec. 277. 172 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Ia the said institute there shall he a normal department, in which shall be taught such branches as are usually taught ia the best normal schools in the country.1 There shall be connected with said institute a college, and such professional de¬ partments as the board of visitors may think expedient and proper, for the higher education of colored persons. In the college department shall be taught the classics, the higher branches of mathematics, and such other branches as are usually taught in col leges, which branches shall be prescribed by the board of visitors to said institute.2 The said superintendent of public instruction, and the visitors of said school shall be a body corporate.3 The number of professors or teachers in the institute, all of whom shall be colored, shall be fixed by the visitors ; the salary of no one of them shall exceed the sum or f $1,500 per annum, except by consent of the said board of education, given in writing to the visitors.4 The board of visitors shall admit as State students, free of charge, for tuition as soon as practicable, upon evidence of good moral character, 50 young men, who shall be not less than 16 nor more than 25 years of age, one of whom-shall be selected from each senatorial district and 10 from the State at large, all to be chosen by the board of visitors.5 One hundred thousand dollars of funds due the Commonwealth of Virginia are set apart in the execution of this act.6 EIGHT-WEEKS COURSE FOR COLORED TEACHERS. The president and faculty of the Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute shall bo required, during each and every year, to conduct a normal course of instruction for the benefit of the colored teachers in the public schools of this State, or those who expect to make teaching a profession, said normal course to continue for 8 weeks." Said teachers shall be required to attend said normal course at least 1 month iu each year, except when prevented by sickness.8 The teachers, in attending such normal course, may occupy the rooms of the school, and in all respects have the same accommodations as the regular students have during the regular sessions of instruction. They shall receive certificates for proficiency and attendance, and such other marks for distinction as the board of education may think proper and by rules establish.9 STATE FEMALE NORMAL SCHOOL. There shall be established, as hereinafter provided, a normal school expressly for the training and education of white female teachers for public schools.10 The school shall be under the supervision, management, and government of 13 trustees ; successors shall be appointed by the Governor.11 Each city of 5,000 inhabitants, and each county in the State shall be entitled to one pupil, and one for each additional representative in the house of delegates above one who shall receive gratuitous instruction.12 The sum of $5,000 is hereby appropriated to defray the expense of establishing and continuing said school.13 There shall be appropriated, annually, the sum of $10, 000 to pay incidental expenses, said Sum to be paid out of the public free-school fund.14 TEACHERS7 INSTITUTE. The board of education shall have power, at its discretion, to invite and encourage meetings of teachers at convenient places, and to provide addresses to be made before such meetings touching the processes of school organization, discipline, and instruc¬ tion : Provided , That no public money shall be expended for the purposes of this sec¬ tion ; that no such meeting of teachers shall be held during the period of the year when the schools are or should be open ; that no teachers shall be compelled to attend such meetings nor be paid for attendance.15 SCHOOLS, RULES AND REGULATIONS. A uniform system of public free schools shall be adopted.16 The public free schools shall be free to all persons between the ages of 5 and 21 years residing within the school district : Provided, That white and colored persons shall not be taught in the same school.17 In every public free school there shall be taught orthography, reading, writing, arithmetic, grammar, and geography, and no other branches shall be introduced ex¬ cept as allowed by special regulations to be devised by the board of education.18 1 Cod. Sell. Laws of 1883, sec. 280. 2 Ibid., sec. 281. 3 Ibid., sec. 283. 4 Ibid., sec. 285. 6 Ibid., sec. 237. 6Ibid., sec. 238. 7 Ibid., sec. 438. 8 Ibid., sec. 441. 9 Ibid., sec. 442. 10 Ibid., sec. 430. 11 Ibid., sec. 431. 12 Ibid., sec. 434. 13 Ibid., sec. 435. 11 Ibid., sec. 436. 15 Ibid., sec. 452. 16 Ibid., sec. 1. 17 Ibid., sec. 105. 18Ibid., sec. 109. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 173 In all localities where the number of children is sufficient preference shall be given, under suitablo regulations, to graded schools.1 For the purpose of encouraging ail intermediate grade of instruction between that of the common school and that of the college, it shall be lawful for any district school board of Rockbridge County (or of any other county) to admit into any one of the pub¬ lic schools in its district instruction iu any branches necessary to qualify pupils to becomo teachers in the public schools, or to enter with advantage any of the col¬ leges or higher institutions of the State, and for instruction in any other branches than those provided for in the lirst clause of this section, the said board of trusties may require a fee to bo paid monthly or quarterly in advance, not exceeding $2.30 per month for each pupil :3 Provided , That the introduction of such higher branches in any school shall be lirst sanctioned by tho county school board, and shall bo dis¬ continued whenever said board shall think it advisable.3 That they shall not be allowed to interfere with regular and efficient instruction in tho elementary English branches, and to secure this end in schools having but 1 teacher, not less than 5 hours each day shall bo given exclusively to instruction in said elementary branches.4 That in schools having not less than 40 pupils enrolled, with an average attend¬ ance of 30, at least 2 teachers shallbe employed, the whole timoof one of whom shall be devoted to instruction in the elementary branches.5 Uniformity of text-books, and the furnishing of school-houses with such apparatus and library as may be necessary, shall bo provided for on some gradual system by the board of education.6 The district school board shall, when practicable, adopt the system of opening every alternate school during the first 5 months, and the remaining schools during the sec¬ ond 5 months of the school year.7 All persons between 21 and 25 years of age, seeking admission into any public freo school, must prepay a tuition fee at the rate of $1 per month to the school board within whose territorial limits such school is taught. 8 TOWN AND CITY SCHOOLS. Public free schools shall be established in all the cities and towns of the Common¬ wealth, which are not embraced in whole or in part within the bounds of a magiste¬ rial district.9 Cities and towns, which have a population of 10,000 and upwards, shall, for school purposes, be known as cities of the lirst class, whilst cities and towns which have less than 10,000 shall be known as cities of the second class ; but the provisions of llie law concerning cities shall be applicable to both classes alike, unless the one or the other class be specifically referred to.10 UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA. The University of Virginia shall be continued, and the visitors thereof shall be and remain a corporation, under the style of the rector and visitors of the University of Virginia. They shall be at all times subject to the control of the Legislature.11 The board of visitors of the University of Virginia shall consist of 9 members. Tho term of office shall be for 4 years.1'3 The said board of visitors shall meet at tho university at least once a year, and at such other times as it shall determine. Five members shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business.13 The said board shall be charged with the care and preservation of all the property belonging to the university. It shall appoint as many professors as it may deem proper, and may prescribe the duties of each, and the course and mode of instruction, and generally, in respect to the government and management of the university, make such regulations as it may deem expedient, not being contrary to law.14 The following branches of learning shall be taught at the university: The Latin, Greek, Hebrew, French, Spanish, Italian, German, and Anglo-Saxon languages; the different branches of mathematics, pure and physical ; natural philosophy, chemistry, mineralogy, including geology ; the principles of agriculture ; botany, anatomy, sur¬ gery, and medicine ; zoology, history, ideology ; general grammar, ethics, rhetoric, and belles-lettres ; civil government, political economy, the law of nature and nations, and municipal law.15 There shall be paid annually, out of the public treasury, $30,000 for the support of the University of Virginia, but this annuity is on condition that the said institution, during its coutinuanc-e, shall educate all students of the State of Virginia, over the age of 18, without charge for tuition in the academic department, consisting of tho 1 Cod. Sell. Laws of 1SS3, sec. 115. 2 Ibid., sec. 110. 3 Ibid., sec. 111. 4 Ibid., sec. 112. 5 Ibid., sec. 113. 6 Ibid., pec. 114. 7 Ibid., sec. 157. s Ibid., sec. 395. 3 Ibid., sec. 321. 10 Ibid., sec. 322. 11 Ibid., sec. 1 fit. 12 Ibid., sec. 165. 13 Ibid., sec. 168. 14 Ibid., sec. 171. 15 Ibid., sec. 176. 174 REPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. following schools ; to wit, tlie schools of Greek, Latin, history and literature, moral philosophy, modern languages, natural philosophy, natural history and agriculture, general and industrial chemistry, and pure mathematics.1 VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE. The military school established in the county of Rockbridge, near the town of Lex¬ ington, shall be continued under the name of The Virginia Military Institute,” and for the support of the said school the sum of $15,000 shall be annually paid out of the public treasury.2 The Governor, by and with the consent of the senate, immediately upon the passage of this act, shall appoint a new board of visitors for the institute, which shall con¬ sist of 9 members. The term of office for the board of visitors shall be 4 years, and it is hereby declared to be a corporation.3 It shall fix the salaries of the professors and officers, and may remove at will any officer who shall be appointed under this act, for good and sufficient cause.4 Such reasonable expenses as the board of visitors may incur in the discharge of its duties shall be allowed by the Governor.5 The arsenal and its grounds are vested in the institute.6 The officers of the Virginia Military Institute shall constitue a part of the military organization of the State, subject to orders of the Governor; and the Governor is au¬ thorized and directed to issue commissions to the professors, assistant professors, and other officers, according to the rank prescribed by the regulations of the Virginia Military Institute. Such commissions shall confer no rank in the militia, nor entitle any person holding the same to any pay or emolument by reason thereof.7 It shall prescribe the terms upon which cadets may be admitted, their number, the course of their instruction, the nature of their service, and the duration thereof, which shall not be less than 2 nor more than 5 years. All so admitted shall make full compensation, except such as are provided for in the following section.8 The board of visitors shall admit as State cadets, free of charge for board and tui¬ tion, upon evidence of fair moral character, not less than 50 young men, who shall be not less than 16 nor more than 25 years of age, one of whom shall be selected from each of the senatorial districts as at present constituted.9 The Governor of the State and the board of visitors and faculty of the institute may confer the degree of graduate upon any cadet found qualified to receive it.10 The cadets obligate themselves to teach for two years in some of the State schools when received at the institute on State account.11 THE INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB AND THE BLIND. The asylum established “for the education of the deaf aud dumb and of the blind,” by the act of the 31st day of March, 1838, shall be continued, and the visitors thereof •shall be a corporation, by the name of the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind, and be invested with all the rights and powers now vested in the corporation created by the said act, and be subject to the control of the General Assembly.12 The Governor shall annually appoint 7 persons as visitors of said institution, who shall be a board for the government thereof.13 The board shall be charged with the erection, preservation, and repair of the build¬ ings of the institution and the care of its property, and shall direct and do all things necessary or expedient for promoting the objects of the institution not inconsistent with law.14 There shall be in said institution one school for education of deaf-mutes, and an¬ other for the education of the blind. The pupils of each shall be selected as the visitors shall prescribe among such persons as are unable to pay for their maintenance and support, to the extent of the means of the institution, and also from other per¬ sons, residents of this State, on such terms for their maintenance and support as may be agreed upon. But hereafter there shall be no charge for the education of pupils.15 There is hereby appropriated out of the public treasury, annually, $35,000 for the support of said institution.16 VIRGINIA AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE. The donation of public lands made by the government of the United States, with the conditions and provisions therein prescribed, is hereby accepted.17 The board of education is authorized to sell the land scrip.18 The annual interest accruing from the proceeds of the land scrip shall be appro- 1 Cod. Sell. Laws of 1883, sec. 180. 2 Sell. Law of 1884, sec. 195. 3 Ibid., sec. 196. 4 Ibid., 6ec. 197. 5 Ibid., sec. 200. 6 Ibid., sec. 202. 7 Ibid., sec. 211. 8 Ibid., sec. 212. 9 Ibid., sec. 213. 10 Ibid., sec. 219. 11 Ibid., sec. 220. 12 Ibid., sec. 224. 13 Ibid., sec. 225. 14 Ibid., sec. 227. 15 Ibid., sec. 230. 16 Ibid., sec. 232. 17 Ibid., sec. 233. 18 Ibid., sec. 234. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAW8. 175 priated as follows: one-third thereof to the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Insti¬ tute, and two-thirds thereof to tho Preston and Olin Institute.1 The said annuity of tho Preston and Olin Institute shall bo on theso express con¬ ditions:* The name of the said institute shall ho changed to tho Virgiuia Agricultural and Mechanical College.3 The county of Montgomery shall appropriate $20,000, to he expended in tho erection of additional buildings, or in the purchase of a farm for tho use of the said college.4 A number of students, equal to twico the number of members of the house of dele¬ gates, to be apportioned in the same manner, shall have the privilege of attending said college without charge for tuition, to bo selected by the school trustees of tho respect¬ ive counties, cities, and election districts for said delegates, with reference to the highest proficiency and good character from the white male students to the free schools, or, in their discretion, from others than those attending said free schools.5 The curriculum of the Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College shall embrace such branches of learning as relate to agriculture and the mechanic arts, without ex¬ cluding other scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics.6 It shall he the duty of the Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, to appoint a new board of visitors, whose terms of office shall commence on the 4tli day of June, 1SS0, and to consist of 8 persons, who shall continue in office 4 years, or until the appointment and acceptance of their successors.7 The board shall be charged with the care and preservation of the property of the college. It shall appoint as many professors as it may deem proper. It shall prescribe the duties of each, and the course and the mode of instruction ; it shall appoint a president of the college, and generally, in respect to the government thereof, may make such regulations as it may deem expedient, not contrary to law. Such reasonable expenses as the visitors may incur in the discharge of their duties shall be paid out of the funds of the college.8 The board of visitors is hereby declared to be a corporation, under the name and style of the ■ 1 Board of Visitors of the Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College.” 9 HAMPTON NORMAL AND AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE. The said appropriation to the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute shall be on the following conditions, namely: That the trustees of the same shall, out of the annual interest accruing, as soon as practicable, institute, support, and maintain therein one or more schools or departments, wherein the leading object shall be in¬ struction in such branches of learning as relate especially to agriculture and the me¬ chanic arts and military tactics ; and the Governor, as soon after the passage of this act as may be, and on the first day of January, 1873, and on the same day in every fourth year thereafter, shall appoint 6 persons, 3 of whom shall be of African de¬ scent, citizens of the Commonwealth, to be curators of the fund hereby set apart for the use of the said institute.10 And the trustees of said college may select not less than 100 students, with refer¬ ence to their character and proficiency, from the colored free schools of the State, who shall have the privilege of attending the said institute on the same terms that State students are allowed to attend the Agricultural and Mechanical College, under the eighteenth section of this chapter.11 MILLER MANUAL-LABOR SCHOOL OP ALBEMARLE. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Virginia, that in order to give complete legal capacity to the Miller Manual-Labor School, in the county of Albemarle, the same be and is hereby created a corporation under the following charter, to wit : 13 The members of the board of education and their successors in office, and the sec¬ ond auditor and his successor in office, shall be a corporation by the name of “ The Miller Manual-Labor School of Albemarle, ” and shall have perpetual succession and a common seal, which it may alter and renew at pleasure.13 The corporation credted' by clause 1, shall hold the legal title to all the property dedicated by the will of Samuel Miller, and by the compromise aforesaid, to the said manual-labor school, and all other property hereby acquired by it, for the use and benefit of said school.14 The charges and expenses attending the establishment and support of the said school, including the purchase of land (should any be purchased), the erection of the buildings, the feeding, clothing, and education of the pupils, the charges for medical attendance upon them, and everything incident to and connected with the school, 1 Sch. Law of 18S4, sec. 235. 2 Ibid., sec. 236. 3 Ibid., sec. 237. 4 Ibid., sec. 233. 6 Ibid., sec, 240. 6 Ibid., sec. 242. 7 Ibid., sec. 244. 8 Ibid., sec. 248. 9 Ibid., sec. 252. 10 Ibid., sec. 255. 11 Ibid., sec. 256. 12 Ibid., sec. 264. 13 Ibid., sec. 265. 14 Ibid., sec. 268. 176 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. shall he paid by the said board of education out of the income and profits of the trust fund created by the twenty-fifth clause of said will.1 And the district school trustees of the respective school districts of said county shall select and designate, subject to approval by the county courts, as provided for in the said twenty-fifth clause of said will, as pupils of said school, those described in the said clause, and required by the testator to be so selected.1 UNIVERSITY AT NASHVILLE, STATE NORMAL COLLEGE FOR TRAINING -WHITE TEACHERS. This institution has for its object the training of professional teachers, and its con¬ nection with the public-school system of Virginia is best explained by the following extracts from the letter of the Hon. J. L. M. Curry, agent of the Peabody Education Fund :2 “In view of the want of well-established normal schools of a high order in the South, and to build up an institution which would stand as a permanent memorial of Mr. Peabody’s magnificent gift for education in the South, the trustees of the Peabody Fund for several years have been contributing liberally to the maintenance of the Normal College in Nashville. In connection with this college a number of scholarships, $200 each, have been es¬ tablished for the encouragement and aid of students who purpose to make teaching their vocation.” These scholarships are apportioned among the States included in the Peabody bene¬ faction, somewhat in proportion to the school population.3 This aid is furnished, not longer than two years, to students whose capacities, abilities, general culture, aud health give special promise of usefulness as teachers. The college is professional, and its aim is to magnify the office of teaching.4 The trustees, in the administration of the fund, act in co-operation with the State educational authorities. All appointments to scholarships are made by the State su¬ perintendents of public instruction.5 Receiving free tuition and an additional bonus of $200 a year, the students are pre¬ sumed in good faith to have chosen teaching as a profession.6 Virginia at present is entitled to 14 scholarships. These scholarships are free to any man or woman in the State, between the ages of 17 and 30, who desires to compete and who is willing to pledge himself or herself to teach at least 2 years, after graduation, in some of the free schools of Virginia.7 WEST VIRGINIA. CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS REGARDING EDUCATION. The Legislature shall provide by general law for a thorough and efficient system of free schools.8 The State superintendent of free schools shall have a general supervision of free schools, and perform such other duties in relation thereto as may be prescribed by law. If, in the performance of any such duty imposed upon him by the Legislature, he shall incur any expenses, he shall be reimbursed therefor: Provided, The amount does not exceed five hundred dollars in any one year.9 The Legislature may provide for county superintendents and such other officers as may be necessary to carry out the objects of this article, and define their duties, powers, and compensation.10 The existing permanent and invested school fund, and all money accruing to this State from forfeited, delinquent, waste, and unappropriated lands, and from lands heretofore sold for taxes and purchased by the State of Virginia, if hereafter re¬ deemed or sold to others than this State; all grants, devises, or bequests that may be made to this State for the purposes of education, or where the purposes of such grants, devises, or bequests are not specified: this State’s just share of the literary fund of Virginia, whether paid over or otherwise liquidated ; and any sums of money, stocks, or property which this State shall have the right to claim from the State of Virginia for educational purposes ; the proceeds of the estates of persons who may die without leaving a will or heir, and of all escheated lands ; the proceeds of any taxes that may be levied on the revenues of any corporation ; all moneys that may be paid as an equivalent for exemption from military duty ; and such sums as may from time to time be appropriated by the Legislature for the purpose, shall be set apart as a sep¬ arate fund, to be called the “ school fund,” and invested, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law, in the interest-bearing securities of the United States or of this State ; or if such interest-bearing securities cannot be obtained, then said school fund shall be invested in such other solvent interest-bearing securities as shall be approved by the Governor, superintendent of free schools, auditor, and treasurer, 1 Scb. Law of 1884, sec. 268. 6 Ibid., sec. 316. 8 Const, of 1872, sec. 1. 2 Ibid.; sec. 313. 6 Ibid., sec. 317. 9 Ibid., sec. 2. 3Ibid., sec. 314. 7 Ibid., sec. 319. 10 Ibid., sec. 3, 4 Ibid., sec. 315. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 177 who are hereby constituted the board of the school fund, to manage the same, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law; and the interest thereof shall be an¬ nually applied to the support of free schools throughout the State, and to no other purpose whatever. But any portion of said interest remaining unexpended at the close of a liscal year shall be added to and remaiu a part of the capital of the school fund: Provided , That all taxes which shall be received by the State upon delinquent lands, except the taxes due to the State thereon, shall be refunded to the county or district by or for which the same were levied.1 The Legislature shall provide for the support of free schools by appropriating thereto the interest of the invested school fund ; the net proceeds of all forfeitures and fines accruing to this State under the laws thereof; the State capitation tax, and by gen¬ eral taxation on persons and property, or otherwise. It shall also provide for raising in each county or district, by the authority of the people thereof, such a proportion of the amount required for the support of free schools therein as shall be prescribed by general laws.2 The school districts into which any county is now divided shall continue until changed in pursuance of law.3 All levies that may be laid by any county or district for the purpose of free schools shall be reported to the clerk of the county court, and shall, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law, be collected by the sheriff or other collector, who shall make annual settlement with the county court, which settlement shall be made a matter of record by the clerk thereof, in a book to be kept for that pxirpose.4 White and colored persons shall not be taught in the same schools.5 No person connected with the free-school system of the State, or with any educa¬ tional institution of any name or grade under State control, shall be interested in the sale, proceeds, or profits of any book or other thing used or to be used therein, under such penalties as may be prescribed by law : Provided , That nothing herein shall be construed to apply to any work written or thing invented by such person.5 No independent free-school district or organization shall hereafter be created, ex¬ cept with the consent of the school district or districts out of which the same is to be created, expressed by a majority of the voters voting on the question.7 No appropriation shall hereafter be made to any State normal school, or branch thereof, except to those already established and in operation or now chartered.8 The Legislature shall foster and encourage moral, intellectual, scientific, and agri¬ cultural improvement. It shall, whenever it may be practicable, make suitable pro¬ vision for the blind, mute, and insane, and for the organization of such institutions of learning as the best interests of general education in the State may demand.9 ADMINISTRATION. The public-school system is administered by a State superintendent, by a superin¬ tendent for each county, by district boards of education, and by subdistrict boards of trustees. The county superintendent and two high-grade teachers constitute a county board for the examination of teachers. There are also boards of regents for normal and superior instruction. The administration is charged with the care and conduct of common and high schools, of institutes, normal schools, and the West Virginia University. STATE SUPERINTENDENT. There shall be elected a State superintendent of free schools for the State, whose term of office shall be the same as that of the Governor. He shall be a person of good moral character, of temperate habits, of literary acquirements, and skill and experi¬ ence in the art of teaching. He shall receive, annually, the sum of $1,500 in payment for his services.10 An amount not to exceed $500 per year is allowed for expenses.11 The State superintendent shall reside and keep his office at the seat of govern¬ ment.11 It shall be the duty of the State superintendent to aim at perfecting the system of free schools as established in the State.12 GENERAL SCHOOL FUND. For the support of free schools there shall be a State tax levied, annually, of 10 cents on the $100 valuation on all the real and personal property of the State, which, together with the interest of the invested school fund, the net proceeds of all forfeit¬ ures, confiscations, and fines which accrued to the State during the previous year, the 1 Const, of 1872, sec. 4. 2 Ibid., sec. 5. 3Xbid., sec. 6. * Ibid., sec, 7. 5 Ibid., sec. 8. 6 Ibid., sec. 9. 7Ibid., sec. 10. 8Ibid., sec. 11. 9Ibid., sec. 12. 10 Sob. Law of 1883, sec. 63. n Ibid., see. 64. 12 Ibid., sec. 66. ED SG- Il> 178 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. proceeds of tlie animal capitation tax, dividends on bank stock held by the board of the school fund, and the interest accruing on stock invested in United States bonds, shall be set apart as a separate fund, to be called “the general school fund/’ and shall be annually applied to the support of free schools throughout the State, and to no other purpose whatever. It shall be distributed to the several counties in the State, in proportion to the number of youth therein, according to the latest enumera¬ tion made for school purposes.1 The Governor, State superintendent of free schools, auditor, and treasurer shall be a corporation, under the name of “the board of the school fund,” and shall have the management, control, and investment of said fund, under the fourth section of the twelfth article of the constitution.2 COUNTY SUPERINTENDENT. A county superintendent of free schools in each county shall be elected by the voters thereof, on the third Tuesday in May, 1881, and in every second year there¬ after, whose term of office shall commence on the 1st day of July next after his election, and continue for 2 years.3 The county superintendent of schools shall be a person of good moral character, of temperate habits, literary acquirements, and skill and experience in the art of teach¬ ing. He shall receive for his services an annual compensation, as follows : In counties having not more than 50 schools, $150 ; in counties having more than 50, and not more than 75 schools, $200; in counties having more than 75 and not more than 100 schools, $250, and in counties having more than 100 schools, $300.4 The county superintendent shall visit each school within his county at least once in each school year at such time as he may deem necessary and proper, and note the course and method of instruction and the branches taught, and give such directions in the art of teaching and the method thereof in each school as to him shall seem necessary or expedient, so that uniformity in the course of studies and methods of instruction employed shall be secured, as far as practicable, in the schools of the several grades, respectively.5 It shall be the duty of the county superintendent to aid the teachers in all proper efforts to improve themselves in their profession. For this purpose he shall encour¬ age the formation of county institutes for mutual improvement ; shall attend the meetings of said institutes whenever practicable, and give such advice and instruc¬ tions in regard to their conduct; and management as in his judgment will contribute to their greater efficiency. In connection with superintendents of the adjoining counties each county superintendent shall encourage the formation of union insti¬ tutes.6 He shall report, annually, to the State superintendent such facts and data as are furnished by his co-adjutors, together with a detailed statement of the condition and character of the schools within his county, noting all deficiencies and suggesting their remedies ; also pointing out defects in the school laws.7 DISTRICT BOARD OF EDUCATION. There shall be elected in each district of the county, and every 4 years there¬ after, a president of the board of education; also at the same time and in each district 2 commissioners, and every 2 years thereafter 1 commissioner, whose terms of office shall continue 4 years, except that one of the first-named commissioners shall serve only 2 years. The said president and commissioners shall constitute the board of education in the district in which they are elected.3 At the meeting of the district board of education held on the first Monday in July, 1881, it shall appoint 3 intelligent and discreet persons as trustees for each subdistrict in their district, one of whom shall be appointed for 1 year, one for 2 years, and one for 3 years ; and the board of education shall thereafter, anuually, appoint 1 trustee who shall hold his office for 3 years.8 At this meeting it shall determine the number of months the school shall be held in the district, the number of teachers that may be employed in the several subdis¬ tricts, and fix the salaries that shall be paid to the teachers. The members of the board of education shall each receive as compensation for his services the sum of $1.50 per day, to be paid in like manner as the salary of the clerks of the boards of education : Provided , That no member shall receive pay for more than 4-days serv¬ ice in any one year.9 The board of education of each district and independent school district shall be a corporation by the name of “The Board of Education of the district or independent school district of - , in the County of - 10 The boards of education shall have general control and supervision of the schools 1 Sell. Law of 1883, sec. 60. 2 Ibid., sec. 69. 3 Ibid., sec. 2. 4 Ibid., sec. 53. 6 Ibid., sec. 54. 6 Ibid., sec. 55. 7 Ibid., sec. 56. 8 Ibid., sec. 4. 9 Ibid., sec. 6. 10 Ibid., sec. 7. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 170 and school interests of their districts; they nmy determine the number and location of the schools to be taught; change the boundaries of their subdistricts and inerc.i i and diminish the number thereof, having due regard for the school-houses already built, or sites procured, assigning, if practicable, to each subdistrict not less than 40 youth betweon the ages of 6 and 21 years: Provided, That every villago consisting of 50 inhabitants or moro shall be included in one subdistrict.1 TRUSTEES. The trustees of every subdistrict shall have chargo of the schools therein, and shall appoint the teachers of such schools.2 The trustees shall visit every school under their chargo within two weeks after the opening, and again within two weeks before the close thereof, and at such other times as in their opinion may ho useful to do so.3 They shall cause the school-houses under their charge, and everything pertaining thereto, to be kept in good order and repair.4 * The trustees of each subdistrict shall make a report to the secretary of tho board of education of their district, at or before their last meeting in each school year, set¬ ting forth, in reference to their subdistrict, the following particulars, that is to say : the condition of the school-houses under their chargo ; the value and kind of appa¬ ratus; the number of volumes in school libraries, and their value, with such explana¬ tions, remarks, and additional information as the said trustees may deem useful, or as the blanks furnished by the State superintendent of free schools may require. They shall also report the same particulars in relation to any schools under their charge for colored persons.6 DISTRICT TAXES. To provide school-houses and grounds, furniture, fixtures, and appliances, and to keep the same in good order and repair, to supply said schools with fuel and all other things necessary for their comfort and convenience, and to pay any existing indebt¬ edness against the building fund and all other expenses incurred in the district in connection with the schools, not chargeable to the “ teachers’ fund,” the board of ed¬ ucation shall, annually, on the first Monday in July, or as soon as practicable there¬ after, levy a tax on the property taxable in each district, not to exceed, in any 1 year, the rate of 40 cents in every $100 valuation thereof.6 For the support of the primary free schools of its district, and in each independ¬ ent school district, the board of education shall, annually, levy such a tax as will, with the money received from the State, be sufficient to keep such schools in opera¬ tion at least 4 months in the year : Provided, The said tax in any 1 year shall not exceed 5 mills on the dollar.7 If the board of education of any district agrees that the schools in its district should be continued more than 4 months in the year, or if 20 or more voters of the district ask it in writing, it shall submit the question to the voters thereof. And if the proposition for a longer term than 4 months have a majority of all the votes cast for and against, then the hoard may order the levy accordingly.3 TEACHERS. No teacher shall he employed to teach any public school of this State until he shall have presented to the trustees, directors, or board having charge of such school, a certificate, in duplicate, of his qualifications to teach a school of the grade for which he applies, the duplicate of which shall be filed with the secretary of the board of education of the district in which the school is situated, and so indorsed on the orig¬ inal by the secretary ; and no salary shall be paid to any teacher unless such duplicate he filed. as aforesaid. County superintendent or member of the board of examiners may he employed to teach without the certificate required of other teacher* But should any member of a hoard of education or school trustee be employed as a teacher he shall vacate his officeJ The following regulations shall be observed by boards of examiners with regard to examinations and granting teachers’ certificates : 1. No applicant shall be admitted to an examination unless the board shall have reasonable evidence that he or she is of good moral character and temperate habits. 2. No college diploma or certificate, or recommendation from the president or faculty of any college, normal school, or academy shall be taken to supersede the necessity of examination by the board of examiners ; nor shall a certificate be granted to any applicant except after a careful examination upon each branch of study and Upon the art of teaching. 1 Sell. Law of 1883, sec. 9. 2 Ibid., sec. 13. 3 Ibid., sec. 14. 4 Ibid., sec. 15. 6 Ibid., sec. 20. 6 Ibid., sec. 38. 7 Ibid., sec. 40. 8 Ibid., sec. 41. 9 Ibid., sec. 28. 180 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. 3. Boards of examiners and others herein authorized to confer certificates shall state the teacher’s grade of proficiency in each branch in which he is examined. 4. They shall grade the certificate granted according to the following scheme, num¬ bering them, according to the merit of the applicant, from one to three : A number one certificate shall indicate a grade of merit from 87 to 100 per cent. ; a number two certificate, a grade of 77 to 87 per cent. ; a number three certificate, a grade of 67 to 77 per cent.1 Every teacher shall keop a daily register, and make monthly reports to the secretary of the board of education of his district.2 All teachers, boards of education, and other school officers are hereby charged with the duty of providing that moral training for the youth of this State which will con¬ tribute to securing good behavior and manners, and furnish the State with exemplary citizens.3 In determining the salaries they shall have regard to the grade of teacher’s certifi¬ cates, fixing to each grade the salary that shall be paid to teachers of said grades in the several subdistricts, as follows : Teachershaving certificates of the grade of num¬ ber one shall be paid not less than $25 per month ; those holding certificates of the grade of number two, not less than $22 per month ; and those holding certificates of the grade of number three, not less than $18 per month.4 NORMAL TRAINING. As a means of improving the teachers and fitting them for more effective service in the free schools of the State, teachers’ institutes shall be held, annually, throughout the State, one or more in each county ; they shall be held at such times and places as the State superintendent shall, with the advice of the county superintendent, direct, and shall continue each for one week of five days; they shall be conducted by experienced and skillful institute instructors, who shall be appointed by the State superintend¬ ent, but it shall be a part of the duty of the county superintendent, under the instruc¬ tions of the State superintendent, to make all proper arrangements for the institutes and to assist in conducting them. The instructors whom the State superintendent shall employ, as herein provided, shall each receive for his services not more than $25 for each institute he may instruct, to be paid out of the general school fund, on a proper order of the State superintendent, but the aggregate amount of such com¬ pensation for the whole State shall not exceed $500. At the close of the institutes, as herein provided, and during the week following, the county board of examiners shall hold one of the two examinations prescribed in section 28. It shall be the duty of the State superintendent to prescribe the course of instruction of the institutes and the methods of conducting them, together with such other details connected there¬ with as he shall deem conducive to their usefulness and efficiency. Any teacher who shall fail or refuse to attend at least one institute annually, held under the pro¬ visions of this section, unless "Such teacher shall have an excuse therefor, sufficient in the judgment of the board of examiners to which such teacher may apply for exami¬ nation, shall not be entitled to examination during the year within which such failure or refusal may have occurred.6 The West Virginia State Normal School, established under and by virtue of the act passed February 27, 1867, entitled “An act for the establishment of a State Normal School,” shall be and remain at Marshall College, in the county of Cabell. For the government and control of said school and its branches there shall be a board of regents, consisting of the State superintendent of free schools, together with one person from each Congressional district of the State, to be appointed by the Gov¬ ernor, which shall be called the “Regents of the State Normal School,” and as such shall be a body corporate.2 The pupils admitted into the normal department of said school shall be admitted to all the privileges thereof, free from all charges for tuition, or for use of books or apparatus. The State superintendent of free schools shall prepare suitable diplomas to be granted the students of the normal department of said school, who have com¬ pleted the course of study and discipline prescribed by said regents. The said regents may establish a pay department in said school, whenever the accommodation thereof will admit of the same, and may admit into such department as many paying students as can be accommodated therein from this or any other State, giving preference to the citizens of this State, whether they desire to become teachers or not.6 Branches of the State Normal School are established at Fairmont, West Liberty, Glenville, Shepherdstown, and Concord.7 There shall be issued warrants upon the treasury of the State for the amount due said schools, at the rate of $3.50 per month for every non-paying normal pupil reported as in monthly attendance, which said sum shall include tuition and the use of books and apparatus : Provided , That the aggregate amount so appropriated in one year to 1 Scb. Law of 1883, sec. 29. 2 Ibid., sec. 30. 3Ibid., sec. 32. 4 Ibid., sec. G. 6Ibid., sec. 87. 6Ibid., sec. 88. - 7 Ibid., secs. 90, 94. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 1-SI any normal school shall not exceed the sum of $2,000. And provided, further, That tho State superintendent of freo schools shall, if possible, in each year, make arrangements with some suitable institution of learning in this Stato for the education ami normal- school training of a number of colored teachers in the proportion to tho colored popu¬ lation of tho State which tho non-paying white students in the normal schools bear to the white population of the State ; but the amount to bo paid for each of said col¬ ored teachers shall not exceed the sum herein specified for each non-paying white student; and an additional sum to the extent necessary to pay tho tuition of said col¬ ored students is hereby appropriated, payablo out of the treasury of tho State in each year, as provided for in the next section, upon tho requisition of tho Stato superin¬ tendent of free schools.1 SCHOOLS. The hoards of education shall cause to be kept in every snhdistrict a sufficient number of primary schools for the instruction of tho persons entitled to attend tho saike. Every youth between tho ages of 6 and 21 years shall have such right ; and auy other person wishing to receive instruction at any free school in this Stato shall have a right, with the assent of tho trustees, to attend such school, and the teacher or teachers there employed shall give instruction to such person the same as is re¬ quired by law for other persons, upon the payment of tuition fees, not to exceed $1.50 per month for each pupil, and upon such other terms as the trustees of the subdis¬ trict may prescribe. Said tuition fees shall be paid in advance to the sheriff1, who shall give his receipt therefor and place the amount to the credit of the teachers’ fund of said district.2 In the primary schools there shall be taught orthography, reading, penmanship, arithmetic, English grammar, history, geography, and such other branches as the board of education may direct.3 White and colored persons shall not be taught in the 6ame school; but, to afford to colored children the benefits of a free- school education, it shall be the duty of tho trustees of every subdistrict to establish therein one or more primary schools for colored persons, between the ages of 6 and 21 years, whenever the number of such per¬ sons residing therein, and between the ages aforesaid, exceeds 15 according to tho enumeration made for school purposes.4 The school year shall commence on the 1st day of July and close on the 30th day of June. The school month shall consist of 22 days, excluding Saturdays.6 The following series of class books shall be used in the free schools throughout the State, viz : Reading, spelling, elocution — McGuffey’s new revised readers; McGuffey’s new- eclectic spelling book ; Kidd’s elocution and vocal culture. Mathematics — Ray’s arithmetic ; Ray’s test examples ; Ray’s elementary and higher algebra ; Evans’s school geometry for beginners ; Robinson’s surveying and naviga¬ tion ; Robinson’s progressive table book. Grammar — Harvey’s grammar ; Kerl’s treatise for high schools. Geography — Knote’s geography of West Virginia; Mitchell’s new revised geogra¬ phies ; Cornell’s outline maps ; Guyot’R physical chart ; White’s class book of geogra¬ phy for examinations ; lessons on the globe, by Mary Howe Smith. History, natural science, &c. — Goodrich’s common-school history; history of the United States — Holmes ; Cook’s stories of the Old Dominion. Natural philosophy — Avery. Philosophy of natural history — Ware and Smilie. Rhetoric — Blair. Chem¬ istry (new edition") — Youman. Geography of the heavens — Burritt. Astronomy — (elementary) — Robinson. Geology — Dana. Mineralogy — Dana. Botany — Gray. Anatomy and physiology — Cutter. Dictionary — Webster. It shall be the duty of the county superintendent to enforce, by all proper means, the use of the text-books, which may be prescribed as herein provided, and to see that no others are introduced ; and if any teacher shall violate the provisions of this section, he shall be subject to the fine prescribed in the fifty-ninth section of this chapter.6 If any officer or teacher fails to perform any duty required of him by this chapter, or violate any provision thereof, and there is no other fine or punishment imposed therefor, by law, he shall be fined not less than $3 nor more than $10, for every such offense, to be recovered before a justice of the peace of the county.7 HIGH SCHOOLS. When the board of education of any district deem it expedient to establish a high school, it shall submit the question to the voters of the district.8 If decided in the affirmative, the board of education may then proceed to obtain 1 Sch. Law of 18S3, sec. 96. *Ibid., sec. 10. sIbid., sec. 11. 4 Ibid., sec. 17. 5 Ibid., secs. 23, 30. 6 Ibid., sec. 58. 7 Ibid., sec. 59. 8 Ibid., sec. 24. 182 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. the site and provide proper buildings, fixtures, and improvements, and procure neces¬ sary furniture, books, and apparatus for tbe said school, aDd to support the same after it is put in operation ; for which purpose the board may, annually, levy an addi¬ tional tax on the property taxable in its district, not to exceed in any one year 30 cents on every $100 valuation thereof, according to the latest assessment for State and county taxation. The said school shall be under the care and direction of the board of education of the district in which it is established.1 In like manner, if the boards of education of two or more districts, whether in the same or different counties, deem it expedient to jointly establish and support a high school, they may submit the question of authorizing the same to the voters of their district. If decided affirmatively, the said school shall be under the care and direc¬ tion of directors, to be selected and removed from time to time in such manner as the boards of education, concerned, may agree upon, or when there is no such agreement, under the care and direction of the board of education of the district in which the school-house is situated.2 The boards of education of any district may also establish graded schools in towns, villages, and densely-populated neighborhoods of their respective districts, employ teachers therefor, and make such special regulations as may be necessary to conduct them. But in every such case, involving additional taxation, the matter shall be first submitted to a vote of the people and their consent obtained, as is prescribed in sec¬ tion 24 in case of a high school : Provided, That no additional levy for a graded school shall exceed in any one year 15 cents on every $100 valuation.3 WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY. The Agricultural College of West Virginia, located and established at Morgan¬ town, in the county of Monongalia, in pursuance of the act passed February 7, 1867, entitled “ An act for the regulation of the West Virginia Agricultural College,”4 shall hereafter be named “ The West Virginia University,” by which name it shall have and hold all the property, funds, investments, rights, powers, and privileges now had and held under the name prescribed in the above-recited act,5 For the government and control of the said university there shall be a board of re¬ gents, consisting of one person from each senatorial district, to be appointed by the Governor, as provided by law, to be called the “ Regents of the West Virginia Uni¬ versity.” As such board they may sue and be sued, and have a common seal.6 The board of regents shall from time to time establish such departments of educa¬ tion in literature, science, art, agriculture, and military tactics as it may deem ex¬ pedient.7 Besides prescribing the general terms upon which students may be admitted, and the course of their instruction, the said regents are still further empow ered to admit as regular students or cadets of said university, from each senatorial district in the State, 4 or 5, and not more than 5 young men who are not less than 16 nor more than 21 years of age, whose term of service shall not be less than 2 nor more than 5 years, to be appointed by the regent of each senatorial district ; the admission in each case to be made upon undoubted evidence of a fair moral character. But should no appli¬ cation be made from any one or all of senatorial districts, then the vacancies may be filled from the State at large : Provided, That no more than 3 cadets shall be appointed from any one county.8 The cadets admitted under the provisions of the preceding section shall be entitled to all the privileges, immunities, educational advantages, and benefits of the uni¬ versity, free of charge for admission, tuition, books, and stationery, and shall con¬ stitute the public guard of the university and of the public property belonging thereto.9 WISCONSIN. CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS REGARDING EDUCATION. The supervision of public instruction shall be vested in a State superintendent and such other officers as the Legislature shall direct. The State superintendent shall be chosen by the qualified electors of the State, in such manner as the Legislature shall provide ; his powers, duties, and compensation shall be prescribed by law : Provided, That his compensation shall not exceed the sum of $1,200 annually.10 The proceeds of all lauds that have been, or hereafter may be, granted by the United States to this State for educational purposes (except the lands heretofore granted for the purposes of a university), and all moneys and the clear proceeds of all property that may accrue to the State by forfeiture or escheat, and all moneys which may be paid as an equivalent for exemption from military duty, and the clear 1 Sell. Law of 1883, sec. 24. 6 Ibid., see. 77. 8 Ibid., sec. 82. 2 Ibid., sec. 25. 6 Ibid., sec. 78. 9 Ibid., sec. 83. 8 Ibid., sec. 26. 2 Ibid., sec. 79. 19 Const, of 1848, art. 10, sec. 1. 4 Ibid., sec. 76. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 183 proceeds of all fines collected in the several counties for any breach of the penal laws, and all moneys arising from any grant to the State, where the purposes of such grant are not specified, and the 500,000 acres of land to which the Stato is entitled by the provisions of an act of Congress entitled “An act to appropriate the proceeds of the sales of public lands and to grant pre-emption rights,” approved the 4th day of Sep¬ tember, 1841, and also the 5 per centum of the net proceeds of the public lands to which the State shall become entitled on her admission into the Union (if Congress shall consent to such appropriation of the two grants last mentioned), shall be set apart as a separate fund, to bo called tlio school fund, the interest of which and all other revenues derived from the school lands shall be exclusively appliod to the fol¬ lowing objects, to wit : 1. To the support and maintenance of common schools in each school district, and the purchaso of suitable libraries and apparatus therefor. 2. The residue shall bo appropriated to the support and maintenance of academies and normal schools, and suitable libraries and apparatus therefor.1 The Legislature shall provide by law for the establishment of district schools, which shall be as nearly uniform as practicable, and such schools shall be free and without charge for tuition to all children between the ages of 4 and 20 years, and no sectarian instruction shall be allowed therein.2 Each town and city shall be required to raise by tax, annually, for the support of common schools therein, a sum not less than one-half the amount received by such town or city, respectively, for school purposes, from the income of the school fund.3 Provision shall be made by law for the distribution of the income of the school fund among the several towns and cities of the State, for the support of common schools therein, in some just proportion to the number of children and youth resident therein between the ages of 4 and 20 years ; and no appropriation shall be made from the school fund to any city or town for the year in which said city or town shall fail to raise such tax, nor to any school district for the year in which a school shall not be maintained at least 3 months.4 Provision shall be made by law for the establishment of a State university at or near the seat of the State government, and for connecting with the same from time to time such colleges in different parts of the State as the interests of education may require. The proceeds of all lands that have been or may hereafter be granted by the United States to the State for the support of a university, shall be and remain a perpetual fund, to be called the “university fund,” the interest of which shall be ap¬ propriated to the support of the State University, and no sectarian instruction shall be allowed in such university.5 The secretary of State, treasurer, and attorney-general shall constitute a board of commissioners for the sale of the school and university lands, and for the investment of the funds arising therefrom. Any two of said commissioners shall be a quorum for the transaction of all business pertaining to the duties of their office.6 Provision shall be made by law for the sale of all school and university lands after they shall have been appraised. The commissioners shall have power to withhold from sale any portion of such lands when they shall deem it expedient, and shall in¬ vest all moneys arising from the sale of such lands, as well as all other university and school funds, in such manner as the Legislature shall provide.7 ADMINISTRATION. The public-school system is administered by a superintendent for the State by 1 and sometimes 2 superintendents for each county, and by boards of directors for the township and for the district ; also by boards of regents for normal and superior instruction. The administration is charged with the care and conduct of common and high schools, of school libraries, teachers’ institutes, normal schools, and of the State uni¬ versity. Any woman, 21 years of age and upwards, may be elected or appointed as di¬ rector, treasurer, or clerk of a school district ; director or secretary of a town board, under the township system ; member of a board of education in cities, or county super¬ intendent.8 STATE SUPERINTENDENT. The term of office of the State superintendent shall be 2 years.9 The State superintendent may appoint under his hand an assistant.10 • The State superintendent shall have a general supervision over the common schools in this State, and it shall be his duty : 1. To visit, as far as practicable, every county in the State, for the purpose of in- 1 Const, of 1848, art. 10, sec. 2. 6 Ibid. , sec. 6. 8 Laws of 1883, chap. 90. 2 Ibid., sec. 3. 6 Ibid.*, sec. 7. 9 Rev. Stat., chap. 11, sec. 164. 3 Ibid., sec. 4. 7 Ibid., sec. 8. 10 Ibid., sec. 165. 4 Ibid., sec. 5. 184 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. specting the schools, awakening an interest favorable to the cause of education, and diffusing as widely as possible, by public addresses and personal communication with school officers, teachers, aud parents, a knowledge of existing defects, and of desirable improvements in the government and the instruction of the schools. 2. To recommend the introduction of the most approved text-books, and, as far as practicable, to secure a uniformity in the use of text-books, discourage the use of sec¬ tarian books and sectarian instruction in the schools. 3. To prescribe rules and regulations for the management of school-district libraries, and the penalties which shall be imposed by the district boards for any violation of such rules and regulations. 4. To examine and determine all appeals, which by law may be made to him, accord¬ ing to the laws regulating the same, and his decisions thereon shall be final. 5. To collect in his office such school books, apparatus, maps, aud charts as can be obtained without expense to the State. 6. To apportion and distribute the school-fund income as provided by law. 7. To prepare in each year a report to be delivered by him to the Governor.1 8. To hold, annually, at least four conventions in as many different and most con¬ venient and accessible points in the State, for the purpose of consultation, advice, and instruction, with county superintendents of schools in regard to supervision and man¬ agement of the public schools.2 SCHOOL FUND. The school-fund income, which shall have been received up to and including the first day of June, shall be apportioned by the State superintendent between the 10th and 15t.h days of June in each year. Such apportionment shall be made among the several counties, and the several towns, specially incorporated villages, and cities in each county, according to the number of children in each over the age of 4 and under the a^e of 20 years, as shown by the reports made to the State superintendent during the year preceding. Whenever a certified statement of the county clerk of any county, made to the State superintendent, shall not show that the amount required by law to be raised for school purposes lias been directed to be raised during the year by the county board, the amount of the school-fund income, otherwise apportionable to such county, shall be withheld and added to the capital of the school fund.3 There shall be levied and collected annually a State tax of 1 mill for each dollar of the assessed valuation of the taxable property of the State, which amount, when so levied and collected, is appropriated to the income of the common-school fund.4 No money shall be apportioned to any district or part of a district unless the last annual report thereof, verified by the affidavit of the district clerk, shall show that all school money received from the State during the year ending with the date of such report, has been applied to the payment of the wages of a legally qualified teacher, and that a school has been taught in such district by such a teacher for at least 5 months during the year ending with the date of such report.6 COUNTY SUPERINTENDENTS. It shall be the duty of every county superintendent : 1. To examine and license teachers. 2. To visit schools. 3. To report to county clerk and State superintendent annually. 4. To hold teachers’ institutes. 5. To hold two meetings for examinations of teachers in each inspection district annually. 6. To give county treasurer statement of number of children in his county over 4 and under 20 years of age. 7. May annul teacher’s certificate. 8. Not to act as agent for author, publisher, or bookseller. 9. Not to engage in teaching or other occupation. 10. To attend, annually, 1 convention of county superintendents.6 COUNTY TREASURER. Each connty treasurer shall apply for and receive the school money due his county as soon as apportioned, and shall immediately give notice in writing of the amount ap¬ portioned to each town, village, and city in his county to the treasurer and clerk thereof, respectively, and shall pay the same to each such treasurer on demand, who shall pay the same to the proper school treasurer, as provided by law. If any such town, village, or city treasurer shall not demand such money before the next receipt 1 Rev. Stat., cliap. 11, sec. 166. 2 Sell. La-ws, chap. 65, sec. 1. *IbitL, chap. 124, sec. 554. 4 Ibid., chap. 287, sec. 1. 6 Ibid., chap. 124, sec. 558. 6 Rev. Stat., sec. 461. SUMMARY OF STATU SCHOOL LAWS. 185 of school money apportioned to such county, the county treasurer shall add such sum remaining in his hands to the money so next received, and distribute the same there¬ with and in the same proportion among the several towns, villages, and cities entitled thereto in such county.1 TOWNSHIP SYSTEM OP SCHOOL GOVERNMENT. Every town which is now or may hereafter bo organized in this State is hereby de¬ clared and constituted one school district for all purposes in this chapter hereinafter prescribed, and tho several school districts and parts of joint districts which are now or may hereafter bo established in the several organized towns shall be styled and known as subdistricts, whenever such town shall have voted therefor, as provided in section 552.2 New subdistricts may be formed, and tho boundaries of any subdistrict may be al¬ tered by the town board of directors at any regular meeting of said board ; but tho formation and alteration of any joint subdistrict shall be by concurrent action of tho board of directors of all the towns embraced in part in such subdistricts.3 The clerks of the several subdistricts in any organized town, together with tho clerks of the joint subdistricts, the school- houses of which are situated in such town, shall constitute the town board of school directors.4 The said board shall be a body corporate, and shall possess the usual powers of a corporation for public i>urposes,*by the name and style of “ The Board of School Di¬ rectors of the town of - .”5 The board of directors in each town (township) is invested, in its corporate capacity, with the title, care, and custody of all school property.6 The members of the board, a majority of whom shall constitute a quorum, assem¬ bled at the first and each succeeding meeting, shall elect from their number a presi¬ dent and a vice-president ; also a secretary, who may or may not be one of their num¬ ber, but who shall be a resident of the town to which the board belongs. Such secretary shall receive a compensation for services rendered at not less than $2 nor more than $3 per day, and he shall present a statement of his services ren¬ dered at the annual meeting of the board.7 The town board in each town (township) in this State shall have power to form and alter districts in the manner hereinafter set forth : Provided, That every school district shall be of contiguous territory.8 The board of each town shall have power to purchase or hire, improve or build school property as it may deem advisable.9 Said board shall establish and maintain such and as many schools in the several subdistricts under its charge as it may deem requisite and expedient : Provided, That there shall be at least one common school in each subdistrict, and that all such schools shall be kept each year not less than 5 months. The board shall have in all respects the supervision and management of all the schools, with full power to adopt, enforce, modify, and repeal, from time to time, all rules and regulations (not inconsistent with the laws of this State) necessary for their organization, gradation, and control, and for the instruction given by them in the dif¬ ferent branches of education taught therein, and to establish and enforce proper pen¬ alties for the violation of such rules.10 The president, vice-president, and secretary of the town board of directors shall constitute an executive committee, who shall carry out, put in force, and execute all orders of the board ; and for this purpose, all power and authority vested in such board shall be deemed vested in the executive committee ; and any duty de¬ volved upon the said board shall devolve upon the executive committee ; but all the acts of the executive committee shall be subject to review by the board at any regu¬ lar meeting thereof.11 The secretary shall have the immediate charge and supervision of all the schools in the town, and shall grade them, and assist the several teachers thereof in classify¬ ing and arranging them. He shall visit each school in his town at least twice dur¬ ing each term thereof ; shall examine into its condition and progress, consult with and advise the teachers in regard to the methods of instruction and government, and shall report to the board, from time to time, such improvements as, in his judgment, are calculated to benefit the school.13 He shall draw orders on the town treasurer for money in the hands of such treas¬ urer, which has been apportioned to the town, and for money collected or received by him from other sources for school purposes, for the payment of teachers, the pur¬ chase of school-house sites, the building, buying, hiring, repairing, and furnishing of school-houses, and for all other lawful purposes, and each order shall designate 1 Rev. stat., sec. 557. 2 Ibid., sec. 516. 3 Ibid., sec. 517. 4 Ibid., sec. 518. 6 Ibid., sec. 519. 6 Ibid., sec. 520. 7 Ibid., sec. 523. 8 Ibid., sec. 412. 9 Ibid., sec. 524. 10 Ibid., sec. 526. “Ibid., sec. 528. “Ibid., sec. 532. 186 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. the object for which, and the fund upon which, it was drawn, and shall he counter¬ signed by the president.1 Any town which adopts the system and is not satisfied with it can return to the old one, but not till after a trial of two years.2 SINGLE -DISTRICT SYSTEM. The officers of each school district shall be a director, treasurer, and clerk, who shall be residents of the district, and shall hold their respective offices for 3 years, and until their successors have been chosen and appointed, but not over 10 days beyond the expiration of their term of office without being again elected, or appointed : Provided , That at the first election of such officers, in any newly organized district, the clerk shall be chosen for 1 year, the treasurer for 2 years, and the director for 3 years ; and, thereafter, each officer shall be chosen for 3 years.3 The director, treasurer, and clerk shall constitute the district board.4 The board has power, and is in duty bound, to fill any vacancy in its own number; to purchase or lease site for school-house ; to build school-house ; to provide append¬ ages for same ; to keep school-house in repair ; to purchase apparatus, record books, blanks, &.c. ; to levy school tax in certain cases ; to hire teachers ; may make rules for the government of the district school; may suspend or expel pupils ; has power to adopt text-books ; to visit and supervise schools ; to ascertain what children do not attend school; to furnish such children text-books.4 Every city or village not having a system of school government specially provided by law therefor, shall be governed by the provisions of this chapter.5 TAXES. The inhabitants of any school district shall have power — (1) To vote such tax as the meeting shall deem sufficient to purchase or lease a suit¬ able site for a school-house, to build, hire, or purchase a school-house, and to keep in repair and furnish the same with the necessary fuel and appendages: Provided , That no district containing a population of less than 250 inhabitants shall have power to levy and collect a tax for building, hiring, or purchasing a school-house of more than $600 in any one year, unless the town board of the town in which such school - house is to be situated shall certify in writing that in its opinion a larger sum should be raised, specifying such sum, in which case an amount not exceeding the sum specified may be raised : Provided further, That no district containing a population of less than 1,000 inhabitants may have power to raise and collect in any one year, for the purposes above specified, more than $1,000, unless the town board shall certify as above set forth. (2) To vote such tax as the meeting shall deem proper for the payment of teachers’ wages in the districts : Provided , That for such purposes, in all school districts having an average attendance at school for the year of 15 scholars or less, not more than $350 shall be raised in any one year; in all school districts having an average attendance of not more, than 30 nor less than 15 scholars, not more than $450 shall be raised in any one year, and in all school districts having an average attendance of not more than 40 nor less than 30 scholars, not more than $550 shall be raised in any one year. (3) To vote a tax not exceeding$75 in any one year for the purchase of maps, black¬ boards, and school apparatus.6 The total amount of school-district tax, 'hereafter levied in any school district in this State in any one year, for building, hiring, or purchasing any school building, and for the maintenance of schools, including teachers’ wages and incidental expen¬ ses, shall not exceed five per cent, of the total assessed valuation of taxable property in such school district for the current year.7 LIBRARIES. Subject to the general proviso that school districts having less than 250 inhabitants shall not, in any one year, levy a tax of more than $500 for purposes other than pro¬ viding school-houses as above set forth, districts having less than 200 children of school age may vote an annual tax of $50, and those having a greater number, $100 for a district library, consisting of books ordered through the district board at a district meeting, with the advice of the State superintendent.8 The clerk of the district, or such other person as the legal voters shall appoint, shall be the librarian and have the care and custody of the district library, under the su¬ pervision of the district board.9 The legal voters of any two or more adjoining school districts may, with the ap¬ proval of the town board, unite their libraries and library money.10 The qualified electors of each town shall have power at any annual town meeting to vote, by ballot, to establish a town library for the use of the people thereof, and 1 Rev. Stat., sec. 533. 6 Ibid., sec. 515. 3 Ibid., sec. 552. 6 Ibid., sec. 430. 3 Ibid., sec. 431. 7 Laws of 1879, chap. 118, sec. 1. 4 Ibid. , sec. 432. 8 Laws of 1870, chap. 118, sec. 430. 9 Ibid., sec. 485. 10 Ibid., sec. 486. SUMMARY OP STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 187 to raise a sum not exceeding $lf>0 in any one year for the purpose of purchasing hooka, furnishing a place to keep such library, and paying the librarian lor his services, to be expended under the direction of the town hoard.1 TEACHERS. CERTIFICATES AND EXAMINATION. Every person who shall desire to teach in any of the common schools, unless he shall hold a diploma or certificate then authorizing him to teach, shall procure such cer¬ tificate from the proper examining officer, as hereinafter provided ; and no certificate shall have force except in the district of the examining officer who issued the same.3 There are hereby established three grades of teachers’ certificates, to be known as certificates of tho first, second, and third grades. No person shall receive any certifi¬ cate who does not write and speak the English language with facility and correctness. No certificate shall be granted to any person to teach in the public schools of Wiscon¬ sin, after the first day of January, 1886, who has not passed a satisfactory examination in physiology and hygiene, with special reference to the effects of stimulants upon the human system.8 Every applicant for a certificate shall be examined in the subjects hereinafter mentioned for the several grades, respectively, as follows : For the third grade, in orthoepy, orthography, reading, penmanship, arithmetic, English grammar, geog¬ raphy, history of the United States, the Constitution of the United States, the con¬ stitution of the State of Wisconsin, and the theory and art of teaching ; for the second grade, in all the foregoing, and also in grammatical analysis, physiology, physical geography, and elementary algebra ; for the first grade, in all the foregoing, and also in higher algebra, natural philosophy, and geometry; and, if found qualified, shall receive the certificate appropriate to his grade. A third-grade certificate shall entitle the holder to teach for such period, not more than one year, as may be specified therein, in any town in the superintendent district in which he is examined, except that it may be limited by the county superintendent to any town or school district therein. A second-grade certificate shall entitle the holder to teach in any town in such superintendent district, and be in force one year from its date. A first-grade certificate shall entitle the holder to teach in any town in such superintendent dis¬ trict, and he in force two years from its date.4 NORMAL SCHOOLS. For the government of normal schools established, and which hereafter may be es¬ tablished, and for the performance of the duties prescribed to them, there is consti¬ tuted a board of eleven regents, called “the Board of Regents of Normal Schools,” composed of the Governor and State superintendent as ex officio regents, and of nine appointed regents. The term of office is three years, and so arranged that three re¬ gents are appointed by the Governor each year* *.5 The board of regents and its successors in office are constituted a body corporate by the name aforesaid.6 The officers of the board shall be a president, vice-president, and secretary. The State treasurer shall be, ex officio, the treasurer of the board. No member of the board of normal regents shall receive any pay for travelling to or attendance at any meeting of the board, but for any specific service rendered under the direction of the board other than attending the meetings, such compensation may be allowed any member as the board shall deem just and reasonable.7 Said board shall also establish a model school, or schools for practice, in connection with each State normal school, and shall make all the regulations necessary to govern and support the same ; and it may, in its discretion, admit pupils to such model schools tree of charge of tuition.8 DIPLOMAS AND STATE CERTIFICATES. Said board may grant diplomas in testimony of scholarship and ability to teach, but no such diploma shall be granted until such graduate shall have passed a thorough and satisfactory examination in the course of study prescribed by the board. When any such graduate has, after receiving such diploma, taught a public school in this State one year, the State superintendent may, after such examination as to moral character, learning, and ability to teach as to him may seem proper, countersign the diploma of such teacher, and thereafter such countersigned diploma shall be evidence of his qualifications to teach in any common school, and shall have the force and effect of an unlimited State certificate. The said board may also, on such conditions as it may determine, grant a certificate of attendance certifying that the holder 1 Laws of 1879, chap. 118, sec. 770. *Rev. Stat., sec. 448. Ibid., sec. 449. 4 Ibid., sec. 450. 6 Ibid., chap. 26, sec. 393. 'Ibid., sec. 394. 7 Ibid., sec. 398. 'Ibid., sec. 403. 188 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. lias completed the elementary course in a normal school and is qualified to teach a common school ; and the said superintendent may, upon conditions above prescribed respecting diplomas, countersign such certificate, and thereafter such countersigned certificate shall be evidence of his qualification to teach in any common school in the State,' and shall have the full force and effect of a limited State certificate.1 teachers’ institutes. Institutes for the instruction of teachers shall be held in each year, in such counties as may be designated by the State superintendent, with the advice and concurrence of said board, preference being given to such counties as receive the least direct benefit from the normal schools. The State superintendent, by and with the advice and consent of said board, may make such rules and regulations as he shall deem proper for organizing and conducting such institutes, and may, by and with the like advice and consent, employ an agent or agents to perform such work in connection therewith as by such rules and regulations may be prescribed. Each of said in¬ stitutes shall be held under the direction of such agent or agents, assisted by the county superintendent. The course of study pursued in such institutes shall, as far as practicable, be uniform, and be prescribed by the State superintendent, with the assistance of such agent, but subject to revision of said board.2 For the purpose'mentioned in the preceding section the said board may use such sum, not exceeding §7,000 in any year, as it may deem necessary, of which not ex¬ ceeding $5,000 shall be paid from the normal-school fund income, and not exceeding $2,000 from the general fund, and the State superintendent may use such additional sum not exceeding $1,000 to be paid also from the general fund, as he shall deem proper, for the purpose of providing public lectures in connection with such insti¬ tutes, by the professor of the theory and art of teaching of the university; and such amounts as shall be so expended are hereby annually appropriated from the said funds respectively.3 SCHOOLS. Children between the ages of 7 and 15 years are required to attend a public or private school for at least 12 weeks in each school year.4 In case any parent, guardian, or other person shall fail to comply with the provis¬ ions of this act, said parent, guardian, or other person shall be liable to a fine of not less than $5 nor more than $10 for the first offense, ncr less than $10 nor more than $30 for each and every subsequent offense.5 Schools must be maintained 6 months in each year or not share in the school fund.6 Orthography, orthoepy, reading, writing, grammar, geography, arithmetic, the Constitution of the United States, and the constitution of this State shall be taught in every district school, and such' other branches as the district board may determine. All instruction shall be in the English language, except that the district board or board of education of any incorporated village or city may, in their discretion, cause any foreign language to be taught by a competent teacher to such pupils as desire it, not to exceed 1 hour each day. Provision shall be made by the proper local school authorities for instructing all pupils in all schools, supported by public money, or under State control, in physiology and hygiene, with special reference to the effects of stimulants and narcotics upon the human system.7 The board shall have power to admit any person between 20 and 30 years of age, residing in the district, to any public school under its control, free of tuition, when in its judgment it will not interfere with the pupils of school age therein.8 FREE HIGH SCHOOLS. Any town or incorporated village or city or school district which contains within its limits an incorporated village, or which has a graded school of not less than two departments, with not less than 25 pupils prepared to begin a high-school course, may establish and maintain not exceeding 2 high schools in the manner and with the privileges herein provided.9 Two or more adjoining towns may unite in establishing and maintaining any such high school, and, by uniting, shall constitute a joint high-school district.10 The officers of each such district shall be a director, treasurer, and clerk, whose term of office shall be each 3 years, beginning with the annual town meeting, and until his successor shall have been chosen or appointed. But in all cities not under a county superintendent, which now constitute free high-school districts, or which shall hereafter adopt the resolution provided for in section 490, and become free high- 1 Rev. Stat., sec. 405. 6 Rev. Stat., chap. 28, as amended 8 A mended by chap. 93, Sch. Lavrs 2 Ibid., sec. 407. by chap. 124, Sch. Laws of 1885, of 1885, sec. 439. 3 Sch. Laws, chap. 7, sec. 408. sec. 554. 9 Rev. Stat., as amended by chap. 4 Laws of 1879, chap. 121, sec. 1. 7 Amended by chap. 327, Sch. Laws 245, Laws of 1879, sec. 490. •Ibid., sec. 4. of 1885, sec. 447. 10 Ibid., sec. 491. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 189 school districts, the board of education in each such city shall bo the high school board, and tho city treasurer shall bo, ex officio, tho treasurer of tho high-school dis¬ trict, unless tho board of education embraces a treasurer.1 * All such high schools shall bo freo to all pupils resident in tho district.* These schools are under the personal supervision of the State superintendent. Tho courses of study herein authorized shall include instruction in the theory and art of teaching and organization, management and course of study of ungraded schools, and all examinations of teachers shall include examinations upon these subjects.3 Whenever any town in which no graded schools exist, or when any two adjoining towns in which no graded school exists, shall vote to establish and maintain a freo high school as provided in sections 490 and 491, Revised Statutes, and such free high school shall have been established aud maintained in the manner now provided by law for establishing and maintaining free high schools for at least 3 months, and when the high school board of such town, or of such two towns adjoining, which unite to maintain such school, shall make the report required by section 496, Revised Statutes, in order to obtain the aid furnished by the State of Wisconsin in maintaining free high schools, they shall append thereto a certificate to the effect that such school is established and maintained in a town or by towns wherein no graded school exists. Each such school shall be entitled to receive from the general fund of the State, annually, one-half the amount actually expended for instruction in such schools; but the whole amount paid shall not exceed $25,000 in any one year to this class of freo high schools, and if more is demanded by such districts they shall be paid propor¬ tionally. By this act an annual appropriation of not more than $25,000 is made to encourage the establishment and maintenance of free high schools in towns where there are no other but ungraded district schools.4 THE UNIVERSITY. There is established in this State, at the city of Madison, an institution of learning by the name and style of “ The University of Wisconsin.”5 The government of the university shall vest in a board of regents, to consist of 11 members, 1 from each Congressional district of the State, and 2 from the State at large, to be appointed by the Governor ; and the State superintendent shall, during liis term of office, be a member of said board. The term of office of said regents shall be 3 years from the first Monday in Feb¬ ruary in the year in which appointed, unless sooner removed by the Governor.6 The board of regents and its successors in office shall constitute a body corporate by the name of “ The Regents of the University of Wisconsin.”7 The board of regents shall enact laws for the government of the university in all its branches; elect a president and the requisite number of professors, instructors, offi¬ cers, and employes, and fix the salaries and the term of office of each, and determine the moral and educational qualifications of applicants for admission to the various courses of instruction ; but no instruction, either sectarian in religion or partisan in politics, shall ever be allowed in any department of the university.8 The object of the University of Wisconsin shall be to provide the means of acquir¬ ing a thorough knowledge of the various branches of learning connected with scien¬ tific, industrial, and professional pursuits, and to this end it shall consist of the fol¬ lowing colleges or departments, to wit : 1. The college or department of arts. 2. The college or department of letters. 3. Such professional or other colleges or departments as now are, or may, from time to time, be added thereto or connected therewith.9 The university shall be open to female as well as to male students, under such regu¬ lations and restrictions as the board of regents may deem proper ; and all able-bodied male students of the university, in whatever college, may receive instruction and discipline in military tactics, the requisite arms for which shall he furnished by the State.10 No student who shall have been a resident of the State for one year next preceding his admission shall be required to pay any fees for tuition in the university, except in the law department and for extra studies.11 For the support and endowment of the university there is annually and perpetually appropriated — 1. The university fund income, and all other sums of money appropriated by any law to the university fund income. 1 Rev. Stat., as amended by ebap. 245, Laws of 1S79, sec. 492. *Ibid., and chap. 146, Gen. Laws of 1881, sec. 494. 8 Ibid., chap. 325, Laws of 1883, as amended by chap. 242. 4 Sch. Laws, chap. 352, secs. 1, 2. 8 Rev. Stat., chap. 25, sec. 377. *Ibid., sec. 37S. 7 Ibid., chap. 25, sec. 379. 8 Ibid., sec. 381. 9 Ibid., sec. 385. 10 Ibid., sec. 387. 11 Ibid., sec. 388. 190 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. 2. The Agricultural College fund income. 3. All such contributions as may be derived from public or private bounty.1 There shall be levied and collected annually a State tax of one-eighth of 1 mill for each dollar of the assessed valuation of the taxable property of the State, which amount when so levied and collected is appropriated to the university fund income, to be used annually as apart thereof.3 ARIZONA. PUBLIC SCHOOLS. # Every public school, unless otherwise provided by law, must be open for the admis¬ sion of all resident children between 6 and 18 years of age. All schools, not otherwise provided bylaw, must be divided into primary and gram¬ mar schools, and must be taught in the English language.3 LEGAL SCHOOL POPULATION. It is the duty of the school-census marshal to take the census of all the children be¬ tween 6 and 18 years of age in his district and report the result to the county superin¬ tendent on or before the 1st day of July of the year in which the census is taken. SCHOOL YEAH. No school district is entitled to receive any apportionment of school moneys which has not maintained a public school at least five months during the then next preced¬ ing year.4 * PRESCRIBED STUDIES. Instruction must be given in the following branches, viz : Reading, writing, or¬ thography, arithmetic, geography, grammar, history of the United States, elements of physiology, elements of book-keeping, industrial drawing, and such other studies as the Territorial board of education may prescribe. Instruction must be given during the entire school course in manners and morals. No books, tracts, or papers of a sectarian character shall be used in any public school.6 TERRITORIAL SUPERVISION. The Territorial board of education consists of the Governor, the Territorial treas¬ urer, and the superintendent of public instruction. The board must meet at the capital of the Territory not less than once in each year. Its powers and duties are as follows : To adopt rules and regulations for its own government, and for the government of the public schools and school libraries ; to devise plans for the increase and management of the Territorial school fund ; to prescribe a uniform series of text-books, and enforce their use in the public schools ; to prescribe and enforce a course of studies in the public schools, and adopt a list of books for school libraries; to keep a record of its proceedings; to grant and revoke educational diplomas (valid for six years) and life diplomas. Educational diplomas are granted only to persons who have held a first-grade Territorial or county certificate for at least a year, and have taught, successfully, at least 5 years, and whose application is accompanied by a resolution of the Terri¬ torial board of examiners, recommending that the diploma be granted. Life diplo¬ mas are issued upon the same conditions as educational diplomas, except that the applicant must have taught, successfully, at least 10 years.6 The Territorial superintendent of public instruction, elected biennially by the peo¬ ple, superintends the public schools of the Territory, investigates accounts of school moneys ; apportions school moneys ; prescribes and distributes forms aud regula¬ tions ; visits the different counties, and inquires into the condition of the public schools therein ; has the public-school laws printed and distributed ; appoints in each county a county board of examiners ; makes a printed report to the Governor on or before the 1st day of December preceding each regular session of the Legislature.7 SCHOOL FUNDS AND TERRITORIAL AND COUNTY-SCHOOL TAX. All moneys which shall accrue to the Territory by the sale of property of an escheated estate or from the rents or profits of lands or tenements held as escheated, shall be paid into the Territorial school fund.8 All moneys arising from fines, forfeitures, and gambling licenses (except those un¬ der ordinances of incorporated villages and cities) are credited to the county-school fund.9 The Territorial tax (levied as a special fund for school purposes) is 3 cents on each IjplOO ; 1 the county-school tax must not exceed 25 cents on the hundred dollars in any one year. 1Rev. Stat., sec. 389. 2 Ibid., sec. 390. 3 Sch. Law, sec. 78, 80. 4 Ibid., secs. 73, 77, S3, 107. fiIbid., sec. 81, 84. 6 Ibid., sec. 1,3. 7 Ibid., see. 19. 8Ibid., sec. 10 9. 9 Ibid., sec. 110. SUMMARY OF STATIC SCHOOL LAWS. 191 Said taxes are collected as other Territorial and county taxes are.1 The Territorial superintendent, in January, June, and September of each year (or whenever there are S’l.UOO in the Territorial school fund), apportions to each county its share of the school money, according to the number of resident persons therein between the ages of 6 and 18 years, and furnishes an abstract of such report to each oouuty treasurer and county superintendent. He shall also certify such apportionment to the Territorial auditor, and, upon such certificate, the auditor shall forthwith draw his warrant on tho Territorial treasurer in favor of the county treasurer of each county for the amount due said county. The county superintendent apportions tho county-school money as follows : lie must ascertain the number of teachers each district is entitled to by calculating 1 teacher for every 80 census children, or fraction thereof, not less than 15 census chil¬ dren, and must ascertain tho total number of teachers for tho county by adding to¬ gether tho number of teachers assigned to the several districts. Five hundred dollars shall be allowed to each district for every teacher assigned it. To districts having 10 and less than 15 census children there shall be apportioned §400. All school moneys remaining on hand after the above apportionments are distrib¬ uted among the several districts having not less than 30 school-census children, in proportion to the number of such children in each district. The county treasurer disburses the county-school money warrant of the county su¬ perintendent.2 EDUCATION OF TEACHERS. Whenever the number of school districts in a county is 10 or more, the county sup¬ erintendent may hold at least one teachers’ institute in each year ; and every teacher of a public school must attend such institute and participate in its proceedings. Each session of the institute must continue not less than 3 nor more than 5 days. If the institute is held during the time teachers are employed in teaching, their pay¬ ment must not be diminished by reason of their attendance. The superintendent of two or more counties may unite and hold a joint institute.3 COUNTY SUPERVISION. The probate judge of each county is, ex officio, county superintendent of public schools for his county. He apportions the school money to districts ; draws warrants on the county treas¬ urer for all necessary expenses against the school fund of any district ; visits schools ; presides over teachers’ institutes ; issues temporary teachers’ certificates ; certifies to the Territorial board of examiners the names of persons examined before the county board of examiners ; makes estimates of amount of county-school funds needed each year; distributes laws, reports, circulars, and blanks; receives and files reports ; ap¬ proves or rejects accounts against school districts ; keeps record of his official acts and of the proceedings of the county board of examiners ; appoints trustees of school districts to fill vacancies ; grades schools ; may appoint a deputy ; fixes district bound¬ aries ; may appoint teachers if trustees fail to open schools ; may require trustees to repair school buildings ; and must make reports when directed by the superin¬ tendent of public instruction. Failing to do so, he forfeits §100 of his salary. TEXT-BOOKS. Text-books are adopted by the Territorial board of education, and -when adopted must be continued in use for not less than four years.4 LOCAL SUPERVISION. Every county, city, or incorporated town, unless subdivided by proper authority, forms a school district. Three school trustees shall be elected in each district and shall hold their office one year. No person shall be denied the right to vote at any school-district election, or to hold any school-district office, on account of sex, except in the counties of Apache and Graham. The powers and duties of board of trustees of school district are : To appoint one of its number clerk ; to prescribe and enforce rules for its own government and the government of the schools ; to purchase school furniture and apparatus ; to rent, furnish, repair, insure, manage, and control school property ; to build school-houses or to purchase or sell school lots (when so directed by a vote of its district) ; to em¬ ploy teachers and janitors of schools, and to fix and" order paid their compensation : Provided , That in the county of Apache the county board of examiners shall employ teachers and order paid their compensation ; to expel pupils ; to exclude from school children under 6 years of age ; to enforce the course of study and the use of text- 1 Sch. Law, secs. 97, 98, 100, 101. * Ibid., secs. 19, 102, 106. 3 Ibid., sec. 32 et seq. 4 Ibid., secs. 3, 112. 192 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. books prescribed and adopted by the proper authority ; to appoint district librarians ; exclude from schools and school libraries all sectarian and partisan publications ; to arrange transfers to other districts ; to appoint a school-census marshal every tvo years ; to call meetings of the district-school electors ; to maintain all schools for an equal length of time during the year; to make an annual report to the couuty superintendent, and to make a report, whenever required, directly to the Territorial superintendent or the county superintendent.1 TEACHERS. No person is eligible to teach in any public school, or to receive a certificate to teach, who has not attained the age of 18 years. Before assuming charge of a school every teacher must file his certificate with the county superintendent. The county treasurer pays the teachers upon the warrant of the county superin¬ tendent, drawn upon the order of the district board of trustees. But no warrant shall be drawn in favor of any teacher who does not hold a valid certificate of quali¬ fication. For the examination of teachers there are the Territorial and the county boards of examiners. The Territorial board adopts rules for the government of county boards of exam¬ iners; prepares questions for use of county boards ; issues recommendations for life and educational diplomas ; grants Territorial certificates of first grade, valid for four years, and of second grade, valid for three years. Normal-school diplomas from any State normal school in the United States and life diplomas issued by any State board of examination or education must be recog¬ nized as prima facie evidence of fitness for teaching ; and to the holders thereof the board may grant Territorial certificates without examination. The holders of diplomas may teach in any public school of the Territory. Holders of first-grade Territorial certificates may teach in grammar schools ; of second grade, in primary schools and as assistants in grammar schools. Applicants for first-grade Territorial certificates are examined in algebra, physi¬ ology, physics, geography, history, and the Constitution of the United States ; orthography, defining, penmanship, reading, methods of teaching, grammar, arith¬ metic, and the school laws of Arizona. Applicants for second-grade certificates are examined in all the above except algebra, physiology, and physics. The county superintendent and two other persons appointed by the Territorial superintendent constitute the county board of examiners. This board must meet quarterly, examine applicants, and grant county certificates of two grades : First grade, valid for four years, authorizing the holder to teach a grammar school ; second grade, valid for two years, authorizing the holder to teach a primary school ; grant certificates without examination to holders of life diplomas and normal-school diplomas ; and may renew certificates. The county board in the examination of teachers must use questions prepared by the Territorial board. Any board may revoke its certificates. County certificates are granted only to those who pass examination in orthography, defining, reading, penmanship, physiology, physics, composition, arithmetic, algebra, geography, grammar, history of the United States, methods of teaching and school laws of Arizona ; provided that applicants for second-grade certificates shall not be required to pass an examination in algebra, physiology, and physics. 2 DISTRICT LIBRARIES. School trustees in cities and districts containing 100 or more census children may use not more than $50 of the school fund in any one year, together with such moneys as may be added thereto by donations for the purchase of books for school libraries. SPECIAL SCHOOL-DISTRICT TAX. When the Territorial and county money to which auy district is entitled is not sufficient to build or rent suitable buildings, and to pay for keeping a school in such district for at least five months in a year, it is the duty of the school trustees to levy a direct tax upon the taxable property of such district, sufficient to raise an amount, which, together with the Territorial and county money of the district, will keep a school open five months in each year. A tax to keep a school open longer than five months or for building purposes may bo levied by a two-thirds vote of the district electors voting at the election. DAKOTA. ADMINISTRATION. The following officers shall be provided, to wit: A superintendent of public instruc¬ tion for the Territory ; deputy superintendent of public instruction for the Territory; 1 Sell. Law, sec. 43 et scq. 2 Ibid., sec. 9 et scq., 22, 37 et scq. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 193 a county superintendent of public instruction for each organized county; a board of education for every incorporated city, town, or village entitled thereto and having tlio membership and subordinate ofliccrs provided by Jaw; a school board consisting •of three members for ovory organized school township, and such other ofliccrs who may be by law provided or associated with these in duty.1 SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. At each biennial session of the Legislative Assembly, the Governor shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of tlio legislative council, appoint a person of suit able learning, ability and experience as superintendent of public instruction, who shall hold his office for two years, and until his successor is appointed or elected and qualified, and who shall be a Territorial officer.'2 It is the duty of the superintendent of public instruction to make and preserve a record of his official acts.3 He shall discourago the use of sectarian books for any purpose and sectarian in¬ struction in any form in the schools, and shall advise in the selection of books for school-township libraries.4 He shall, on or before the 15th day of December in each year, prepare and present * to the Governor a report in writing of his official acts for the preceding school year, with a full statement of the condition of the public schools in the Territory, the collection and the expenditure of the public-school funds and revenues, and other facts and statistics showing the condition, progress, and character of the public schools and of school property.5 There is hereby appropriated, out of any money in the Territorial treasury not oth¬ erwise appropriated, the sum of $1,500 each year for salary of the superintendent of public instruction ; the sum of $400 a year for travelling expenses ; the sum of $500 a year for office expenses, and the sum of $1,500 each year for the purchase of blanks and printing instructions.6 COUNTY SUPERINTENDENTS. The qualified electors of the several organized counties shall, at the same time and in the same manner that other county officers are chosen, as provided by lawr, elect a suitable person, either male or female, of proper character, ability, and experience to be superintendent of public schools within such county, who shall hold office for two years. The superintendent is sworn to fidelity, and must execute a bond with sureties in the penal sum of $500. 7 The county superintendent shall receive $3 for each day actually employed in the discharge of the duties of his office, and the sum of 10 cents a mile for each mile actu¬ ally travelled by him in the necessary discharge of his duties. In addition thereto, every county superintendent shall receive from his county not less than $50 nor more than $400 for each year he shall serve. He shall be allowed a reasonable amount for office expenses. 8 The county superintendent shall have the general superintendence of the schools in his county, except those under the management of boards of education. 9 The county superintendent shall encourage teachers’ institutes and associations, and shall labor in every practicable way to elevate the standard of teaching, urge the con¬ tinued employment of successful teachers, encourage the immigration of skilled teach¬ ers, and prevent by all proper means the employment of incompetent and inefficient teachers, and seek to make the employment of all teachers by officers a responsible public duty for the public advantage, and to he free from favor or affection, and sec¬ tarian interest. 10 COUNTY TAX. The county clerk of each county shall, at the time of making the annual assessment and levy of taxes, levy a tax of $1 on each elector in the county for the support of common schools, and a further tax of 2 mills on the dollar upon all taxable property in the county; which taxes, when collected, shall be distributed to the several school corporations in the county, in proportion to the number of children resident in the territory of each over 7 and under 20 years of age. n SCHOOL TOWNSHIPS. Every organized school township is hereby declared a distinct municipal corpora¬ tion for school purposes by the proper corporate name of school township.12 School townships may be organized in any county, whether townships are organ¬ ized for civil purposes or not. School townships may or may not conform in respect to their boundaries to those of civil townships, and may or may not hear the same name.13 1 Puli. Soli. Law of 18S3, sec. 1. 2Tbid., sec. 3. 3 Ibid., sec. 4. 4Ibid., sec. 8. 6 Ibid., sec. 9. 6 Ibid., sec. 7. 7Ibid., sec. 10. 8 Ibid., sec. 11. 9 Ibid., sec. 12. 10 Ibid., sec. 13. 11 Ibid., sec. 52. 12Ibid., sec. 2. 13 Ibid., sec. 23. ED 80 - 13 194 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. All civil townships now organized shall become 'school townships by the election and qualification of the officers thereof as hereinafter provided.1 The officers of every school township shall be a director, clerk, and treasurer, who shall be qualified electors of the county and residents of the township, and shall each be elected to serve for the term of 3 years.2 All of these officers shall be sworn to fidelity, while the treasurer shall give bond with sureties in a penal sum equal to double the amount of money handled.3 The school board of the township shall exercise its corporate powers and shall have charge and direction of the public schools and their affairs therein, and in the control and management of its schools and all school property belonging to it.4 Township officers shall belong to different schools of the Territory thereof, except where there are less than three schools in the township.5 All boards of education, independent school districts, and other school boards shall make regular annual reports to the county superintendent, who shall in time report to the Territorial superintendent. This provision shall apply to all graded and high schools.6 Hereafter, all school district officers shall qualify as herein required for school town ship officers, in all respects. Officers of school townships and of school districts shall hereafter be deemed township officers within the provisions of the political code.7 UNITING DISTRICTS IN TOWNSHIPS. There shall be no district or subdistricts or any Territorial subdivisions of a school township, but the only division shall be this of the people, and persons of school age, among and between the several schools as patrons thereof, and these shall be based, as far as convenient and practicable, upon the free choice of the parents, guardians, or other persons having in charge the children of school age.8 The adoption of the system herein provided, and the passage and approval of this act, shall not have the effect to discontinue, abolish, and render null such school districts or their organization as they may now exist in any county, but they shall continue to exist and their officers to act as such in law and fact, until the school-township organi¬ zation is complete so far as it includes any particular district or districts, or the larger part of any particular district ; and such township organization shall not be deemed complete nor such districts so cease to exist and their officers to act as such, until all matters between the district and the township are adjusted and the property delivered, funds paid over, and an adjustment is reached for the equalization of taxes and prop¬ erty between the districts which enter in the school township, so far as such taxes and property remain permanent in houses, sites, furniture, and other parts of houses and grounds.9 Every school township shall be liable for, and shall assume and pay fully, accord¬ ing to its legal tenor, effect, and obligation, all the outstanding bonds and the in¬ terest thereon, of every school district, the school-house and furniture of which are received and included within the school township and owned thereby, the same as if said bonds had been issued by said school township.10 The provisions of this act requiring the division of counties into school townships, and the election and qualification of officers for the same, and for the organization and execution of the powers of such school townships shall not have force and take effect iu the counties of Union, Lincoln, Clay, Turner, Yankton, Minnehaha, Moody, Brooking’s Lake, Deull, Codington, Cass, Grand Forks, Walsh, Pembina, Barnes, Hutchinson, and Lawrence until so ordered by the respective boards of county com¬ missioners of said counties.11 Whenever the board of county commissioners of either of said counties shall decide, by resolution, that the condition of school affairs in its county is such as to justify the carrying out of this act therein, it shall cause notice thereof to be given by publication, and it may proceed at any time it deems convenient to divide the county into school townships as herein provided.12 TOWNSHIP LIBRARIES. The school board of any school township shall have power, when thereunto organized, as in this act required for establishing a graded school, by a majority of the schools and the voters thereof, to purchase and keep for the use of the inhabitants of the school township a circulating library of the value of not more than $500, to be selected by the school board from any list of books furnished or approved by the superintendent of public instruction.13 The township school board shall have care and keeping and custody of the library, and shall make rules to govern the drawing, circulation, and care of the books while in the hands of the people.14 1 Pub. Sch. Laws of 1883, sec. 29. 2 Ibicl., sec. 30. 3 Ibid., secs. 35, 38, 39. 4 Ibid., sec. 43. sIbid., sec. 78. cIbid., sec. 128. 7Ibid., sec. 154. 8 Ibid., sec. 65. 9Ibid., sec. 136. 10Ibid., sec. 144. nIbid., sec. 148. 12Ibid., sec. 149. I3Ibid., sec. 129. 14 Ibid., sec. 131. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 195 Tho board shall, under proper rules and safeguards, permit teachers to take books from tho library, temporarily, to their schools for use there in illustrating any subject and for purposes of general information and instruction ; and all school corporations are authorized, without further authority, to purchase and, during term time, leave at each school one copy of Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary, which is recognized as tho standard for the English language iu all the schools of this Territory.1 SCHOOL FUNDS. All money received from the school township from township taxes, from subscription, donation, sale of property, penalties, or any other source whatever, except, from appor¬ tionment by the county or Territory, shall be called the special school fund; and all moneys apportioned by tho county superintendent from the county-school fund, or from the Territory of the United States, shall be called the tuition fund.2 Tho county superintendent shall apportion such amounts to the several public- school corporations within the county iu proportion to the numbor of children resid¬ ing in each over 7 and under 20 years of age, as the same shall appear from the last annual reports thereof, and ho shall immediately notify each school treasurer of the money due his school corporation, and he shall draw his order upon the county treasurer in favor of the several school treasurers aforesaid, for the amount so appor¬ tioned to each school corporation, and he shall deliver said orders to said treasurers upon their application, taking their receipt therefor.15 The public schools of every city, town, or village which may be regulated by special law in tho charter thereof, or by other special acts, or by any general act providing boards of education therefor, shall be entitled to receive their proportion of the county general tuition fund.4 TEACHERS. The county superintendent shall hold public examinations, both written and oral, of all persons over 18 years of age offering themselves as candidates to teach in the common schools. To obtain a certificate of qualification the applicant must be of good moral character, apt to teach and govern, and must possess an adequate knowl¬ edge of orthography, reading, writing, arithmetic, geography, English language, grammar and United States history.5 * Such certificates shall be of three regular grades : The first grade for the term of 2 years ; the second grade for 18 months, and the third grade for 12 months, accord¬ ing to the ratio of correct answers of each applicant and other evidences of qualifi¬ cation appearing from the examination. In addition to these regular certificates the superintendent may graut a certificate of probation to any applicant otherwise quali¬ fied, who shows aptness to teach and govern, who comes within ten upon each of the subjects of examination of the standard required for a third-grade certificate. Such certificate of probation shall be for the term of 6 months and shall be issued once only within the Territory, and shall not be repeated to any person, but the holder thereof must thereafter secure at least a third-grade certificate or be rejected. For a certificate of the third grade or of probation the applicant is excused from examina¬ tion upon United States history.0 All persons of good moral character who are graduates of any normal school of good reputation in the United States shall, upon presentation of their certificates of gradua¬ tion, or of the completion of teacher’s courses, or regular diplomas from such schools, be granted certificates by the superintendent of public instruction, for the term of 5 years, which shall be known as professional certificates.7 The certificates issued by a county superintendent shall be valid only within the county where issued, except a first-grade certificate, which shows on its face that it is issued the second term upon regular examination, which shall be valid throughout the Territory.8 Teachers shall be employed only upon the exhibition of certificates valid in the county where employed, and then only upon written contracts signed by the teachers and at least two members of the township school board, which shall specify the date at or about which the school shall begin, the length of time it shall continue, the wages per month, and the time of payment thereof.9 Every teacher ofa common school under this law shall, at the expiration of each term, immediately make out full duplicate reports, and deliver one copy thereof with the register to the school clerk and one to the county superintendent. And until such report shall have been so filed with the clerk, the school board shall not pay more than 90 per cent, of the wages for such teacher for his or her services as such for the time required to be covered by such report.10 1 Pub. Sch. Law of 1883, sec. 184. 2 Ibid., sec. 49, 3 Ibid., sec. 55. 4 Ibid., sec. 59. 5 Ibid., sec. 16. cIbid. sec. 17. 7 Ibid., sec. 18. 8 Ibid., sec. 19. 9 Ibid., sec. 84. 10 Ibid., sec. 86. 196 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. The teacher shall draw pay for and have counted as part of the term, one-half day for every day’s actual attendance upon the institute as certified by the conductor of the institute or county superintendent.1 teachers’ institute. Every applicant for a certificate shall pay $1 to the county superintendent. All money received from the $1 payments shall constitute an institute fund for the county.2 There is hereby appropriated, out of any funds in the Territorial treasury not other¬ wise appropriated, the sum of $600 each year as an institute fund, which shall be used exclusively in employing persons of learning, ability, skill, and experience as con¬ ductors of teachers’ institutes. Of this fund not more than $60 shall be paid for the expenses of any one institute in a year, and such institute shall continue for 2 weeks. No institute aided by this fund shall continue less than 5 days.3 Two or more counties may be grouped into one institute ; and for any joint county institute which the Territorial superintendent is satisfied will be well attended from each of the counties included, the sum of $80 maybe used from the Territorial fund.4 SCHOOLS. A general and uniform system of free public schools is hereby established and shall be provided for and maintained in all parts of this Territory included within or¬ ganized counties. Those schools which are within incorporated cities, towns, and villages which now have, or may hereafter have boards of education, shall be gov¬ erned by such laws as now are, or may hereafter be, in force concerning them ; but this act shall not apply to or govern such boards of education, except in those matters wherein it specifically refers and applies to them.5 The clerk of every school township and every board of education and school cor¬ poration shall make or cause to be made, each year, an enumeration of all the children who are residents within the limits of the corporation on the first day of June, who are over 7 and under 20 years of age, but shall exclude from such enumeration all such persons who are married.6 The school board has power to organize, locate, and establish conveniently such, and a sufficient number of schools as are necessary for the education of all the chil¬ dren of school age within the township, and to discontinue or change any of them.7 In every common school there shall be taught to all pupils of sufficient capacity to properly attend to the same, the following branches of a common English education : Orthography, reading, writing, geography, arithmetic, English language lessone and grammar, and United States history, unless it is excepted by the board in any partic¬ ular school. In every public school, the teacher shall give instruction orally upon the subjects of temperance, physiology and hygiene.8 The board of commissioners shall so divide the county into school townships, that not less than 4 primary schools may be in one school township when settled, and so that the township shall have when settled, sufficient area and population and num¬ ber of schools to furnish opportunity of choice between schools and to support a more advanced graded school from the patrons of all. No township shall hereafter be or¬ ganized with an area of more than 90 square miles of land sections.9 It may locate and build one school-house at some convenient and accessible point in the township, which shall have two school-rooms, and in one of these may be held a regular primary common school, and in the other shall be taught a more ad¬ vanced school, to which shall be admitted all such pupils in the township who are properly advanced in their studies to enter the same. When the township is of larger area than a Congressional township, it may so locate and build two or more such school-houses, and. open and maintain such an advanced school in each.10 All the school-houses in a township shall be numbered by the board from one up¬ ward, and record shall be made of such numbers, and thereafter the school -houses and schools shall be known and referred to in all matters and in contracts with teachers, and in the minutes and proceedings of the board by this number so assigned and recorded, which numbers shall be the same for school-houses and schools therein, and when more than one school is held in one house, they shall be otherwise distinguished by their grade.11 All the schools in a township shall be taught an equal length of time as nearly as the same can practically be done, without regard to the diversity in the number of pupils attending the different schools, or in their ages or advancement in learning or the cost of the school. The school board of the township shall not apportion money among the several schools to be there expended, but must manage and disburse the 1 Pub. Sch. Law of 1883, sec. 84. s Ibid., sec. 1. 2 Ibid., sec. 20. 6 Ibid., sec. 04. 3 Ibid., sec. 123. 7 Ibid., sec. 43. * Ibid., sec. 125. 8 Ibid., sec. 83. 3 Ibid., sec. 25. lu Ibid., sec. 43. 11 Ibid., sec. 44. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 197 funds for tlio equal good of all, making tlio schools equal in value and time if not in cost.1 2 All school corporations and districts in all the counties in the Territory shall koep open and maintain public schools for not less than (i months each school year, wlioro said corporation or district contains twenty or moro pupils, and the levy allowed by law upon the assessed valuation is sufficient for that purpose.3 A school month shall consist of 20 school days, a school week of 5 school days, and no Saturdays shall be counted as school days.3 Every paront, guardian, or other person having in charge any child or children be¬ tween the ages of 10 and 14 years is required to send such child or children to a public school at least 12 weeks in each school year, at least 6 weeks of which shall be consec¬ utive, unless such child or children be excused from such attendance by the school board.4 Every person, whether a pupil or not, who shall wilfully molest or disturb a pub¬ lic school when in session, or who shall wilfully interfere with and interrupt the proper order or management of a public school, by acts of violence, boisterous con¬ duct, or threatening language, so as to prevent the teacher or any pupil from per¬ forming his duty, shall, upon conviction thereof, be punished by a fine not exceed¬ ing $25, or by imprisonment in the county jail not more than 10 days, or by both such fine and imprisonment.5 If any parent, guardian, person having a child in charge, or other person, from any cause, fancied or real, in the presence of a school, whether at iutermission, recess, during its sessions, or before or after the day’s session, in the presence of a considera¬ ble number of the members of the school, shall upbraid, insult, or threaten the teacher of such school, such person shall, upon conviction thereof, be punished by a fine not exceeding $25.6 The Bible shall not be excluded from any public school, nor deemed a sectarian book. It may be read in each school without sectarian comment, not exceeding len minutes daily, and no pupil shall be required to read it contrary to the wishes of his parent or guardian or other persons having him in charge. The highest standard of morals shall be taught, and industry, truthfulness, integ¬ rity and self-respect inculcated, obedience to law enjoined, and the aims of an upright and useful life cultivated.7 GRADED AND HIGH SCHOOLS. Besides the two-room school-houses and advanced schools which the township school board is authorized to locate, build, and open under section 43 of this act, and in addition thereto, whenever a school township has within and belonging to it 4 or more common schools, and owns and has well-furnished good and sufficient school- houses for them, the township school board may submit to the voters belonging to the several schools the question, whether a graded school shall be established and main¬ tained for the township.8 The graded school herein provided shall be more advanced in grades and studies, and in the learning, skill, and experience of its teachers, than the common or graded schools otherwise provided for in this act. The graded school shall not be opened and taught more than 6 months in one school year, without authority from a majority of the schools and voters, to be obtained in the manner hereinbefore provided for obtain¬ ing authority to erect and open a graded school, but when the authority is once given, it cannot be reduced for two full years thereafter by action of the schools or the voters, but the board of t he school township may so reduce it.9 When no graded school of any kind is established and maintained in a school town¬ ship, the school township may employ a teacher more advanced in learning, skill, and experience in one or more of the common schools wherein accommodations are ample, and the attendance of primary pupils is not large, and may authorize the more ad¬ vanced pupils from two or more of the schools to attend one of such schools. The township board is further authorized, to open and have taught one or more advanced schools for the admission and instruction of pupils from all the townships for the period of 2 months after the regular common schools close, or before they open, or during the vacation therein, if the terms of such other schools permit it, and to these schools shall be admitted the more advanced pupils from other schools, under such rules as the board may prescribe.19 The school boards of two or more municipal corporations for school p imposes shall have power, when thereunto authorized by their respective townships as hereinbe¬ fore provided, to establish a joint graded school or schools, or such modifications of them as may be practicable, and provide for admission into them from the primary schools of the respective corporations of such pupils who are sufficiently advanced for 1 Pab. Sell. Law of 1883, sec. 45. 6 Ibid., sec. SO 2 Ibid., sec. 155. 6 Ibid., sec. 90 s Ibid., sec. 10G. 1 1bid., sec. 9. 4 Ibid., sec. 119. 8 Ibid., sec. 70. 3 Ibid., sec. 72. 10 Ibid., sec. 73. 198 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. such admission. The school hoards of the corporations shall jointly have the care and management of such graded school.1 TERRITORIAL SUPERINTENDENT. The Territorial comptroller is hereby made and constituted, ex officio, Territorial su¬ perintendent of public instruction.2 It is the duty of the superintendent of public instruction — 1. To superintend the public schools in the Territory. 2. To report to the Governor the condition of the public schools. • N. B.— The summary of the school law of Idaho begins with the third line on page 198. The heading “ Idaho” should have preceded the heading “ Territorial Superin¬ tendent.” _ _ _ _ , _ j_ &uuuioi mroico ua ui euiication mrougn- out the Territory. 5. To decide disputed points in school law, and all such decisions shall be held to have the force of law till reversed by the courts.3 TERRITORIAL FUND. That all moneys accruing from the sale of all lands heretofore given, or which here¬ after may be given, by the Congress of the United States for school purposes in said Territory, and all moneys that may hereafter be given and appropriated by the United States for school purposes, unless the same by special provision shall be appropriated for the establishment of a university or other high school, together with any moneys by legacy or otherwise donated for educational purposes, and appropriated for the general fund, and all moneys accruing to the Territory from unclaimed moneys from the estates of deceased persons shall be set apart and shall constitute an irreducible and indivisible Territorial general school fund, the interest only accruing from which shall be appropriated to the respective counties of the Territory in the manner hereinafter specified and directed.4 COUNTY SUPERINTENDENTS. At the next general election, and at every general election thereafter, there shall be elected in counties containing more than 5 school districts, a county superintend¬ ent, who shall hold his office for the term of 2 years, or until his successor is elected and qualified. The board of county commissioners of such counties shall fix the com¬ pensation of such county superintendent, and provide for the payment of contingent expenses of his office.5 It is the duty of the county superintendent — 1. To superintend the schools of his county. 2. To hold quarterly examinations. 3. To make a full report annually. 4. To appoint school trustees, to serve till the next school election, for newly or¬ ganized districts. 5. To visit and examine each school in his county at least once in each year, and fo7‘ every school not so visited, the board of county commissioners must, on proof thereof, deduct §10 from his salary, which shall be applied to the county-school fund. 6. To preside over teachers’ institutes. 7. To adopt, with the concurrence of at least 2 of the county commissioners, a uniform series of text-books for the use of the schools in his county, and enforce the same, and such series shall not be changed for a period of 4 years ; said series shall embrace each of the following-named branches of study, to wit : Reading, spelling, grammar, arithmetic, geography, history, penmanship, book-keeping. 8. To make reports when directed by the superintendent of public instruction.6 He may, if necessary, call to his aid, for the purpose of assisting in the examina¬ tions, any one who is a practical teacher, and such person, with the county superin¬ tendent as, ex officio, chairman, shall constitute the county board of examiners. He may grant permits to teach to any one whom he deems capable, until the next quarterly examination, and to teachers in remote districts in his county he may grant certificates, upon the recommendation of any one whom he may appoint to examine such applicant. It is the further duty of the county school superintendent to require of the county treasurer a report of the amount of school moneys on hand to the credit of the sev- 1 Pub. Scb. Law, sec. 75. 8 Gen. Sch. Laws, sec. 7. 3 Ibid., sec. 8. 4 Ibid., sec. 1. 5 Ibid., sec. 12. 6 Ibid., sec. 13. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 199 eral school funds of the county, not already apportioned, and it is hereby made the duty of said treasurer to furnish such report when so required. It is the duty of the county school superintendent upon receiving the notice from the county treasurer, as provided in this act, to apportion the public-school moneys, both county and Territo¬ rial.1 COUNTY-SCHOOL FUND. For the purpose of establishing and maintaining public schools in the several coun¬ ties of the Territory, it shall be the duty of the county commissioner of each county, at the time of levying the taxeft for county and Territorial purposes, to levy a tax of not less than 4 mills, nor more than 10 mills, on each and every dollar of taxable property in his respective county, for school purposes.- For the further support of public schools, there shall bo set apart by the county treasurer of each county all moneys arising from lines and forfeitures for a breach of any of the penal laws of this Territory.3 NEW DISTRICTS. Whenever at least 4 heads of families, representing at least 10 children of school age, or 9 iu Shoshone County, petition the county school superintendent for the or¬ ganization of a new school district, or for a subdivision of or change in the bound¬ aries of an old one, said petition shall be presented to the board of county commission¬ ers at its next regular meeting for final action.4 The right of any citizen of any school district to vote at any school election or upon any school matter, or for county school superintendent, or to hold office as school trus¬ tee or county superintendent, shall not be denied or abridged on account of sex.6 TRUSTEES. At the first school election in any newly organized district there shall be elected for each new district 3 trustees, 1 of whom shall hold office for 3 years, 1 for 2 years, and 1 for 1 year, and the ballot shall designate the length of time which said trustees shall serve. At the second and every subsequent school election there shall be elected 1 trustee, who shall hold his office for the term of 3 years.6 It shall be the duty of the trustees of each district — 1 . To employ teachers on a written contract, and fix their salaries and length of their term. 2. To visit the schools in their districts from time to time, and not less than once a month each. 3. To have charge of all school property in their districts, and shall, as such trus¬ tees, -have power to receive in trust all real estate, or other property, conveyed to said school districts, and to convey by deed all the estate or interest of their districts in any school-house or site directed to be sold by any vote of their districts, and all convey¬ ances made to said board shall be in its corporate name : To Trustees of the School District No. — , County - , Idaho Territory, and to their successors in office. 4. To make a full statement, in writing, annually, to the county school superin¬ tendent of their respective counties, of all matters pertaining to their schools.7 8 It is hereby made the duty of trustees of the respective districts on receiving the report from any teacher of the disorderly or bad conduct of large pupils, to decide how such insubordinate pupils shall be punished, or whether they shall be dismissed from school, and the teacher shall enforce the decision so made.s Trustees shall qualify within 15 days after their election, by taking an oath or affirmation faithfully to discharge the duties of their office, and to promote the interest of education in their districts.9 TEACHERS. Qualifications. — It shall be the duty of county superintendents at the quarterly ex¬ aminations to examine all persons applying for certificates to teach in orthography, reading, penmanship, arithmetic, grammar, modern geography, and history of the United States, asking questions to test the general knowledge of the candidates and their ability to impart oral instructions relating to the subjects treated in the text¬ books, and no person shall be granted a certificate who, in the judgment of the super¬ intendents, does not possess the ability to impart oral instruction to such a degree as to render the applicant a successful teacher. County superintendents are authorized to issue two grades of certificates, viz : First grade shall be valid in the county for 2 years, to those who shall answer correctly not less than 75 per cent, of the questions asked in any one branch, and not less than 90 per cent, of the general average ; second grade, valid for 1 year, to those who answer correctly not less than 50 per cent, in any branch, with a general average of 75 per cent. But no certificate shall be granted 1 Gen. Sch. Laws, sec. 14. *Ibid., sec. 2. *Ibid., sec. 6. 4Ibid., sec. 19. 5 Ibid., sec. 44. 6 Ibid., sec. 20. 7 Ibid., sec. 22. 8 Ibid., sec. 23. 9 Ibid., sec. 26. 200 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. to any person who is not known to be a law-abiding citizen and of a good moral char¬ acter.1 A Territorial certificate, entitling the holder to teach in any school district in the Territory, and good for five years, may be issued at any time by the superintendent of public instruction, upon an applicant passing a satisfactory examination before him.2 The branches required for a Territorial certificate shall be the following : Written arithmetic, United States history, reading and elocution, English grammar, common and physical geography, geology, physiology, natural philosophy, algebra, plane geometry, general history, political economy, civil government, and the theory and art of education.3 Every person who, upon examination before any county board, shall be deemed competent to teach, shall before receiving a certificate pay to the county treasurer the sum of $3.4 Duties. — Every teacher in the public schools must — Enforce the course of study, the use of text-books, and the rules and regulations prescribed for schools by the county superintendent of his county. Hold pupils to strict account for disorderly conduct on the way to and from school, on the play-ground, or during recess ; suspend for good cause any pupil in the school, and report such suspension to the board of trustees for review. If such action be not sustained by it the teacher may appeal to the county superintendent, whose decision shall be final. Endeavor to impress upon the minds of pupils the principles of morality, truth, temperance, justice, and patriotism ; teach them to avoid idleness, profanity, and falsehood, and instruct them in the principles of free government, and train them up to a true comprehension of the rights, duties, and dignity of American citizenship.5 teachers’ institutes. That the county superintendent of common schools in any county in this Territory containing 10, or more than 10 organized school districts may hold annually a teachers’ institute, and such institute shall continue in session not less than 2 nor more than 5 days.6 It shall be the duty of all teachers engaged in the county, and of all persons hold¬ ing certificates, to attend such institute and participate in the exercises thereof ; and the county superintendent may revoke the certificate of any teacher who fails to at¬ tend, unless a reasonable excuse be given.7 All teachers who may adjourn school for the purpose of attending any annual in¬ stitute shall be allowed the same pay while in actual attendance, and for the time necessarily spent in travelling to and from the institute, as when teaching.8 The county superintendent of common schools shall provide all things necessary for the holding of the institute and shall present an itemized account of expenses, not to exceed $50, to the board of county commissioners, and it shall be paid from the cur¬ rent-expense fund of the county.9 SCHOOLS. No books, papers, tracts, or documents of a political, sectarian, or denominational character shall be used or introduced in any school established under the provisions of this act, and any and every political, sectarian, or denominational doctrine is hereby expressly forbidden to be taught therein ; nor shall any teacher nor any district re¬ ceive any of the public-school moneys in which the schools have not been taught in accordance with the provisions of this act.10 Trustees shall determine whether pupils outside of their district shall be permitted to attend school in such district, and upon what terms.11 A school month is construed and taken to be 4 weeks of 5 school days each.12 INDIAN TERRITORY CHEROKEE NATION. For the purpose of maturing and adopting the best possible system of education for the youth of the Nation, and for the purpose of devising the best means for placing a liberal education within the reach, as nearly as possible, of all the children of the ^Nation, and enabling those who speak only the Cherokee language to acquire more readily a practical knowledge and use of the English language, there shall be perma¬ nently established a board of education with such power as shall be conferred by law.13 The board of education shall consist of 3 persons of liberal literary attainments and free from immoral or intemperate habits, who shall be nominated by the piinci- 1 Gen. Sch. Laws, see. 27. fi Ibid., sec. 35. 10 Ibid., sec. 39. 2lbid., sec. 29. 7 Ibid., seo. 36. 11 Ibid., sec. 40. 3Ibid., sec. 30. 8 Ibid., sec. 37. 12 Ibid., sec. 41. 4 Ibid., sec. 31. 9 Ibid., sec. 38. 13 Compiled Laws of 1881, sec 1 *Ibid., sec. 34. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 201 pal chief and confirmed by the senate ; 1 shall be appointed for 1 year, 1 for 2 years, and 1 for 3 years, and every year after, 1 member of the board shall be thus appointed for 3 years. 1 The powers and duties of the board shall be as follows: To adopt rules and regula¬ tions not inconsistent with the laws of the Cherokee Nation, for its own government and for the government of the seminaries, orphan asylum, and primary schools; to prescribe aud enforce rules for the examination of teachers and for admission of pupils to the seminaries; to prescribe and enforce courses of study in the seminaries, orphan asylum, and primary schools; to prescribe and enforce a series of uniform text-books in all the schools; to grant or revoke, for immoral, intemperate, or unprofessional conduct, certificates of all grades; to remove or discontinue any primary school which does not maintain a daily average of “ 13 ympils duriug the winter term, and of 15 during the summer term.” (December 10, 1880.) To keep a record of its pro¬ ceedings. and to authenticate its acts by the use of a seal ; to make requisition on the executive department for funds as they may be needed for the support of the semi¬ naries aud orphan asylum, as hereinafter provided; to appoint teachers for the semi¬ naries, orphan asylum, “and the primary schools ” (November 28,1879), under the regulations adopted by said board.2 For educational purposes, the Nation shall be divided into 3 districts, to be known as the first, second, and third school districts.3 The board shall assign 1 of its members to each of the 3 school districts, who shall act under instructions of the board.4 The board shall have complete supervision and control of the orphan asylum, the male and female seminaries, and of the educational interests of the Nation at large, subject to such restrictions or direction as may be imposed by law.5 It shall visit each seminary and the orphan asylum at least twice a term.6 It is required to visit all the schools in its respective districts at least once dur¬ ing each term.7 From and after the third Monday in November, 1881, the pay of the members of the board of education shall be $60(nannually. (December 10, I860.)8 BOARD OF DIRECTORS. The board of education shall, as soon as practicable, appoint to each primary school 3 respectable citizens as a board of directors, who shall hold their office during good behavior, but shall not be entitled to any compensation.9 The duties of said board of directors shall be as follows : To manage and control the sehool property, see that provision is made for taking care of school books and other school material, locate the school-house in the neighborhood, superintend its erection and repairs. To suspend or expel pupils for misconduct, to enforce the course of study, to visit the schools at least twice during each term, to certify to the length of time the teacher has taught, for the information of the board of education.10 TEACHERS. The board of education shall constitute the board of examiners, and shall examine all applicants for positions as teachers, as to their scholarship, moral character, and fitness for teaching, and grade the same according to the standard fixed by said board: Provided, however, That all persons who shall finish the present normal course of either seminary or orphan asylum, shall be entitled to permanent first-class certificates, which certificates, however, shall be subject to revocation for intemperate, immoral, or unprofessional conduct.11 “ In the employment of teachers for the high and primary schools, qualifications being equal, preference shall be given to teachers who are citizens of the Nation.” (December 1, 1879. )12 “ From and after the close of the present term the pay of the teachers of the prim¬ ary schools shall be $35 per month.” 13 The pay of teachers of the male and female seminaries shall be as follows : Principal teacher . $800 00 Assistant teacher . . 500 00 Primary teacher . . . • _ 300 00 (December 10, 1830.)14 The principal teacher of the female seminary shall be of the same sex with that of the pupils thereof. (December 10, 1880. )15 The school laws of the Nation shall bo deemed as consisting of two classes, to be styled and known as primary aud high schools. The primary schools now in opera- 5 Compiled Laws 2 Ibid., sec. 5. "Ibid., sec. G. 4 Ibid., sec. 7. 6 Ibid., sec. 8. if 1881, sec. 2. 6 Ibid., sec. 13. 7 Ibid., sec. 25. 8 Ibid , sec. 32. 9 Ibid., sec. 22. 10 Ibid., sec. 23. 11 Ibid., sec. 21. 12 Ibid., sec. 28. '^Ibid., sec. 29. 14 Ibid. , sec. 33. 16 ibid., sec. 35. 202 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. tion, and others of like grade that may he hereafter established, to be known as the primary, and the two seminaries now in operation as high schools.1 2 The full term of study in the primary department of the seminaries, shall be 3 years, that in the seminaries, 4 years.3 The school census pertains to children over 7 and under 21 years of age.3 The board of education shall furnish tuition, clothing, board, and lodging to chil¬ dren of the primary department gratuitously, and shall have full control of such children while attending school and until they shall have completed their term of study. It shall furnish gratuitously, tuition only to other pupils attending the sem¬ inaries, but shall provide board at actual cost, and no more, such pupils being required to provide their own bedding and clothing. The board may, however, make excep¬ tion in favor of such youth who are unable to pay for their board, and they shall be required to furnish their clothing and bedding only.4 In order to inculcate habits of industry among pupils attending the boarding schools now in operation, or to be hereafter put into operation, the board of education shall have authority to declare such schools to be industrial or manual-labor boarding schools ; and it shall, whenever deemed expedient, provide the necessary means for promoting the agricultural and mechanical industries in such schools.5 A school month is construed and taken to be 20 school days, or 4 weeks of 5 days each. (December 7, 1882. )6 “A school year shall consist of two terms, one of 20 weeks, and the other of 16 weeks.7 MONTANA. SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. A superintendent of public instruction shall be appointed by the Governor, by and with the advice atnd consent of the Legislative Council, and shall hold office for the term of 2 years, or until his successor is appointed and qualified; and shall execute a bond in the penal sum of $2,000, with two goodgand sufficient sureties. The super¬ intendent of public instruction shall have power to adopt a course of studies and rules and regulations for all public schools in the Territory, and shall have and use a seal, and authorize the printing of all regulations and circulars necessary to carry their provisions into effect, and shall report tq the Governor biennially.8 It shall be the duty of the superintendent of public instruction to travel in the dif¬ ferent counties of the Territory where common schools are taught, as far as possible, without neglecting his other official duties, during at least 3 months in each year, for the purpose of visiting schools, of consulting with county superintendents, and of addressing public assemblies on subjects pertaining to public schools ; and his neces¬ sary travelling expenses, not exceeding the sum of $300 in anyone year, shall be paid out of any funds in the treasury not otherwise appropriated.9 He shall receive a salary of $1,200 per annum, and an amount for office expenses, not exceeding $200 ip any one year.10 TERRITORIAL SCHOOL FUND. The principal of all moneys accruing to this Territory, from the sale of any land which may hereafter be given by the Congress of the United States for school pur¬ poses, shall constitute an irreducible fund, the interest accruing from which shall be annually divided among all the school districts in the Territory, proportionately to the number of youth in each between the ages of 4 and 21 years, for the support of the common schools in said districts, and for no other use and purpose whatever.11 COUNTY SUPERINTENDENTS. A county superintendent of common schools shall be elected in each organized county in this Territory, at the general election preceding the expiration of the term of office of the present incumbent, and every 2 years thereafter, who shall hold office for 2 years, or until his successor is elected and qualified. The person so elected, shall take the oath or affirmation of office, and shall give an official bond to the county in a sum to be fixed by the board of county commissioners of said county. The county commissioners of any county shall, by appointment, fill any vacancy that may occur in the office of county superintendent until the next general election. All persons otherwise qualified shall be eligible to the office of county superintendent of common schools without regard to sex.13 The county superintendent shall apportion all school money to the school districts. He shall have power, and it shall be his duty to visit each school in his county at least once a year ; to report to the superintendent of public instruction annually ; to 1 Compiled Laws of 1881, sec. 14. 5 Ibid., sec. 20. 9 Ibid., sec. 1090. 2 Ibid., sec. 16. 6 Ibid., sec. 24. 10 Ibid., secs. 1091, 1092. 3 Ibid., sec. 18. 7 Ibid., sec. 27. 11 Ibid., sec. 1129. 4 Ibid., sec. 19. 8 Rev. Stat., art. 1, sec. 1088. 12 Ibid., sec. 1095. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 203 enforce tlio course of study adopted by the Territorial superintendent of public in¬ struction ; to enforce the rules and regulations required in the examination of teach¬ ers ; and to keep, in a good and well-bound book, to be furnished by the county com¬ missioners, a record of his official acts.1 If the county superintendent fail to make a full and correct report to the superin¬ tendent of public instruction of all statements required to be made by law, ho shall forfeit the sum of $100 from his salary.2 The county superintendent shall have power and it shall be his duty to appoint trustees and district clerk for any district which from any cause fails to elect at the regular time ; to appoint trustees and district clerk to fill vacancies.3 Each county superintendent of common schools shall in each year report to the Ter¬ ritorial superintendent of public instruction the number of school-census scholars be¬ tween the ages of 4 and 21 years.4 COUNTY-SCHOOL FUNDS. For the purpose of establishing and maintaining common schools it shall bo the duty of the county commissioners of each county to levy an annual tax of not less than three nor more than five mills on the dollar on all taxable property within their respective counties. For the further support of common schoqls there shall be set apart by the county treasurer all moneys paid into the county treasury arising from all fines for a breach of any law, regulating license for the sale of intoxicating liquors, or for the keeping of bowling alleys, or billiard saloons, or of any penal laws of this Territory.6 DISTRICT TRUSTEES. An annual school meeting for the election of a school trustee or trustees and district clerks shall be held in each district.6 In all organized districts in which elections have been previously held 1 trustee shall be elected for the term of 3 years. In new districts acting under trustees ap¬ pointed by the county superintendent, 3 trustees shall be elected for 1, 2, and 3 years respectively.7 The board of trustees of each school district shall have custody of alb school prop¬ erty belonging to the district, and shall have power, in the name of the district, or in the name of the board as trustees of the district, to convey by deed all the interest of its district in or to any school-house or lot directed to be sold by vote of the district.8 Every board of trustees, unless otherwise especially provided by law, shall have power, and it shall be its duty to employ, and for sufficient cause dismiss, teachers, mechanics, and laborers, and to fix, alter, allow, and order paid their salaries and com¬ pensation ; to enforce the rules and regulations of the Territorial superintendent of public instruction for the government of schools, pupils, and teachers, and to enforce the course of study adopted in pursuance of Territorial law ; to suspend or expel pu¬ pils from school, and in cities or large towns to exclude from school, children under 6 years of age, where the interests of the school require such exclusion ; to provide books for indigent children ; to require all pupil3 to be furnished with suitable books as a condition of membership in the school : to exclude from school and school libra¬ ries all books, tracts, papers, or catechisms of a sectarian or political character ; to re¬ quire every teacher to keep a school register ; and to require teachers to make such annual reports as may be required by the superintendent of public instruction.9 TEACHERS. Qualifications. — No school district shall be entitled to receive any apportionment of county-school moneys, unless the teachers employed in the schools of such districts shall hold legal certificates of fitness for the occupation of teaching, in full force and effect.10 County certificates shall be issued by county superintendents, and shall continue in force respectively for 1,2, and 3 years, according to standard of scholarship. The examination may be written or oral, at the discretion of the county superintendent, and shall include the following branches, to wit: Reading, writing, orthography, arithmetic, geography, English grammar, history of the United States, and the prac¬ tice of teaching. 11 First-grade certificates shall continue in force for 2 years, and shall be granted to persons who have had 12 months .successful teaching, and who shall make a general average in their examination of not less than 85 per cent., nor less than 70 per cent, in any one study. Second-grade certificates shall continue in force 2 years, and be issued to persons whose general average in examination is not less than 80 per cent., nor less than 60 per cent, in any pne study. Third-grade certificates shall be issued 1 Rev. Stat., art. 1, sec. 1097. "Ibid., art. 1, sec. 1130. 9 Ibid., art. 1, sec. 1113. 2Ibid., sec. 109S. 6 Ibid., sec. 1108. 10 Ibid., sec. 1173. 3 Ibid., sec. 1100. 7 Ibid., sec. 1109. 11 Ibid., sec. 1149 E. 4 Ibid., chap. 05, sec. 1197. 8 Ibid., sec. 1107. 204 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. to those who make a general average of not less than 70 per cent.; and in no case shall any person receive a third-grade certificate who makes less than 60 per cent, in any one branch.1 Duties. — Every teacher employed in any public school shall make an annual report to the county superintendent, a duplicate of which shall be furnished to the dis¬ trict clerk. Teachers shall make such additional reports as may be required in pur¬ suance of law. No hoard of trustees shall draw any order or warrant for the salary of any teacher for the last month of his or her services until the reports herein re¬ quired shall have been made and received.2 Every teacher shall keep a school register in the manner provided therefor, and no hoard of trustees shall draw any warraut for the salary of any teacher for the last month of his or her services in school at the end of any term or year, until it shall have received a certificate from the district clerk that the said register has been prop¬ erly kept, the summaries made and statistics entered, or until, by personal exami¬ nations, it shall have satisfied itself that it has been done. Teachers shall faithfully enforce in school the course of study and the regulations prescribed in pursuance of law.3 Every teacher shall have power to hold every pupil to a strict accountability in school for any disorderly conduct on the way to and from school, or on the play¬ ground.4 It shall be the duty of all teachers to endeavor to impress on the minds of their pupils the principles of morality, truth, justice, and patriotism; to teach them to avoid idleness, profanity, and falsehood, and to instruct them in the principles of a free government, and to train them up to a true comprehension of the rights, duties, and dignity of American citizenship.5 X teachers’ institutes. That the county superintendent of common schools in any county in this Territory, containing five, or more than five, organized school districts, shall hold annually, a teachers’ institute, and such institute shall continue in session not less than three nor more than five days. It shall be the duty of the Territorial superintendent of public instruction to attend the different county institutes, and, in the event of his failure to do so, he shall forfeit $10 of his salary for each neglect.6 It shall be the duty of all teachers engaged in the county, and of all persons hold¬ ing certificates, either Territorial or county, to attend such institute and participate in the exercises thereof.7 All teachers who may adjourn school for the purpose of attending any annual in¬ stitute shall be allowed the same pay while in actual attendance as when teaching.8 The county superintendent of common schools shall provide a building and all things necessary for holding the institute, and shall present an itemized account of such expenses, not to exceed $'25, to the board of county commissioners, and it shall be paid from the school fund of the county.9 SCHOOLS. Every school, unless otherwise provided by special law, shall be open for the admission of all children between 5 and 21 years of age, residing in that school district, and the board of trustees shall have power to admit adults and children not residing in the district, whenever good reasons exist for such exceptions. 10 All schools shall be taught in the English language, and instruction shall be given in the following branches, viz : Reading, writing, orthography, arithmetic, geogra¬ phy, English grammar, and history of the United States, and such other studies as may be deemed necessary may be authorized by the trustees of the district. Instruc¬ tion shall be given during the entire school course in manners and morals and the laws of health, and due attention shall be given to such physical exercises for the pupils as may be conducive to health and vigor of body as well as mind, and to the venti¬ lation and temperature of school-rooms. 11 The education of children of African descent shall be provided for in separate schools. Upon the written applications of the parents or guardians of at least 10 such children to any board of trustees, a separate school shall be established for the education of such children, and the education of a less number may be provided for by the trustees in separate schools in any other manner, and the same laws, rules, and regulations which apply to schools for white children shall apply to schools for colored children. 12 No books, tracts, papers, catechisms, or other publications of a partisan, sectarian, or denominational character shall be used or distributed in auy schools ; neither shall any political, sectarian, or denominational doctrines be taught therein. 13 1Rev. Stat., art. 1, sec. 1149 F. 2 Ibid., sec. 1124. 3 Ibid., sec. 1125. 4 Ibid., sec. 1127. *Ibid., sec. 1128. 6 Ibid., art. 5, sec. 1159. 7 Ibid., sec. 1160. 8 Ibid., sec. 1161. 9 Ibid., sec. 1162. 10 Ibid., sec. 1118. 11 Ibid., sec. 1119. 12 Ibid,, sec. 1120. 13 Ibid., sec. 1121. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 205 The school day shall be (5 hours in length, exclusive of an intermission nt noon; but any board of trustees may fix as the school day a less number of hours than 6: Provided , It bo not loss than 4 for any primary school under its charge, and any teacher may dismiss any and all scholars under 8 years of ago in any incorporated vil¬ lage, town, or city after an attendance of 4 hours a day, exclusive of an intermission at noon. 1 A school month shall bo construed and taken to be 20 school days, or 4 weeks of 5 school days each. 2 All pupils who may be attending public schools shall comply with regulations es¬ tablished in pursuance of law for the government of such schools; shall pursue the required course of study, and shall submit to the authority of the teachers of such schools. Continued and wilful disobedience and open defiance of the authority of the teacher shall constitute a good cause for expulsion from school ; and habitual pro¬ fanity and vulgarity, good cause for suspension from school. Auy pupil who shall in any way cut, deface, or otherwise injure any school-house, fences, or out-buildings thereof shall be liable to suspension and punishment, and the parents or guardians of such pupil shall be liable for damages on complaint of the teacher or trustees.3 Whenever the interests of the districts require it, the board of trustees may establish a high school, employ a principal teacher and subordinate teachers, and grade the school into departments and classes.4 Any parent, guardian, or other person who shall upbraid, abuse, or insult any teacher in the presence of the school, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and liable to a fine of not less than §10 nor more than §100. 5 Any person who shall wilfully disturb any public school or any public-school meet¬ ing shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and liable to a fine of not less than §10 nor more than §100.6 COMPULSORY EDUCATION. Every parent, guardian, or other person in the Territory of Montana having con¬ trol of any child or children between the ages of 8 and 14 years, shall be required to send such child or children to a public or private school, taught by a competent in¬ structor, for a period of at least 12 weeks in each year, 6 weeks of which time shall be consecutive, unless such child or children be excused from such attendance by the board of trustees of the school district in which such parent, guardian, or person hav¬ ing control of such children resides.7 Any parent, guardian, or other person failing to comply with the provisions of this act shall, upon conviction, be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and fined in a sum not less than §5 nor more than §10 dollars for the first offense, nor less than §10 nor more than §20 or 30-days imprisonment in the county jail for the second and every subse¬ quent offense.8 It shall be the duty of any school trustee to inquire into 'all cases of neglect of the dutv prescribed in this act, under penalty of a fine of not less than §10 nor more than §50.9 SCHOOL TEXT-BOOKS. The text-books in the several branches required by law to be taught in the public schools of Montana shall be uniform throughout the Territory.10 School text-books shall be adopted for periods of 4 years, and such text-books, when adopted, shall be the only text-books for the several branches used in the pub¬ lic schools of the Territory, except as hereinafter provided : Provided , That nothing in this act shall be coustrued to prevent school trustees from authorizing the use of such text-books supplementary to, but not to the exclusion of the text-books adopted for the Territory, as the special needs of their schools may require.11 The following are the titles of the text-books adopted by this act : Bancroft’s series of readers, five in number ; Harper’s Introductory Geography, and Harper’s School Geography; Swinton’s Language Primer, and Swinton’s Language Lessons.13 Any school district which shall, after the 1st day of July, A. L>. 1885, use other text-books than those herein adopted for the same studies, shall forfeit 25 per centum of the county fund apportioned to it, and the sum so forfeited shall be re-apportioned among the other school districts of the county which shall have complied with this act.13 The publishing houses with which contracts are made for furnishing the school books herein adopted, shall furnish at the same discount from the wholesale list of prices, all supplementary and high-school books which may be required by trustees and 1 Rev. Stats., art. 5, sec. 1122. 2 Ibid., sec. 1126. 3 Ibid., sec. 1123. 4 Ibid., sec. 1132. 5 Ibid., sec. 1143. 6 Ibid., sec. 1144. 7 Ibid., sec. 1149 A 8 Ibid., sec. 1149 B. 9 Ibid., sec. 1149 C. 10 An act to amend an act entitled “An act to estab¬ lish a series of test-books for the public schools, ” App. Feb. 23, 1881, sec. 1. 11 Ibid., sec. 2. 12 Ibid., sec. 5. »3 Ibid., sec. 7. 206 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. other school officers throughout the Territory, and which are published by said houses, or either of them.1 2 TEXT-BOOK COMMISSION. There is hereby created a commission to be known as the school text-book commis¬ sion. Said commission shall consist of the Territorial superintendent of public in¬ struction and two other persons, one of whom shall be a practical teacher, to be ap¬ pointed by the Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Coun¬ cil. It shall hold office till the end of the session of the next Legislative Assembly.3 It shall be the duty of the school text-book commission, during the ensuing two years, to carefully examine the school text-books now in use, and to report to the next Legislature what changes, if any, should be made in the present series, with its reasons in full therefor ; and in case any changes be recommended, the terms on which the books recommended can be obtained, and such other in formation as, in its judg¬ ment, may be useful to the Legislature.3 It shall be the duty of the Territorial superintendent of public instruction, in be¬ half of thn commission, to correspond with firms known as school-book publishers, inviting them to send samples of school text-books, with the prices at which they will be supplied at wholesale. The members of the commission shall be repaid their actual expenses in travelling to and from the capital of the Territory for the purpose of making their report*, and shall also be paid $5 per day while engaged in preparing said report : Provided , That not more than 3 days time shall be thus employed and paid for.4 NEW MEXICO. COUNTY SUPERINTENDENTS. The county commissioners shall appoint 1 superintendent of schools for each county of the Territory, who shall hold his office until his successor is elected at the next succeeding election and qualified, and said superintendent shall receive from the county treasurer the sum of $5 for every day actually and necessarily employed in his duties : Provided , That the superintendent shall receive pay for no more than 5 days in each year for each school district in this county.5 He shall, within 1 month after his appointment and qualification, or as soon there¬ after as practicable, call public meetings — one in each of the school districts already established. At each of such meetings a chairman and a secretary shall be elected, after which an election shall be held for 3 school directors to serve until the next suc¬ ceeding general election.6 It shall also be his duty to visit each district at least once a year, and as much oftener as consistent with the discharge of his other duties, for the purpose of awak¬ ening an interest in the cause of education throughout the county.7 He shall, also, on the third Monday in June and December of each year, apportion the county-school funds to the various districts, in proportion to the number of school children residing therein over the ages ,of 5 and under 20 years : Provided , No district shall be entitled to receive any portion of the school fund in which a common school has not been taught at least 3 months during the year.8 Every county superintendent who shall neglect or refuse to make out and file his annual report as required by this act within the time limited therefor, shall be de¬ posed by the county commissioners, who shall appoint a successor for the balance of the term.9 SCHOOL DISTRICTS. Each of the voting precincts of a county shall be and constitute a school district, in which shall be established 1 or more schools, and in which shall be taught : Orthog¬ raphy, reading, writing, arithmetic, geography, grammar, and the history of the United States, in either English or Spanish, or both, as the directors may determine,10 That each school district shall be a body corporate by the name and style of “ School District No. - , of the County of - - 11 That a new school district may be formed, or the boundaries of any district changed by the county superintendent, on petition of not less than 10 heads of families resid¬ ing within the proposed district, and each having children of lawful age to attend school under this act: Provided , There be at least 20 children residing, Iona fide, in such proposed district between the ages of 5 and 20 years : And provided also, That the district or districts from which the same be taken, whole or in part, be not so re¬ duced that there shall not either one thereof remain with less than 20 children therein between the ages of 5 and 20 years.12 1 An act to amend an act entitled “An act to estab¬ lish. a series of text-books for the public schools, ” App. Feb. 23, 1881, sec. 9. 2 An act to create a school text-book commission, sec. 1. 3 Ibid., sec. 2. 4 Ibid., sec. 3. * Act app. Mar. 31, 1884, sec. 1. 6 Ibid., sec. 2. 7 Ibid., sec. 3. 8 Ibid., sec. 7. 9 Ibid., sec. 9. 10 Ibid., sec. 10. 11 Ibid., sec. 11. 12 Ibid., sec. 13. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 207 SCHOOL DIRECTORS. Oil the day of general election there shall he elected in each school district, by the legal voters thereof, 3 school directors, who shall hold their oflieo for 2 years from the day of their qualification, or until their successors are elected or appointed and quali¬ fied, in each organized school district. Such directors shall be legal voters in their respective districts.1 2 The school directors of the several districts shall have power, and thoy are hereby required to provide as soon as practicable, proper school-houses, school-house sites, and sufficient fuel for the schools established by this act, and to pay teachers’ wages. The assessor of each county shall be empowered to levy a tax not to exceed 3 mills on the dollar, in any one year, on the taxable property of the county, for the purpose of creating a fund which shall be applied to the various districts, according to the ap¬ portionment, for the erection of school-houses, providing the same with furniture and fuel, and paying of teachers’ wages. The directors of the several school districts shall also employ and pay school teachers under the restrictions imposed by this act. The directors shall, on or before the first day of October of each year, make an enu¬ meration of all unmarried persons, resident in their respective districts, between the ages of 5 and 20 years, giving the names and ages of such persons in full, and report the same in writing, and which shall be signed by all the directors, to the county superintendent within 15 days thereafter. All resident, unmarried persons, between said ages, shall be entitled to attend and be taught in the schools of their districts in the branches, and for the time prescribed by this act.55 It shall be the duty of the school directors to adopt text-books in either English or Spanish, or both, and when adopted shall not be changed for a period of 5 years. It shall also be their duty to examine, or cause to be examined each applicant to teach, and if found duly qualified shall issue a certificate of qualification, a copy of which shall be forwarded to the county superintendent.3 UTAH. TERRITORIAL SUPERINTENDENT. At the general election for the year 1881, and biennially thereafter, a Territorial superintendent of district schools shall be elected, whose term of office shall be for 2 years and until his successor shall be elected and qualified; and before entering upon the duties of his office he shall qualify by taking and subscribing an oath, and giving a bond with approved sureties to the people of the Territory of Utah in the penal sum of §S10,000.4 He shall keep a record of the condition of district schools throughout the Territory. He shall report to the Legislative Assembly biennially. It shall be his duty to travel in the different counties of the Territory at least once a year, for the purpose of visiting district schools, of consulting with county super¬ intendents, of lecturing before county institutes, and of addressing public assemblies on subjects pertaining to district schools.5 COUNTY SUPERINTENDENTS. At the same general election and biennially thereafter, there shall also be elected, for each county in the Territory, a superintendent of district schools, whose term of office shall be for 2 years and until his successor shall be elected and qualfied ; and be¬ fore entering upon the duties of his office he shall qualify by taking and subscribing an oath of office and giving a bond, with approved sureties, in such sum as shall be prescribed by the probate judge of the county.4 The county superintendent shall take the general supervision of the schools in his county and visit them at least twice in each year, examine the trustees’ records, audit their accounts, and see that the trustees are diligent in the discharge of their duties. He shall transmit to the Territorial superintendent of district schools, annually, a full and complete financial statement of all funds received in his county, including amount of taxes collected by the trustees in each district, voluntary contributions and amounts arising from the General Government or by legislative enactment of the Territory of Utah, or from any other source whatever.6 DISTRICT TRUSTEES. There shall be elected by the registered voters of the district 3 school trustees for each school district, 1 for the term of 1 year, 1 for the term of 2 years, and 1 for the term of 3 years. And annually thereafter, there shall be 1 school trustee elected by said registered voters m each school district, whose term of office shall be for 3 years, and until his successor is elected and qualified.' 1 Act app. Mar. 31, 1884, sec. 14. 2 Ibid., sec. 17. 3 Ibid., sec. 19. 4 Dist. Sch. Laws of 1884, sec. 14. BIbid., sec. 15. 6 Ibid., sec. 17. 7Ibid., sec. 2. 208 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. The trustees shall provide school-houses and keep the same in repair, employ teach* ers, and furnish suitable articles for school purposes. Trustees may unite and jointly control two or more contiguous districts in the same county, or in adjoining counties, and establish union schools, to be supported out of the funds belonging to their respective districts.1 The trustees shall have power to appoint a clerk, an assessor and collector, and a treasurer, and prescribe their qualifications.2 A majority of the trustees shall have power to transact business, and in case of a vacancy in any school district by death, resignation, or otherwise, the remaining trustees shall immediately appoint a suitable person to fill such vacancy until the next election for trustees.3 The trustees shall visit officially each school in their respective districts, at least once during each term, and in each year take a census of the children between the ages of 6 and 18 years residing in their districts.4 SCHOOL FUNDS. Whenever it shall be necessary to raise funds to purchase, build, repair, or furnish school-houses, or for other school purposes, an estimate of the approximate cost thereof shall be made by the trustees, and the rate per cent, may be fixed at any sum not exceeding 2 per cent, per annum, as shall be decided by a majority vote of the property tax-payers resident in the district, present at a meeting called for that purpose, to be assessed and collected as a special tax upon all the taxable property in the district.5 The county and district apportionment of the moneys accruing for the benefit of districts, under the provision of section 1 of “An act to provide revenue for the Ter¬ ritory of Utah, and the several counties thereof,” shall be made by the Territorial superintendent of district schools, based upon the annual reports of county super¬ intendents, on or before the 31st day of December in each year, according to tire num¬ ber of all the children in the district between the ages of 6 and 18 years.6 TEACHERS. The county court of each county shall appoint in its respective county, where not already clone, a board of examiners, to consist of the county superintendent and two other competent persons, which shall hold examinations and judge of the qualifi¬ cations of school teachers applying for schools ; and all applicants of a good moral character, considered competent, shall receive suitable certificates signed by the board, which certificates shall be valid for only 1 year from their date, and without which, no person shall be eligible to employment as teacher, by the trustees, and such districts employing other than eligible teachers shall forfeit their apportionment of any public-school fund. The services of the board of examiners shall be paid for by the county.7 Teachers of schools shall furnish their respective trustees with a report of their schools at the close of each term, together with such other information as the Terri¬ torial superintendent may require.8 SCHOOLS. All schools organized under the direction of the trustees, in the respective school districts of this Territory, shall be known in law by the name and title of “District Schools,” and shall be entitled to a just and equitable apportionment of any public- school fund arising from the General Government, or by legislative enactment of the Territory.9 The trustees of any school district having a population of over 1,200, when author¬ ized by a majority vote of the property tax-payers resident in the district, present at a meeting called for that purpose, may establish and maintain a graded school, or a graded department in a school in such district, in which pupils may be instructed in higher branches of education than those usually taught in common schools ; and. pupils over 18 years of age may be admitted to, and instructed in such school or depart¬ ment, on such terms as to tuition and otherwise as the trustees may prescribe.5 The school year shall begin on the first day of July, and end. on the last day of J une, and shall be divided into 4 terms of 10 weeks each.4 TEXT-BOOK COMMISSION. The Territorial and county superintendents, and the president of the faculty of the University of Deseret, or a majority of them, shall, at a convention called by the Ter¬ ritorial superintendent of district schools for that purpose, decide what text-books shall be adopted in the district schools, and their use shall be mandatory in all the 1 Dist. Sell. Laws of 1884, sec. 3. 2 Ibid., sec. 6. 8 Ibid., eec. 13. 4 Ibid., sec. 9. 6 Ibid., sec. 4. 6 Ibid., sec. 21. 7 Ibid., sec. 11. 8 Ibid., sec. 12. 9 Ibid., sec. 10. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 20d district schools of the Territory : Provided, That no text-books so adopted shall bo changed within a period of 5 years from their adoption, except for sufficient cause, to be decided at a special convention, and any teacher changing the text-books shall forfeit his eligibility as a toaclier.1 UNIVERSITY OF DESERET. The sum of $5,000 is hereby appropriated, annually, to the University of Deseret, to be drawn by, and expended under the direction of tho chancellor and board of re¬ gents: Prodded, That 40 pupils anuually shall bo instructed free of charge for tui¬ tion, books, or apparatus, for 1 year in the normal department of said university. Said pupils shall bo selected by the Territorial superintendent of district schools, from persons nominated by the board of examination of the several counties, according to the district-school population thereof, and their certificates shall entitle the hold¬ ers to all the benefits of this provision. The character of the studies pursued by said pujuls shall bo such as may, from time to time, be advised by the Territorial super¬ intendent of district schools. Each pupil so educated shall sign an obligation to tho Territorial superintendent of district schools, conditioned that for each year’s free tuition so received, he or she will serve 1 year as a district school teacher, if required so to do by his or her respective county superintendent, within 2 years from the date of his or her graduation. 3 WASHINGTON TERRITORY. SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. Be it enacted by the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Washington : That a super¬ intendent of public instruction shall be appointed by the Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Council, and shall enter upon the duties of his office on or before the first Monday in March next following his appointment, and shall hold his office for the term of two years, or until his successor is appointed and qualified, and shall execute a bond in the penal sum of $2,000, with two good and sufficient sureties to be approved by the Territorial auditor, conditioned for the faithful discharge of his official duties. No person shall be eligible to the office of superintendent of public instruction unless such person shall be the holder of a first-grade Territorial certificate or Territorial diploma, and shall have taught in the public schools of the Territory for at least one year prior to the date of his appoint¬ ment.3 The superintendent shall have general supervision of public instruction, especially of the county and district school officers, and the public schools of the Territory, and shall report to the Governor biennially. 4 It shall be the duty of the superintendent of public instruction to travel in the dif¬ ferent counties of the Territory where common schools are taught, as far as possible, without neglecting his other official duties as superintendent of public instruction, during at least 3 months in each year, for the purpose of visiting schools, ot consult¬ ing with county superintendents, and addressing public assemblies on subjects per¬ taining to public schools.5 He shall receive a salary of $750 per annum. His office and travelling expenses shall not exceed $500 in any one year.6 The superintendent of public instruction shall be, ex officio, president of the board of education.7 Before entering upon the discharge of the duties of his office the superintendent is sworn to fidelity.8 BOARD OF EDUCATION. The Governor shall appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative Council, one suitable person from each judicial district, who, together with the Ter¬ ritorial superintendent, shall constitute the Territorial board of education, which shall hold its office for the 2 years from the first Monday in March next following its appointment.9 Said board shall have power to adopt or re-ad opt, at its regular meeting in July, a uniform series of text-books throughout the Territory ; to prescribe rules for the general government of the public schools ; to have the general supervision of the Territorial normal school, whenever the same shall be established by law ; to sit as a board of education at its annual meetings and grant Territorial certificates and diplomas.10 It shall be the duty of the board of education to prepare, annually, a uniform series 1 Dist. Sell. Laws of 1884, sec. 16. 5 Ibid., sec. 4. 8 Ibid., sec. 8. *Ibid,, sec. 20. 6Ibid., sec. 5. 9Ibid., title 2, sec. 10. 3Sch. Law of 188G, title 1, sec. 1. , 7 Ibid., sec. 7. IUIbid., sec. 12. 4Ibid., sec. 2. ED 80 - 1-4 210 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. of questions to be used by the county board of examiners in the examination of teachers of the Territory.1 2 Each member of the board shall receive $4 per day for the time actually employed in travelling to, attending, and returning from tlie*meeting of the board : Provided , That the expenses of the whole board shall not exceed the sum of §500 in any one year.3 All males and females over the age of 21 years having the qualifications named in this act, shall be eligible to hold, or be elected to any office under this act.3 TERRITORIAL FUND. The principal of all moneys accruing to the Territory from the sale of any lands which have been, or may hereafter be given by the Congress of the United States for school purposes, shall constitute an irreducible fund, the interest accruing from which shall lie annually divided among all the school districts of the Territory, proportionately to the number of children in each between the ages of 5 and 21 years, for the support of common schools and for no other purpose whatever.4 COUNTY SUPERINTENDENTS. A county superintendent of common schools shall be elected in each county of the Territory at each general election, who shall take the office on the second Monday in January next succeeding his election, and hold for 2 years, or until his successor is elected and qualified. He shall take the oath or affirmation of office, and shall give an official bond to the county in a sum to be fixed by the board of county commis¬ sioners.5 He shall apportion all school money to the school districts in accordance with the provisions of this act.6 Each county superintendent shall have the power, and it shall be his duty to visit each school in his county once a year; to report to the superintendent of public in¬ struction annually ; to enforce the course of studies adopted by the board of educa¬ tion ; to enforce the rules and regulations required in the examination of teachers ; to keep in a good and well-bound book, to be furnished by the county commissioners, a record of his official acts.7 If the county superintendent fail to make a full and correct report to the superin¬ tendent of public instruction of all statements required by law, he shall forfeit the sum of §50 from his salary.8 The county superintendent shall have power, and it shall be his duty to appoint di¬ rectors and district clerk for any district which, from any cause, fails to elect at the regular time; to appoint directors and district clerks to fill vacancies, to appoint di¬ rectors and district clerks for any new districts.9 Each county superintendent shall receive a salary?of §200 per annum, and when the number of scholars shall exceed 500, then he shall receive the sum of §5 for each ad¬ ditional 100 scholars, and §3 for each school visited once during the year, together with mileage at the rate of 10 cents per mile for going to, and returning from said school.10 Each county superintendent shall call to his assistance 2 persons holding the high¬ est grade certificates in his county; and such persons, with the county superintendent, shall constitute a board for the examination of teachers.11 COUNTY FUND. For the purpose of establishing and maintaining public schools, it shall be the duty of the county commissioners of each county to levy an annual tax, not less than 3 nor more than 6 mills on the dollar, on all taxable property within their respective counties. For the support of the common schools, there shall be set apart by the county treasurer all moneys paid into the county treasury arising from fines for a breach of any law regulating license for the sale of intoxicating liquors, or for keep¬ ing of bowling alleys or billiard saloons, or of any penal law of the Territory.13 SCHOOL DIRECTORS. The board of directors of each school district shall have custody of all school prop¬ erty belonging to the district.13 An annual meeting for the election of school directors and district clerk shall be held in each district. Every inhabitant, male or female, over the age of 21 years, who shall have resided in the school district for 3 months immediately preceding any dis¬ trict meeting, and who shall have paid or be liable to pay any tax, except poll or road tax, in said district, shall be a legal voter at any school meeting, and no other person shall be allowed to vote.14 1 Scb. Law of 1886, title 2, sec. 13. 2 Ibid., sec. 15. 3 Ibid., sec. 16. 4 Ibid., title 10, sec. 57. 6 Ibid., title 3, sec. 17. 6 Ibid., sec. 18. 7Ibid., sec. IS. 8 Ibid., sec. 20. • 9 Ibid., sec. 22. 10 Ibid., sec. 24. 11 Ibid., sec, 25. 12 Ibid., title 10, sec. 58. 13 Ibid., title 5, sec. 34. 14 Ibid., sec. 35. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 211 In all organized districts in which elections have been previously held, 1 director shall be elected for the terra of II years. Iu now districts, acting under directors ap¬ pointed l«y the county superintendents, 3 directors shall be elected for 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively.1 Every board of directors, unless otherwise specially provided by law, shall have power, and it shall be its duty to employ and, lor sufficient cause, dismiss teachers, mechanics, and laborers, and to fix, alter, allow, aud order paid their salaries and compensation ; to enforce the rules and regulations of the Territorial board of educa¬ tion for the government of schools, pupils, and teachers, aud to enforce the course of studies adopted by the board of education ; to suspend or expel pupils from school, and in cities and towns to exclude from school all pupils under 5 years of age ; to provide books for indigent children ; to require all pupils to be furnished with such books as may have been adopted by the Territorial board of education, as a condition to membership of the school ; to exclude from schools and school libraries all books aud papers of sectarian or partisan character.3 DISTRICT TAXES. The board of directors of any district may, when in its judgment it is advisable, submit to the qualified school electors of the district the question whether a tax shall be raised to furnish additional school facilities for said district, or for building one or more school-houses, or for removing or building additions to one already built, or for the purchase of supplies, globes, maps, charts, books of reference, and other appliances or apparatus for teaching, or for any and all these purposes : Provided, That no special tax shall in any one year exceed 10 mills on the dollar of taxable property in the district, as appears by the last annual assessment.3 • TEACHERS. Qualifications. — A Territorial certificate shall be granted only to such applicant who shall file with the board satisfactory evidence that he has taught successfully 27 months, at least 9 months of which shall have been in the public schools of this Territory. The applicant must either pass a satisfactory examination in all the branches required by law to be taught in the public schools of this Territory, or file with the board a certified copy of a diploma from some State normal school or of a State or Territorial certificate from some State or Territory, the requirements to obtain which shall not have been less than those required by this act. Territorial certificates shall be valid for 5 years, and shall entitle the holders to teach in any public school in the Territory. They may be revoked at any time for cause deemed sufficient by the board, and may lie renewed without examination. Life diplomas shall be granted only to such applicants who shall file with the board satisfactory evidence that they have taught successfully for 10 years, not less than one of which shall have been in the public schools of this Territory. In other respects the requirements shall be the same as those required for Territorial certificates ; but life diplomas shall be valid during the life of the holders; unless revoked for cause deemed sufficient by the board, and shall entitle the holders to teach in any public school in the Territory. The fee for Territorial certificates shall be $6, and for life diplomas $10.4 There shall be 3 grades of county- certificates, first, second, and third. Unless revoked for cause, first-grade certificates shall entitle the holders to teach for 3 years ; second-grade for 2 years; and third-grade for 1 year. No first-grade certificate shall be granted until the applicant shall have filed with the county superintendent satisfactory written evidence of having- taught successfully 1 school year of 9 months. Boards of exami¬ nation may in their discretion issue certificates without examination to the graduates of the normal department of the University of Washington Territory, or to any ap¬ plicant presenting a certified copy of a certificate of like grade, issued in this or any other State or Territory.5 Duties. — Every teacher employed in any public school shall make a report to the county superintendent “at the time of the contract to teach such school, the number of the district in which he is to teach, the grade of his certificate, date it expires, and the proposed length of term,” and at the close of any school, in the form and manner, and on the blanks prescribed by the board of education. A duplicate of said report shall be furnished to the district clerk. No board of directors shall draw any order or warrant for the salary of any teacher for the last month of his or her service, until the reports herein required shall have been made and received.6 Every teacher shall keep a school register, in the manner provided therefor, and no board of directors shall draw any warrant for the salary of any teacher for the last month of his or her service in the school, at the end of any term or year, until it shall have received a certificate from the district clerk that the said register has been 1 Sell. Law of 1886, title 5, sec. 36. 2 Ibid., sec. 38. 3 Ibid., title 15, sec. SO. 4 Ibid., Title 2, sec. 12. 5 Ibid., title 3, sec. 26. 6 Ibid., title 8, sec. 46. 212 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. properly kept, the summaries made, and statistics entered, or until, by personal ex¬ amination, it shall have satisfied itself that it has been done. Teachers shall faith¬ fully enforce in school the course of study and regulations prescribed by law.1 Every teacher shall have power to hold every pupil to a strict accountability in school for any disorderly conduct on the way to or from school.2 It shall be the duty of all teachers to endeavor to impress on the minds of their pupils principles of morality, truth, justice, temperance, and patriotism ; to teach them to avoid idleness, profanity, and falsehood, and to instruct them in the princi¬ ples of free government, and to "train them up to a true comprehension of the rights, duties, and dignity of American citizenship.3 teachers’ institutes. The superintendent of public instruction shall, at least once a year, hold a Terri¬ torial teachers’ institute in and for each judicial district in this Territory, over which he shall preside, at such time and place as he may determine upon, which Territorial institute shall continue in session not less than 3 days, and he shall, as far as practi¬ cable, aid in establishing county institutes.4 Each superintendent of the common schools of any county in this Territory, contain¬ ing 500 census children, shall hold, once a year, a county institute, of not less than 3 days, at which instruction shall be given in the best method of teaching i$ the branches required by law to be taught in the public schools, and the county com¬ missioners may appropriate for the expenses of the institute a sum not exceeding §100 annually; counties having less than 500 census children may, at the option of the county superintendent, unite with any neighboring county for the purpose of holding an institute. All teachers in the county where the institute is held shall be required to attend such institute during its full time ; but a strict record shall be k^pt of the attendance, absence, or tardiness at each day’s session of the institute, and the county superintendent shall, at the close of the institute, transmit the record of any teacher to the clerk of the district where said teacher may be at the time employed : and said teacher 60 absenting himself shall forfeit §1 for each day’s absence.4 SCHOOLS. Every school, not otherwise provided for by special law, shall be open for the ad¬ mission of all between the ages of 5 and 21 years residing in that school district : and the board of directors shall have power to admit adults and children not residing in the district.5 6 All schools shall be taught in the English language, and instruction shall be given in the following branches, viz : Reading, writing, orthography, arithmetic, geography, English grammar, physiology and hygiene, and history of the United States. Atten¬ tion should be given during the entire course to the cultivation of manners, morals, to the laws of health, physical exercise, and to the ventilation and temperature of the school-room.6 No books, papers, or other publications of a partisan or denominational character shall be used or distributed in any school ; neither shall any partisan or sectarian doctrine be taught therein ; and any teacher who shall violate, these provisions shall forfeit his permit or certificate for the period of 1 year.7 The school days shall be C hours in length, exclusive of any intermission at noon, but any board of directors may fix as the school day a less number of hours than 6: Provided , That it be not less than 4 for any primary school under its charge, and any teacher may dismiss any or all scholars under 8 years of age, after an attendance of 4 hours a day, exclusive of an intermission at noon.8 All pupils, who may attend public schools shall comply with the regulations es¬ tablished in pursuance of the law for the government of schools, shall pursue the re¬ quired course of study, and shall submit to the authority of the teachers of such schools. Continued and wilful disobedience and open defiance of authority of the teachers shall constitute good cause for expulsion from school. Auy person who shall in any way cut, deface, or otherwise injure any school-house furniture, fence, or out-building thereof shall be liable to suspension and punishment, and the parents or guardian of such pupil shall be liable for damage on complaint of the teacher or any director, and upon proof of the same.9 Any parent, guardian, or other person who shall insult or abuse a teacher in the presence of the school or anywhere on the school grounds or premises, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and liable to a fine of not less than §10 dollars nor more than §100.19 1 Sch. Law of 1886, title 8, sec. 47. *Ibid., title 8, sec. 49. 8 Ibid., title 7, sec. 50. * Ibid., title 14, sec. 79. 5 Ibid., title 9, sec. 51. 6 Ibid., sec 52. 7 Ibid., sec. 53. 8 Ibid., sec. 54. 9 Ibid., sec. 55. 10 Ibid., title 13, sec. 75. SUMMARY OF STATE SCHOOL LAWS. 213 Any person who shall wilfully disturb any public school, or public-school meeting, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and liable to a line of not loss than $10 dollars nor more than $100.* Any series of text-hooks adopted by the board of education shall remain in uso not less than 5 years.1 2 3 All school districts in this Territory shall maintain school during at least 3 months each school year. All graded-school districts, not in incorporated towns and cities, shall maintain school at least C months.3 COMPULSORY EDUCATION. All guardians and other persons in this Territory having, or who may hereafter have the immediate custody of any child or children between the ages of 8 and 18 years, shall send the same to school at least 3 months in each year.4 In all cases where any person having the custody of any child shall fail to send said child to school the required length of time, provided that an opportunity has offered, and no good reason can bo shown for the failure, then said person shall pay to the district clerk of his school district, on the presentation of a warrant from the school directors, the sum of $100.5 PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. Physiology and hygiene, which shall, in each division of the subject so pursued, include special reference to the effects of alcoholic drinks, stimulants, and narcotics upon the human system, shall be included in the branches of study now required by law to be taught in the common schools of this Territory.6 Any county superintendent of common schools or any superintendent of public in¬ struction who shall fail or refuse to comply with the provisions of this act, or to per¬ form the duties imposed upon him by this act shall be liable to a i>enalty of $100. 7 No certificate shall be granted to any person to teach in the public schools of this Territory, or in any educational institution receiving money from the Territorial treasury, after the 30th day of June, A. D. 1837, who has not first passed a satisfac¬ tory examination in the manner now provided by law for the examination of teachers in the public schools, in physiology and hygiene, with special reference to the effect of alcoholic drinks, stimulants, and narcotics upon the human system.8 UNION OR GRADED SCHOOLS. The inhabitants of two or more school districts may unite for the purpose of es¬ tablishing a graded school, and shall elect 3 directors and a clerk for such union district. Single districts containing .200 or more children, entitled to draw public money, may organize a graded-school district.9 The board of directors provided for in the preceding section shall, in all matters re¬ lating to graded schools, possess all the power, discharge all the duties, and be gov¬ erned by the laws herein provided for district directors.10 The union district, thus formed, shall be entitled to an equitable share of the school fund, to be drawn from the county treasury, in proportion to the number of children attending such graded schools for each district.11 GRADED SCHOOLS IN INCORPORATED CITIES OR TOWNS. Each incorporated city or town in this Territory shall he comprised in one district and under one board of school directors, and in all such cities or towns where the enumeration of school children entitled to draw school money is 300 or more, the directors shall be required to adopt the graded system of teaching in their schools : Provided, That nothing in this section shall be so construed as to prevent the exten¬ sion of such city or town districts a reasonable distance outside the limits of such in¬ corporated city or town : And provided further, That the schools of such cities and towns may be graded in such manner as the directors thereof may deem best suited to the wants of such districts. But no other language than the English, nor mathe¬ matics higher than algebra, shall be taught in such graded schools.12 The directors of incorporated city or town districts may, at their discretion, elect one city or town superintendent in each district, who may be a teacher of the district and who shall have control or management of all the schools in his district, subject to the concurrence of the board of directors.13 The directors of any school district, composed of any incorporated city or town, shall, when in their opinion it is necessary, levy a special tax of not exceeding 1U 1 Seh. Law of 1886, title 13, sec. 76. 2 Ibid., title 17, sec. 85. 3 Ibid., sec. 88. 4 Ibid., sec. 89. 5 Ibid., sec. 91. 6 Ibid., special act, app. Dec. 23, 1885, sec. 1, 7 Ibid., sec. 4. 8 Ibid., sec. 5. 9 Ibid., title 11, sec. CO. 10 Ibid., sec. 61. 11 Ibid., sec. 62. 12 Ibid., title 12, sec. 63. 13 Ibid., sec. 64. 214 .REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. mills in any one year, for the purpose of building* school-houses or purchasing school sites, which tax shall be levied and collected as provided in the general school law: Provided, That no special school tax shall be levied or assessed in any district until the same shall have been submitted to the qualified voters of such district, as re¬ quired by law, and a majority of the votes cast shall be in favor of such tax.1 1Scli. Law, 1885 and 1886, title 12, sec. 66. APPENDIX II. CITY-SCHOOL SYSTEMS. / CITY- SCHOOL SYSTEMS. MAGNITUDE OP THE INTERESTS INVOLVED. Table 14 (pp. 240-303) presents the school statistics of 471 cities containing each 5,000 inhabitants or more. From an examination of the headings of the several columns it will be seen that the inquiries sent out by the Bureau included all the particulars that go to the making up of a complete exhibit of the educational condition. While some of these are of greater general importance than others, yet it is believed that none is absolutely unimportant. The many omissions in the several columns show how difficult it is to secure the full information sought. In the numberof cities included in the exhibit is massed about one-fifth of the total population, supplying about one-tilth of the total school enrolment of the country, and contributing for school purposes nearly one-tliird of the entire income reported for all public-school purposes. The magnitude of these interests, the independence of the cities in respect to their management, the great variety of conditions which they represent, the grave, social problems which are involved in their success or failure, impart the utmost im¬ portance to this chapter of the educational record. Moreover, the separation of the facts pertaining to the city systems from the general view of the country is essential to a clear understanding of the work and the requirements of the rural schools. For these reasons it is greatly to be desired that the returns from the cities should be complete and explicit. Next to the item, “ total population” — which is taken from the census of 1880 and affords a very unsatisfactory basis for comparative study at the present time — the item of enrolment is most fully given, all the cities but one being included in the total (viz, 2,185,418), or 18 per cent, of the population in 1880. The enrolment in private schools is reported for 360 cities and increases the total enrolment to 22 per cent, of the population. The average daily attendance (viz, 1,563,927) is for 354 cities, and the total expenditure (viz, $38,326,641) for 367 cities. The expenditure for teaching, or for teaching and supervision, which is the largest and most constant item of expense, and therefore of most value for comparative study, is not reported from 55 cities. The following table summarizes the most important particulars relating to school finances, the cities being grouped by geographical sec¬ tions. . This summary, it should be observed, simply presents the statistics specified in a convenient form for reference. No satisfactory comparisons can be instituted with¬ out reference to populations and total property valuations, items not easily obtained. Table 11. — Summary of statistics relating to city-school finances. Number of cities. Estimated real value of property used for school purposes. ro o *p> *3 <4H o o a p ft Total receipts. Number of cities. Teachers’ salaries. Number of cities. Total ex¬ penditures. North Atlantic Division. 1. Maine . 14 $1, 228, 340 14 $292, 304 9 $168, 167 35 $316, 118 2. New Hampshire . 8 847, 601 9 231, 548 9 158, 910 9 221, 399 3. V ermont . 2 314, 500 5 104, 903 6 71, 201 6 104, 531 4. Massachusetts . 40 9, 563, 290 40 2, 567, 308 43 2, 980, 146 65 5, 494, 058 5. Rhode Island . 14 2, 099, 827 12 284, 045 7 330, 516 13 668, 858 6. Connecticut . 24 4, 034, 774 25 1, 265, 168 25 710, 587 26 1, 210, 196 7. New York . 37 26, 196, 784 37 9,108, 968 37 5, 469, 519 37 8, 017, 683 8. New Jersey . 2L 3, 551, 245 20 1,319, 068 21 868, 452 21 1,323,131 9. Pennsylvania . 36 14, 045, 592 50 4, 523, 231 50 2, 487, 043 50 4, 414, 173 Total . 196 61,681,953 212 | 19, 696, 543 207 13,244, 541 242 21, 770, 147 217 218 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 11. — Summary of statistics relating to city-scliool finances — Continued. Number of cities. Estimated j real value of property used for school purposes. ro o u o rO 3 6 Total receipts. Number of cities. Teachers’ salaries. OQ *3 o P-4 £> 3 £ Total ex¬ penditures. South Atlantic Division. 1. Delaware . 1 398, 660 i 118, 661 1 63, 120 i 116, 758 2. Maryland . 2 2, 215, 661 i 810, 754 2 55S, 799 2 819, 945 4. Virginia . 9 646, 145 10 232, 667 10 178, 175 10 233, 382 5. West Virginia . 2 324, 828 1 65, 312 2 59, 793 2 84, 253 3 64, 000 9 25, 580 7. South Carolina . 3 162, 396 3 104, 051 3 77, 926 3 108, 862 8. Georgia . 5 624, 750 5 196, 075 5 160, 338 5 215, 360 . Total . 25 4,436,450 23 1, 553, 100 23 1, 098, 151 23 1, 578, 560 Northern Central Division. 1. Ohio . 35 8, 089, 540 36 3, 252, 087 37 1, 842, 167 37 3, 073,172 2. Indiana . . 16 2, 941, 105 14 615, 649 15 498, 080 15 773, 794 3. Illinois . 26 8, 131, 476 26 2, 972, 751 26 1, 536, 082 26 2, 891,193 4. Michigan . 18 3, 468, 490 17 1, 051, 731 18 552, 627 18 1, 088, 065 5. Wisconsin . 15 2, 145, 612 14 762, 154 13 398, 754 15 691. 400 6. Minnesota . 9 3, 066, 310 3 1, 026, 227 3 224, 659 4 945,290 7. Iowa . 12 2, 057, 950 11 498, 156 11 312, 286 11 520, 518 8. Missouri . 9 4, 513, 170 7 1, 300, 067 7 .790, 333 8 1, 491, S46 9. Dakota . . 10. Nebraska . . 4 1, 263, 000 4 346, 035 4 139,690 4 355, 376 11. Kansas . 5 465, 555 6 170, 609 6 82,637 6 162, 573 Total . 149 36, 142, 208 138 11,995,466 140 6, 377, 315 144 11, 993, 221 Southern Central Division. 1. Kentucky . 4 1, 270, 974 3 394, 720 4 268, 969 4 440, 715 2. Tennessee . 6 596, 638 6 219, 247 6 167, 568 6 231, 824 3. Alabama . 4 267, 700 3 71, 933 3 30, 623 3 70, 819 4. Mississippi . 2 37, 800 2 26,935 2 21, 015 2 26, 790 5. Louisiana . 1 761, 000 1 215, 000 1 176, 178 1 215, 000 6. Texas . 7 522, 975 9 327, 375 10 212, 449 10 401, 417 7. Indian Territory . . 8. Arkansas . 1 147, 187 1 44, 027 1 26, 814 1 49, 394 Total . . . 25 3, 604, 274 25 1, 299, 237 27 903, 616 27 1, 435, 959 Western Division. 1. Montana _ _ 2. Wyoming . . . 3, Colorado . 2 214, 200 2 38, 033 2 18,387 2 35, 497 4. New Mexico _ ;.. _ 5. Arizona . . . 6. Utah . 1 49, 300 i 10, 378 1 6,174 1 10, 973 7. Nevada . 2 202, 700 2 20, 660 2 25, 736 8. Idaho . 9. Washington . . 2 167, 000 2 41, 837 2 26, 502 2 50, 244 10. Oregon . . 1 368, 000 1 108, 295 1 63, 420 1 129, 362 11. California . 1 7 4, 102, 275 8 1, 318, 087 8 1, 037, 787 8 1, 295, 942 Total . 15 5, 103, 475 14 1, 516, 630 16 1, 172, 930 16 1, 547, 754 In the following table an effort has been made to supply data for the comparative study of the chief conditions of the school systems of 55 cities, grouped according to their population and geographical position. For the first group, which includes cities of from 5,000 to 20,000 inhabitants, the ratio of enrolment to the population is most uniform in the North Atlantic and North Central Divisions. In all the geographical sections the greatest variations in the ratio of enrolment to population are in the cities having from 20,000 to 80,000 inhabitants. The raiius of average attendance to enrolment are quite uniform for cities of the same rank as regards population in each section, the greatest exception to this gen- CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 219 eral stato being in the cities of the North Atlantic Division having from 320,000 to 1,300,000 inhabitants. Here, Philadelphia presents a ratio so far above the general average as to throw some doubt upon the return. The only other city in which an average attendance equal to 00 per cent, of the enrolment is secured is Sacramento, Cal. The low percentages of average attendance in New York and Brooklyn are a significant reminder of the hitherto unsuccessful efforts to bring the children of the poor and vagrant classes into the schools. Boston makes a creditable showing in this respect, and if the hgures from Philadelphia are trustworthy, that city would seem to have solved the problem of regularity in school attendance. The per capita expenditures all seem to vary greatly, not only in the cities of one section as compared with another, but in the cities of the same section. The highest per capita expenditures for supervision and instruction are reported from Oakland, Cal. Table 12. — Comparative school statistics of a number of representative cities, grouped ac¬ cording to population and geographical position. Divisions. Names of cities. 1 Popula¬ tion. iiw p oo 2 ro ® S o c~ a ? © ^ '% 5 _ *0^2 © © p^ eg P* P Kat.io of the average daily attendance to the whole number enrolled. 3 ”3 ci pth district building, already begun, will sup¬ ply the present needs of that section. Plans for an elegant high-school building have been adopted and work upon it will be commenced immediately. A decrease of 15 per cent, in the registration of the colored schools is noted, while the white schools have increased 20 per cent. Thirty -six weeks compose the school year. VERMONT. Brattlehorough employs 33 teachers in its 11 districts. In only one of these is the graded-seuool system in use. the others being too small to adopt it. The high-school building has been thoroughly repaired during the year, aud a commodious new build¬ ing erected in district No. 6. A teachers’ institute held in the high-school building last fall by the State school superintendent was productive of much good. WEST VIRGINIA. Shepherd stoic n graded school is divided into the primary, intermediate, advanced, and grammar departments. The school year consists of 9 mouths, and the daily session is fixed at 6 hours. There are G ungraded schools in the district. WISCONSIN. Appleton is divided into 4 school districts, each apparently independent of the other, and nearly so of the board of education. Only one'of these maintains a high school, aud this school took a long step forward during 1S35-’3G by the introduction of manual training. The basement has been arranged for the purpose, and the neces¬ sary tools and apparatus purchased. Considering the short time since the movement was inaugurated, the results are very encouraging and promise to be still better. Vocal music and drawing have been introduced during the year, and are taught by the regular teachers. The number of teachers is not large enough to do justice to the increased number of scholars, and the employment of more is recommended. Except , in the case of some of the older buildings the houses are commodious, healthy, and convenient. The first district building has been enlarged and greatly improved ; the third district is proud of its elegaut ne w 3-story house, and the fourth has recently purchased a large lot as a future school site. Madison reports increased prosperity of the schools during 1835-’3G. The most ap¬ proved methods of teaching are adopted, and the teachers take great pride in their work. Several of the schools have been crowded and recourse has been had to half¬ day session plan. The high school is filled to its utmost capacity; during the year its course of study has been revised, aud the number of courses reduced from 4 to 3. Special advantages are enjoyed by students of modern languages. Industrial work to a limited extent is done in the primary grades. Special attention is paid to music, penmanship, aud drawing, the first named being taught by a specialist. Oshkosh was visited by au epidemic of measles during the year, and that, with the sickness caused by public vaccination, had the effect of diminishing the attendance upon the schools. Two night schools have been opened the first time and have al¬ ready achieved a good deal of success ; $1 per month is charged to cover extra ex¬ pense. Daring 1835-’86 the examination system has been considerably modified ; the monthly written reviows have been abolished and more importance is attached to the marking of daily recitations. A new building, the most elegant of its kind in the city, is being erected, and extensive repairs upon those already standing have been completed. Stoughton schools are first and second primary, first and second intermediate, gram¬ mar, and high; drawing and book-keeping are given important places in the coarse of study. Wausau high school is a source of special gratification ; under very competent teach¬ ers unusually good results are obtained. During the year a school was opened in a rented room in a part of the city hitherto without school facilities. A house was soon afterward built for it, and it is now firmly established and successful. Table 13. — Summary, by States, of school statistics of cities containing 5,000 inhabitants and over for 1885-?86. 238 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Expenditures. •S9JUJ ■ipU9dx9 I'BJOX ISIIIglSglBSISslIilSIglsI r-T rH ef U9r-r r-T r-ToO gsifg «r tjt •S9ub[bs ^laqouai ISglSSliilSISsIIllsIllsll r-T r-T _ Edward B. Xeely . . Edward H. Long . . D. E. Cully . . Jonathan Fairbanks . . Bobert J, Barr . . . . J. B. Moulnx . . . . E. T. Hartley . . Henry M. J ames . . F. M. Huffaker, county superintendent. . . F. M. Huffaker, county superintendent. Edwin Vaughan, chairman school board L. J. Bundlett . . Channing Folsom . . . . William E. Buck. Frederic Kelsey.. Charles H. Morss Fred. L, Chapman, chairman board education.. S. D. Hoffman . William E. Cox . . . . Martin V. Bergen . . . J. Augustus Dix . . . J. C. Stinson . . . John Dwyer . >m Beport of the Commissioner >f Education for year 18S4-’85. a Estimated. c Inclusive. b In day schools only. d Since succeeded STATISTICS OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 247 5,00 inhabitants and over , fo. — Pakt I — Continued. Minor population between | 4 and 21. Minor population between 6 and 14. Legal school age. Whole number of legal school ago. Whole number enrolled excluding duplicate enrolments. Average daily anco in all schools. attend- public Male. jD S £ Total. ! 6 Female. 73 © H Male. | Female. 1 1 Total. 5 O 7 S 9 10 ii 12 13 14 1 15 16 1 5-15 1, 55? 1, 642 1, 237 2,' 782 1, 636 5-15 1, 000 993 1, 993 1,090 1, 113 2, 203 879 939 1, 818 1,730 8-14 771 514 1, 285 1, 375 916 2, 291 971 647 1,618 ! 5-15 7,315 6, 480 13, 795 6, 996 6, 267 13, 263 5,028 4, 454 9,482 i 5-20 814 840 1,654 465 477 942 * 1, 390 . 5-20 1,402 1,514 2, 916 1, 000 905 1, 905 1, 528 1 5-20 al, 450 al, 250 a2, 700 51, 013 51,128 52, 141 6565 6672 61,237 I 5-20 7, 351 1, 790 1,867 3, 657 2,595 | 5-20 lj 193 1, 098 779 1 5-20 45, 641 18, 933 13,450 5-20 3, 666 4, 068 1, 734 2,212 2, 220 4,432 1,741 1, 759 3,500 2,410 1,670 5-21 1,169 i; 241 2. 410 897 983 1, 880 635 713 1,348 ! 12, 775 4, 129 4, 111 8, 240 5,966 j 2, 737 2,125 1, 458? 1 5-20 2, 339 1, 881 8685 5-20 v 1, 921 2, 028 3, 949 1, 241 1,415 2, 656 875 995 1,870 1 5-20 i, 691 1,316 900 1, 294 5-21 944 1,068 2, 012 667 637 1, 304 481 453 934 5-20 1, 956 579 573 1, 152 792 5-:0 3,610 2, 381 5-20 i, 799* 1,925* *3, 724 1, 131 1 085 2, 216 737 719 1, 446 4,488 2, 025 ] 6-21 ' 4. 000 2, 300 1, 800 3,600 5-20 | 1,560 | 1, 346 2, 906 1, 158 1, 118 2. 276 649 600 1,249 5-21 : . 900 895 1, 795 1, 227 . 1 1, 219 800 . . 1, 263 822 48,300 6-21 44,000 8,099 7,575 15,674 10, 510 1, 348 1, 014 1, 056 748 6-21 ! 5, 925 4,773 10, 698 7, 005 6-21 ! * 2, 305 1, 580 5-21 1,864 1, 894 3, 758 532 589 1. 121 355 400 755 4, 364 3, 960 5-21 2,070 2, 094 4,164 650 750 1,400 520 610 1, 130 a2, 375 a\ 140 6-20 | 889 1, 060 1, 949 740 871 1, 611 475 606 1, 081 |c6-20 4, 117 2,440 1, 647 1, 806 944 740 6-20 25, 435 10. 549 6, 738 1,982 6-20 "*"’846* ’*"*836* 1, 682 241 259 500 161 186 347 6-20 7, 184 8, 363 15, 547 2, 201 2 358 4, 559 1, 585 1, 739 3, 324 6-20 55, 056 53, 398 108, 454 26,’ 737 27’ 716 54)453 18’ 883 19) 654 38, 537 6-20 3, 918 2, 882 1, 888 6-20 1, 696 1, 858 3, 554 1 241 1 344 2 585 737 802 1, 539 991 5-21 1 767 845 1, 612 629 ’659 1, 288 405 434 ’839 5-21 747 892 1, 639 546 569 1, 115 354 357 711 5-21 f>, 526 1, 553 1, 501 3] 054 1, 088 1, 056 2,144 12, 931 7,696 4-21 1 e5, 633 ed, 198 ell, 831 3, 326 3,542 6, 868 2,263 2, 437 4, 700 6-18 1 429 403 832 295 235 530 6-18 1 887 927 1,814 739 705 1, 444 1,317 4-21 1, 317 389 353 742 294 258 552 5-21 1,274 1, 298 2, 572 1, 958 5-15 1, 033 1, 005 2, 038 803 781 1, 584 1, 118 588 574 1, 162 897 5-21 1, 957 1, 920 3, 877 1, 295 1,259 2,554 8-14 2, 590 1, 897 5-15 772 794 1, 566 844 801 1, 645 1, 177 630 628 1, 258 915 1,500 900 4^21 700 800 1, 500 383 425 808 300 310 610 5-18 1, 867 1, 466 756 5-18 2, 491 l’ 597 1, 046 5-18 5,604 5,280 10, 884 9, 097 5,008 5-18 8, 697 63, 730 62, 646 2,270 1, 155 5-18 850 878 1, 728 520 526 1, 046 288 310 598 3, 000 i 2.300 5-18 1,200 I i, ioo 2, 300 i 380 320 700 200 254 454 ® Those four years of age are not included in the city school census ; the number is estimated at 1, f These statistics are for the year 1884-’85. 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 ,100. 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF Table 14. — School statistics of cities anc City or town. Superintendent. 1 2 Hoboken, N. J * . Jersey Citv, N. J . Millville, H. Ja . Morristown, N . J a . Newark, N. J . New Brunswick, N. J _ Orange, N. J . Passaic, N. J a . Paterson, N. J . Perth Amboy, N. J . Phillipsburgh, N. J . Plainfield, N. J . Rahway, N. J . Salem, N. Ja . Trenton, N. Ja . Albany, N. Y . Auburn, N. Y . Binghamton, N. Y . Brooklyn. N. Y . Buffalo, N. Y . Cohoes, N. Y . Cortland, N. Y . Dunkirk, N. Y . Elmira, N. Y . Gloversville, N. Y . Hoosick Balls, N. Y . Hornellsville, N. Y . Hudson, N. Y . Ithaca, N. Y . Jamestown, N. Y . . Kingston, N. Y. (J of city)* Lansingburgh, N. Y . Little Falls, N. Y . Lockport, N. Y . Long Island City, N. Y* . . Newburgh, N. Y* . New York, N. Y . Ogdensburgh, N. Y . Oswego, N. Y* . Port Jervis, N. Y . Poughkeepsie, N. Y . Rochester, N. Y . Rome, N. Y . Saratoga Springs. N. Y... Schenectady, N. Y . Sing Sing, N. Y . Syracuse, N. Y . Troy. N. Y . Utica, N. Y . Watertown, N. Y . West New Brighton, N. Y. Yonkers, N. Y* . Charlotte, N. C . Raleigh, N. C . Wilmington, N. C . Akron, Ohio . Ashtabula, Ohio . Bellaire, Ohio . Canton, Ohio . Chillicothe, Ohio . Cincinnati, Ohio . Circleville, Ohio . Cleveland, Ohio . Columbus, Ohio . David E. Rue . A. W. Edson . J. A. Bolard . W. L. R. Haven . William N. Barringer Charles Jacobus . Usher W. Cutts . C. E. Meleney . Charles C. Housmann . Edwin C. Beers . J. L. Hurlbut . Gilbert R. Lindsay . T. H. Mackenzie . A. Henry Holme . Charles W. Cole . B. B. Snow . M. W. Scott . . Calvin Patterson . . . James F. Crooker . Murray Hubbard, president board of education. | Frank Place . J ohn W. Babcock . G. V. R. Merrill . H. A. Pratt . Joseph Buckley . . . . Joseph Cameron . William P. Snyder . . L. C. Foster ..’ . Samuel G. Love . Charles M. Ryon . Edward Wait . Leigh R. Hunt . C. W. Wasson . Charles W. Gould . John Miller . . . . . John Jasper . Barney YvTiitney . E. J. Hamilton, secretary . . John M. Dolph . Edward Burgess . . . S. A. Ellis . M. J. Michael . j E. N. Jones . . . . . S. B. Howe . J. Irving Gorton . Edward Smith . David Beattie . Andrew. W. Millan . Fred Seymour . C. E. Surd am . . . Charles E. Gorton . . J. T. Corlew . Edward P. Moses . M. C.S. Noble . . . Elias Fraunfelter . I. M. Clemens . Benjamin T. Jones . J. H. Lehman . John Hancock . Emerson E. White . M. H. Lewis . L. W. Dav . Robert W. Stevenson . I *From Report of the Commissioner of Education for year lS84-’85. 6 In 6 These statistics are for the year 1884-’85. * c Es STATISTICS OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS, 249 r.,000 inhabitants and over, fo. — Part I — Continued. 1 Minor population between 4 and 21. Minor population between 6 and 14. j Legal school age. 1 • Whole number of legal school age. I Whole number enrolled excluding duplicate enrolments. Average daily attend¬ ance in all public schools. 6 ■a £ 5 a 0 H £ “c5 a © 73 S © ft 0 rt O H 6 73 a £ % 3 0 Ph 3 O H 5 b * 7 s 9 10 11 13 14 15 16 | 5-18 5-18 5-18 5-18 5-18 5-18 5-18 5-18 5-18 5-18 5-18 5-18 5-18 5-18 5-18 5-21 5- 21 6- 21 5-21 5-21 : 5-21 ■ 5-21 ; 5-21 ! 5-21 I 5-21 5-21 i 5-21 | 5-21 ■ 5-21 5-21 1 5-21 1 5—21 | 5-21 5-21 5-21 5-21 5-21 5-21 5-21 10, 907 51, 087 2, 567 1,735 45,818 4,728 4,672 2, 422 65, 952 24, 998 2, 351 864 22, 329 2, 744 1, 822 1,241 12, 709 740 1, 936 1, 419 1,129 4,090 j 990 13, 139 3,849 3, 799 98, 115 28, 372 2, 644 707 1,364 4, 052 1, 550 1, 252 2,026 1, 370 1 1, 805 | 2, 346 I 1.861 1, 457 2, 102 2, 583 4. 229 3, ] 440 i23S, 320 1, 731 3, 232 1, 857 3, 039 14, 582 1, 867 1 2,116 I 2,234 1,114 10, 199 8.363 ] 6, 047 I 1,865 ! 812 1 62, 893 I 1, 510 1,917 1, 591 4, 253 820 1, 800 3, 550 I 1, 969 i 34. 923 1, 510 30, 200 1 10, 004 I 4, 004 14, 998 1,566 707 15, 247 1,963 1,258 890 7, 290 462 1,396 1,047 871 2, 702 637 9,660 2, 974 2, 861 63, 943 18,040 1,676 404 1, 031 3,158 ! 1, 028 1, 002 1, 772 824 1,306 1,658 1, 154 1, 021 773 1 1, 910 2, 739 2,459 ] 153,643 . . | . ! . 11,183 | 955 11, 146 ‘”'867' 2, 441 2, 287 . ! 16, 998 1,119 1,858 805 1,343 847 1, 350 1, 652 2, 693 2, 357 1,706 8, 536 1,380 c35, 900 6, 886 6, 695 230, 000 1 70, 000 7,491 2,050 j 3,065 i 6,671 | | 2,272 | 1 1, 638 ! i 2, 764 j 3, 720 2, 759 3, 192 ; 3, 015 3,160 2, 292 384 989 j 356 947 220 716 242 680 3, 150 7, 386 6,695 4. 330 4, 462 3, 372 2, 678 3, 514 4,017 1.885 i, 529 1,964 2, 270 1, 482 1, 145 1,492 1, 716 75,000 41, 500 1 3, 150 14, 391 1,345 13, 981 1, 299 9, 139 871 8, 901 805 ! . e3, 365 ... Cl, 900 3, 251 3, 420 2, 053 748 1, 999 802 1,604 1, 554 *3, 950 "2*366" 1, 875 . ; 1,845 . 717 653 ; 385 439 1,197 1 1, 149 814 844 1 . . 1, 600 1, 500 748 | 1,000 709 1,102 2,600 1, ISO 1, 112 373 400 6, 529 6,712 420, 000 3,851 | 8, 011 2,652 6, 002 c38, 500 2, 804 2, 555 4, 950 1,786 20, 612 ic20, 000 | 14, 834 I 3, 338 1, 593 j 8, 076 465, 000 195, 000 209, 500 210, 500 119, 019 119, 301 j 76, 659 | 76, 984 . I . 1 2,451 ! 1,349 S : 2,284 1 10,742 1 1, 190 1,456 i 1,600 j 732 7,789 5, 773 4,277 ! 1, 667 432 1, 931 1, 253 1, 341 913 3,517 617 1, 135 | 2,605 I 1. 545 29,046 1, 060 j 23, 595 ! 8,003 c2, 800 cl, 450 5-21 5-21 5- 21 | 5-21 I 5-21 1 5-21 ! 5-21 : 5-21 ; 5-21 6- 21 5-21 5-21 5-21 3,308 1,344 859 i 1, 467 7, 041 998 1, 572 7, 541 . 618 ! 731 542, 000 2,804 . cl4, 000 1 c2, 000 1 . cl8, 950 j . cl9, 550 5,217 5, 525 987 1,129 :::::::: ! * 3*840* i 3,167 : 2, iso *3,949 2, 507 2, 097 22, 086 c21, 000 j 30,372 ,cl0, 500 c7, 729 i 9,996 c9, 500 1 7,320 10, 616 clO, 500 i 7,514 4 948 4, 704 j 3, 096 5, 251 3, 659 2, 951 1, 593 637 746 847 365 447 173 259 i... i . . 4, 043 6-21 6-21 I 6-21 1 6-21 | 6-21 j 6-21 j 6-21 6-21 ! G-21 3, 314 j 572 3, 353 600 6, 637 1,172 3. 381 i 6,022 1 3. 631 i 91,612 61, 655 1 19, 682 : 2, 134 410 2. 119 '410 ! 1,764 293 1, 753 324 < 1,777 1, 013 1, 773 956 1,294 788 520* i 11,919 1 3,970 1, 309 757 ”**540’ | 11,676 I 4,033 r4, 3u0 **2,406’ ; cl, 500 1 . i 1, 800 i 42,023 i 1. 831 46, 291 31,306 10,051 1, 800 45, 321 1 30,549 j 9,631 750 ! 4,956 760 j 5,6-18 d Census of 1886. eFor Ike entire city. 257 258 259 200 201 262 263 204 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 1 315 ; 316 317 318 3L9 ; 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF Table 14. — School statistics of cities ana T City or town. Superintendent. 1 2 Davton, Ohio . J. J. Burns . C. M. Butler . . James S. Campbell _ ... _ A . J. Surface _ _ _ . . Henry M. Parker . . . . W. W. Ross . M. Manley _ _ _ . . . L. R. Klevnm, PH. D _ ... R. S. Page . George W. Welsh _ J. M. Greenslade . . . John Simpson . . . . ... _ _ Charles K. Webs . Edmund A. Jones . . . . . . Mt. Yernon, Ohio . J. A. Shawan . \V . J . Henderson . . ............. W. R. Comin srs _ _ _ Charles W. Bennett . . . . Pomeroy, Ohio _ T. C. Flanegin . . . Port.smonth, Ohio E. S. Cox. . Salem, Ohio _ _ Robert Hole, president board education . Sa.ndnsky Ohio _ Alston Ellis _ _ _ _ _ Springfield, Ohio. _ W. J. White . . . ............. _ Stenhenville, Ohio . Henrv Ney Mertz _ _ _ Tiffin, Ohio . . J. W. Knott . Toledo, Ohio _ _ _ John W. Dowd . Urbana, Ohio . . A. C. Deuel . . .......... _ ... _ Wooster, Ohio _ W. S. Eversole . Yenia, Ohio _ Edwin R. Cox _ _ _ _ Y onn gstown , Ohio _ F. Treudley _ _ _ _ _ _ .... _ Zanesville, Ohio . William-D. Lash . . . Portland, Ore.p\. . . . T. H. Crawford _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ......... Allegheny, Pa _ ........ John Morrow . . . Allentown. Pa* . . L. B. Landis . . . . . . . Altoona, Pa, _ D. S. Keith . . . . . Ashland, Pa . . J. H. Mioliener _ _ _ Beaver Falls, Pa _ M. L. Knight _ _ _ _ Bethlehem, Pa . . G.H.Desh . Bradford, Pa _ _ Geor.oe F. Stone _ Bristol, Pa . . . Tillie S. Booz _ _ Carbondale, Pa . . John J. Forbes _ _ Carlisle, Pa . E. P. Hunerich . . . * _ Ohambersburgh, Pa . W illiam H. Hockenberry . . Chester, Pa . Charles F. Foster . . . Columbia, Pa . B. G. Ames . . . . . Conshohocken, Pa . J. Warren Schlichter, principal of schools . Corry, Pa . A. D. Colegrove . . Danville, Pa . . Dunmore, Pa . L. R. Fowler . . . . . . Easton, Pa _ . William W. Cottingham _ _ _ Erie, Pa* ...... . . . H. S. Jones . . . . Franklin, Pa . N. P. Kinsley _ _ _ _ Harrisburgh, Pa . Lemuel 0. Foose _ _ _ _ _ _ ... Hazleton, Pa . . David A. Harman _ _ Johnstown, Pa * . T. B. Johnston _ _ _ _ Lancaster, Pa, _ R. K. Bnehrle _ _ _ _ _ _ Lebanon, Pa * . . J. T. Nitvaner _ _ _ _ Lock Haven, Pa, _ John A . Robb _ McKeesport, Pa . Charles W. Deane _ ............ _ Mahanov City, Pa . William L. Balentine . . . Meadville, Pa * . Georye W. Haskins, secretary- - _ Hew Las tie, Pa _ _ _ W. U. Aiken . Norristown, Pa . . Joseph K. Got wals . . . ... _ ............. Oil City, Pa . C. A. Babcock _ _ _ Philadelphia, Pa . James MacAlister . . . . * From Report of the Commissioner of Education for year 1884-’ STATISTICS OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 251 5,000 inhabitants and over, 107, 813 2, 868 2,826 5,694 886 1, 100 998 790 827 975 ; 1,838 1, 596 910 1,375 1,809 1, 016 1, 189 836 I 1,568 964 795 855 1, 764 741 2, 297 3, 777 1,802 1, 012 6, 710 949 1, 014 1, 051 ! 2,628 | 2,428 ; 2,999 i 9, 779 [ . . . 3, 000 2, 000 1,241 780 1,030 975 2,398 1,609 992 1, 722 1,297 875 1,017 998 2, 440 1,584 1,031 1, 623 812 501 533 600 1,133 1,008 679 912 806 521 555 643 1,215 1 993 | 622 886 | 509 399 395 473 901 792 466 679 489 391 i 432 I 502 937 804 444 C96 2, 500 1, 400 937 904 570 674 : 460 556 788 1, 551 1, 026 876 1,610 1, 105 548 i 1, 025 ! 647 637 1, 116 684 382 817 475 454 i 751 ! 489 ! a2, 3Si a960 4,862 2,272 2,032 772 j 2,876 . 2,230 692 2,985 ; 1, C20 449 1, 343 1,047 457 1, 413 873 369 1, 117 891 372 1, 180 . 2,263 i 1,434 2, 076 1, 450 1,125 629 1, 164 680 877 476 925 536 a4, 000 o2, 000 | . j . i . 1 1 . | 7,358 3,482 j 3,676 1,931 5,638 1 2, 135 5, 707 j 1,430 i . 1, 569 i . :::::::: 1, 790 1 ! 673 749 450 1, 029 454 823 526 707 1, 364 844 364 476 722 562 1.179 1 1,916 1 673 ! 848 1 450 1,031 . 415 958 517 747 1, 428 870 350 490 780 782 j 1,222 1 1,476 404 581 1,581 416 609 | 3,057 820 1 1, 190 700 1,315 523 1, 118 943 1,300 1,887 1,322 592 838 1, 008 787 1, 795 3,650 1,045 4,245 1,241 ! 1,287 [ : 2,907 ! 1,294 951 , 1,390 1,152 1, 316 ' 1,381 ! 1,625 1,346 I 99, 439 | 1 2,450 3, 000 i 1,650 1,500 1,150 | 1,050 2, 200 2,500 :::::::: 655 660 i :::::::: i . i . 630 670 . i o2, 500 a\, 200 i al, 000 j al, 000 a2, 000 295 297 . i 327 903 460 892 . . . i 8, 319 | 693 2, 955 858 695 ; 3, 166 1 861 :::::::: ! 2,040 ! . 2,205 a3, 000 al, 800 2, 600 2, 050 :::::::: i r 2, 685 1, 478 ! . 1, 700 1, 100 751 727 651 996 760 647 980 740 470 481 1, 800 , 1, 500 850 j 800 j 1,650 618 534 941 1,213 907 I 52,959 918 1, 145 914 1 54,854 i . 857 768 ! . I" ::::::: 1 . b In 1886. 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 323 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 332 383 I 384 I 385 a Estimated. 252 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 14. — School statistics of cities and towns containing City or town. Superintendent. 2 5 .2 o +3 OC ci 00 o H Total population of 1885 — actual or estimate d. 1 2 3 4 1 6, 682 7,500 156, 389 3RR 7,472 David B. Gildea . 6, 065 390 5, 305 391 13,253 14, 000 392 43, 278 55, 000 393 45, 850 394 8, 184 39." 5, 684 39fi 10, 147 15, 000 397 Tamaqua, Pa . Robert F. Ditcbburn . 5, 730 6, 000 398 Titusville, Pa . 9, 046 10, 000 399 7, 046 7, 500 400 Wilkesbarre, Pa . A. W. Potter, supervisor . 23, 339 38. 000 401 18, 034 27, 000 409 York. Pa* ..... . . . W. H. Shell v . 13, 940 403 Bristol, R. I . J. P. Reynolds . 6,028 5,737 404 BuiTellville, R. T _ Alvrjun R. Grander _ _ .. 5,714 405 Cranston, R. I . . f harles W. Earle . 5,940 400 Cumberland, R. I . j Robert Murray . . . 6, 445 7, 300 407 East Providence, R. 1 . 1 George N. Bliss . . . . 5, 056 408 Johnston, R. I . i Victor F. Horton, clerk of school committee _ j 5, 765 7, 274 409 Lincoln, R. I . ; James H. Lyon . 13.765 | . 410 Newport, R. I . George N. Littlefield.. . . . 15,693 i 20, 000 411 Pawtucket, R. I . Alvin F. Pease . I 19,030 1 23, 000 412 Providence, R. I . Horace S. Tarbell . 104, 857 i 118, 070 413 South Kingston, R. I . Arthur W. Brown . . . 5, 114 1 5, 549 414 "Warwick, R. I. . Dwight R. Adams . . . j 12, 164 ! 415, Westerley, R. I . 0. U. Whitford, A. M . 0,101 8, 000 416| Woonsocket, R. I . i F. E. Me Fee . J 16, 050 ! 18, 852 417 Charleston, S. C . Henry P. Archer . . . j 49,984 60, 000 j 418 Columbia, S. C _ ..... _ D. It. Johnson _ _ 10,036 ; 12, 000 419 Greenville, S. C . ; William S. Mornson . | 6,160 7, 665 i 420 Clarksville, Tenn . J. AY. Graham _ _ _ _ 3, 880 8, 000 421 Chattanooga, Tenn . 1 H. D. Wvatt . 12, 892 25, 101 422 Knoxville, Tenn . i Albert, Both . _ _ _ _ _ 9, 093 19, 800 423 Memphis, Tenn . ! Charles If. Collier . 33, 592 52, 000 424 Nashville, Tenn* . . S. Y. Caldwell . . . . ... _ 43, 350 425 Union City, Tenn . ' John H. Hiaemon. ...... ... . . . . . 6,000 426 John B. Winn _ _ _ _ 11, 013 23, 069 427 W. H. Fiynne . 4, 1C1 6, 500 | 428 ; Dallas. Tex . . 10, 353 429 : Port Worth, Tex . i A lexander Hocrcr _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ 6, 663 430 ! Galveston, Tex . ! AY. M. Crow ..Z . 22, 218 40, 000 431 1 Houston, Tex . . . ! J. E. Dow _ _ _ _ _ 16, 513 30, 000 432 1 Marshall, Tex _ _ 5, 624 433 ! San Antonio, Tex . . . 1 20, 550 434! Sherman, Tex . | C. N. Buckler, president board of education . 6, 093 11. 500 435 I W aco, Tex . . . ,T if. Gali Roller 7, 295 14, 000 436 1 Ogden City, Utah . Edward H. Anderson, county superintendent... 6, 0G9 437 | Brattleborough, Yt . Rev. C. H. Merrill . 5, 880 6, 000 438 S Bennington, Yt . . , F. S. Pratt . 6, 333 6, 700 439 : Burlington. Yt _ | "FT. O Wheeler _ __ .. _ _ 1 11, 365 440 ! Rutland, Yt . : J. J.R. Randall . 12, 149 441 1 St. Albans, Yt . Ova Riltnn _ _ _ _ _ 7, 193 442 ' St. Johnsburv, Yt . ■ S T. SnTifnrH _ r_ _ ! 5, 800 443; Alexandria, Ya . Richard L. Carne . . . . . . ...... 13,659 i 14, 000 444 ! Danville. Ya _ _ _ _ ! Eaton Randolph _ __ _ 7, 526 445 Fred erickslm rob, Ya ,T G Swart.* _ _ 5, 010 446 Lynchburgh, Ya.. . j 15, 959 18, 381 447 Manchester, Ya _ ll fini'v A . Man vice _ _ j 5, 729 448 N orfolk, Ya* . . .... R. G. Banks c _ _ _ _ ! 21,966 449 Petersburgh, Ya. _ D. M. Brown _ _ _ _ _ j 21,656 i 450 Portsmouth. Ya* . 1 G. F. Edwards . i 11,390 ! ‘From Report of tlie Commissioner of Education for year 1884-’85. STATISTICS OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS, 253 5,000 inhabitants and over , ,fc. — Paht I — Continued. Minor population between 4 anil 21. a (V o fc 'S Js 08 p,» o u 2 3 Legal school age. Whole number of legal school age. 1 Whole number enrolled excluding duplicate enrolments. Average daily attend¬ ance in all public schools. Male. Female. Total. d I Female. Total. Male. Female. TotaL 5 6 7 8 O 10 11 j IS 13 1 14 15 16 2,800 1, 800 6-21 1,500 1, 900 to pji Q O 751 751 1 1, 502 546 566 1, 112 j . I 27,440 19,875 1 567 704 1 1,271 812 553 654 1 lj 207 1 . 756 | fi_91 635 539 i 1, 174 834 ! 5,100 2, 400 6-21 2, 250 2, 250 4, 500 1,373 1, 274 i 2, 647 960 885 1,845 ! 9,000 6-91 . <115,000 3, 4*6 3, 586 1 7, 072 2,600 2, 564 5, 164 | 6-21 4. 863 5, 528 ! 10,391 7,400 | . 6-91 1. 043 1, 152 2, 195 1,537 1 G— 21 556 604 ' 1, 160 963 ! a5, 500 a3, 500 6-21 a 2, 250 o2, 250 a4. 500 1, 189 j 1,288 2, 477 750 857 1,607 : 3.000 2, 000 6-21 1, 000 1, 000 2, 000 703 709 2,412 489 444 933 i 6-91 . 1 . 1,239 2,000 1,300 6-21 800 1, 000 1, soo 517 595 1, 112 287 380 667 6 91 2. 554 2, 756 5, 310 3,591 j a3, 000 a3, 000 06, 000 i; 944 j 1,972 3, 916 2, 683 ! 3^ 264 2, 864 2,002 642 617 1, 259 551 506 l! 057 793 65—15 570 558 1, 128 586 560 1, 146 563 ' 65-15 678 551 1. 220 497 490 987 592 I 5-15 1 | | 1,501 i j 1,100 900 65—15 738 767 | 1, 5u5 797 747 1, 474 935 5-15 812 791 | 1, 603 673 647 1,320 690 j 65—15 1, 746 1, 760 | 3, 506 j 1, 524 1, 504 3, 028 ! 1, 735 65 — 1 o i 3, 639 1,145 1, 065 2. 9io I * 888* *"*81*6* 1, 698 5-16 2. 690 2. 583 i 5. 279 | 1 2,019 i 3,910 3,959 2, 756 5—15 11, 556 11, 835 23, 39 L 8, 690 I 8, 632 j 17,322 6," 491. f *6*447* 12, 938 02, 300 1,000 5-15 500 600 1, 100 440 450 890 380 405 | 785 65-15 | 1, 348 1,358 2, 706 1, 281 2,166 1 2, 450 1,312 6—15 J 668 660 1,328 573 562 | 1. 135 450’ 525 j 975 5-15 1, 960 2, 040 4, 000 i 1,414 j 1,306 ! 2, 720 1,431 | 9,175 6,128 6-16 3,394 4, 209 7, 603 j 2, 207 j 2, 833 5, 100 2. 004 2,519 | 4,523 a2, 160 6-16 ! a2, 300 j 720 719 1 1,439 423 j 444 ! 867 6-18 . | 6-21 1, 081 1, 135 2,216 ! 528 j 610 i j , I08 395 1 409 | 804 ! a6, 578 a4, 878 ; 6-21 2, 867 3,011 5, 878 j 1,741 1.88(5 ! 3. 621 . i 2,090 ! 5, 780 3, 854 6-21 2, 502 2,678 5, 180 | 1.304 1, 477 I 2. 781 "i'oeil 1, 159 | 2,220 | 6-21 4, 620 . 1 3,963 j . 7-21 14, 816 | 7. 055 . I 5, 554 : 1,500 1,320 | 6-21 j 695 853 1,348 321 483 i 804 231 297 ' 528 | 7-21 988 1 1,019 2.007 1, 343 1,156 ; 2, 299 914 i 935 j 1,849 ! 1,500 | 1,450 i 6-17 676 1 625 1,301 | 629 588 1,217 300 j 307 607 1, 584 891 7-18 ! . j 2,006 j . 2, 107 1,409 15,000 30,000 7-19 5,000 4. 886 I 9,886 1, 841 1,961 1 3. 802 3, 460 8-18 4,206 2, 687 1, 807 5, 554 1, 289 562 9, 160 ! 3, 464 2, 120 7-16 | ]’ 038 680 7-18 2, 642 1 1, 941 1, 066 6-18 861 783 1,644 j 692 665 1, 357 687 1, 064 . j 4_ 415 600 1, 015 ""*365' 512 877* 5-20 1, 535 5-20 2, 925 5-20 1, 300 5-20 3, 009 5-21 2, 485 2, 371 4, 856 923 727 1, 650 694 1 613 j 1, 307 3,089 1 1, 249 687 1, 590 910 . | 683 6,700 3, 182 5-21 3, 089 3, 201 6,290 1,215 1, 459 2, 674 "* 904’ 1,107 i 2,011 2 496 ! 820 . I 494 5-21 6' 695 i 2, 022 1, 270 5-21 3, 569 | 3, 762 7 331 ' ’ ’i3’418' *1*602* 3 020 *1,019* . 1,112 2,131 5-21 3.210 ! 1, 274 1,016 a Estimated. 6 Inclusive. c Since succeeded by James Barron Hope. 386 387 388 300 391 392 393 394 395 396 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 42S 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 254 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 14. — School statistics of cities and towns containing City or town. Superintendent. o 2 I’-S s o a-— 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 | 460 i 461 462 463 464 ! 465 i 466 i 467 i 468 j 4691 470; 471 Richmond, Ya . Staunton, Ya . Seattle, "Wash . Tacoma, "Wash . Parkersburgh, W. Ya . . . Wheeling, W. Ya . Appleton, Wis . Eau Claire, Wis . Fond du Lac, Wis . . Green Bay, Wis . Janesville, Wis* . Kenosha, Wis . La Crosse, Wis . Madison, Wis . Milwaukee, Wis . Oconto, Wis . Oshkosh, Wis . Racine, Wis . Sheboygan, Wis . Watertown, Wis . Wausau, Wis . John B. Cary . . - . W. W. Robertson . Edward S. Ingraham . E. P. Young . A. L. Purinton . W. H. Anderson . A. B. Whitman . . Mrs. J. C. Sherwin, county superintendent. LIT. Mitchell . J. C. Crawford . C. H. Keyes . James Cavanagh . . Albeit Hardy . William H. Beach . William E. Anderson . D. P. Moriarty . Charles R. Nevitt, jr . H. G. Winslow . George Heller . C. F. viebahn . Charles Y. Bardeen . ,600 ,664 rco ! 6,500 9, 500 31,700 11, 090 21, 000 14, 000 7, 111 23. 000 12, 064 158, 509 5, 000 23, 000 19, 600 13, 500 9, 000 r From Report of the Commissioner of Education for year 1884-’85. i Minor population between 4 and 21. STATISTICS OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 255 5,000 inhabitants and over, <$'0. — Pakt I — Continued. school a 2e. enrolments. l, Average daily attend* | ance in all public schools. r2 C3 a Female. Total. 14 15 16 2,727 j 2, 546 | 7,273 764 | 1,126 688 . 1, 829 1 865 650 1, 939 911 i, 338 | 3,768 ! 1,776 ........ i, 592 | 1,035 1,280 I 511 524 | :::::::: . 1, 284 | 1,200 2,484 ; 1, 383 15, 127 ; 1,050 2,500 1 2,204 i 600 450 • 1, 143 1,061 I 10 11 12 13 23, 119 5-21 10, 225 11, 454 2, 597 1, 800 4, 773 1, 927 2, 643 1, 423 29, 970 809 3, 500 1,314 7,200 2,847 1,541 5-21 5- 21 6- 21 6-21 4-20 4-20 4-20 4-20 4-20 4-20 4-20 4-20 4-20 4-20 4-21 4-20 4-20 4-20 4-20 1,167 • 588 1, 230 5, 280 1,899 2, 330 2,538 1, 275 1, 143 573 1, 330 5. 170 2. 171 2, 447 2, 6S6 1, 268 903 3, 405 1, 981 27, 079 674 3,500 3, 467 2, 241 1,727 1, 456 879 3. 625 2,165 28, 142 640 3, 700 3, 554 2,250 1,842 1,391 21, 079 j 1,927 I 2, 310 I 1,161 i 2, 560 | 10, 450 j 4, 070 i 4, 777 i 5, 224 ! 2,543 | 3, 829 i 1, 782 ; 7, 030 i 4,146 j 55,221 1, 314 7, 200 7, 021 4,491 3, 569 2, 847 3, 144 5, 235 521 933 2, 245 1, 065 601 723 443 871 2, 414 1.203 616 333 1, 824 I 710 i n,678 : 674 1,600 | 1, 539 802 644 831 323 1, 701 10, 920 640 1, 900 1, 468 794 597 776 379 049 465 964 804 659 268 868 199 217 596 656 525 435 598 314 500 007 596 241 607 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 21 T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. .BLE 14. — School statistics of cities and toivns containing 5,000 inhabitants and over for City or town. Number of days public schools were taught. o ® c? . rrt ® © © 3d cS c5 £o *3 & © < Average number of pupils to each teacher. Teachers in schools. public Malo. Female. Total. 1 17 18 19 20 21 22 1 180 6 25 31 ! 160 6 13 ; 187 16 38 24 1 54 9 33 176 3 y> 15 ! 1764 73 6 41 27 47 i 4 31 i 190 584, 440 8 67 75 j 180 45 2 g 10 206 13 129 142 190 35 4 85 89 San Francisco, Cal . 205 6, 589, 930 63 57 716 773 San Jos6, Cal . 200 391, 978 67 8 37 45 Vallejo, Cal . 1904 192, 676 5 14 19 120 98, 529 64 . 16 16 South Pueblo, Colo . 190 75] 682 2 12 14 Bridgeport Conn . . 205 55 3 119 122 Bristol, Conn . . . . 191 3 24 27 1 Banbury, Conn . . . . 3 54 57 Derby Conn - -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - - -- -- - 9 48 57 Enfield, Conn . 3 32 35 Greenwich, Conn . . . . . 200 4 27 31 Groton Conn . 8 1 14 22 Hartford Conn - -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 23 135 158 Kilim sly, Conn . . i 10 19 29 Manchester Conn ----------------- - ------ 1 1S6 165, 195 Meriden, Conn . 1 200 489,’ 500 52 9 62 71 Middletown Conn . . ..... _ I 5 1 17 ! 22 Naugatuck, Conn . . 200 53 2 16 18 N ew Britain, Conn . . . . . . . 196 3 40 43 New Haven, Conn . . . . 200 1 18 ! 252 270 New London, Conn .................. _ _ 2 40 42 Norwalk, Conn* .............. ...... _ _ 195 | 7 36 43 Norwich, Conn . 200 156, 600 31 1 30 31 Southington, Conn. . ................... _ 4 24 28 Stamford Conn ........................... 9 34 43 Stonin°"ton, Conn...... ................... • 6 26 32 Thompson, Conn.... .. .................... 45 6 12 18 Vernon, Conn _ ........ _ ... _ _ _ _ 180 1 2 26 28 Waterbury, Conn...... . . . 5 70 75 Winchester, Conn . . . . . 195 36 3 20 23 Windham, Conn _ _ _ _ _ 5 26 31 j Sioux Falls, Bak . . 1 44 j 17 Wilmington, Bel _ _ 1 198 ! 39 3 165 168 Atlanta. Ga _ _ 200 j 1,216,400 j 9 89 98 A n crn at, a Ga _ _ _ 250 8 32 40 Columbus, Ga ............ .............. 190 50 3 1 28 31 Macon, Ga _ _ _ 174 47 2 1 33 35 ! Savannah, Ga . . . 12 I 54 1 66 Aurora Ill., Bistrict No. 5.......... . 193 I 293, 853 3 I 31 34 ‘Relleville Til _ _ 198 50 13 1 35 ' 48 Bloomington, Til* ...................... _ 176 i 37 1 J 71 ' 72 Cairo, Ill'. . 169 1S5, 224 59 2 1 19 21 Chicago, III . 195 12,024,545 j 57 c56 j cl, 384 cl, 440 I Banville lilt . 190 3 39 42 1 TipF&fn y 11] - _ _ _ - 1774 357, 958 6 ! 32 38 ! East St. Louis, Ill _ ...................... 25S, 347 50 i 14 i 29 | 43 j El«nn lilt . 185 1 33 1 Freeport. FI . 200 200, 000 45 3 i 32 35 Galena Til _ _ 1 195 45 I 2 18 20 Galesburg. Ill . 180 274, 760 54| 2 1 37 39 | 194 266, 016 1 1 37 38 Joliet, III . 1 198 . i 4 ! 54 58 | * From Report of the Commissioner of Education for year 13S4-'85. a Monthly salaries. STATISTICS OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 257 1885-,86; from replies to inquiries by the United Stales Bureau of Education — Part II. High schools. Evening schools. *5 o o op p o S 42 a ft Number of sittings for study in all public schools. Estimated enrolment in pri¬ vate and parochial schools. Public-school libraries. Annual salary of city supnin- ! tendents. Annual salary of high-school principal. Teachers. £ | Teachers. J Pupils. Numbor of libraries. Volumes in libraries. * i * Female. 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 1 30 31 32 1 33 34 3 90 0 0 7 1, 300 300 1 500 $1, 750 a$90 a$60 3 700 450 2 500 8 309 12 1 2, 000 i . 0 0 5 . 1,642 j 1 300 2,000 1, 400 SOO 4 153 1 41 13 2,434 450 . 1,800 ! 1, 200 3 85 0 0 6 l' coo ! 166 5 500 1,2 )0 ■ 1, 800 4 143 19 3, 550 j 1 1,000 2, 000 1, 200 1 24 9 500 190 2 1, 500 600 91 379 2 121 15 7, 031 1, 500 2, 400 2, 700 5 133 92 12 1, 000 2, 700 2, 500 1,000 27 1, 186 2, 532 62 9, 286 4, 000 3 92 3 196 700 5 1,200 1, 500 1, 500 73 0 0 3 4 768 480 2 19 4 1, 500 450 1 100 1,800 . 3 73 3 ' 610 200 250 2,000 855 6 194 4 . 189 IS 6, 054 800 2, 500 ! 2, 500 6 70 4 155 12 li 192 12 400 250 1, 100 525 17 1 2, 539 70 1 200 . 9 2, 690 401 5 1,778 1 15 1, 336 510 4 851 . . 20 2, 400 194 3, 000 :::::::: 13 1, 065 20 18 522 10 460 17 6, 490 1,750 . 1 . 15 1, 390 i 100 9 1, 196 38 9 300 6 209 11 498 17 3, 564 960 6 1, 200 800 1 . 3 1, 020 409 1 . 9 873 2 300 1, 000 400 5 168 5 268 10 2, 400 1, 500 2 500 500 1, 950 600 15 712 12 i 766 37 11, 532 1, 838 11 8, 600 3, 000 2,700 88 n 1,858 74 7 2, 178 12 550 0 0 0 0 6 1, 215 400 1 291 2, 250 12 1, 225 19 18 1,750 544 18 1, 632 96 4 300 2* 50 13 824 429 5 200 . 8 74 0 0 10 360 3 . 1, 500 15 8, 670 400 ! . 4 70 o 0 8 1 ’ 940 230 3 S 100 1, 150 13 1, 227 645 3 1, 066 2 60 4 5816 100 1 . 6 235 24 7, 665 ! 1, 600 1, 300 1, 000 10 495 I. ... 12 5, 151 1, 500 1 1, 200 . 1 2, 000 1, 600 1, 200 3 150 0 0 11 2, 000 | 1, 800 1,250 720 0 0 0 0 6' 1,440 300 ! 1, 600 4 142 0 0 7 1, 556 300 2 1 400 | 2, 000 1, 350 720 5 229 8 3, 600 1, 200 1 800 ! 2, 800 2,250 5 115 0 0 5 2,100 597 2 2, 070 2,000 1, 200 5 2, 400 650 5 790 ! 2, 000 1 10 2, 900 j 1, 600 1,000 3 57 6 5l’ 648 5275 1 386 1, 200 560 50 1, 959 128 6, 709 91 76, 896 S 44, 000 40 22, 000 ! 4, 200 2, 400 6 2, 500 | 613 1, 600 1. 300 6 278 0 0 7 2, 160 300 2 1, 000 2, 000 1, 300 3 48 0 0 10 o 0 1, 500 1,000 5 103 8 757 1, 200 1, 000 4 148 0 0 5 ‘"’i’soo 400 1 215 1,800 1,000 3 75 4 350 1 1, 300 1, 200 500 3 117 7 2, 086 450 1 400 1, 700 800 4 130 7 2, 150 628 810 720 4 120 10 2, 600 700 i 50 1, 600 i, ioo & Estimated. c Exclusive of evening schools. ED SG - 17 1 3 4 5 6 7 X 9 10 n 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 5S 59 60 61 62 63 1 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF Table 14. — School statistics of citu City or town. 1 Kankakee, Ill . . Lincoln. Ill . . . Moline, Ill . . . Monmouth, HI . . Ottawa, Ill* . - . . Peoria. Ill . . . . Peru, Ill . Quincy, HI . Rockford, HI . Rock Island, HI... . Springfield, HI* . . Streator, Ill . . . Crawford sville, Ind . . Evansville, Ind . Fort Wayne, Ind . . Indianapolis, Ind . J effersonville, Ind . La Fayette, Ind . La Porte, Ind . . Lawrencehurgh, Ind . Logansport, Ind . . Michigan City, Ind . Peru, Ind . Richmond. Ind . Seymour, Ind . . South Bend, Ind . . Terre Haute, Ind . "Vincennes, Ind . . Washington, Ind . . Burlington, Iowa . . Council Bluffs, Iowa . . Davenport, Iowa . Des Moines (west side), Iowa* Dubuque, Iowa . Keokuk. Iowa . . Lyons, Iowa . . Marshalltown, Iowa . . Muscatine, Iowa . Oskaloosa, Iowa . Ottnmwa, Iowa . . Waterloo, Iowa . . Emporia, Kans . Fort Scott, Kans . Lawrence, Kans.-- . Leavenworth, Kans . Ottawa, Kans . - . Wellington, Kans . 196 193 127,751 142, 875 50 177 46 160 157, 481 50 41 196 200 40 196 198 177 180 508, 620 483, 740 298, 376 . 40 ’ 52 40 195 . 318, 445 180 197 180, 720 56 36 192 . 38 183 49 180 53 190 190 327, 710 49 42 200 178 193* 190 171, 000 139, 005 129, 057 48 56 55 178 177 £ 178 360, 806 138, 671 48 46 187 52 197 42 170 55 190 198 596, 380 378,378 58 197 637, 965 . 177 200 190 . 200 11, 300 178 270, 720 190 49 176 46 190 180 108, 179 180" 44 185 160 73 180 180 Covington, Ky . Louisville, Ky . Newport, Ky . . Owensborougli, Ky . New Orleans, La - Auburn, Me.* . Augusta, Me . Bangor, Me . Bath, Me . . Belfast, Me . Biddeford, Me . Brunswick, Me . Calais, Me . Cape Elizabeth, Me Deering, Me . Ellsworth, Mo . 197 575, 043 204 200 184 18 L 164, 866 2, 826, 315 57 45 d 174 157, 157 32 184 180 44 200 198 i'rom Report of the Commissioner of Education for year 1884-85. STATISTICS OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 250 5,000 inhabitants and over, tf-c. — Paiit II — Continued. High schools. Evening schools. Number of public-school build¬ ings. ® . go cc rrt c ^ o__ S* 53 Estimated enrolment in pri¬ vate and parochial schools. Public-school 1 libraries. = CO '3 * j bfl 1 ® GO "5 p ^ ■ 1 Annual salary of bigh-scliool principal. OQ h J o a o H Pupils. Teachers. GO pH s O © £ Volumes in libraries. Male. 1 0 33 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 — — 34 3 0 0 3 1, 200 500 1 250 $1, 350 . 1 64 3 73 o 0 5 954 591 1,200 . $650 65 3 07 6 1 738 395 1, 800 $1,200 | 66 5 l’ 250 67 8 1, 415 261 1, 200 68 9 271 6 158 12 5, 385 1, 500 4 1, 710 2, 500 1, 800 69 4 80 0 0 4 850 250 1 200 1, 200 70 5 141 9 3 261 2 150 1, 500 1, 500 71 5 189 0 0 12 2, 895 400 2 538 1, 800 l, 600 700 72 4 121 7 2, 000 800 475 1, 750 1, 400 73 G 8 1, 343 1, 800 1,’ 500 74 5 185 . 8 2, 044 450 2 325 1, 300 1. 500 75 2 52 0 0 3 1.400 150 1 200 1,600 '630 76 11 305 o 0 13 6 300 1 433 2, 500 1, 400 77 8 226 9 3i 960 3’ 800 1 5,600 2, 500 l’ 500 78 18 28 1 198 2, 750 2, 225 79 3 101 . . 6 ’ 150 1 147 1, 300 810 80 4 100 1 1 7 . 2, 200 2, 000 1,800 1,300 81 5 107 7 900 1 2, 700 2, 000 1, 200 82 2 45 0 0 2 1, 000 500 1 1, 000 1, 200 800 500 83 4 117 0 0 6 1,864 700 1 400 1,600 1, 000 84 3 40 3 1, 050 400 1 500 1,800 600 85 3 108 . 3 1, 200 300 1 1 400 1, 500 700 500 86 4 132 o 1 o i 8 2, 404 900 2,000 1 1, 200 87 2 29 0 0 4 1,300 250 1 300 1, 250 500 88 5 137 . i 7 2, 500 800 l' ! 500 1, 800 1,400 700 89 9 365 0 0 15 i 4, 196 900 2, 500 1, 400 90 4 105 4 i 1, 086 853 1 742 1, 700 800 91 2 67 4 18 300 1 350 1, 000 ft75 92 6 199 4 ' 200 13 3, 900 1,000 5 1, 000 1,900 1, 500 93 3 126 13 2,718 300 1 40 2, 000 1, 000 94 6 226 7 j 309 10 1,000 1, 000 2, 000 1, 500 95 3 ... _ 1 18 2, 422 1,800 1, 300 96 6 j 163 11 3 600 2, 500 800 1, 700 97 5 140 0 o 6 2, 400 ’600 1 400 1, 400 lj 200 ! 98 2 70 4 1, 000 400 1 . 1,200 ’** 600 I 99 5 143 0 0 6 2, 110 70 1 500 1, 800 900 100 3 100 3 104 10 1, 840 150 2 150 1,500 900 101 5 185 4 1, 530 1 875 | 1, 600 1 102 3 70 5 1, 805 100 1 600 I 1, 700 ! 1, 000 103 4 150 5 215 2 325 cl, 250 675 1 104 4 90 0 0 9 1, 600 1 309 1, 400 900 ! 105 1 43 6 1, 304 300 1, 000' 725 i 106 3 147 11 1, 715 250 1 1 . 1,200 720 ! 107 5 218 0 0 9 2, 664 1, 200 0 0 2, 400 2,000 108 1 51 3 1, 320 30 1, 300 ! 700 109 1 50 3 780 100 1 325 1, 000 540 110 5 177 0 0 6 3, 400 2, 500 1 500 1, 800 1, 600 | 111 22 592 37 1,003 30 0 0 2, 500 2, 000 112 2 139 9 2, 800 800 1 900 1,400 800 735 113 2 64 5 1, 200 142 1 300 1,700 720 114 11 420 0 0 46 18, 000 16, 400 3, 000 1, 625 1, 500 115 32 2, 180 20 1, 200 1, 500 116 4 103 0 0 26 1, 655 100 2 300 300 1, 600 117 6 222 ! . 118 217 15 . 119 55 18 120 3 90 4 175 21 1, 968 500 1 250 1, 400 1,300 700 121 3 60 0 0 23 1, 240 50 1 200 1, 350 500 122 3 70 13 2, 000 100 300 800 360 123 92 . 15 1 124 3 136 15 800 1, 000 396 125 64 23 1 126 O Monthly salary. c Average salary. d For graded schools ; for ungraded, 115. 260 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 14. — School statistics of cities and towns containing City or town. | Number of days public schools were taught. Actual attendance in days of pupils of all grades. Average number of pupils to each teacher. Teachers in public schools. Male. Female. Total. 1 17 18 19 20 21 22 127 184 50 3 128 190 891, 860 10 u l 1 A A OU 154 90 158 3 -L iTr on 130 190 27 12 ou 28 OO Aft 131 Baltimore, Md . 204 6, 850, 524 43 120 891 *± u 1,011 132 150 50 7 20 97 133 5 30 134 26 68 OD 97 135 5 136 35 25 / O 3ft 137 3 OO 9ft 138 145 1 089 iiO 1 934 139 12 1 85 JL, £0'i 97 140 3 38 41 141 200 24 231 255 142 200 50 4 qq 09 143 Chicopee, Mass _ ........................ 4 oo 33 37 144 Clinton, Mass . 196 278, 712 51 1 34 35 145 Danvers TVTass . . . . 185 43 4 24 28 146 Dedham Mass ............ ............... 200 32 7 30 37 147 Everett, Mass . 192 213, 120 41 2 27 29 148 Fall River Mass ..................... _ 200 41 97 108 149 hivror "Mass _ _ 185 426, 647 5 63 68 150 Framingham , Mass . . 2 33 35 151 Gardner, Mass . 165 154, 340 47 2 22 24 152 Gloucester Mass _ ................... 191 658, 719 5 97 102 153 Great Barrington, Mass . . 192 5 30 154 Haverhill, Mass . 192 606, 720 40 5 101 106 155 TTolyfVkft Mflflfl _ _ 196* 20 86 106 156 Hyde Park, Mass _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 39 46 157 Lawrence, Mass . . 200 40 8 122 130 158 Leominster, Mass . - . 1 24 25 159 Lowell, Mass . . . . . 203 al73 al88 160 Lynn, Mass . 192 1, 077, 888 47 *11 130 141 16L Malden Mass _ _ 192 388, 416 2 58 60 162 Marblehead, Mass . 200 216, 6C0 52 25 27 163 Atari hfirrmch, At ass _ 180 40 2 48 50 164 Medford, Mass . . . 9 34 43 165 Afplrnsp AT ass _ 1 25 26 166 Middleborough, Mass . 3 25 28 167 Milford Atass _ _ _ 180 2 36 38 168 Montague, Mass . . . 180 38 2 26 28 169 Natick, Mass ... ......................... 4 43 47 170 New Bedford, Mass _ .......... _ .... 8 1 17 125 171 Newbury port, Mass . . . . 7 37 44 172 Newton Mass _ _ _ ................. 240 39 15 86 101 173 North Adams, Mass... . . 190 44 3 52 - 55 174 Northampton, Mass _ _ .... _ .......... cl74 38 3 60 63 1 175 Palmer, Mass . . . . 4 30 34 176 Peabody _ _ _ _ 200 4 37 41 177 Pittsfield Mass .............. _ ...... 196 4 69 73 178 Plymouth, Mass .................... _ _ 6 38 44 179 Quincy Mass _ ......................... 5 48 53 180 Ttnnkla.nd Atass _ _ 40 5 16 21 181 Salem Mass _ .......................... 30 99 182 Somerville Mass _ ..................... 200 163, 730 9 111 120 183 Southbridge, Mass . 177 89, 082 39 1 22 23 184 Spencer, Mass ............................ 180 54 4 34 38 185 Springfield Ata.ss _ 200 868, 200 10 113 123 186 Stone ham Atass _ _ 182 42 2 22 24 187 Stonghton, Mass _ 4 16 20 188 T'anntnn, Atass* _ _ 195 16 74 90 189 Wakefield, Mass . 3 25 28 * From Report of the Commissioner of Education for year 1884-’85. a In day-schools only. STATISTICS OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 2G1 5,000 inliabilanls and over, <$c. — Part II — Continued. High schools. Evening schools. 2 & o o 00 6 ® ^ tt O f-i M A J Number of sittings for study- in all public-schools. Estimated enrolment in pri¬ vate and parochial schools. Public-school libraries. « | Annual salary of city superin¬ tendents. Annual salary of high-school principal. Teachers. Fupils. 1 Teachers. Pupils. N umber of libraries. Volumes in libraries.! Male. J Female. 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 5 170 12 350 28 1, 600 2 700 $1, 500 $1, 700 $550 j 12 325 0 0 16 6, 745 i 1, 500 8 4,500 2, 250 2, 000 3 12 45 1, 100 3 76 14 1, 100 i 75 1 470 250 1, 300 600 40 966 39 1, 477 72 44^ 053 13, 000 1 3, 500 2, 500 2 272 2 o o 3 1 *’00 300 o 0 ’ 900 3 51 0 o 7 1, 580 0 1 1, 000 1, 500 3 93 415 i 1, 600 4 122 70 1 1,390 1, 100 4 150 20 1,300 2 72 1, 000 . 105 2,561 137 3, 626 159 59, 558 7, 050 4, 200 . 4 '222 20 1, 800 : . ; 12 200 2,500 2, 700 i . 18 . 561 . 16 . 354 37 1,270 2, 700 2, 800 7 230 8 150 13 4, GOO ’500 : i 500 2, 400 2, 200 ! i 4 94 ! 1,000 1, 300 3 104 6 1 130 12 1, 800 j 20 1,600 1, 600 550 3 95 11 1, 300 ! o 0 1, 400 400 ; 4 125 i 4 60 13 1, 300 35 2 ! 200 j 1, 800 3 1 66 6 l’ 300 1,250 460 9 I 361 i 41 1,312 42 i 10,245 1, 200 1 520 2, 000 ! 2, 700 7 294 17 i 157 19 3, 030 400 0 0 i 2,000 j 1, 850 5 ! 98 I 2, 650 3 90 0 0 10 1,320 75 1 200 . 1, 300 650 7 253 . 22 4, 496 80 . . 2,209 ! 2, 000 2 115 *0 o 16 40 1 20 1, 550 G 1 157 10 165 28 4,294 1 s 1 250 2, 000 j 1, 900 5 149 29 806 14 3, 262 1,900 : 1, 900 4 145 j 2, 539 i 1, 800 9 358 25 384 20 5, 200 1,594 1 2,200 I 2, 000 0 0 72 900 0 o 1, 500 1, 500 600 al3 a353 63 1, 202 46 9, 288 2, 700 2, GOO 2, 200 11 6258 53 | 6571 3L 7, 560 650 8 6c0 2, 250 2, 200 5 154 5 | 131 10 2, 574 750 1 1, 537 2,100 2,200 2 80 0 0 12 1, 481 25 0 0 1, 000 500 3 100 0 0 12 2, 100 100 10 100 1, 700 1, 650 5 114 50 2, 200 3 116 10 1, 700 3 76 0 0 21 25 1 3, 955 1,000 1,200 450 4 112 1 ] 36 17 2, 198 300 1 300 1,500 1, 700 4 73 i . 11 1,400 0 B 80 800 500 4 122 1, 000 9 323 21 500 25 870 2, 000 1 1, 900 4 123 ' 500 1, 509 13 431 9 120 22 4,543 407 2, 800 2, 800 4 to 5 i 129 12 2, 000 350 i 200 1,700 1,500 1 700* 7 140 2 | 86 24 2, 400 100 2 200 1, 000 1, 350 490 2 59 1 . 1, 000 3 86 8 2, 100 67 i 100 1,400 . 600 5 145 4 j ioo 27 3, 000 100 1,500 1, 800 520 4 150 1 . 35 i . 1, 500 3 165 1 . 48 1, 400 3 64 2 12 ! ^ o o 1, 260 216 '12 279 4, 382 1,422 9 363 9 240 23 6, 000 620 i 2,000 2,400 883 2 58 o 0 12 972 372 : l, 400 1, 050 550 3 119 ! 10 190 15 1, 714 1,700 700 500 11 274 i 17 770 27 5, 450 1,200 3, 000 2, 700 79 7 1, 112 20 1 200 1, 700 2 43 320 ! 1, 050 4 174 8 339 32 4, 693 168 . '"i,*900 ! 1, 700 | . 3 146 1- . i 20 ; 2, 000 1:::::::: 6 Average number belonging. c In the grammar schools ; in the high school, 194. 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 13G 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 140 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 262 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 14. — School statistics of cities and towns containing • ■ m o c o OQ o o c? £ ^ 4) | Average number of pupils to each teacher. Teachers in schools. public City or town. . %£ 3 SB P<3 03 rf eS'p s 3 & si c3 'w Sm a o 2 Pi 8 r2 ”c3 a m s to « o H 1 17 IS 19 20 21 22 190 7 53 60 191 4 33 37 192 4 29 33 193 1 | 17 18 194 5 56 61 195 195 354, 510 41 7 46 53 196 200 5 44 49 197 187 23 254 277 198 192 181, 1964 292, 220 2 30 32 199 190 6 38 42 200 194 2 35 37 201 194 470, 575 2 67 69 202 194^ 196 3 20 23 203 14 301 315 204 194 679, 000 11 73 84 205 Flint, Micli . 194 269, 571 1 37 38 200 207 198 9 175 184 T . , C District No. 1 . 189 37 3 40 Jackson, Mich. > District No. 17* . 196 1 20 21 208 Kalamazoo, Mich . . _ . . 194 373, 881 38 3 57 60 209 Ludington, Mich . .. . . 198 3 22 25 210 Marquette, Mich _ _ _ 195 182, 073 342, 820 1 21 22 211 Menominee. Mich . 200 55 2 21 23 212 Musk e2.o n, Mich* . . 197 4 58 62 213 Port Huron. Mich _ . _ _ 196 1 . > 1 34 35 214 i Saginaw, Mick _ _ _ _ _ 1 3 43 46 215 West Bay City, Mich . 195 263, 431 76 4 26 30 216 Duluth, Minn . . 196 40 l 3 33 36 217 Faribault, Minn . 19 21 218 Mankato, Minn . . . . . 4 19 23 219 Minneapolis, Minn . 184 1, 867, 696 50 35 292 327 220 "Red Wing-, Minn . . . 1 22- 23 221 Rochester, Minn . 24 24 222 St. Paul. Minn _ _ 197 58 28 242 270 223 Stillwater. Minn . . 180 1 . 2 34 36 224 Winona, Minn . . . 3 44 47 225 Natchez. Miss . . 180 49 2 21 23 226 Vicksburg, Miss . 200 4 20 24 227 Carthage, Mo . ' 179 193, 499 6 18 24 228 Hannibal, Mo . 176 42 3 37 40 229 1 Jefferson Citv. Mo . 176 130, 390 16 230 i Kansas City, Mo* . 180 19 128 147 231 St. Charles, Mo . . 197 3 5 8 232 St,. Joseph. Mo . . . 180 10 71 81 233 St. Louis, Mo . 195 7, 211, 930 47 101 1, 025 40 1,126 234 Sedalia, Mo* . 179 4 44 235 Springfield, Mo . 160 248, 415 166, 314 124, 552 362, 420 892, 994 7 20 27 236 Grand Island, Nebr . 200 2 21 23 237 Hastings, Nebr . 175 1 17 18 238 Lincoln, Nebr . 169 66 5 41 46 239 ! Omaha. Nebr _ 190 5 133 138 240 Gold Hill, Nev . 194 65 1 8 9 241 Virginia City, Nev . . . . 254 70 1 17 18 242 Claremont. N. H _ _ _ 33 1 * 21 22 243 Concord, N. Hft _ _ . _ 5 66 71 244 Dover, N. H . 3 39 42 245 Keene, N. H5 _ _ _ 3 38 41 246 Manchester, N. H . 170 434, 245 c36 c6 c68 c74 247 Nashua. N. H* . . . 165 8 63 71 248 Portsmouth, N. H _ _ 195 48 4 34 38 249 Rochester, N. Hfr . . 3 46 49 250 Somersworth, N. H . . . . j iso 106, 140 2 19 21 251 Atlantic, N. J6 . | 2 17 19 *From Report of the Commissioner of Education for year lS8i-’85. a Monthly salaries. STATISTICS OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 263 6,000 inhabitants and over, $'c. — Pakt 11 — Continued. High schools. Evening schools. J3 *3 >> v2 § ^ I “ * c § Public-school libraries. i CD O Cl X Z ~ ~ C£) .2 ^ a -j j t i *3 5 1 § | c~ _ | •-g .5 1 W s* « 9 X J* J5 z> — r^.2 ~ S 1 S | § a | r. \ g % H * * £ £ w ' > 23 24 25 26 e* j 2S 29 1 30 31 2, 858 100 •2 10 3 97 27 0 49 700 6 4 20 50 5 160 0 0 23 2, 700 40 5 I 500 | 5 130 4 50 13 1 2, 300 600 17 695 26 369 49 13, 120 2, 300 . 2,000 j 5 146 1, 792 447 i ! 5, 038 11 545 1, 800 300 i 2, 500 5 154 2 30 4 1, 550 350 1 ' 7,567 6 194 0 0 10 2,700 : 1, 500 1 10, 037 4 114 4 | 23 784 . 31 15, 429 8,378 7 254 0 o 12 3, 988 1 600 S 1 7, 000 6 261 0 0 1,847 250 1 5, 500 19 439 4 204 22 8, 168 1,200 1 17, 310 7 240 . . 1 8 1 2,200 1 800 2 i 49 ! 7 1 1, 136 5 151 0 0 9 2, 650 475 1 12, ,800 3 60 5 1,000 1 2,000 o 0 i 5 I 1, 139 90 1 1, 463 . 3 58 6 : 983 200 200 9 I 2,780 3 84 0 6 8 ! 1, 850 800 | 1 1, 390 5 158 0 0 2, 100 500 1 5, 000 2 31 0 0 8 1, 750 290 3 11, 500 3 70 , o 0 7 1, 520 400 1 700 52 7 930 621 75 4 : 1,000 800 25 541 35 il, 480 28 1 12, 704 1 5, 846 94 4 1, 450 250 83 :::::: 4 1, 200 100 22 529 30 ll, 362 26 12, 770 24 10, 000 4 70 1 . 6 1, 800 ’** 250* 2 700 83 1 . 3 1, 830 400 2 50 2 1,050 500 0 0 0 0 3 1, 800 700 . 2 112 0 0 5 1, 300 65 1 530 6 2, 000 150 884 150 16 9,121 1 20 0 0 3 925 1 902 I 6 236 21 4, 680 700 31 949 83 3,724 105 1 48, 170 25,000 9 2, 340 300 3 131 4 1. 680 500 1 200 1 2 53 0 0 3 '720 35 1 60 | 2 84 4 850 i 1 300 i 4 122 0 0 9 2, 392 . I . 1 940 1 11 256 0 0 14 6,710 1,850 1 1, 000 j 2 70 3 145 2 46 3 400 160 \ 180 ! 4 93 0 0 22 95 0 • 0 I . 30 5 149 1 2 95 IS eoo 0 9 i 20 6 192 17 245 23 3, 750 3, 400 1 5 175 1 17 416 17 2, 354 511 4 123 13 1, 677 150 1 | 500 25 3 69 8 _ _ _ i 4 1,150 125 Annual salary of high-school principal. 32 33 34 I $2, 000 1, 800 1, 500 3, 500 1, 500 2, 000 1, 500 2, 000 1,200 4, 000 2, 250 1, 500 2, 250 1. 800 1,500 2, 000 1, 300 1,650 1.400 liSOO 1,500 1, 800 1,500 2, 200 1, 500 1, 600 3, 600 1, 650 1,500 3, 500 2, 000 $1,800 1,000 2, 000 1. 000 1,500 1, 200 2, 000 3, 000 1, 300 1, 600 800 1, 200 900 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 I 197 1 198 ; 199 I 200 I 201 202 $600 2,000 . | 203 1,200 : . | 204 1,000 . 1 205 1,800 . 206 1,400 i 775>j 907 1, 100 800 1, 000 600 750 2, 300 1, 000 400 1, 100 1,500 o87£ 900 750 3, 000 1, 000 2,000 3, 600 1, 400 1,800 1, 500 1, 320 1.800 3, 000 1,000 1,800 2, 563 750 450 750 1, 000 a40 1, 200 1, 600 1,000 800 'i’ooo* 2. 200 a 160 al55 1, 500 1, 600 1,800 1,000 1, 500 2,000 . . 2,200 | . . 1. 800 ! 900 208 . I 209 . 210 650 ! 211 . : 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 800 o60 allO alOO 500 6 These statistics are for the year 1884-85. c In day-schools only. 2G4 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 14. — School statistics of cities and towns containing City or town. o o «3 o 2 s o P s g * Actual attendance in days of pupils of all grades. o 03 0. a o 2 9. ® 2 * 5i © bC ed 3 > ◄ Teachers in schools. public Male. Female. Total. 1 17 18 10 © 31 i 33 252 4 20 30 253 188 IT 121 128 254 197 4 57 61 255 Gloucester City, N. J . 200 119, 600 1 10 11 256 210 6 3 9 257 Hoboken N. J . 116 258 200 17 339 356 259 Millville, N. Ja . 6 31 37 260 2 16 18 261 Newark, N. J . 201 48 59 383 442 262 New Brunswick, N. J . 192 56 4 47 51 263 198 2 33 35 264 1 24 25 265 200 dll dl57 dlG8 266 Perth Ambov, N. J . 205 94, 829 1 9 10 267 Phillipsburgh, N. J . 20.) 279, 200 59 3 30 33 268 Plain held, N. J . 195 1 26 27 269 Rahway, N. J . . 4 17 21 270 Salem, N. J a . 3 17 20 271 Trenton, N. .T a . . . 4 74 78 272 Albany, N. T . 189 1, 827, 708 41 23 230 253 273 Auburn, N. Y . 193 578, 439 . . 3 82 85 274 Binghamton, N. Y . 196 55 L, 026 46 6 76 82 275 Brooklyn. N. Y . 12, 970, 924 72 | | 1, 638 1,710 276 Buffalo, N. Y . i 95 3, 557, 037 52 43 540 583 277 Cohoes, N. Y . . . . . . 196 3.8, 633 55 4 56 60 278 Cortland, N. Y . 192 77, 561 70 10 10 279 Dunkirk. N. Y _ 180 191, 681 34 40 40 280 Elmira, N. Y . 194 594, 340 43 5 75 80 281 Gloversville, N. Y . 193 198, 336 1 23 24 282 Hoosick Falls. N. Y . . 189 3 24 27 283 Hornellsville, N. Y . . . . . 198 246, 451 2 31 33 284 Hudson, N. Y . . . 198 163, 152 62 3 21 24 285 Ithaea, N. Y . 196 260, 457 2 32 34 286 Jamestown. N. Y . 201 327, 317 50 3 52 55 287 Kingston, N. Y H.wn fifths nf o.it.yy* 196 7 26 33 288 Lansingburgh, N. Y . 191 194, 991* 50 1 29 30 289 Little Falls. N. Y . 198 153, 339 . . 4 19 23 290 Lockport, N. Y . 195 334, 652 51 3 47 50 291 Long Island Citv, N. Y* . 202 2 66 68 292 Newburgh, N. Y* _ _ 206 5 66 71 293 New York, N. Y . . . 198 30, 421,314 230 3, 768 3, 998 294 Ogdensburgh. N. Y _ 234, 109 6 30 ! 36 295 Oswego, N. Y* _ 197 2 65 67 293 Port Jervis, N. Y . . . 194 261, 586 41 32 34 '297 Poughkeepsie, N. Y . . . 194 443, 018 41 2 65 67 298 Rochester, N. Y . . . 195 2, 094, 690 11 312 323 299 Rome, N. Y . 195 233, 058 56 3 30 33 300 Saratoga Springs. N. Y . 190 276, 685 53 5 37 42 301 Schonectadv, N. Y . . . . 191 305, 512 52 3 42 45 802 Sin o- Sing, N. Y . . . 196 143, -334 53 21 2L 303 Syracuse, N. Y . . . . 196 1, 568, 844 10 195 205 304 Troy, N. Y . 195 1, 200, 910 18 157 175 305 Utica, N. Y . . . 197 784, 494 41 7 147 i54 306 Watertown, N. Y . . . . 257, 702 . 4 47 51 307 West New Brighton "NT. Y 198 85, 530 2 13 15 308 Yonkers N. Y* 197 7 49 56 209 Charlotre N. O 30 310 Raleioh N. C 2S 3 LI Wilmington, N.C _ ..... _ ...... _ _ 22 312 Akron, Ohio . . . . . 194 682, 127 54 76 82 313 Ashtabula, Ohio . 185 ! 107, 025 58 14 14 * From Report of the Commissioner of Education a These statistics are for the year 18S4-’8o. for year 1884-’S5. b Average attendance. STATISTICS OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS, 2G5 5,000 inhabitants and over, tfc. — Part II — Continued. High schools. Evening schools. Number of public-school buihl- ings. Number of sittings for study iu all public schools. Estimated enrolment in pri- | vate and x>arochial schools, j Public-school libraries. Annual salary of city superin¬ tendents ' Annual salary of liisrb- school principal. Teachers. P npils. Teachers. Pupils. Number of libraries. Volumes in libraries. Male. Female. 23 24 35 36 27 38 39 30 31 32 33 34 6 1,454 250 0 0 10 559 15 6, 591 2, 000 1 40 $900 9 &90 9 6171 4 2, 602 2,013 3 1, 246 600 $1, 625 2 68 4 170 4 750 300 0 0 1, 000 ’$500 ' 0 0 £ 300 1 700 o o ICO 6 4, 216 1, 496 10 404 24 15, 770 12 8, 786 2, 600 2, 500 12 1, 680 50 800 400 17 725 63 2, 825 40 19, 444 6, 500 21 6,130 2, 500 100 6 157 8 185 6 2,319 979 1 2, 785 2, 500 cl55 c43 3 90 7 325 4 1. 484 1, 300 4 968 2, 200 4 1. 100 360 8 240 46 1, 189 13 7, 060 1, 500 11 4, 200 2, 000 1, 800 0 0 o 500 512 1 100 3 80 0 0 6 1,747 150 1, 3S0 750 500 4 170 0 0 4 1, 296 450 1 1,000 1, 300 0 0 0 0 4 1, 157 50 60 400 300 300 6 9S1 145 14 3, 394 1, 555 21 622 0 0 24 12, 293 5, 000 1 6, 460 2. 500 3, 0U0 9 349 13 3, 783 1, 200 1, 000 2, 000 2, 000 6 204 8 3,816 545 1 5, 505 2, 000 2, 000 71 28, 000 23, 322 17 392 87 2 300 45 11, 995 36 23, G46 2, 300 2, 500 3 85 13 ’’276 10 2, 266 905 1 2, 370 1,500 1, 000 0 0 0 0 4 532 40 1 150 800 3 105 ..... 9 1, 500 394 1 G95 | 1,400 900 5 224 ”100 ! 8 3, 722 685 6 3, 980 1, 600 1, 700 3 116 3 1, 292 1 333 1, 500 600 3 5 179 0 0 i 4 1, 850 300 3 3S2 1, 700 cl 00 cGO * 2 67 3 1,574 640 1 936 800 1, 350 500 6 308 6 1,841 375 1 1.779 2, 000 1, 200 13 381 8 2, 13 1 60 1 2, 500 t . 1, 81 0 1. 200 ^ 3C0 7 226 o o 5 1,690 316 1, 400 2, 500 4 1,282 350 1 1 1, 800 1, 500 4 80 3 1,100 250 1 1, 900 1,400 1,400 800 7 285 4 212 ! 6 400 1 4, 246 1,400 1, 800 500 *7 385 7 681 e39 ! c/1, 439 329 /8, 266 134 168, 926 46, 000 33,258 ! 7, 500 10 550 3,991 10 611 . 1 20 3, 385 1, 142 1, 500 1, 200 3 3 IS 5 1,600 120 1 3,200 1, 500 1, 000 207 11 2,641 800 1 14,240 1.600 1,500 600 15 482 j 31 12, 043 7, 500 1 16, 000 2, 200 2, 600 690 6 16L 0 0 8 1,793 300 1 1,301 1, 500 1, 400 600 5 142 0 0 9 2, 000 86 1 1, 930 3, 550 1, 300 . 6 159 1. 800 1, 000 1 3, 050 2, 000 1, 500 1 26 3 980 79 1 1, 038 1. C48 5GS 13 543 19 8, 984 2, 396 1 17, 182 2. 200 2, 500 7 208 16 ! 7, 907 2, 000 1 1, 400 2, 100 2, 000 7 167 10 155 18 i 5, 159 2. 700 1 ! 10,479 2^00 1, 900 216 9 2, 145 200 4, 000 j | 2 560 150 ] 1, 123 1,500 . 5 149 8 512 7 2, 07u 1, 800 3, 000 2,200 j 8 302 10 4,340 777 GOO 2, 500 1,400 700 1 59 0 0 6 ! 681 1 ! 1 263 1, 300 550 c Monthly salaries. e In Female Normal College. d In day-schools only. f Average daily attendance. 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 200 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 26,8 260 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 270 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 283 280 290 201 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 31 »2 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 266 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 14. — School statistics of cities and towns containing . City or town. Number of days public schools 1 were taught. j Actual attendance in days of pupils of all grades. Average number of pupils to each teacher. ' i Teachers in schools. public Male. Female. Total. 1 17 IS 19 20 21 22 314 5 26 31 315 194 3 36 39 316 Ckillicothe, Ohio . 190 293, 550 44 5 43 48 317 Cincinnati, Ohio . 200 5, 809, 200 46 133 617 750 318 200 48 2 30 32 319 192 4, 530, 240 39 565 604 320 Columbus, Ohio . . . 196 1, 568, 686 50 12 195 207 321 200 47 19 136 155 322 23 23 323 27 27 324 180 59 1 27 28 325 194 153, 260 1 20 21 326 1*0 195, 840 3 20 23 327 190 65 4 16 20 328 194 53 8 36 44 329 185 50 4 33 37 330 Lancaster, Ohio . 185 168, 424 43 4 26 30 331 Lima, Ohio . 186 185, 846 49 1 34 35 332 Mansfield, Ohio . . 2 46 48 333 Marietta, Ohio . . 185 46 3 23 26 334 Massillon, Ohio . 1 28 29 335 Mount Yernon, Ohio . 190 158, 840 47 5 20 25 336 Newark, Ohio . 189 296, 352 53 5 41 46 337 Norwalk, Ohio . 190 183, 160 47 2 27 29 338 Piqua, Ohio . 2 21 23 339 Pomeroy, Ohio _ _ _ ... 5 19 24 340 Portsmouth, Ohio . . 186 335, 160 50 3 38 41 341 Salem, Ohio . 188 139, 000 56 1 17 18 342 Sanduskv. Ohio . 192 441, 024 53 3 57 60 343 Snringfield, Ohio . . 17 76 93 344 Steubenville, Ohio . . 1964 7 42 49 345 Tiffin, Ohio . 194“ 196, 328 39 3 29 32 346 Toledo, Ohio . 8 175 183 317 TTrbana, Ohio . . . 7 13 20 348 Wooster, Ohio . 2 26 28 349 Xenia, Ohio . . . 5 27 32 350 Youngstown, Ohio . 11 50 61 351 Zanesville. Ohio . 9 62 71 352 Portland, Oreg _ 199 596, 762 7 70 77 353 Allegheny, Pa . 21 218 239 354 Allentown, Pa*. _ 193 12 50 62 355 Altoona, Pa . 180 55 8 59 67 356 Ashland, Pa . 180 147, 600 67 4 16 20 357 Beaver Falls, Pa . . . . 160 57 1 29 30 358 Bethlehem. Pa . . 200 50 4 10 14 359 Bradford. Pa . 200 1 37 38 360 Bristol. Pa _ _ . i . 17 17 361 Oarbondale. Pa _ _ _ .1 . . 6 20 26 362 Carlisle, Pa . 200 43 6 18 24 363 Chauibersburgk, Pa . 180 234, 000 49 4 26 30 364 Chester, Pa _ _ _ _ ! 190 51 51 365 Columbia, Pa .... . . . . . ' 2 27 29 366 Consholiocken, Pa.. . . j 200 118, 397 51 1 • 13 14 367 Oorry, Pa _ _ _ _ l ! r 23 24 368 | Danville, Pa . . . . . . . . . | 4 26 30 369 Dnnmore, Pa, _ _ _ _ 180 2 20 22 370 Easton, Pa . . . ] 202 362, 515 45 ! 13 41 54 371 Erie. Pa* . 195 i 6 110 116 372 Franklin Pa, _ _ 4 23 27 373 Harris burgh, Pa _ ... . . . 204 56 20 90 110 374 Hazleton ,Pa, _ _ _ _ 180 243, 380 4 24 28 375 ,Tohnst,own Pa,* _ _ 7 26 33 376 Lancaster, Pa . 200 62 58 665 673 * From Report of tlie Commissioner of Education for year 1884-’85. STATISTICS OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS, 2G7 5,000 inhabitants and over , > 3 ® * c2 1 §1 .2 2 3 rj £ ft “ B0 _ •*± 00 £ .2 - 3 £ € CS Public-school libraries. Annual salary of city superin¬ tendents. Annual salary ; of high-school principal. Teachers. r A* Teachers. Number of libraries. I j Volumes in libraries. r. l 23 24 25 26 27 2S 29 30 31 32 33 34 100 6 $1, 500 $720 3 92 37 8 850 :::::::: 1, 800 1, 000 149 o 5 1, 997 400 :::::::: . 2, 000 1, 300 4 1 354 16, 728 . 3, 500 2. 600 99 3 1, 550 . il 400 1, 800 $1, 030 1 489 1, 530 52 3, 300 2, 400 15 '520 0 0 28 9, 723 2,309 2 12, 000 3, 000 2, 400 302 363 16 7, 752 2, 500 2, 000 63 6 1, 300 700 7 1,600 807 36 o 0 5 1, 600 100 1 320 1, 200 136 947 301 1 250 2, 000 105 0 1 100 500 1, 800 800 630 l 2 1, 265 210 1 1,175 1, 600 900 4 164 o' 0 6 2; 300 1, 100 1 200 1, 850 1,000 850 120 2, 000 1,800 900 600 i 66 0 0 3 lj 400 250 1 450 1, 500 1,100 l 109 3 1, 750 360 1 200 1, 500 1, 000 124 8 1, 800 900 A 100 o 0 8 1, 450 1 500 1, 500 700 4 j 69 6 1,800 1 900 3 1 95 0 0 6 1, 200 200 1 500 1, 600 | 1, 000 5 230 7 2, 533 269 1 &0 1,800 1, 000 4 167 6 1,195 350 1 400 1,400 1 750 750 66 5 2, 000 900 50 6 900 700 o 120 o 6 6 3, 000 350 1, 700 1, 000 o 2 61 0 0 2 900 0 0 0 1, 600 i 1,000 850 I 4 142 9 3,006 1 1, 025 1 1 2, 000 2, 500 1, 000 j 129 15 2, 000 , 1, 300 5 175 0 0 6 2,243 600 1 1, 686 1,750 ! 1,400 3 137 0 0 5 1,400 ! 700 1 .350 1, 800 750 244 25 3,000 i 1, 600 6 1,800 1, 000 112 g 1, 700 750 98 7 1, 500 1 1, 200 113 10 ! . 2, 000 i 1, 800 129 16 1, 800 1 1, 000 6 227 0 0 6 3, 200 625 i 600 2,000 ! 2, 000 2,000 2,200 1 4 10 3, 700 ; 200 1,200 . 4 125 8 3, 700 l 1,000 1, 200 900 495 2 53 4 163 4 937 125 . i' 1, 200 765 1 32 1 25 3 1,600 20 1 200 1, 350 500 1 43 2 800 350 1 100 1, 020 650 2 51 0 0 7 1,650 400 1 1, 400 2, 000 900 i .3 500 4 131 0 0 1 8 1, 100 3 87 0 i 5 1, 500 100 1 300 800 700 700 1 3 s# 10 2, 356 ! . 500 1, 200 750 1,400 1 28 3 820 500 1 700 1, 200 ! . 1,350 1 . 2 60 9 1, 200 60 1 40 1, 100 a60 a50 5 119 10 2, 758 j l] 600 ‘1, 000 7 207 2 ! 124 18 4, 500 2, 500 1 2, 200 2, 000 ! i 1, 600 10 330 0 | o 22 6, 230 600 3 1,000 i l! 500 1, 000 950 3 72 5 300 2 j i;400 630 2 9 148 7 361 8 i 400 21 4, 365 1, 000 9 200 1 1,500 1, 200 750 a Monthly salaries. 6 Exclusive of evening schools. 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 26 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 38G 387 388 380 390 391 392 393 394 395 39G 397 398 B?9 400 401 402 403 404 405 40G 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 41G 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 43G 437 438 439 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 14. — School statistics of cities and towns coni City or town. | Number of days public schools were taught. 1 1 Actual attendance in days of ! pupils of all grades. Average number of pupils to | each teacher. Teachers in p schools. A a Female. a 1 17 18 19 30 31 8 25 Lock Haven, Pa . 160 152, 048 49 6 20 191 56 o 33 Mahanoy City, Pa . ISO 207, 360 60 3 21 1 36 160 53 3 32 200 50 4 43 3 30 ?06 43 90 2, 251 180 199, 960 1 2 26 47 496 4 18 6 14 2 22 200 ‘ 7 44 199 45 5 164 . 20 210 Sliamokin, Pa . . . 8 28 Sharon, Pa . 2 21 Shenandoah, Pa . ISO 289, 266 65 5 34 Tamaqua, Pa . . . . . 200 2 15 Titusville, Pa . „ . . . 170 54 1 32 West Chester, Pa . 190 114, 057 47 0 24 Wilkesharro, Pa _ _ _ _ 182 17 71 Williamsport, Pa . 180 482, 940 53 11 62 York, Pa* . 183 16 44 Bristol, R.I . 193 155, 08G 46 3 21 Burrillville, R. I . . . . 3 20 Cranston, R.I . . . 4 22 Cumberland, R.I . . . . . . 200 4 21 East Providence, R.I _ _ 1 34 Johnston, It. I . . . 189 130, 400 5 22 Lincoln, R.I . . . 4 47 Newport, R. I . 200 6 39 Pawtucket. R.I _ _ _ _ _ 200 7 64 Providence, R.I . . 187 2, 419, 406 48 c21 c339 South Kingstown, R. I.................... 30 10 20 Warwick, It. T _ _ _ 10 32 Westerly, It I . 220 190, 740 34 5 27 W" oonsocket, R. I ......................... 195 3 34 Charleston, S. C . . . 196 886, 508 10 91 Columbia, S. C _ _ _ 17G 152, 601 6 17 Greenville, S. C . . . . 110 4 11 Clarksville, l'enn - . . . 195 157, 850 3 12 Chattanooga, Term . 177 3G9, 961 8 40 Knoxville, Tenn . . . . . 189 404, 922 18 39 Memphis, Tenn _ _ _ 167 451, 845 . Nashville, Tenn* . . . . 185 25 96 Union City, Tenn . . . 160 86, 329 4 8 Austin, Tex _ _ _ 170 Brenham, Tex . 190 115, 330 67 3 15 Dallas. Tex _ _ 149, 500 Port Worth. Tex _ _ 180 8 31 Galveston, Tex . . . . 170 46 16 68 Houston. Tex _ _ _ _ 178 321, 646 10 35 Marshall Tex 78, 612 San Antonin Tex _ Sherman, Tex _ _ _ 200 2 14 Waco, Tex . . . . 177 65 7 23 Ogden City, Utah . . . . 195 90 4 11 Brattleborough, Vt . 175 130, 858 40 2 37 Bennington, Vt . 33 3 27 Burlington, Vt . . . 169, 311 6 37 I * From Report of the Commissioner of Education for year 1884-85. STATISTICS OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 269 6,000 inhabitants and ovei'} $c. — Part II — Continued. High schools. Evening schools. 1 Numberof public-school build-1 ings. Number of sittings for study j in all public schools. | Estimated enrolment in pri- j vato and parochial schools. Public-Tsohool libraries. | Annual sal ary of city superin- ; tendents. I _ : _ Annual salary of high-school principal. oo u 2 d Teachers. P« J Number of libraries. Volumes in libraries. Male. j Female. 23 24 25 26 27 28 1 29 30 31 32 33 34 9 375 1 1 $500 $765 $680 j 4 107 0 0 4 1,620 | 150 1 100 1 1,100 1, 100 600 2 4 1. 750 200 1,200 1 785 76 3 1,540 1 1, 600 1 420 1,200 765 450 | 3~ ]°8 5 300 1,350 800 i 0 70 4 1, 960 350 1 300 1,000 600 550 3 99 0 0 5 2, 370 | 400 1 300 1,400 ! 1, 400 2, 0.i0 54 2, 026 3091 5, 269 202 117,550 i 25,000 6 4,000 5, 000 i 2, 400 O 48 0 0 4 27 10 1 609 al, 200 21 615 58 :::::::: 675 . 3 108 1 45 11 2,250 200 2 1,200 1,700 1, 500 11 352 0 0 26 8, 300 | 1 i, 200 1 0 j 1 0 I 2,000 i 1, 400 1,000 | I 1, 850 . . :::::::::: 1, 200 . 1,400 . 4'! 73 6 2, 746 116 1 ; 1,200 ; 1. 500 585 660 2 ! 100 0 0 3 1,100 0 1, 000 570 642 3 95 0 0 4 1, 632 6 0 1 1.800 685 3 72 0 0 5 880 ”"’400’ 1 1 850 i al, 30J . . . 4 80 8 17 1,300 ' ! 3 ! 400 I 5 154 0 0 13 3, 598 1,100 1 1,500 1. 400 1, 075 675 86 14 2, 750 300 1, 300 1. 050 2 47 7 1, 060 65 . i 1 " lOO i 500 1, 200 500 12 . . 10 150 . 0 0 10 260 15 850 240 0 0 2G5 14 167 i 40 0 6 16 1, 286 30 12 370 . | 150 900 . 9 463 15 420 5 133 9 200 11 2, 340 845 2 575 3,000 1 3, 500 6 133 83 765 21 3,839 531 57 ! 2,039 2, 000 I 1, 500 24 G55 148 2,287 56 4, 001 3, 500 2, 500 1,800 2 40 0 0 23 ... 1, 100 0 23 600 425 1, 000 18 66 3 75 0 0 16 1,200 10 i 800 200 1, 025 475 3 81 16 236 15 2, 08 L 1, 277 0 0 5C0 1,400 600 10 276 0 0 6 4, 50o 3,080 1 150 2, 500 1, 750 1, 500 3 1, 017 200 1 300 1,509 5 500 2 60 2 875 200 i COO 1,350 560 650 a 102 0 0 6 I 600 1, 800 6150 6100 1 5 105 8 . 1,875 250 1, 500 665 665 ! 6 182 12 3, 712 1,800 800 : 8 338 | . 13 1 5, 350 600 2, 200 2 49 3 850 45 1 413 1,000 700 4 97 0 0 13 2,070 500 1, 800 I 1, 200 750 i 2 72 3 65 1 200 1, 200 697 690 ; 3 60 9 1, 600 200 2, 000 810 810 5 200 10 4, 000 1, 000 2,400 1 1, 500 3 65 0 0 13 2,200 450 1 100 2, 000 1, 500 3 1, 320 620 i. 266 1 22 8 1 40 1, 500 675 . 6 500 1 300 4 17 i 209 1 1,500 450 2 48 0 0 15 1,300 0 0 1, 500 1,100 194 1,000 . . 377 378 379 380 H81 383 385 386 387 388 289 390 391 392 393 394 395 39G 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 4U6 407 408 4<>9 410 41 1 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 434 435 436 437 438 439 a City superintendent is also principal of liigh. school. 6 Monthly salaries. cln day-schools ojiiy. 270 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 14. — School statistics of cities and towns containing 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 45' 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 46i 468 469 470 471 i City of town. 1 j 1 ! g^cE j «' O 2* O S £ Actual attendance in days of pupils of all grades. c § oj u 0 O Ci .E « S’® E a 0 ® tf 3 > < ! Teachers in public schools. Male. © © Total. 1 1 17 18 19 20 21 22 1 I 1 306, 581 6 1 69 75 St. Albans "Vt _ _ _ -. _ - _ 150, 000 2 22 24 St Jobnsbnry, ATt _ .............. 116, 523 =9 52 -AJ.6XcHid.ri3 Yft _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 203 265, 321 7 19 26 P^DTillo Yji, _ _ ............. 8 18 26 JTredericksbnrgh 3 _ ----- _ . 2 9 11 1 Lyu cliburgh _ ......... 194 42 Manchester Ya T _ _ - _ _ _ ..... 5 6 11 Norfolk Ya* . 188 6 22 28 1 Petersbm’crh Ya, _ _ _ _ _ 185 2 41 43 1 Portsmouth Ya. ......................... 201 4 15 19 • Richmond Ya . _ _ _ _ _ ... _ 200 25 145 170 ; Staunton Ya .......................... _ 8 12 20 i Seattle, W ash . . . ................ 175 5 19 24 ' Tacoma \V ash _ :. ................ _ ... 196 50 1 18 19 Parkersburgh, \Y. Ya . 200 248, 458 56 11 25 36 ! Wheeling \Y. Ya . 197 45 6 102 108 Appleton W i s _ _ _ 180 . . 300, 812 38 43 Eau Claire, Wis . 180 312, 414 60 8 41 49 Fond du Lac, Wis . . 200 | 318, 400 50 2 42 44 Green Bay, Wis . . . 200 184, 852 58 i 1 21 22 Janesville, Wis* . . . . 186 1 34 35 Kenosha, Wis _ .............. _ ...... 190 81, 737 2 13 15 La Crosse, Wis . 200 488, 644 51 8 60 68 Madison, Wis . . . ...... 185 277, 480 2 36 38 Mil wankee, W is.... _ ......... _ ....... 194 2, 805, 866 57 287 344 | Oconto, Wis _ _ 200 116, 295 4 12 16 Oshkosh, Wis _ _ _ _ _ 200 8 55 63 Racine, Wis . 200 438, 414 53 8 49 57 Sheboygan, Wis . . . 200 199, 983 2 22 24 Watertown, Wis _ _ _ _ 200 170, 169 2 22 24 | Wausau, Wis . . 1 180 172, 891 67 1 23 24 'From Report of the Commissioner of Education for year 1884-’85. STATISTICS OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 271 6,000 inhabitants, and ovci', ® sS to Q J S3 P< CJ g . c: p £ £ .2 r© . GO ei C3 flu o 41 42 43 44 45 4G 47 48 49 50 $1,350 a$40, 000 •2 1 1 900 $5, 000 $46, 350 3, 543 $26,000 $1, 500 $2, 500 3, 540 13, 500 4, 000 $1, 000 22, 040 500 8, 079 14, 318 40, 179 3, 583 /106, 050 40, 025 521, 249 26, 083 /IS, 408 35, 731 dl9, 161 d35, 428 4, 960 57, 702 44, 106 271,285 d24, 004 17 200 44,027 33,479 i 138,803 | 10, 748 165, 299 84, 414 816, 175 50, 761 18, 408 20, 017 18, 016 81, 412 20, 266 35, 814 47, 927 15, 193 7, 421 6,350 663 >8?) $200 50 £8 20 738 1, 200 746 el4, 179 500 3, 858 5, 466 15, 877 768 500 63, 196 2, 189 (24, C 16 1,547 210 658 17, 109 2, 661 1. 252 7,275 392 73 23, 641 16 7, 822 798 545 1, 669 272 150 20, 017 10,543 60, 166 16, 959 6, 472 13, 332 1, 911 1, 001 855 $7, 210 1, 102 704 50 752 (31 259 39) 8 g 752 0156 4, 420 909 1, 959 3,179 602 244 21,189 ““”642’ 8, 660 371, 334 15,406 14, 280 46, 656 20, 565 9, 526 30, 783 254.218 27. 048 43, 168 28,123 14, 340 25, 889 13,156 6, 482 13, 849 77, 051 21, 897 22, 125 345 9, 900 853 400 350 1, 86 8 111, 874 172, 647 pi 60 200 900 0109 242 253 A3, 791 11, 605 7, 884 34, 762 38 36 2, 325 138 1, OCO 15, 000 2, 504 7, 006 i<5 276 789) 0210 141 125 033 013 089 1,827 5,286 5, 722 1,997 1, 238 436 2, 156 39, 119 194, 144 1, 765 17, 034 18, 954 (V 67 32, 062 25. 447 192 607 ilO, 847 69 2, 000 jl, 657 2, 976 341 338 i87 186 2,068 3, 971 3, 194 9, 498 1, 033 194 800 13, 954 16, 133 406 0462 89 0323 3, 508 289 1, 596 2, 948 0 17, 655 0 1, 294 8, 249 0 16, 600 7, 038 110, 000 45, 058 41,000 15, 464 12, 500 35, 000 25, 712 33, 149 46, 748 10, 000 1, 758, 052 31, 944 34, 387 21, 199 32, 341 22.483 0 0 1, 657 2, 491 220 5,000 120 237 145 412 0 1,741 118, 661 61,658 51, 436 17, 955 15, 970 c49, 056 28, 978 37, 867 54, 484 13. 140 2, 091, 952 50, 580 39, 495 26, 275 48, 705 41. 141 16, 213 26, 489 2,478 7, 000 5, 953 1, 686 1, 500 0 1, 784 1,000 562 200 2, 250 8,056 3,120 4,481 6, 755 3, 140 134. 253 12, 186 4, 401 4, 037 3, 899 3 029 1, 000 1, 000 2,734 610 446 405 766 150 45, 500 480 825 606 2,207 195 176 26 170 A200 100 1, 142 2, 242 453 750 108. 494 1,442 5, 163 6, 224 1,999 914 638 0 5, 795 541 295 197, 340 1,154 1,153 ml6, 450 707 1, 039 12, 424 15, 205 59 610, COO 2, 725 2, 528 3, 526 0 0 0 41 129 177 21, 190 8, 131 142 15 295 2, 158 1 13, 819 200 Libraries and apparatus. From taxation and appropriation, t Including loans. j Debt and interest. k Not paid from school fund, l State appropriation. m From sale of bonds. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 ED SG - IS 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF Table 14. — School statistics of cities Estimated real value t)f property used for poses. City or town. 35 36 37 38 Galesburgh, Ill . Jacksonville, Ill . . Joilet, Ill . . Kankakee, Ill . . Lincoln, Ill . . Moline, Ill . Monmouth, HI . . . . Ottawa, Ill* . . Peoria, Ill . .. . Peru, Ill . . . . Quincy, Ill . Rockford, Ill . Rock Island, Ill . Springfield, HP . . Streator, Ill. . . . Crawfordsville, Ind . Evansville, Ind . . Fort Wayne. Ind... . . Indianapolis, Ind . . Jeffersonville, Ind . La Fayette, Ind . La Porte, Ind . Lawrenceburgh, Ind . Logansport, Ind . . Michigan City, Ind . Peru, Ind . Richmond, Ind . Seymour, Ind . South Bend, Ind . Terre Haute, Ind . Vincennes, Ind. . . . Washington, Ind . Burlington, Iowa . Council Bluffs, Iowa . Davenport, Iowa . Dos Moines (west side), Iowa.* Dubuque, Iowa . Keokuk, Iowa . Lyons, Iowa . . Marshalltown, Iowa . . Muscatine, Iowa . Oskaloosa, Iowa . Ottumwa, Iowa . Waterloo, Iowa . Emporia, Kans . Fort Scott, Kans . Lawrence, Kans . Leavenworth, Kans _ _ _ _ _ _ Ottawa, Kans . Wellington, Kans . . Covington, Ky . Louisville Ky . Kewport, Ky . Owensborough, Ky . Hew Orleans, La . Auburn, Me* . . . Augusta, Me . Bangor, Me . . Bath, Mo . Belfast, Me . . Biddeford, Me . . Brunswick, Me . $100, 000 19, 600 5, 000 10, 000 10, 424 8,000 (60, 50, 000 2, 000 70, 000 11,800 25, 000 30, 000 25, 000 95, 000 57, 650 217, 800 11, 000 50, 000 $72, 000 107, 000 60, 000 60, 000 75, 000 25, 000 000) 250, 000 20, 000 120, 000 145, 000 60, 000 120, 000 ao3, 97o; 75, 000 325, 000 141, 000- 562, 000 58, 000 80, 000 $10, 000 10, 200 4, 000 1, 200 3, 976 500 $350 300 5, 000 550 1,400 200 8, 000 10, 700 1,400 40, 000 7, 000 3, 000 43, 800 64, 000 65, 000 20, 000 8, 000 20, 000 12, 500 18, 000 12, 000 18, 850 15, 000 25, 000 (148, 000) 40, 000 40, 000 160, 000 40, 000 (158, 400) 224, 644 25, 000 5, 000 10, 000 8, 700 5, 000 10, 000 5, 000 12, 000 10, 300 90, 000 3, 450 20, 000 5, 000 500 1,640 2, 300 1, 200 2, 000 1,535 700 5, 000 35, 000 250 10, 000 5, 000 3, 500 4, 000 6, 000 3, 000 45, 000 175, 500 210, 000 200, 000 35, 90, 216, 20, 30, 200, 3, 000 12, 000 100, 000 35, 000 100, 000 60, 000 (100, 000) 98, 000 60, 000 64, 303 57, 000 3, 000 500 1, 000 500 4, 000 500 2, 000 8,311 17, 600 26, 000 5, 000 3,150 2, 000 140, 000 50, 000 26, 000 100, 000 80, 000 17, 000 500, 000 10, 000 4, 000 12, 000 5,000 2, 800 1,500 7, 832 7, 000 1, 500 300 1,000 1,000 600 1, 000 1,700 800 16, 000 7, 200 6, 550 10, 000 (699, 349) 5, 000 1, 100 60, 000 2, 500 45, 000 85, 000 2, 500 5, 000 550 1, 000 1, 000 350 1, 000 2, 000 1, 500 I' From Report of the Commissioner of Education for year 188' STATISTICS OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 275 6,000 inhabitants and orei', i. *C « a c o C S-j gas <5 Amount received from taxation. Amount received from tuition fees. Amount received from all other sources. ©

45,000 4,000 2*000* 2,500 4, 000 2, 500 c650 200 100 1, 000 285, 200 (20,000) 45, 400 827, 613 21, 000 23, 000 35, 000 30, 000 135, 000 444, 900 1, 000 103, 000 248, 500 2, 000 135, 575 | 20, 000 (2, 577, 342) 82, 000 | 6, 000 (62, 840) 37, 000 60, 000 65, 000 452, 200 31, 000 60, 000 (20,100) (179,100) (140, 000) (87, 500) 2, 000 2, 000 10, 000 24, 500 200 5, 000 125 1, 500 2, 000 1,000 200 400 1, 000 000 2, 500 500 3, 515 1, 600 1, 100 55, 000 200, 000 40, 000 65, 500 47, 700 127, 500 100, 900 125, 500 96, 850 142, 500 <242, 0S5 d52, 600 1, 431, 300 d 50, 325 (255, 150 1, 000, 200 116, 500 (2175, 650 27, 200 10, 600 60, 000 63, 000 40, 000 546, 540 23,500 i 202, 975 I 3, 404, 955 110, 000 62, 200 97, 400 106, 000 (2135, 000 924, 600 32, 200 170, 500 20, 785 182, 615 141, 600 * From Report of the Commissioner of Education for year 1884-’85. a Debt and interest. b Includes expenditure for repa STATISTICS OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 279 5,000 inhabitants and over , c )‘c. — Pakt III —Continued. Itecoipts. j Expenditures. Amount received from interest on permanent fund. Amount received from taxation. Amount received from tuition fees. Amount received frogi all other sources. Total receipts. Permanent. '5 ,a 03 ■ a 6* « a 03 O S3 P< c i 1 g <£> f- ci 5 c? c n 00 © oS rS h5 6 an a o o CD Pi 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 $16, 050 $10 $16, 060 0 57, 678 80 57, 758 0 $500 0 $2, 500 $100 275 24, 375 32, 800 37, 100 225, 998 13, 127 25, 391 30, 959 36, 673 12, 724 233, 141 59, 654 26, 907 100, 130 18 974 118 0 57 287 398 5, 759 1, 109 124 709 1, 491 123 1,074 1, 357 626 $do9 688 135 395 33 584 1, 866 135 25, 152 33, 970 37, 430 226, 680 20, 669 35, 425 37, 644 51, 785 15, 771 294, 552 77, 175 37, 393 200, 007 32, 685 14, 482 55, 731 $9, 300 0 690 300 959 500 3, 563 10, 413 361 1, 915 490 8, 120 1, 103 34, 100 3, 000 $207 138 0 3, 302 3, 691 3,710 14, 853 2, 338 0 0 3, 809 45,354 2, 737 0 $313 240 1, 472 1,234 2,367 5, 148 325 627 478 3, 501 1, 000 51, 446 1, 481 59, 521 399 6, 930 136 69,144 1, 000 3, 202 2,424 40, 631 11, 269 a9, 912 25, 000 i6, 468 4, 576 12, 842 8. 599 1, 369 904 5,640 - 4,700 16, 534 2, 363 m. 28m 1, 379 69, 574 177 1,740 1, 780 al2, 943 4, 857 5, 926 42, 050 474 1, 665 . | 2, 676 18, 164 78 3 20, 921 a2, 240 616, 246 5, 800 11, 679 0 20, 500 (9oo; t 544 6,670 0 4, 621 7, 300 8, 693 C, 099 2, 903 41, 250 8, 000 30, 826 14, 000 54, 046 207 126 205 198 9, 595 4, 279 15, 452 0 24, 873 62, 313 19, 705 55,176 20, 297 82, 404 1,597 300 552 559 450 895 276 1, 500 3, 733 1,523 6 582 /337 5271 173, 163 510, 690 118, 811 12, 086 1, 354 4,304 4 433, 133 2, 666 734 150 687 0 ; 2.623 6, 512 15, 000 0 0 1,000 9,135 17, 800 400 100 1, 800 300 356 641 5, 393 34, 481 347 97 83 . | . 23, 583 31 1,979 32, 865 . | . 26.491 fl76. ,386) 470 63,640 266, 987 6, 688 64, 852 '873,706 30, 711 24, 258 24, 211 21, 011 57, 156 243, 657 1, 528 1 . 3, 380 186 317 38S 701 9, 529 1, 000 I 23. 085 11, 025 41, 457 1 763, 927 | 22, 451 19, 772 7, 021 6, 095 17, 356 54,588 . 124 i . 1, 511 48, 994 2, 300 711 616 6,827 2,948 7, 747 3,443 5,599 (3, £ 2,551 1, 862 625 | 94,686 236 i 2.425 158, 502 j 14,112 >45) 541 40 3,341 ! 14 599 226 40 130 12 924 7,333 19, 266 32, 467 169, 213 19,256 90, 163 1, 253 8, 780 590 200 600 530 8, 084 31, 493 21, 962 15, 165 55, 734 627 9, 841 33, 783 23, 143 15, 814 58, 520 2, 290 36 959 950 1, 500 3,663 982 164 i 1 . 2,619 167 1,010 e Value of libraries only. e These statistics are for 1884-’85. d Total of items reported. I 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 293 194 195 196 197 19S 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 1 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 25G 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 14. — School statistics of cities and towns containing City or town. Estimated real value of property used for school pur¬ poses. a a >> ce—c jq o o 35 3«i 37 38 39 40 Nashua, N. H* . Poitsmouth. N. H . . . Rochester, N. Hu . Somerswoi th, N. H . Atlantic, N. J a . Bridgeton, N. J a . Camden, N. J . Elizabeth, N. J . Gloucester City, N. J . Harrison, N. J . Hoboken, N. J* . Jersey City, N. J . Millville, N. J a . Morristown, N. J a . Newark, N. J . New Brunswick, N. J . Orange, N. J . Passaic, N.Ja . Paterson, N. J . Perth Amboy, N. J . Phillipsburgh, N. J . Plaintield, N. J . Rahway, N. J . Salem, N. J a . Trenton, N. J a . Albany, N. Y . Auburn, N. Y . Binghamton, N. Y . Brooklyn, N. Y . Butfalo, N. Y . Cohoes, N. Y . Cortland, N. Y . Dunkirk, N. Y . Elmira, N. Y . Gloversville, N. Y . Hoosick Falls, N. Y . Horn ells ville, N. Y . Hudson, N. Y . Ithaca, N. Y . Jamestown, N. Y . Kingston, N. Y. (§ of city;*.. Lansingburgh, N. Y . Little Falls, N. Y . Lockport, N. Y . Long Island City, N. Y* . hi ewburgh, N. Y* . New York, N. Y . Ogdenshurgh, N. Y . Oswego, N. Y* . Port J ervis, N. Y . Poughkeepsie, N. Y . Rochester, N. Y . Rome, N. Y . Saratoga Springs, N. Y . Schenectady, N. Y . Sing Sing, N. Y . Syracuse, N. Y . Troy, N. Y . Utica, N. Y . Watertown, N. Y . West New Brighton, N. Y . . ($221, 735) (71, 200) (57, 170) (50, 000) ($10, 660) 1, 000 (287, 300) (101, 000) 3,000 | 12.000 (124, 000) (628, 000) 292, 500 29, 600 5, 000 8, 500 22, 000 5,200 169, 000 70, 000 56, 431 (1, 600) 25, 000 7, 500 3, 000 23, 700 (817, 000) 15, 000 3, 000 14,1 465 12, 000 22, 700 100, 000 22, 500 (274, 200) 2, 700 2, 500 7, 850 5, 000 619, 500 110, 000 166, 218 (3, 857, 937) 305, 185 41, 000 3, 500 30, 000 75, 000 768, 750 70, 000 13, 500 84, 000 270, 000 14, 800 12, 500 35, 000 49, 500 51, 000 12, 000 20, 000 33, 000 10, 000 30, 000 100. 000 (78, 27, 140 15, 000 23, 600 128, 000 21, 000 35, 000 24, 000 3, 700 157, 500 80, 000 92, 114 (110, 1,500 | 50, 000 37, 500 90, 000 72, 600 112, 000 35, 000 30, 000 72, 000 55, 000 154, 000 8, 6o0, 000 888) 131,090 26, 000 104, 405 430, 430 51,000 65, 000 70, 000 21, 000 590, 000 359, 000 234, 640 000) 15, 000 35, 000 8, 000 10, 219 110, 000 13, 000 1, 600 2, 500 16, 000 5, 000 3, 000 9, 000 11, 200 8, 000 2, 000 5, 000 6, 000 5, 000 1, 250, 000 20, 000 1,600 36, 000 5, 000 2, 500 5, 000 2, 000 25, 000 16, 000 26, 632 3, 000 100 800 1, 000 1, 000 12, 000 3, 000 9, 792 d26, 720 31,000 6, 000 150 1, 500 4, 000 1,500 2, 000 3,578 2, 500 8, 850 1, 500 2, 000 2,500 8, 000 200 p800, 000 g'S, 066 1,600 6, 000 19, 922 19, 000 1,000 2, 500 4, 000 1,100 42, 000 3, 500 24. 227 d4, 000 1,000 $232, 395 72, 200 57, 806 51, 600 48, 000 35, 000 327, 300 111, 500 30, 000 18, 000 124, 465 665, 730 50, 100 45, 000 1, 109, 500 138, 000 105, 000 51, 000 303, 800 19, 800 34, 500 130, 850 33, 700 16, 000 151, 000 835, 500 191,000 242, 660 e3, 884, 657 1, 214, 935 130, 000 18, 750 118, 000 365, 000 hi, 500 45, 000 71,800 56, 578 136, 500 142, 150 172, 500 51,000 57, 000 119, 000 70, 200 184, 000 14, 750, 000 81, 954 179, 230 48, 600 147, 927 613, 430 78, 000 105, 000 103, 000 27, SCO 814, 500 458, 500 377,613 114, 000 20, 500 $618 2,052 5, 386 16, 928 4, 747 0 16, 428 73, 790 " 5,' 614 993 From Report of the Commissioner of Education for year 1 884-’ 85. These statistics are for the fear 18? >4— "85. b From appropriation and taxation, o From State appropriation. d Value of libraries only. STATISTICS OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 281 G,000 inhabitants and over , tfc. — Part III — Continued. Receipts. 6.5. 41 Amount received from taxation. 42 43 44 8? 8 s 43 Expenditures. Permanent. 47 48 49 50 $20, 386 1,263 547 $16, 153 18, 024 19, 864 11. 637 $71 37 960 0 73, 908 ($34, 709) 578 500 4, 357 6, 000 77, 600 14, 000 3, 398 3, 000 23, 980 14, 135 $36, 616 20, 284 21, 363 12, 184 15, 758 18, 712 175, 488 62, 844 8, 383 9, 500 $500 30, 000 25, 722 400 $500 876 9, 361 1, 227 75 400 $125 $2, 300 1, 500 194 1, 320 7, 497 830 235 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 192, 362 32, 800 240 6211,617 cl 5, 895 13, 841 133, 450 18, 228 7,500 676 1,213 40, 132 4, 180 42 (4, 025) 52, 000 144 0 11, 340 9, 497 7, 085 75, 473 2, 600 7, 500 17, 519 7, 500 0 120 575 0 31 18, 676 0 44, 503 33, 077 11, 299 150, 000 49, 509 37, 000 970 1, 120 1, 322 7, 382 9,383 49 (7, 040) 278 21, 367 81, 963 10, 209 2, 195 5, 575 12, 379 4, 498 3,463 5, 850 4,935 6, 272 5, 493 5, 200 3,459 7, 485 440, 21, 8, 21, 49, 11, 16, 21, 8, 19, 14, 24, 35, 10, 19. 755 0 786 304 410 51 84 2,331 2, 883 872 309 416 2, 500 241 726 335 379 637 105 71 1, 764 467 2, 177 1,155 346 11, 836 5, 610 10, 970 51, 241 5,957 6, 123 7, 789 3, 882 30, 467 27, 594 19, 956 4, 057, 033 35, 000 9,004 28, 333 177, 000 14, 586 34, 000 19, 760 30,840 126, 579 100, 000 65, 000 169 285 2,010 739 349 560 284 3, 863 5 1,717 747 939 464 13, 209 4,975 567 2, 130 812 2, 340 7, 959 87 2, 259 225, 162 24, 086 13, 710 385, 439 38, 979 22, 596 28, 605 127, 473 6, 656 18, 960 46,411 14, 585 32, 522 63, 249 202, 855 73, 089 49, 670 2, 694, 541 522, 201 32, 895 3 0, 885 27, 559 63, 081 16, 072 20, 370 27, 675 13, 874 28, 913 25, 737 31,460 23, 370 15, 997 29, 331 56, 105 75, 350 4, 057, 033 37, 360 47, 010 16,616 40, 050 231, 191 21, 746 53, 681 28, 109 19, 981 160, 909 151, 091 86, 335 42, 406 12, 645 1,303 22, 493 13, 029 1, 630 (15, 717) 0 75 250 24, 088 0 2, 905 36, 663 16, 986 /366, 880 (666) 5, 272 3, 259 0 454 1, 804 0 183 389 912 2, 338 3,186 g 98, 863 0 50 211 0 11, 857 4, 274 2, 247 1, 582 5,270 i4, 216 3,308 1, 571 333 1, 200 14, 986 297, 246 /4, 241 16,412 2, 288 3,522 4, 800 736 14, 000 557 /17, 944 682 358 836 704 1,016 483 967 2, 352 1,526 623 1, 367 2, 526 126 8,457 525 450 127 120 85 417 682 2, 005 108 21, 782 £37 84 323 902 6,465 150 279 3, 093 0 171 250 348 3, 284 1, 425 2, 674 543 350 2, 579 169 1,195 0185 588 214 *3,115 228 45 4, 615 4, 739 782 16, 195 2, 870 2, 584 1,412 3, 538 1, 118 737 992 334 270 2, 151 12, 409 772 3, 003 134, 602 756 766 834 1, 6S6 445 505 351 539 1, 308 1, 814 758 837 205, 997 7, 235 1, 001 1, 554 7,087 jo, 607 500 10, 045 6, 048 5,208 167 e Total of items reported. /Includes furniture and repairs. 0Apparatns only. h Value of apparatus and libraries only. i Debt and interest. j Repairs and insurance. 25 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 14. — School statistics of cities and towns containing Estimated real value of property used for school pur¬ poses. City or town. Grounds or sites. Buildings. - S 0 a u 0 Apparatus and libra¬ ries. Total. Balance on hand froi school year. 1 35 36 37 38 39 40 Yonkers, N. Y* . $24, 000 $130, 000 $13, 500 $1, 500 $169, 000 20, 000 27, 500 16, 500 475, 000 51, 075 $17, 092 Raleigh, N. C . 135, 000 5, 000 300, 000 45, 000 35, 000 375 5, 000 700 69, 671 Chillicothe, Ohio . 10, 000. 110, 000 15, 000 15, 000 150, 000 2, 200, 000 110, 000 11,584 71, 697 21,262 261, 300 605, 308 37, 502 13, 000 917, 110 419, 855 8, 000 120, 000 47, 500 82, 500 55, 000 123, 000 150, 000 .110,000 107, 000 91, 500 212, COO 23, 700 120, 000 43, 270 18, 180 Delaware, Ohio . East Liverpool, Ohio . 10, 000 35, 000 2,000 500 Elyria, Ohio . 8, 618 7, 705 3, 453 9, 153 Fremont, Ohio _ _ 10, 000 8, 000 35, 000 10, 000 8, 000 16,000 40, 000 100, 000 100, 000 90, 000 95, 000 60, 000 4, 000 7, 000 13, 000 10, 000 3, 000 15, 000 1, 000 8, 000 2, 000 Galion, Ohio . . Hamilton. Ohio _ Ironton, Ohio . . Lancaster, Ohio . . 1, 000 500 3, 396 12, 8o2 Lima, Ohio _ _ Mansfield, Ohio _ Marietta, Ohio _ .......... 4, 600 16, 700 2,000 400 9,146 Massillon, Ohio _ _ Mount Vernon, Ohio . 2, 111 Newark, Ohio . . 126, 000 103, 700 75, 000 75, 000 180, 000 52,600 128, 000 217, 000 162, 000 125, 000 700, 000 103, 000 90, 000 79, 000 300, 000 Norwalk, Ohio . . . 31, 800 66, 400 4,500 1, 000 12, 388 Piqua, Ohio . . . Pomeroy, Ohio _ _ _ _ Portsmouth, Ohio . . 50, 000 5, 000 25, 000 119, 000 45, 000 95, 000 10, 000 2, 500 7, 000 1, 000 100 1, 000 9, 244 9, 129 20, 185 Salem, Ohio . . Sandusky, Ohio . . . Springfield, Ohio _ Steubenville, Ohio . 27, 500 123, 500 8, 500 2,500 9, 890 8, 510 Tiffin Ohio _ _ Toledo, Ohio _ _ TTrhana Ohio _ _. "Wooster, Ohio _ - Xenia, Ohio . . . Youngstown, Ohio __ _ Zanesville, Ohio _ Portl an d , O reg . . . . . non 271. 500 10, 000 1, 500 368, 000 Allegheny, Pa . . _ i _ ’ Allentown, Pa* . . . 460, 000 145, 000 40, ooor 64, 000 100, 000 61, 700 2, 361 Altoona,, Pa _ 30,000 108, 600 6, 000 400 Ashland, Pa . . . 301 38 Beaver Falls, Pa . 7,000 50, 000 7, 000 Bethlehem, Pa . . Bradford, Pa _ _ . 7,200 46, 800 5,850 1, 850 4, 720 Bristol Pa _ Oarhondaio Pa Carlisle, Pa . . . (40, 000) 40, 000 45, 000 125, 000 0 2, 219 Ohnmhershnrgh, Pa _ . Chester Pa _ __ Columbia, Pa ............... Conshohoeken, Pa _ 8, 000 25, 000 2, 500 1, 700 37, 200 9, 815 Corry, Pa. _ ............. * From Report of the Commissioner of Education b Includes fuel. for year 1884-’85. c Amount of bonds redeemed. a Interest on bonds. d Bonds and interest. STATISTICS OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 283 5,000 inhabitants and over , 'fe * p.2 ao i o a, ill ■§ * 3 w ftp © 0 P TO QQ & a — . w u a G. a P K O © q _ s Isl 4 Ilf X GC'S t MB 2 « 2,2 3 -r x 5 60 61 $13 38 13 30 12 45 12 07 15 79 13 90 11 86 $3 22 3 50 3 15 2 96 7 2 00 62 $7, 500, 000 9, 197, 820 70 I 12 37 12 33 13 17 14 26 11, 076 12, 365 124, 206 13, 252 27, 580 10 49 18 46 16 09 11 82 16 69 3 10 2 3 62 2 88 3 11 3 70 3 55 4 14 3, 400, 000 4, 950, 000 5. 000, 000 5, 352, 0S8 5, 000, 000 18, 000, 000 63 64 8, 121, 100 *5* 058,' 264 ' $2, 500, 000 2, 100, 000 3, 065, 940 688, 888 850, 000 1, 650, 000 1, 250, 000 1, 363, 022 8, 000, 000 600, 000 4, 839, 770 5, 456, 076 2, 373, 700 4, 839, 913 842, 044 2.9 .75 .38 12, 300, 000 12, 300, 000 2. 5 53, 973, 910 2 9, 000, 000 r © - X 65 10 22.5 15 21 12 1.55 1. 5 7.4 5 12 1.33 2.25 2.5 2 54 0 50 100 25 1,770 ! 615 i 15 I 4,980 | 1,714 4,842 9,945 19, 281 15, 856 12, 378 61, 344 17. 044 38, 973 108, 808 8, 055 11, 763 12, 651 5, 855 36, 991 18, 630 10 76 9 25 16 81 10 95 15 18 2 91 3 39 1 58 4 49 3, 500, 000 1, 400, 000 13, 769, 364 6, 000, 000 2, 300, 000 13 10 15 42 9, 179, 576 3 43 3 32 19, 000, 000 6, 113, 380 14, 797, 720 3.6 2 2.5 3.9 50 <115, 625 10 2,098 £3," 667' 10 0 624 100 12 0 100 7, 375 3, 080 5, 343 2, 442 825 3, 789 4,000 8, 925 57, 383 652, 111 78, 139 98, 511 66, 736 633, 300 el4, 202 39, 911 35, 955 622, 800 8 14 13 34 1 33 4 94 1, 655 17 76 14 68 14 01 ; 4 00 5, 456 5,600 40, 644 21. 36, 18, 22, 45, 18, 19, 86, 313, 625. 15, 215, 21, 617, 39, 16, 10 42 ! . 14 45 i 11 13 (22 58) 16 07 | 2 37 3*61' 20, 000, 000 9, 549, 850 18, 000, 000 17, 400, 000 15, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 2, 081, 756 2, 400, 000 2, 400, 000 11 88 12 78 10 21 | 2 95 7 85 | 1 88 1, 135 8 33 ! 2 03 13 36 j 5 16 15 50 j 2 85 4, 524 ! 9 78 0 I 11 47 3 66 2 20 1, 693 j 14 04 2 42 3, 000, 75, 4, 500, 5, 153, 15, 000, 3, 000, 3, 297, 18, 000, 64, 405, 7, 000, 5, 000, 120, 000, 5, 100, 5, 780, 4, 500, 000 3, 819, 940 4, 424, 224 5, 822, 800 5, 352, 285 3, 314, 145 545, 439 1, 600, 000 1, 200, 000 57, 168 "i,* 061, 650 2.48 4.16 4 17 1.5 11 8.5 1, 536, 1, 717, 5, 136, 1, 000, 1,099, 15, 000, 64, 405, 7, 000, 2, 250, 120. 000, 369 9.5 2 5.2 4 1.8 4, 624, 671 8, 202 14 I. 435 2.5 24 100 17 I 101 23.25 ] 102 . 103 18 ! 104 . ! 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 I 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 8.5 13.5 11.5 2.5 5.2 28 2 ]. 8 3.1 t Includes $300, interest paid on bonds. /Includes other expenses. g Paid on outstanding orders. h Includes fuel. 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 14. — School statistics of cities and towns containing Expenditures. City or town. Tuition. Incidental or contingent ex¬ penses. a ft % d c oS i a o O 2 fci rt a 5 03 © ® g < ® to £ O n C ® £ d bD c 3 to ® o §§lj 5= ro o'® O 00 O to iS fcn a 5 .03 S ol a o p-i '1 *3 N 1 51 52 53 54 55 $1, 4C0 $16, 745 0 $300 $1, 000 300 9,000 330 600 2, 250 66, 707 9, 668 7, 590 551, 625 o 4, 932 828 A. ^00 ^r, t/lMI 757 250 5, 220 5, 700 28, 000 100 908 17, 365 213 1, 094 7, 174 1,150 12, 421 Andover, Mass . . . . . Attleborough, Mass . Beverly, Mass . . . . . . Black stone, Mass . . . Boston, Mass _ ............................. 1, 192, 493 Brockton, Mass . . . . ... . . Brookline, Mass*...... ................... _ Cambridge, Mass . . . . 2, 700 2, 400 165, 277 53, 530 350 f'helsea Mass _ _ _ 4,613 3, 072 Chicopee, Mass . . . . Hinton Mass _ _ 1, 600 500 15, 890 11, 755 350 1, 554 450 1,700 1,200 14, 599 2,588 1,498 1, 100 1,414 1, 000 7, 698 3, 196 Danvers, Mass ......................... _ _ Dedham Mass _ _ . 1,800 " * *2, 666 2, 000 22, 000 14, 000 109, 110 33, 699 . 25 250 Everett, Mass . Fall River, Mass ........................ _ Pitohhnrp'h, Mass _ o Framingham, Mass.... _ _ _ _ _ Gardner, Mass . . . 400 8, 600 43, 412 8, 517 52, 721 38, 909 780 Gloucester, Mass _ ....................... 3, 010 300 2, 886 200 2, 918 700 Great Barrington, Mass ............ _ Haverhill, Mass . . 2, 000 6,480 3, 736 4, 310 2, 348. Holyoke, Mass* _ _ _ 3, 257 Hyde Park, Mass............ . . Lawrence, Mass _ _ _ 2. 200 63,494 11,744 131, 516 4, 596 786 i 5,256 1, 070 Leominster, Mass............... . . . T.owell, Mass _ _ . 3, 020 2, 250 2, 100 0 15, 589 9, 114 3, 717 9, 755 4, 774 2. 361 Lynn Mass _ 87. 766 34, 521 1 2, 457 800 150 Malden, Mass _ ... _ ............... ...... Marblehead, Mass .......................... 25 1, 002 2, 000 779 Marl boron vh, Mass _ _ 1,700 21, 060 300 1, 000 Medford, Mass . . . Melrose, Afass . . . . Middlehoroupfi, Mass _ _ _ _ 1, 000 11, 000 6 390 Milford, Mass _ _ 1, 500 15, 108 9, 079 25 929 1, 075 Mont, acme, AfaRs _ _ 300 716 592 Natick, Mass . . . New Bedford, Afass _ _ _ 75, 870 Nowlmryport, Afass _ _ Newton, Mass _ _ 2, 800 1 700 82, 046 19, 529 300 5,906 5,516 North Adams, Afass _ Northampton, Mass _ _ _ 1, 000 23, 626 1,429 921 Palmer, Afass _ _ Pea, hod v. Mass _ 19, 697 28, 963 485 1, 790 1, 412 1, 839 2, 260 Pittsfield, Afass _ ^ _ 1, 500 50 Plymouth, Mass ............................ Quincy, Mass . . ! . * From Report of the Commissioner of b Based on enrolment. Education for year 1884-’85. c Amount paid for all school purposes from a Total of items reported. money raised by taxation. STATISTICS OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS, 203 6,000 inhabitants and over, $c.— Part IV— Continued. Expenditures. Amount carried forward to next year. Average ex¬ penses per capita. Total taxable property in the city. Tnx for . school pur¬ poses. Incidental or contin¬ gent expenses. © 3 _ * © 15 fj? X © . q > © 3 © - P Hi oUS ~ c; Ill m 1 g s S 1 Bo'S O ©J C X y c; rP © cs 1 P ® CJ I © 2 5c g © © © P > eP c o cz © "3 "So | <3 > © c» 00 © CO co <1 0D oS © 4-« O 13,2 © •2 7) a 0 . © , b a I? - BB 1 q- © CO CO s c; :q O P« Jg* J §*£ 00 5*3 P £ ® 3 a ; P 3 £•< © g X ■r c £ 3 ◄ 50 57 58 59 60 61 63 63 64 65 $200 250 $2, 500 $25, 245 9, 000 a 13, 700 8,417 $12 11 $3 54 $10, 000, 000 3, 000, 000 $6, 000, 000 1.6 2.6 2, 170 :::::::: $2, 592 . 2, 573, 960 6,983 34, 700 89,588 12, 485 all, 000 810, 754 9, 191 21, 146 cl2, 435 c49, S20 C43.091 clO, 138 c2, 036, 469 cf.3, 568 43, 771 215. 466 84, 240 c27, 99S 86, 184 16, 894 44,311 ! 28.700 : 0141, 313 j 60,716 | C34.425 I 14, 222 70, 891 10, C03 73, 253 77, 939 c33, 500 88. 574 18, 195 | 901 1, 374 100 2, 671 507 0 69 41 9 06 32, 967, 000 4, 000, 000 32, 987, 000 3, 755. 831 3, 328, 595 262, 000. 000 3, 600, 000 3, 000, 000 2. 72 3. 18 2.72 j 3.38 2 47 41, 927 43 1, 376 62, 621 474 1,008 0 0 16 58 7 68 11 00 4 63 262, 000, 000 5, 000, 000 2.3 r« 3 56 4.3I . . i . . ' 28, 640, 500 59, 445, 670 18, 806, 662 1.64 4 5.2 10, 681 5, 252 2,943 2,099 ....... :::::::: ! 14 81 3 97 | | 18, 806, 662 5. 2 1,899 1,566 1,147 1,500 ! 7, 906 4,856 2, 164 756 2,374 1, 000 315 12 30 12 92 5 25 5,150, 000 3, 569, 180 5, 232. 551 5, 133, 600 5.5 4.8 6 5. 5 23 17 1 ; 12 6i 7, 000, 000 4 4 46 | 4,073 0 15 48 6 38 11, 945, 387 5. 5 1,300 2,784 737 4,398 : 4,094 2*50 2,373 0 0 9 61 13 30 2 49 3 22 3, 500, 000 13, 000, 000 2, 900, COO 12, 293, 235 2, 787, 873 15,406, 123 16, 135, 525 4 5. 44 5 5.78 913 4,406 0 17 32 10 06 5 86 5 92 24, 000, 000 22, 467, 894 3.3 i 3.47 4.6 4.83 5, 000 1,211 5, 949 5,078 1, 525 1,173 1,280 4, 139 1,189 11,480 3, 847 5, 367 685 1, 100 0 13 84 4 00 27,144,050 ; . . 211.713 I 127, 152 e56, 355 17,195 29, 140 c38, 324 1,249 . 6’ 128 al9 43 d!5 45 18 10 j 11 50 d6 26 dA 21 6 48 | 4 37 56, 000, 000 29, 305, 809 53,195,942 i 29, 305, 800 1 13,358,800 i 4,250,600 19 "2.’ 9* 7 19 3.8 3.9 5, 667, 500 4, 200, 000 . c24, 626 1,000 1, 266 1,583 599 963 1, 011 015, 489 21. 171 29, 379 c2d, 4/a 103, 744 c25, 090 ! 138,939 I 32,057 31,986 cl3, 743 | 27,790 38,995 ! c24, 000 | c45, 071 . _ ; 2, 714, 577 Id 17 59) 10 25 4 70 3,500,000 1 2,889,187 /22, 677 15 . . I . . (14, 0766 1, 657 388) / 7, 518 924 j 28, 999. 820 r. 185 9 t* 'G Ji [S J* a > I j ® a > « ||§| §8 8 6 a cc o .a % « o , © 03 03 O . gj o > © P CO © ® CL © 3 a School books supplied for use of pupils. s H ® 00 © G © © § M 5*2 ©.£ a ◄ -a a © c, X © 3 © H s cc a? 1 * © °3 z > © S 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 $964 4, 000 2, 322 563 1, 696 4, 700 1, 383 $722 5, 011 7, 374 334 2, 168 3, 897 912 $13, 152 81, 507 125, 833 12, 610 21, 073 117, 012 15, 585 all, 725 57, 758 a20, 284 67, 000 al3, 073 a40, 700 a7, 055 35, 666 34, 049 34,645 270, 035 18, 556 35, 064 37, 351 45, 586 dl8, 107 310, 012 77, 075 33, 133 214, 587 32, 686 15, 925 56, 728 j $2, 319, 133 $2, 319, 133 $2, 515 $17 72 17 09 $3 98 2 64 26, 003, 200 4, 611, 051 26, 003, 200 3, 074, 034 3, 877, 950 36, 782, 202 3, 194, 215 5.2 3.25 5.2 5 19 00 13 82 3.1 5. 02 . 5 73 4, 000, 000 . 4.01 ! 2,000 3, 548 20, 442, 673 16, 353,738 2.8 3.5 * 10, 391, 660 3.6 2, 617 2,212 1, 703 8,763 (1, C 61, 629 133 2,108 3, 516 14 41 13 85 16 02 18 38 14 00 15 25 10 98 11 17 12 10 14 15 11 93 12 34 14 02 15 01 6 34 5 04 3 18 3 93 3 64 3 67 6, 189, 202 8, 504, 300 6, 189, 202 5, 669, 535 7. 872, 522 55, 112, 052 3.7 2.66 4.4 4.16 1 0 1 3, 829 0 4 7, 687 88) 2, 500 1 12, 324 54, 566, 389 4. 14 1, 383 4, 991, 100 6, 626, 604 15, 000, 000 4, 991, 100 3, 343, 307 10, 000, 000 3, 670, 235 110, 721, 995 9, 160, 000 4, 562, 765 17, 563, 890 5.1 L 92 5.1 .96 3 13 5 90 5 62 20 429 4,800 208 4,842 9, 170 4, 289 372 71, 466 3.5 2 8.5 7 5.7 .... 1 . 110, 721, 995 9, 160, 000 4, 562, 765 2 8.5 7 8,345 3 14 61,270 693 1,756 1, 800, 000 6, 169, 120 6. 6 3 i 7 4, 606 12 23 3 15 clO, 572 2, 727 4, 188 22, 446 d 15, 098 60, 414 26, 888 47, 578 20, 831 54,824 245 3, 584 2, 253, 770 2, 180, 000 8.06 5.6 150 38 13 47 3 94 4, 084, 250 7, 509 3, 474 18, 548 200 150 9 98 6, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 3 10.4 100 8,800 e452, 369 93, 458 17 63 4 96 140, 000, 000 100, 000, 000 2. 28 3.2 406, 836 1 31,261 26,297 25 23 3 05 4 6.9 2,746 4, 000, 000 6 0 100 250 1, 422 1, 458 10, 460 16, 330 19, 368 62, 118 14 50 j 10 78 1 09 1 02 1,470 7,647 . 6, 000, 000 3, 750, 000 1,500, 000 3, 001, 018 1, 344, 517 I 35, 000, 000 ' 1, 963, 445 13, 000, 000 207, 910, 350 3, 146, 650 2, 275, 827 700, 000 978, 920 2, 383, 307 2.5 4 8.5 . 5 278 6, 000, 000 222, 835 6, 269 62, 178 1, 070, 685 28, 342 20, 051 16,714 20, 112 58, 487 100,000,000 4 419 2, 674 *6.’ i>" 4 10 9 |15 I11 | 8.5 5, 981 46, 220 1, 200 2, 006 809 13 57 17 91 5 13 j 3 87 4,478 61, 800 Cl, 200 277, 213, 800 5.33 6,600 7 34 ! 15 21 j 2 27 | 3 70 9 2.6 3. 66 1.7 4, 000, 000 2, 936, 760 10, 000, 000 13,374 | 16,432 ! 50 5, 175 6 Debt and interest. d Total of items reported. / Interest. e Total incidental or contingent expenses. e Includes $98,232 unclassified. 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 21 5 236 237 238 29 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 239 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 *] a. REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF Table 14. — School statistics of cities avc Expenditure! Tuition. Incidents City or town. 1 u & £ ft S do £ (3 o « a *3 > §| C fl o C s O <1 51 52 53 Omaha, Nebr . Gold Hill, Nev . Virginia City, Nov . Claremont, 27. H . Concord, 27. H d . . Dover, 27. H . Keene, 27. Hd . 2klancheater, 27. H . Nashua, 27. H* . . Portsmouth, 27. H . . Rochester, 27. Hd . . Somersworth, 27. H . Atlantic, 27. ,Jd.... . Bridgeton, 27. J d . Camden, 27. J . . . Elizabeth, 27. .T . Gloucester City, 27. J . Harrison, 27. J . Hoboken, 27. J* . Jersey City, 27. J . Millville, 27. Jd . Morristown, 27. Jd . 27ewark, 27. J . 27ew Brunswick, 27. J . Orange, 27. J . Passaic, 21'. Jd . Paterson, 27. J . Perth Amboy, 27. J . Phillipsburgk, 27. J . Plainfield, 27. J . Rahway. 27. J . . . Salem, 27. Jd. . Trenton, 27. Jd . Albany, 27. Y . . Auburn, 27. Y . . . Binghamton, 27. Y . Brooklyn, 27. Y . . . Buffalo', 27. Y . .. . Cohoes, 27. Y . . . Cortland, 27. Y . . . Dunkirk, 27. Y . . . . Elmira, 27. Y . . . Gloversville, 27. Y . . . Hoosick Falls, 27. Y . . . Hornellsville, 27. Y . . . Hudson, 27. Y . . . . Ithaca, 27. Y . . . . . Jamestown, 27. Y . . Kingston, 27. Y. ( two-fifths of city)’ Lansingburgh, 27. Y.... . Little Falls, 27. Y . . . Lockport, 27. Y . . . . Long Island City, 27. Y*>. — . . 27owburgh, 27. Y* . . 27ew York, 27. Y . _ . Ogdensburgh, 27. Y . _ . Oswego, 27. Y . . . . Port Jervis, 27. Y.. . . . . . Poughkeepsie, 27. Y . . $3, COO 150 1,800 1,000 600 162 2, 000 $96, 643 7, 280 13, 380 4, 615 23, 364 16, 490 11,569 41, 689 26, 932 17, 384 10, 217 6. 650 8, 706 12, 354 62, 548 33, 639 5, 950 6, 000 66, 771 183, 414 15, 957 10. 704 239, 765 20, 615 (21, 815) 12,202 76, 982 4,154 12, 470 15, 792 10, 313 7,142 41,159 152, 616 37, 548 31) 650 ,600 550 ,500 ,500 ,100 ,380 , 250 400 139 500 ,500 ,000 (35, (940, 857) 4, 500 1,485 800 1, 596 1,500 800 ,000 (21,429) 358, 167 24,684 3, 200 16, 398 39, 374 9, 887 11, 817 15, 127 9, 926 14, 342 1,100 1,500 1,400 1,400 1,500 18, 039 12, 446 10, 128 22, 479 27, 474 31,057 (3, 022, 993) (15, 206) 1,500 1,500 1,600 2S, 247 11, 237 27, 260 $1, 500 90 90 0 a474 150 280 451 66 «5, 316 ■ . I 1,960 i 500 25 175 1, 500 150 4,705 go, 467 300 250 1 200 225 380 150 0 200 2, 037 2, 120 1,644 600 150 189 100 110 200 100 250 300 206 100 . 500 88, 403 100 300 rom Report of the Corvonissioner of Education for year 1884- 85. iebt and interest. b Total incidental or coni c Total of items reported d These statistics are for STATISTICS OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS 207 5,000 inhabitants and over , tfc. — Part IV — Continued. Expenditures. Amount carried forward to next year. Average ex¬ penses per capita. Total taxable property in the city. Tax for school pur¬ poses. Incidental or con¬ tingent expenses. Total expenditure. Supervision and instruc¬ tion, based on average daily attendance. Incidental or contingent expenses, based on av¬ erage daily attendance. Estimated cash value. Assessed valuation. Mills per dollar of cash value. Mills per dollar of as¬ sessed valuo. School hook 8 supplied for use of pupils. £53 H! »ii < Rh 56 57 5S 59 60 G1 62 63 64 G5 $1,068 $34, 175 $260. 057 $4, 003 $21 20 $11 38 $100,000,000 $11, 898, 317 .5 5 n oar. 1, 010, 600 505, 320 5 16 651 3, 508, 120 1, 503, 560 5 10 420 2, 500, 000 2, 397, 322 2.5 68, 034 32 831 50 l’ 081 23, 130 233 16 18 3 65 i 8, 212, 430 8, 212, 430 2.77 2. 77 \ 61,153 Td 999 (3, .60) 17 03 4 06 21, 379, 384 2.6 400 1, 928 36, 254 el 72 9, 333, 800 (1. 019) c22, 641 . . 62, 999 19j 500 i . | . I 958 916 8, 584 11 00 3 07 1, 700, 000 1, 700, 000 7 7 300 11, 175 1 1, 727 17 870 1 j 10, 000 3, 705 134, 973 12 67 4 93 15, 000, 000 21, 000, 000 5. 5 3.3 3, 102 2, 568 71, 746 16, 449 12 98 3 59 12, 000, 000 11,601,950 4 302 675 8, 129 9 95 3, 000. 000 J, 700, 000 4 7 500 600 9, 505 . 14 65 2, 000, 000 1, 500, 000 2 1.5 615, 906 82, 677 . 1 2,551 5, 964 224, 856 (/14 99) 1,237 24, 280 762 13, 461 16, 510 7,437 351, 685 38, 020 mo so) 93,276,277 ! . . 1 1,213 36, 358 2, 651 12 86 . | 307 1,118 29, 092 18 26 10, 500, 000 5, 204, 000 1.6 i ! 1, 592 19, 177 5,534 11, 428 12S, 039 . 10 80 4 08 50, 000, 000 24, 000, 000 1.5 3. 25 281 440 7, 988 4,819 j 11 37 3 49 8, 497, 550 1, 748, 775 2 4 50 2, 046 18.687 I 273 | 503 i6, 124 54,398 ! 3,118 I 17 71 4 14 9, 000, 000 4, 793, 070 ] 5.62 O 999 541 13.884 1 12 29 568 12,017 | 3,171 53, 134 j ::::::::::: . : 2, 655 6, 688 220, 849 77, 037 16 05 3 59 66, 000, 000 66, 000, 000 2.3 i 2.3 1 82 1,375 67,781 6, 362 13 29 2 57 15, 500, 000 10,992,880 3.48 ! 4.92 i 699 50. 109 ' 6,320 12 48 3 22 15, 334, 348 15,334,348 1 1 6202, 800 1, 609, 752 1, 084, 789 *’”291” 3, 962 538, 820 212, 934 20 10 2 17 2,-944 41,361 20, 364 11, 000, 000 11, 000, 000 j . | 9, 482 1, 542, 7-16 20 ! 3, 686 25, 633 4, 543 15 92 7 34 l! 93?! 394 ' 10.3 27 ' 1,792 64, 054 1,731 12 97 2 36 11, 924, 692 11, 924, 692 4.12 j 4. 12 (1.224) 18, 030 11 07 1 87 i 85 6, 185 20,370 | . ::| 23 1,747 45, 401 4, 273, 635 4, 273 635 5. 8 5. 8 1 37 88 13, 889 5, 606 13 01 1 23 5' 764! 295 5! 764! 295 1. 5 1.5 901 939 29, 974 45 12 28 3 34 6, 000, 000 2, 716, 324 3.3 7.4 491 26,919 12 92 1 95 2, 615, 1 65 5.47 1 103 1,737 31,458 16 58 6 56 5, 970, 835 5, 970, 835 4.19 4.19 I 50 6,095 23, 418 221 13 66 7 87 5, 500, 000 2.88 15 1,016 15, 280 14 91 2 63 4, 000, 000 1, 218, 233 3. 33 9 77 839 30. 047 12 42 5, 685, 840 3. 9 I 7, 929 43, 463 a953 2, 691 58, 633 138, 681 78, 949 4, 057, 032 . 19 67 3 31 2, 100, 000, 000 1, 420, 968, 286 1.9 2.8 64, 888 24, 543 12, 817 1 171 3, 343 4(5, 784 12 14 6 81 12, 280, 490 9, 210, 314 2. 85 3.8 807 17, 523 4,479 9 43 2 30 4, 500, 000 1, 308, 748 2.01 6.87 100 2, 267 40, 672 16, 306 12 81 11, 733, 830 11,733,830 1 2. 55 2.55 1 e For day pupils only. A Fuel and light. / Total expenses per capita. i Includes $4,421 for bonds and interest. g Bonds and interest. j For two years. 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 250 257 258 259 2G0 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 805 S06 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 * REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 14. — School statistics of cities and towns containing I Expenditures. City or town. Tuition. r3 gJ < Incidental or contingent ex¬ penses. C E O" § © * ^5 S-i &J0 •85 2 gg£ Jill on a C» 3 o r c B < Average ex¬ penses per ! capita. Total taxable property in the city. Tax for school pur¬ poses. Incidental or con tin- gent expenses. Total expenditure. i Supervision and instruc¬ tion, based on average daily attendance. Incidental or contingent expenses, based on av¬ erage daily attendance. Estimated cash value. Assessed valuation. Mills per dollar of cash j value. Mills per dollar of as¬ sessed value. School books supplied for use of pupils. All other sup¬ plies and cur¬ rent expenses. 56 57 58 59 60 61 63 63 64 65 $1, 051 $8, 173 $234, 770 $1, 167 $15 11 $3 81 $75, 514, 275 $75, 514, 275 3.09 3. 09 298 3 564 21 507 239 13 40 299 13, 512 51, 381 18, 728 4, 214, 190 300 28. 109 14 33 : 1 80 15, 000, 000 8, 100, 000 i. 43 2. 66 301 1, 226 19, 699 282 16 00 i 3 20 1, 767, 755 6. 13 302 1, 000 2, 794 137, 596 97, 103 13 61 j 1 94 40, 000, 000 34, 322, 540 i 3.02 i 3.69 303 1, 100 2, 560 136, 266 14, 825 17 02 ! 3 09 46, 660, 922 46, 660, 922 2.62 2. 62 304 450 7, 968 91,949 15 36 4 35 21, 000, 000 18, 386, 430 3.11 3. 45 305 a5 302 42, 406 | . 306 836 1, 976 12, 645 :::::::: 19 04 8 38 5,000,000 i 1 5 307 2, 667 3, 324 70; 078 21 18 j 7 83 18, 659, 486 18, 659, 486 j 2.1 2.7 308 309 310 311 • 250 4,317 5131, 045 33, 569 12 29 j 3 22 20, 000, 000 9, 600, 426 j 4.3 9 312 c9, 067 i 13 61 i . 313 22,965 ! . 314 7 315 47 1, 023 32, 102 ; 13, 607 ! 15 48 8, 263, 525 5, 509, 350 | 3.4 5 I 316 1, 906 51, 816 832, S54 ! 20 46 3 66 170, 858, 890 3. 90 317 10 24, 640 20, 060 16 12 I . 5 318 2,477 63, 743 546, 592 78, 366 16 62 5 22 I 319 124 6, 612 243, 811 27, 562 18 04 3 60 70, 000, 000 36, 990, 100 2. 75 5.5 320 202, 994 52, 892 6 321 16, 689 322 22, 936 323 2, 500, 000 1, 700, 000 4 6 324 1, 761 1 18, 892 14 54 2] 250,’ 000 9 325 a2, 843 14, 079 j 6, 583 13 58 3 44 3, 000, 000 2, 15o[ 000 i 3 4.5 326 18, 035 10 87 2 05 3, 000, 000 2, 000, 000 j 5 3. 3 327 350 606 36, 261 11, 564 15 28 3 31 8, 378’, 053 5] 996’ 670 3.5 5 328 • 24, 121 2, 469 3, 000, 000 7 329 40 2, 691 22, 184 4, 458 2 76s’ 094 I . 7 330 2,329 21, 106 ! 9, 741 9 98 3 01 3) 2?8| 795 I . 5.5 331 32, 911 ! . 332 | 16, 396 9, 507 2, 237, 783 2,237,783 4. 45 4. 45 333 23’]56 334 50 3, 254 16, 611 2, 741 dlO 13 di 50 5. 65 5. 65 335 336 2, 300 20, 797 14 00 6 32 2, 517, 075 7.1 337 41, 013 338 10, 679 339 6, 043 28, 202 | 9,734 10 67 4 78 5, 857, 502 4, 368, 142 3.75 5 340 16 938 17, 297 i 10,222 6, 000, 000 2 000, 000 7 341 75 2,017 e6l, 729 ; 15,698 12 41 3 17 12j 000,’ 000 5] 760] 201 1 7 3.4 342' 100, 739 343 0 1, 442 36,809 i 14,590 13 54 I 3 63 5, 002, 210 7.2 344 / 3, 900 a4, 985 23, 801 | 10,514 14 74 | 4 92 6, 000, 000 3, 218, 000 3.33 6.5 345 222, 920 I 346 24, 992 i . .. 347 17, 315 348 26, 709 349 52, 07G 350 58, 647 351 6 14,212 129, 362 ' 21 81 1 7 75 21, 000, 000 14, 000, 000 5 352 a89, 836 266, 192 353 0700 1 25, 101 57, 292 7, 889, 6i0 ‘6.5 354 1 8,299 i 56, 712 8 8 45 ; 4 24 6, 900, 000 2, 300, 000 6. 66 20 355 150 1, 659 16, 285 10 49 5 03 1, 241, 305 110 356 18, 419 1, 058, 500 1 9 357 c Total of items reported. e Includes $6, 542 paid for indebtedness. g For indebtedness. d Based on enrolment. /Bonds and interest. C>U S58 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 894 395 396 397 398 399 400 *01 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 a REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUC.4 Table 14. — School statistics of cities an City or town. Expenditure Tuition. OQ p I C — < i ^ I o I o Incidents O 51 52 53 Bethlehem, Pa . Bradford, Pa . Bristol, Pa . Carbondale, Pa . Carlisle, Pa . Chambers!) urgh, Pa . Chester, Pa . Columbia, Pa . Coushohockon, Pa . Corry, Pa . Danville, Pa . Dunmore, Pa . Easton, Pa . Erie, Pa* . Franklin, Pa . Harrisburgli, Pa . Hazleton, Pa . Johnstown, Pa* . Lancaster, Pa . Lebanon, Pa* . Lock Haven, Pa . McKeesport, Pa . Mahanoy City, Pa . Meadville, Pa* . Few Castle, Pa . Norristown, Pa . Oil City, Pa . Philadelphia, Pa . Phcenixville, Pa . Pittsburgh, Pa* . Piitston, Pa . . . Plymouth, Pa . Pottstown, Pa . . . Pottsville, Pa . Reading, Pa . Scranton, Pa . Shamokin, Pa . Sharon, Pa . Shenanioab, Pa . Tamaqua, Pa . Titusville, Pa... . West Chester, Pa . Wiikosbarre, Pa . Williamsport, Pa . York, Pa* . . Bristol, R. I . Burrellville, R. I . Cranston, R.I . Cumberland, R.I . East Providence, R.I . Johnston, R.I . Lincoln, R.I . . Newport, R.I . Pawtucket, R. I . Providence, R.I . South Kingstown, E. I . Warwick, R.I . Westerly, R. I . . . Woonsocket, R. I . $1, 020 2, 000 640 800 1, 200 1,600 3, 000 1, 500 1, 400 1,500 500 1,191 1, 200 1,200 2, 950 1, 000 900 14, 400 1, 200 3, 333 1,700 2, 000 1, 500 1,000 1, 800 (11, 1, 600 1,400 1,300 •500 $5, 351 18, 260 5, 998 9,097 9,372 10, 678 23, 673 10, 482 5, 320 6,162 8, 885 7, 532 24, 808 44, 876 12, 425 46, 638 10, 309 14, 011 33, 528 10, 0G4 8, 980 13, 718 7, 186 14, 427 10, 367 22, 114 16, 468 1, 205, 425 12, 016 300, 685 8, 133 6,380 8, 470 20, 769 02, 000 99, 269 7, 503 8, 038 12, 333 4, 890 13, 583 350) 47, 040 28, 980 21, 944 9, 205 $200 426 461 400 (c) 175 140 1, 208 1, 740 960 125 225 125 369 185 300 150 1, 583 3.811 '200 7, 052 560 2, 570 150 3, 000 2, 000 4, 417 425 200 500 ,210 155 200 423 900 ,434 550 33, 783 35, 8S3 211,217 7, 281 15, 350 17, 787 500 150 0 142 rrom Report of the Commissioner of Education for year 1884-’8o. rotal of items reported. b Total incidental or co: c Included in amount p d Debt and interest. STATISTICS OF CITV SCHOOL SYSTEMS. 301 5,000 inhabitants and over , «fc. — Part IV — Continued. Expenditures. Amount carried forward to next | year. Average ex¬ penses per capita. % Total taxable property in the city. Tax for school pur¬ poses. 358 359 360 361 362 3*53 .364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 | 374 375 1 376 ! 377 i 378 I 379 380 381 382 383 • 384 ! 3S5 ! 386 3.-7 388 Incidental or contin¬ gent expenses. © H H © Pi © © H s§ k - 1M j Is ® S i ’► - sra CO • ® a > o o « c t£ q es R ofl "o 'S ft O K O cs C5 O *2 © flCo !>< « r8S © 0 *3 > Tc cS o a * cc m fl O "5 0 *3 o CD S CD ◄ 1 o u £ ® 'w CS * ; 5 . © g.1 CD « 5- aj o P< m 111 ■§ » 3 03 gSg P-5 o s « S4 ls| 5 * 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 $350 659 $455 4, 237 63. 960 63 136 448 3,010 o$0, 347 33, 876 1C, 232 $9 10 15 40 $3 64 G 45 $73, 580 j 4.5 20 $8, 439 $1, 474, 702 . 13, 341 17, 652 21,185 28, 049 19, 133 113 8 8 4 75 («) 8 82 3 66 2, 271,000 4, 128 67, 568 1, 899 65, 461 63, 485 698 3, 849 2, 781 6S, S69 13, 503 1, 826 3, 764 20, 819 16. 961 13, 665 429 8 99 4 91 2, 750, 000 4 10, 966 45, 905 80, 049 23. 145 j 86, 506 13, 207 ] 23, 596 1 50, 473 18, 472 16, 478 34. 645 28, 277 31, 522 19, 625 35, 174 30, 641 1, 823, 253 23, 421 1 628, 215 13, 589 11,769 17, 607 38, 309 112, 270 234, 697 14, 953 13, 816 44,947 8, 397 37, 808 26, 386 86, 311 54, 495 51, 089 13, 000 8, 500 8, 671 212 1, 734 9 57 14 72 J 2 03 | 6 09 20 5 5.5 325 * 3S0 8, 172, 919 | 16, 500, 000 100 5, 992 | 11 34 ! ! 9 44 | 5 00 2 42 ! 17, 748, CS1 5, 916, 227 882, 012 4.33 13 22 517 338 d5, 200 :::::::: 1 12 05 ! 8 16 10 69 10 73 7 29 13 20 25, 000. 000 4, 800, 000 3, 000, 000 i 13, 500, 000 1, GOO, 000 1, 600, 000 ! 5, 000, 000 1, 260, 099 2, 006, 380 3,507.818 7,354, 150 3 i 10 5 I 13 252 1,849 68, 256 844 2, 789 2 00 3 52 3.33 . di, 807 4, 250 5, 092 | 2 43 4 97 2, 000, 000 8 5.5 ,5 •18. 5 6 1, 268 1, 365 69, 868 | 122,180 14 17 4 65 120, 698 1 1, 000 s dll4, 800 71, 888 672, 440, 516 3, 000, 000 611,309,615 2, 530, 215 121, 174, 714 18 i 5 li 89 (!9| 25, 648 65, 456 j M, 13o | 67, 789 80) 1 . 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 . 12 18 13 44 3, 950, 000 23, 000, 000 :::::: 9 4 700 2, 000 6103, 691 ' 64,671 | 64, 948 1, 566 150 j 16, 876 709 15, 682 3, 277 7, 100 715 i 74 803 4,176 448 8 61 6 31 1 12 41 ! 17 02 j 13 55 i 11 69 11 61 12 24 3 09 1 24 1,495, 000 1, 200, 000 16 7 2, 400, 000 3.5 394 1, 419 10 dl8, 598 775 6 12 5 97 3 66 3 82 3 18 6, 339, 124 20, 000, 000 13, 000, 000 10, 797, 089 6, 339, 124 3, 602, 886 7, 000, 000 7, 198, 060 5, 618, 400 2.5 2.5 20 7.5 3.5 18,486 4 16, 900 16, 000 41, 018 49,352 87, 104 £347, 180 o8, 006 22, 180 11 81 1 24 7, 500, 000 4, 883, 500 1. 47 2 1,456 e39, 724 21 66 /12 88 7 40 / 4 53 28, 540, 300 18, 015, 990 1. 52 3, 446 0 6,540 6, 000, 000 5,722,420 j .49 .52 2,500 1,590 19, 918 31, 029 C85 j 14 80 1 12 77 1 50 4 45 4, 745, 400 9, 511, 1S5 4.5 i, 229 £$533 returned to tlis treasury, the buildings / For day pupils only. for which it was appropriated havingbeen ^$15,004 of this amount is for evening schools, completed. *" items not classified. 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCA7 Table 14. — School statistics of cities and City or town. Tuition. © ro 51 •S US % a 52 Incidenta & * u «h «s a g§ S3 S o 53 Charleston, S. C . Columbia, S. C . Greenville, S. C . Clarksville, Tenn . Chattanooga, Tenn.... Knoxville, Tenn . emphis, Tenn . Nashville, Tenn* . Union City, Tenn . Austin, Tex . Brenliam, Tex . Dallas, Tex . E'ort Worth, Tex . Galveston, Tex . Houston, Tex . Marshall, Tex . San Antonio, Tex . Sherman, Tex . Waco, Tex . Ogden City, Utah . Brattleborough, Vt - Bennington , Vt . . . . Burlington, Vt . Rutland, Vt . St. Albans, Vt . St. Johnsbury, Vt - Alexandria, Va . Danville, Va . . Fredericksburgh, Va. . Lynchburgh, Va . Manchester, Va . Norfolk, Va* . Petersburgh, Va . Portsmouth, Va* . Richmond, Va . Staunton, Va . Seattle, Wash . Tacoma, W ash . Parker sburgh, W. Va . Wheeling, W. Va . Appleton, Wis . . Eau Claire, Wis . . Fond du Lac, Wis . Green Bay, Wis . Janesville. Wis* . Kenosha, Wis . La Crosse, Wis . Madison, Wis . Milwaukee, Wis . . Oconto, Wis . Oshkosh, Wis . Racine, Wis . Sheboygan, Wis . Watertown, Wis . Wausau, Wis . $2, 500 1, 500 1, 200 (24, 100) 1,500 1, 800 6, 700 1, 000 1,800 600 2, 000 2, 400 2, 000 39, 1, 200 (15,492) ,215 ,062 ,649 ,155 354 262 095 602 666 844 961 682 000 031 615 355 1, 300 380 1, 470 ! 600 1, 620 1, 040 300 1, 700 1, 350 1, 600 425 400 250 1, 500 2, 000 (18, 23. 000 120 600 1,200 300 77, 5, 15, 11, 13, 45, 17, 24, 15, 10, 12, 6, 29, 798) I 209, 7, 200 8, 532 $900 (5,3 30 75 0 1, 000 450 644 174 150 280 300 250 946 1, 463 122 200 250 300 2, 200 35 220 150 2, 200 200 150 * From Report of the Commissioner of Education for year a Based on enrolment. School books STATISTICS OF CITY SCHOOL SYSTEMS, 303 5,000 inhabitants and over, © 1 1 GO H a ■2 * 1 o © CO Mills per dollar of cash value. 1 Mills per dollar of as¬ sessed value. 5S 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 $95, 052 11,910 1,900 8, 179 27, 950 32, 987 71, 184 85, 753 5, 771 636, 591 12. 900 18, 644 26, 926 91, 900 47, 847 7, 421 105, 335 627. 145 d2G, 708 10, 978 616, 692 69, 290 99 fi9Q $1, 414 4, 713 815 63 11 02 $1 27 1 85 1. 75 2 $3, 200, 000 j 1, 900, 000 101 584 3, 582 9 14 11 53 13 00 10 61 13 29 a 5 72 77 1 33 2 39 3 55 2 15 6, 480, 960 5, 450, 880 16, 454, 695 24, 893, 850 675, 140 7, 518, 211 2, 030, 000 3 3 1.5 2 3 2.5 3.2 $7, 267, 840 2 30, 000, 000 1, 000, 000 10 618 803 15 55 2, 030, 000 3.2 6, 000, 000 40, 000, 000 11, 000, 000 2. 25 22, 000, 000 8, 000, 000 2 207 136 3, 635 14 40 1 81 5 4 2. 5 5, 230 368 14 53 9 00 2 00 3 76 4, 750, 000 2, 000, 000 3, 883, 265 5, 000, 000 1 1 . 24, 433 12, 111 19, 376 13, 546 13, 617 5, 017 26, 423 5,792 . 21,969 23, 887 12, 561 102, 522 8, 048 25, 655 624. 589 617, 264 66, 989 51,277 36, 775 22, 761 19, 868 19, 997 9, 104 67, 331 29, 044 277, 808 4,624 8 23 1 57 4, 000, 000 4, 500, 000 5.44 6 672 81 484 1 . 11 46 1 27 1 . 9, 998, 662 1.8 14 51 9 00 2 43 2 21 11, 548, 689 27 9, 193, 110 3, 600, 000 43, 000, 000 1.4 42 234 10 76 13 92 19 92 4 30 4 19 5. 25 1 . 12 61 10 36 17, 318, 731 3, 293, 901 3.5 10 4,510 15, 076 4,767 2, 795 7 07 10, 500, 000 3 10 08 10 18 10 79 3 23 1 71 4 56 1. 882, 333 4, 055, 130 7.7 4 6, 000, 000 2. 66 4, 773 18, 285 12 63 14 31 ;5 53 7 11 15, 000, 000 10, 000, 000 7, 923, 892 3, 986, 045 78, 861, 366 2.6 2. 27 5.3 4.07 3.5 147, 093 2 55 611, 900 57, 000 637, 971 20, 877 14. 643 15, 044 8, 000 ! 12. 000, 000 lo; 000, 000 6, 000, 000 8, 277, 260 2, 530, 066 12 86 3 91 4 4. 5 6.3 13, 720 9, 540 417 418 . 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 b Total of items reported. e Total incidental or contingent expenses. d Includes $1,635 paid for indebtedness. 304 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Cities containing 5,000 inhabitants and over from which no statistics have been received. City. State. City. State. Annapolis . . . Maryland. ' Cumberland _ _ Maryland. A ipena _ Michigan. ! Ishpeming ............. Michigan. Lansing _ Michigan. 1 Manistee ............... Michigan. J ackson _ Mississippi. Joplin _ Missouri. Moherly _ Missouri. 1 Lincoln _ _ Nebraska. Sallfl _ ............ Illinois. Bayonne . . New Jersey. M at toon _ _. _ ■ Illinois. i Bnrlin 3 | 'A ft o . u ® . ^ ™ ! O H Number of normal pupils. Number of normal graduates in 1886. Total appropriation. Property valuation. Ratio of normal-school graduates to number of new teachers re¬ quired annually. .2 * fts a* <1 New York . 5, 330, 491 9 132 3, 496 2, 693 358 Dollars. 171,768 Dollars. 1,156, 896 Per cent. 12 i 49 Wisconsin . 1, 563, 423 5 68 1, 403 1,185 98 i 81,125 a307, 000 9 i 58 Massachusetts . 1, 942, 141 55 51 99S 985 222 j 64,416 458, 000 23 ! 65 Pennsylvania . 4,722, 954 10 154 4, 372 2, 305 ■134 > 55,000 1, 562, 000 21 12 California . 1,001,293 2 29 750 750 143 54,000 400, 000 32 j 72 Kansas ............ 1, 284, 809 338, 406 1 11 431 431 33 3, 500 ; 3, 500 j 3, 000 SO, 000 25, 000 4 I 8 Klnrirla _ 1 6 75 8 3 47 Mississippi . 1, 237, 453 1 3 62 24 50, 000 i 1 ; 48 Arkansas . 935, 058 1 3 202 ! 1 1 46 1 8 1 2, 000 1 30, 000 2 .0 a One school not included. 5 Massachusetts Normal Art School not included. In the present state of our information a summary like the foregoing can ouly be made suggestive. For instance, we have no positive data for a comparison between the number of normal graduates and the number of new teachers required in auy given year. Several years ago it was estimated that 30 per cent, of the whole body of teachers change annually ; more recent estimates indicate that this ratio is too high for a large proportion of the States. Superintendent Draper, of New York, states that from 3,000 to 4,000 teachers, or STATISTICS OF TEACHERS7 INSTITUTES. 309 from 7 to 10 per cent, of tho entire number, are annually required in that State to till vacancies. Probably this would be too low an estimate for the majority of the States, but for the purpose of an approximate statement, 10 percent, of the whole number of teachers reported has been taken to represent the number of new teachers aunually required in the States considered, excepting where the precise number was reported. The comparison serves at least to emphasize the discrepancy between sup¬ ply and demand in the matter of trained teachers. Comparisons are hardly allowable iu respect to appropriations, as in some of the States the whole or nearly the whole amount is expended upon normal pupils only, while in other of the States tho larger proportion of the pupils benefited are not in the normal courses. In short, this, as every other similar study of the educational statistics of the United States, is embarrassed by the want of uniformity in the par¬ ticulars. It is a fact worthy of special note that the two highest per capita estimates in the table are for States in which all, or nearly all, the students in the schools considered are classed as normal students. By reference to Table 18 it will be seen that the appropriations for normal schools in Virginia, as reported, amount to £55,240; but £10,000 of this sum being the interest on the Agricultural College land-scrip fund granted by the State to the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, hardly seems to come within the definition of a State appropriation, and hence is omitted in the foregoing comparative table. The sum total of appropriations for all the States, including £10,000 to Hampton, is £1,228,549. The view of what the States are doing to secure trained teachers for the common schools would be incomplete without some notice of teachers’ institutes. The most important particulars relating to these agencies as reported for the cur¬ rent year are here tabulated : Table 15. — Statistics of teachers’ institutes for 1885-’86. State and county. , Attendance. 1 ! Appropriation. ® Cl . a o.2 ^ ** uS O “3 1 ® -*} White. . ! 'z i o | s Total. White. Colored. Total. State. County. . 'S 5 o ^ Alabama . . 13 1 *6 i 19 1 ! 000 ! $2, 000 31 Arkansas . . ! • . Arithmetic . . Grammar. Second term . Methods in read¬ Arithmetic .. ..... Grammar. Third term . ing and number. Mental science .... Geography . Physiology . United States his¬ Fourth term . Mental science Geography . . Composition ....... tory. United States his¬ Fifth term . Methods in gram¬ mar, composi¬ tion, and geog¬ raphy. Latin . . Music . . Latin .............. tory. General history. Sixth terra . Drawing . Physics _ _ General history, one-half term; rhetoric, one-half term. Literature. Seventh term .... Eighth term Practice _ Physics _ T.ati n _ _ Practice . . Latin _ 1 . . Algebra . . Advanced compo¬ sition. Latin. Ninth term . History of educa¬ tion. Science of teaching . Chemistry, astron¬ omy, or geology. Botany . . Algebra . . Tenth term...... Geometry..... . Latin, graduating thesis. Post-graduate course. First term . _ Latin or German. . . Latin or German. . . Literature . . Algebra . . . . Physics. Chemistry or as¬ tronomy. Second term . General history _ Geometry . Third term . Latin or German. . . Philosophy of edu- i cation. Trigonometry . Zoology or geology. CLASSES OF NORMAL SCHOOLS. 313 Applicants for admission to tlie State schools considered must he at least 16 years of age, must present certificates of good character, must signify their intention to teach in the public schools of the State, and must pass a satisfactory examination in reading, writing, spelling, arithmetic, geography, and English grammar. History is also required for admission to the Connecticut school. The Michigan State Normal School may he taken as an example of the small num¬ ber of normal schools which oifer more extended courses of study than the preceding, and which do not limit admission to candidates who pledge themselves to teach. Students are allowed a choice from five regular courses of study, as follows : Scientific, 4 years; literary, 4 years; ancient languages, 4 years; modern languages, 4 years; English, 4 years. 'Several special courses are also offered. All of these courses include pedagogics and practice-teachings, and all pupils who graduate and receive diplomas from any course are entitled to legal certificates of qualification to teach in any of the pubiic schools of the State. Graduates of the English course receive certificates for 5 years ; of the other cour¬ ses, for life. TWO CLASSES OP NORMAL SCHOOLS. , The question of the comparative advantages of the two classes in which the normal schools of the United States may be grouped is exciting much attention at the present time. In view of this fact, it may be well to notice the tendencies with reference to the choice between the two where circumstances are favorable to freedom of choice. The Boston Normal School was organized in 1852 as a special school for the prepa¬ ration of teachers, the plan of study and instruction being expressly arranged with that end in view. As a result of urgent appeals for the establishment of .a high school for girls various high-school studies were introduced into the Normal School, and in a few years the normal element had become entirely secondary. After an experience of about 15 years it was evident that additional means must be taken to secure a sufficient number of properly qualified teachers for service in the city schools,1 and in 1870 the committee on the normal schools, being satisfied “that the course of instruction and plan of work are such in a normal school that it cannot be most successful in connection with regular high-school work,” recommended a division of the school and the restoration of the normal school to its original standing.3 This recommendation was adopted in 1872, since which time the school has been strictly professional. In 1873, the conduct of the Normal School being still under discussion, inquiries were sent to various officials with a view of bringing a large and varied experience to bear upon the points at issue.3 The correspondence published in the annual report for 1873 shows that the follow¬ ing superintendents of schools in cities in which normal or training schools had been established expressed the opinion that the same should be kejjt distinct from the high school:3 Hon. H. F. Harrington, New Bedford, Mass. Hon. A. P. Marble, Worcester, Mass. Hon. E. B. Hale, Cambridge, Mass. lion. W. T. Harris, St. Louis, Mo. Hon. Henry Kiddle, New York, N. Y.4 In their conclusions, embraced in their report to the school committee, the com¬ mittee on normal schools include the following: “The experience of 21 years has made it manifest that the normal school should be a distinct institution, devoted wholly to the preparation of teachers.” While the policy of separating the normal work from the high school was so strongly advocated by the Boston committee, the union of the normal school with some regu¬ larly organized public school of elementary grade to serve the normal pupils as a school for observation and practice was urged no less strongly. It was not, however, until 1876 that the arrangement was perfected, in which year Superintendent Phil- brick said in his annual report: “ It is hardly an exaggeration to say that during almost the whole period that has elapsed since the establishment of the school the arrangements and provisions for giving the requisite normal training to female teachers for our public schools have been insufficient and unsatisfactory. But at length, after experiments and delays extending over a period of nearly a quarter of a century, we are able to say that we have a well organized and efficient normal school, established on a broad and firm 1 Boston Report, 1873, p. 249. *Ibid., p. 256. 3 Ibid., pp. 266, 270. 4 Ibid., p. 272. 314 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. foundation. It is in charge of an able and experienced corps of instructors. The standard of qualifications for admission is high, and it was, perhaps, the first normal school in the country to require of its candidates, as a preparation for entrance, the completion of a high-school course of instruction. Its course of training is hut 1 year, hut is exclusively professional. The four great pedagogical branches — psychology, physiology, ethics, and logic — are here judiciously handled. The methods of teaching the common-school branches are taught both theoretically and practically. A large grammar school for boys, and a large primary school with pupils of both sexes, afford ample opportunity for the training of the pupil teachers in the actual work of the school-room.” In the St. Louis Normal School, which completes its third decade the present year, the professional work has always been made paramount. In 1872 1 a district school was selected and placed in charge of the principal of the normal school to serve the normal pupils as a school of observation, and in 1880 2 all academic features were abandoned, and the school was made strictly a professional one, with a 2-years course. While the example of two of the leading normal schools of the country is thus seen to be in favor of an organization entirely distinct from the high school, it may be observed that two of the largest cities, viz, New York and Philadelphia, main¬ tain schools of the opposite type. According to so competent authority as Mr. Phil- brick, even here, however, there is a movement towards the separation of the two functions. In the circular previously alluded to, Mr. Philbrick says: “In the New York and Philadelphia schools, where the general education and the special training are carried on simultaneously, we observe the gradual evolution of the distinctly professional department, composed of the post-graduate pupils. As soon as such a department is clearly differentiated, as is the case with the normal department of the San Francisco school, it only remains to place this department under a competent master, wholly devoted to its management and training, and we have the realization of the ideal type of the normal school.” It should be added that in New York and Philadelphia there is a special reason for continuing a general course of study in the normal schools, since neither of these cities possesses a high school for girls apart from the normal, whereas Boston and St. Louis have such schools. In the former only high-school graduates are admitted to the normal school ; in the latter high-school graduates or those passing equivalent examinations. The four cities agree substantially as to the scholastic attainment, which is the proper basis for professional training. On the whole, a careful exami¬ nation of the present status and past history of the city normal- schools in the United States confirms the opinion expressed by Mr. Philbrick that “ the history of the modifications of the provisions for the professional training of teachers in our cities, which have been going on during the last quarter of a century, makes it clear that the tendency has been, and is now everywhere, towards the purely professional normal school, with its school of practice comprising pupils of all grades and both sexes, thoroughly equipped and provided with teachers of the highest order, thus serving the purpose of a school of observation and a practice school. For obvious reasons it is not so easy to limit the State normal schools to the pro¬ fessional training of teachers as it is the city normals. The disposition in favor of such specialization is, however, manifest where it seems at all practicable. It is accomplished, as we have seen, in the Connecticut school, and it is the ideal aimed at in many States where its accomplishment is not yet possible. In his report for 1886, Hon. A. S. Draper, superintendent of public instruction, New York, says : “The normal schools might spend less time with foundation work than they are doing now. If they should receive no pupils but such as are fairly educated, and should confine their labors to special training in methods and practice, they would accomplish larger results. If this position cannot be taken at once, it should at least be determined upon and worked up to as rapidly as circumstances will permit. The standard of admission to the normal schools should be advanced, and the graduates of responsible institutions of learning, who may desire to fit themselves for teachers, should be encouraged to come to our normal schools for short courses of professional training.” Hon. D. L. Kiehle, superintendent of public instruction, Minnesota, in his report for 1885-’86 calls attention to the fact that the preparatory class has been dropped from two of the State normal schools, and adds : “These schools are receiving their share of the students and graduates of high schools, and as soon as our schools shall furnish the necessary supply the normal schools will be ready to give exclusive attention to professional work in training teachers.” The conditions under which most of the State normal schools are operat- 1Repts. 1872 and 1873. 2 St. Louis Normal Kept. 1880-81, p. 65. GERMAN NORMAL SCHOOLS. 315 ing, aud the obstacles in the way of exclusive devotion to professional training, are fully presented by Hon. E. E. Higbee, State superintendent for Pennsylvania, in the following statement quoted from his report for 1^86: “As yet our advanced high schools aud colleges do not supply these schools with a sufficient number of students whose thorough literary attainments warrant a more exclusively professional course of studies. In fact, our normal schools are necessitated to do this preparatory aca¬ demic work themselves. In this way they render themselves liable to the charge of being only academies with a quasi-professional annex. We have all along very much regretted the necessity of directing so much attention to the academic training of the students in these schools, and have carefully studied how to keep the purely professional element from being too much neglected without at the same time sacri¬ ficing the thorough literary instruction required. The large supply of teachers re¬ quired for the educational work of the State and the very low average of salaries given for educational labor make it impossible to lengthen very much the present term of study. Some with great earnestness have advocated the addition of another year. In due time this will come, and be of immense account in enlarging the sphere of professional studies and giving opportunity for more defiuite and continuous model practice, which, when rightly conducted, is of so much value. The literary instruc¬ tion may have been given in harmony with the best principles which the present philosophy of school education is able ter give, aud in such form as to bring into view the very best methods which, either the science or art of teaching furnishes. We are not calling this in question at all, but we must keep in mind that the students, at the very outset, are backward in their literary studies, and have but little knowl¬ edge of psychology. Hence they are forced to make every exertion in preparing for their daily class work, and must be, of necessity, far more anxious about the matter of what is taught than about the manner or method of teaching it. They fear to 6pend any more time in the model school than is absolutely required by law. They make the minimum here the maximum if they can. In addition to tills, being sub¬ ject at the close of the course to a rigid State examination*, covering all the academic studies pursued, they, with their professors, are tempted to sacrifice all efforts towards enlarging the course of professional studies through fear of the issue of the final examination test.” With the hope of devising some plan for relieving the normal schools from the diffi¬ culties so clearly set forth, Superintendent Higbee called a meeting of all the normal- school principals at Harrisburgh. As a result of their deliberations it was proposed to confine the usual examination for promotion from the junior to the senior class to academic studies, and to devote a larger part of the graduation year to professional training, a measure in line with the specialization talang place elsewhere. There does not, however, appear to be any inherent incompatibility between the academic instruction and the professional training attempted in so many of the nor¬ mal schools of the United States. Both courses are successfully maintained in the train¬ ing seminaries of Saxony, but with provisions as to time, and to the order and sequence of subjects, which secure to both courses their full effect. The more thoroughly the normal-school work of the United States is examined, the more evident it seems that, where professional training is not the sole purpose, there should be an extension of time and an increase in the teaching force and in the material equipment of the schools, if they are to reach approved standards of excellence. GERMAN NORMAL SCHOOLS AND TEACHERS’ SEMINARIES. The scheme of training adopted in the leading normal schools of the United States shows at least an approximation to that of the training seminaries of Germany, which have been so long the admiration of schoolmen. For the purpose of compari¬ son a somewhat extended account of the German system is here presented. Candidates for the teachers’ seminaries in Prussia make special preparation for ad¬ mission to the same either under authorized instructors or in preparatory schools. These schools may be private or State establishments, and, although no official uni¬ form plan of studies has been prescribed for them, the branches of instruction are determined by the official programme of the examination for admission to the semi¬ naries. These branches are as follows : religion, German language, arithmetic, ele¬ mentary geometry, geography, history, physical and natural science, writing, design, music, and gymnastics. The study of a foreign language is optional. Candidates may be admitted to the seminary at 17 years of age, and may not be above 24 years of age. According to the present regulations there should be annexed to every seminary 2 elementary schools, 1 having a single class, the other having several classes. Here the students in training practice the art of teaching under the direction of a special master, who is included in the teaching staff of the seminary. The course of study in the seminary is 3 years. In the lower class the students whose preparation has been made by different means must be brought into desired uniformity ; at this stage 316 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. I hey do not participate in the exercises in the annexed schools. In the second class they continue their own studies according to the programme and enter upon the prac¬ tical work in the annexed schools ; in the third class they complete their studies and receive such directions as will enable them to work out their own ultimate develop¬ ment. At this stage the work in the practice school is increased, and imposes greater responsibility. The amount of time spent by each scholar of the third year in the practical work must not be less than 6 hours nor more than 10 hours a week, and each one must have the opportunity of practical exercise in all the studies of the programme. The two lower classes spend 24 hours a week in their own lessons and the superior class 14 hours, not including the hours devoted to the technical branches (design, writing, gymnastics, and music) and to the optional branches. At the end of the 3-years course the student undergoes his examination for office ; if he passes he re¬ ceives a provisional certificate. At the end of 2 years at the earliest, or 5 years at the latest, he presents himself for a second examination, which entitles him to a full cer¬ tificate. Each seminary must be provided with a good library, a cabinet of physics, a chem¬ ical laboratory, and as far as possible with a collection of objects and material for illustration. The instruction is conducted in accordance with a plan which must be approved by the minister of public instruction. The following table shows the branches prescribed in the official programme and their distribution through the 3 years : Branches of study. Hours a week. First year. Second year. Third year. Obligatory branches. PedaoocMr . . . . . . . . 2 2 3 Religion . . . . . 4 4 2 German language . . . . . . . 5 5 2 History . . . 2 2 2 Arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 «1 Geometry . . . . . . . . 2 2 Natural history, physics, and chemistry . 4 4 2 Geography . . . . . 2 2 1 Design . . . 2 2 1 Writing . . . . . . 2 I Gymnastics . . . . . 2 2 2 Mnsic and aingino- . . . . . . 5 5 3 Optional branches. 35 34 19 Foreign languages (French, English, and Latin) . 3 3 2 o In the third year the hour assigned to arithmetic is devoted to geometry. There are also exercises in horticulture, in arboriculture, and in silk culture, which each seminary arranges at will. The teachers* staff of a teachers’ seminary consists of a director, a head master, four ordinary masters and an auxiliary master. The director is nominated by the King, the masters are nominated by the minister of public instruction. The auxiliary master is chosen from the teachers who have passed their second examination. The director and ordinary masters may be taken from the rank of teachers, but it must be teachers of secondary schools. As a rule the directors are persons who have passed the university examination in theology or philology. The salaries of the members of the staff are fixed as follows : Members of the stall. Salaries. Equivalent in United States currency. At Berlin. Directors _ _ _ ...................... Marks. 5, 400 4, 200 1, S00 to 3, 600 3, COO to 4, 800 ! 2, 700 to 3, 300 1, 000 to 1,400 1, 000 to 2, 000 $1, 285 20 999 60 428 40 to 856 80 856 80 to 1,142 40 642 60 to 785 40 238 00 to 343 20 238 00 to 476 00 Head master . . - . Other masters . . . . . In other cities. Directors _ T . . . . . . . . Ordinary masters . . ............................. Auxiliary masters . . Mistresses . . . . . ......... _ FRENCH NORMAL SCHOOLS. 317 Seminaries for training women teachers are of recent establishment in Prussia. The obligatory branches of study in these aro the samo as for the men, omitting geometry ami including needle-work. French is Iho optional branch. The teachers’ seminaries of Saxony differ from those of Prussia in several impor¬ tant particulars. Candidates aro admitted immediately from the popular schools, that is, at 14 years of age — and the course edvers 6 years — the first 3 years corre¬ sponding to the preparatory course which the student follows for admission to the Prussian seminary The official plan of studies for the seminaries of Saxony is ,/is follows : Number of hours a Branches of study. First yoar. Religion . German language . Latin language . Geography . History . Nat ural history . Physical science . . Arithmetic and geometry t Pedagogy . School practice . Music : Singing . Harmony . . Violin . . . Piano . " . Organ . "Writing . . . Stenography . Gymnastics . Design . Total 37 Second year. Third year. Fourth year. Fifth year. 39 ! 37 Sixth year. 32 Harmony, obligatory in the first year, is optional for the rest of the course. The piano, organ, and stenography are optional. The law requires that the director and at least a third of the teachers should have pursued superior studies and have passed a university examination. Saxony pos¬ sesses two seminaries for training women teachers, but instruction in these is not gratuitous. The course of study is 5 years, and the branches are about the same as in the seminaries for men ; more time, however, is devoted to language and literature and less to science and to music, the organ being omitted altogether. Needle-work is included, occupying two hours a week throughout the course. The examination and certificate granting are under the same regulations as those for men. It will be seen that with the exception of pedagogy and foreign languages the studies of the teach¬ ers’ seminaries are those of the elementary schools. Instruction in these branches is carried farther and is of a higher order, but the subject-matter is substantially the same. The principle constantly kept in mind is this: “that the instruction which the teachers in training receive should present a model of that which they will eventually give.” FRENCH NORMAL SCHOOLS. It may be of interest to consider also the plan of the French normal schools, which have been modelled more or less closely upon those of Germany. As organized under the decree of 1881 the French normal schools present the same plan of a single un¬ divided course. In the main the studies are the same as those prescribed for the elementary schools, hut as in Germany the intention is to secure a broader and more comprehensive view of these subjects. The duration of the course is 3 years; can¬ didates for admission must be at least 15 years of age and must have the certificate of primary studies ( certificat d’etudes primaires). 318 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. The following- programmes show the branches pursued and their distribution through the 3 years: Normal schools for men. Branches of study. Hours a week. First Second Third year. year. year. 2 2 a% 1 1 m 7 5 4 4 3 3 1 1 1 2 3 3 1 2 3 ch 2 2 dh 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 20 24 22 3 1 4 4 4 2 2 2 29 31 28 3 3 3 4 4 4 2 1 2 2 Subjects demanding preparation. Moral and civic instruction . . Pedagogy and school administration . French language and elements of French literature. History . - '. . . Geography . Arithmetic . Geometry . . . Physics . Chemistry . Natural science . Agriculture and horticulture . Total of hours . Subjects not demanding preparation. Writing. Desigr Singing and music . Grand total . Instruction given during the hours of recreation. Gymnastics . Manual work and agriculture . Optional subjects. Living languages a One hour a week during one semester. b Two hours during one semester, one hour during the other. c One hour during one semester. d One hour during the other semester. Normal schools for women . Branches of study. Hours a week. First Second Third year. year. year. Subjects demanding preparation. Moral and civic instruction . Pedagogy and school administration . French language and elements of French literature History . Geography . Arithmetic . . . Physics . Chemistry . Natural science . Domestic economy and hygiene . Total of hours Subjects not demanding preparation. Writing . . Needle-work . Singing and music Design . . Grand total . Gymnastics . Herborization and gardening . Optional. Living languages 2 I 1 I 5 J 3 ! 1 3 a ^ i 1 1 17 2 i 17 aOne hour during one semester. £>Two hours during one semester, one hour during the other. OCCUPATIONS OF NORMAL-SCHOOL GRADUATES. 319 It is worthy of mention that in the amount of time given to them languages and iterature exceed mathematics in both German and French training schools. THE SUBSEQUENT CAREERS OF NORMAL-SCHOOL GRADUATES. In his report for 1887, Hon. E. A. Apgar, superintendent of New Jersey, embodied the record kept by Prof. J. S. Hart, while he was principal of the Normal School of that State, which showed that during the period of his administration 98 per cent, of the graduates entered upon the work of teaching. Mr. Apgar proceeded somewhat farther in the inquiries with the view of ascertain¬ ing the length of time spent by normal graduates and students in the work of teaching. From the facts collected he concluded that the average time for normal graduates was years, or twice as long as they were required by their pledges, and the aver¬ age time for undergraduates 24 years. "in his report for 1885 and 1886, Chas. H. Allen, principal of the State Normal School, San Jose, Cal., states that “ during the past 3 years an effort has been made to obtain the present address and occupation, and the amount of teaching experience, of every graduate of the normal school.” In view of the approaching quarter-centennial anniversary of the school a special circular has been issued to graduates, whose purpose is thus set forth in the opening paragraph : ‘ ‘ In July, 18S7, the California State Normal School, at San Jos6, will complete the first 25 years of its existence.” • • Following the example of several Eastern normal schools and the suggestions of the United States Commissioner of Education,1 the board of trustees and the faculty of the school propose to celebrate this quarter-centennial anniversary by issuing a history of the school and the work of its graduates. This can be done well only through the help of all graduates, former members of the faculty and the board of trustees, and friends who may be familiar with any part of the history of the school.” The large number of graduates and others interested in the project who have re¬ sponded already, gives the hope of very full information as to the practical results of the school. PUBLIC NORMAL SCHOOLS. The following is a comparative summary of public normal schools, instructors, and pupils reported to the Bureau for the years 1880- 86, inclusive (1883 omitted) : 1880. 1881. 1882. 1884. 1885. 1886. Number of institutions . Number of instructors . Number of students . 106 903 ! 25,723 1 113 979 ! 27, 685 119 1,045 28,711 127 1, 147 34, 757 131 1, 234 32, 130 117 1,115 31, 801 PRIVATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. The following is a comparative summary of private normal schools, instructors, and pupils reported to the Bureau for the years 1880-’86, inclusive (1883 omitted) : J 1880. 1881. | 1882. 1884. 1885. 1886. Number of institutions . Number of instructors . Number of students . 1 . 114 . i- 563 112 1 594 j 21, 020 114 655 22, 421 128 790 25, 306 132 842 23, 005 36 279 8, 524 1Hon. John Eator is here referred to. 320 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 16. — Summary of statistics of public normal schools . States and Territories. 1 Alabama . Arkansas . . . California . Connecticut . . Florida . . Illinois . Indiana . . Iowa . Kansas . Louisiana . Maine . Maryland . Massachusetts . . Michigan . . Minnesota . . Mississippi . Missouri . Nebraska . New Hampshire . New Jersey . New York . North Carolina . Ohio . Oregon . Pennsylvania . Rhode Island. . South Carolina . Tennessee . Texas . Vermont . . Virginia . . W e8t Virginia . "Wisconsin . Dakota . District of Columbia. m "o o o CO "o 1 1 © 3 3 £ Number of instructors. Number of students. Graduates in 1886. Number of volumes in library. Number having model schools. j Total. Normal. Other. Normal. Other. Male. 1 Female. 1 Male. 1 Female. 3 3 4 5 & 7 8 9 io 11 1* 6 58 1, 410 413 435 259 303 55 8 4, 300 5 1 3 202 39 7 107 49 8 1,100 1 3 31 826 104 722 143 3, 200 2 1 14 278 6 260 12 43 3, 000 l 1 6 75 6 2 54 13 3 1,000 3 49 1,681 274 /Q 709 .353 345 117 8 15, 200 3 3 33 1, 631 296 U9; 426 59 4, 000 2 3 17 663 136 316 80 131 38 34 1, 135 2 1 11 431 150 281 33 1 2, 000 1 2 8 175 22 153 55 500 1 5 28 905 181 510 154 60 104 62 4, 586 4 2 1(5 1 302 26 276 91 325 10 85 1 1, 374 90 1,271 13 357 22, 365 6 1 20 628 227 401 0 0 87 1 . 7, 500 1 3 39 1,088 286 605 104 93 88 10, 200 3 1 3 | 62 15 9 22 16 7 j 0 500 j 1 dll) 5 46 1,592 606 749 59 ! 07 119 1 40 11, 200 4 2 12 646 109 199 j 154 1 184 58 . 2, 600 I 2 8 100 5 13 1 25 10 14 430 ! 2 3 18 538 30 158 | 150 ! 200 110 33 2, 050 n (1,2 173) (54 S) 11 174 5, 228 350 ! 2, 754 137 I 166 626 73 25, 944 11 (123) (2 D 5 21 625 251 1 185 28 17 13 1,127 2 (260) 5 38 549 52 | 237 127 1,943 1 g 1 7 3 40 11 184 6,169 1, 852 2, 903 743 671 671 6 30, 046 It 1 6 153 6 147 25 1, 200 0 1 6 105 3 102 0 1 13 154 46 108 51 10, 000 0 1 7 215 86 129 0 0 0 3 4, 000 0 (185) 3 18 376 45 146 0 0 77 0 2,600 1 4 28 1,153 325 528 186 114 64 7 5,850 3 6 23 728 365 337 15 11 49 3, 950 1 5 68 1, 403 398 787 88 130 98 23, 515 5 2 10 286 94 147 16 29 4 1, 055 2 2 7 50 50 50 700 2 (2, 750) (68 50) 117 1, 115 31, 801 6,894 16,106 2, 722 12, 649 1 3, 440 332 209, 121 83 # Total STATISTICS OF PRIVATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 32 1 Table 17. — Summary of statistics of private normal schools. States. X C— 05 ® J 1 - * o 1 Number of students. Number of yraduatos in 1886. Number of volumes in library. of o, 'O w 2 tt aT CM O.S 3 C g - S e 1=43 p, > % Normal. Other. ^2 © © 53 •3 s s O ! K \ I Other. | Q 13 523 (U (4; !5) 4 150 $20, 550 (105) Illinois . 2 19 524 204 | 199 (16) (25) ; 1, 850 105, 000 (1, 124) a: !6) (132) Indiana . 5 51 2, 415 610 j 472 45. 3S 19 i 8 7, 850 260, 000 03) Iowa . 2 16 630 285 302 23 20 fj ! l 500 45, 000 Kansas _ i 14 580 350 230 (3o) 800 15, 000 Louisiana . 2 ! 13 277 140 | 137 0 0 6 5 1, 750 100, 000 1 4 90 (9 0) 6 000 Varylftiii! 1 • 170 _ (179) 1 Mississippi . 3 21 626 115 : 135 (7 2) (2 1) 417 35, 000 Nebraska ............ i 4 2, 000 New J t-rsev _ _ .... 1 6 270 (21 0) . 150 j 10, 000 Nort h Carolina . . . 8 3 1 i 2 100 4. 000 Ohio _ 1 5 125 65 60 . 1,200 15, GOO (139) (90) 1 . Pennsylvania . 2 23 493 112 1 122 14 16 1 24 . 2,045 65, 000 .241) £9 ! 26 ! South Carolina . 3 18 579 20 I 15 (24 18) 1 (‘ }) 1, 400 30, 000 (5 2) (27 Jo) Tennessee _ 4 40 960 92 74 ! 45 8 3, 220 66, 000 (13) Tevas . . 2 13 141 10 12 nwn 196 500 Wisconsin . 2 11 118 112 6 (t b 1, 200 75, 000 (2,311) (1,352) (239) Total . 36 279 8, 524 2, 102 j (.734 185 145 68 i u 24, 828 852, 050 ED 8G - 21 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 REPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 18. — Statistics of public normal schools for 1885- 86 ; Location. Name of school. N Name of principal. 1 2 c, 5 R 3 4 Florence, Ala . Huntsville, Ala . Jacksonville, Ala . Livingston, Ala . Marion, Ala . Tuskegee, Ala . Pine Bluff, Ark . Los Angeles, Cal ..... San Francisco, Cal . . . San Jos6, Cal . New Britain, Conn . . . G-ainesville, Fla . Carbondale, Ill . Normal, Ill . Normal Park, Ill . Indianapolis, Ind . Logansport, Ind . Terre Haute, Ind . Cedar Falls, Iowa .... Davenport, Iowa . Des Moines, Iowa . Emporia, Kans . Natchitoches, La . New Orleans, La . Castine, Me . Farmington, Me . Gorham, Me . Grand Isle, and Fort Kent, Me. Portland, Me . Baltimore, Md . Baltimore, Md . Boston, Mass . Boston, Mass. (Wash¬ ington street.) Bridgewater, Mass . .. Framingham, Mass . . . Haverhill, Mass . Salem, Mass . Westfield, Mass . Worcester, Mass . Fall Fiver, Mass . Lawrence, Mass . Ypsilanti, Mich . Mankato, Minn . St. Cloud, Minn . Winona, Minn - ... Tougaloo, Miss . Cape Girardeau, Mo.. Jefferson City, Mo.... Kirksville, Mo . St. Louis, Mo . Warrensburg, Mo ... State Normal School . •.. State Normal and Industrial School. . . State Normal School . Alabama Normal College for Girls - State Normal School ana University for the Colored Face. Tuskegee Normal School . Branch Normal College of Arkansas Industrial University. Branch State Normal School . Normal Department of Girls’ High School. California State Normal School . Connecticut Normal and Training School. East Florida Seminary . Southern Illinois Normal University. . Illinois State Normal University . Cook County Normal School . Indianapolis Normal School . . American Normal College . Indiana State Normal School . Iowa State Normal School . . Normal Department of the High School West Des Moines Training School. . . . Kansas State Normal School . Louisiana State Normal School . City Normal School . . . Eastern State Normal School . State Normal and Training School ... Stat« Normal School at Gorham . Madawaska Training School . Normal Training and Practice Class. . Baltimore Normal School for Colored Teachers.* Maryland State Normal School . Boston Normal School . Massachusetts State Normal Art School. State Normal School . State Normal School . Haverhill Training School . State Normal School . AVestfield State Normal School . State Normal School at Worcester. . . . Fall Fiver Training School . Lawrence Training School . State Normal School . . . State Normal School . State Normal School at St. Cloud _ State Normal School at Winona . Tougaloo University . Missouri State Normal School, third district. Lincoln Institute . Missouri State Normal School, first district. St. Louis Normal School . State Normal School, second district . 1873 1875 1883 1883 1873 1881 1876 1882 1876 1862 1850 1853 1874 1857 1869 1870 1876 1873 1882 1865 1885 1885 1867 1864 1879 1879 1878 1864 1866 1852 1873 1840 1839 1881 1854 1839 1874 1881 1869 1852 1865 1869 1860 1869 1S73 1866 1871 1857 1871 T. J. Mitchell . W. H Councill . Carleton B. Gibson, M. A.. James W. A. Wright . William B. Paterson . Booker T. Washington ... Joseph C. Corbin . Ira More . John Swett . Charles H. Allen . C. F. Carroll . Edwin P. Cater . . Fobert Allyn . . Edwin C. Hewett, ll. d . . . Francis W. Parker . Miss M. E. Nicholson . Charles E- Kircher . William W. Parsons . H. H. Seerley . F. E. Stratton, A. m . Elizabeth K. Matthews. . . A. F. Tavlor . . Dr. E. E. Sheit, A. M., PH. D. Mrs. Mary Stamps . Foliston Woodbury . George C. Purington . William J. Corthell. - - Vetal Cyr . Sarah M. Taylor . John Core . . . M. A. Newell . Larkin Dunton . George H. Bartlett . Albert G. Boyden, A. M - Ellen Hyde . Mary E. Trask . Daniel B. Hagar, ph. d - J oseph G Scott . E. Harlow Bussell . Ariadne J. Borden . Lilly P. Shipard . J. M. Z. Sill . Edward Scaring . Thomas J. Gray, president. Irwin Shepard . George P. Armstrong . Fichard C. Norton . Inman E. Page . J. P. Blanton . F. Louis Soldan, LL. D . George L. Osborne, ll. d * From Eeport of the Commissioner of Education for year 1884- 85. STATISTICS OF PUBLIC NORMAL SCHOOLS. 323 from replies to inquiries b\j the United States Bureau of Education. CD 00 »- 00 00 <2 a c <1 5 Cm O Pi 6 Number of students. X -H -7< to 2 o c3 O to Whole num¬ ber of gradu¬ ates in 1886. Number of years in normal course. O n £ “3 3 to C z Annual charge lor tuition. Value of grounds, buildings, and apparatus. O Normal. Other. to ’to H to ‘7 s p< to 1 cm O O £ 6 o 6 s £ _ 5 6 S 9 10 ii 13 13 14 15 16 ! 17 1 IS 19 20 $7, 500 lo 185 65 43 54 23 Yes. 10 .... 4 40 1 aO $11 00 500 ; $50,000 1 4, 000 7 77 42 12 4 40 1, 500 20, 000 2 2, 500 4 210 7 33 70 100 Yes. 3 40 $5 00 5 00 8, 000 3 2, 822 8 100 44 56 9 4 40 20 00 tr» 50 on 200 i 18, 000 4 6; 000 12 404 106 138 78 82 Yes. 12 8 4 40 0 0 500 15, 000 5 3,000 17 279 158 121 Yes A 36 1, 600 50, 000 6 2, 000 3 202 39 107 49 Yes. 8 .... 3 40 0 0 1, 100 30, 000 7 16, 000 11 253 33 220 0 0 Yes. 43 0 3 I 40 0 0 1, 200 I 100, 000 8 9 76 No 1 42 0 9 38, 000 18 497 71 426 0 0 Yes. 100 0 3 40 0 0 2, 000 300, 000 10 18, 180 14 278 6 260 12 Yes 43 2 1 40 3, 000 150, 000 11 3, 500. 6; 75 6 2 54 ! 13 3 ! - 2 ! 35 40 40 1, 000' 25, 000 12 22, 360! 14 390 86 - 89 122 93 Yes. 14 3 ! 39,21 & 14 8, 200 175, 000 13 24, 994 15; 616 163 i 320 81 i 52 Yes -25 | *8 3 391 30 _ ..... 2, 000 250, 000 14 25, oco; 20 675 25 300! 150 , 200 Yes 78! 0 2 40 0 75 5, 000 300, 000: 15 2, OOOj 1 22 oo Yes 2° li 3Si 0 0 200 16 11 700 296 404 .... No.. 7 2 50 40 40 800 25, 000! 17 30, 500 1 21 909 I Yes. 30 j 0 3 and 4 39 0 0 3, 000 175, 000' 18 26, 500 8 432 .... 136 . 296; ! No.. 18 1 3 I 40 10 10 900 75, 000 19 8 225 o 14 SO | 131 Yes.! 14 33 li 40 0 30 200 20 1, OOOj 1 6 6! Yes. j 6 J 36 35 21 3, 500! 111 431 : iso 281 j Yes.! 33 1 3 and 4 40 2, 000 80, 000 22 6, 000 4; 75 53: Yes. i 3 3 28 500 75, 000! 23 900 4 100 "o 100 1... No..' 52 2 28 . °l 0 24 6,583 22S 87 141 .... Yes. 18 2] 38 1 . 90o! 25, 666 25 6,500 8 221 51 170 Yes. 31 2 38 0 0 1, 695 25, 000 26 6,333 8 132 19 113 01 0 Yes. 39 28 2 40 0 0 1, 791 40, 000 27 13, 000 2 101 24 77 No.. i .... 4 40 0 10 200 2,000 28 3 223 0 I 9 154 60 Yes 9 34 1 38 0 0 29 2,000 5 194 9 23 50 112 No ’ 4 41 9£ 1, 200 30 10, 500 11 272 17 2551 Yes. 52! 2I 2 to 4 40 50 2, 575 140, 000 31 159 ! 1591 "6 0 Yes. ! 83 j 0; 1 40 0j 90 1 32 16, 000 9 143 ’~26i 117 7| 4 42 10 IOO: 325 33 14, 960 10 214 52; 162; 0 0 Yes.! 47 0 2 and 4 38 15 4,000 123, 000 34 12, 500 12! 120 120 Yes ! 35 1 2 40 j 2, 000 75, 000 35 0 2 15 .... 0 15 j oj 0 Yes.j 0 n 40 j 0 70 36 14, 000 13 280' . . . . 2S0' No.. 70: 2 and 4 40 1 0 60 8,000! 50, 000 37 11, 250 81 156 8: 148| No.. 44 "’6 2 and 4 20 i 30 4, 000' 100, 000 38 11, 706 8 228 4i 211 ”*6 "is No.. 26 0 2\ 40 j 0 G, 3. 500 110, 000| 39 2,520 4 30 1 oj 30 .... Yes 20 0 1 40 0 O’ 300: 32, 000! 40 4, 200. 2 29 0 29 0 0 Yes. 12! 11 40: 0 0 170; 24, 000 41 38,545 20 628 227 401: 0 0 Yes. 87 7" 3 and 4 40, 10 10 7, 500 124,418! 42 15,000' 13 335 131 204 0 o! Yes. 17: 0 3 to 4 ss 19 19 1, 200! 90, 000| 43 15, 000! 12 375 80 178 74 43 Yes.! 23| 3 to 4 38j 0! 0 4,000 140, 000: 44 18, 000; 14 378 75; 223! 30 50 Yes.! 581 6 3 to 4 39 0 0 5, 000j 200, 000 45 ’ 3, 000j 8 62 15; 9| 22 16 Yes. 7 0 4: 32 8 8 500 50, 000 46 14, 000 9 278j 157 121 . No..| 7 4 40 12 12 2, 000 60, 000 47 8, 000 7 157 25 21 dll) Yes. ! 9» .... 4 36j 0 0 800 66, 000 48 10, 000 11 539: 221 192| 59! 67 Yes. ! 23 40 1 4 40 1 20 20 1,000 150, 000 49 7,579 9 138 Oj 138 0 0 Yes.: 35 0 24 40 0 0 400i 2, 000 50 10, 000 10 480! 2031 2771 o| o! Yes., 49! 0| 2 and 4; 4o| 201 20 7, 000! 200, 000 51 a $11 for other than normal students. 324 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 18. — Statistics of public normal Location. Name of scliool. 64 Bloomington, Xebr Peru, Xebr ... Manchester. X. B Plymouth, X. H . Xewark, X. J - Paterson, X. -J - Trenton, X. J _ Albany, X. Y - Brockport, X. Y . Buffalo, X. T . Cortland, X . Y . . . Fredonia, X. Y. . . Geneseo, X. Y - Bloomington Xormal School* . Xebraska State Xormal School . Manchester Training School . Xew Hampshire StateXorm.il School Xame of principal. Xewark City Xormal School . Xormal Training Class . Xew Jersey State Xormal School . . State Xormal School . State Xormal and Training School . State Nbrmal and Training School . State Xormal and Training School . State X ormal and Training School . State Xormal and Training School . Xew Paltz, X\ Y . State Xormal and Training School . Xew York, X. Y . Female Xormal College . Oswego, X. Y . State Xormal and Training School . Potsdam, X. Y . State Xormal and Training School . Syracuse, X. Y . j Syracuse Training School . Fayetteville, X. C . ! State Colored Xormal School . Frankliuton, X. C . State Colored Xrormal School (Albion Academy). Xew Berne, X. C . I Xew Berne State Xormal School . . 18S2 1*67 1860 1871 1879 1SS0 1854 1844 18.iT 1871 I860 1867 | 1871 1 i Frank M. Yancil . George L. Fnrcham . Miss O. Adele Evers . Charles E. Hounds, M. s., | Ptf. i). j Jane E. Johnson . ! i J. A. Reinhart. ph. d . | . Washington His'orouck ..j : Edward P. Waterbary _ j C. I). McLean . _ i Janies M. Cassety . | | James H. Hoose 1885 ; 1870 1 186 L 1869 | 1879 1877 1881 : 1884 Francis B. Palmer . William J. Milne, PH. D., i LL. I). Eugene Bonton . Thomas Hunter, ph. d _ Edward A. Sheldon . E. H. Cook . Edward Smith . E. E. Smith . . S. A. Waugh . Plymouth, X. C .. Salisbury, X. C . . . Canfield, Ohio.... Cincinnati, Ohio . Cleveland, Ohio Prospect street) Dayton, Ohio .... Geneva, Ohio .... Monmouth, Oreg. Bloomsburgh, Pa California, Pa ... . Edinburgh, Pa... Indiana, Pa . Kutztown, Pa. . .. Lock Haven, Pa . Mansfield, Pa ... . 88 Millersville, Pa Plymouth State ColoredXormal School 1881 State Colored Xormal School . 1851 northeastern Ohio Xormal School .... 1880 Cincinnati Xrormal School . j 1868 Gloveland Training School . | 1874 Pev. L. C. Yas.s, A. M., chairman board of di¬ rectors. John W. Pope . Rev. J. O. Crosby . Rev. E. B. W ebster. a. M Mi s. Carrie X'. Lathrop Ellen G. Revele r - ‘ _ Dayton Xormal School . Geneva Xormal School* . . . Oregon State Xormal School . Pennsylvania State Xormal School and Bloomsburgh Li terary Institute. Southwestern State Xormal School. . . . State Xormal School . State Xormal School at Indiana . Keystone State Xormal School . Philadelphia, Pa (n. e. cor. 17th and Spring Garden streets). Shippens burgh, Pa - West Chester, Pa Providence, R. I . Charleston. S. C.. Xashvilie, Tcnn. . Huntsville. Tex . . Castleton.Yt - Johnson. Vt . Randolph, Yt . . .. Farmville, Ya . . . . Central State Xormal School . Pennsylvania State Xormal School, fiftbf district. Pennsylvania State Xormal School, second district. Philadelphia Xormal School for Girls. j Cumberland Yalley State Xormal I School. ; West Chester State Xormal School | Rhode Island State Xormal School . . . | Saturday Xrormal School . . i State Xormal College, University of | Xasliville. j Sara Houston State Xormal School | State Xormal School . . . | Johnson State X'ormal School . | State Xormal S chool . i State Xormal School of Virginia.. 1869 186-i 1882 1869 1874 1859 1875 1S6G 1377 1862 1859 1843 Mary F. Hall . . J. S. Lowe, a m . . . D. T. Stanley, A. M . . D. J. Waller, jr . Theo. B. Xoss . J. A. Cooper . L. H. Darling . Rev. Xathan C. Schaeffer, PH. D. George P. Beard . D. C. Thomas . . B. F. Shaub . George W. Fetter. 1873 : John F. McCreary 188 L 1871 1872 1875 1879 1S67 1867 1867 1884 George Morris Philips Thomas J. Morgan - Henry P. Archer . Eben'S. Stearns . J. Baldwin . . Abel E. Leavenworth. . A. H. C ampbell . Edward Conants . William H. Ruffner - * From Report of the Commissioner of Education for year 1881-’85. STATISTICS or l’UHLIC NORMAL SCHOOLS. 325 iohoolsfor 18S5-’6G, Robert M. Lusher . Baronne street). | 15 : Springfield, Mo . i Sprin "field Normal School .. 1885 M. D. Barnes . iC i Baltimore, Md. (cor. St. Catherine’s Normal Institute* _ 1874 Sister Ferdinand, superior Harlem and Arling¬ ton avenues). 17 1 Holmesville, Miss. ... | Kavanaugh College* . 1884 Rev. H. Walter Fealher- 1 stun. 18 In Is a, Miss . . Iuka Normal Institute* _ 1882 H. A. Dean, A. n . 19 Jackson, Miss . Jackson College . . . 1877 Rev. Charles Ayer . 20 Republican City, Nebr McPherson Normal College* . 1S64 H. T. Morton. . 2L i Newark, N. J. (Col¬ First German and English Presby¬ 1860 | Gustav Fischer . 1 lege Place). terian School. | 22 l "Wilmington, N. C _ Gregory Institute* . . . 1873 | George A. W oodard . 23 ’ W adsworth, Ohio .... Whdsworth Normal School 1885 J. B. Eberlv a.m . . 24 j Huntington, Pa . Normal College . 187G J. H. Brumbaugh . . 25 l Mnnov, Pa . . Lycoraiurr County Normal School 1S70 William R. Peoples. . 26 | Aiken, S. C . The Schofield Norma) and Industrial 186S William T. Rodeuback _ School*. 27 i Chester, S. C . . Brainerd Institute* . 1874 | Rev. S. Loomes, A. M . 28 i Winnsborough, S. C... Fairfield Normal Institute . 1869 | Rev. Willard Richardson. 29 ! Knoxvilie, Term. ...... Knoxville College . 1875 Rev. J. S. McCulloch, D. D. , president. 30 j Memphis, Tenn . Le Movne Normal Institute . . 1872 Andrew J. Steele . 31 ! Mu r frees boro ugh, Eclecti o < >r rn a 1 Institute* _ 1SS4 James Waters . Tenn. 32 Winchester Tenn. W inch ester Normal 1878 1 James W. Terrell . 33 Austin, Tex . Tillotson Collegiate and Normal In¬ 1861 Rev. John Kershaw, pres¬ stitute. ident. 34 Richland Springs, Tex Normal School . .. 18S5 A. D. W allace . 35 Milwaukee, Wis. (637 National German- American Teachers’ 1S78 Dr. Herman Dorner . Broadway). Seminary. * 36 St. Francis, Wis . Catholic Normal School of the Hdy j 1870 Rev. Charles Fessler, rec¬ 1 Family. * tor. * From Report of the Commissioner of Education for year 1884-’85. STATISTICS OF PRIVATE NORMAL SCHOOLS, 329 from replies to inquiries by the Uni led Stales Bureau of Education. a Value of buildings. 6 For all departments. 330 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Memoranda to Tattles 18 and 19. Location. Name. Remarks. Waynesborough, Ga... Elkliart, Ind . Eort Wayne, Ind . Paoli, Ind . Waverly, Iowa . Garnett, Kans . Em'ola, Md . Cambridge, Mass . Adrian, Mich . Elorisant, Mo . Liberal, Mo . Eremont, Nebr . Lumberton, N. C ...... . Ashland, Ohio . . Milan, Ohio . Montoursville. Pa . Philadelphia, Pa _ _ _ _ Humboldt, Tenn . Jonesborough, Tenn . .. Maryville, Tenn . Petersburgh, Ya . Richmond, Ya . Concord, W. Ya . Haven Normal School . . Elkhart Normal School . Training School, department of public schools . . . Southern Indiana Normal School . Teachers’ Seminary of the German-Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Garnett Normal School and Business Institute The Theresianum (Notre Dame of Maryland) - Training School for Teachers . Training School for Teachers . St. Stanislaus Seminary . . . Liberal Normal School . Normal and Business College . Whitin Normal School . Ashland College Normal School . Western Reserve Normal School . . Lycoming County Normal School . Institute for Colored Youth . Humboldt Normal Institute . . . The Warner Institute . Ereedman’s Normal Institute . St. Stephen’s Normal School . Richmond Normal School . . Concord State Normal School . No information received. No information received. Closed. No information received. No information received. No information received. No information received. No information received. No information received. No information received. Closed. No information received. No information received. No information received. No information received. No information received. No information received. No information received. No information received. No information received. No information received. No information received. No information received. i APPENDIX IY. KINDERGARTENS, NUMBER OF INSTITUTIONS. The total number of kindergartens reported to the Office for the present year is 417, with 945 instructors and 21,610 pupils. This shows very little change from the report of 1884-’85, due probably to the imperfect returns received. As far as reported the manner of support of each kindergarten has been tabulated this year, giving 12S supported by tuition, 118 by public funds, and 121 by charity. CHARITY KINDERGARTENS. A great part of the work is still carried on by charity, San Francisco, Chicago, Boston, and Philadelphia taking the lead in establishing and maintaining free kinder¬ gartens. In San Francisco, under the care of four associations, 22 kindergartens are sup¬ ported, one society alone, the Goldeu Gate Association, having 983 children under its care. Chicago has a free kindergarten association with 13 kindergartens for the present year and a free training class for teachers with 45 pupils, whose graduates teach in the free kindergartens. In Boston, Mrs. Quincy A. Shaw, by whose generosity the cause in that city received its greatest impulse, supports 18 kindergartens. Under the Subprimary School Society in Philadelphia there are 29 kindergartens supported by charity and public funds combined. Cincinnati has 6 charity kindergartens, Indianapolis 4, and Portland, Oregon, 4, each under the care of an association having for its object the establishment of free kinder¬ gartens and the training of teachers for this work. Kindergarten departments have been established in several institutions for the blind and the deaf and dumb, in orphan asylums and schools for the feeble minded, where their effects are most beneficial, bringing ioy and comfort to many a little heart shut out from much of this world’s happiness, PUBLIC KINDERGARTENS. The work of making the kindergarten a part of our public-school system is only a question of time. The most eminent educators of the day recognize and indorse its principles and methods, and only the expense involved prevents its becoming at once the lowest grade of the public schools of our leading cities. According to the latest reports now in this Office, in St. Louis all children receive one year of kindergarten instruction before entering the primary schools, and some of the features of the kindergarten are carried into the first year’s primary work, thus making a natural transition from the kindergarten to the school. Milwaukee has 10 public kindergartens; Ionia, Mich., 3; and Muskegon, in the same State, 4, while Des Moines, Iowa, has supported 2 for the last two years. , i In Philadelphia part of the kindergartens under the Subprimary School Society are in public-school buildings and supported by public funds, and Superintendent MacAl- ister says : “ Philadelphia can no longer afford to be without the kindergarten.” Steps are being taken to make it a part of the public-school system. The superintendent of schools, Springfield, Mass., in a report on introducing kin¬ dergartens into public schools, says: “Those who have studied the system and ob¬ served its results generally concede the following: “ 1. Tbe children trained by it are more submissive to school discipline; “2. They are more intelligent, more exact observers, and grasp ideas more readily than others : (333) 334 REPORT OE THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. “3. They make greater progress in school work, especially in arithmetic, drawing, the sciences, and in the use of language to express their own ideas ; “4. This kind of training, better than any other, leads directly to industrial edu¬ cation. “The impression usually left upon the mind of any careful observer by a group of kindergarten children is that they are very cheerful, intelligent, active, and exceed¬ ingly fond of school work. None but those of rare qualifications can succeed as teachers in this work. Indeed, it would seem that a kind of instinct and a genius for teaching, as well as careful training, are here necessary for the highest success. But in the hands of a teacher of such endowments the kindergarten, whether judged in ref¬ erence to its principles and philosophy or its results, is probably one of the most suc¬ cessful educational agencies ever put in practice. * * * An attempt to introduce this system at once into all our primary schools would meet with two objections, the first of which is the large expense necessary to provide additional rooms, appli¬ ances and material, furniture and teachers. Then, as a second objection, there is the difficulty of obtaining a sufficient number of well-qualified teachers, one of the great¬ est obstacles everywhere to the success of the kindergarten.” Though the outlook is not as encouraging as could be wished, the advocates of the - cause are not disheartened, for they feel that, though its growth is slow, there is a growing appreciation of its principles from year to year, and that the day is not far distant when kindergartens will be open to every child in our land. Meanwhile many of the kindergarten methods and occupations are being intro¬ duced into our primary schools ; teachers are becoming imbued with their principles, thereby bringing more love and happiness into the school-room, and when the time is ripe for their adoption they will undoubtedly be welcomed by all. KINDERGARTEN TRAINING SCHOOLS. The kindergarten training schools, heretofore classed with private normal schools, have this year, for convenience of reference, been placed in a table by themselves. As far as reported there are 41 schools, with 67 instructors and 452 pupils. Several of these classes are in connection with public normal schools, while Des Moines, Iowa, Muskegon, Mich., and St. Louis, Mo., each support a public training class. The demand is increasing yearly for trained kindergartners, not only to take charge of pure kindergartens, but to fill positions in the primary and lower grades of our public schools. In several normal schools where the full training is not given the classes are per¬ mitted to observe in a kindergarten and are instructed in the games and some of the occupations, showing the gradual appreciation by school officers of the methods and principles of the system. Table 20. — Summary of statistics of hinder gar tens. States and Territories. U fee u o 3 2 S o -4-3 s rO g & 2 o ei © 6 s 1 ' * Number of pupils. & © -p o • p«.® © r= 9 £ Number supported by public funds. Number supported by charity. 1 2 I 3 4 5 6 7 Alabama _ ..................................... i 3 35 1 California . 36 70 1, 814 5 O u 26 Colorado . . . 2 3 144 2 Connecticut . 10 18 347 6 1 1 T)p,la,wsTfi _ _ 1 o 23 1 Georgia . . . - _ _ ... _ ... _ 3 5 51 3 Illinois . . . 31 105 2, 246 8 2 18 Indiana _ ............ _ ....................... 9 20 445 3 4 Iowa . . . 4 9 166 2 2 Kansas . . . . 4 9 156 1 1 Kentucky . . . . 2 3 27 1 Louisiana ...t. . . . 2 10 160 2 "Main ft _ _ 2 51 1 Maryland . . . . 5 16 236 3 1 Massachusetts . - . 41 79 1, 482 19 2 18 Michigan . 14 30 SOS 2 8 2 Minnesota . 5 1 12 177 4 1 STATISTICS OF KINDERGARTENS. o « 55 Table 20. — Summary of statistics of kindergartens — Continued. States and Territories. u ci ti. . 7 .5 3 ® *o J: CO - q) 7 O £ o u <9 ft 5 • So % *3 fc 1 1 “ £ £ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Missouri . . ................. 66 181 5,236 64 2 - _ ----- _ - _ _ ....... 1 2 40 New Hampshire .......... . . . . . . . 1 1 35 New Jersey _ ............. _ .............. _ _ 10 22 410 6 1 New York . 40 91 1, 916 18 5 10 North Carolina _ _ _ _ ........ _ _ _ _ 2 3 54 1 Ohio . 27 66 788 13 " 4 5 Oregon _ _ _ _ ...... _ _ _ _ 4 8 124 1 3 Pennsylvania . 53 94 1,791 14 9 26 Rhode Island _ _ _ _ ................ _ _ 3 11 156 2 Tennessee _ ...................... _ ....... _ 1 1 19 1 1 1 15 1 _ t _ _ _ V ermont ........................... _ _ 1 2 14 1 "Wisconsin . . . . . . . 22 41 2, 286 4 12 Dakota - _ _ 2 4 52 District of Columbia . 8 16 165 4 2 2 Indian Territory . . . . 1 i ■ 2 71 1 New Mexico _ ........................ _ _ 1 1 10 1 TTrab _ _ . _ _ 1 1 90 1 Total . 1 . 417 945 1 21, 640 128 118 I 121 Table 21. — Summary of statistics of kindergarten training' schools. Alabama . . California . Connecticut . . Illinois . Indiana . Iowa . Louisiana . Maryland . Massachusetts . Michigan . Minnesota . Missouri . New Tort . Ohio . Oregon . Pennsylvania . Vermont . District of Columbia. States. 1 Total Table 22. — Statistics of kindergartens for 1885- 8G; from replies to inquiries by the United States Bureau of Education. 330 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. «--°:3£s»is«gjs «r= a-S £ = 2 x 25 2 o £•- = Js c S5o oo« «gr«S Wi Ssfiflfi' CIOHN 23 3 3g3 UJjH \&mm :lrrlaI Kindergarten. .STATISTICS OF KINDERGARTENS. 337 £ j i ■= o ~ Charity. Charity. Tuition. Charity. Charity. Charity. Charity. Charity. Charity. Charity. Charity. Charity. Public funds. Tuition and charity. Tuition. Charity. Public' funds. Public funds. Tuition. . * •* i si d * o.2 tA 1 1 ft! H Ph H O Tuition. Tuition. Tuition. Ml M 01 O 00 O coco o oo © © © © © ©o 8 © CM 5 10 0 O CO : 3 oV-2 „ o j A MNO A* A H 3 5 1 313 CM CM CM CM O' -a ~ 3-7 5-G 1 3-11 3-7 3-8 a «- A. A 4. 4-12 i is : i : j ! -SI- 3 i © g g 3 SS § S § 8SS S 3 2 § 3 From a return for the year 1884-’85. a Charge per month. & Alao pupils of Mrs. Wiggins’ training class. c Charge per term. Table 22. — Statistics of Icinder gar tens for 1885-86, ^c. — Continued. 838 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. ipa'jioddne uaj •jnSaepurq jnoA st Avojq i Tuition. Tuition. Tuition. Public funds. Miner fund. Tuition. Charity. Charity. Tuition. Tuition. Tuition. Tuition. Tuition. Charity. Charity. Charity. Charity. Tuition. Charity. Tuition. Annual charge for tuition. •ssup Sat^oaunoo uj 1 © * i O CQ O ' O ■ O » « » Cl i i O ' i O ■ O -juSaopapx up © 8 S 2° ° 3 00§S3 : S :° 000£° g e a ; ; Pupils. •sa§n U09 0D 2 2 3 Si 3 3 SS3 j 3 33S 22 {55 2 •esuxo Smqoau -uoo ui joqumyr i> • 00 SQ 05 • "H* * O • » * «• 1 to » o • O ■ H • rH •• i 'O i (N •uopreSjapniq Surpuopp? J9quiu£ g s ss s s sg° i g g§ igg a •b;uu}8iseu jo .ioqurayr I »» rH rH r-l riO ■ CO | y> • • 1 » i«ii ■ iii i i c i • i a ^ •• • » ■ ■ ■ ■ • rj H i* ' ■ ■ • ■ • ■ ■■■ § | • t ■ ■ h • 1 * • ■ ■ » • • • i . • ■ i • • • c. § M :* : : : : : ^ : : : : : : :£ : & up r5 • O ■ • • • . © i • • • • • 02 . J" ® g • d a : : : : := : g g : : : : a J * n o £ 5-^ * H S-3 • •'3®U * H .®fcrq£ ° Ph '“tP-i © jj ° l§P=^£ •§ |Sgl 1 1 *8*f 3 I g * s o'Sgg 15 .2 3§ ©£5^© 5 g E§ g c£'g2§ I’SgSS'g 111^1 2 & S 3 "SSSN 0 5 Location. i : 1 1 1 I | a | tl*1 : sl| 11?” ! ? M 1 S«^tf 1 |SS1 ! |4s *ES|i I ill 1 11!4 ! ML i IJi ilJjlP pi ^ ^ ntii \ m iiipi fiiii mill null «iil? min mmu&z gll|1 11 mi 111J1I §fi|i!!!!!J M ^ ^ ^ ^ H <1 = 5 5o5oo o g S £ 38 S 5 £885 S 838 8SS8S S 339 Charity. Charity. Charity. Tuition and charity. Tuition. STATISTICS OF T\ 3 a a >» l £ =2 -c'CST'S'Et: v 3 a -SJ3 « H H HO OOOOOOO O Charity. 2 ►ERGARTS i | «1 i ! ii • 35 3 3' : t Charity. ^ Charity. Charity. Cbaiity. Tuition. Tuition. Tuition. ° i i \l D o o* • o • • • 2 GO lO • • • • i o • • 000 i •§§ S S° 0000000 ° o ! 1 o ! o o o o » go n n i 2 22 3553m 5 l— 00 t— 00 t— h- r- b- M ” ”s? s? dr s? ^ • CO o • . o • • • s i S3 § s 5 ~ s : S So ggSgggg S3S iH C* O • • 1 • i q i • i is jJ: 1 | 0 KM W®o®'S * .2 Ha.S|g M U III SSI II Hill; • • • • p » • 3> :3 S a,.- o §H 5 is ^ I-| M J| £ - !§ (= a ti o '3. ; s, i -f- o i lf 1 tn) • • • • • • • t « • • 1 Mil 5J3 • 3 g g 1 ^ 3. S 1 K S a I j 1 ? ” ^ * 1 1 *S 5 • i • • ■ • • ■ • • • ■ • • ■ ■ • 1 • • ■ ■ • • • • • ■ • • • » • • • a • • ■ • i : : : I : : g f H « | i s si a s ! *gi tin ; m i 1 1 I 1 III 1884 1881 1884 1878 1877 1878 1878 1§81 1884 1883 1884 1881 1883 1882 is S 3 £ g g§ 3 gg g :SS • 00 CO 00 00 00 00 CO 00 00 CO oo CO oc • oo oo i i i ; ■ * * ' rs • 15? 1 1 ~ ® ' s 3 - sill! III! ! 5 3 5 .3 -S. o H W M M! ■ • • • • • 1 ^ ^ • • • 1 • » » ci O 1 • iii». ^ ^ • i ■ * • • i ? m :1g ^ ® ^ • 1 ¥ if ffl:S; = i ii mil' I 1 41 !»g!s. =- *115 g lull 1 If 1 Higs: f fill suit a '1*1 J §gil?l ’ • ;! 60 ■ 3 : | a : ii |s ; II | 5 as M -d f 31 | § | ft & §1l 11 1 16 S gif |1 s^g ij mil: !CH H M S! i i § : ! i 1 : ! a m : 3 H : a i * i 1 II 1 s 1 1 © o « *2 .2 ^3 5 g | 1 I 3|S i S Is! 1 , . . o . . ■ ■ • ' o • * i : : : : : ; j ; | ; ; y M CC ^ g - ; o 6 6 0603 ^ & * « » s § g g s ga? 1 1 1 f 1 ell ill! 1 111 ! 1 ! 1 1 Bi C rS Tl • ^ 1 1 1 I 1 P < < a © 1 1 § J w § i a h Ilia! sj ,=ua s: ifalalg g .|SS£S|| 1 « x - x ;= z JE: 2, O O O O O ? | f! ? a > sa ” s a a £-3 ® s »p s 1 1 mingy I a sissaslss-gs = s s g3|^ggsss;g 1 I I 111 fiffff.il | 1 J= 3 3:^:'*^: — - — — •'-'-a s O o oo OOOOOOO O £ :! • l :i it t ® : > 1 2 Si 3 ! . : :i is 1 1 £~i i g 43 3- : 3(2 to *g a ® : nil'll f'P:i sill |-t bII tl*|E .1 =i!l3 1! m. m Hill iliiilliliflli j S'S *3 c=ra'S 3 a: "g ^ £££££?:§ Sc oo oo woo oo S5 SS§SSS ££££§§ |3| E2 S * From a return for 1884-85. a Charge per term. Table 2 2— Statistics of kindergartens for ISSS-’SG, tfc.— Continued. 340 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. 1 paiaoddns uaj -.reSjapuiq jhoa si a.oji T* Charity. Tuition. Public funds. Public funds. Tuition. Charity. Tuition. Tuition. Tuition. Tuition. Public funds. Charity. Tuition. Tuition. Tuition. ft o •sssp gaijoauuoo uj j o » • • I tilt O • II 1 ill 1 lO tC • iii iii* CO i ii ( lQ iii i L'» O t'l •aaj -angjapaiq aj a : : : : j® g i : : : § : : § S3 i i^i iii i i i i ii i a £ •S3oB j v q m. uaaiijag; X 3 232 3.323 32 25 3 3 323 2 2 32 •ssiqo Suijaau -uoa ui aaquiux; * CO « * « r-H * < 1 • « C4 rH • • ^ • CO ^ Ol •uajanSjapuiq Suipaajjn aaqranjq; 2 S2§ 88SS 22 ^ § 12 S88 8 3 •sjubjsissb jo aaqaias^ 19 rH HHN (MO • CO O M O r-i ^ *H O r-» (M l> OH Name of conductor. ■ itii O • • • i • • • •• • iii > • • i iii • • • i*i 1,11 J7 • • • • • • • yZ. 43 • • lit • a ■ ■ jH » • o 0) 1 • • • • r* M • : : : : : ; : : 5 : © ® £ : : : ; # 3 5 : • i • i • cS S-« © o • • i q. pj r* -S ^.2* :,gi; 38 ab g g .aj 8 |2 1 Ilg fill =5 3*4 rf ! •? S *§ = i-m fi n i « ? j gs 1 |rf* S3 II i 3 ^5 2 « s= a 111 fill .22 .1.1 J ! i=! 1 5 1! •paqsqqBjsa aaq A\ 1 111 1111 II II 1 1 III 1 1 II { 'S c I | . 5 > | 2 : iH : : : : i'S : >* a g i : : s i i : I §•;§. s iii if ifl I | i i : | i i i 6 s :s ? :4l :.2 : « M : ;t> M ~ : : 5 1 i'3 :§ | 1 ‘ in 5 1 : i -5 .3 r§ 5^3 .2 gSaa g^?o Slc feS a 0 ®go ^ £=< | ^ pi 1 S .SHI jg . f! § §i^ 5Mg| gg.ls .2 | g.i liHi llfi imMMUi Iii 11 5 2 bfg 3^ §"-=23= S-rAi -ax !^!.I§ Islj 1^2 |? M <;12 w m ^ S is; i } • : : ■•a -j : .2 s : :-i ^ « V ■ •S'cs —-©3 >“ § c 2‘5"^ 51 -5 ® ® i |112 SI B | i :5s. Ill3 ! i H £ 3 Ui l 3 if : :§ ^ 8t^’3 S ^ : r©CQ § s. g r?t 1 llilfp! !i 1! 5 3 tlf4g 5^ i aiswj. s iJisinui “ S^lilniii l! !!!lii!i!i|II| 1 31 g S2§ S2§2 ^2 23 2 2 323 § £ 22 Idns and Hill STATISTICS OF KINDERGARTENS. 341 | || | '5 1 ;|| | 3 3 jq ja Ja Ja 3 3 Jq H HJUUOriH O £&£ §£> £> £ g gg gslgg gg * * III ‘3| | | "3 i'3 iJS’S'S 'a ”3 o5o h3 S S h hh hu hh hh ©.■s;-s.|.2 .2.2 sajs .c •- £ § 38 n s o »o o o o o ss 5 §3 !S 88 :°° ° S SI 3111131 1 S 3 II 31 1 1 3 si S3 31 S3 Sll 1 1 ro CO CO CO CO CO CO COCO CO CO CO CO COCO CO CO 38 3 £8 3£3S8S8 s s sss ss 3 3S S§ 2 10 888 8 8 * From a return for 1884 -’85. a Charge per month. b Charge per week. Table 22 . — Statistics of kindergartens for 1835-?86, O Sc 9 Ph c3 CQ P ^3 P ci '■a a O tr a a ®co p.2 S 1 1 r5 ro 3 .® uiH g g -2 52 w m x ro © H 03 cs P 2 p hs - .op ’3 o - 22 1 2 2 •35 oo m oico ^-co oo oo oo 0 00 00 GO 00 00 OC 00 00 00 00 oo oo oo oo CO OO 00 00 00 oo © ^ r o |lr 5 §5' g’P © ip sll bjc q g 0^0 "II § J5 PI t: p .2 r2 bt2 o'j w ^ __ o.q 5 »S hZ pm & a g» ^ O •n CC cl ^ K=r M S3 3 S ©•3 a M 2 © CO © '/3 p 2 S<« fcx) a 2 5? .3 03 p h|| oico 3 .S CS p _ d bl 3 go P c >■.-5 e3 p P 03 _g 3 sM fcErj rt g-is-s'&i ^■9.2.9s|1f!!§§§£ « = bJCtltCbJO Kl rS'5W o o a 03 P P H 1222 Ift lO lO CO < STATISTICS OF KINDERGARTENS. 343 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 J 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 ll o.2 a >. a a a '« *- *- *- ^ - - t-'t~ — — c — o c o o » o o o o o « a y o « « o © © © o = ~ “ “3S 3^^ 3333333333333333333 H H BOO PhCB H H 8 : 8 8 j s O 8 8 ^ o o 03 o O o O O o o o o O O O O O o o o O O 5 3 t> 2 5 cicAcA 00 00 9 i jS g s 8 8 8 888 i © i- o § rO 1 kO S 1 8 i i i § 1 i 1 : S lO l> S3 rH ^ MHO 03 tH 03 rH tK CO rH 03 rH rH rH *■« 03 03 03 tHiN a I I I 1 1 $£° | » ! * I I 111 5 <1 <3 h> Ks | I I I «j S 5 Q S i 3 S i Si I 1 S 1 1 1 1 g 1 1 1 i 1 £ -3 § fill a '? .Islsll- PI3l3g. Z/2 lH Zfl X/l Zfl Zfl ” I i i ! ! it . . 1 1.| ! 1 1! s a a.A3~S . o S .82 s|l|ll||l||j|g|4 znxti 8 I Sis 5 5 S 5 S S ! 5 s S S S 3 1 I S 1 11 * From a return for 1884— ’85. a Charge per week. &In 1883 and 1884. Table 22. — Statistics of Kindergartens for 1835-86, t> t> O £> CO O t> O 1 :Jt, 1 1 1 ' . J, tt) Tt* co com co -rf co co "SStf’JD Sni^OOIt -no o ui joquraj^ ** o i i ! I . .co** . 00 ' ' • • • • ' ' •U9jjB§J0pniq SurpuajiB .raquiu sj; 3 I 3 1 3888 g 8 88 S£ 8 ^88 •sjnBjsissu jo jaquinjq; CS r-t O T* tH tH o i< \i : 4 : ^ H-vd M"a :6 1° §2 !• 11 !S ^ i Ui n ii i IN 1 its ii in in I III J3 || i Hi 1 Sis Ii g i i*i H Hpq § «j J g = 1 31 1 si & I ISA •poqsiiqnjSQ uoq^ ills _ • _ T _ ^ si |i i in |i i| i in 1 r . Manchester. N. H . i1-: '-p '1 | 8 is K 3 ® Ml - p I |i ! Sf gg IIP!! >K K3 1 !|1 li fi i M SS 1| §• s ||3 T :Bo (2k 3 - ^ la P ^ sp * 55 ^5 2 ■fliHj g si i ffi ! Illll 11 l! ! Ill 521 ill! II 2 £33 II I 3S§ STATISTICS OF KINDERGARTENS. 347 l-S ~ 5 gi? i? §B § ir-gB-i? g i? g i? J? B B's -c b -S3 rzrc B -c B % - *3 'SB B pE'3 B'SBB b B *3 B B H HU O H H UHUU H U H O O I I £ B "S '5 "o 3 H H H H 1 1 ii i 5 '3 'Ss '3 H H HPh H i j® ift :S° i S3 • o 001 100 i ° © © © o ° :§ % is°° n o I ° ° i i S 8 S i i s 001 oo © 8 ; t- in ifj to t- o CD 00 00 t> 05 3* 00 CO cd ift t> r> CO CD CD t>© 00 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I l 1 1 1 1 1 • CO CO CO S'cO 1ft CO eo cTc? CO ^ Tt< CO ^ CO rH CO ^ CO t> CO CO CO 1ft • i oo •s :°S : g o • : i S is § s ££ 60 90 10 45 12 107 100 34 s 15 130 145 30 18 15 0 40 30 65 8 8 35 40 1ft ri ' o • TH rH • ^ tH 20 p a £2 c o ,© p ~ x s ~ B re p p p p P HHHH BPS -.PSPS p? O HH HOH OEHOH O p •ssiqo “uijoauaoo trj 'II9J -jegjgpuiq nj ® lO r-lOO OOC>< «5 ^ _ to 4fl C © !f®qA nsoA^og; co I I I CO Tt1 CO m eo eo co < 00 W CO 05 50 t- i i i i i COCO-tf 4*C0CO4j< •SS'Bp gaip9H -uoo ut aeqranji •U8^IB3l9pmq S’uiparajjB jraqranjq CO ©J CO fe'a ® co . s>» : a g ir2_g « j|p a ■'p-p &ggg K 3P JjH 0 ® £ .9 o J 'K'tjM © ® JH fc§S M' p " c-t _rp gcS'o'sg.a -M OP5-PM ?§'S:2reM . ?l+3cc^ W®1^ S =4^^ 3 wo !,o-H « a P £3 *M o g P M~rc io;iO iPMO •P02 p N S3 H a a >rg «1P iSa , P cj ! O p ® s bi) g £ 3 ic.:r a S-e'O !° a Mgg *<» ■fif2 © ci & ® w<5' a CS ® C8 S _ _ ® I a|S s j g t£ tfJS ^ -IMc2.S .S-^.SM . ®m :^B bp p ' *- © 4^P3 P s- £.3 5^0. . w +3 rt ’ ro ®2 g p. co ® p 03 a ® ® Itl 5 g||4 s SgSS % M % J S' § all : M ® ® ® ®-"® o •o^S'S a are o ® o ©3 ^ M PPcow m.p ®.a p a £ a ■J302 I- o’® OO rt P n p B _R "©‘3 *><» 03 sl|S. ®PT -p ® 1 ’ 5ti‘ ©00^,0000 > So 1333 -OOO fe -5V.h ^ ce rt p p a M pb 43 al © • o -* © ^ p ®3 aP ^ 3h Cm Oco . © H t> io ^ X ^ w ^ .2 p o |o ®o rzt *-^ ^ *sf .5 .3 ^ o o Ifl O t> 00 05 t (M CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO STATISTICS OF KINDERGARTENS. 349 Tuition. Charity. Tuition. Tuition. Public funds. Public funds. Tuition. Public funds. Tuition. Public funds. Tuition. Charity. Tuition. Tuition and charity. Tuition. Charity and public funds. Charity. Charity. Tuition. g j ° i e j * 3 j j 8 O O jo CO 0 60 g : ° : i§ : 3 : °a ° 3 £ : g ° ° ° 3 3-8 3-8 3-7 3J- 6 21- 7 3-6 3-6 6 -10 3-7 3- 7 4- 6 3-6 3-7 3- 7 4- 7 4-8 3- 8 4- 7 4-9 l> o 1 V CO ^ rjt a • • . CO • O • 1 CO ° : 2 : 3 g S g 322 £ 2 | SSSSSSsj* • iH ^ rH »H « ■ OH (MrH* r-t OO r-t lO > : ; i jj| : i ■ j • i i • ■ i U i i 1 mj i § = = 2 ©'© ^ § 1 p§-s| 1 5 3 C a~r-< c i lllsj 1 3 PsritP) a i 'T i T' : 2 g> ® 1 l 1 1 2 : ; : : : 2 g | 2 : : ; : : ^ h 2 rj) » • a a a hH : : : : : .2 2 « : : : : : « - : -• -j s 1 1 J | f| 1 1.| 1 1 9 lc ic 1 1 1 sj! M Ills hH!ll rl ! ! 1 1 1WI 1 5 i in p ~ = p g - i § .1 ^ : |??,1 !■ fill > 2 = — w ■ = =M. 3 i WC-3SS i pm Cleveland, Ohio (1457 Euclid avenue). Cleveland, Ohio (916 Prospect street) Cleveland, Ohio (479 Superior street). Cleveland, Ohio (729 Case ave.) . . Columbus, Ohio (95 Monroe ave.) Columbus, Ohio (135 Broad st.).. Columbus, Ohio (Mount Vernon avenue). Columbus, Ohio . m i ns i I tii M 1 1 §r iss 1 <1 *15 s |a| 2 oeS 2^- 5 ||.2 .22'J f^Sfq ql;- Is I If. til rias a*e llll!!?! 1 M i :i* ill 1 i i : ||S Big $ : ■ |I| § 1 j 1 ill 1 |^2°bI 1 ^ j s!i i niiiniiii $ ill C— iC'-'0^0'Poa:S o— c. < p "5 >> U8-"S - >=52'^ > 5 } ~ § • > ^ '■•a :^iS £i <2 1 a^ a A - 1^2^ c-- HISS El rs’s S s 3 a 89 8 83 MB B 88 S g 8 I 8 8 S 8 S 3 2 From a return for 18Sl-’85. a Charge per week. Table 22. — Statistics of kindergartens for 1885-’86, i a 1 i 3 1 1 J 1 1 IiiH } II IN 3 1 ! | w ? 0^ ■!■§!§« ; c r O o £ | | jss | a | | s^| f*f j | § fg. i'll | s i | I'll ||l ||| 5 HW in il^ll . 1 11!1! 1 1 1 m mmv Looation. 1 1 j i 1 I lil l ; J } !! I 1 1 "■ 3 2 §• i g ■? A « | « 4 l ~ a ~v.a s y £i,s Hi * A £ & si-i *U &1&U MS £ .2 jf .2 .2£.S .rfi .5l.25-^.2-S.2^ |i3j§ g i "£ -£ o ro^'r3-i-T g'c'r 3 2 3 -*? 3 ^ i it ~"3 s"Jjb lllll l!l!lilll|l!llllisl|lj 3333S3388S9338S- STATISTICS OF KINDERGARTENS. 351 •a all's ^ .rs .rs ■ rS r3 J j rS g£r3 • ’Z) • r? £ -r3 «l*lf I si sis* «!*! s| i s|s|sj q | :|s- CM*'-' Sw 5 5— *-■ <«-< ^ V< ^ 3 <4H «- £.2£\So o ~;§&2&2:? - = S|§ o &=$\2i?.g •CS'E’SS ~ ~ ^ ^ 2 r^.- - T^'ES-SS JUi? -i JUMP ^1= j^= g J;M=jg, O O Pi Pi w O C O O O H O H Pk U O O c a ?l! | | M 3.’3 *a 3 O H Pi H I g I •p'-p 5J5 S. ooocoiftcococ^cD I I 1 I I I I I I cococococococococo CD CD CO CO till £ : ■3 5 ■S i S E I I 3 1 gSSSSi'SigggggSgggggggggsS From a return for 1884-85. Table 22. — Statistics of kindergartens for 1885~’86, #c. — Continued. 352 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. j pepoddns ugj -juSaopuiq anoi si -&103I T* Tuition.* Tuition. Tuition. Tuition. Tuition. Tuition. Tuition and charity. Tuition. Tuition. Public funds. Tuition. Tuition. Tuition. Tuition and charity. Public funds. Tuition. Public funds. 1 l&l o •ssufo guijogaaoo up © S : i § Is : §S° S i • ■ . . rH ■ •U9J -J.T!§.I9pUiq UT © | g 3 8 £ : :§ g£° 3 333 ! • o Pupils. •soSn jnqjii U99J1J9J3; 30 O CO CO t> iO ■ fc- t'- cootc 1 c^o:co . t> b-S> 1 I 1 1 1 'll III > 1 M • * * • * • CO CO CO CO CO CO J CO CO CO CO • cococo ■ •S8B[0 “UIJ09U -uoo ui aaqumjsT ** O • O 00 • 00 • • O lO lO 00 • •uo^juSaapuiq Smpaojje JBCjmii^r 2 a <$ a s "gs- “«a s —s as •sjuujsisse jo joqumpj; ^ 1 T-t (M >1—1 — 1 1 OOO • rH .H S o • • • • © <3 • • • • • • (H Q t>N • I *.4- •• • 1 • - H S j a g S Ilf fi|i 5 ill 1 a « 1 | fi s|| ^|1 4 Sj^ n ^ .= £« S ® £ 4SI«^.3|i!«I *23 ^ a Is b a sgl 5a a • • • ■ft j g 1 il 1 ^ ; III •poqsijqnjsa uaq^y « 1 1 I 1 1 III 111 1 III || || 5? ■ 3 *8 ! to « • • • • iii » • © • iii , 2 N b SJfeg 'slsjfe £t§ ifljl £ © -2 .2 =|.S.Sp=.£ -i £5 Location. H | | ” 3 s i « :o ^ ^ : S^siS..S-2-g 8 f § « £ f |if |IJ|i s | U! ;• i I ct gill § i e=|s; ° - w q ® 75 S n 3 S 'S 3 £ 3 5 £ SS55535333 3 3 3 55 ED 86 - 23 List of hinder gar tens from which no information has been received. 354 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. 0 a^ 0 0 0 0 0 O ^ UJ aA O m P-< f—t CZ CZ s • © a! lie A ^ S "3 a gS 3-3 a ©£ >.© o rt g g£gsSJ jgil'igi” 3 * B.2co5t,’ - WSa c3 1- ao- £ ^ ic a.-l -£ «S d © 3^ g^'1 ■© te C* .5 _ _ e tc 5 3Mri £ Sr - 0 MW g 2 fl I o w 2 © t: ssia c3 ©■£ S g "Ctd > e8 © 2 3 c3 ^ « a © tc b-£ g^ M Sr 3 U”2^ -2 £%%$ M a es ; © a pa 1^00 cj cj 8 S tea (J © fcfiita fcJC be J3 ctO . ® ©'pi® ©M ©re Sba>e © ® g go a a^ a a © a® £ aW.S§| O/ftS fl02 -do3.g& ^ © 1:1 l°§ ®"S -a a a be W.2 & a §0 "© JD . fc£ © £•£3 O 03 ® S.5S-2.2 ”®a a a © ® T> 2 © es © >re asa m - a .ci iS &JC© a 3-^4dJ O a © a © aa ■2 © © a WW J a^^ • oc • CM ooflfi * are in the New England and Middle States, which is about the proportion that has been maintained ever since the classification was adopted. The permanent character of a large proportion of the preparatory schools, and the comparative fullness with which they have reported to this Office, suggest the possi¬ bility of drawing valuable conclusions from the data which they have afforded during successive years. In the analysis of these data we are, however, embarrassed by irregularities affect¬ ing the final result. For instance, since the preparatory schools keep in close union with the colleges, it might be expected that their record would reflect such changes as may have taken place in the college requirements. But a school may report the distribution of pupils one year according to the inquiries sent out by the Office, and another year omit the classification altogether, thereby diminishing the value of com¬ parisons, which depend always upon the completeness with which the class of schools involved is represented. Proper allowance being made for deficiencies in the returns, some importance may be attached to a few studies based upon the statistics. From the comparison of the table before us with the corresponding table for 1880 it appears that there were 89 schools reporting in both years, Of these only 60 report the distribution of pupils, with results which are here summarized. PREPARATORY SCHOOLS. i(>t State. Number of schools, j Students in classical course. , Students in scientific course. Other students. 1880. 1 © 188C>— f86. « c C5 Q> o R j 1880. 1835-’8C. I Increase. . O CD O 1S80. ; 18S5-’8G. I I.’"' J © 00 C California . 2 15 1 17 i 2 hr 53 22 1 92 17 Connecticut . 1 9 6 .... ”3’ 0 3 3 31 30 1 .. I l Illinois . 2 I 110 87 .... 23 65 45 *20* 110 114 1....I 26 Maine . 3 108 1 49 .... 1 59 GO 60 218 227 1 9 1 Maryland . 2 16 7 9 |’io' 17 7 2:i7 285 f 48 Massachusetts . in 898 840 58 146 210 64 654 098 : 44 - Missouri . l 35 I 59 I 24 i 40 37 3 I 304 216 |....i '88 New Hampshire . 5 266 2S0 ; 14 46 108 G2 _ ! 183 202 19 Now Jersey . 3 39 ! 22 17 | 1 31 91 GO .... 233 353 120 : New York . . 12 502 j 4 !5 .... 87 J | 192 227 35 | 829 1, 131 302 ! Ohio . 2 70 51 !.... 19 1 31 20 ir : 10G "n Pennsylvania . 6 220 1 138 1.... 82 55 99 44 .... 275 257 L..I 18 Rhode Island . 3 100 143 ...J 17 1 21 | • 33 12 257 244 l-.-.l 13 South Carolina . 1 20 20 0 0 15 15 130 140 I 10 Voimont . 1 16 10 .... 6 12 2 io’ j GO 90 ;;0 .... "Wisconsin . 3 45 28 .... 17 20 2G ”e’ | 100 173 73 Totals . 1 GO j 2,529 2, 172 1 40 397 700 1,040 390 44 3, 849 4, 270 |655 234 1 l The totals show, for students in the classical course, net decrease of 357, or 14 per cent. ; in the scientific course, net increase of 346, or 49 per cent. ; in other courses, net increase of 421, or 75 per cent. The ratio which the number of students in each of the three courses bore to each other at the respective dates is as follows : 1880. j 1S85-2S6. Ratio of scientific students to classical . . . . . Ratio of scientific and classical students to others . . . Ter cent. 271 84 Per cent. 48 75 If these inquiries be limited to the New England and Middle States, from which, as previously stated, the majority of the preparatories are reported, it appears that 90 per cent, of the net decrease in the number of students reported in the classical course and 97 per cent, of the increase in the number reported in the scientific course must be credited to that section. In addition to the schools reporting the distribution of students for both years the table before us includes 49 schools organized since 1880 and 49 organized prior to ls80, but not tabulated that year, which report the distribution of pupils for the current year. The 49 schools of the former group report a total of 788 students in the classical course, 868 in the scientific, and 2,198 other or unclassified. Of the whole number of the schools here considered 29 are in the New England and Middle Atlantic States, and report the distribution of pupils as follows: Classical course, 533; scientific course, 287 ; other students, 1,102. In other words, the excess of scientific students over classical students in the schools of late date is not to be credited to the New England and Middle States. Moreover, the decrease of classical students in the schools of this section involved in the comparison of 1880 with 1885- 86 is very nearly made up by the excess of classical students over scientific students in the new schools, the numbers being, respectively, 337 and 246. The 49 schools of the second group (i. e., those organized prior to 1880 but not tab¬ ulated at that date) report totals as follows: Number of students in classical course, 42-8 ; in scientific course, 492 ; in other courses, 2,988. Here the excess of scientific students over those in the classical course for the whole country is less than the excess reported from the schools located in the New England and Middle States, the numbers being, respectively, 64 and 126. These figures indicate an increasing demand for scientific instruction and for the preparation of young men for the superior schools of science, which particularly af¬ fect the preparatory schools of the New England and Middle Atlantic States. The figures cannot, however, be held to confirm the statement repeatedly made that the ratio of students preparing for the classical course in college, as compared with the whole population of the New England and Middle States, is declining. There is ground for the belief that the increasing application of science to the arts and industries is inducing a greater number of young men to prolong their studies beyond the elementary stage, which in no way "militates against the idea that the 362 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. classics attract as large a proportion of students as ever. Tlie discussion must be regarded as merely tentative, and final conclusions be waived until similar investiga¬ tions can be extended to all classes of secondary schools and to a sufficient number of each class to insure that the results shall be truly representative of past tendencies and present conditions. The following is a comparative summary of the number of institutions for secondary instruction (exclusive of high schools, preparatory schools, and departments of normal schools, and of institutions for superior instruction), making returns from 1876 to 1886, inclusive (1883 omitted): 1876. 1877, 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 18S4. 1885. 1886. No. of institutions . No. of instructors.. No. of students - 1,229 5, 999 106, 647 1, 226 5, 963 98, 371 1, 227 5, 747 100, 374 1, 236 5, 961 108, 734 1, 264 6, 009 110, 277 1, 336 6, 489 122, 617 1, 482 7, 449 138, 384 1,588 7, 923 152, 354 1,617 8,186 160, 137 1,440 7, 566 151, 050 Table 24. — General statistical summary of pupils receiving secondary instruction. States and Territories. © © a S 8 §1 >5 ffl In preparatory depart¬ ments of— ® a rt a b.2o® © CM ©-w SCO o ' ■P ® CO 03 'o 23 fH © rt fiS-' p Alabama . Arkansas . California . . Colorado . Connecticut . Delaware . Florida . Georgia . Illinois . Indiana . Iowa . Kansas . Kentucky . Louisiana . Maine . Maryland . Massachusetts . Michigan . Minnesota . M ississippi . Missouri . Nebraska . Nevada . New Hampshire . New Jersey . New York . North Carolina _ _ Ohio . ^ . Oregon . Pennsylvania . Ehode Island . South Carolina . Tennessee . Texas . Vermont . Virginia . West Virginia . Wisconsin . Dakota . District of Columbia. Idaho . Indian Territory . Montana . New Mexico . .Utah . Washington . Wyoming . 937 156 12 67 714 209 254 214 "l3 197 110 237 338 38 350 851 1, 534 ‘*'303' 394 100 102 Total . 70.241 300 26 218 45 2, 119 2, 377 3, 072 827 2, 055 475 424 11, 797 6, 183 3, 581 5, 998 1,216 6, 057 2, 148 3, 002 2, 185 3, 921 2, 251 1, 493 3, 297 6, 624 917 70 1,839 3, 485 18, 851 10, 558 3, 895 2, 145 7, 089 135 3, 489 7, 126 5, 165 2, 779 3, 408 499 2, 564 501 1, 024 10 137 705 25 703 160 331 45 49 856 314 1,769 77 440 471 1,130 2, 322 291. 744 246 201 40 202 172 185 25 80 46 955 1, 637 819 132 413 20 55 530 622 275 536 305 185 239 130 0 44 727 1, 883 1, 235 1, 863 902 600 1, 040 63 93 9 104 455 301 195 637 466 156 1, 923 165 51 132 43 570 213 203 82 40 2,469 540 1,941 612 1,253 331 358 238 36 332 591 1,545 429 129 123 107 807 I 83 159 221 7,733 151, 050 13, 802 6,688 24,593 I 30 43 403 107 156 153 3S 399 126 37 5 723 2,586 4, 013 3, 353 6, 568 1, 261 4, 865 475 578 14, 639 13, 851 7,625 9, 955 2, 956 8, 691 3, 738 5, 752 3, 884 18, 567 6, 647 3, 857 4, 467 11, 281 2, 061 237 3, 281 7, 232 33, 315 11,377 14, 077 3, 024 17, 639 2, 0S3 5, 236 10. 460 6, 525 3, 428 6, 143 732 5, 768 876 1, 263 46 998 3 1, 087 1,637 1.142 276, 693 a In 471 cities. 6 Strictly normal students are not included. STUDENTS IN PREPARATORY COURSES, 363 Table 25. — Statistical summary of students in preparatory courses. States and Territories. Number preparing for college. Total reported. 1 In academies (Ta- 1 ble 28.) 1 SI 2 05 *3 o d V) c* » j. — < 03 03 © L. U ® £ ’§§<§■ e.2 a 98,0 ® o O w ® °5 ? cc ^ P-r- ~ o § w 1 3 4 5 6 Alabama . 245 50 55 30 358 70 530 California . 401 183 622 34 1, 37 275 30 183 255 0 40 0 51 44 43 Georgia . 1, 352 104 727 403 2 Illinois . 579 187 1, 883 107 2 Indiana . 212 55 1,235 156 1, Iowa . 412 42 1, 863 38 2 Kansas _ . _. . 253 902 b Kentucky . 422 39 600 153 1, Louisiana, _ _ _ _ _ _ 359 1, 040 . 1, Maine . . . . 252 266 Maryland . . . 163 36 301 Massachusetts . 494 1, 488 195 38 2, Michigan _ _ 156 21 637 Minnesota . . . 146 466 Mississipni _ _ _ _ _ _ 314 156 399 M issouri _ ... 992 306 j 1,923 3, Nebraska . . . . . . . 158 165 126 Nevada _ .. _ _ __ 51 New Hampshire . . . . . . . . 205 388 New Jersey _ _ __ _ _ 337 600 40 New York _ 1, 998 1, 395 2, 469 1 5, N orth Carolina . . . . ]f 037 38 540 1, Ohio . 153 216 1. 941 2, Oregon . . . . 268 ' 612 40 Pennsylvania . 828 464 1,253 62 2, Khode Island . . . . . 1 220 Smith Carolina . . . . . 164 110 591 Tennessee _ _ _ _ 778 102 1, 545 «> Texas . 356 100 429 37 ’ Vermont _ _ _ _ ..... _ 199 30 5 Virginia . 80 29 123 723 West Virginia . . . . 107 Wisconsin _ _ _ _ 223 307 807 1, Dakota . . 141 42 83 162 District of Columbia _ _ _ ...... _ 108 22 159 Indian Territory . . . . . . . 100 • Idaho _ _ _ _ _ 27 Montana . 8 N ew Mexico . . . . 296 Utah . 313 Washington. ......... . . . . . 37 221 Total . 15, 164 7, 229 24,593 2,586 49, 380 958 240 342 438 40 138 586 756 658 355 155 214 399 518 500 215 814 612 869 221 4-19 51 593 977 862 615 310 920 607 221 865 425 922 234 955 107 337 428 289 100 27 3 296 313 258 572 364 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OP EDUCATION. Table 26. Summary of statistics of schools for secondary instruction. States and Territories. Number of schools. Instructors Students. .2 0 2 . 'c C k P w 2 0 © a s 'A Value of grounds, 92 121 5, 165 2, 292 356 245 58 11, 140 357, 090 Vermont . 21 52 65 2, 779 553 199 22 100 0, 780 321, 400 Virginia . 05 76 90 3, 408 1,977 80 247 82 10, 530 325, 500 West Virginia . 6 8 14 499 119 4, 200 60. 000 AVisconsin . 20 80 81 2, 564 1,396 223 16 109 29, 039 374| 500 Dakota . 6 14 21 501 134 141 38 64 1, 175 113, 000 District*of Columbia. . . 15 32 91 1, 024 687 108 0, 525 160, 000 Indian Territory . 10 16 29 998 517 100 24 3, 050 317, 000 New Mexico...*. . 8 33 14 955 389 296 98 47 6, 116 96, 000 Utah . 13 IS 35 1,637 121 313 20 56 I 1,850 129. 810 Washington . 12 19 32 819 232 37 17 72 2, 968 87, 000 Total . : 1 1,440 ; 3,180 < 3, 386 | «151, 050 61,391 1 15, 164 8,356 5,810 < 683, 036 20, 161, 734 a Large number not classified. PKEPAllATORY SCHOOLS. Detailed statistics of preparatory schools will he found in Table 29. The following is a comparative statement of the statistics of these schools as reported to the Bureau from 1876 to 1886, inclusive (1883 omitted) : 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. I 1882. 1884. 1885. 1886. Number of institutions . 105 114 114 123 125 330 157 169 179 m Number of instructors . 736 796 818 838 860 871 1,041 1,183 1,218 1,434 Number of students . 12, 3G9 12,510 12, 538 13, 561 13, 239 13, 275 15, 681 18, 319 17, 605 1 21, 031 STATISTICS OF PREPARATORY SCHOOLS. Tablk 27.— Summary of statistics of preparatory schools. 365 States and Territories. Number of schools. Number of instructors, i 1 Number of students. Number of volumes in library. Valuo of grounds, build¬ ings, and apparatus. « 3 cc Z o CO u bio . G ~ O UJ £’3 8 .4, a CO g) u ® O p tL 8 . •=« & g®i Other students. 1 a ; 3 ! 4 5 ! 1 6 7 8 1 2 50 10 600 $12, 000 Arkansas . 1 30 40 137 700 8, 000 California . 6 49 I 76 107 a 705 3, 550 184, 000 2 9 i 28 9 25 1, 612 40, 300 Connecticut . 7 48 ! 91 164 a 703 11, 740 680, 000 Georgia . . . 3 16 35 69 a 160 600 119, 0C0 Illinois . 6 49 117 70 CL odl 3, 225 50. 000 4 34 25 30 0408 87, 000 Iowa . — v- . 3 19 19 23 a 45 4, 000 65, 000 Kentucky . 2 5 14 25 49 100 8, 800 Maine . 11 53 143 123 856 4, 735 207, 000 Maryland . 3 25 16 20 314 4, 250 52, 000 1 32 240 1, 175 313 fll, 769 29, 6S9 1, 999, 000 it icb i cran ...................... ] 8 6 15 700 100, 000 Missouri - _ _ _ _ ...... ...... 1 5 40 121 185 a 440 145. 000 New Hampshire . 6 42 ! 280 108 a 471 12, 200 312, 700 New Jersey . 14 115 291 309 al. 130 6,150 1,307, 000 New York . - . 34 287 933 462 a 2, 322 20, 567 1, 459, 570 Kortb Carolina _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 O 38 1, 200 Ohio . 1 8 47 175 41 a291 1,610 163, 500 Pennsylvania . 19 165 213 218 al, 486 7, 525 584, 000 Rhode' Island . 4 42 1S3 37 744 3, COO 202, 000 South Carolina . 2 1*2 70 40 246 400 10, 000 3 16 49 53 201 740 52, 000 Texas . 1 8 100 40 400 50, 000 Vermont . 2 12 16 14 202 1,600 40, 000 Virginia . 5 16 29 cl 72 5,000 25, 000 Wisconsin . . . 7 43 66 241 a 185 3, 300 165, 600 Dakota . 1 6 22 20 25 2, 200 40. 000 District of Columbia . . 1 8 16 6 80 28. 000 Idaho . . . . . 1 4 46 5C0 20, 000 New Mexico . 1 5 a 132 Total . 197 1,434 : 4,281 1 2, 948 al3, 802 131, 293 8, 217, 670 a Includes students preparing for classical or scientific course, tlie number included not being specified. Table 28.— Statistics of private schools for elementary and secondary instruction , 1885-*86 ; from replies to inquiries by the United States Bureau of Education. 366 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. •sujejaddB ptre ‘sStitpjxnq ‘spuuojS jo 9Q{^a 1 11 111 cf ; : is as *W°I © g S8 Sg3 38- g§ •eaoxoruxsm axnaia^ SB i rH OTf rH j M OX WNC5H r-, ■ .2. ex j Tj. j t- •s-ioxoiuxsrtri axy^; i* rH rH ©X HHrt CX NHBH HN j K 1 51 fcl •uoxxoujjsnx joj pauado }sjp SBAi- uoixnxxxsin uoiqM. m Jcai 1 II III llll III ; 1 11 t-H rH •japreqo jo e^Q O cc O CM £ SS °oSg °°l : 1 Principal. « s ■ l i 5 1: 1 Si i p i % Mi i 1 i 'cs * P P ;0 a ; S ’ < il s u » S' ) ^ s : s ■< : is* : [| •: ’S— ~ Ml | ;CC0 1- i ~ & ; ’’ ‘ a ® s 5 1 < £ s “ i ^ ^ d i J « 6 > 4 i i ii i : = • ^ ■ © 5® it s a & 9 P 1“ Name of school. Andrews’ Institute . Athens Male Academy . i *o © -5 u - ae § 11 I ai sill « © i I 5 i £ 1 j -.I | 1\ i* * ial ^1 S 2 < U\ O 3 Towle’s Institute for Boys — Hamner Hall, Collegiato In¬ stitute for Girls. 1 A ndrews’ Institute, Ala. Athens, Ala* . ! G C 3 3 a a % * < < P £ O < !S M 90 ; 15 : ; 5S i i ! 1 • • 1 H«ii (III. qooqos oqixaoios jo oSox qoo joj 3> tiTJudoid joquin^j; 1 4 14 150 4 6 •osjnoo or amp -non .rernSo.i n’t joquin^ O vA • • . ©co © • © m> © • © oo • rji io HOO CM »COr-i© • O vH . -_j 3 ^ CO • »-H tH • xl« • Wi<>X s LO »0 © O W CO © ; © © • • © © • • . O • • . © c © © ■ • © © • • • © . » ‘QJC 02 W • • 07 in • • • CC_© • • rn rf cflOOflrt:;o a f ; h i pi OO .OO ■ • . OcL . oc ^ Ph : fcfciz ) ) | ■noixonixsni joj psuado js.tq suav uoijnxtxsui qotq,&\. ui jvo& 13 1861 1873 1876 1857 1862 1882 1877 1872 1874 1864 1859 1875 1866 1882 1882 •jojj'eqo jo o^a 0 1857 0 0 0 0 0 1859 1881 Principal. W George P. Tindall, A. m _ Edward Payson Howe .... Eev. Brother Genehern, director. Sister of Mercy . ’William S. Hunt . . . A. M Armstrong, pi-1, b _ Eev, Edward B. Church, A. M. Miss M. B. West . Broth or Genehern . Nathan W. Moore . Eev. James Matthews, d.d. Miss M. S. Castleman . Eev. A. L. Brewer, M. A _ Miss S. L. Anderson, b. a.. Paul Pioda . . Name of school. « Placerville Academy* . Howe’s High School and, Nor¬ mal Institute.* Sacramento Institute* . St. Joseph’s Academy . Young Ladies’ Seminary . St. Helena Seminary and Nor¬ mal Institute. Irving Institute . Miss West’s School for Girls .. Sacred Heart College . Urban School . Westminster School . Home Seminary . St. Matthew’s Hall . San Rafael Institute . Santa Cruz Young Ladies’ Seminars’. Location. H Placerville, Cal . Sacramento, Cal. (6th street, bet. J and K). Sacramento, Cal. (K and 12tli streets). Sacramento, Cal. (cor. 8th and G streets). Sacramento, Cal. (cor 6th and K streets). St. Helena, Cal . San Francisco, Cal. (1036 Valencia street). San Francisco, Cal. (1001 Sutter street) San Francisco, Cal. (s. e. cor. Eddy and Larkin streets). San Francisco, Cal. (1017 Hyde street). San Francisco, Cal.* (129 Haight street). San Jos6, Cal. (Wilson avenue). San Mateo, Cal . San Rafael, Cal* . Santa Ciuz, Cal . ©r>00©©vHCMC3*rHiO©t'-00©© to to lO o O © Q W ©050 STATISTICS OF SECONDARY INSTRUCTION. 3 69 mm ; o §5 522 :2N5 828 g M8 2 8833 a 88^83 § § i si!l §85388888 sj s sssss 88 g $858 5 a sgsssss !mt> 'CNO OC*r-»©- m (MiNHCO CO « O 'ON CO Cl N CC M C H t o sdoH ^6 p3jSp*p-S5p5 i inf H . X S (3 a S3 = © ■ © O O © © © ! I ill II j iiii ill II I jiii l i „!!?.. —I C = =1-1 .coo. lllllll llllllsll I I 1111 II | I ill I I 1° 1° il i il 0 si | j ill 0 ; 0 O O i 1 il 1 j • • ;J j | P5 • ■ ft • cc • c_3 » 0 ; ; g 1 ^ : :^r r-S I i !-l U V : : o' j : g £ > £■ G « .£ • & & . = .2 ! ■w n ^ II ^1|h£.1JS1= 6i=u,si :*gs. SIEI-li Will3 ,= © £ ■_* ^ 3 © ® = = ^ -~ d“:»o 2^'3-g &>!« 5* i ■ ■ s lf,il&:| -*c ^ xQ g.5 ?* ^ £ S ■< ” . 2 S- >& S 5 5 .® « £3 =i: = £ 5iSf gft§!i'3=2 i— ! O cc cc Vi cc C/2 § C-. pill ffsSlfl S Cf' sE : 5 JO -?f • e ■ — = = = = = = S C Cm o «0®J 3 g 6 6 ^.SPpTP-r- I ? isigaii I I miiis £3 Ph C- ,o5 \r. rJi x ^ £88£S§38§ ED 86 - 24 SS 8 8353 S3 § 3S88 § SSSSSSS From Iicpoj t of the Commissioner of Education for year J 88-1— ’85. a Includes board. b For languages. Table 28. — Statistics of private schools for elementary and secondary instruction for ISSB-’SG, m O t-J rH NOHrMOOO OO 00 CO oo oo 00 •JOJXBIp JO 9 ys(j o lO 00 op ■33-3 O’.'OoJ^^h'S < 2^T cE ^i§§ C0P2O ^ £ H > £3 sg II m ft >>© g fee w ■ . . „ t>> fcC >> © es O : n «g § g g oo ©pa ^ ,p ^© ;g ^ <3 a, fc*o jp fcr 8 £8 R "cu A ® m P p p u to a '£ a .9 O A< 72 s- _ e3 « o fcfi ■« Ill's ojf] g^q Sgl* W .2 72 t> I 111 II I *s?h 6*2 £ ^ © £ S-STfi <3 <3 go 0.2 ! M 0 is of^P _ © 'a fen 5 poo 3 , P p p P p •£ P ©'PR * 4^ r’-x 1 $ ■ “O b£^ tc“ «■ aP.BO.5.! STATISTICS OF SECONDARY INSTRUCTION. 371 40, 000 30, 000 009 ‘S 75, 000 10, 000 iiiiiiii rfa-s-orf„-o ill is :Sg it 1 1 n in 8, COO 30, COO it § ? s S 4 «ii 3 1 00 50-75 40-80 36 40 20 a200 ooS?gs;gcoS8§ 0s S S c I “ 2 il • • • 1 1 1 1 1 1 ,-T mu ; i ii nr j 00 rH O O lO rH C5 H O NW • HHCO • ^ CO W t* i-i • rH y 1 1 1 1 j j 1 1 1 §-g§§55° 5§§ *45 s .2 • o c-s ^ p-c c a ' It 5 p4 oqo N p^p4 llsiillliii 1 ill g I OC>® 00 S8- 3 a £ < £ I £ i i “ i N H * ? d 5 d i ;s :* : 4 s 1 .9 i pa i! 1:-a.s il ii I3!fi - °S2M*o&if»j53*g s ClillJIsllaiHI § 1 ? © M ?cs. § #111 1 !;;;!: • d : 1 j | ; it il iiiiiiii-? i i J . © ,;3 • ' 1=2 i i • ; ; a • i i : i 1 i J, ill £ § s s h ! i 3 -S ^ 4 : 33 . 5G 9 >3 Hi 1 1 ! © I iHi il il ? Jli! School. . . 1 Institut Young La Seminary [institute. ool . iry for G ninary... ! in ! J&g ■ §5 S c-S * m .5 f| ^3® ^3 I § i i s i gd| § § § § dfd d dIdld .ffd?d 0*4 p£p ogO'sfigjSaRfl £ ► § ; § ^ i I i 2 i i = Hi 111 flings I I II ff 1 1 It II |2 IS 1 2 f I f f i> l tfc fe te t* b> tfc 4f4f £ £ JKilillllll „ 5 s s s s § a a s a s 3 s SSSsISssSsaaa Sa a aSS From Report of Commissioner of Education for year 1884-85. a Includes board. b To non-residents. Table 23.— Statistics of private schools for elementary and secondary instruction for 1885-’86, © • 00 to •9SJU00 oitaap © -bob JB^n§9J ut joqmuj^; NO • CO U0 ICIO O O •mox I ® 'sjojonijsm 9[Binax QE * CM (03 CM rH CO •eiO^OIU^SUl 9|T5J\[ HHNNHH -. t>> a - - as >; © .pd P o | afl ®«2 § gsd^S 2 ;S«0®§ | 2^ f/2 O -A3 3 ® a ?h til .S :^s to_s >,1 111®®! - - o s: po^- pg s ~ O © P P PJ. r- m ^ ~ S S HH O-cOOOF POSStCO P O02O OHhi S?5l ® 2-® ® a g 5PQ ots :oOc5_ p‘®'*'6 « <* rt^5rr © >cb s ys > > •*3 : r OiS r K ® r© 2 3 2 © © c3 c3 c3 P rh Jc, OOOU ._ Kite ^-g m © ® © cS rt os p > > 'p 'is x cS rt e3 O © OOOOOO O df ©"O C3 3 ®o | a® CSrK 'rH ® , rh u cs * a Sr2 o 0^5 Sod O O ICCDCOOOOQO > t— t>* oc CO OO STATISTICS OF SECONDARY INSTRUCTION. 373 ii iilii i mi mil i iiiiiii! ill ci'i-T t-Tio'c* © -Tiocf «-t r^tfco « :©" 1 1 ft 8 S SSS3 £j= :23§g£ ” .A i 15-30 ;f ^ggclg^S^? 8S§ © °i i oooo® O * t- o ® ® o o 0 000 ‘9 § j ° ia £ o i ° i i • o O O o i * NS : o • o cc o o S : O 00 iO lO CO • C5 05 • »-< ss 4 7 4 GO 9 24 & m ° rH lO lO CO OOO §8 §SS£§! ® t> CO SSSSS 8 S8S2838£S0 £ ::§g S3§ iilii ill ®“ M* «C gs §£S§§ i2SK2« § SS£|3£g-ggg|! 335 CC r*i CO N N C* HH^^rtHnOHni J iH HJQOUOi HHWNWHHINt If Ijljl | 1|| e a ci- T* I CO 1-i — . C5 ^ . . — -H to O'ONQ 5S :££3 : £ g : :££ g ££££ Sgg&iB =1 Hi £®® - -*3 ■ai sljMN S§5SajS”-35> afi^r ®j=£j5’®5'£ =-3 Ih llllliil-rs UMillJI hcscS EKKSa =”i|lslli « yi|l Hi jj =ii Mijs jj jijil i !-*«?- J It-iits i U 32%&i is !! «s!« I fill i&s mm »ii o : « ow.rf :o. 0 mm£& 00? cS c3 _ ®'00 u - _ ^ snSS ...s = ~<1 I |1|! | ill! IS i|i Hill lt|§i|g|!ll ill 111 II IIIII 1 III! 11111*1 lllllS5'SR-gSi“sasif“5 ss lisll 1 siss IlSgs | IHIHgli O-'M^-L-VOt^XCO- C\I Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl C3 Cl Cl Cl Mf\ Mi From llejDort of the Commissioner of Education for year 1884-’85. a Charge for a month. Table 28. — Statistics of private schools for elementary and secondary instruction for 1885-86, aojBuuBdaj'd aaqran^; W | : i i : :g : is i •as.moa otraap -bob jb^u^oj ui Jdqum^r © gg S8£8 £g i -1§ is S © 3SSS3 gg §g 38gg ggg§ g2g£g £ •s.iopnj^sui ojBina^ * CQH HrIH NHHrl HHrtMH CM •uotiBuiinoaap anoxSqojj © yiii 11 !l 111 11 • Haas aa a a a a aa • •00c 00 - 0 c a a 0 a WS. 'A'&'A 'A'A - 1 1 1 1:1 ! IS! ! •aonon.iism joj panado jgjp S8JA. uoijujps'in qoiqAi ui JB9J. * i III i i Is 1 i IIS 1111 ISiis 1 e *"* *“* ^ I riHH HHHH HrtHrtH f~1 •japinqo jo 9ju(x > i III i 1 =! M| : 002° : s ! « William E. Dozier . Ronald Johnston . Charles L. Moses . Miss M. H. Stevens . 1 : i i : i g : ; : : : 2 • • • * 1 § : : : : :.z s : : :c -g? S * * * Z3 - •a ^ n : 2 tic M p.g, S ^-<5 a « ;i- a 2 2,a = -3 PQf^ 00 £ cil2J 2 — E-t HS f-sOQ S? ; \i ii ;! |e iM . h'KP 1 ! f j i“^Sl i i >aaP ifT^ §l 1 '.2 iS a i » |: |- 51 1 ft |s )4 ifc 0 Name of school. 2* Mountville Academy* . Mount Zion Seminary* . Newnan Male Seminary* . Oak Grove Academy. . . f is 1! i tf .:= s* ; J ,i| ■ai ■I^l 1U I'i jitl tfjf ilflyllli O i M *' ■S'« >1 og ;! 11i : » a © rr if |f| li Oa= ; = 3^6 ii 1^1 i : la 11 1.1 fs :| S 11 II II 1? | £' ii* : b i -3 t?a j 22 & Iji III! III! Location. t • ■ 1 1 1 • 1 • 1 t • 1 • • &S^ a'goe ISsa is i i 0 0 5 ® SSIZifc • • • c3 • : : i 0 : : : : : ?* ': : c ; -.S| ^ 1 1s 9 :i 41 U 41 iJz? PiPh P4P^ C?P 6 : : & : : 1# iiisii \rm |o 5 ii 14 1 11 iS %o 0 >a; : a « • » « • 1 ii S III SBS8S SI si SIS Ills siill I STATISTICS OF SECONDARY INSTRUCTION. 375 1 1 lliii lllllll -M i i i i i II 1 i : I : II i ef *ft r-T rH C»o O :3 3 o o :*°1 j O © o o 200 50 1, 200 ! 210 ! 050 300 1, 500 500 1 i 1, 200 186 2, 000 500 200 | 1 : : jiftCQ • CO • 15 50 0 ^ • i : ^ • co • • ^ • 4 40 7 Tf 00 O 00 . I io o • • 00 o 00 o “8 J s “ C- j to 74 15 :§S§ ooiomt^H Tf» ^ (N •*« 2S 49 250 40 192 12 g ; 8 100 522 100 § Is S § g S3 «|gg| §§3 | SS g | SS g S§ | g S| g H(NHHW q * 11 ° 12 1 cT .Q ill llll illlll ill i" r 3 \ Students. •asanoo esaatsuq jo {Biojoraaioo ui joq ranjq M - : s a P Qf il 3 : 2 ! =1; 11; s jnumum »i i i ;i Jj : : • 1 ^isii-as ^ISIJJUsUSSl 1 & S o © 9 « * £ a a % e t |l «1 1 S* i all 1 : Sl>* > Sfi'-a 1 4 i o i il |il ill ill pftS a“S Dover Academy, Normal and Business School. Du Quoin Seminary . il il 1^: i!: a!' *IH! i il i : : i : i.:J : i i t J| • i i ii -ss ; ! i I liJil ilifSi; i S 3 1 s 1 ^ a5 § i ^*1 1 IPIlf f@ i ililiii S ®«j4®£S'Sdo'3j Location. «( If, i r if il ris= 111 a2l i i Jj 1 1 1 1 i ! a ii or 1 & S Qi iS. !f It awi • i ■ • • • 1 " 1 • 1 » » 1 a • « • i • • ■ i i • i i . • •■•((■••■III! a §■«•■•■•••••• a i i • i I ■«•*••• i a , > i l • • • a « i • i • i i •■••■■■•••••• i i a • • • • « ' • • ‘^2 • « < 1 • • » i i*-; ■ a 1 — h » « > i i II I II llll 8881388818188 STATISTICS OF SECONDARY INSTRUCTION. 377 « 1 • hi- i • §"“S S' : it § §'8‘ llll 1 WVJtf g CO I I i I il il in rt n o eg • cT of co © is « t-“ g sss §°s sss ss n s 80 & s! ? £ ®ei S I 2 o o © vn 83SS : « C*1 • 1,200 II 1 i it II 1 *8 1 200 500 500 300 600 350 300 100 800 350 500 *8 1 o © ^ O ' 2 • Csl ; ® : |8 .so o i il o : • • frl ;8 © CO © : :000 is S : 8 S ;S ; - r-< O O a a : :S?S 2 : s *3 SS 109 100 100 s ss |8 '■# © g • g O 2 2 ® CO -H g g ^ O So ?J O O O © O §5 OOO'iSS © Table 28. — Statistics of private schools for elementary and secondary instruction for 1885-’86, * t-» CO 0(0^ iO CO CSI 00 ID 60 144 18-30 30 26^ 24 32 20-30 20 21 •A'aujqiT hi saraapA jo aaqomjj <4 00^000 o ooo • « o CO O O ID iO ooo » ^ o TjilOCJ rH • ?3 • CQ O ID CQ CD CO Students. •asanoa gsamsnq ao ■[BTOjammoo m'jaqum nj; M H iD t> iD • • O L- CQ | CQ CQ O • ■asanoa (8jaqana^ 1 jo i^rajou ui jaqninjvi; 2 1 O CQ rH . . . o CQ j j qooqas oqi^uaxas jo aSet qoa joj: Smiedaid jaqmnKj 2 1 CQ "» 00 00 oo JO 9JV(l E 'o r3 ft ^ § M | I n | '. 0 _o :§S_ ; : cS £_j £_( 1 • 1 • • i © i • • • • ti> .«4 ^ 23 O ^ H '.S’pjS >?e ?h.3£h «3 f- c © • . © P S2r ©02 © O O =s ^ • ;x© is «-* ; >i © >1 3* H(3^ © g- Sp^ &*.S Mgs 2 2 *t> P PPP«502 O r~; • 0(1 as 2 >»© o 2 t-P rc-g 7o^*hO .2^3 f.l&oj® PHa^ §‘5 £■£ © & Pi © >nPPP 5* © © tSr3 fc( 0^0 &2-S , flos ® ®P g ©5 3 8 © a 2 OH WJ. O . J Hi Hg|w 5 ^KH “b^i i* « « H P Hh6p cb >;h ^C«2 ►A S'©! |>, . . *3 g a >,>, ,rf Ssg 3r£ 'g © © O ”^8 ^ ^ RigP ®^^ c3 1 M * §1 |s-8§S-s 5 WWP W O S -;Eos =* ePSdfe^^ a Ps >- © _o © ®^ =5 ©.(-I ®M M °5S -^a© ©- op^'SVSi * lolJlH| | rN O) <1? fe e3 go Hi2m © fcC §r^,8 3 | ©^ is^-s PSflo j s § a S^OQQQQ P PPPP OH s i ©5 © (B HP 00 O O H (M M TjaO CD CO CO ^ -r#< rf -rr >rJH ^ CO CO CO COCOCOCOCO CO H D1 CO lO lO i© CO CO CO ID CO iqiQ>9 CO CO CO STATISTICS OF SECONDARY INSTRUCTION. ;70 mi i iiili i in § i Tf V of o* «-T jrtJoVj" « ill! 8 - tfgf ii iiili 88 88828: 8 88? ss f 1 SI1 Is ! f filsI 1 1 fr- • 1 1 III ; § l, 200 700 214 700 50 3, 500 72 1, 000 100 1° g IS "SEES CO j of 1 C5 0 O 8 8 5 0 0 6 61 44 5 © ..3 © O S “:3 S H Q Ills mill g 111 g ss SB 1 SEE IS 1 IS 11S1I1 1 I ic a a SS 33 ^ a a M a a" -=5'5 „-® © “-^§■3, tb — ~ a a mill 1 From Report of the Commissioner of Education for 1884-85. a lias use of those belonging to Iowa College. Table 28. — Statistics of private schools for elementary and secondary instruction for 1885-86, - oo i ■ §f gcg || •- LC 1 1 o 1 c ! > a b 111 11 Ii 1 : cs 2 • ^ . • © d * mm > H i-s o : g © oh & -~fE iUftHsii fell \ 1! 1^1 lolll Is 11 iO^CM CO Ho O K£ j : - : ) .2 is ii ni ialS'Sisil I 2 S H; : pv So. : >5 ii II gg s ^ 3 g i fc s* 1 1 : ti i ►» Sni 4 ?! * g* ill I II I 11 ■12! 11 11 1 II > > i « : c ;| maim iSisau. ©o' 1111 11 11 § SIHIIS1S333 414 I Louisville, Ivy . I Sacred Heart Literary and I Very Tie v. F. Robert, STATISTICS OF SECONDARY INSTRUCTION. 381 § : ilillisillll l ; II llii 11111 •III •ill! £ ! o" o" r-T o7 uo ri CO «3 CO ©* ^* 00 • r-TcT I-T O 1C o • ^ ^ *G • “'tfs*"' : HOffl irf iff ; mimn a n n ”-"-i n !S$ 22 2 IS" £ 1 CO 0 . 0 400 0 8C0 I 400 0 0 0 72 5C0 500 120 CO 200 1 200 ; o CO aM j CO j jrH 00 o 37 3 0 cs o • a 43 . .4^ .43 ij in? is i jij £o2 43 43 43 43 .+3 I i'll 1111 C 3 OOs3 . o ! ! l. | ||ll|l||i|is |1 i| mi l|l|i mi :i l § l a ^ ^ ” - S* . i-i « PS 5. rH S« “Mg dig 2-2 JsgJ 5« i I E. §| : H&* >4 * ®^s £ 12 i is 1 !.-§ | s?I-iS lull £ 3 « ® 2 £6 ^5. PR 1 1 i-3 gpR 1 Ulliifsill i| s =iis.§a ic liHl^lill *1 &gl!£l£&£a i* 1b k m i ! iiKliil rm IZ n 02pR S<3^3 ill II Hill s ,2 ^ ;{ ill “”=5 S"*- 1151 OWEr 65 6 2 % 1 Jl 13 Ph >4t^ * 1 1 ' >5 i w& i !£ !4 . . >-. >5 & -T >5 >.'-1 ; JZ >-■ S) - si ««*'•• I II I. 3 fc g I! II m!! 6 a ii iiir * ^iTllUJi a 43313 -.5.5k § 5£l^p|.= c§5i S 3s £2~.S .5222 o 52 * = £ £2 * = Eo mio t>>^^ 2-5^5 ££ | HISSHSHH SI 13 Sill Hill 3113 rr^ ^ T? >? From Report of the Commissi oner of Education for lSSl-’85. a In collegiate department. b Valuo of grounds and buildings. c Value of api Table 28.— Statistics of private schools for elementary and secondary instruction for 188f>-’86, O • CG » • T— 1 1— 1 § 00 ■ OH o ■ 1-10 esi •38.11103 oiraap -bob jBpngaj nx jaqxan>j; S S 3 § g ; * is E2 3: iS 3 •I^oi SI S 8 § S 5 § S3£S §28 §3 3 ~ IC^-> ® 2 B u h4spihs S f u J f 1 g|i j mn c if '5 ? •&; | M s !| ^ • P3 c : !- is ; i 4 :•» y zil ;§ 2 !|p: 12 j !|4 4m 5 ts ^ 1 £ cm O I . 1 • 1 • ^ 1 ' • 1 III *M 1 1 • 1 • • • • z ' • • . * >5 ^ • • • : a i *; -2 & %J> i ill 4i jy 1 3 2 S 44 |!| I ! f t ell |4= fill ||4 III -s *s -•= -*s o --f3 c ® £ Ph Ol 02 02 02 tn DC O PP 1 <1 P I 1 il | ; = !o j j| 1 !M il£l is i! i ! ij? i3i| Ml Slg-i illtil ill1!!1! . S G 1 F* 14 * lll| MM 4MMj j M .-Ilf e i : « i:i!t!i«y i ni o’g|°5o*?t-sc 1 |V= r= S-=- © PU-2 i’S ;* 1 s ,5 H !2; ^ ^ H • CO j .Hlft ClsfCCLO *° i i 3° i 8 £ 2$ : i 0 ;s« 32£Sg 10 170 66 22 S i 0 § 3 3 Sgffgggggggg S 8 £ S £ Si; §3 ggg HMCC ^ ^ CO *h • o h - Non-sect. 111 c a a 0 0 0 ££ ^5 1 G T C' ^5f iiljl, jscc'ao; root st : iiJ 1 a c § a = 0 ® 0 2 1 1. ! 5 "3 ; 'a ps \ ji K. a ^ ^ I 1 I 3 C SK PS O O’ p £ £p- ii j 1 i 1 * i 0 | II II :| 1 1 1 !§!!!!!!§ 1 | - 1 i l 1 1 1 III 1 II l j 1 O s ll II i 0 j i • • ill il i il ! 1 « tH * i-H * 0 0 5» i 1 s 2 : 3 ; *< i=ss 5-3 f 1 I ik Ml s S M In I H HHS 2 .o § ls!|f|lEl 1 sos-cOaco in **1 a 111 3 lat l ^ O © c ■B © C C C [I 1 s ic=i U'Ji M &■" s ■ o S la s II & a ^ £ 3 : :\ . pC O ’ r^3 "© r*3 § •r- . . — — — — C®*C’ ►P ^Jz;^ Ph ;i.0„ i-fsfi-ll|*l2l iff H I sllli|l| iifislsr I'll fill 111 ~ ^ 3 ‘-3 = 3 =•“-•“ r-rrri s s rzn s i.i go 1! Ill • «,«- »- 5- JS3 - = §3: - ®3 £3 .= ’ 3 §e3 £55 o 55 3:5 1 §i! S5S g SSSSSM3S9 | § | | | | |s| | || |s| From Report of the Commissioner of Education for 1884— ’85. a Includes board. & Value of apparatus. Table 28.— Statistics of private schools for elementary and secondary instruction for 1885-’86, Continued. 384 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. •snjBJBddB pun ‘fe’Saippnq ‘spnno.i§ jo onxBA © ri $18, 000 2, COO 4, 000 10, 000 80, 000 250, 000 3, 000 10, 000 15, 000 30, 000 14, 000 7, 000 2, 400 10, 000 40, 000 1.500 3, 000 10, 000 8. 500 •aoijrnj joj ogjBqo XBnnuy $24-40 20-40 26 a280 a256 20-75 25-60 40 0 16-32 25 «250 a230-300 40 20 0 a500 0 1GJ O rH O CM \£jBaqn nr seumxoA jo jeqcanft; H H (MOO • lO CM • 2, 000 1,600 2, 500 O OO aeon OOO « O O O •L'»OQ OOO • TjH U5 O i CM O lO • Total. •9S.nioo eeonrsuq .10 XBio.i9tauioo ni .i&qurn^; M CM • CM « • O • CM •esanoo ymqoBaj jo {crajou m joqnxn^i PN o • : : : : i ° : i : ; i ; • •',001108 ogtjueios jo ogex qoo joj gnijudaid jaqamjvj; r r io ; • CO • rH . CM i o • • o • » • rH * * CO * * CO • rH •98jn00 01CU9|) -bob JB[nS'9J nr J9qranx © IO • * o CM 05 • 00 CO 00 IO • ‘CM • CM ^ CM • • CM • t> c> • o Cl ' rH •Ibjoi © 1 ^ « O ^ rH oo -h* cd O CO O to in 1C O H 00 N OOClC CO Nt< CC t- rH CO O ro OO CO CM t- M CO O O h t> CM ID CM CO •ejojonjjsnt oxBrao^j; 30 CM CM CM • 'OH ' 'HO iH ID CO © CO CM HHi> rH * * th IIth • •BJOJOnJJSUl 0[BX^ h rHloj jeoin O rH ; CO MNH«HN rH • rH •no 8BAS. •uoijBnruiouep snoigijoxi © *^oes-uox 4-3 • S H©4^>HH • • +=> . -JH +3 4-3 O O • « O £5 OOO* *0*000 o O • • 0) ft OOO* »0‘000 ® co • • m roco«j* * m cn m xn i § §o °§l o§§^ s§!§§i Non sect. Non-sect. Tjon.ijsnt joj panodo jsjg ttoijn^tjs’at qorqAi nt JB9_i *» CM CO ’ CO CO l- L - • CO ^ CO CO • CO CO P- CO CO * CM -rH COOCt^COl>CO CO 05 L-J I" . r- CO t- t>- CO I ^ lO rH CO cao » 2 SSSSSS S' CM OO oo in °° S M9JJBqO JO 9JB(X CO 00 * *r8 'H* • .-o CO . CO CO O CM ■ 00 00 ° . CM CD . rH rH CO <-> > CO : lO CM ooo00 . 00 00 | j Principal. M a c rg*- |jj • o . 1 u* mi H 2 l c c a > C 3 ^ & e*. > C 1 a ? i i s : : \X< : i g : h'S'S < ® 0 ;|m g^i . §2*, i O t> ? ffl ^^■“34: Itev. Arthur J. Iticli, A M., m. d., rector. James C. Kinear, A. M . Henry C. Hallowell, A. M Parke P. Flourney . George R. Cliwearer . Mrs. W. F. Stearns . William G. Goldsmith, A. M. Pl.oUP TTull £ 1 . i J 4 li Miss Delia T. Smith . Edw’d L. Underwood, A. s. Name of school. « i-c •Si "c3 ' 32,433 23, 000 10, 000 50, 000 10, OCO 3,000 200, 000 15, 000 25,000 3, 000 100, 000 25, 000 5,000 : i i » 9§ S 8 1 IS 8 88 °S s i 1 8 g §3 82 S|§ a350 25 12 21-27 6 60-150 75 11 1 1 SI s j 8 1 CO 008 000 ' Z 11 250 200 1,000 200 g : : 2 : ;■ : i ■ ! ° ! • rH • • • • • o • to oc gl 00 • • C5 * f2 2 ■ ( 3 8 §2 8 : : eS §8 8 00 j 5? 3S33 £8 8 S S ^ §2 g ^ §S S3 SS 3 38383 3 rH rH lO ^ CO O N Cl N CO - : O 00 H CO m CO rH ort of the Commissioner of Educat ion for year 1884— ’85. a Includes board. Z> JTor non-residents. c Value of apparatus. Table 28. — Statistics of private schools for elementary and secondary instruction for 1885-86, fyc. — Continued. 386 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. I •sn^jBddB pun ‘sSarpxmq ‘epunojS jo 9iqeA ( 1 i! t :c o, uuu 225, 000 20, 000 13, 000 25, 000 15, 000 200, 000 •ill! Hill ; : § 8 SSf g»8-'S' ; •uoRma joi oSjnqo xnnuirY j wi g °g§§ g° fgi I * l ** !8 5 ‘8 °S 838888 " 2 3 5" •£r&iqr[ in eanuqoA jo jaqam 2 i * ill IS all ■ r-T^T evT CO r- i i s § ii 111 r : w II rH rH Students. •GBjnoo seauisnq jo inpaamoioa ui jaqranNj; . ft i is §°° : i i : : i S i i°S •asinoa (BiaqaBax jo intnjou tit jaqtnnNf « ° c ■ • ■ • j * cq o i i ° i qooqos oppporaps jo alJa[ qoo jojgnijndajd jaqmn o • co • • r> • j ^ i § s wooo • • •asjuoa oxuxap -non jrqnijaj ui jaqransr © 3 S i ^ : ; ms 5 ; ; § 8S 5 :3 T*?®! © 3 3§ 3 g |S £SgSSS •sjoijonjisui epsma^ GSD CO r-l rH CO (M ^ O CC rH 00 lO |> rH lO C j o|i ! ! o s I M i i ◄ cc, § h, j a 1 I : : : : : : > « •§ }{ • ; ■ : ; = . p : . : :sa :?h : : ! :0 ■ 'O : I • >i > p • • i :goS 1- £>,! min. iii ilillil!!' flilili# iSS-S-slaSl- ii 1 i i i i •I ? 1 ll Si! I%f° 4 l|J&i H-lll! ill!!: !|i'i! ijliii; WI fti : ; ii : :◄ | ll ut Location. 1 j m fSI ^ a Middleborough, Mass.. Mt. Hermon, Mass . Nantucket, Mass . Now Bedford, Mass - Newburyport, Mass — New Salem, Mass . North field, Mass . Koxoury, jnass . Iloxbury, Mass. (16 Rockland street). Shorborn, Mass . South Lancaster, Mass. Springfield, Mass - Springfield, Mass. (141 lliph street). Waltham, Mass . Westford, Mass . Wilbraham, Mass . Jl! 1 £&' -oo i mi ii mi i s ii miss STATISTICS OF SECONDARY INSTRUCTION. 387 lllll 1 : 1 m ii ii ill! 1 i S'^SS** S' : e •g'S 1“ >' is'^-'a' s' i ii ii li iiiiiii i on ©~ NfP ouoin-o^^r o II = » « s 2 S3 3| |S?g|Sg§ SSp §1181 11 W tM 111! 009 II ills ss 11 * P j o y—* o oomo *—00 ea c- tj< eo r-t : rH CO ri^«JS«iaT> NMCOH y-KSdrH (N CO 3ra ■ ■ | ; : S § 'Mx-ri ;^0 = 5 OO 0,0 ~ sOO SC ££ ?4f4££ gpfas I ill If © o t § o«_ j ill 111! lllll II llllllll llll mi || i.I!i| MM !i ,milM i^p3i5« SlrtJHWlM h l! 3 ii4 & d- 2 c.5o-3p S' la I o o — !§^8|| oo .s if? TM PNSP Issls sb ssssasis Ills ms Is 11 lllllll §111 From Report of the Commissioner of Education for year 1884- 85. a Includes hoard. 6 Charge for a month. Table 28. — Statistics of private schools for elementary and secondary instruction for 1885-’8G, -non jbxu§9j n’t aaqumsT © £8 is 3*° 3 i SS38S TnojE © § S3 ||3sS|SS| S3 S 5 ££S3§ •gjo^otujsux 9|Bai9q; 00 «og'S.:o-"5 • 2 S .Haovg i a^Igwgg'Ja^Bg g ! a jg! w flg^oa 1 1^2 . . 0 t>3„ .^> © 0 ..... i H lijtifill !3 1 1 if if! i . f i irf m* §i ; i mi i 1 1! Mil! P « 1 Will l if miiifii si |f«j3 s-^gggw^oas ?!|S! |sii3SI§s?ls s 0 1 1 7 b £ ' a & 1 Ii iljilhi! ii i i |ji!| i is @JM«! !j 1 3 ? S= lllllllll If 1 1 ll| || 3 II S3lsss§§a IS I 1 sills STATISTICS OF SECONDARY INSTRUCTION. 389 liiiiii ill :iii S'i8‘ iiiii I ill II iiiiiiiii Hilt t"' t-T Iff O C'i" O O* gOiaVoiSOnV cTtViOO" i iff!" I fs I 8§gg2&f°2 £3£2f 3 3 SP § g g 11111 § m 000 I 003 0 3,000 0 1,200 600 600 8iS8S°8a o _, £ so © Ill'S *2111 iifal I iiiaiiif m i : o s© M,3 « *3 ©,5 slUWSIl MOf££SSS5Hfc a©5*© * a 8a 5 mil s S^-Ss^ © 88S8& S co©c|ac' sa =a„.^L ., . Ifiilili!-! IIIIIIIII! o o £2 © © 111! §1^-1! £ !i i a =£•='§ S OOOOOO^K^O o*3 ®~ 2 £ © 1 sit 2 III a § d. O |lf f5 © © -r • ..saHaS^j ssfSiigps Uliilllli! ^SS.SS.Ss^0 8888888883 3133331183 1 111 m llliillll 88818 g From Iteporfc of tli© Commissioner of Education for year 1884:— ’85. ft Includes board. Table 28 .—Statistics of private schools for elementary and secondary instruction for 1885-’86, SfC— Continued. 390 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. •snjBJBddB puB ‘B^aipxiuq ‘epunojS jo 9iq0A. H $3, 000 10, 000 10, 000 10, 000 20, 000 2, 500 10, 000 0 11 1 “1 - l mu • o' cT cf cf 3,500 • uotjiTij joj 9§iBqo xpnnav « 8S SSS fsssggs 85 S * " IS i S •AjBjqjx at sotnrqoA. jo JDqainNX « §8 ll ii° i li 11 : in ; 811° :1 | 1 1 CO •9S.U103 8B9UCSnq jo jEiojocmnoo ai .loqumjj; n H o j ; ; ; ; . .... to \ ; c > i i10 '9BJU03 ^JjqOBdJ jo x^cajod ui .laqcanvr ft O' j j j j *! ! 00 qooqos oqtjaoiOB jo qoo joj Saijcdajd J3qcanx : ! g° 32 : : :S8 § ! ; 00 s 3 > •9S1U00 occaap -130X5 jejnSaj: ui joqainsj s § : 2S£ £35 : S5 § : 2S32S3 • rl CO s§ •I«;ox 54 | 2g§ SS £3£2S3 3 -H HH -1 »H CM — CO •sjojonixsai 9^0013^ 30 rHT* *M55 (NiMCiOfflH O j ; CO | 05 CO 05 PS J T-t •siojonijsat QtBj^ CO CM CO PS CO NH ' Tf iO i H j ll 2 id iil a • a o • o ■aoijonjjsui joj p3U9do js.iij bbav uotjnjijsui ipupu. at JB3_£ *3 II III llll ill II II II 1 ill | \I9JJBq3 JO 9JBQ II go o|og || o 1 Hi CO ■ S : <=> o : rH • • • i 1 M £; a ii & 6 m mi P= Is Mi : = : y j. ! ill i| 1135 mm a • a : : 4l ;2-3 2; !|S f *J2 8? :0 2 HC ill I, t • J t 2 ^ S If =1 3 j n a O § < o ! fe | 1 2‘h 1 1 u a . ! x r}( ci o « o o m oc HTrOiODCOXrr o •gjo;onjj8ui Qxxjaie^ O O O C l r— « T-i CO •SIO^DIIJ^SUl 9IBJI rH • . T-I O I-1 I^COtOC « Cl CJ CJ •nopBuiuioiiep 8110131793; 5 © 2 bJC-^ CJ Q , , P.0 CO P-l P-i ® ffi ^ • rr} tr. tr. .P ^ g g g P.g.2 ■ a a o >00 :fc jz? « •uoponj^sui joj p9nado ^ejg SBiV uoi^n^sni qotqAV trt jnag T-I CC O t'- © lr— -3< 00 CO © OO GO CO 00 00 CO 1-H t CO 00 < go oc : IOCIOOIO uajJBqo jo 9Jcq; o 00 Cl rr 10 f: « o 00 00 oc 00 00 m —4 c: »o irjooe X) 00 00 00 «}£ g S © > O pH ^ PH p-* £ o ^ aM G ■< 2 • ■ ■ < « a a ; : a'’.® j : : M © .3 a HJ®Ok ®.2o &«i cas ^ M.0 § 02 -.2 0-2 © a Mni ra-a ®o 0 . >~J <1 r S-" fana ^2 Jh I aS ^ v- (>’ !> > & 2. 'uA © © ©a e8 © . KaaRoaa, ;r3 c ® « o So § a Sis >>2-* g C* ^ 5 rP c5 yi.a«-r a a K- © « © S a ©«J- (5 P3 <3 & o k1 m g4 f} o K S £.1 § r © T. :oS m 5 © •2 > q « : 2 2 : e s^k :-5'3L*-S;2 bS a ® 5 o «||^2|il||f5 ..-5,2 a g Sr S.'cv, 5^5 S $ Sr-S 2 tt ^ §Ci5" - ^ CC M cS ^ ■ Q!2 : :k Ucd^a : mo^.Cn' ^ o o ^ C2 -4J :K : 111 js « 8 *? : • • J : : ^aaaJe; 55qcc.h3^- ”3 ! •■3 fh~ *%£ ® t a a a « C O a-i = i a a 3 ,2 ,® §d tr. it g a -r r5;aM RPQ L- t- t - t- t - r+ IG -C f' OO O O -- <- u- I- — L'— tr— tr— l- l> STATISTICS OF SECONDARY INSTRUCTION. 393 § ® g o s' a' II ic o' Is § ill i s' SSg s' illiii OOWOCifO g g g gg§ 3 I **3 A $ s§ sss ggstssssss l! s=> sis 3“ s I g 8 I Ills II II I PS§ r-T -r !£!ss 09 - cT g a S g §s: S : :gS2£8 g gg | g £j! S3 g S 3 £333 3KS §SS2gg I 1 ~ S ^ .A o* ^ - ~ ‘-'t = !ss=v niiiir £ c/ . rr C C O _ l1.~C<539Sie=^ a ^ ^ & s | Sfl@ ^ - £ :-i|!l jpii *zi £ £ fcj . © © © fe;l||5----W"s sagSrsjfss ■?« HI fi! *««»* §»!> : J2 m s S o c-5 © © © % g£ gg g g gggggggg I g ggg g gggg g|g ggggggggg From Report of Commissioner of Education for voar 1881-85. a Includes board. 6 Private library. Table 28. — Statistics of private schools for elementary and secondary instruction for 1885-,86, $o. — Continued. 394 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. •SnjBJBddB pus ‘sJ»aipxinq ‘spunojS joanpc^ , 181=1 :! 1 1 : llll :| wVwgo jo o © j o«cooc j^r u j ^ ! 1 : 1 Ii s‘ •uoijmj joj aiojuqo xunuuy SS :S’g§| § §§ | : S” 25 3 1 g§ g § •Xrejqit trt sauruxoA jo jaqma£j * " mis ii 1 ii in ~r : of of ■ O li i Students. •asjnoo ssautsnq jo {siojacunioo ut jaqiuujsf ?? g : : : § ij2 :S i : ° ! ; •osjuoo t9.iaqaB9i jo ibiujou ut jaqtunx ** f i • 1^5 iii * i o iii * • ' -i * - O | • qooqos opijuaioe jo a#ax -Xoa JojSatJBdaid jaqninv^ mi i°° :«§ : i i 00 j co j ^ •asjnoo oituap -bob JB[ii3'aj ut jaqcuusx s w is § SS Is a t*we 55 1 ”§ 2SS§ SSS gg § •SIO^OTLtJSUI ajEUtaj ® ' >t- • -*1 -SJ '••'on , • «ii •*tJ ■ ' ' +2 g § ■ ... iii if i fi Hi? 1121 iii ! ft J|l llllsll 1 II &11 * i d i i : | :| : i j i J®£ K 1 2S| |s s ; gM=« LjH £ i 111 5 ! !| i i <|S M 1 t O z x. 25 iiiiiii 1 11 iiiS iii ii I i| if i|| | \i iijj. iii ii s | *§ . j JL -sw> -g Iff i !i!1 1 1, Sllllll I IMlftll a P Locution. «( 1 1 1 * 1 1 1 © CO i i «'. 1 1 1 1 1 1 t> . 1 l«. SoS : : i^a^ • iH i i^ K&sstt: ® 2i ^ i2’ >; x ^ — 3 J ® S i S i % qf e 5 p.£^532-a-^ = 5 =Cl‘=r <3 «3 <3 i I1, i¥ ' iHssggfia i 11 IS Hill ; A? pa PS P gggsssg g ss ms Us II § 395 STATISTICS OF SECONDARY INSTRUCTION. S S 8 S 83 | 2 15 s li • oo o © ££ gfi" £g 55 11 1 III IS iliisi i ©'jeT © ^t»g“ cm in ooWgg o* I ii M 88' 512 g 5sj aj jiffsr | s | ?s Is li I 111 S3 Hills I 8 ’88 ~ |( 8 g & : :s 8 85 SS538 : 8 8 § §8 55 |8S8 5 ||S 5c |8|§g§ | 5 8 Hill1! «ll® Sill; »rn Report of the Commissioner of Education for year 1884-’85. a Private library. 6 For non-residents. c Includes board. Table 28. — Statistics of private schools for elementary and secondary instruction for 1885-?8G, $c. — Continued. 396 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. •snjujBdtfB puB ‘sSarpjmq ‘epanojS jo ohjba ■H $100, 000 2, 500 7, 000 15,000 19, 949 a 25, 000 27, 000 20, 000 20, 000 1 1 :i i § s jf if “• •nopiuj joj oSjBqo pmmiy 1 i |Sp§ §S |pg-| S|| f | •XiBjqn m sanmjOA jo jeqran^T i : mi! i i mi i in s i ; of | cm" t-T cq CO • tH • CO OQ ^ j O •ejojouj+eai gpej^r CQ rH rHrHCOiM • lO CO ^ • t> W-JUl T-l j •aopBuimoTOp snoiSipjj j 1 Hill 11 11 L . a c a’-: c s sc fis • o c o - CO o o c o ■ : yA AAoAA AA ££ :p; ilMJ ! > c gs'c; g h j £ 'A fU •aoijonjjein joj pauodo jsjij SBA1 uoijmijsai qaiqji. ni jboa I i mil || in 1 III 1 1 •jajjBqo JO OJBQ : | HI! : || || i l ill I i 1 Principal. M i ; i i iri : ; ! sq i| *r 1 if i i i 1 i ip U ! ijj t :i| j i i ; & i|jj i gi * i ? i N S^ss ^ oSb 1- d | = aglMj rk J“2h s H <1 bbiHS o H^O < % 1 o i ; >5 ^ i 1 ^ ^ ^ 2 a SS3 > fc i S §§§ S ! limit n p poo o a i i iiSii is Ills I III I § STATISTICS OF SECONDARY INSTRUCTION. 307 g 1 : 11131s lil SSSS III I e* -r j -^c-' ofioacr oc r«Tcf ef o" af iri" to* to' o oo 000 ‘s* I j d\, 500 60,000 100, 000 50,000 ?; *8 Sgf3 K§2§ SmS 3 200 50-200 150-300 65-200 75-250 100-250 250-350 50 100-200 175 100-300 i ii grsii in in rtV -T r-T c374 72 1, 000 200 : : g § 1 § : : : : ^32 : § is 3 : : i i 00 : § § CM ; ; ; :S§ : 3 is § :§ o 3 «; ;■ I'JNO t* iO « O Cl h- • j ^ O O § s S : :§S£®s §33 Sg§ : S 5 200 6 42 OO 85 3 | §5 s§3||5 3ss SgS 3| g S § S § 3 II g § CM rH05 r-l CM ■ 05 CO It ^ CM CM t-MHO C5 •<* lO 05 05 j U5 CM t- CM 00 o ! w i 2 2 5 1 0 1 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 2 H N • r HOCJIO | OO* IQ iH V5 • ^ t> Non-sect. Luth Non-sect. § 3 ! ! ! i §“ § £ i 6ft : : :&pp ftp o o CO o 1 rf O ^ CD • T7I <*? cm • • 1 | 1 o . O O O CM . ^ O O • -ee- o o m mow o t- m m ca cvi cji L a o i r o TT O CM O T-« T-l CO O 'O lO rH IT5 O O co CO O lO •ejojonjjsai ejBaiaj; ^ CD CM O • N O N « O • CO •sjojonj}sai 9iBjq; * CM lO rH r-l 00 O rH O 05 i CO CM •aotjBniraouop snoiSqa^j a © m © a * rr © © ro ^ row* g J § § ° ^ P5 P- 1 1 O • O i « CJ • © • « m * m • • a : i is o k ^ : ft pm p. i •aoijonjjsat joj pauodo je.uj 6BAi uorjnjjjsat qoiqAL ui JB9^ <3 t>- O CO O O O r— £*- r-t O 05 00 to O CC luo «5 l- tA O CO t> 00 O O CC 00 CO CO 00 00 CO 00 00 QO COOQCO •jopreqo jo 9jB 3 H ® ^ J | S 1 ; " “ o t- 3 m ^ fl • a © ^ ►» o a S ^ « S c : t 1 s ^ J 3 w 0 c r. 1 S 3 • * © • 2 • • S ! ! ; • 4 ci ro • : : 1 ” : . ^ : 'S ^ « • C j I ^ «.s "i | ; 3 1 1 k,3 -J g « I | 1 § n £ 5 3 3 Sg ^ 1 0 ® o3 £ 3 * - V- s- H J2© 0 5 ^ S P* cc 1-3 iz 4 ) 5 3 £ 3 5 Name of school. fi* * © Js W f © f -5 < £ 0 © A r © ( ’© .S £ pi O * • co ! ; a s © a 1 _C3 O S j 3 'So "3 'p ' 3 3 so S “ : ’c © <1 p 3 Q ~a a 1 2 ^ _© jg c o g 3 ^ *■ 3 g £ & t £ r< fer-i ^r-1 ^r3- ®H o a S Jr* 9n sr* ;m s< S'" Sri Cn Or3 4Gth STATISTICS OF SECONDARY INSTRUCTION. 399 ill §Ts“ s' 8"288' 111 II cTr-T Its SD © I II 111 s' as' 20-G0 . 100-250 . 20-60 60-250 30 300 60 100 21 27 c20 9-24 dl60 50-100 40-75 6-15 30 54 21 20 32-52 32-60 40 (Z400 27 21 26 32 48 111 ! ? i 111! _r : ■ r-r r-r 1 Ills li r-7 1 11 11 1 0 ; ! ; 1 ! ; ; ; ; « i'-s j : i 00 O • • rH CO 0 • • • • • • . • • h • ■ • • j ! ! ! ! 0 !°8 j i j j 8 j 22 : : « 2 : ^ 8 : ^ |8 !& 8 w8 8 22 "H8'° i S § i S : ^ " jsgs 8 £288 £8 8 3 8 §8 23 i r-, £ S 8 g 8 S 5 g I®gS« § £888 Sg 8 g 5 § 8|o5 I 05 00 OO 10 CO ^ (MCO^CO O OaiHCOCO HO t> rH 03 05 COTj- onyB^ I i $100, 000 0 40, 000 25, 000 i mu i ii S 3 II ; ; • : : ; •uoijmj joj aSjBqo jBnuiry 1 « : i § sj 111 s 4e3 •itieiqn nr satrmyoA jo jaqara^r * i ” | 1 i is § j 1 isii I ii j rH nil j Students. •esjnoo ssacrtsnq jo piojaniraoD ui'jaqmnx w i i ° : i O'* o •asinoo ^jaqosaj jo innijon ui jaqomx ?> : ° i : H j J O qooqos opijuaps jo aSay -yoo joj gniJBda id jaq ran^ 5 i § ° : : 1 LO M C O I i-» 1ft ; O •asjnoa oiuiap -bob jBynSai m jaqnrax £ S 3 3S 3 (M issfj : S |S i*S : ^ *mox 5 § 3 | 8 3£Sg§ S S •sjayonjjsiiT aycuiax X CO t-t- cc b- O H O CJ C i R Hi if J ii : g § § : § I Si [ 'Att i :!2i ph }2;p- ill 1 ill! ! •uoiyonijsiii joj panado 8B.ii iioijnjijsai qaiqn ni JBax. 1 1 ii 1 1 mil i ii 1111 1 •jeyjBqo jo ajBQ; * | ° <=> : 1111° ° 1 ! ; o ; o Principal. M S 2 : : £ * g i : s d . : : - l % £ 1 1 U! f i C ££ | «£~ ii c >.2 tpj 5.S i at! o“ ^ x a M £ a s : : is" ® : io < : : :< -2 : :d •s : : : .- ps : : * e ■ ■ ■ ■ u R jjt-2 S1-i2 r r=T*-=> >5 <£2- ! 2£R-3 s i »M S : o|IJ«s=o.»«|lj > ^ — -jz — — ; >•." s s > r > c ! SWi : >t : * * CS 1 4 it » =^l4 iisst !^!-| Narao of school. I ^ K I I ?! i 1 1 !i i 1 1 ti i III! * ^ [x qt t. ■ • ■ • ; j ■ j ? «... _ ■ «t M * : :® o ; : : 1 1 Mp ; H r * mil i m i 1 Hill 1 ||l i i i<^ i I ^l| ; ^stir.23 -- » ^ 1 J -ThJIpW o Ini : -= jcg . Jt • *C •1 £ :v. mi i ii f itsi i j 0-5 o : | . O o a U-‘Ha | s Vi : : i? : : • ' rH !* ^ t* - fe‘ fc Jl |ft I 1 !!SJ : > : > \ I n k. | • 1 > . • r1 i • ' i ■ » ' £ i : : : : : i i n ^ i fell a j Sflli £ ^!4 f Jlflf I 111 •> 352 Ii i^BO a [III 1 l|ff f )m?H H i § ii i s mu s iiitiii s STATISTICS OF SECONDARY INSTRUCTION. 401 1 isllilss 5" S'|“fS“'f8 I a in r-i‘ 00* fill .11 -a' " :“-' 3 11 II rn eo efo i mm to* 0*0* ef o* ill irf* V Ckf I SP3fSf?:!5g| § S°Sg S|^Sg?,2§g ’”* orici g WH o 8 ® 2hh S 1 1 Ig 3 ' o coo ; in illlil i erisfii cXt-T « I 11 ss is a ; i== «- : : : 1 ! ° 1 § jsa j as i i i : j j :®?3 00 :§ S CM CO . CO • . CM ^ • • o pc cm in : jcM ; : ; : m i S3 j® ; T* I 3 S^ : S^l CM • toojoto • • cm • »ro n o a o m CM j - 00 : : 5 :S : |S sss §2S : 00 § SS 13 is £ S SS SSSS S3 3S8S3 §S§S3??£23gS • • O O CO lO Hn J • CM • CM r-< »-I rH rH C3 rH HH ' H CO HWWHCInHHXH t CM CM CM iO 00 liiiiijj J 11 lilj fliiiliil Ij ilffJ jij ?05“;5Hr^ o o c :,j=J ®5p.aSS®p.2 g h a £ g '£ 3 ~ ^3 -g a c c = s o s o o o c o e § g| 1.= o . -I Ilf s 3 : o o ~o c b I llllllll 1 II llll IIIIIIIII II II III |i|||||||| i§ f' J°d O £ > g> £ a g^bcd s g-=J ri« ^hkp3 llK.lt o ! pSlJli 5 £. - M’S '-£ I uurn* I * 1i1i||l-S I j5> — ” £ 3*3 2 5 I ' ■$$& 3 §* 1! 5 X.X ^ l mi ¥ M B. IIP w a . — - ll||l! oi» | mill, ££ <&<£ § - .<8 §■3.*. ,c c «:■?? ^Iss * iSIJfi £ 302^ - g mu i ill «g|£q a indc 1 •?i pi lit 3>Ji 5»1 ■ s •IHIs W~£|S S - o 3.2 a ^ J2:= s o g oo«a» . .Ill j! JIJ liifiiiilf "r^ =^° S. a <"< " >> | SE 14^511 It : • ijzi £*J > t» £fgt * **^s|s**a *■*=*? m-s.% im&M o II fill 2*3 = u : :>h <;3 S > H s>S5 g -g £« u-£ oa?H s° || || || | |1 IJllllll "35 caSBKBKi'fiS I slllilll i ED 86 - 11 Ills 26 Issssssii Si mil llllllliil Fr om Roport of the Conunioaioner of Education for year 1884-’85. a Includes board. Table 28. — Statistics of private schools for elementary and secondary instruction for lSSS-W, tfc. — Continued. 402 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. •BnjBXBddu ptre ‘sSutppnq ‘spunoxS jo anye a <8 $1, 500 2, 500 7, 000 0 2, 500 1,000 2, 000 4, 000 200 20, 000 10, 000 1,200 750 800 7,500 4, 500 •uoiainy xoj agxcqo XBrnra^- 12-35 36 ul70 20-30 15-35 40 20 0 20-46 20 20-50 12-51 1.5-80 35 •Axsxqn ^ sstapxoA jo xequimj;. g 1 °si 'll "I ° 1 ° : 47 50 1,050 Students. •asxnoo ssauisnq xo jt?i!)X9uiuio o ui xoqumjq « 2^2 j : i »®s g : ® i 06 O •9SXU0D (SX9qC)B9J xo x^maou ui xaqtnn^r e* § g i 3 10 20 15 0 qooqos oijijuaps xo eSax -Xoo xoj; gmx'Bdaxd xaqumxq z O 00 4 3 30 20 13 8 12 9 3 35 10 ■osxnoo oiraap -'bob xBxngax ut xaqoin^; © is 333 °§ 8 S gS :S rH •mox © 85 75 226 lit 115 27 58 03 110 58 147 108 125 55 50 87 65 189 75 •siojonxjsui 9]paia x • HH18 NH j ■ N US W © r- i nIO MW •sxoyonxysui 9xbj\[ COrHrH HN1^ NH-# t-4 M y-l CO NH M ; V< w •uorjeuinioaap snoi2T[9px cs iis fy m |j mu l'g“ gg'S g § 22 g 3^0 ££0 fc! Ill 2 gg a •uorjonxjsai xoj pane do jsxtj sum uoijnjijs’ui qoiqxt ui x-B9_j_ 1 1 III III II 1 1 II II II •xojiBqo jo epa O 1 ° 0 1856 1880 1880 1885 0 0 1 !«* i o c H M J. T Alderman . T,. A. Willin.ma _ _ 1 !: o & tp* 1 il ;J 5' II J, desse n. Moore, a. B . Rev. -Julius Pohl, o. s. B., director. W. B. Harris . David L. Ellis . Rev. W S. Long, A. M president. John Hardison . Rev. Wilbur F. Steele, A. M. .John Duckett . T Neal Kitchens, B. e., B. A. W J. Robards . Y D. Mooro . . . Mrs. Catharine V. K. Bon- ney. W. A. Blair . Rev. J. M. White . Name of school. Fork Church Academy . Franklin Hivh School _ Literary and Theological Christian Institution. Fremont Academy . JNauuura ii-caaemy . St. Mary’s College* . Garmanton Institute . Glen wood High School . Graham Normal College . Oak Grove School . Bennett Seminary . Greenville Male and Female Institute. Hayesville Academy . . Henderson Male Academy. .. . male School.* nibriten Academy . Claremont College* . Blair High School* . . . Holly Si>rings Institute . 1 | O ii U II . . . 0 R ‘juouiox j | . O N ‘uojinxqmM^ | : : i : : 00 | i |o ; i : ' 6 A* i « a i * 4 °- % ii’i _I1 1 4 fl 7 = — 'H? v s- r-zrs -r; 81 Iss Si l- S || §■ ihO 002) OO 05 St : : 6 [ Ofc R 25 II 1 ill ill HI Ii| |i | | || || || STATISTICS OF SECONDARY INSTRUCTION. 403 I §1111 SHSSli 1 1 mill i ill ii 111 Hi ilil N -pVm «M* -r «Vts © M fO*HWCOn 250 0 1,506 1,500 25 2, 000 1, 000 i i 1 irf o ® is is o o £ is i is i i s S3 • C- § o S jg i i i : S i i 20 52 .... . oo ic o ^ 00 lO g o S 00 ig 2S 5 g ; C* 3 114 “I 109 87 25 115 77 s S S£§ g 1 £Sg 42 130 S3S £ S § S5S £§ §£2 332 gsgg HOCCHN CO CQ 'HIOHO 22^ o o © o ! asasssa § s isini i ns n m §n mm From Report of the Commissioner of Education for 1884-’85. a Includes board. b Grounds and buildings. Table 28 .—Statistics of private schools for elementary and secondary instruction for 1885~’86, cf-c.— Continued. 404 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. •sauunddi; pins ‘sSttippuq ‘‘.qjtir.ojS xo amis a ; •Ill 2 ;sf-f ! ill! j ; j| ; ; ; .c :i mi mu i § s' as’a'"'” i •nop. in1} ioj eSxcqo [arm tty : O O O ir. S iWi ; ss^g : i \i ® so'i iAo ; " ^ T-! •- H T-\ . •Aj-Bjqrr nt saramoA jo jacpnnjs j ys4 o • * c 5 i i-i is p •i s i csf j °! 111° : -98.11100 ssouisnq | jo ]np.i9iuai03 ni aaqom^ s I j j t- • ■ • -oaiuoo .sjeqou u £ jo jsmjoinii jaqcnnjq i 2 | : j§ : • « 00 i i £ , •[ooifos oprjaoios jo oJoOf 3 ! -too JojSnLmdaidjaqimiii S3 ^ 1 i • o • c ? CO | c IQ 'O : : | "asiiioo oirn9p j -BOG jepUfoj III Joqcan^ is 3 » :.S 33SS i : : •Fioi ^ i ssssggggss sms Soe^s § •SJO;OTLi;SlII otbthoj I ® ! Cl j CQ j ;hnco j *r« IS \\ && • * >5 ! jo o ! is y p s £1 IE i j| S o Sp; ajioaS ifljj |%|1: sl« II f>£~ a1 £•3 III ;l &1 :i 1- § !? 1 li | S; .11 i f! j = "3 M Ui ?|II p5| 341 1 : H li it si U w? ti 83 tk In II !J 0& tf; SI ill' hi ■ >,<■ = 11 111 ^P a II I 11 3 <5 Location. • :Oi III W|| Ec££K j j ; jo o : • ifc if; |5^i 1=1*1 5 a. = mu 6 • oj fit !| i: 6 ft ft £.2 =g SB J j :6 ■ \'A |.s & If li ill li C? Nin iiii i, =3°° fl ESS = = I » illlsii o iiiiiiiiii in mi mu i STATISTICS OF SECONDARY INSTRUCTION. 405 § II «c=f § § s s g§ s I I - 11 §11 IlllSIlll I o' oScTco o'co o' P tjT cocci' jrT §§!ii li rfer8‘^ 5 ii i i of C5 C- H CO • CO 2 *5 CO CO CO OHO KSi CINHHHON C-l co co 3! ti ££ J Pea a .os o £ IlS :l SslII Is I i !lj I 1 SSIS I I II I I II I III III gSiiilSil II §ig|g 111! : I ig c.2£|-§ si! 1:1 Sill °tr :|lji?-ls- -Sit slll2i|£l si 1?^| mill! lit mmm 12 11111 a p PPP .PHpSi- o ! CD »D o O CM Tfi O . 1 CO CM rH II* ID 1 1 1 cn ■ ^ o o io C l CM * CM — <£r 1 > O -Tt< O O O O •OP-O cc » CD (N H N r- Tf .IDCMOO O . 1 1 1 • 1 CM • O ID CO ■ ^ • Tji ^ ^ 'CM •iCj'Bjqi] ni Benin [oa jo jQqamjsi; 2 ! 1 5,000 600 100 125 0 60 0 250 •O * • O ' o o O » * O •O • • O • O oc O • 1 O • ID . . t'- ■ O CM • » O Students. •osmoo ssouienq JO pqojgnitaoo m jgqmnjq 2 ! • 00 o • CO * CO • J • ; r©5 i • » i • i i r •gsjuoo jSjgqocoj jo jurajou ux .igqrau^r « ! ■ co o • o t— i • • II II • 1 1 1 1 1 V CQ 1 1 qooqos opijaaps jo 9^9[ qoo jojSaiJEdojdi9qam& ! ! • O' • O -H* • ■ 1 • ' O • • • O • • • CD O CO • • • •CM • ' ' CM CO • CO 1 ' • •gsjuoo otaigp -non JBjnSgj ax jgqurajq 2 1 CO ^ lO CM O O CO • t CO CM CO ^ C5 ' c > . -OHOOHiD • O 30 • • ' OOOO OCO • CO • • • rH rH rH • •m«L • 1 WON NO ID CO OOOO OMt'XOOOOOOO o WCMH l>N CO HH rH rH rH COtHiHtHtHtH •ejojoujjetn eyeaiaq; • i ID 03 ID CM ^ ID CO CM CO • • O • *D CM l> CO CM t* ID ' • CM • r-i r-l •bjojoujjbiii epepr h CM HI i CM CM O tH CM rH CO rH • ID ' • • CM rH O • •uoryBaiuiouap snoiSqaji Presb. ... Presb. . . . R. C _ Non-sect . M. E . R. C . R. 0 . M.E . P.E . Non-sect. R. C . R. C . R. C . R. C . R. C . Non-sect. M.E . Non-sect. R. C . •aoijonjjetri joj paaado jsjtj: sbai Ttoijnjijs’m qoiqM. ut iB9i 1835 1867 1875 1853 1880 1883 1862 1854 1880 1870 1870 1850 1871 1863 1863 1881 1854 1872 1845 ! | •jejreqo jo 9jn(X H 1836 1866 1856 1880 1?83 0 1854 .i O «H .O iOl> i • i h- >N iO lOOUD-. i • • CO • 00 » CO lOOCO® 1 • • rH • rH • rH • rH rH • ' Principal. M Pauline W. Halbert . Rev. E. J. Thompson, D. D. Sister Mary Stanislaus, o. S. F. R. F. Robinson . F. W. Benson, A. M. and R. A. Booth. Mother Mary Bernandine. Sister Benedict . J. L. Gilbert . George T. Kusseil, ll. b — J. W. Hill, n. A., m. i)., head master. Fred. Becher . Rev. Sister Mary, superior. Brother Bertram . Sister Mary Peter . Sister Mary Peter . Sister Mary Porpotua . Thomas M. Gatch, ph. d . . . La Fayette A. Edwards... Miss M. Maitland . Sisters of Mercy . * o o r3 o m b © B ci fc Putnam Classical Institute * .. Albany Collegiate Institute . . . St. Francis Academy . La Creole Academic Institute Drain Academy and Normal School. St. Scholastica’s C o n ve n t School. Grand Rondo Indian Agency Manual Labor, Boarding and Day School.* Santiam Academy . Oakland Academy* . Bishop Scott Grammar School. Independent German School .. St. Mary’s Academy . St. Michael’s College . St. Paul’s A cademy . A cademy of the Sacred Heart. St. Mary’s Academy* . Wasco Independent Academy. Umpqua A cademy . School for Girls and Young Ladies. St. Xavier’s Academy* . Location. i H Zanesville, Ohio . Albany, Oreg . Baker City, Oreg . Dallas, Oreg . Drain, Oreg . Gervais, Oreg . Grand Ronde, Oreg .... Lebanon, Oreg . Oakland, Oreg . Portland, Oreg . Portland, Oreg . Portland, Oreg . Portland, Oreg . St. Paul, Oreg . Salem, Oreg . The Dalles, Oreg . The Dalles, Oreg . Wilbur, Oreg . Allegheny, Pa . Beatty, Pa . 1112 1113 1114 1115 1116 1117 1118 1119 1120 1121 1122 1123 1124 1125 1126 1127 1128 1129 1130 1131 STATISTICS OF SECONDARY INSTRUCTION. 407 40, 000 ill i :£S ; 3, 000 in "’as II ss ooo ‘os 25, 000 40, ooo I is a :< II "3 1,500 30, 000 100, 000 1,500 30, 000 30, COO 22, 000 10, 000 6,000 40, 000 10, 000 4, 000 10, ooo 33-47 | 40 75 30-60 6200 60 12-18 30-45 (14-8 45 60 20-24 30-60 20-40 jgs 8 §^5as§ ^21 1, 100 50 800 1,200 200 0 . 500 2, 000 142 400 II N 500 16 150 is ii • o • l °l 1 llsiil i eo t-T uSctf r-Teo j : i ;iO ; ; ; t> ; ; OB ; ; O • ; Oifl zz 9 0 . ^ - 8 i jSSS : . T}. . ° ° ! i ■ 8 j : S'* 0 21 24 i 01 30 : ” ; N -*• : : :* : : 55 ; C!SOOCO'J< ^NCJNrt'COHHOO • NO • OHNrlH I NNrHNt*WNWiH Tj< r-l loo c c ft g c . c a 3^ a.® fen o > c i iiiiiiiiiii mu iiiii!iiiii ii i linn iii: i is si i. i-sai o jg| e sin EH W|®a & g w i!ll Cm |g Ip! 3&3*3£ 1^111 sJ-gf! "<&3« p=a Sail nr «.2S \g< §§2 '< S II filial! JglSl ill! mil sjy ®55 © 1-1 jO ^ i s £ «4»SSai h4« *-5 c-p^c si-plS .J t> > c — > l Z&ZW a <3 __ S« !il! s^s IS li From .Report of the Commissioner of Education for 1884-’85. a Charge for a term. b Includes hoard. c In music course. d Charge for a term of ten weeks. Table 28. — Statistics of private schools for elementary and secondary instruction for 1885-86, $c. — Continued. 408 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. •snjexeddB pirB ‘sStnpxniq ‘spumouS jo onpjA © $15, 000 2, 500 10, 000 75, 000 50, 000 40, 000 ■uoijtuj joj oSjsqo renunY’ W v*» $100-170 60-130 1 100-150 90 90 4.0-70 200 100 120 40 80 •AjBjqq xrt gaunqoA jo aaqran^j * 000 ‘8 0 000 ‘8 Students. •osjuoo ssauisuq ao pciojauimoo or .xaqnmsj; PS M •ssanoo .saaqonaj ao [b ina o u ui aaquiuNj « V* qooqos opijuaioe ao aha[ qoo aoj Sai xedaad aaqum H 12 2 76 ■aeanoo otraap -bob aupiSaa ui aaqum ;q © 75 33 40 209 28 50 64 T**>I © . Csj S t? «§ ^ s •6,iojon.ijsui ©pjuiajj 13 3 1 5 15 2 12 0 3 2 • •SJ0^0TLT).8IIT 9X^H 3 6 5 7 4 2 7 15 •uorjBTitaiouap enoiSqojj © Non-sect. R. C . Friends. . Presb.... Friends.. Friends. . Friends.. R. O . Non-sect. Non-sect. •uorjonjjsut joj pouado ^sjp SUAi. uoijnjxjsm qoiqiML ui iuai 1866 1863 1721 1837 1845 1833 1858 1854 1865 1877 1877 •lajxeqo jo ojua 0 0 0 1860 0 0 Principal. « | 1 § < . 1 Edward Roth, a. M . Mary J. Hoopes . Rev. John W. Faires, d D „ . George L. Maris, A. M . Annie Shoemaker . John H. Dillingham . Sister St. Joseph . Do Bennevillo K. Ludwig, A.M. Edward Clarence Smith, A. M. Mias F. M. Sdhleioli _ •1 i ^ ! * 1 Hi i 1 | 1 I i j Name of school. 1 a= £ ce ?E r j Broad Street Academy . Byberry Friends’ School * .... Classical Institute* . Friends’ Central High School (boys’ department). Friends’ Central School (girls’ department). Friends’ Select School for Boys Mt. St. Joseph Academy . Rittenhouso Academy . Rugby Academy . School for Girls . . i i «( Philadelphia, Pa. (1834 Spruce street). Philadelphia Pa. (337 Broad street). Philadelphia, Pa. (Sta¬ tion O). Philadelphia, Pa. (247 S. 13th street). Philadelphia, Pa. (s.w. cor. 15th and Race streets). Philadelphia, Pa. (s. w. cor. 15th and Race streets). Philadelphia, Pa. (140 N. 16th street). Philadelphia, Pa. (Chestnut Hill). Philadelphia, Pa. (n. e. cor. 18th and Chest¬ nut streets). Philadelphia, Pa. (1415 Locust street). Philadelphia, Pa. (18th st. and Girard avo.). Philadelphia, Pa. (5012 Elm avenue). £ S £ a s 3 £ c2 ^ OO 00 s s 3 a s STATISTICS OF SECONDARY ITSTRUCTION. 409 i :| ill! 1 1 ; :| s s 50, 000 2, 000 1, 000 1 II S' SS Oi^O ‘0G8 000 ‘01 000 *01 i 8 S g S3 gSifS g SS g g SS Si SS S S E l H n - s- 68 *, * i ; i ^ 1 1 i si mi 1 §° 1 1 1 ; P'ef ei" cf ; 1 11 | ° 1 g of 1. : : : 0 CO Cl ! § & Hi; Mi IflJii ® a . . c es © ri, a © c . © *2 . a P Ch« fcPii P i J ll i £ ll 2 1 ^ ij 1 > o § = w a p i S £ }Sa' Ip. j 1 a o £ 1 1 ! | || mi | .si 5 | ll | is 1 1 || || 1 i is III ; r ° § °| § a : OO CC 00 > ° 1 i g rH rH To J 55 i-° t §3 g3S£ = 'o V P = 15: 1 a d s ^ < § s" s. >a a 5 .os"5 (^32 £ £J zM h =•« 51 i-i fr h i I if o CJ H a & .S ! ! ? !C -2 £ s 1 Mf* s==5 = § = * 1311 ggg| 11152* j 11-51 1 1-ltSlf 3 3 J| I .a .£ ~ © 3*2.5 ^ IW ! mu S~ s « A 3 H-|S3EJ fjjflt o o ■ 4* eM © >, >-. 2 .5 1” |5 I.I !JJ«J! 2=3|J“- ltl'sl‘1 2 _ S 3 frl i! Li ii © •- 1 I: fe 3 ;r © «■ * £3 -Up I II fs ~ ~ = .a g-5'| = .SggC P p £ >i f=, *4 £ — ,= S Pi, iiS a 1111 ■s-5 lllllff | | § I II mi | 1| | | |1 | || | | | ll II | | From Report of the Commissioner of Education for 1884— ’85. a Includes board. b Charge for a month. c Charge for a term. Table 28. — Statistics of private schools for elementary and secondary instruction for 1885-’86, fc. — Continued. 410 REPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. From Report of tlie Commissioner of Education for 1884-’85. a Includes board. b Charge for a month. Table 23. — Statistics of private schools for elementary and secondary instruction for lSSS-’SG, fyc. — Continued. 412 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. •le^reqo jo 9^(1 A ~ © ra 3 W d o5 d 1 s * o i> h* t- > oo oo co o o »*a rf oc ca ooxi> O ^ . .o 3 ;h> pfpJH i-TS '3 a* §£ ^2 S-S55gS-§5 . o . «2> §2^ c*? . p. -i P® . • m &fc N a 3 « >> .si-*'8 p S.a £ n ucs © © © © © > x.i=^ =1® . • rf) r\ • b O rj _ §5 o-^WS ; Si 5 § .feftH h£ 5 ^ 22 P «rH © , %ZA 2-2 l1S°: ® £ 02^5 ©rt^ ©.S^.S 2 -01“^ 2 a° 2 a-2 ©H 2 Js o-g-3 003® P d ® ^ OMafl C3 ® a s ec'cs j* w S 3 AA on«HfcfcO*i4wi»Hs2 * © © eco-; Qo! p; -9 SS © p a *3 © s * •8n}GJBddB pue ‘B"urp[mq ‘epunojSjoon|BA « 2 2 22 OOOOOOOOOOOOO OOO 'OO O O OO 000000 1.3 0000 0 0 OOO iSo O O OO OOC-OClOOCOOOJvlIMO O CM o >oo O r-Tci WHO O CC C CO • ^ CQ « O • • i * i — . • -h • rf • « iP ' « •OBjnoo oicaap -bob JBxni?3J u’t J9qtnn£x 1© o ■ ^O W 'OOOCJTPOlOOO to • t> o o • CN4 CQ • CM *— 1 oo to ia • o- to 1-1 O rf » CM W»i © ic o *HO LOOI^CJOHtJ'iO^l^OINCO ^r-O C h- 1 OO 05 — lr- »— • t> 04 •BIO^DTU^eUI QpBOigj QD CO rf O rf |NON |MHOCQNPH^ O • r-H i rH i •Bjo^oxuaeui 9XBK T-n CM CC CM CMi-li-(i-liHeMr-ICMCMF-IC5CMrH CM CM CC CMCMr-l •uoi^Binuiouap enotSipa © "S ■ "© « i “o o o o ! ! o ~o tj "© "o "S’© ! "© i cj © • ©© ©■©o©!Z2>-y3©o©© ©©• ©■© 02 • Ol 02 02 ‘ 02 02 02 . ' 02 02 02 02 02 02 Si 02 ■ 02 c ^ as s IgasS ! IRsicci c s □ c^c O - CO 0*0001_J'|.C000 C C fa O^jC ^ 3 fcjz; |2J •uopouj^sui joj paugdo ^s.Tq sbja uox^n^rjsai qoiqAv ui aB9_i oo i-h oo Inoat-fio l««» ioo ci-^lc oon O CO GO O iNXCM-t- . CC CC 13 .10 -tcoo CM CC CO 00 00 QO CO • 00 CC ’OO 00 CC QO iOOOOCO ICC COOOt- 00 CC oo IJ53 S&^'o E-h-sCh >5 5 >j e a Pa: © 5® a 5=35 rt S-2 g a a a o § H H « £ a © = „ © I ! a . © g ;H © • fcc H"igcc©So a o' o ;a ® a a =-IS „ H-S 3 S S . te © _c ij-r- C.M ts^O _ © -■ i.— _ g.s“ 2 oM SA^-S 3 2 § S S^a: O fa b s S.«.h 3 — ; j es 3 © 3 OOO^P-iJHpHPi^cc«30303 nap ci it A3 PEG _© § o!5 £ ilSSt'OCO o . OO I'OOCOHMM'. _ _ __ t- C- t^t-l^OOOOaOaOOCOCOOOCOOCO 0350 o o o CM CM flMNINNNMIMWMINCJN NC-1M N«( STATISTICS OF SECONDARY INSTRUCTION. 413 Table 28 .—Statistics of private schools for elementary and secondary instruction for 1885-’86, $c. — Continued. 414 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. ■snjBiBddB pun ‘s§uip(mq ‘spunoiS jo qutb a a 1 is ii Cf jr-T j CO «• ; ; a 3, 000 20,000 45,000 15, 200 20, 000 13, 400 5, 000 75, 000 20, 000 10, 000 Ill ill ii OHN joVf 1 1 S S3 •uoiimj ioj 9 Sib i(0 pennuy « : °° SSSSSSSSSSSS1! s is iss i: • rO • OO 15 20-100 •AiBjqiiut S9nm(0A jo laqamj^; w g° : : : 11 ills ii ills l i i ill i 1, 175 Students. •osjuoo sseuisnq ao (Btoaaranioo ui aoqurajq j n o • • ■ • . . . ! t>o * • • • • < =» : : :g« : : « •osinoo (sa9qoB9j ao j b ui a o u ui aaqran^r | e> i j ; ; i j j j • j o° j j : : : < => ; ; ; ;® ■ qooqos opijuaps ao 9^9( qoo aoj Suiiedaid aoqomjq z 00 • • ; ; js j : : ;§: 3 i j : § § TH°X Si 130 70 72 17!) 53 90 95 330 ’ 209 110 00 502 25 35 147 75 42 39 90 176 75 55 137 236 •sjo(otu^8ui opsum^ QC CQ rH • ‘NHb-lOOlOWHiflOHMWHHOWN HN O •eiojotnjsui ope^ * «HH jHHSqNMHHHUJ ■ Tit ,-1 ( 2 1 2 5 4 3 1 1 6 •uoipeuiuionap snoi3t[9'JX a -•o-: is Non -sect. Unv’r . . . . P. E . Non-sect Non- sect. Meth . Non- sect. Non- sect. M. E . •uoipnnsui joj paaado js.ip uorpHHStti qotq^i ui •J9(iuqo JO 9JBQ <* ! ! .* : : :§5 • • • rH i°l°g||| ill 1853 1845 0 0 1867 1833 1869 1795 1834 Principal. M Charles G. Davis . F. E. Merrill . H. J. Blake . Karl G. Maesser . Erastus Smith . Marcus E. Jones, A. M . Mrs. O. C. Beauchamp - Edward Benner . John McC. Coyner, PH. n. It. a Story . T. E. Parlin . David B. Locke . Alston \V. Dana, PH. B — Miss Jane Hapgood . n. EL Boss, A. M . B. W. Murch . L. E. Tupper, A. M, . D. S. Clap . Miss H. Sibyl Swott . J. W. Redmou . Walter E. Bangor, A. m - Rev. S. L. Eastmans, A. M. C. A. Bunker, A. M . Rev. C. H. Dunton, A. M., D. D. Name of school. « School of the Good Shepherd. . Park Academy . Park City Seminary* . Brigham Young Academy*. . . Jones High School . Rowland Hall . Salt Lake Academy . Salt Lake Collegiatolnstituto* Salt Lake Seminary . Brigham Academy . Mcindoe’s Falls Academy.... Goddard Seminary . St. Agnos’ Hall . Vermont Episcopal Institute. . Derby Academy . Essex Classical Institute . Orleans Liberal Institute . Champlain Hall . Lamoille Central Academy. . . . Lyndon Institute . Newberry Sominary and La¬ dies’ Institute Beeman Academy . Caledonia County Grammar School Troy Conference Academy.... Location. -< \m ^pr S O C > > I mi Salt Lake City, Utah. .. Salt Lake Ciiy, Utah.. Salt Lake City, Utah.. Salt Lake City, Utah.. Salt Lake City, Utah.. Bakersfield, Vt . Barnet, Vt . Barre, Vt . Bellows Falls, Vt . Burlington, Vt . Derby, Vt . Essex, Vt . Glover, Vt . Highgute, Vt . Hyde Park, Vt . Lyndon Centre, Vt . Newberry, Vt . Now Haven. Vt . | Peacham, Vt . | Poultney, Vt . IIIIslIlllIlIllIIIlIII II I STATISTICS OF SECONDARY INSTRUCTION. 415 Ill II ^.-ao 5,000 25, 000 in :"‘a‘ 000 ‘IT 000 ‘9 25,000 2,000 8,000 40, 000 6,000 8,000 10, 000 10, 000 2, 000 6, 500 5, 000 a nnn -X, vvv 27, 000 10, 000 25, 000 30, 000 3, 000 8, 000 ill 1 i nin ef i32 58 :g && ° i 27-36 0 60 30 135 00 0 6125 12J-29J 30-80 15-30 50 20-50 32 6206 60-90 H 70 200 8 is; IU-UU 1 50-70 30 60 in 1 1 1 °°8 lllls 88*8 HI rH* •* j l i 4,000 1, 000 180 ; § • • O S3 i O' fHlO i i i 00 : j« % 2 ! ; o 3 o : Tt< o i i i 00 is® S3M CM j ° i is 18 21 ■ O • CO i § 80 56 87 2 822 is is *i 8i: 80 70 6 20 40 20 26 ssgs sssgg esss SkgSSS £S£g2 £§2§3§S3g §58 2S £§§8 § CC M eOCQlOW |C5t- ' |©OHO j HNOMN (M CO CO • r* CM • • COOW lOCQ COCOOrH j >rt of the Commissioner of Education for 1884-’85. a Value of apparatus. & Includes board. Table 28.— Statistics of private schools for elementary and secondary instruction for 1885-’86, $c— Continued. 416 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. puB lsSuip{inq ‘spnnoaS jo © illilillll :! s. ^ : 12, 000 il :i :§ ;S 1 1 ill! 8 S:SS3 ■uoijrnj joj o§JBqo {Bnucry W4 1 © © < ?s -gg S eJ|Sg| 53 Si •jtiBjqn at sounqoA jo JQqnmjq * ii”s8°°i ji |c ’i r rH • °l °| co 1 lllls H? rH Students. •asjnoo ssauisnq jo {Bio jam mo a ui'jequmjt e? H i j1- | ; js§ i : is 53 3 i : is •9HJUOO ,sjaqjB9j jo { b m j o a ui jaqumjq; « wt ;s« j ; i- ; ; j j o © • j © ^ qooqos otjijuaios jo9^9{ qoo joj SuuBdo.id jaqran^r mi mi • cq © « • ’• © • • • o • H » • « « • • rH © ©* t> CO j © •asjnoo oiraap -BOB JB{nS9J u't jaqmn^T © § :S3®3 i i iaa i : : 3 iga SigSSg © 108 114 140 61 42 .... 75 66 35 100 105 15 60 50 78 217 40 35 70 95 383 72 59 32 04 •Bjojonjjeui 9^019^ tO r-t r-f •uoxjBUiinouap enoiSqsy; © Lutheran Non-sect Baptist. Presb . . . TLB .... Presb . . . M. E.... Conff . . . Presb... P.E ..... R.C .... i II 3H § ■iP^ if Ilf! ?!l;i on s a sd •uoijonj^eut joj panado jsjg bbji uoijnjpsui qotqjA. ui JBei Illlililllllllll 1111 lllll •jauuqo jo 9JBCL 11111 !ii° !°° in ii i| ilsi i | 5 w Rev. Alex. Phillippi, A. M. . M.M. Carralier . E. T. Trimble, A. M . H. G. Denison, A. M . C.W.Bean, A. M . Boy . S. S. Caldwell . John L. Henderson . . ltev. A. T. Burnell, A. M . . . Geo. A. McKinlay . Mrs. Lemuel H. Wells . P. Hough . : ® • • o i : (£, : :g j :|5 s j « c B 111 I# n, ! ;j 8 -a re4! H i u?i fp- g||51 a %tM || bS • naj t-a.i-3fr.Ph H iilSIllllsll: Mt. Calvary). STATISTICS OF SECONDARY INSTRUCTION. 417 II o'.rT 11 I 2§ g •2 § §2 BS £ 4 SQ> g * assess S3 3 n t- © o o II 1 H*g g °° p,pq;z< ft £P3 o oao ft ftftft -o | ^Ph Pi HI | || || HI || j! 008 000‘I 000 ‘s 11 “1 1 cm" pf © : § • © i ! 20 23 IO C5 16 $3 20 120 74 432 © 96 141 ED 8G- -27 List of institutions for secondary instruction from which no information has been 418 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION, INSTITUTIONS FOR SECONDARY INSTRUCTION. 419 List of institutions for secondary instruction from which no information has hccn received — Continued. 420 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. INSTITUTIONS FOR SECONDARY INSTRUCTION. 421 - - ipolo, List of institutions for secondary instruction from which no information has been received — Continued. 422 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. -3.S ^1 © Ohfl m a a -P ©■ K gp a © bt-rt .2 g n p *3 eS & . « j: j? © © © © ra © P o *3 S ^ fa 5 • 2 tc cc •£ © g ©co • © a "Sa fctg © boa.. o | © so„ 5 g © ©O © «* §0-3“ go 5 ” © o<^ -a ©£ a §^3 3^ g 6 2 &S g'2^>f ©rat! * ©* p a jeP 5 ■si si >-: © a : occ © ; © ^co =».s ! 5^0 =« a«qi_b > «.S, ■ caco- ;t> r a & i .a © ■ as a >S3 l^CO cj .* ®n q h £3 g-g © 9 H £•§*•3*9 U C2 Ct q 5 g «2 O ^ 5^ gSs^a pg^|® ffl’Ea +3 © > a -p $■ v> rp ©-a ©^—o © . a . © >P* Sgflo ■I'oiW's §S® ,2 a £ o ® .•o'bSS’b ” a 5 g a a g?©>3 °sa M ®-*3 © a- OvtOr-’ :?co H bo © Y >5 • ■ © . . © : : a . © . . W : : :p, • ■ ^ P g q o ^ °iir( aT,3r'--’- — § H rt-H ©HH fP a|>t> - Hg^S^ga^Pj^-J .a a'71 © © a -2 fc-a © a a .a Sil^'SEllUf-SES^ S [T >r S o aoo.2 a © boa a a .4 >> > C3 T £ •H ^ O . " ■ - O © - - -T •; fH 4s! 50 S h a a © ” © ©P |-ggg| 0^0 o O^-S^a p£:<1pppB.o gf r© .g -p 3- oa a « gag© p © CO oS bo ,a bo-g^ “S® © «r2 g g a o P-a op P©° jfeJp-a a © ©p o ,© a © a t>5 © bog ^ § «H j a S P o.a © © ©J]p^^> c^* ^ 2.S^1s a cp a © So © ©P3 g ro ^ .Jj ^ 5 r3 ^ c © a -a a: © [2 © P^OPOOOHFP O a .2 a 2.2 9 a a® © Oco © © w a^ aM , © -43 2 <1.® >-.'ro <1 i”t "S 'C >f5 15.s'§S-i1^&38° p a jpgp a.S^^.2 ^©^5-2lc-=!-2a^©-£i OOQC3^_2R^r/~)^cS£Jo •cj-’2 a ® 2 I S c.22 § ^ a g p,^^5® >5© o 14 15 16 $46 $12, 000 1 40, 50 $120 8, 000 2 500 200 30, 000 I 3 40 50, 000 4 70 300 5, 000 5 30, 000 6 100 200 60, COO 7 60 180 9,000 j 8 36 144 30, 300 9 80 380 10, 000 10 80 315, 000 11 80-100 400 15, 000 12 500 30, 000 13 80 14 15 160 200, 000 1 15 36 140 100. 000 16 25 140 20; 000 17 30-36 108 40, 000 ! 18 80 28, 000 ! 19 15 120 100, 000 20 30 125 5, 000 21 14, 000 22 36 20, 000 23 60-200 300-400 24 200 30, 000 25 26 25 150 27 (40 0) 28 100 200 29 32 100 | 60,000 30 100 . | 8,000 31 60-120 420 15,000 32 25 125 4, 000 33 40 100 50, 000 34 50 325 35 (8 0) 15, 000 36 75 1,800 1 37 40 7, 000 38 124 50, 000 39 12 117 25, 000 40 18 108 15,000 41 15-21 108 10,000 42 20 125 10, 000 43 27 i 44 (C) 1 45 . 1 a As University High. School. 6 Free to residents. c Free to residents ; others, $4 to $5 per term Ta 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. 5LE 29. — Statistics of schools, academies, or departments thereof devoted to the prepara (Note.— 0 sig Post-office address. Name. Principal. 1 3 S Pittsfield, Me . . Presque Isle, Me . Waterville, Me . West Lebanon, Me . Baltimore, Md. (cor. Mc- Culloh and Preston sts.). Ellicott City, Md . Bockville, Md . Andover, Mass . . . Ashburnham, Mass . Boston, Mass. (cor. Boyls- ton and Berkeley streets). Boston, Mass. (259 Boylston street). Boston, Mass . Boston, Mass. (174 Tremont street). Boston, Mass, (18 Boylston Place). Boston, Mass. (Warren av¬ enue). Cambridge, Mass. (35 Lee street). Cambridge, Mass. (13 Ap- pian Way.) Cambridge, Mass. (Broad¬ way and Fayette streets). Concord, Mass . Eastbampton, Mass . Everett, Mass . Groton, Mass . Groton, Mass . Leicester, Mass . Natick, Mass . Northampton, Mass . Northborough, Mass . Plymouth, Mass . Shelburne Falls, Mass . Soutkborough, Mass . South Braintree, Macs . South Byfield, Mass . South Williamstown, Mass. Stockbridge, Mass . Taunton, Mass . West Bridgewater, Mass ... West Newton, Mass . Worcester, Mass . Worcester, Mass . Orchard Lake, Mich . College Mound, Mo . Macon, Mo . Odessa, Mo . Paynesville, Mo . Maine Central Institute . St. John’s English and Classical School. Coburn Classical Institute . West Lebanon Academy . Friends’ Elementary and High School. Maupin’s University School . Bockville Academy . Phillips Academy . Cushing Academy . Berkeley School . Chauncy Hall School . Girla’ Latin School* . Private Classical School* . Private School for Boys . Public Latin School . Cambridge Latin School . Day and Family School for Boys. . English High School . Public High School . Williston Seminary . Preparatory Department in Home School for Young Ladies. Groton School . Lawrence Academy . Leicester Academy* . Preparatory Home School (Mrs. A. P. Potter). Classical School for Girls . Allen Home School . Mr. Knapp’s Home School for Boys.* Arms Academy . St. Mark’s School . Thayer Academy . Duramer Academy . . . Greylocklnstitute* . Edwards Place School . Bristol Academy . Howard Collegiate Institute* . West Newton English and Classi¬ cal School. Oread Institute . Worcester Academy . Michigan Military Academy . Pauline Holiness College . St. James Military Academy . Odessa College . Paynesville Pritchett School In¬ stitute. J. H. Parsons, A. M . Kev. William T. Elmer, M. A., headmaster. J. H. Hanson, LL. D . George H. Gould . Eli M. Lamb . Chapman Maupin, M. A . Cooke D. Luckett . Bev. C. F. P. Bancroft, PH. D _ J ames E. Yose . Taylor, DeMeritte & Hagar.. Ladd & Daniel . John Tetlow, A. 31 . George W. C. Noble . Albert Hale . Moses Merrill, ph. d., head¬ master. William F. Bradbury, head¬ master. J oshua Kendall . Frank A. Hill . William L. Eaton . William Gallagher . Mrs. A. P. Potter . Bev. Endicott Peabody, LL. D . . Bev. Nathan Thompson, A. M.. Caleb A. Page, a. M . Mrs. A. P. Potter . Miss Bessie T. Capen . Edward A. H. Allen, c. E . Frederick N. Knapp . Hervey S. Cowell, A. M . William E. Peck, headmaster . J. B. Se'wall, A. M . John W. Perkins, A. M . George F. Mills, a. m . Ferdinand Hoffman . Frederic Farnsworth, a. m - Helen Magill, PH. I) . Nathaniel T. Allen . John Aluen Thayer . D. W. Abercrombie, A. M .. Col. J. Sumner Bogers, supt. Jaspar A. Smith, A. M . Bev. E. Talbot, M. a. . . . W. M. Beach, a. m . W. H. Pritchett, A. M . i *From Beport of the Commissioner of Education for year 1884— ’85. STATISTICS OF PREPARATORY SCHOOLS. 429 tion of pupils for universities , colleges , or scientific schools, for 1835-’86, CO <3 . 'S © r tc P* X p. 3 5 *® £ ■ •« © © 1 ® © s- to tto P T. ~ rr © ~ — ac p © j: £ Number of other pupils. 4 5 6 s 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 I860 1866 Fr. Baptist . 8 34 23 167 3 700 $24 $90 $45, 000 46 . 1884 P F, 3 10 10 5 100 36 164 * 47 1842 1829 60 GO 3 260 24 120 50, 000 48 1850 1850 . 9 1 0 3 250 1 10-24 120 2, 000 ; 49 0 1864 Friends .... 19 0 10 255 1 8 4 4, 000 30-100 35,000 50 0 J883 Non-sect ... 4 9 3 29 10 250 I 60-80 255 12,000 51 1805 1808 Non-sect ... 2 7 7 30 . ! 2. 900 | 32-82 200 i ao, 000 52 1780 1778 Xon-sect . . . 9 188 119 0 0 i 60 300 100,000 53 1865 1S75 STon-sect ... 9 12 0 93 ! 4 ! 2,000 25 130 ! 90, 000 54 . 1884 Xon-sect ... 14 8 5 96 5 1,3 ! | 80-240 . i 6200 55 0 1828 Xon-sect ... 28 ’ 7 8 256 4-21 6 441 88-208 . cl08, 000 56 1878 Xon-sect 8 11 6 ! 450 j (d) 57 1866 Xon-sect 5 ! 70 . 6 200 j 58 0 1883 Xon-sect ... 4 i ; 30 200 59 1635 1635 Xon-sect . . - 13 j 434 11 . 6 ! .... 3, 775 0 e750, OOO! 60 0 1847 Xon-sect ... 6 175 1 10 0 0 5 400 50 20, 000 j 61 1865 j i 2 10 10 I 150 500 1,500 ! 62 1847 12 i 0 30 320 4 .... a, soo | 0 ' | 60,000 63 1851 4 1 8 6 1 14 i f42 10,000 ' 64 1841 1841 Cong . j 7 26 49 ' 4 1,500 | 60 ' 157—350 175,000 : 65 1874 i 10 t 15 66 1884 1884 P.E . ; 6 50 j J 5 400 j ’ | . 1 (500) 120, 000 ' 67 1793 1793 ; Xon-sect ... 5 9 5 j '*49 1 4 2,000 21, 30 133 30,500 i 68 1784 1784 ‘ Xon-sect ...j 4 I 17 6 ; 52 4 . | 26, 38 168 10,000 1 69 1885 | Baptist . i 6 | 6 ! 30 4 325 7,000 70 0 ! 1S77 j Xon-sect ... 15 90 j . 2,000 100 400 | 71 1882 Xon-sect ...j 4 2 I 4 ! ii ! 12 j 4 j 1,200 ! 100 359 4,000 ! 72 1867 Xon-sect ... 3 ! 5 1 5 j 6 ! 10 4 ; 2,000 j (600) 10,000 1 73 1860 | 1880 Xon-sect ... 4 : 10 ! 5 142 ; 12 ! 4 ' 50 1 24-27 j 130 25, 000 74 1865 | 1865 j P.E . . 5 1 9 i 2 I 49 12 6 i 1,500 1 500 ; 200 i 20,000 75 1879 ! 1877 ] Xon-sect ...' 6 18 f ! 51 I 473 f7' ! 100,000 : 76 1783 1763 Cong . 1 4 24 15 | 9 ! 0 6 I 500 J 1 J ■ 75 375 1 20, 000 77 0 1842 1 Cong . 7 13 6 ! 36 | 12 4 : 450 60 260 ! 50, 000 78 1855 Xon-sect . . . 1 3 l ! 2 12 500 525 450 : 79 1792 1796 | Xon-sect ... 8 5 2 157 3 350 39_sn 25, 000 80 1883 Xon-sect ... I 44 12 7 95, 000 SI 1855 1854 | Xon-sect ... 14 I 15 16 1 50 10 6-8 2,500 75-150 | 300 | 30, 000 82 1851 184S 1 Xon-sect _ 7 1 1 | 25 4 ! 300 100 1 350 ! 36,000 ! S3 1834 1834 ! Baptist . 1 6 60 ; 20 50 12 4 ! 500 30, 45 135 ! 100,000 84 1877 1877 | Xon-sect _ i S 6 15 ! 77 13 4 ! 700 (350) 100, 000 85 1883 ! Xon-sect _ i 5 37 86 15 | 25, 000 ! 86 "l880 1875 P.E . i 6 27 48 325 25,000 87 1886 ! 1883 ! Xon-sect _ i 5 126 33 i 100 i 10,000 ; 88 1868 | 1 1863 I X on-sect _ j 5 25 i 35 j 1 50 6 ! 25-50 150 | 10. 000 89 a Grounds and buildings. cl Free to residents. 6 Value of apparatus. e Including high-school section of the budding, c Includes furniture. / For non-residents. 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101' 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. jle 29. — Statistics of schools, academies, or departments thereof devoted to the prepara (Note.— 0 sig Post-office address. Name. Principal. St. Louis, Mo . Center Strafford, N. H . Concord, N. H - - - E— ter, N. H ... . Meriden, NT. H . Mt. Vernon, N. H . New London, N. H - Beverly, N. J . Blairstown, N. J . Borden town, N. J . Englewood, N. J. . Hackettstown, N. J _ Hightstown, N. J . . Hoboken, N. J . Lawrenceville, N. J. Morristown, N. J . . Newark, N. J . . New Brunswick, N. J . . Pennington, N. J . Plainfield, N. J . Princeton, N. J . Santa F6, N. Mex . Astoria, N. Y . Brooklyn, N. Y. (183-185 Lincoln Place). Brooklyn, N. Y. (Montague street) . Buffalo, NT. Y (94 Johnson Place). Cazenovia, N. Y . . Claverack, N. Y . . Fort Edward, N. Y . . Hamilton, N. Y . . Havana, N. Y . Highland Falls, N. Y . Ithaca, N. Y . Kingston, N. Y . Locust Valley (L. I.), N. Y . Manlius, N. Y . . New Brighton (S. I.), N. Y. Newburgh, N. Y. (Semi¬ nary Place). New York, N. Y. (6 E. 44-th street). New York, N. Y. (51st st., near Madison avenue). New York, N. Y. (129 6th avenue) . New York, N. Y. (48 2d st.). New York, N. Y. (822 Lex¬ ington avenue). Smith Academy . Austin Academy* . * . St. Paul’s School* . . . Phillips Exeter Academy . Kimball Union Academy . McCollom Institute* . Colby Academy* . Farn'um Preparatory School Blair Pr es by terial Academy.... Bordentown Military Academy. Classical and English School Centenary Collegiate Institute . Peddie Institute* . Stevens High School . Lawrenceville School. Morris Academy . Newark Academy . . . Rutger’s College Grammar School Pennington Seminary . Mr. Leal’s School . . Preparatory School . University of New Mexico Astoria Latin School . . , The Berkeley Institute Brooklyn Latin School for Boys English and Classical School . . . Cazenovia Seminary . Claverack College and Hudson River Institiifce. Fort Edward Collegiate Institute Colgate Academy . Cook Academy . Highland Falls Academy . Ithaca High School* . Kingston Free Academy . . . j Friends’ Academy . \ St. John’s Military School . St. Austin’s School . Siglar’s Preparatory School . Berkeley School . Columbia Grammar School* . Columbia Institute . . . De La Salle Institute*. ... . . Heidenfeld Institute . . Denham Arnold, A. M . I. Copp . Rev. Henry A. Coit, l>. D . Walter Quiney Scott, D. D _ David G. Miller, A. b . C. S. Campbell . James P. Dixon, A. M., pres’t J. Fletcher Street, A. M . J. H. Shoemaker, A. M., PH. D. Rev. T. H. Landon, A. M . W. W. Smith, A. M . Rev. Geo. H. Whitney, D. D .. Rev. John Greene, A. M., PH. D. Rev. Edward Wall, A. M . Rev. James C. Mackenzie, A. M., PH. D. Charles D. Platt, A. M . S. A. Farrand, ph. d . E. T. Tomlinson, A. M., head¬ master. Rev. Thomas Hanlon, D. D _ John Leal . J. Remsen Bishop, B. A . Rev. Horatio O. Ladd, A. M., president. Charles Lyman Shaw . . Rev. Alfred C. Roe . . Caskie Harrison, A. M . Lucius E. Hawley, A. M . Rev. Isaac N. Clements, A. M. William McAfee, A. M . Joseph E. King, D. D., ph. d. Janies W. Ford, A. M., ph. D. . A. C. 1L II, A. M . Caleb Hnse, A. M . D. O. Barto . Francis J. Cheney, A. M . Arthur II. Tomlinson, B. s _ Rev. John W. Craig, A. B., headmaster. Rev. Alfred G. Mortimer, B. D Henry W. Siglar, M. A . John S. White, LL. D . R. S. Bacon, A. M., M. D., and B. H. Campbell, A. M. Edwin Fowler, A. B. ...» . Rev. Brother Alpheus . . Dr. Theo. E. Heidenfeld *From Report of the Commissioner of Education for year 1884-’85. STATISTICS OF PREPARATORY SCHOOLS. 431 tion of pupils for universities, colleges , or scientific schools, for 1886-’86, ^c. — Continued, nifles none.) Date of charter. Year in which institution was first opened for instruction. Religious denomination. Number of instructors. 1 Pupils. Number preparing for clas¬ sical course in college. Number preparing for sci¬ entific course in college or scientific school. £ u =3 o © | o ! P | | i 4 5 6 7 S 1 9 io 1853 1857 Non-sect - 19 59 37 216 1830 1830 Non-sect - 2 4 0 42 1855 1856 P. E . 20 , 244 46 0 1781 17S3 8 269 1813 1815 Cong . 3 10 2 35 1850 1850 3 10 51 I 1837 1836 Baptist . 6 i 22 50 74 1856 1856 Non-sect - 8 5 10 135 0 1848 Presb . 7 27 5 64 1881 Non-sect . . . 6 29 6 15 1880 5 26 16 1869 1874 M.E . 14 237 1866 1868 Baptist . 11 15 3 150 1870 Non-sect..*. 9 2 78 67 1883 1883 Presb . 9 i 112 25 0 1793 Non-sect _ 7 38 1795 1775 Non-sect - 9 20 30 150 1770 1770 Reformed. .. 7 75 40 35 1839 1840 M.E . 13 6 6 182 1882 6 38 31 0 1877 Non-sect _ 4 42 10 1881 g 132 0 1883 Non-sect _ 1 16 8 1886 1883 Non-sect. ... 8 4 . 32 j 1883 10 3 52 1885 Non-sect _ _ 1 20 1825 1824 M.E . 9 . 50 ] . 30 220 1879 1779 Non-sect _ 17 60 30 65 1854 1854 M.E . 1 12 j 1 15 6 128 1872 1872 Baptist . | 6 80 10 74 1872 1873 Baptist . 9 i 40 15 100 i 0 1879 i | P.E . 3 25 1875 1875 6 ! 5 40 160 1795 1774 8 11 200 1876 EH fin da 2 4 70 1881 1869 P.E . 6 10 4 26 1886 1883 P.E . . 10 103 0 1863 Non-sect.... 4 23 5 13 0 1880 Non-sect _ 14 180 25 0 0 1763 } Non-sect _ 23 103 65 114 0 1874 j Non-sect _ 18 26 72 1861 1858 R. C . 12 150 40 60 i 1864 12 110 I ' Age required for admission Cm O © CO O © £ >> £ a § o © r© £ Number of volumes in library. Annual charge to each student for tuition. Average cost of board and lodging per annum. Yalue of grounds, buildings, and apparatus. 11 12 13 14 15 16 11 6 $70-100 $75, 000 90 4 500 12 $75 | 2, 000 91 12 6 5, 200 (500) 92 13 4 1,500 60 1 300 163, 700 93 14 3 2, 500 30 125 1 20,000 94 1 13 4 1, 000 21 108 7, 000 95 14 4 1, 500 15-30 ,641-1201100, 000 96 7 4 150 30-46 200 ! 40,000 97 13 4 1, 000 40 185 ' 60,000 98 ^,275-325^ 15,000 99 106 1 _ 100 1, 300 (22n) 216, 000 101 | . 3 1, 200 (2! 20) 100, 000 102 12 3 0 75-150 26,000 .103 15 4 2, 000 100 400 700, 000 104 0 100-120 105 4 100 30, 000 106 5 52-72 225 107 12 3 500 40 200 100, 000 108 100-180 109 . 100 30 (f 20, 000 110 30 240 111 o 75 112 1 10 8 60-132 40, 000 113 10 4 125, 200 114 12 60-120 115 0 3 3, 000 30 155 75, 000 116 0 2,3 1, 400 27-100 150 50, 000 117 13-14 3 500 36 185 80, 000 118 13 53 1, 636 30 76 61, 570 119 1 14 4 1,200 | 40 140 104, 000 ! 120 10 ✓4501 20, 000 121 4 500 30 i 400 75, 000 122 0 4 1, 200 30 168 100, 000 123 6 5 * 100 20 175 30, 000 124- 10 6 300 (400) 100, 000 125 9 (ZOO) 100,000 126 9 4 450 75-100 425 30, 000 127 7-11 7 500 300 650 100, 000 128 8 5 215 (20 1°) 110, 000 129 300 ✓85-2751 c2, 500 180 8 4 j 2,000 50 150,000 131 1 7 7 150 ' 400 | 35,000 132 a Includes board. & With additional sub-year. c Value of apparatus. 43 Tai 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. le 29. — Statistics of schools, academies , or departments thereof devoted to the prepara (Note.— 0 sij? Post-office address. Name. i 2 New York, N. Y. (108 W. 49i.li street). New York, N. Y. (148 Eliz¬ abeth street). New York, N. Y. (1479, 1485 Broadway). New York, N. Y. (20 W. 43d street). New York, N. Y - New York, N. TIM ham). Rochester, N. Y. Eye, N.Y . (Ford- New York Latin School . New York Progymnasium* . New York School of Languages.. Private School for Boys . Sachs’s Collegiate Institute . St. John’s Hall, Preparatory School for Young Boys. Lutheran Prosemihary . Park Institute * . Schenectady, N.Y . Sing Sing, N. Y . . Union Classical Institute . St. John’s School . Stapleton, N.Y . j Yonkers, N. Y. (181 Woods- worth ave.). Yonkers, N. Y . Eocky Point, N. C . Cincinnati, Ohio (George street, between Smith and John). Cincinnati, Ohio (6 West 4th street). Cincinnati, Ohio . Staten Island Academy and Latin School. Prof. Davison’s Institute . Hooper’s Academy for Boys . Eocky Point High School . Ckickering Classical and Scien- I tific Institute.* Collegiate School . Walnut Hills School* . Gambier, Ohio . Kenyon Grammar School. Green Spring, Ohio . Green Spring Academy.. Hudson, Ohio . Painesville, Ohio . . Xenia, Ohio . Bethlehem, Pa . Chambersburgh, Pa . . Germantown, Pa. (Philadel¬ phia School Lane). Germantown, Pa . . Kingston, Pa . Lancaster, Pa . Western Reserve Academy . Family School for Young Ladies. . Xenia College . . Preparatory School for Lehigh University. Chambersburgh Academy . Germantown Academy . Walnut Lane School and Wellesley 'Preparatory. Wyoming Seminary . Franklin and Marshall Academy* Lewisburgh, Pa . Lewistown, Pa . Myerstown, Pa . North Wales, Pa. (P. O. box 725). Philadelphia, Pa. (1324 Lo¬ cust street) . Philadelphia, Pa. (1008 Chest¬ nut street). Philadelphia, Pa. (3903 Lo¬ cust street). Philadelphia. Pa. (corner Broad street and Fair- mount avenue). University Academy . Lewistown Academy * . . Palatinate College . North Wales Academy and School of Business. Academy of the Protestant Epis¬ copal Church. Fewsmith Classical School * . George F.Mariin’s School for Boys North Broad Street Select School for Men and Boys. Principal. 3 Yirginius Dabney . Rev. E. Bohm, director . Henry C. Miller . I Arthur H. Cntler, A. B . Dr. Julius Sachs . William G. Nowell . Rev. P. E. Kellner . Rev. Scott B. Rathbun, M. a. s. T. B. Charles S. Halsey, A. M . Rev. J. Breckenridge Gibson, P. D. Frederick E. Partington, a.m. . Rev. L S. Davison . Rev. M. E. Hooper, M. A . S. R. Trawick, a. m . W. H. Venable, a. u . Messrs. Babin and Wyckoff... Joseph E. White and Gerrit S. Sykes. Lawreuce Rust, is. A., ll. d — Paul E, Lauer, a. b., and Mor¬ ris J. Hale. m. s. Newton B. Hobart, A. M . Mrs. Samuel Matthews . W. H. De Motte, ll. d . I William Ulrich . j M. R. Alexander, A. B . J William Kershaw, A. M., rn. D. j i Miss A. M. Smith and Mrs. T. I R. Richards. Rev. L. L. Sprague, A. H., p. P. . Rev. George F. Mull, a. m., rec¬ tor. . Wm. E. Martin, A. 24 . The Misses Knot well . Rev. Wm. C. Schaeffer, a. m — S. U. Brunner, m.acct . Rev. J ames W. Robins, n. o . . . William Fowsmith, M. A . I ' George F. Martin, A. m . I George Eastburn. M. A . *From Report of the Commissioner of Education for year 1884-’S5. STATISTICS OF PREPARATORY SCHOOLS. 433 tion of pupils for universities, colleges, or scien tific schools, for 1835-*86, o P 1 s ft (H - © P CO c.2 © a 5 es p P <5 1 U ~ 1 CJD £ p r© a s § 0 u © 1 §* ! r%J ! bJO 1 J5 o © © £ 4 a O s <> 10 i 11 1 12 ! 13 |_ _ 1 14 j 15 I , 13 1874 6 5 93 c : $200 1 i . L. . 1881 Ev. Luth _ 5 22 j 23 1 1876 10 42 30 73 i 100-250 1873 11 30 3 47 10, 14 '250,400 1872 16 30 170 ' . i 400 i 185 $60, 000 i 0 1885 Non-sect _ 9 10 4 28 5 6 400 j 250 j $100 80,’ 000 1886 1883 E v. Luth . . . 1 25 200 1 32 j 20,000 ! 1869 P. E . 5 4 31 6 800 60-150 1855 ! 1855 Non-sect _ 6 31 9 120 3 I * 463 ! 36 i6s 28,000 : 1869 P.E . X I 10-15 i • fi 1 1 000 | (6 00) 75 000 1885 1884 Non-sect _ 12 ! 40 ! . 20 I 160 , 6 i 3,000 ! 30-140 i 26, 000 1859 Non-sect _ 1 ! 2 1 1 7 12 *j 1, 000 120 280 7, 000 i 1867 4 1 1 19 j 11 ! 80-160 1 ■ a 500 1878 j 1870 M.E . . 38 . ' ' 1, 200 0 1855 Non-sect _ 9 30 20 i 7 | 5 ; 200 i 150 275 i 30, 000 0 1803 Non-sect _ 5 21 . i . 60-150 . . 1 1882 Non-sect. . „ J 7 52 100-17“ , 1825 1837 P. E . j 5 1 44 j 22 io ! _ j 5 i 1 ' . j 50, 000 1881 i 38S2 ! Non-sect _ 1 4 i 6 1 30 w i 4, 3 110 30 1 25, 000 1881 ! Non-sect _ j 4 i 35 21 ! 17 14 1 4 800 34 j 110 j 40,000 1875 j Non-sect _ 8 1 1 . 20 . 500 50 ! 200 ■ 8,500 1850 1850 j M.E . i 5 115 33 ! 200 10, 000 1878 Non-sect - j 6 I G 4 52 11 ! 4 900 | 50-100 | 250 j CD 1,000 1797 1793 Presh . 4 I 20 9 | 15 10 4 1 700 60 J 300 j 20, 000 I 1784 1760 I Non-sect _ 12 70 GO i 40 5 ! 700 j 75, 100 j . : 100, 000 J 1857 | Non-sect - 12 1 l 2 2 | 40 i 12 4 1,000 125 375 j 40,000 i; 1844 1844 M.E . 19 29 8 ! 378 i 15 4 2, 000 45 160 200, 000 1836 Reformed _ 2 22 1 j 3 o 50 150 | 22, 000 1846 1846 Baptist _ 10 23 9 : 19 ! 2, 3 30 150 ! 1815 Non-sect _ 4 7 I 53 ! 5 ’ 4 25—50 200 ! 1868 1868* Reformed _ 131 4 40 154 | 0 1867 Non-sect _ 4 5 10 25 10 ; 3 500 | 30 150 j 15,066’' 1787 1785 P. E . 14 1G0 ! 100-150 1 1857 Non-sect- 2 ! 3 3 j 13 6 175 i 70-100 1882 Non-sect _ 4 . to 20 ! 5 i ii ; 6-8 120-300 o j 1868 Non-sect ...j 13 | 20 | n| 117 10 | 4 350 j 1 70-150 1 i a 6, 000 ' 1 .! 133 140 143 144 145 146 147 !58 159 160 161 162 163 165 163 167 ED 86 - 28 a Value of apparatus. 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. 3LE 29. — Statistics of schools, academies, or departments thereof devoted to the prepara (Note.— o sig Post-office address. Name. Principal. 1 2 3 Philadelphia, Pa. (2027 Chest¬ nut street). Philadelphia, Pa. (8 South 12th street). Shoemakertown, Pa . West Philadelphia, Pa. (235 South 42d street). Wilkesbarre, Pa . East Greenwich, E. I . Newport, E. I.- . Providence, E, I. (49 Snow street). Providence, E. I . W ellesley School . William Penn Charter School .... Cheltenham Academy . The Hamilton School . Harry Hillman Academy . Greenwich Academy . Eogers’ High School . English and Classical School . University Grammar School . Charleston, S. C . Winnshorough, S. C . . McKenzie, Tenn . High School of Charleston . Mount Zion Collegiate Institute and Graded School.* McTyeire Classical Institute * - Mosheim, Tenn . Nashville, Tenn . Fort Worth, Tex . Manchester, Yt . Waterbury Centre, Yt Amherst C. H., Ya. ... Bellevue, Ya . Petershurgh, Ya . Taylorsville, Ya - Winchester, Ya . Beaver Dam, Wis . Beloit, Wis . Berlin, Wis . Milwaukee, Wis . Milwaukee, Wis . Eacine, Wis . Mosheim Male and Female In¬ stitute.* Montgomery Bell Academy . Texas Wesleyan College . Burr and Burton Seminary . Green Mountain Seminary * . Kenmore University High School. Bellevue High School . . University School . Hanover Academy . Shenandoah Yalley Academy*. . . . Wayland Academy . Beloit College Academy . Berlin High School . . . . . Concordia College . Markham Academy . Grammar School of Eacine College Watertown, Wis University of Our Lady of the Sacred Heart. Miss Cordelia Brittingham . . . Eichard M. Jones, M. a . Eev. S. Clements, A. M., D. D _ Leroy Bliss Peckham, head¬ master. Edwin L. Scott, A. M., ph. d _ Eev. L. L. Beeman a. m . Frederick W. Tilton, A. M . Charles B. Goff, A. M . E. Merrick, A. si., ll. d., and Emory Lyon, a. si., m. d. Yirgil C. Dibble, A. si . J. C. Cork . E. E. Williams, A. si., and Granville Goodloe, si. a. Eev. J. M Wagner, A. si . S. M. D. Clark, A. M . Eev. A. A. Johnson, A. si _ Eev. M. L. Severance, A. si ... Miss Elizabeth Colley . H. A. Strode . William E. Abbott . W. Gordon McCabe, A. si . Hilary P. Jones, si. A . C. L. C. Minor, A. SI., LL. D . Eev. G. F. Linfield . Eev. Aimon W. Burr, A. si _ A. F. Eote . Ch. H. Loeber . Albert Markham . Eev. Arthur Piper, jr., head¬ master. Eev. P. J. Franciscus, c. s. c.. *From Eeport of the Commissioner of Education for year 1884-’85, STATISTICS OF PREPARATORY SCHOOLS. 435 ion of pupils for universities, colleges , or scientific schools, for 1885-’8G, ifc. — Continued. nifies none.) Date of charter. Tear in which institution was first | opened for instruction. a JO 1 § ro o s 1 Number of instructors. Number preparing for clas¬ sical course in college. hipils. *3 o 00 O s- .o£ t£ S ■r .3 o c3 S 2 p«c - o 2 0*5 2 © co 00 J* r O o u r© " B I .© I 5" © U <5 Number of years in full course of study. Number of volumes in library. CO o . SJ © ^ *3 I ^ 1 tt 3 c3 5 b 2 2 C*H 63 O U © X o © © fcO ? Value of grounds, buildings, and apparatus. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ii ; 12 13 14 15 16 0 1882 if on-sect _ 12 6 17 83 6 4 200 $80 $400 169 1711 1689 12 211 9 6 500 100-150 J* So p 0 -■ 0 170 o 1871 p.E . 6 50 10 300 65nn) 60, 000 171 18S6 1880 if on-sect _ ! 15 18 33 6-12 ...... 150 1 450 172 1881 1878 if on-sect _ 98 6 6 200 80 1 320 40,000 ! 173 1802 1802 ALE . 12 . : 40 ! 4 j 500 3 2,000 1 20,33 j 200 50, 000 i 174 0 1873 if on-sect _ 25 5 100 0 4 500 j a.60 1 42, 000 175 1864 is on sect.... 18 90 ; 25 | 121 8 7 1,100 60-125 "”250’ 110, 000 : 176 o 1764 1 Baptist . . 5 28 • 3 1 23 8 4 0 1 45-125 177 1889 1839 if on-sect _ 7 50 1 25 106 4 40 10,000 178 1773 1777 If on-sect _ 5 20 15 140 6 5 400 So 120 179 1882 1871 AT. E . 4 49 20 80 4 425 53 110 10, 000 1 180 1870 1869 Er. Eut-h. - - 80 4 1 15-30 80-100 2,000 181 1867 Ifon-sect. _ 33 j 91 315 61,81 40, 000 182 18S1 1881 M. E . 8 100 40 400 30-50 50, 000 183 1829 1833 Cong _ 6 10 ; ■ 2 1 90 0 5 ! 500 24 20, 000 ; 184 1862 1869 F. W. B . 6 6 12 112 ■ 3,4 | 1, 100 21 90 20, 000 185 1872 3 S 41 (300) 186 1866 ifon-sect _ 3 50 13 5 j 5, 000 63501 20, 000 187 1865 4 81 12 6 4, 000 70 1 2S0 10, 000 188 0 1849 Xon-sect _ 3 29 15 4 1,000 1300) 15, 000 189 1865 P.E ... 3 . 6 190 1885 1855 Baptist . 8 5 6 69 0 3 2, 000 26 90 30, 000 191 1846 1847 Cong. &.Pre . 4 88 : 45 i 78 14 3 26 150 192 1857 1858 3 5 5 65 13-15 3 500 13 j 125 35, 600 j 193 1883 1881 E v. Enth . . . 6 143 9 4 500 50 1 60 52, 000 194 1864 ' Xon-sect.... 4 18 15 39 4 190 950 18, 000 195 1852 1852 i P. E _ .... 9 100 8 6 I 300 MOO) 196 1873 1872 | | B. C . 9 24 j 37 . : 40 30, 000 197 1 1 1 . 1 6 No charges for those who will enter the ministry ; others, $20. a For non-residents. 436 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. List of preparatory schools from which no information lias been received. Location. Hame. Berkeley, Cal . - . Longmont, Colo . Odway, Dak . Chicago. Ill . Chicago, Ill. (Wheeler Hall, ‘Washing¬ ton Boulevard). Chicago, Ill. (103 Ashland ave.) . Jacksonville, HI . Garden Grove, Iowa . Hallo well, Me . . . Boston, Mass.- . . . Boston, Mass . , . - . Monson, Mass . Quincy, Mass . Shelburne Falls, Mass . Springfield, Mass . Willesley, Mass . St. Paul, Minn . Burlington. H. J . Ithaca, H. Y . Kinderhook, H. Y . ! Hew York, H. Y. (539. 543 Fifth ave.). J Hew York, H. Y. (32 E. 45th st.) . Hew York, H. Y. (1481 Broadway) - Peekskill, H. Y . Saratoga Springs, H. Y . Sing Sing, H. Y . Suspension Bridge, H. Y . Yonkers, H. Y . Cleveland, Ohio . *Davton, Ohio . Philadelphia, Pa. (1539 Chestnut st.).. Pottstown, Pa . York, Pa . . Bristol, B. I . . . Orangeburgh, S. C . La Grange, Tenn. . Manchester, Tenn . . . Tullahoma, Tenn . Greenwood, Ya . Midway, Va . Horwood, Ya . Berkeley Gymnasium. Longmont College. The Methodist University. Park Institute (preparatory department). Wheeler School for Boys. Yale School. Whipple Academy. St. J ohn’s Academy. Hallowell Classical and Scientific Academy. English High School. Private Classical School. Monson Academy. Adams Academy. Pratt’s English and Classical School for Boys. Springfield Collegiate Institute. Dana Hall School. Baldwin School. Burlington Military College. Cascadilla School. Kinderhook Academy. Classical and Mathematical School. Woodbridge School. TJniversity Grammar School. Mohegan Lake School. Fairview Institute. Yiieum. De Yeaux College. The Yale School. Brooks Military Academy. Collegiate Preparatory School for Young Gentlemen. Preparatory School. The Hill School. York Collegiate Institute. Preparatory School. Sheridan’s Classical School. La Grange College. Manchester College. Tullahoma College. Greenwood School. Preparatory School. Horwood High School and College. Memoranda to Table 29. Location. Hame. Remarks. Tuscaloosa, Ala . Lanesborough, Mass . Lewisbnrgh, Pa . Iberia, Ohio . Tullahoma, Tenn. Tuscaloosa Male Academy. . Elmwood Institute . Dniversitv Academy . Ohio Central College . Tullahoma College . Hame changed to TJniversity High School. Closed. Hame changed to Bucknell Academy. Closed. Suspended temporarily. APPENDIX VL SUPERIOR AND PROFESSIONAL INSTRUCTION. I.— INSTITUTIONS FOR THE SUPERIOR INSTRUC = TION OF WOMEN. IL— UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES. HI.— SCHOOLS OF SCIENCE. IV.— SCHOOLS OF THEOLOGY. V.— SCHOOLS OF LAV7. VL— SCHOOLS OF MEDICINE. VII.— DEGREES CONFERRED, 437 SUPERIOR INSTRUCTION. CLASSIFICATION OF INSTITUTIONS FOR SUPERIOR INSTRUCTION. Under tlie general head of superior instruction are included all institutions em¬ powered by law to confer degrees. They are colleges of liberal arts, schools of science, professional schools, and universities. Each of these classes consists of institutions differing more or less in organization, standards, and resources, yet possessing enough common characteristics to admit of logical classification. The present scheme of classi¬ fication was, perhaps, better adapted to the conditions of superior instruction as they existed at the time of its adoption than to the present conditions. The revision of the scheme has been undertaken during the year, but it has not been carried far enough to justify any very marked departure from the stereotyped form under which the particulars relating to the subject have heretofore been tabulated. Table 30. — Statistical summary of students in institutions for superior instruction {not including students in preparatory departments'). States and Territories. Number of students in colleges. P 3 © 02 . og 11® 2 v S.5§ Number of students in schools for the superior instruc¬ tion of women. Total number of stu¬ dents reported in these institutions. 1 3 3 4 5 Alabama . 304 118 938 1, 360 180 Arkansas . . . . . 180 California . _ . . . 1, 027 91 377 1, 495 181 Colorado . . . . . 92 89 Connecticut . . . . . 929 292 35 1, 256 41 65 Delaware . . . . . . 41 Florida . . . 65 Georgia . 591 284 1,516 678 2,391 2, 496 1, 768 2,422 1,445 2, 540 862 Illinois . . 1, 689 1,478 2, 006 ! 129 Indiana . 218 72 Iowa . . . . . 267 149 Kansas . . . 917 ; 428 i 100 Kentucky . 867 t- ID 1, 598 Louisiana . . . 705 157 Maine . . . 403 . 100 570 1, 073 Maryland . . . . . . 654 294 422 1, 370 4, 890 1, 484 654 Massachusetts . . . 2, 165 1, 038 1, 687 30 Michigan _ _ _ 1, 159 489 295 Minnesota . . 165 Mississippi . Missouri . . . ' . 337 1,310 299 232 48 768 | 1,271 1, 337 2,629 308 Nebraska . 9 Nevada . 60 60 New Hampshire . 250 126 312 688 New Jersev . . . . . . . 580 317 293 1, 190 6,465 1, 618 i 3, 357 346 New York . 4,105 536 881 1, 479 North Carolina . 1, 082 2, 274 92 133 950 Oregon . 108 146 439 440 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION Table 30. — Statistical summary of students in institutions for superior instruction , CO O CM ^ C5 CM^kD^OcT ©"* CO* © CM CM o o o o o © O O O O O tP- kO CM y O 7M H~ CD" r-T CM~ H CO¬ CO H H •spunj OAijonpoid uiojj oraooup | OOS ‘1$ 1 io 05 r-i H* o o o o CO CO 4, 600 ! 48,072 2, 000 5,300 | O >OOlD 05 « O 00 kD • CM H H • J£f ^ • CM 009 081 08 000 ‘0* •epunj QAi^onpojd jo junomy • o • o kD O O O O kD O o o o o o o O CO o o O CM O O © © © O o o ©u i ©oo O • kD O H kD • tJH O 00 o o o • o • o o o • o • OHO • O • H t> kD H ID ID CM Tfi" H co" CO CO CO CO CM tp- H » CM CO t> tP- • CO O *-! co" -CD • kD ■ H • •gnjujuddu pue ‘eSut -ppnq ‘epuno.iS jo 9iip3A $475,000 1 275, 000 403, 00Q 515, 000 15, 000 50, 000 o o o o ID O IP* o CM t- ID 256, 600 3, 096, 500 50, 000 184, 000 180, 500 530, 500 180, 000 | 160, 000 319, 182 264, 000 660, 000 625, 000 73, 000 399, 000 67, 500 20, 000 127, 000 •jfjTjjqq nr soninjoA jo jeqoinjq 1 12, 698 1 7, 500 11, 000 10. 250 500 2, 527 40 15, 150 1,400 OOOOOOiDOkDiDHOOOOOOHOO OCMkOOOC-OCMCMCOLOOOOOOkDO^ C5 OLOOOC5^00^COO»CfOONim^NOO® kDC5CCkDOOt>COCOkDOOL^OOOOCOCDCMC.O:OHCO''tf«C5iD^COt>OCOOOCM COCO © C5 CO CO Xfi CM »D H IP- (MCJOOrO^COO(Nr-lr-it^a)rl05(NO „rO --O rOrC . ~ - rO . . . A rO -rO »~t CM CM i—i r-4 H NHn CM H rC> rO >C>rO rOfOrO rO rO Number in collegiate de¬ partment. •goipnjs XBHOTJip -pa io paonuApu uj *" : 8 28 • l>- • 1 CO « 1 » 10 CO ^ CO ^ • CM O ! ^ CD I CM H • • H •08,11100 JBIJ -xud .io peioads tip CO L- CD I'- CO o H H kD 00 CM ID ID • i O CO 05 H CO CM ^ 05 CM H H O CM CD O H CO CM CM CM H C5 00 kD CM iH tp» CO 00 C5 t>» •0Sinoo .sxoqouoj jo ^unon up CM ! > kD ■ • CO kD • • * ■ t : : i :w i •osjnoo jiqnSaj np WCOiOOJONN^COt^ OOiOCOOQOCOOOQO OO CO CO tH H tH 233 1,117 21 165 442 745 OtHOOCOCOCDt*«HOC5CDCD HiDOHO^rrCO^COkoJ HCMkOkOCOHCOCOHTjiHO ■pnampredap Aiojuaudoid hi Aoqnmjvj CO o 1-H CM CD ID CO O ID CO >DC500 OO CO CO CO H CM OO H CO CO 05 tH kD 05 CO 05 © O © i— ‘ H CO 132 43 570 213 203 CM H 00 00 CD CM CC CO kD CO CO CO CO CO CM CO •Y[uo ^uoin^judop Yioju -judajduisjojonjqsui jojaqumjq | CO • © co 24 ^ : i CO 1> COHlDkDH H H CO t> CD CD t-H 05 •j^Xho juarapiudap opEtS -oqoa hi eaopiu^eui jo .m'qumjq 00 ’ CO • GO ID 83 05 H ! H CO . O kD CO kD CD CO C5 IP- O CM kD 00 CD O t> O CO CM kD Corps of instruction. •apuna^ip COt^iOCDkDOOI>»DCMT* kD kD oc IP- (MHC1 H t-C5C5^0000005kDlDCO Tt4 kD CM ^ © CM H CO kD CO 00 00 CM E> CM CD Tf kD 00 •OIBH lOHHNCO IcOCMr^kD HH tJH CO • CO O H ! CO ^ IP* H CO CM 05 CM ^ H CO • r-i CM H CO CM H CO CO -^4 CD t> CM CM H CM H CO . ’l^op, CO OO CO CO CO CO o t> o o> COCO o ] a iji £i • ill New Hampshire . New Jersey . New York. . North Carolina . Ohio . Pennsylvania . . . South Carolina . Tennessee . Texas . . Vermont . Virginia . . . SUPERIOR INSTRUCTION 01' WOMEN. 443 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11. 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 32. — Statistics of institutions for the superior instruction of women for Post-office address. Name. President. Athens, Ala Eufala, Ala . Florence, Ak Huntsville, Ala. Huntsville, Ala . Marion, Ala .... Marion, Ala _ Talladega, Ala.. Tuscaloosa, Ala Tuscaloosa, Ala. Tuslteegee, Ala. Los Angeles, Cal . Mill’s Seminary, Cal. San Jos6, Cal . Santa Rosa, Cal . Hartford, Conn . Athens, Ga . Covington, Ga . Cuthbert, Ga ... Dalton, Ga . Porsyth, Ga _ Gainesville, Ga , Gainesville, Ga . Griffin, Ga . . La Grange, Ga... La Grange, Ga... Macon, Ga . . Nownan, Ga _ Home, Ga . . Home, Ga. . Thomasville, Ga . Galesburgh, Ill . . Greenville, HI ... Jacksonville, HI . Jacksonville, HI . Knoxville, HI.... Lake Forest, HI . Morgan Park, HI . Mt. Carroll, Ill... Rockford, 111 . Fort Wayne, Ind. New Albany, Ind. Davenport, Iowa . Des Moines, Iowa Oswego, Kans _ Topeka, Kans .... Athens Female College . Union Female College . Florence Synodical Female Col¬ lege. Huntsville Female College . Huntsville Female Seminary (Rotherwood Home). Judson Female Institute . Marion Female Seminary* . Synodical Female Institute . Alabama Central Female Col- lege. Tuscaloosa Female College . Alabama Conference Female College. The Ellis College* . Mill’s Seminary and College College of Notre Dame * . Santa Rosa Ladies’ College . Hartford Female Seminary . Lucy Cobb Institute* . Georgia Methodist Female Col¬ lege. Andrew Female College* . Dalton Female College* . Monroe Female College . Georgia Baptist Seminary for Young Ladies Methodist College for Young Ladies. Griffin Female College* . La Grange Female College . Southern Female College . Wesleyan Female College . College Temple. . Rome Female College* . Shorter College . Young Female College . Knox Seminary . Almira College . . . . Hlinois Female Coliega * . Jacksonville Female Academy. St. Mary’s School . Ferry Hall, Lake Forest Uni¬ versity. Chicago" Female College * . Mt. Carroll Seminary * . Rockford Seminary . Westminster Seminary for Young Ladies. De Pauw College for Young Women. Immaculate Conception Acad¬ emy. Callanan College . College for Young Ladies . . College of the Sisters of Bethany Rev. M. G. Williams A. H. Todd . Miss S. Collier . . A. B. Jones, ll.d., d. d . J. D. Anderson..- . Robert Frazer . James D. Wade, A. M . Rev. G. W. Maxson, d.d . S. B. Foster, a m., and G. G. Glower, princinals. Alonzo Hill . . . John Massey . Clinton, Kv . Danville, Ky . . Georgetown, Ky . Glasgow, Ky . Harrodsburgh, Ky . From Report of the Commissioner of Education for year 1884- Clinton College * . Caldwell and Bell College . Georgetown Female Seminary.. Liberty Female College . Daughters’ College . Rev. John W. Ellis . Rev. C. C. Stratton, D. D . Sister Marie Cornelia, superior.. Rev W. A. Finley, A. SI., D D . Dr. Andrews - ... . Miss M. Rutherford . John T. McLaughlin . Rev. Howard W. Key John A. Jones, A. M . . Richard T. Asbury, A. M A. W. Yan House . Rev. C. B. La Hatte George G. Butler, A. M . . . . . Rufus W. Smith . I. F. Cox . . - . W. C. Bass, d.d . . M. P Kellogg, A. M. . . Rev. J. M. M. Caldwell . . L R. Gwaltney, D. D . . John E Baker, A. M . Hon. Newton Bateman, A. M., ll.d. James P. Slade . . . Rev. W. F. Short. D. D . E.F. Bullard, A M . . Rev, C. W. Leffingwell . . . Rev. Daniel S. Gregory, D. D . Gilbert Thayer, ll. d . Mrs. Frances A. Wood Shimer - Martha Hillard . . Miss C B. Sharp and Mrs. D. B. Wells. Rev. L. M. Albright . . Sister Mary Gonzaga. C.R. Pomeroy, D. D . Louise Pauli . Rt. Rev. Thomas H. Vail, D. D., j LL.D Miss Amanda M. Hicks . : Miss Lottie A. Campbell . James J. Rucker, ll. d . E. W, Elrod . j John Aug. Williams . I '85. a Rechartered in 1877. SUPERIOR INSTRUCTION OF WOMEN. 445 J883-’86: from replies to inquiries by the United States Bureau of Education— Part I. Date of charter. Date of organization. d • 5 'S o a o 6 a c "So pH ' Professors and instructors. 1 Students. Total in collegiate and pre¬ paratory departments. 3 © Z .2 if © rz +* G * 3 pO 3 3 1 6 1# 5 o p. ® 2 U § 2 ^ £ Xumbcr in preparatory do- partment. Collegiate de¬ partment. A 8 . — © 5 2 © § © ; 3 S 7* ® X ^ - © x i G 5 23 Xumher in advanced or ad¬ ditional studies. Total number in all depart¬ ments. G © to 5 u © 1 H Fourth year. 4 5 6 7 s 9 10 a 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 1844 M E So 0 1 6 4 2 44 1 5 i 6 8 19 82 1 1852 1853 Xon-sect.. 6 Jl 5 * 1 22 ! 6 ■ 8 24 ! 5 65 I (8' ! rn 7) 1 w 87 ! 1843 AT. E So 14 1 13 47 21 1 04 68 5 185 ! fJWO 1S29 6 22 ram 10 82 1841 1839 Baptist . . . 15 3 12 11 i 4 I 44 39 i 42 21 i i9 ! 13 . 178 ; 1836 8 1 23 /K Ql 82 ' 1840 1841 Presh .... 6 _ 9 4 5 ! 1 75 i 25 ! 18 13 i 3 0 12 0 146 j 1 1857 s 3 6 7 | 2 j 30 16 : 20 14 ; 12 1 93 1 1860 1S60 Xon-sect.. 9 3 6 6 ; 3 | 56 36 L 32 22 ! 13 1 : 201 1 855 1856 Meth . 9 50 I 22 | 20 23 j 35 ! 150 1884 10 2 8 20 (2 5) 8 53 3877 1871 Xon-Secti- . i 20 r 15 3 ! 178 18G8 1851 •! R. c | 33 1 32 : 132 1884 5 3 1 (251 9 34 1827 1827 Xon-sect. - ' 6 1 j 5 | 10 | I S | 17 | I 35 1850 1858 X on-sect.. 19 ! 8 ; 11 23 M4Q) 172 1850 1859 Meth ...! 6 j 3 1 3 . 5 ..... 40 l 26 O- j 19 ! 104 1854 ! 1854 Meth . 7 ; 3 i 4 ; 35 1 i (65) G 106 i 1873 1872 M. E. So.. 6 ! 2 i 4 ; 45 ! (7 1) j 118 j 1849 1849 Bantist . . . S 1 3 j 5 62 j 50 I He 1878 1878 Baptist 1 4 4 i 1 30 22 20 j 6 2 80 1881 1880 Meth . j 5 ! 2 3 4 ! 1 j 57 ] 35 25 7 3 .... .... ! 127 1848 ! 1849 Xon-sect . . j 2 5 | 35 i n 1) 5 111 1846 1838 M. E. So.. 9 i 2 24 ! m\ i 101 1846 1843 Xon-sect. -i 17 i 5 12 14 j 3 ! 50 i 20 j 40 25 j 20 j .... 10 165 1836 1839 M. E. So.. 17 i 5 12 ! 35 25 69 57 48 j 89 . 323 1853 : 1853 ! 24 on-sect. . 1 10 2 8 j 8 j 2 1 30 56 j 17 1 1 16 j [ 130 l alS57 1857 Xon-sect- . 8 ! o 5 10 (119) 4 1 61 h) 1877 1873 Baptist _ 38 mu 22 | 171 1869 . Xon-sect. . 4 ; 1 I 3 3 1 22 69 ' 91 1847 M.E. . 11 8 ; 3 13 3 rj , 4 | 12 39 1857 1885 | Bantist 9 ! 1 | 8 8 1 25 18 19 i 7 4 i . 66 1863 1847 11 8 33 /fU) 47 144 1835 1830 S Xon-sect.. 17 o 11 50 22 ! 31 i 19 9 15- . . 146 1882 . 1808 P. E . i 12 4 8 26 25 1 20 j 20 9 10 110 1857 ' 1869 : Presh _ | 11 4 50 11 ; 3 3 8 82 j 1874 j 1S75 ■ Xon-sect. . i 9 4 5 18 MS) 1 4 70 1852 I 1S53 : Xon-sect.. j 13 2 11 175 ; 1847 1849 ! Xon-sect.. j 15 1 14 7 j 7 1 103 j 21 4 4 : 8 :::: 11 151 j 1883 j Presh . i 8 8 (36) .... el852 1852 ! Meth . ! 5 1 i 1 mm 1889 ! 1859 j 17 17 . I 126 j 23 I 14 1 9 j 5! ... j 13 j 190 j 18S0 ! 1879 ! 3J. C . j Xon-sect.. 1 13 3 10 59 1 2 6 | 5 | 18 | 12 42 1 144 ! 1886 ! P rp.sh 34 13 ! 8 1870 1870 P.E 12 2 ! 10 205 i 43 ! 17 ■ n 1 8 | 284 ' 1874 1874 Baptist _ 9 2 7 150 i (110) 0 260 ! 1877 1861 1 Presh 13 2 ; 11 9 4 1 80 j (90) 3 i 173 1S29 : 1846 Baptist ... 11 4 ! 9 2 ' 30 i 108 i 1874 1875 | Baptist . . . 5 1 i 4 ! 3 2 1 80 i 20 I 18 ; 12 1 4 134 | 1846 1 1355 l Xon-sect.. 9 1 2 i 7 ; 150 1 6 Includes other students not separately specified. c Eechartered in 1866. 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 20 30 31 32 a j 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 32. — Statistics of institutions for the superior Post-office address. Name. President. 1 3 3 Hopkinsville, Ky . Lancaster, Ky . Lexington, Ky . Lexington, Ky . Lexington, Ky . Louisville, Ky . Millersburgk, Ky . Nicholas ville, Ky . Russellville, Ky . Shelhyville, Ky . Shelby ville, Ky . Stanford, Ky . Woodburn,"Ky . Clinton, La . Mansfield, La . Minden, La . Kent’s Hill, Me . Baltimore, Md . Baltimore, Md (ParkPlace) Cambridge, Md . Frederick, Md . Lutherville, Md . Andover, Mass . Auburndale, Mass . Boston, Mass . Bradford, Mass . New Bedford, Mass . Northampton, Mass . Norton, Mass . South Hadley, Mass . Wellesley, Mass . Kalamazoo, Mich . Albert Lea, Minn . Faribault, Minn . . — Minneapolis, Minn . Blue Mountain, Miss . Brookhaven, Miss . Clinton, Miss . Corinth, Miss . . Meridian, Miss . Oxford, Miss . Pontotoc, Miss . Starkville, Miss . Summit, Miss . Columbia, Mo . Columbia, Mo . Fayette, Mo . Fulton, Mo . Independence, Mo . . Jennings, Mo . Lexington, Mo . Lexington, Mo.. . Lexington, Mo . Mexico, Mo . St. Charles, Mo . St. Louis, Mo . Bethel Female College . Garrard Female College . Hamilton Female College . St. Catherine’s Female Academy Sayre Female Institute . . Louisville Female College . Millersburgh Female College.. . Jessamine Female Institute .... Logan Female College . . . Science Hill School . Stuart’s Female College . Stanford Female College * . Cedar Bluff Female College _ Silliman Female Collegiate In¬ stitute. Mansfield Female College . Minden Female College . Maine Wesleyan Seminary and Female College. Baltimore Academy of the Vis¬ itation. Baltimore Female College . Cambridge Female Seminary . . . Frederick Female Seminary .... Lutherville Female Seminary. .. Abbot Academy . Lasell Seminary for Young Women. Gannett Institute . Bradford Academy . The Swain Free School . Smith College . Wheaton Female Seminary . Mt. Holyoke Female Seminary. . Wellesley College . Michigan Female Seminary . Albert Lea College . St. Mary’s Hall . Bennet Seminary . Blue Mountain Female College. . Whitworth Female College . Central Female Institute . Corinth Female College . East Mississippi Female College . TJnioii Female College* . Chickasaw Female College . Starkville Female Institute . Lea Female College . Christian Female College . Stephens Female College . Howard Female College . Fulton Synodical Female College Woodland College . St. Louis Seminary . Baptist Female College . Central Female College . The Elizabeth Aull Female Sem¬ inary.* Hardin College . . Linderwood College for Young Ladies. Mary Institute, Washington University. J. W. Bust, ll. D . Morris Evans, D. D . J. T. Patterson . Sister Lucy . H. B. McClellan . Thomas D. Davidson . Cadesman Pope . Miss M. F. Hewitt . H. K. Taylor, A. M . W. T. Poynter . . W. H. Stuart . Alex. S. Paxton, a. b . Rev. B. F. Cabell . George J. Ramsey, A. M . Rev. Francis M. Grace, A. M., D. d. Maj. Arthur L. Cox . Rev. Edgar M. Smith, A. M . Mother Mary Leonard Neale . N. C. Brooks, ll. d . J. F. Baugher . William H. Purnell, ll. d . Rev. J. H. Turner, A. M. . Miss Philena McKeen . Chas. C. Bragdon . Rev. George Gannett, A. M . Annie E. Johnson . Francis B. Gummere . L. Clark Seelye . Miss A. Ellen Stanton . Miss Elizabeth Blanchard . Miss Alice E. Freeman, ph. d . Antoinette Bryant . Rev. R. B. Abbott, D. D . Rt. Rev. H. B. Whipple, D. D . J. C. Whitney, president of board. W. T. Lowrey, A. M . Lewis T. Fitzhugh, A. M . Walter Hillman, A. ir., ll. d . J. Wm. Stokes . Rev. A. D. McVoy, A. M . Rev. J. S. Howard, A. M . W. V. Frierson . T. G. Sellers, D. D . Chas. H. Otken . W. A. Oldham . . T. W. Barrett, A. M . Hubbard K. Hinde . B. H. Charles . Geo. S. Bryant . B. T. Blewett, ll. d . John F. Lanneau . W. F. Kerdolff . Rev. James Addison Quarles, D. d. A, K. Yancy.jr . Rev. Robert Irwin, D. D . C. S. Pennell . * From Report of the Commissioner of Education for year 1884-’85. SUPERIOR INSTRUCTION OF WOMEN. 447 instruction of women for 1685-’86, $c. — Part I — Continued.. Date of charter. Date of organization. Religious denomination. Professors and in structors. Total in collegiate and pre¬ paratory departments. J2 © *c3 - h Number in collegiate depart¬ ment only. Number in preparatory de¬ partment only. 4 5 6 ; 7 1 8 9 10 11 1854 1856 1883 1884 1 11 2 9 1869 1869 Christian . j 14 7 7 12 2 1831 R.C . 1 7 7 4 3 1856 1S56 Presb . 10 ”3* 7 8 2 1884 1881 1 10 3 7 1853 1834 M. E . 1 14 12 10 4 ! 1854 1854 Non-sect.. 8 .... 8 6 2 1867 1867 M.E. So .. 9 2 7 8 1 1879 1S25 M. E. So .. 10 1 9 9 1 1849 1839 S. Presb .. 6 1 5 5 1 1868 1868 4 1 3 1864 1862 6 1 5 1852 1852 7 2 5 1855 if. E. So . . 8 2 6 * 1853 1853 Non-sect.. 4 1 3 0 0 al821 1821 M. E . . 1838 1837 R. C 26 26 1849 1848 Non-sect. . 6 3 3 . I 1858 1866 Non-sect. . 5 1 1 4 : 1841 1843 Non-sect.. 10 3 i 7 ! 9 1 I 1853 1853 Lutheran . 10 3 7 I 10 1829 1829 Non-sect. . 12 3 9 I 1851 1851 Non-sect.. 29 10 j 19 ! j 1854 Non-sect. . 16 7 j 9 I 1 1804 1803 Cong . 12 2 I 10 1881 1882 Non-sect 6 5 1 1 ‘ 1 1871 1875 Non-sect. . 24 14 : 10 ! 24 1837 1834 Cong . 12 2 ! 10 1836 1837 on-sect. . 37 30 ! 87 . 1870 1875 Non-sect.. 75 il 61 i 6 j 1856 1856 Presb _ _ _ 9 .... 9 I 1881 | 1885 Presb _ 5 1 1 4 1 I 1866 1866 P. E . 12 1 11 ! 1869 I 1870 Non-sect.. 10 1 ' 9 . 1877 1873 Non-sect. . 12 2 10 11 1 1860 1859 M. E. So 8 4 i 4 I 1853 1853 Baptist . . . 11 2 1 9 1 6 5 ! 1878 1878 ‘6 1 1 5 ] 2 4 1 1872 1872 M. E. So . . 6 1854 1853 Cuinb. P.! 6 *T 5 1852 j 1852 Presb . 4 1 1 3 2 ■ 2 1871 1869 Baptist . . . 8 2 6 1 5 3 . 1877 1877 Baptist . . . 5 1 4 1 4 1 j 1850 1850 Christian . 10 4 6 1857 1856 Baptist . . . 10 3 7 9 1 1 1859 1855 Meth ..... 10 2 8 8 2 1870 1872 Presb . 13 5 8 12 1 1 1874 1869 Christian . 7 1872 1871 Non-sect. . 7 2 5 1855 1885 Baptist . . . 8 2 6 7 1 1869 I 1870 M.E . 13 1 1859 1860 Presb . 8 1 7j 1872 1873 Baptist . . . 12 3 9 1 10 2 1853 1830 Presb . 9 2 7 9 1 1853 1859 Non-sect.. 24 2 22 j . 1 Students. Collegiate de¬ partment. 40 66 45 49 54 100 80 25 40 38 2 2 o . r to 3 si ^ * fc N fc 13 14 15 10. ir! IS 65 20 I 10 | 5 5 . (35) I 3 50 I 48 i 34 ! 15 |. 18 22 8 j 3 j. | 27 I 40 I 30 J 25 !. (50) - I 30 | 33 I 20 i 7 1. I 23 i 21 I 31 i 20 . ! 50 : 35 | 19 10 . 46 I 38 I 25 ! 5 I (61) i 4 . (32) 35 | 25 | 15 j 5 (49) 3 20 | 20 | 20 10 0 15 14 : 6 .... 0 ............. 5 I 13 | 14 j 20 I 8 10 ! 9 10 5 3 25 ! 12 ! 27 13 16 23 ! 2 i 48 ! 24 ' 9 12 14 | 18 14 i 18 46 ! 37 : 25 I 29 I 10 25 26 j 17 10 0 9 47 25 32 45 47 38 200 120 ! 131 4 j. 64 48 49 .... 10 | 4 81 | 67 | 63 j *75 17 : 28 j 17 i (95) (66) (107) 22 | 27 14 6 48 12 ...-I 15 2 . (73) ii ; £ 25 16 | 15 | 6 | 6 (101) 25 64 (61) 15 I 58 | .45 | 16 | 11 (133) 24 33 30 3 215 17 21 i 16 30 (41) 30 38 I 30 I 14 .... 28 ; 25 j 25 i 12 .... 45 ! 38 I 39 j 55 .... 19 10 H 20 52 118 53 192 | 54 125 55 18C ; 56 50 190 130 151 160 106 65 80 117 80 67 570 | 68 177 | 69 60 70 37 I 71 101 j 72 110 73 104 ! 74 147 I 75 60 j 76 128 ! 77 135 ! 78 305 ! 79 84 I 80 297 81 520 I 82 39 ! S3 51 j 84 120 98 152 138 123 230 142 131 79 160 68 101 110 129 145 133 36 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 117 102 142 103 76 104 142 97 402 107 a Rechartered in 1883. 44 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 | 132 133 ! 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 DEPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 32. — Statistics of institutions for the suptrit Post-office address. Name. President. 1 2 3 St. Louis, Mo . Reno, Nev . Exeter, N. H . Tilton, N. H . "West Lebanon, N. H . Bordentown, N. J . Freehold, N. J . TJ rsul in e Academy . Bishop "Whitaker’s School for Girls. Robinson Female Seminary . New Hampshire Conference Seminary and Female College. Tilden Seminary . . Bordentown Female College .... Freehold Young Ladies’ Semi- Mother Joanna . . Bishop O. W. Whitaker . . George N. Cross, am . . Rev. D. C. Knowles, D. D. ... E. Hubbard Barlow . . Rev. William C. Bowen, A. M. Rev. Frank Chandler, D. D . . . Pennington, N. J . Near Albany, N. Y. (Ken¬ wood). Albany, N. Y . Brooklyn. N. Y . Buffalo, N. Y . Canandaigua, N. Y . Claverack, N. Y . New York, N. Y. (Man¬ hattan ville). New York, N. Y. (11 E. 32d st). New York, N. Y. (603 5th avenue). Plattsburgh, N. Y . Asheville, N. C . Charlotte, N. C . Green sborough, N. C . Lenoir, N. C . Mnrfreesborough, N. C _ Murfroesborough, N. C . . . . [ Raleigh, N. C . Raleigh, N. C . Statesville, N. C . Tkomasville, N. C . Cincinnati, Ohio (Law¬ rence and 3d streets). Cincinnati, Ohio (Wesley avenue). Glendale, Ohio . . Granville, Ohio . Granville, Ohio . Hillsborough, Ohio . nary. Pennington Seminary . Academy of the Sacred Heart. . . St. Agnes’ School* . Packer Collegiate Institute . Buffalo Female Academy . Granger Place School. ..*. . Claverack College and Hudson River Institute. * Academy of the Sacred Heart. . . English, French, and German Boarding and Day School. Rev. Dr. and Mrs. Charles H. j Gardner’s Boarding and Day School for Young Ladies. D’Youvillo Academy . Asheville Female College* . Charlotte Female Institute . Greensborough Female College . Davenport Female College . ChowanBaptist Female Institute Wesleyan Female College* . Estey Seminary . Peace Institute* . Statesville Female College . Thomasville Female College. ... Bartholomew English and Clas¬ sical School. Cincinnati Wesleyan College. . . Glendale Female College . Granville Female College . Shepardson College . Highland Institute . Thos. Hanlon, D. D . Madame E. Hogan . Rt. Rev. W.C-.Doane, s. T. D., ll. d . Truman J. Backus, LL. D . Albert T. Chester . Caroline A. Comstock . Rev. Alonzo Flack, ph. d . Madame S. Jones . M.H. Jonson and Miss A.L. Jones. Rev. Charles H. Gardner, ph. d . . . Sister M. de la Yictoore . Rev. J ames Atkins, ,jr . Rev. Wm. R. Atkinson . Rev. T. M. Jones, A. M., n. D . I Will. H. Sanborn . G. B. Brewer, a. M . E. E. Paham, a. m . Rev. H. M. Tupper, D. D . Rev. R. Burwell, D. u . Fannie Everett, principal . Rev. J. N. Stallings . G. K. Bartholomew . Rev. W. K. Brown, D. D . L. D. Potter . Rev. Dwight B. Hervey, A. M . Rev. E. Shepardson, D. b . E. P. Allen . Hillsborough, Ohio Oxford, Ohio . Oxford, Ohio . Painesville, Ohio . . Xenia, Ohio . Portland, Oreg.. ... Allentown, Pa . Bethlehem, Pa . Blairsville, Pa . Bryn Mawr, Pa - Collegeville, Pa. ... Lewisburgh, Pa . . . Media, Pa . Ogontz, Pa . Hillsborough Female College . . . Oxford Female College . W estem Female Seminary . Lake Erie Female Seminary .... Xenia College* . St. Helen’s Hall . Allentown Female College . Moravian Seminary for "Young Ladies. Blairsville Ladies’ Seminary.... Friends’ College for Women.... Pennsylvania Female College... Bucknoll Institute . Brook’s Hall Female Seminary * Ogontz School for Young Ladies W. C. Helt . Rev. L. F. Walker, D. D . Helen Peabody . j Miss Mary Evans . i W. H. De Motte, ll. d . Rt. Rev. B. W. Morris, D. D . . Rev. Wm. M. Reily . i Rev. James Biickensderfer . i T.R. Ewing . ! James E. Rhoades . j J. W. Sunderland, ll. d., rector - i David J. Hill, LL. D . j Maria L. Eastman . [ Misses Bonney, Dillaye, Bennett, j and Eastman. *From Report of the Commissioner of Education for year 1884-85. a Date of first opening ; reopened after several years’ suspension, in September, 1881. SUPERIOR INSTRUCTION OF WOMEN, 449 instruction of women for 1885-’SG, ;7 25 12 1 9 3 j 72 113 1884 1844 8 1 7 20 10 70 114 1839 1840 M. E. 14 8 6 3 . 11 _ 82 53 23 6 20 194 ! 115 1861 E C 25 33 35 15 10 12 105 116 1872 1S71 P E. 29 8 12 1 1 220 117 1853 185-4 4i 3 38 640 118 1851 1851 14 4 10 9 5 70 51 18 16 15 170 119 1876 Eon-sect. . 12 3 9 43 13 5 3 2 .... 17 4 87 120 I860 1 1779 Non-sect. . 17 6 11 200 (62) 1 267 121 1851 J 1841 Pv. c . 37 7 ! 30 163 28 | 33 | 15 | I 11 5 255 122 1869 Non-sect. . ' 17 8 9 (100) 1 100 i 123 1S58 Non-sect. . j 15 15 j 1 25 675) 100 124 1869 1860 E. C . 1 6 0 j 6 ! 36 13 | ! 10 ! 12 1 t I4 20 105 125 1850 1854 M. E. So. . . 7 ' 3 ;;;;;; ! 60 *701 .... :: 130 126 1839 1857 Presh _ 9 2 7 2 i 62 i 27 35 18 8 150 127 1839 i 1846 Meth . 15 3 1 i 1 14 1 23 27 56 63 20 17 206 128 1855 1856 Non-sect.. 8 2 6 ' j 30 23 23 1 9 3 I 89 129 1848 Baptist ... 9 2 '7 ! 25 26 °4 14 9 98 130 1854 : 01843 Meth . * . 5 9 3 43 131 1874 1870 Baptist 172 j 132 1857 1872 Presh . 16 4 j 12 221 133 5 .... 104 134 1855 1849 Baptist . . . 1 8 3 5 G 2 43 (a 19) 82 135 0 1875 P.E . j 15 l 12 1 3 50 6 21 12 | 36 14 139 13G 1842 1 1842 I M. E . j 23 8 15 J 22 1 12 1 14 24 15 I 17 .... 23 . 105 137 1854 I 1854 Presb . 1 11 11 25 20 15 8 19 98 138 1833 1833 Presh . i 9 1 1 140 139 1832 Baptist . . . 8 3 ° 20 I 4 8 11 13 10 4 70 140 1871 1 1829 Presb. and 4 20 1 36 141 P.E. .... 1854 1839 j M. E . 10 2 8 5 5 ! 12 ! 10 14 8 7 51 142 1849 1849 ! Presb . 13 I. 11 2 j 13 24 13 17 10 32 109 143 1853 1855 | Non-sect.. 17 | . 156 144 1856 1859 1 Non-sect.. 18 i.... | 65 15 12 12 9 15 128 145 1850 1850 1 M. E . 6 1 i s 121 146 1869 1869 | P. E . i 13 146 147 1870 1870 Eef. Ch... 6 j 51 13 10 11 9 94 148 1863 1749 ' Moravian ! 14 3 ; 11 10 ! 30 26 29 13 108 149 1851 | Presby . . . 9 51 150 1880 18S5 Non- sect | 14 ! 7 • rj 1 M j- 0 0 rn 8 .44 151 1853 1851 Non-sect. . 152 1852 Baptist . ! 13 12 6 | rj i 11 1 2 ! 15 In' j 22 rr 2 63 50 153 154 1856 P. E ! 3 1 ! 9 ! ~ &1S50 1 i • . ! 11 i io c86 155 j -IS cn-s6ct i . i i 1 1 . 6 As Chestnut Street Seminary, Philadelphia ; transferred to Ogontz in September, 1883. c Boarders. ED 86 - 29 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 32. — Statistics of institutions for the superior Post-office address. 1 Philadelphia, Pa. (1325 N. Broad street). Washington, Pa . Anderson, S. C . Columbia, S, C . Due West, S. C . Greenville, S. G . Walhalla, S. C . Williamston, S. C . Brownsville, Tenn . . Brownsville, Tenn . Clarksville, Tenn . Columbia, Tenn . . . Franklin, Tenn . Jackson, Tenn . McMinnville, Tenn . Mossy Creek, Tenn . Murfreeshorough, Tenn . . Nashville, Tenii . Nashville, Tenn . Nashville, Tenn.... . Rogersville, Tenn . Shelbyville, Tenn . Winchester, Tenn . Dallas, Tex . Galveston, Tex . Georgetown, Tex . Independence, Tex . Victoria, Tex . Waco, Tex . Montpelier, Vt . Waterbary Center, Vt. . . . Abingdon, Va . . Christ iansburgh, Va . Danville, Va . Danville, Va . Hollins, Va . . . Keswick Depot, Va . Marion, Va . Norfolk, Va . Petersburgh, Va . Richmond, Va . Staunton, Va . . Staunton, Va . . Staunton, Va . Warrenton, Va . Winchester, Va . Winchester, Va . Parkersburgh, W. Va - Wheeling, W. Va . Fox Lake, Wis . Milwaukee, Wis . Sinsinawa Mound, Wis... Name. President. 2 3 Philadelphia Seminary. Rebecca E. Judkins. Washington Female Seminary.. Anderson Female Seminary. Columbia Female College* . Due West Female College* . Greenville Female College . Walhalla Female College* . Williamston Female College .... Brownsville Female College .... Wesleyan Female College . Broadhurst Institute* . . Columbia Athenaeum . Tennessee Female College . Memphis' Conference Female I Institute. I Cumberland Female College . . . . ! Baptist Female College* . ! Soule Female College . Nashville College for Young Ladies. St. Cecilia’s Academy W. E. Ward’s Seminary for Young Ladies. Synodical Female College . Shelbyville Female College . Mary Sharp College . j Jones’ School for Young Ladies * ; Ursuline Academy j Ladies’ Annex, Southwestern University. I Baylor Female College * j Nazareth Academy . . . .. Waco Female College . Vermont Methodist Seminary and Female College. Green Mountain Seminary . Martha Washington College. Montgomery Female College ... Danville College for Young Ladies. Roanoke Female College.. . Hollins Institute* . . Edge Hill School* . Marion Female College . Norfolk College for Young Ladies. Southern Female College . Richmond Female Institute*... Staunton Female Seminary . Virginia Female Institute ...... Wesleyan Female Institute . Fauquier Female Institute . Episcopal Female Institute * . . . . Valley Female College* . Parkersburgh Female Seminary. Wheeling Female College . Wisconsin Female College . Milwaukee College . St. Clara Academy . . Miss N. Sherrard . Lewis M. Ayer. . . . Rev. Osgood A. Darby, d. d . J. P. Kennedy, A. M . . . Alex. S. Townes . Rev. J. P. Smeltzer, D. D . Rev. S. Lander, A. M., D. D . P. H. Eager, A. M . John Williams . Robert Augustus Broadhurst . Robert D, Smith . M. Thos. Edgerton . Rev. A. W. Jones, A. M., D. D . N. J. Finney, A. M . W. T. Russell . John R. Thompson . . . Rev. Geo* W. F. Price, D. D . W. E. Ward . . Mrs. F. A. Ross . . J. P. Hamilton . . J. C. Graves, ll. d W. K. Jones . Rev. John W. Heidt, A. M., D. d., regent. Rev. John Hill Luther, D. D ....... Mother St. Claire . R. O. Rounsavall . Rev. J. D. Beeman, A. M . Elizabeth Colley . . . . Rev. E. E. Wiley, Ad . Rev. E. T. Baird, D. D., PH. D . John Blackwell and R. H. Sharp, jr.,M. a. S. W. and J. T. Averett . Charles L. Cocke, a. m., general ' superintendent. Miss C. R. Randolph . Rev. J. J. Scherer, A. M . . John L. Roper . . W. T. Davis . Miss Salley B. Hamner . Rev. James Willis, A. M . Mrs. Gen. J. E. B. Stuart . Rev. W. A. Harris, D. D . A. Fleet . Rev. J. C. Wheat, D. D . Rev. John P. Hyde, a. m . Mrs. Henrietta L. Field . James A. Brown, A. M . Helen A. Pepoon, principal . Charles S. Farrar, A. M . Mother M. Emily . From Report of the Commissioner of Education for year 1884-’85. SUPERIOR INSTRUCTION OF WOMEN, 451 instniction of icomen for 1885-’8G, 5 © 0 |1 ~ 7 pO £ -2 >> g s H. ® a 5 c & 13 ci - h - ”1 I 5 r Collegiate de¬ partment. L 6 . 0 £ __ 'r. T « r *4 *3 x » Fg 3 ~ 73 © 0 — . - E T 2 Number in advanced or ad¬ ditional studies. Total number in all depart¬ ment. 1 £ 8 l© *» | h hv c& o S QQ j , c-i c ; © ! >> 4 5 6 7 S 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 IS 19 20 1871 13 O 11 100 156 2836 14 1 13 13 1 6 1 1 nam 136 157 1680 10 1 9 3 66 : *16 ’ IS ; 6 ; 7 135 158 "\r F, 80 ID 3 1 21 1 /insi 127 159 1859 1860 11 1 10 60 187 160 4 11 12 3 j 71 . 48 45 , 40 ; is 6 ; 228 161 1872 al872 1 6 47 (30) 0 1 77 ! 162 1875 1872 Eon-sect. . 8 3 5 7 1 1 66 (28) 27 | 121 | 163 18n1 1 852 6 1 5 5 1 ; 30 26 20 1 10 4 90 | 164 1870 1867 AT. E. So ! 26 ...J 13 2 8 . 49 • 165 1677 1876 18 5 { 51 I 166 1858 1852 18 13 . 163 j 167 1856 1857 9 1 8 35 j 32 | 27 j 21 i 10 .... 125 j 168 1844. 1844 1L E. So . 6 3 3 1 181 1 169 1850 | 1850 Cumb. P. . 5 1 8 1 2 51 i 13 37 1 17 8 24 j 150 ! 170 1885 1 1882 Baptist . . 5 I 9 3 85 ! 171 1851 1852 M. E. So 8 i 3 n 1 45 85 9n i 24 16 145 1 172 1S81 | 1880 M. E. So . . 17 3 1 (2=>01 250 | 173 1862 | 1860 E.C . . I 1 63 i 174 1869 j 1865 Xon-sect.. 20 1 19 19 1 35 35 45 50 125 .... 35 325 1 175 1850 Presb _ 9 20 1 1 (7 0) 90 i 176 1884 1853 Eon-sect.. 8 I 1 I 7 1 i 26 : 30 40 25 1 5 126 1 177 1850 1851 Baptist . . . 8 4 | 4 7 j 1 1 72 32 I 35 29 21 0 j 21 4 214 i 178 1872 1884 Eon-sect. 6 1 i 5 j 54 (1; f5) 2 j 231 ; 179 _ _ j 1847 K. C . j l 21 ' 21 101 180 "l375’ j 1840 . 10 *7 ' 3 .... . 146 ; 181 1846 I 1846 Bantist 11 4 7 1 J 1 (931 .... . . . , 93 j 182 1880 ] 1867 E.C . I 10 i 10 4 6 150 ; 25 i 12 9 4 . 1 200 183 1857 1856 Meth . . . . 1 10 4 ! 6 34 50 ! 39 i 21 i 11 6 161 ! 184 1834 1 1834 J M.E . i 6 4 , 9 24 (981 91 | 213 j 185 1862 I 1869 EreeBapt. 8 3 ! | i 5 ! 7 ! 1 12 ! j 20 . 18 1 16 4 5 .... ’ 75 186 1853 1858 ! M.E.So .. 5 4 1 53 187 1857 1857 ! Eon-sect.. 10 1 9 70 14 30 25 3 .... 3 I 145 188 1883 1883 ! M.E.S0 .. 8 3 5 I 7 1 30 j (93) .... 7 I . I 135 169 1859 1860 Baptist . . . 7 3 4 i 6 1 ! 17 : (901 107 190 1843 1842 ! Baptist _ 15 6 9 | j 149 191 0 1866 Eon-sect.. 6 0 6 192 1874 1873 Luth . 9 3 6 30 i 8 ! 12 105 ! 193 1880 1880 1 Eon-sect.. 12 4 8 10 ! 2 77 33 : 42 28 24 .... 34 238 194 1863 ; 1862 j Eon-sect. . 5 2 3 (801 ‘ 80 195 1853 1853 Baptist _ 10 1 0 25 (105) 25 j 155 196 1870 1 1870 I Luth _ 27 ! (501 197 1844 1847 P.E . 14 3 11 11 3 j 20 | 20 | (66) 106 198 1837 1837 i M.E. So .. 15 (105) 105 199 1856 1857 : Eon-sect. . 3 1 2 2 1 11 ! 9 Ml i 9 I 40 200 1874 1874 P.E . 8 3 5 1 17 (52) _ 0 j 69 201 1874 M. E. So . . 7 ' 2 5 i 8 (571 65 202 1883 1S72" 4 j 4 2 8 1 321 8 50 203 1848 1848 1 Eon-sect. .■ 7 (901 90 204 1855 j 1856 Cong .... 6 ! 6 49 | 4 ' 6 2 | 9 70 I 205 1851 1852 l 2s on-sect. . 15 2 13 I (183) 183 1 206 1852 1852 1 P“° . : 23 1 23 j 14 | 9 80 27 22 | 15 1 6 ...... 150 | 207 oEeorganized in 1877, Table 32. — Statistics of institutions for the superior instruction of women for 1885-’86, <$c. — Part II. 452 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. \re9.C qet;x 9T[^ joj. $500 • 00 • CO ■ 2 : ! ° * :g • § ' • t ■ • : : : ! : •§§ :§S . o o d B99j uoijraj mo.ij sjdxeoey; W • o' 1 CM • in' • ; e !f ; ; ; I 1 • ■•III;”'* • Cl "SpUtll I QArpnpoid euojj OOCM©CO© (M O § in' r^- 03 15, 000 15, 000 12, 000 15, 000 10, 000 10, 000 5,000 40, 000 40, 000 200, 000 •mmnn? .lod Sur -Spot put? piBoq jo jsoo o2bj3av w $180 ooooomoooo oo O O ^ Tj( Tt (M it. O 1C C OO hhhhhhhhhm coco ►c> © CO oooooooo »o — n o m ci « *o "s 3^^ CO © © m lo n CM Charge for tuition per annum in— •osinoo lepiSaji © M ££- CO ooooo • m o m o ^ in o in o o j in © cm © o o • cT in • m oomoooocio OO 1 CO y O in lO y 7 "d d o in o © © m © •eeinoD Xiojxurdajj § oooooooooooo cococoinmcoco-^CM-^© d d d o' in © d 03 CM CO 'i* CM CM i-l oocooooocioooo ^cc 1 ^coTj'cocccninco-^ o o o o (NhCI CO •£reaqn in sounqoA jo joqumx » « o o o © CO CO 3, 098 400 3, 500 _ • • o o • • o o . i o m j i CO i-T 4, 000 3, 500 © © m © •©©©©©© © •©©©©©© m • rt rr r-« o © »o r-T-Ti-Tcvr Number of years of study. •UBUU9-0 1 * « 1 m cm ^ 03 03 CO CM CO Cl CO ^ •Ajjaraoa®) © « iH 03 CO 03 1-1 H W W H CM - HCS rH 11 r H 03 ■njqaSiy « | CM CM MMMlM - i-i ca os IM -i Tnj'B'i « m ^ oo ^ m ■<* CO ^ CO ^ inij< •qoueitf M « | ION OWN «N«N i-H ! (M 03 CO ^ » • ’X • 'J-' 5 C.3 ® £-Z°i § tCOO^ | S 3® £ £ ,8° © cSs®® Qgo-S s m.= l $ ^ 131**1 1 a Siiggi 11 1|“ g gfli •g-g S § 2 ;§ s * p 2 § g IWW^W®t»COC50HWM^»riOt'OOCJO i-ir-*rHC3* co??in j ! co ! wetted-* ! : : : -2 O rH CD H^O 30 0 12 8*° 10 00 I 8 8SS3S8HSgfe8§§5!333!SS$;S53SS883£g& g gS SSSSSSSSS^SSS^gg * From Report of the Commissioner of Education for year 1884-’85. a Includes receipts for board. b Board and tuition. c Baikal. Table 32. — Statistics of institutions for the superior instruction of women for 1885- 86, cfe. — Part II — Continued. 454 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Property, income, &o. •JBOl jsbi oqj JOI S99J noijmj mojj ejdieoeg; 8 1 © in rffS iiiil il ;§ ; c ! ;s f ji© 9,650 4,000 6, 500 «10, 000 •spunj OAponpoid uxojj eraooui 8 $2,000 8, 945 500 11, ooo 23, 371 2, 000 0 i c > • ' is •epunj OAijonpoad jo junoray SS Islllli il |2f”sS’“ irf ic 5 • « 000 ‘OS •snjBJBddB pun ‘sSut -pqnq ‘spunoa# jo QtqBA § Is S' 6C, UUU 354, 000 100, 000 290, 000 2, 000, 000 50, 000 34, 000 100, 000 50, 000 16, 500 75, 000 25, 000 4, 000 25, 000 15,000 10, 000 10, 000 25, 000 35, 000 15, 000 30, 000 15, 000 40, 000 25, 000 50, 500 •urauae jed §ut -Spot pue paeoq jo jeoo oSbioay T* M |*18 1 O' L § igS§lllSSSSSS|||||S i S' ; i Charge for tuition per annum in— •osjnoo JBinSaa; §°§g: ^SSSSSSS^SSSSSSSSSS '9SJnO0 ijO^BJBdOJJ 1 1 • o m r •XiBjqij tn BoanqoA jo joqumjq 8 i siiisiii :i im j 'T e g r- ; : w if ; 5 in ■fr-T is 100 1,000 400 | 1,000| Number of years of study. •wemiQX) 1 1 M b !’ d • C3 H W N x? W W H • • ! d d cc i • •yjJ9UIO0£) |8 - j t-I rH HHHHHH ^CQ IrHd . rHdiH rH i •Bjq0.oiy 3 *HririHHH d H (M H d CO • c q TOd • *-H d d ! •uijbt; J | « I T* CO ^ •qouojjj § CO j d iH CO d d (M Hd^ • Cl Cl CO •esjnoo ejBiSonoo ftnj ni sjeei jo joqmujq I § •sdtqeitqoqos jo joquinjq « CO is ; ; ^ i ^ i > c 2> * • - Bradford Academy . i 1 Ij U Wheaton Female Seminary . . Mount Holyoke Female Seminary . Wellesley College . - - Aucmgan nemaie oemmarv . Albert Lea College . St. Mary’s Hall . •Blue Mountain Female College . Whitworth Female College . Central Female Institute . li I il 5 j \ I; l iii 1 S-J Iii roiuaio cuiusgu . Starkville Female Institute . Lea Female College . if 53; If p §r II : ® 1! s|j i| ||| | St. Louis Seminary . ft as ii ii SUPERIOR INSTRUCTION OF WOMEN. 455 ill! Hgg§ 11 88 : : ;W if jSSSif? ^ ; ;ef cf : r*4 *-* ; 0 4,000 700 : g : ii :^r • CJ O • 1,200 il il j is 000 000 0 000 ; i i if o j OSO ii O ■ il i • o :S fill II fill I IIS 1181818 111118111 II III SI'S'?' : :S§‘ SUSS ig" 3»‘S"S''f8'S ss|s'ss'a‘s'a‘ ss :§a 111 : : I ! I iilSi 8|S 8 S2§aSls°ISIIsa !SgsS I III S||B|tS3 as SSSS82 § SSaSSisSSallSSSS From lloiiort of tlio Commissioner of Education for year 1884-85. a Includes receipts for board. b Board and tuition. c Includes value of furniture. d Private library. Table 32. — Statistics of institutions for the superior instruction of women for 1885-786, ^c.— Part II — Continued. 456 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. SUPERIOR INSTRUCTION OF WOMEN. 457 10. coo 5,000 . ! !l ♦ r‘ i* s § i ;i • . icT 15, 890 1 i : cf : [ ls§ r-Tefi-i . wo . • co : O ill . o • ii i o i i i i j © j ; i ° * is i • cr : 11 ! ! SB i ; 2 .S' § iiiii ; s'^'s-'s' minim Is'sss'^'ste'a's's' 111 SB'S : I sip g i| i Ssg|||g2SSSg| i Bill § 1 :g j sssssss i 53 :® SSS :?SS|^S : : 8 ; » §3 -S-o§- ’ ®g" j OOOO III : SSfgjSSS j ”s" P SSSS85 : 8 : f”s 1 r-T IIS -r i i : *■*':** 1 ill! sills i 111 1111 r-7 CO 1-T © ! ! ! • ; ^ CO ■ •>» : is . • <0 ■ • ■‘ :'S 1 5 • CJ 3 :| a : ?' 5 :3 HS?g: 3 g»: Ilf ;i: III: j j j i : : :J ' > < r : i ! ! w i 12 i! siii © • . . 3 : : : 1 i i i h : : : 1 Hi 1 lit | jgS HU c r a: >; g «s ~ I 1^1 UJSJ s j i lii sc : : lii I3.;; 111 all; >§5 sss.; i i1 it: ■1= if If ~ i \ i til Pi m HI, Sill pi III iij: a 111 111 r&i yii ss i! lii 1111 mi g-a-ss ^ ! ! ! lit! 1 r*i ■ vr a ® ■ if!1. tA, ! § I £ i cj c o 3 5 S g I >s 'S SgSSSsSSSSSSSSisiiiSii 458 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. List of institutions for the superior instruction of women from which no information has been received. Location. Name. Location. Summerfield, Ala . . Berkeley, Cal . Farmington, Conn. New Haven, Conn. W aterbury, Conn . . "Windsor, Conn .... Fernandina, Fla . . . Columbus, Ga . Hamilton, Ga...... Lumpkin, Ga . Cbicago, HI. (485 "W . Taylor street) . Highland Park, HI. Morris, HI . St. Mary’s, Hid _ Iowa City, Iowa . . . Mt. Pleasant, Iowa. Franklin, Ky . Mt. Sterling, Ky... Peevee Valley, Ky . Centenary Female College. Harmon Seminary. School for Girls (Miss Sarah Porter). Grove HalL Congregation de Notre Dame. Young Ladies’ Seminary. Nassau College for Young Ladies. Columbus Female College. JIamilton Female College. “Lumpkin Masonic Female College. Seminary of the Sacred Heart. Highland College for Yeo¬ men. St. Angela’s Academy. St. Mary’s Academic Insti¬ tute. St. Agatha’s Seminary. Mt. Pleasant Female Semi¬ nary. Franklin Female College. Mt. Sterling Female Col¬ lege. Kentucky College for Young Ladies. New York, N. Y. (49 W. 17th st.). i New York, N. Y. (222 Madison ave). New York, N. Y. (718 Madison ave). New York, N. Y. (6, SB. 53d street). New York, N. Y. (46 E. 58th street). Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Oxford, N. C . Kaleigh, N. C . Cincinnati, Ohio .... I Dayton, Ohio . Chambersburgh, Pa. ! Germantown, Pa. (West C h el to n ! ave). i Philadelphia, Pa ... . ! Philadelphia, Pa. (1527 Spruce st.). | Philadelphia, Pa. (4111 Walnut st.). • Pittsburgh, Pa . Augusta, Me . Holly Springs, Miss Port Gibson, Miss . Sardis, Miss . St. Louis, Mo . Burlington, N. J" .. Brooklyn, N. Y . . . . Brooklyn, N. Y _ Buffalo, N. Y . Lockport, N. Y _ New York, N. Y... Maine Wesleyan Seminary and Female College. Franklin Female College. Port Gibson Female College. Female College. Academy of the Visitation. St. Mary’s Hall. Athenaeum Seminary. Brooklyn Heights Seminary. St. Clare’s Academy. St. Joseph’s Academy. Academy of Mount St. Vin- cent-on-the-Hudson. Pittsburgh, Pa . York, Pa . Colliers ville, Tenn.. Columbia, Tenn .... Memphis, Tenn - Pulaski, Tenn . Bryan, Tex . Chapel Hill, Tex. . . . Goliad, Tex . Charlottesville, Va . . Staunton, Va . Clarksbnrgh, W. V a . Kenosha, Wis . j Name. Academy of the Sacred Heart. English, French, and Ger man School. Madame Koch’s School. Reed College. School and classes (Miss Mary H. Norris). Poughkeepsie Female Acad¬ emy. Oxford Female Seminary. St. Mary’s School. Mt. Auburn Young. Ladies’ Institute. Cooper Academy. Wilson College. Miss Mary E. Stevens’ Boarding and Day School for Young Ladies. Academy of Notre Dame. Chegary Institute. Mrs. Goodwin Watson’s English, French, and Ger¬ man Young Ladies’ School. Pennsylvania Female Col¬ lege. Pittsburgh Female College. Cottage Hill College. Bellevue Female College. Columbia Female Institute. State Female College. Martin Female College. Bryan Female Institute. Soule College. Goliad College. Albemarle Female Institute. Augusta Female Seminary. Broaddus Female College. Kemper Hall. Memoranda to Table 32. Location. Name. Remarks. Danville, Ky . Granville, Ohio . Lewisbnrgh, Pa .... Caldwell Female College . Young Ladies’ Institute . 1 IJniversitv Female Institute . Name changed to Caldwell and Bell College. Name changed to Shepardson College. Name changed to Bucknell Institute. Bristol, Tenn . Dallas Tex Wester Female College . Dallas Female College _ _ _ Suspended. Name changed to Jones School for Young Ladies. Paris, Tex . Woodlawn Female College . Suspended. UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES. 45 D UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES. GENERAL VIEWS. Table 39 presents the statistics of colleges for men or for botb sexes,1 which agree at least in this respect : they all make provision for the course of study which, by common consent, is assigned to the colleges of liberal arts. The majority of the in¬ stitutions tabulated confine themselves to the undergraduate courses leading to the B. A. or other first degree. A few began their existence as parts of university organ¬ izations, comprehending in their original purpose the wlifcle round of human knowledge and showing in their development more or less progress towards this ideal. A still smaller number, having originally the single aim of the colleges of liberal arts, has developed graduate and professional schools or courses of equal or superior importance to the undergraduate course. Institutions belonging to the second and third group appear also in Tables 43, 44, 48,50, and 52, according to the number and character of their several departments. No provision has heretofore been made in the reports of this Office for the tabular representation of these colleges or universities as organic wholes. The total number of institutions presented in Table 39 is 345, having, so far as reported, 4,670 professors and 67,623 students. The latter are distributed as follows: 25,393, preparatory ; 14,246, classical ; 4,872, scientific. CONSIDERATION BY GROUPS. For purposes of more particular examination it is desirable to resolve the great variety of institutions included in Table 39 into groups possessing as nearly as possi¬ ble common characteristics. Such division may properly be based upon the fact of tabulation in one, in two, or in several tables pertaining to the general subject of superior instruction. Out of the total number, 231 are colleges that can be adequately represented in Table 39. These may be divided into two groups as follows : Having preparatory departments, 179; having no preparatory departments, 52. Of the former, 168, and of the latter, 22, report students in the collegiate course to the number of 15,989, leaving 40 that make no report of collegiate work. Twenty of the institutions in Table 39 appear also in Table 43 : of these 11 were either created by the land grant of 1862, or else have added to their original foun¬ dations new colleges or departments which received the benefit of that grant. Nine are represented in Table 44 by schools or departments of science not endowed by the land grant. Sixteen of the *0 report students in college courses, the total being, as far as regards the departments included in Table 39, 2,839. There remain to be considered 93 colleges or universities which, in addition to departments represented in Table 39 or in Tables 39 and 43 or 44, have one or more professional schools. From the analysis of the statistics relating to this number it appears that 40 tabu¬ lated in 39 only, and 2 tabulated in 39 and 48, have theological departments; 8 tabulated in 39 only, and 3 tabulated in 39 and 50, have law departments ; 7 tabu¬ lated in 39 only, and 6 tabulated in 39 and 52, have medical schools. Of the whole number (viz, 66), 64 report students in college courses to the number of 7,960. The remaining 28 institutions, with the single exception of Johns Hopkins Uni¬ versity, have more than 1 professional school or department. The number of collegiate students credited to them, so far as regards Table 39, is 5,627, 4 colleges not reporting. THE SITUATION AND TENDENCIES AS DISCLOSED BY THE ANALYSIS. The foregoing analysis throws some light upon the progress and present status of provision for liberal culture and professional training in the United States. Before 1 Five colleges for women are included. These are in New York State, and sustain the same relation to the University of New York as do the colleges for men. 460 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Hie adoption of the Federal Constitution, colleges had been chartered in 12 of the original 13 States, had been organized in 9, and were organized in the remaining 4 within 14 years of the date of the Constitution. The University of North Carolina, which was not chartered until 1789, was organized 8 years after the adoption of the Constitution. Zeal for learning was diffused throughout the country at that early period, and has remained a common characteristic to ihe present day. The familiar expression, “learned professions,’7 explains the affiliation of professional schools with colleges, illustrated, as we have seen, in the case of 93 of the colleges included in the table under consideration. The practical realization of the university ideal may, perhaps, be regarded as a feature of the recent history of learning in the United States ; but that the ideal itself had early recognition among us, the organization of the University of Virginia and the charter schemes of several others bear witness. The unwar¬ rantable use of the word “ university 77 in many cases tends to confuse the mind as to the actual growth and promise of institutions which are undoubtedly destined to become seats of universal learning and potential sources of truth and progress. Twenty-five universities included in Table 39 are State institutions, whose develop¬ ment will be limited only by the will and resources of their respective Common¬ wealths. The majority of these must be regarded as merely the expression of a grand purpose, but several have already achieved honorable places in the roll of recognized universities. The universities founded in recent years by private munificence show similar diversity of character — here a promise whose fulfilment depends wholly upon the future, there a large and vigorous reality. The true status of those superior institutions, which comprise several departments, is not easily discerned when the departments are presented in separate tables. For this reason an effort has been made in the following pages to exhibit, in a synoptic view, several institutions which make provision for undergraduate courses in arts and science, and for graduate and professional courses. The tables are merely tentative, and include only such institutions as had furnished information available for use in the form desired. Time was wanting for the special correspondence that would have been necessary to make the tables complete in respect to the number of institutions. The schemes of superior instruction here displayed appear to be substantially the same for the entire country. Johns Hopkins University presents the simplest organ¬ ization, including under the single philosophical faculty, provisions similar to those offered elsewhere in distinct colleges or schools. As yet this university has no pro¬ fessional department, but the creation of a medical school is foreshadowed in a pre¬ liminary course in medicine. Provision for graduate instruction is a notable feature of several of the institutions here presented. To them must be credited 43 per cent, of all the graduate students reported for the year. This is exclusive of students in professional courses who had received a collegiate degree. As a rule, professional courses in the United States are not post-graduate courses. The statistics for the current year show that, of medical students in the regular school, only 6 per cent, had received a degree in arts or science ; of law students, 23 per cent.; of theological students, 21 per cent. The proportion of such students in the professional departments, included* in the tables under consid¬ eration, is higher than for the country at large. It should be observed that the ratio given for theological students does not fairly represent the standard of preparation required in the schools of theology, as the Roman Catholics and some other denomi¬ nations maintain classical seminaries whose students pass on to the theological course without receiving a degree, although their training has been substantially the same as that afforded by the arts colleges. The development of graduate courses of instruction stimulates efforts for raising the standard of professional training. The chief obstacle to the success of these efforts appears to be the length of time and the increased expense to the student involved in the more extended course. This difficulty would be measurably over¬ come by endowments for the professional schools, which would make them less de¬ pendent upon tuition fees, and by adaptations of the college or graduate curriculum, which would shorten the period of study for the B. A. degree. With respect to the latter point, President Eliot, of Harvard University, observes in his report for 1885-86 : “ The average age at which Harvard graduates get the degree of bachelor of arts is about twenty-two years and seven months. If such bachelors of arts then spend four years in the study of medicine, they are twenty-six years and seven months old when they are ready to begin the practice of their profession. The faculty consider this unreasonable postponement of entrance into practice a serious evil which it is their duty to combat, since more than half of their students — and that much the best half — are graduates of colleges or scientific schools. They therefore laid before the Academic Council in June last a plan for the abridgment of the college course by those students who go from college directly into one of the professional schools of the university. The subject could not be taken up satisfactorily by the council at the UNIVERSITIES AND COT.LEOES. 461 close of tho year, but it has been under discussion in the year now current, and will roceivo tho most careful consideration. That a great evil has been pointed out is generally admitted — an evil which affects American colleges quite as unfavorably as it does professional schools.” Tho consideration of the several classes under which the colleges and tho universities of the United States may be presented will, it is hoped, suffice to show that superior instruction in this country is rapidly assuming definite character as regards both its instruments and its purposes. As the process goes on, pretontious institutions are naturally overborne and finally disappear, while those that have “ a name to endure” strike their roots deeper and deeper into the community. For a full view of the equipment of tho colleges and universities the reader is referred to tho columns of Table 39, showing the number of instructors, tho property valuation, productive funds, &e, 462 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION, Table 33. — Statistics of selected corporations having distinct faculties for UNIVERSITY FACULTIES AND STUDENTS. 463 undergraduate courses in arts aud science and one or more professional schools. Other schools. “ School of all Sciences,” reporting 102 students, and a “College of Music, ” reporting 19 students. “ School of Veterinary Medicine,” reporting 11 in the faculty, 8 ad¬ ditional instructors, and *27 stu¬ dents. ! 2 “School of the Fine Arts,” report¬ ing 7 in the faculty and 48 stu¬ dents. “School of Political Science,” re¬ porting 71 students, and collegi¬ ate course for women, 13 students. 464 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 34.-- Statistics of selected corporations having combined faculties for undergraduate courses in arts and science and one or more professional schools. Universities. Department or college of arts and science. Depai t- ment of law. Depart¬ ment of medi¬ cine and j surgery. Homeo¬ pathic medi¬ cine school. Dental college. Schools of phar¬ macy. Faculty and instructors. Number of students in reg¬ ular course. * 1 r« f 02 O B ® rj © w. ’-C © © o © S'l A P to o n p rd . a. 02 Uh O W CD 'A 1 a Jj A \ Number of students. r3 © © r=l A Number of students. Number in faculty. | Number of students. Number in faculty. Number of students. Number in faculty. | Number of students. University of the City of New 1 York . . . . 1 15 44 12 64 i 41 56S University of Pennsylvania a | 39 330 44 6 5 109 j 47 381 i 27 Ill University of Michigan . l 47 474 85 23 i ^ 286 1 22 327 1 5 49 7 90 11 61 University of Alabama . 15 96 63 0 3 1 15 University of North Carolina. .. I16 127 36 6 2 ! 23 1 1 1 ©Auxiliary medical department reporting 5 in faculty and 23 students; department of veterinary medicine — faculty. 10; additional instructors, 5; students, 44. Table 35. — Statistics of selected corporations which are organized in departments, each department comprising a group of schools. Departments and universities. Academical course. Professional course. Number of students. Philosophical faculty. GQ U © © hi 02 .9 p cS >> o cS Ph o o © CO © 1 © p 02 .9 •p 5 I • * o © © C2 o hi © g £ s 1 1 Students. rs f! ll c£ § is a j 1 s MS rs 2 o University of Virginia . 303 Literarv department . 8 6 Scientific department . 8 6 Department of medicine . 5 4 Department of law . 2 2 Department of engineering . 7 1 Department of agriculture . 6 1 Vanderbilt University . . . 553 Literary department . 22 10 Department of medicine . 22 1 Department of law . . 5 1 Department of engineering . 22 1 Biblical department . 16 5 Department of pharmacy . ,. 6 1 Dental department . !! . 15 ] Johns Hopkins University . . 44 96 34 184 CLASSICAL AND SCIENTIFIC STUDENTS. 465 Classification of Collegiate Students. The development of science courses und tlio oxteusion of optional courses are inter¬ esting features of recent college history. The relation of these courses to each other and to the entire undergraduate work is shown in the following summary by geo¬ graphical sections. Two sets of ratios are here tabulated. The first set shows the ratios of the classical and of the scientific students to the whole number of collegiate students. The second set shows the ratio of classical students, of scientific students, and of students reported under both heads to the whole number of classified students, which is presumably the whole number of students preparing for bachelors’ degrees. Table 'SG.— A general view of the relative number of classical and scientific students in r 1885-’86. Divisions. 3 § | 1 o 1 s £5 0 0 *.2 t: to | Ji x «*-* — 0 ! .sj Ills! =|| % Ss x O O *3 "S ji! O O § 5 c3 2 .2 = 5 3 £s ce cS c« ^ O en £ ft es . cci ; s 1 "2^3 j ~ C ^ - * i •215 rr. ^ 11 * 0 !i 1 s •ili c ~ 3 sM = 11 r » ii ! §1 £3 iSi - © ? Ill! c-2 a 0 £ . V £ Ill ms -JS = £ $*** NORTH ATLANTIC DIVISION. Per cl. ! Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Per ck 1. Maine . . ......... _ ........ 3 98 3 100 * 2. N ew Haruttshire . 1 . 1 ICO 3. Vermont . 2 48 31 2 j 60 40 4. Massachusetts . 6 79 1 6 87 1 ! 12 5. Rhode Island . . 1 1 79 i 17 1 j 82 18 ’ 6. Connecticut . 3 89 8 3 ! 92 8 1 7. New York . 22 53 ; 26 21 65 32 : 3 8. New Jersey . "t 77 j 8 3 81 9 9. Pennsylvania . . . 24 43 13 22 | 70 21 ; 9 Totals and general ratios . GO 59 | 14 62 j 74 18 I 8 SOUTH ATLANTIC DIVISION. i. Delaware . 1 19 46 1 : 30 70 ! 2. Marvlar.d . 7 22 3 4 | 75 9 j 16 3. District of Columbia . 5 8 i 3 73 27 i 4. Virginia. . - . 7 23 0 3 ! 91 6 1 5. West Virginia . 2 1 1 i . 100 6. North Carolina . 9 16 1 6 49 5 j 46 7. South Carolina . S 50 9 7 1 71 12 17 8. Georgia . 7 89 1 6 99 1 8. Florida . 1 Totals and general ratios _ _ _ 47 30 3 30 75 1 8 17 NORTHERN CENTRAL DIVISION. 1. Ohio . 32 20 9 21 39 13 42 2. Indiana . . . 14 53 17 13 65 21 14 3. Illinois. . . 24 25 13 19 51 26 23 4. Michigan . 9 6 6 5 40 43 17 5. Wisconsin _ _ ...... ...... ...... _ g 40 33 8 52 43 fi. Minnfisnta _ _ 4 23 21 3 57 43 7. Towa _ _ _ _ 19 28 15 IS 64 36 8. Missouri . 10 n 11 12 17 17 66 9. Dakota _ _ _ _ _ __ 3 34 4 1 SO 10 10. Nebraska . . . 4 33 16 3 69 31 9 11. Kansas . . . 9 11 S 7 16 13 71 Totals and general ratios . 142 23 13 110 46 26 23 ed SG - 30 466 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 36. — A general view of the relative number of classical and scientific students in American colleges and universities, $c. — Continued. Divisions. © «m O © £ OG w .2 •*5 513 i 'S'p X Cm © O ’S *2 is. ^ OB j ; § ; O S'H ! H ^ x 1 M o © g t£ -2 ^ X C*H © ? gr© !§js 'S© © ; .2 | ^ ® ! <6 i EE ^ o §§ bCS Jg c- *OCI} ’to Ci. X og "5 £ a s o o 53 ii li © © ■s-g cc — ■3 a 3 § a ? 3 PS !| *S to g x tog o . ll *S 2 i _C g *2 IS £ ® ? « 5 i 2 J o' ’5 S ac X 5C C g c 2a SOUTHERN CENTRAL DIVISION. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. , Per ct 1. Kentucky . 12 24 16 8 50 34 16 2. Tennessee . 17 17 6 l 11 63 20 | 17 3 Alabama _ ........ _ _ _ .... _ 8 41 14 2 75 25 4. Mississippi _ ..... _ ....... _ _ 3 38 58 2 40 60 | 5. Louisiana . . . 11 19 4 7 52 10 38 6. Texas . 6 6 6 4 26 27 47 7. Indian Territory . . . . S. Arkansas . 4 73 11 4 78 12 10 Totals and general ratios . . 56 21 11 38 54 27 19 WESTERN DIVISION. 1, Montana _ _ _ _ _ ......... _ 1 45 1 100 2. Wyoming ............ _ _ _ 3. Colorado . 3 22 24 3 31 35 34 4. New Mexico. _ _ _ _ _ 5. Arizona . . . - . 6. Utah . 1 ; . 7. Nevada . - . - . . . :::::::: 8. Idaho . - _ _ _ _ _ 9. "Washington _ ..................... _ 2 68 32 2 68 32 10. Oregon . 6 4 9 5 9 18 73 11. California _ .................. _ 12 25 12 8 68 32 25 21 10 | 19 | 59 | 80 ! 11 Totals and general ratios CLASSICAL AND SCIENTIFIC STUDENTS. 4G7 KATIO OF COLLEGE STUDENTS TO POPULATION. From the comparison of the number of students in the college course reported from each geographical section with the total population of each section it appears that in the North Atlantic division there is cue college student lor every 1,286 inhabitants; in the South Atlantic division there is one for every 1,600 inhabitants; in the North¬ ern Central division there is one for every 1,273 inhabitants ; in the Southern Cen¬ tral division there is one for every 1,532 inhabitants, and in the Western division there is one for every 1,031 inhabitants. COMPARATIVE STATISTICS OF ATTENDANCE ON CLASSICAL AND SCIENTIFIC COURSE FOR TIIE LAST FIVE YEARS. The following table shows the attendance for the last live years on the classical and scientific courses of colleges and universities, and at institutions wholly devoted to scientific instruction, as reported to this Office from the States of the North Atlantic division and from certain individual institutions in other sections. The section specified was selected as not only answering best the requirement of com¬ pleteness of statistics, but as the next to the most populous, though the smallest. Un¬ able, from the magnitude of the work, to give in this report the attendance at the insti¬ tutions of the whole country with the same exhaustive fulness, the Office has confined itself to giving the statistics of a few institutions of each of the other geographical sec¬ tions, selecting those that have reported most fully. Table 37.— Attendance on the regular courses of the colleges and scientific schools of the States of the North Atlantic division , as reported annually to the Bureau of Education for the five years last past. CLASSICAL AND SCIENTIFIC STUDENTS. 4'6U Table 37. — Attendance in the regular courses of the colleges and scientific schools of the States of the North Atlantic division , CONDUCT OF STUDIES. 473 sider tlio expediency of oxtending the method, with some modifications, to the fresh¬ man class. A committee of fourteen or fifteen members could divide the freshman class among themselves, each member supervising the plans and the work of about twenty students, the great majority of whom would need very little attention from him. Report of .Dr. F. A. P. Barnard, President of Columbia College, for 1£83-’8G, pp. 19,20. To the undersigned it would seem to be preferable to abolish graded scales alto¬ gether and to make public no other scholastic distinctions than proficient and defi¬ cient. This need not prevent the affixing a numerical valuation to the performances of each student in each particular study, in a record kept for the consultation of the faculty, in case any question should arise affecting such student individually. This is the plan which lias been followed in the School of Mines ever since it was opened, more than twenty years ago, with results entirely satisfactory. It was not imposed by authority, but grew up naturally as the simplest test for the accomplishment of the object for which ihe school was instituted, viz, to make well-qualified engineers. If we should, in like manner, in the school of arts, limit our endeavors to the effort to make well-educated young men and cease to trouble ourselves with questions of their relative merit, then there can be.no doubt that the results would be equally satisfac¬ tory. An incidental advantage, moreover, -would be derived from the change, viz, that we should hear no more of the frauds in examination, concerning which recently so much has been said, and concerning which statements have been published of absurd and disgraceful exaggeration. There is no doubt that there is a great deal of effort made in all colleges to deceive examiners by the use of fraudulent devices in the filling out of examination papers ; but any sensible man who will study the nature of the problem wall easily perceive that success to any important degree in such an undertaking is amoral impossibility; and even though it should be strictly true, as has been confidently asserted, that such attempts are made by three out of four, or, as others say, nine out of ten, of the entire body of the students, this fact is only evidence of the general prevalence of a hope and not by any means a proof of an accomplished result. But it is further evi¬ dence of a sad degree of demoralization, among young men pursuing together a course of liberal education, which it is desirable to eradicate at any cost. CONDUCT OF STUDIES. Report of E. S. Holden, A. If., President of the University of California, for 18SG, p. 19. A committee of the faculties at Berkeley has been in session twice weekly during the past 6 months, with the object of recommending fortlie adoption of the various faculties some changes in the present scheme of lectures and tuition. These will be submitted at the proper time to the faculties, and, if approved by them, will be rec¬ ommended to the Board of Regents. I, however, consider these changes to be so im¬ portant that I desire to introduce here a scheme exhibiting their general nature, although the faculties may make important alterations. This scheme, together with the principles which have guided the committee in its action, are given below. In proposing the following scheme of studies for the various courses for the consid¬ eration of the faculties, the committee endeavored to work to the following princi¬ ples : 1. The formation of a justly-balanced whole in the curriculum of each course is the vital matter. The total time assigned to each department should be determined by its relative importance in such a wffiole. 2. The claims of The various departments to the time of the student are estimated by means of the number of hours per week laid down in the curriculum. 3. The plan of 3-hour courses has been adopted as the one which adjusts itself best to the time schedule of recitations and lectures. 4. The particular way in which the time so assigned is to be used is, in general, left to the heads of the departments. 5. For each hour per week laid down in the curriculum the officer of instruction may require 2 hours of preparation from the student, but no more. 6. But the hours laid down for work in the laboratories and for field practice do not imply any time for preparation. 7. It is regarded as essential that physics shall be prescribed and that it shall be studied as early as possible, both in the form of lecture-room exercises and with ex¬ perimental work by the students themselves. Report of Vie President of Columbia College for 1885-’8G. pp. 33, 31. The conclusion is justified, on all grounds on which the question can be placed, that after the age of about 19 years it is the most judicious educational policy to adapt the studies of the individual to his clearly-ascertained mental characteristics. This may be done either by -prescribing to him such a course of study as his in¬ structors may judge, as the result of observation, to be best adapted to his capacities, and therefore most likely to be profitable to him, and requiring him to pursue it, or 474 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. by giving to biinself the liberty to choose such as are most in harmony with his tastes. Either coarse will naturally lead to results substantially similar ; but better than either would be a combination of the two — that is to say, to permit the student to choose, but to require him to submit his choice to his instructors for ratification. The plan of elective study adopted in this college in 1880 was in accordance, in the main, with this theory. An almost unlimited freedom in the choice of studies was permitted to the junior and the senior classes — history, political economy, and the English language and literature only being obligatory, these being regarded not as disciplinary studies, but as being a part of that knowledge which should be pos¬ sessed by every well-educated man. From the reports of the undersigned for the years 1882 to 1885, inclusive, it appears that the consequences following the intro¬ duction of this system, in the improvement of the scholarship of the junior and senior classes, were striking and palpable. In November, 1884, however, the freedom of election in the junior class was largely restricted, being reduced from 11 hours per week to 5. As this change was directed after the academic/year 1884- 85 was consid¬ erably advanced, and, therefore, after the elections for the year had already beenmade, it could not be carried into effect until October, 1885 ; and it is as yet too early to draw any inferences as to the consequences of the change as regards scholarship, the records which have been gathered under the new system covering a period of only 4 mouths. One result, however, which was not anticipated, and was certainly notin- tendedphas been to reduce considerably the number of persons electing the modern languages, especially the German, after the sophomore year. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE B. A. DEGREE. Report of the Provost and Treasurer of the University of Pennsylvania , pp. 10, 11. It may be observed here that the question of the position of the study of the classics in American colleges is no longer as to whether a university degree shall be given at the close of any course which does not include both- Latin and Greek, for this is settled in the affirmative ; but it is now limited to the particular point whether the degree of bachelor of arts (B. A.) shall be given for such a course. It is difficult to show why this should not be done, in theory at least, but the prac¬ tical difficulty lies in the fact that the study of English, French, and German, as now conducted in the preparatory schools, cannot replace, for the purposes of mental discipline, the traditional thorough drill in Greek. The advocates of the modern languages, as an elective substitute for the classics, should see to it that the method of studying the former acquires equal vigor, uniformity, and thoroughness with that which has been developed iu the case of the classics by centuries of continued appli¬ cation. The experien ce of all professors of English iu American colleges is that students do not come to college adequately prepared for profitable instruction in advanced studies of English. Iu French and German the case is usually even worse. In many instances the student who elects one or both of these languages as substitutes for the classics has scarcely advanced beyond the rudiments of either tongue. It is needless to say that before the proposition to permit an election between Greek and modern languages in the requirements for admission to the course leading to the degree of B. A. can be discussed fairly it must be shown that the preparatory study of French or German has been as honest, thorough, and systematic as that devoted to Greek. When this becomes the case in the best preparatory schools it will be possible to determine practically the relative merits of the two studies as means of mental train¬ ing. The university has been making progress in this direction. SYSTEM OF FELLOWSHIPS AT JOHNS HOPKINS. Report of President Gilman for 1886, pp. 15, 16. Much of the success of the institution is due to the system of fellowships. Every year 20 young men who have given evidence of their attainments and of intellect¬ ual promise are selected by the authorities as fellows, and are encouraged to devote all their time to the study of some branch of knowledge in which they have already shown proficiency. During the first* 10 years this honor has been bestowed upon 134 individuals. The subjects to which they have been devoted are these : Subjects. No. Subjects. No. Biology ....... _ ......... - -- -- -- . 21 Sbemitic lnno-natTes _ 3 0 1 ) P 1Y1 1 f"P V _ _ 21 English . . . . . 3 TVLitk. . m.t.in.K _ _ 1 18 Latm . . 2 Greek _ _ _ _ _ ! 18 Sanskrit . . 2 TMi ysi - _T^ _ _ ..1 14 Romance languages . . . 2 Philosophy . I 13 Mineralogy and geology . 2 History anil political science . 9 Engineering . . : . . . . . 2 Teutonic languages . 1 4 1 NOTES FROM COLLEGE CATALOGUES. 475 While resident among us us fellows, or us fellows by courtesy (un honorary distinc¬ tion without emolument), these lionormen have beeu regarded as loaders among the students. They have been recognized as holding an intermediate position between the faculty and the great body of pupils ; they have been efficient members of the various literary and scientific associations; they'have occasionally given lectures on special topics to which they were devoted. The principal features in the method of appoint¬ ment here adopted have been followed in other institutions both in this country and in Great Britain. SCHOLARSHIP SYSTEM AT JOHNS HOPKINS. Report of President Gilman for 1885-’86, pp. 16, 17. The founder of the university in his will made use of this language : “ I further request the trustees of said university to establish, from time to time, such number of free scholarships in said university as may be judicious, and to distribute the said scholarships among such candidates from the States of Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina as may be most deserving of choice because of their character and intel¬ lectual promise, and to educate the young men so chosen free of charge.” The best method of carrying out his wishes has beeu a matter upon which some difference of opinion has prevailed, and different modes of appointment have from time to time been adopted by the trustees. Our records show that 235 students from the three States named have received free tuition during a part or the whole of their course of study among us. One hundred and fifty of these were appointed Hopkins scholars. As experience was gained in the bestowal of these scholarships, it was generally admitted that they ought to be awarded not as a charity to the needy but as an honor to the meritorious. Accordingly, during recent years, examinations have been held, and the scholarships have been given to those among the applicants who showed the highest attainments. All the Hopkins scholarships carry free tuition, and some of them designated as honorary have an additional stipend. There is a third class of scholarships, 10 of which are open to the bachelors of arts of this university and 10 to graduates of this or of other institutions who may be engaged in the prosecution of their work among us. These appointments are like¬ wise bestowed as honors. No other prizes have been offered, and no formal announcements have been made of the comparative standing of the students. Records are kept by the several instruc¬ tors and are reported at appointed times to' the collective authorities. The results of his examinations are known to every student, and are annually communicated to the parents. But these checks are chiefly valuable as a warning to those who are in some way negligent and deficient. The students generally, undergraduates as wed as graduates, do not require the stimulus of comparative marks and competitive ex¬ aminations. They are encouraged to study for the sake of the knowledge and power which they will acquire, and not for the sake of surpassing their comrades. There has been a remarkable freedom from boyish manifestations of a mischievous spirit. The accessibility of the teachers and their abstinence from annoying and petty supervision, have doubtless contributed to a good understanding with their pupils. Other reasons for the prevalence of good order might be suggested, but what¬ ever the cause, it is a pleasure to record the fact that during the first ten years of our academic history there has never been a breach of decorum requiring the action of the faculty. Notes from University and College Catalogues. The following notes from the catalogues of universities, colleges, and science schools present particulars which do not admit of tabulation. The statistical record of these institutions will be found in Tables 39, 43, and 44 : ALABAMA. At the University of Alabama there are 2 general departments of instruction, the academic department and the department of professional education. In the former there are 10 and in the latter 3 schools. The schools of the academic department are so arranged as to form the classical, scientific, and engineering courses, leading to the degrees of bachelor of arts, bachelor of science, and bachelor of engineering. The “ department of professional education” fits its students for the practice of law, and may be completed in 9 months by diligent study. The endowment of the university, which has been fixed at $300,000, and from which an annual income of $24,000 is re¬ ceived, was obtained by the sale of a. township of land set apart for a seminary of learn¬ ing when the State was admitted into the Union. Military discipline prevails. At Howard College , Marion, special attention is paid to English composition and elocution. The board of trustees of the Agricultural and Mechanical College , Auburn, passed a resolution in August, 1885, adding the words “Alabama Polytechnic Institute ” to the 476 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. usual title, to signify tlie increased facilities for practical instruction in the sciences. A course in pharmacy was established during the year, and its students will occupy all their time in the laboratories of the chemistry and natural history departments. The department of manual training will embrace a 3-years course when completed, and will afford thorough instruction in wood and iron working. AUK AN'S AS. The Arkansas Industrial University has just passed through an eventful year. At the meeting of the Hoard of Trustees in June, 1885, all the chairs of the faculty were declared vacant, the president alone being retained. The year 1885-86 opened with an entirely new faculty of 7 instead of 9 professors and a materially altered course of study. The new curriculum embraces 4 technical and 3 general courses, the former being the agricultural, normal, engineering, and business courses, and the lat¬ ter the English, general science, and language. Post-graduate courses were also ar¬ ranged. Mechanical engineering has been added during the year, and mining en¬ gineering will be introduced during the coming year. The normal department, sus¬ pended during I884-’85, has been revived, and as now conducted is highly successful. Without an additional appropriation from the Legislature a school for manual train¬ ing has been organized on a limited scale, and the results, as far as may be judged in the short time, have been satisfactory. Free-hand drawing is obligatory upon all stu¬ dents except seniors. Successful experiments have been made in the dormitory sys¬ tem, and the State has been asked to furnish additional buildings for its general adop¬ tion. The young ladies are required to take physical exercise daily under instructors, and the males are organized as a corps of cadets. A preparatory department, under 1 professor and 5 assistants, is connected with the college. A new heating appa¬ ratus for the building has been supplied at a cost of $8,000, and general repairs have been made. CALIFORNIA. The University of California was founded by an act of the Legislature approved March 23, 1868. The museums are excellent, and the scientific and mechanical appa¬ ratus is constantly being improved. With the special appropriation of the State of $10,000 a new students’ astronomical observatory was completed during the year and well equipped with ail instruments necessary to the study of astronomy, including afine telescope of 6-inch aperture. A metallurgical laboratory has been erected and is now being fitted up with a 15-horse-power engine and all appliances used in metallurgy and assaying. An experimental laboratory for mechanical work has just been completed and provided with engines and appropriate machinery. The famous Lick Observa¬ tory will be, when completed, 'under the charge of the regents of the university and will form a department of the institution. A gymnasium has been presented, and a sum of money has been received from the State during the year for its enlargement and better equipment. Among the new departures in 1885-86 in methods of instruc¬ tion are noted the introduction of extensive vacation work in topographical sur¬ veying and practical railroad work for the class in civil engineering ; lectures by the professor of agriculture on the chemistry and analysis of wines ; the revival of the course in botany; a course in Spanish. Military science is taught throughout. The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, has under its control the College of Medicine, Los Angeles, the Chaffey College of Agriculture, Ontario, and Maclay College of Theology at San Fernando. The two last have been opened during the last year, both having been endowed by donations from private individuals. The in¬ struction in the College of Agriculture is the most practical possible and is designed as a training school for scientific farmers. At the Pierce Christian College, College City, a course of the “ theory and practice of teaching” will soon be introduced. Hesperian College, Woodland, expended about $5,000 in improvements upon build¬ ings and grounds during the year 1885- 86. The facilities of Napa College, Napa, were increased during the year by the erection of a new building, three stories high, 175 by 80 feet in its dimensions, and costing $40,000. A well-equipped gymnasium has been provided, and daily exercise is re¬ quired of all students. Santa Clara College, Santa Clara, pays special attention to English composition. An artificial lake for swimming and a gymnasium afford opportunities for physical ex¬ ercise. The University of the Pacific, San Josd, has erected for the preparatory and business departments a new building at a cost of $45,000. The normal department offers a thorough training in pedagogy. The foundation has been laid for new courses in law and theology. The cabinets of physical and mechanical apparatus were largely in¬ creased in 1885-’S6 and are now considered excellent. An astronomical observatory has been equipped with a fine Alvan Clark telescope and other instruments necessary to the thorough study of astronomy. NOTES FROM COLLEGE CATALOGUES. 477 COLORADO. The University of Colorado , Boulder, was incorporated by the Territorial Legislature in I860. During the year 4 uew buildings have been erected, 1 to bo used as a hos¬ pital, ‘2 as dormitory cottages, and the other as the president’s house. The geolog¬ ical cabinet has been increased by the gift of one of the best arranged collections in the country, and the equipment of the chemical laboratory is said to be complete, having cost over §4,000. The course of study is divided iuto 5 departments, viz, the department of philosophy and the arts, the normal school, the conservatory of music, the preparatory school, and the department of medicine, which is located at Denver and issues a separate catalogue. The first-named embraces the usual colle¬ giate course ; in the normal school students are instructed in the branches taught in the common schools of the State, and in the best methods of teaching; the conserva¬ tory of music offers instruction in all branches of the art. The study of botany and horticulture at the Colorado Agricultural College is facili¬ tated by a" new greenhouse containing over 10,000 plants, embracing 500 varieties. The farm and experimental grounds cover 240 acres. Military science is taught. Colorado College, Colorado Springs, gives special attention to English composition and declamation. CONNECTICUT. Yale College , New Haven, has 4 departments of instruction, designated faculties of theology, medicine, law, and philosophy and the arts, the last named including the courses for graduate instruction, the undergraduate academical department, the un¬ dergraduate section of the Sheffield Scientific School, and the school of fine arts. The system of elective courses for the junior aud senior years has been expanded during the year, and for 1886~’87 91 such courses are offered, with still further expansion in contemplation. A course of 12 lectures on special topics in political economy was delivered last winter, and during the same period the students of the Sheffield School listened to a series of lectures upon military science by officers from the United States Engineer Corps at Willets Point, New York Harbor. During the year the faculty has taken steps, with other New England colleges, towards forming a standing com¬ mittee on entrance examinations, with the object of securing greater uniformity in that respect in the colleges and more efficient co-operation in the preparatory schools. Important accessions have been made to the Sloane memorial physical laboratory, and arrangements made for special investigation into the subject of atmospheric electric¬ ity. Seventy-five thousand dollars have been donated for a new chemical laboratory, and its erection will soon be begun. Lawrence College, a handsome and well-ap¬ pointed building to be used as a dormitory, is approaching completion, and another building on the campus for religious purposes will soon be ready for use. The gym¬ nasium has proven to be wholly insufficient for the lar;ge number of students, and plans have been made for a new building with lockers for 1,600 men, and furnished with all things calculated to make it attractive. The endowment of the Sheffield Scientific School is inadequate, and in 1885-’86 it was necessary to expend §55,000 of the §60,000 received for salaries alone, leaving but §5,000 for all purposes of administration. It is deemed advisable to lengthen the course in this school from 5 to 4 years, but until its income is increased this will be impossible. Many additions have been made to its equipment during the year, the most important being a dynamo- electric machine from Munich and the engine necessary for its operation. DAKOTA. The University of Dakota, Vermillion, was first opened for students in September, 1883. As early as 1862 the Territorial Legislature decreed that a college should be located at Vermillion, and subsequently appealed to the Federal Government for an appro¬ priation of land. This was granted in 1881,72 sections of public lands being set apart for the use and support of a university when Dakota should be made a State. In 1832 §10,000 were raised as a beginning to a building fund, and a legislative act passed in 1883 founded the university. A normal course is a feature of the curric¬ ulum, aud its students are taught the theory and practice cf teaching, together with the branches that usually form the common-school instruction of the Territory. Dur¬ ing the year 500 new books were added, to the library. The University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, dates its inception from an act of the Legislature approved February 17, 1883. The foundations for an astronomical observ¬ atory have been laid, and the superstructure will he completed at an early day. A normal course of 3 years has been arranged, and an additional year will soon be al¬ lotted. DELAWARE. Delaware College. Newark, possesses ample accommodations for more than double the number of students uow in attendance, since its buildings have been enlarged and improved. Of the three regular courses, the literary aud scientific courses cover 478 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. 4 years and tlie agricultural 3. Tire physical and chemical laboratories are adequate for all purposes of illustration. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Georgetown College, West Washington, was founded in 1789 and chartered 1815. The entire course of study, including the preparatory department, requires 7 years. The philosophic cabinet has been renovated and enlarged during the ye.ar, important addi¬ tions being made to the electric department particularly. The astronomical observa¬ tory is well equipped. Organizations for athletic sports are encouraged, and facilities are offered for physical exercise and bathing. Medical and law schools, located in Washington, are maintained by the university. A business course has recently been instituted at Howard University. FLORIDA. The State Agricultural College, Lake City, offers 5 courses leading to the degrees of A. B. and B. S. For those unable to take a full course in scientific agriculture a limited special course is prepared and made as practical as possible, each student being re¬ quired to do manual labor for 2 to 3 hours daily. At their last meeting the trustees of the college passed a resolution recommending its consolidation with the University of Florida. GEORGIA. The University of Georgia, Athens, comprises 4 departments, the academical de¬ partment, the State college, the law department, and the medical department at Augusta, and controls 4 branch colleges in various parts of the State. Since the city of Athens recently donated $25,000 for the erection of physical and chemical laboratories, and the State appropriated $15,000 to furnish it, it is said that the facili¬ ties of the university in this respect are now superior to those of any other institution in the State, if not in the South. All the chemical work of the State is now done here by tbe professor of chemistry. The law course is completed in 1 year, and its graduates are admitted, -without examination, to practice in any court of the State except the supreme court. Clark University, Atlanta, for colored students, imparts instruction in theology, business, music, the regular college branches, and industrial pursuits. A training class for nurses will be organized in October, 1886. Steps are being taken towards the erection of a new building for the industrial department. ILLINOIS. The University of Illinois, Urbana, embraces in its course of study 4 colleges, which are in turn divided into 10 schools. The graduates of a number of selected high schools are admitted to the freshman class without examination. Important addi¬ tions have been made to the equipment of the mechanical laboratory during the year, and it is now claimed that in the matter of museums, scientific collections, laboratories, &c., few, if any, of the Western colleges are superior to this. The physical apparatus of Redding College, Abingdon, has been improved duringthe year and additions made to the laboratories. Wheaton College, Wheaton, possessed originally an endowment of $40,000, but this was recently increased by gifts amounting to about $6,000. Important changes were made at the beginning of the year in the course of study, and those studies were adopted which are best calculated to discipline the mind. The library was increased by donations during the year, and it is now beyond the capacity of its building. Additions were also made to the physical apparatus. Shurtleff College, Upper Alton, has raised the requirements for admission and ar¬ ranged a higher curriculum. The time required for the preparatory department is, therefore, 1 year more, and the college is this year without a freshman class, only 3 having been enrolled. A conservatory of music was established in January, 1886, for Aug ustana College, Rock Island. “Prudence Hall,” a dormitory 55 by 110 feet in dimension, has been recently com¬ pleted and affords accommodations for 120 students of Chaddock College, Quincy. The library of Illinois College, Jacksonville, has been enlarged, and now contains all the books of reference required by the students. A fund of $1,000 has been do¬ nated during the year for the purchase of improved instruments for the physical laboratory. Important changes have been made in the scientific course of Knox College, Gales- burgb, to take effect at the beginning of the next year, by which an additional year of preparation will be made necessary. On February 3, 1886, there was dedicated a handsome addition to the ladies’ department of the college, which is said to be unsur¬ passed in attractiveness and comfort. Eureka College, Eureka, has been improved by the uuion with it of Abingdon College. All the apparatus, libraries, museums, &c., of the latter institution have been trans- NOTES FROM COLLEGE CATALOGUES. 479 ferred to Eureka College, whose facilities have thus been almost doubled. The most important innovation of the year has been a course of lectures upon biblical subjects by the vice-president of the college. The Univei'sity of Chicago contemplates making important changes in the courses of study, some of which will go into effect during the next year. The Union College of Law, whose diploma is equivalent to admission to the Illinois bar, is connected with this university. INDIANA. To the Indiana University , Bloomington, the year covered by this report has been one of unusual prosperity. The quality of work done and the number of students in attendance were sources of pride to those in charge of the institution, who claim that the satisfactory condition is the result of the new methods of management and the adoption of the system of electives and specialties. Since the completion of the three new buildings the preparatory department has occupied the old “ main build¬ ing” and has severed its connection with the Bloomington High School. The museums constantly receive additions, and all of them, excepting that of botany, are said to be reasonably complete. Frequent lectures upon scientific and literary sub¬ jects are given by noted lecturers and specialists. DePauw University, Greencastle, continues to increase the extent of its work and its facilities for accomplishing it. The fine new buildings were sufficiently completed at the beginning of the fall term to be occupied as designed, and their accommoda¬ tions have already been taxed to the utmost. A considerable sum has been expended in making these improvements, and necessarily the annual expenses of the institution have been more than doubled. Valuable additions have been made duriug the year to the faculties of the various schools. A distinguished artist assumed charge of the school of art at the beginning of the year, and the school of music and the school of theology each received an additional professor. Assistants were also provided for the professors of Greek, Latin, and mathematics. The normal school is under the direct supervision of the professor of didactics, and the training is entirely professional, the school being co-ordinate with the other professional schools of the university. The McKim observatory forms the astronomical department, and its instruments have nearly all been mounted and ready for use. Liberal donations have been received during the year, Hon. W. C. DePauw, heading the list of generous contributors. The library of Franklin College, Franklin, has been increased by 465 volumes dur¬ ing the year, and additions have been made to the physical apparatus. Within the year a new library has been provided and an additional professor em¬ ployed for Hanover College, Hanover , IOWA. The State University, Iowa City, comprises the collegiate, law, medical, homoeo¬ pathic medical, dental, and pharmaceutal departments. No incidents of especial im¬ portance have occurred within the period covered by this report, and no radical changes have been made either in the policy of the management or in the curriculum. Courses of study are in preparation for those graduates who desire to take the mas¬ ters degree. Candidates for admission are received upon examination, or upon cer¬ tificate from accepted schools without examination. The astronomical department is being made more interesting by a collection of meteorites now being formed. Of the other colleges in the State the folio wing have made provision for the training ofteachers: Upper Iowa University, Fayette; Iowa College, Grinnell; Lenox College, Hop- kinton; Simpson College, Indiauola; German College, Mount Pleasant ; Western College, Toledo ; Tabor College, Tabor ; Central University, Pella ; Pen n College, Oskaloosa ; Cornell College, Mount Vernon; Iowa Wesleyan College, Mount Pleasant ; Amity College, College Springs: Luther College, Decorah; University of Des Moines, Des Moines ; Parsons Colleger Fairfield : and Oskaloosa College, Oskaloosa. In the majority of these the “ nor¬ mal course ” consists of but little more than the studies of lower classes, often of the preparatory department only, with the addition of the study of pedagogy; but in some cases, including Simpson Centenary College, the junior class must be reached before the student is allowed to begin even the study of didactics. Norwegian Luther Col¬ lege received during the year a legacy of 85,476.56 in cash and one quarter-section of land, the income of which is to be divided among deserving students; 8750 have been received from other sources for like purposes. At Iowa College, Grinnell, loans averag¬ ing 850 per annum are made to poor students from funds donated for the purpose. KANSAS. The University of Kansas, Lawrence, is required by the provisions of the act of in¬ corporation to maintain departments of science, literature and the arts, law, element¬ ary instruction, music, and pharmacy. A department of medicine is contemplated in the act, but as yet only a- preparatory course has been provided for. Except a few required branches, much freedom is allowed to the students in the selection of studies, though a certain amount of work is necessary before a degree can be obtained. As- 480 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. stance is given to those who desire information and instruction by correspondence and the formation of clubs or associations for self-culture, with such assistance, is encouraged. A special course of didactics, covering the full period of 4 years, is pro¬ vided, and the degree of bachelor of didactics is conferred upon its graduates in addi¬ tion to the usual degree of B. S. or B. A. Thecabinet of physical apparatus hasreceived important additions during the year, many of the more valuable instruments having been imported. The astronomical observatory has been supplied with a new Alvan Clark telescope of 6-inch aperture. The Kansas State Agricultural College, Manhattan, not only gives a thorough industrial training to those students who may seek it, but it also disseminates scientific truths of practical value to the people by means of a weekly paper, and holds a series of 6 farmers’ institutes in different counties each winter. In these various subjects of in¬ terest and importance to the farmers are discussed and efforts made to promote the welfare of the agricultural population in every way possible. In the college each student is required to take one hour’s practice daily in the industrial arts and to select studies requiring a certain amount of work during the 4-years course before he can receive the degree of B. S. The remaining colleges of the State appear to be in a reasonably prosperous condi¬ tion, and many of them show great improvement, both in their facilities and in the quality of the work done. An elegant and commodious building of the College of Emporia is approaching com¬ pletion, and will be ready for use at the opening of the next fall term. The curriculum of Highland University has been completely rearranged, and the various courses altered to conform more nearly with the needs of the students ; the new arrangement includes a “teachers’ course.” Washburn College, Topeka, is better prepared for its work since the completion re¬ cently of a handsome library building, costing $20,000, and a new “ ladies’ hall,” erected at a cost of $10,000. Ottawa University has madewexcellent provision for normal training, having a special professor of didactics, and requiring a full course of 4-years study for graduation. ' Baker University, Baldwin City, and Lane University, Lccompton, also have normal courses. KENTUCKY. Of the Kentucky colleges the Central University, Richmond, seems to have made the most substantial progress during 1865- 86. For its benefit the State Legislature re¬ cently passed an act making it a misdemeanor for merchants or others to give credit to students. The sum of $100,000 has been added to the endowment fund, much or which was given for the establishment of new professorships. These include chairs of applied mathematics, Bible and Christian evidences, and English and modern lan¬ guages. Beginnings were also made of the endowment of chairs of chemistry and geology and philosophy, and a fund set aside to meet the expenses of a course or lectures upon Christian evidences. Thirty-two scholarships were endowed with $1,000 each. These gifts enabled the curators to materially improve and extend the curric¬ ulum and to introduce a partial system of electives. The library has been increased by a gift of 3,000 volumes of religious works. A college of medicine at Louisville is under the control of the university. Other colieges also report extension of facilities or improvements in methods. Two valuable additions have been made to the library of the Kentucky Wesleyan Col¬ lege, Millersburgb, the entire library of the late Bishop Kavanaugh and a large por¬ tion of that of an ex- professor having been donated. Georgetown College is making efforts to increase the endowment fund by $100,000, and is mailing satisfactory progress in the undertaking. Centre College, Danville, has fitted up a dormitory with accommodations for 40 young men, whose benefits will be received free of charge by needy students. Bethel College , Russellville, lias its courses arranged in 6 schools, and students are permitted to select those schools best suited to their individual needs. A gymnasium has been partially equipped. Normal training is provided for at Berea College, Berea ; South Kentucky College, Hopkinsville; and the Kentucky Wesleyan College, Millersburgb. LOUISIANA. The standard of instruction of the State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Baton Rouge, was raised at the beginning of the year 1885-’86 and the require¬ ments for admission made more exacting. In further pursuance of this plan the pre¬ paratory department was abolished and the limit as to age upon admission raised. A decrease in the number enrolled during the year followed these changes. A new chair of agriculture has been established and an experimental station attached, in con¬ nection with the sugar-experiment station, a private enterprise near New Orleans. A large amount of the material exhibited at the recent exposition in New Orleans was donated to the college, and now forms the nucleus of au excellent geological museum NOTES FROM COLLEGE CATALOGUES. 481 ami herbarium. The -workshop of the mechanical department was burned in Feb¬ ruary last, but the insurance was sufficient to replace it; in almost as complete a con¬ dition as before, and work has been resumod. The mechanical course covers 3 years, the last 2 of which correspond with the freshman and sophomore classes of other courses. Seventy- live 4-year scholarships are provided by the Stato. Two additions to the iist of chartered colleges have been made during the year, Keoclu College , De Soto Parish, and Thaoher Institute, Shreveport. The former will con¬ tinue the use of its old courses of study for a time and will make gradual improve¬ ments. but the curriculum of the latter has been considerably extended. All degrees conferred by Keochi College, prior to the date of its charter, have been legalized. The Centenary College, Jackson, has broadened its English course and made the in¬ struction in modern languages much more thorough. Much attention is given to physical culture at Jefferson College, St. James Parish. The main object of Straight University, New Orleans, is the training of colored stu¬ dents as teachers. Valuable additions to its physical and mechanical apparatus are noted, and it is proposed to inaugurate a course of systematic training in industrial arts at the beginning of next year. A considerable sum has been received in small subscriptions tor student aid. Tulane University is an institution founded on the endowment of that patriotic and benevolent citizen, Mr. Paul Tulane, for the higher education of the white youth of Louisiana. The administrators of Tulane University, recognizing the great fact that education is a unit, integral from its very nature, and looking to the actual condition of things in Louisiana, hnd themselves obliged to embrace in their scheme a plan both broad and deep, and to institute for the successive phases of educational devel. opment, a high school, a college, and a university. Taking the youth on the thresh, old of the higher education, this plan proposes, through judicious instruction, to traia him to know, to do, and to be, and thus to develop a consistent manhood by means of this harmonious and equable evolution of body, mind, and soul. Tulane University, of Louisiana, is divided into Tulane University, Tulane CoL lege, and Tulane High School, the law department, and the medical department Three years are allotted to the earlier academic life of the high school, which should fit the pupil for the college, or for an ordinary business career. The Manual Training School is not a separate department of Tulane University, but the laboratory in wood and iron, where instruction and practice render the student quick, observant, and accurate with the eye, ready, skillful, and exact with the hand, and able to think in things, as well as about them, and to execute as well as to de¬ scribe. In this physical and mechanical training drawing is considered fundamental, and enters into every course. Every student who enters the high school learns to draw, while those who propose a mechanical career carry it to its last results in the applied arts. Tulane College rests upon its high school, of which it is the proper outcome. It covers, with four years of solid collegiate instruction and training, the second great phase of liberal education. Its purpose is to train and discipline the student for the professions or for leadership in the superior walks of the manifold and ever- widening spheres of active life. Not trusting in the ability of immature students, or even of parents unaccustomed to consider the due proportions and sequence of studies to properly formulate their own ideals in education, Tulane College has established six courses of study, with prescribed branches, all leading to the degree of bachelor of arts. These courses, though leading to different pursuits in life, are parallel and fully equivalent in the amount, proportion, and exactness of the training and instruction afforded. The courses are denominated, respectively, classical, literary, mathematical, nat- cral science, commercial, and mechanical. Each has four classes, which retain the time-honored names of freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior. In each course of study, and in each year of that course, it has been sought, by a proper and logical arrangement of studies, to carry forward the instruction and the training to a given practical end. The degree of bachelor of arts is conferred for the successful accomplishment of any one of the six regular courses named, and students of extraordinary merit may have added to this, “ with distinction.” Tiie university work is sharply differentiated from the college work. To the former are admitted graduates of Tulane and other colleges with fairly equivalent require¬ ments and such other persons as shall pass a satisfactory examination on branches of knowledge and studies fully equivalent. University students may select their studies with the approval of the president, and when these have been pursued for two years to the satisfaction of the president and faculty they shall, after satisfac¬ tory examination and written thesis, approved by the president and faculty, receive the degree of master of arts. ED 86 - 31 482 EEPOET OF THE COMMISSIONEE OF EDUCATION. MAINE. The State College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts sustained a serioas loss during the last year in a way that attracted considerable attention. The herd of cattle be¬ longing to the college farm became infected with tuberculosis and the extermination of the entire herd, comprising fifty-one blooded animals, was ordered by the State veterinary surgeon. Trouble was had during the fall term with the majority of the students, who refused to attend their classes because six of their -comrades had been suspended for hazing. The refractory students were at once suspended, but were soon after readmitted upon their reconsideration of their action. The theoretical instruc¬ tion in military science was widened in its scope, and the organization of the cadet corps changed at the opening of the year by the advice of the new commandant. A loan fund for students needing temporary aid has been started by a donation of §600. Bates College, Lewiston, has received the gift of an excellent site for an observatory. A gymnasium is being equipped and is now supplied with sufficient apparatus to be used by the students. Colby University , Waterville, reports modifications in the courses of study, though no radical changes have been made. The trustees have recently purchased a build¬ ing to be used as a “ladies’ hall.” The art collection and the library have been in¬ creased during the year, the latter by 634 volumes. A department of mineralogy and geology has been fitted up and a new professorship established. Bowdoin College, Brunswick, is erecting a new gymnasium building, the equipment of which has been donated by a graduate of the college. The library has increased by 1,394 volumes and 600 pamphlets. The Medical School of Maine is controlled by its trustees. MARYLAND. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, has made no change in the courses of study or the methods of work, and, with two important exceptions, only the ordinary improve¬ ments have been made in the facilities and buildings. The exceptions refer to the en¬ largement of the chemical laboratory and building of a new physical laboratory, which is expected to be ready for occupation at the beginning of the next term. Eighty fel¬ lowships and scholarships are awarded to young men of uncommon character and in¬ tellectual promise. The system has been recently readjusted by the trustees of the university, and now comprises 6 classes. No pecuniary benefit is derived from one class, called “fellowship by courtesy,” the honor only being conferred, but twenty fel¬ lowships are annually awarded yielding $500 each besides free tuition. The scholar¬ ships yield free tuition only in some cases, but in others $200 or $250 per annum. Our statistics show the names of a number of other colleges, only a few of which seem to have made any considerable advance during the year. Western Maryland College, Westminster, proposes to double the size of the male dor¬ mitory and to provide a complete gymnasium before the opening of the next year. Loyola College, Baltimore, has established a commercial course. New Windsor College has made provision for the training of teachers. MASSACHUSETTS. Harvard College, Cambridge, no longer compels the attendance of students upon the daily religious exercises, but better provisions have been made for the conduct of devo¬ tional services than ever before. Five preachers to the university have been selected, and these, with the newly-appointed Plummer professor of Christian morals, have en¬ tire pastoral charge of the body of students. Important changes have been made, after much discussion, in the requirements for admission, and an entirely new plan of examinations has been adopted. The marking system lias also undergone a change, the classification of the members of each class into 5 groups according to merit, having replaced the percentage plan. To prevent indolence 3 new measures were adopted at the beginning of the year, viz, first, each student must present satisfactory evidence to his instructor that his work is being systematically performed, or he is liable to be ex¬ cluded from that course ; second, no changes will be allowed in elective courses during any year except for cogent reasons, to be stated in writing to the faculty; third, a committee has been appointed to look after special students and advise them in the selection of their studies. The committee on athletic sports was appointed upon a new plan this year, its members being partly drawn from the students. The graduate department has been made more easily accessible, especially to graduates of other institutions. A new library building is still in progress of erection for the divinity school, its completion having been delayed by labor difficulties. The amount of instruction imparted in the law school has been largely increased, and two additional instructors, made neces¬ sary by the change, were appointed during the year. The Lawrence Scientific School is being gradually absorbed by the college, and it is now considered advisable to dis¬ continue its separate organization. The increase in the library in 1885-’86 was con- NOTES FROM COLLEGE CATALOGUES. 483 siderably less than for several years past, having boon only G,730 volumes. A half course in experimental science was established early in the year l'or beginners, to sup¬ ply a common deficiency in the preparation of freshmen. For several years summer classes in the sciences have been open, principally for the benefit of teachers, and for the next summer these will include a class in experimental physics. About 111 schol¬ arships. yielding from $90 to $350 per annum, aro provided for, 5 of them having been added during the year. Williams College, Williamston, now permits its students to select one-sixtli of the entire amount of work done, one-third of the studies of the junior year having been made elective during the year. A gymnasium, complete in all its arrangements, was opened to tlio students in' May, 1880, after the expenditure upon it of over $50,000 ; an athletic field for out-door sports, for which the college had spent $5,000, was also first used during the year. An additional professor, to have charge of the instruction in English literature, was appointed recently and will begin his labors for the college at the opening of the next year. A beginning has been made toward a historical museum. Tufts College, College Hill, reports an increase in the number of students in at¬ tendance and the consequent enlargement of the dormitory and lecture-rooms. The library fund has received considerable additions, and the number of volumes in the library has correspondingly increased. The instruction in carpentry during the year was more systematic and thorough than ever before. Amherst College, Amherst, has made no important changes in its methods or curric¬ ulum during the year. The collegiate instruction given is embraced in nine groups, each of which leads to the degree of A. B. Attendance upon the gymnasium is enforced, and the good health of the students bears witness to the efficacy of the system. The income from funds devoted to student-aid amounts to $8,000 annually. MICHIGAN. Those colleges that have sent catalogues to this Office for 1885-’86 appear to be in a flourishing condition. Among the improvements reported the introduction by Battle Creek College of a system of manual training is noteworthy. Thorough instruction in a number of trades may now be had at this institution. Kalamazoo College has paid all her old debts, and reports an increase of the endow¬ ment as well. The optical department has received important additions. Hillsdale College maintains, in addition to the usual collegiate departments, a teachers’ training school and a theological department. Hope College, Holland, suffered the loss by fire of one of its buildings during the year, and has already begun to solicit subscriptions to replace it. A house is being built for the president. The Michigan Agricultural College has made extraordinary extensions in its facilities during the year. The thorough prosecution of the work of the new course in me¬ chanic arts has been provided for by the completion and equipment of a mechanical laboratory, containing a complete blacksmith shop, brass foundry, and wood- working establishment. Much of the machinery and nearly all the tools were made by the students, and compare favorably with the work done in regular manufacturing es¬ tablishments. A two-story brick building for the use of the veterinary department has also been built and furnished during the year. The military feature was intro¬ duced in 1885, and is conducted by an officer of the regular Army. The University of Michigan, Ann Harbor, affords instruction in the same departments as last year, and the requirements for admission are substantially unchanged. Prom¬ inent among the improvements noted appears the extension of the course in the law school, which now covers two years of nine months each. A liberal appropriation by the State Legislature has enabled the department of medicine and surgery to make better provision for the study of histology by the purchase of thirty fine microscopes and other needed instruments. A complete set of self-registering meteorological in¬ struments has been added to the physical apparatus. . MINNESOTA. Reference to our statistical tables will show nearly all the information received from the colleges of Minnesota. Carleton College, Northfield, is open to students of all races and sects. Regular courses are provided, but eclectic courses are permitted under certain restrictions. The astronomical department has received additional instruments during the year,, and a new building is being erected for their accommodation. • St.John’s University, Collegeville, maintains ecclesiastical, classical, medical, scien¬ tific, and commercial courses and a preparatory department for those not sufficiently advanced to enter the regular courses. The university also controls an industrial school at White Earth for pupils from the Chippewa Indian Reservation. The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, is erecting a handsome building for the College of Mechanic Arts and promises its completion before the opening of the next 484 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. year. This building is designed to contain the Artisans’ Training School, with its ma¬ chinery and apparatus, and the schools of civil and mechanical engineering and archi¬ tecture. The library, museums, and apparatus of the university are sufficient for its needs and are constantly receiving additions. MISSISSIPPI. The colleges of Mississippi continue to give instruction in the same branches and by the same methods as formerly, and, except the ordinary improvements, nothing of especial interest seems to have occurred. The increase in the library of the University of Mississippi, Oxford, amounted to 1,000 volumes during 1885- 88. Oar tabulated statistics show additional informa¬ tion. MISSOURI. The Missouri Agricultural College and University , Columbia, has always been liberally cared for by the State, and during the past year received additional evidence of the generosity of the State authorities. The extensive alterations and improvements upon the main building, begun in 1883, have been completed, and the remodelled observa¬ tory opened to the students since our last report. Since the addition of two wings the main building presents a front of 347 feet. The college farm has been greatly im¬ proved in the last few years, and especially so during 1885-86. The museum con¬ nected with this department, and, indeed, all the museums of the college, received important accessions during the year. For the physical exercise of the lady students a military gymnastic drill has been introduced by the commandant of cadets. The normal school is an important department, and its highest degree, master of pedagogy, is considered the most desirable degree conferred by the college. The State veterina¬ rian is stationed at Columbia and imparts instruction to the students in his specialty. A chemical laboratory, admirably adapted to its needs, has been added to the equip¬ ment of the School of Mines and Metallurgy at Rolla. Many other colleges in the State have made notable advances during the year. The Southwest Baptist College, Bolivar, has secured an excellent Alvin Clark tele¬ scope of 4-inch aperture for its astronomical department. The curriculum includes an excellent normal course with a model school as a means of illustrating the princi¬ ples taught. Central College, Fayette, has erected a gymnasium and supplied it with a fairly com¬ plete outfit. La Grange College has increased its endowment fund. Drury College, Springfield, reports an increase in its library of 500 volumes, the be¬ ginning of a gymnasium, improvements in its museum of natural history, and a course especially arranged for the training of public-school teachers. Lewis College , Glasgow, and La Grange College also give normal instruction. MONTANA. The College of Montana, Deer Lodge, has recentl}r added a school of science to its other departments of instruction, and the new professor will take charge of classes in chemistry, assaying, and mineralogy at the opening of the next fall term. A suite of rooms in the main building has been arranged, for the purposes of this department, and supplied with the necessary laboratory, furnaces, &c. A handsome dormitory hall, with sleeping apartments and private parlors for seventy students, was erected in 1885. A teachers’ course finds a place in the curriculum. NEBRASKA. The University of Nebraska is increasing in popularity and usefulness. Though the total number of students lias not increased, because of the policy of the university to remit preparatory work to the public high schools, the number in the regular college classes is now almost twice as large as two years ago. The system of receiving stu¬ dents without examination from accredited high schools has been recently introduced, and sixteen schools were commissioned. A step has been taken towards the establish¬ ment of a veterinary school by the establishment of a station for the study of the diseases of animals. Improvements are being made on the college farm as far as the funds on hand will permit, and it is now in better condition than ever before. The popular feeling against the industrial school has subsided, and a wonderful improve¬ ment during the year i3 evident. The medical school has been deprived of State aid, and its attendance has fallen to 18 students. The sum of $5,500 has been spent in im¬ provements and repairs upon buildings already standing, and a new chemical labora¬ tory, costing, with its equipments, $35,000, has been erected during the year. The library, cabinets, and herbarium have been largely increased. Doane College, Crete, reports the erection during 1885-’86 of the first astronomical observatory in the State. A fine telescope and the^sual auxiliary instruments have been purchased. NOTES FROM COLLEGE CATALOGUES. 485 Creighton College , Omaha, has also a new observatory, equippod with a telescope of 6-inch aperture. Othor valuable additions have been made during the year to tho scieutilic department. NEVADA. The University of Nevada, Reno, has begun its work in its now building, one floor of which has been completed since February last. Tho courses of study and regula¬ tions remain substantially as they wero prior to tho removal from Elko. A nucleus of a library has been formed and the collection of materials for a museum begun. NEW HAMPSHIRE. Dartmouth College, Hanover, embraces tho same departments and offers substantially the same courses of study as last year. Iu the college proper the coarse leading to the decree of A. B. consists of prescribed and elective studies, with certain optional studies for the senior class. Tho Chandler scientific department was established iu 1851 for iustruction iu the practical and useful arts. The Thayer School of Civil Engineering is essentially a graduate course for the thorough technical education of a civil engineer. No innovations appear to havo teen made iu the medical school. The New Hampshire College of Agricultural and Mechanic Arts receives the beuefits accruing to the State from the Congressional land grant, and complies with the re¬ quirements of the act. NEW JERSEY. Rutgers College, New Brunswick, admits students upon certificates from approved high schools or upon examinations conducted at the college. All the work of the freshman and sophomore classes is prescribed, but juniors and seniors may select a portion of their studies. The scientific department receives the income from the land- grant fund, and in consideration of this aid gives to the State 40 scholarships that are divided between the counties iu proportion to population. A feature of the methods employed is the custom of holding unexpected examinations at various times during the session at the discretion of the instructor. The degrees of A. M. and M. S. are no longer given “in course,” but are now conferred only for work done. Two years’ graduate study in prescribed courses entitle the candidate to the degree of Ph. D. or D. S. Three years’ professional study after graduation leads to the distinction of C. E. The library of the college shows a growth of 1,500 volumes during the year. Our statistical tables show information concerning the other colleges of the State. NEW YORK. Columbia College, New York, announces an extension of the instruction given in the school of mines by the establishment of a course for the thorough training of sanitary engineers. In connection with this innovation tho lecture course on hygiene was extended and a laboratory opened for microscopy and micro-biology. A training school for librarians is also proposed and will be incorporated in the college at the opening of the next fall term. An immense collection of newspaper articles referring to the late war, published between 1860 and 1886, has been deposited in the library and will remain for a term of years. The entire collection is carefully indexed and is con¬ sidered an exceedingly valuable accession to the college. The receipt of books, valued at $25,000, from one benefactor, and of a cash gift of $5,000 from another, for the library, is acknowledged by the president. During the year 2,043 specimens have been added to the herbarium. The school of medicine has heretofore suffered from lack of sufficient accommodations, but the completion of a new building, already begun, will amply provide for its needs in this respect. A maternity hospital aud a free clinic will also be built close at hand, offering exceptional advantages to the students of the school. Cornell University, Ithaca, appears to have enjoyed a year of quiet prosperity, dur¬ ing which no changes of especial importance have been made. Excepting the museum of paleontology, which has been made more complete, no additions to th9 means of illustration in any of the departments are mentioned. The courses of study seem to have been revised, but no radical change has been made. A leading object in found¬ ing the university was to provide for those who could not complete a full 4-year course, and to this class of students special privileges in the selection of studies are allowed, even class distinctions not being permitted to hinder their choice. Graduate students, not candidates for a degree, may be received in any department for any length of time. Excellent gymnasia, under experienced instructors, are provided for both male and female students. The university receives the income from the land-grant fund, in return for which the State is entitled to appoint a student, to be instructed free of charge, from each Assembly district. These appointments are made for merit alone and without regard to sex. The University of the City of New York has abandoned the old plan of conferring advanced degrees, and in 1885- 86 inaugurated tho system of giving them only after 486 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. successful prosecution, after graduation, of studies assigned by the faculty. The chemical laboratory of the college proper has been recently refitted and improved. The building of the department of medicine has been enlarged and its facilities in¬ creased by the addition of chemical, microscopical, andmateriamedicalaboratories and a dispensary, in which students are instructed in the treatment of diseases. During the year 7,000 patients were received and treated here. The studies of Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, are prescribed to the middle of the sophomore year, but are largely elective for the remainder of the course. St. Stephen'’ s College, Annandale, received donations of 2,000 books for the college library during 1885-’86. Hamilton College, Clinton, has purchased a new boarding-hall for students and built new recitation-rooms to and generally renovated one of its principal buildings. The College of St. Francis Xavier, New York, added during the year an elegantly furnished reading-room to its library, thereby increasing its attractiveness and use¬ fulness to the students. For the University of Rochester a handsome three-story brown- stone structure, to be thoroughly firerproof, is in course of erection. Upon its completion it will be fitted up as a chemical laboratory. The geological cabinet of this university is said to be the finest in the United States. The last report of the Board of Visitors to the United States Military Academy, West Point, shows a very satisfactory condition of the institution. NORTH CAROLINA. The colleges of North Carolina report few new facts this year that are not shown in Table 39. The same courses are still pursued, and the methods of teaching and discipline show no alteration. The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, has loaned money to deserving stu¬ dents to the amount of $12,835 from funds established for that purpose. Optional or elective courses are permitted within certain limits, and graduate study is encour¬ aged. English receives an important place in the curriculum of Davidson College. The training of colored preachers and teachers is the main object of Biddle Uni¬ versity, Charlotte, and of Shaw University, Raleigh. OHIO. Ohio University, Columbus, has made rapid progress since our last report. The three regular courses have been entirely reconstructed and a greater range of elect¬ ives offered, especially in the higher classes. Three additional special courses were introduced at the beginning of the year, extending the instruction to veterinary sci¬ ence, pharmacy, and a short course in agriculture. The last is especially adapted to farmers’ boys, and embraces the most practical studies of the university. The re¬ quirements for admission have been altered and raised to include a year of Latin. The chair of modern languages has been divided, and an additional instructor now performs a portion of the work, and the efficiency of the instruction is much increased thereby. The mechanical laboratory, recently completed, affords thorough training in all that relates to the work of a practical mechanical engineer. The experimental farm has been unusually successful this year, and for the first time since its establish¬ ment a profit has been derived from it. A new arrangement has been made with the directors of the State agricultural experiment station by which in the future the ex¬ periments will be conducted by officers of the university, and the students may profit by the scientific truths here shown. The department of comparative anatomy and physiology has made rapid progress, and by a recent resolution of the faculty labora¬ tory work in this line of study is made obligatory upon a large proportion of the stu¬ dents. An increase of 1,485 volumes is reported bv the librarian. Adelhei't College of Western Reserve University, Cleveland, has modified its working methods and curriculum to conform to the more modern ideas of collegiate educa¬ tion. The system of electives has been extended, and the number of studies embraced in the list has been augmented by the addition of advanced German, Sanskrit, Eng¬ lish, and French. The time devoted to Greek, Latin, and mathematics has been short¬ ened and the difference devoted to electives, which now occupy three-fifths of time of the senior class. Buchtel College, Akron, reports the more complete equipment of the astronomical ob¬ servatory, the formation of the nucleus of a museum, the endowment of three new scholarships of $1,000 each, and the receipt of a $36,000 bequest. A normal course is offered in addition to the regular courses. Ohio University, Athens, pays special attention to pedagogical training, and offers an excellent and thorough course of instruction in that department. St. Xavier College, Cincinnati, lias received by donation a dynamo-electric machine, with a number of electric lamps, and a large collection of United States coins and currency for the museum. NOTES PROM COLLEGE CATALOGUES. 48? The main building of tlio University of Cincinnati was damaged by firo in November last, and while the repairs were being made a number of improvements were intro¬ duced, the chemical and physical laboratories especially being enlarged. All the studies of the first 3 years are prescribed, and electives are allowed only in the senior class. The University of Wooster has adopted a new curriculum, in which more importance is given to electives. Miami University , Oxford, resumed its exercises this year after a lapse of 12 voars. During 1885-’86 no instruction was given in the higher branches, but full courses are oflereil for next year, and the facilities of the institution will then be better than ever before. The courses of Oberlin College have been extended, especially in the junior and senior years. The location of the museum and of the chemical laboratory has been changed and better accommodations afforded them. Improvements of imporianee have been made in the gymnasium and in the department of physics. A new building, to cost $70,000, is being erected, and new cottages for ladies’ dormitories will soon be completed. OREGON. Oregon State University, Eugene City, reports the completion of a new two-story building, 69 feet wide by 115 feet long. A chair of music was established by the trustees in Ma.V;h, 1886. The apparatus and equipment generally of the scientific departments are fairly complete. A number of other institutions are reported in Table 39, to which reference may be had for all information not shown in our previous reports, since no innovations are reported during 1885-’86. PENNSYLVANIA. The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, continues to offer the same general courses as have been in use since 1883, and but little change is apparent in the studies to be pursued. The buildings of Muhlenberg College, Allentown, have been repaired and beautified and its libraries enlarged. For Geneva College, Beaver Falls, an additional endowment of $100,000 is being raised and $90,000 have already been subscribed. Lebanon Valley College , Annville, has finished an additional building to be used by the library and music, art, and natural science departments. The trustees of Lincoln University have established a new chair of instruction in the English version of the Bible. Westminster College, New Wilmington, has effected a new arrangement of studies, and in the future each student will have 3 instead of 4 daily recitations. The facilities of Didcinson College , Carlisle, have been increased during- the year by the erection of a handsome new building for the scientific department, and the physi¬ cal welfare of the students will be promoted by the equipment of the new gymnasium. A library building has also been begun. The endowment of perpetual scholarships at $1,000 each has been anthorized by the trustees. Astronomical observatories are being erected for Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, and Washington and Jefferson College, Washington. At their last meeting the trustees of Allegheny College, Meadville, authorized the affiliation of that college with the Meadville College of Music and the Meadville Busi¬ ness School, and hereafter students of Allegheny College will be entitled to the privileges of the two last institutions. RHODE ISLAND. Brown University, Providence, continuesto offer its three high-grade courses, in which no material change has been made during the year. Select courses are permitted to students not candidates for a degree, but the selection is made under the supervision of the faculty. The new library of poetical works has been properly arranged and catalogued. Among the various forms of aid offered to students there are a hun¬ dred scholarships. SOUTH CAROLINA. The University of South Carolina, Columbia, has just passed through one of the most successful years in its history, and the number instructed has been greater than for any year since 1849. About three-fifths of the time of instruction is devoted to scien¬ tific branches, and the proportion of students in the special courses is increasing. Two new professors have been appointed and will begin their work at the opening of the next fall term. Clajlin University, Orangeburgh, has a department for industrial training. An ele«tive course was introduced in Newberry College during the ygar. 488 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. TENNESSEE. The University of Tennessee and State Agricultural and Mechanical College , Knoxville, still offers instruction in the same schools mentioned in our last report. A tuition fee is charged, but by an extensive system of State and county appointments in¬ struction to students residing in the State is made practically free" Special facilities are allowed teachers desiring further preparation for their profession. The name of the East Tennessee Wesleyan University , Athens, has been changed and it is now known as Ur ant Memorial University. Steps will soon be taken to organize an industrial department. New buildings are being erected for Hiawassee College, Hiawasseo ; Christian Brothers 3 College, Memphis ; and Greenville and Tusculum College, Tusculum. texAs. The University of Texas , Austin, has, during the year, fully established three regular degree courses in which the number of optionals increases as the student approaches graduation, instead of the loose elective system formerly in vogue. Arrangements were made at the beginning of the fall term "to introduce the plan of studeuts’ boarding clubs, and after a year’s trial these have proven very satisfactory, reducing the neces¬ sary expenses to about $150 per annum. The whole of the lower door of the main building has been turned over to the chemical department and refitted to supply its needs. A considerable sum has been spent in purchasing additional apparatus, and it is said that the chemical laboratories are among the best equipped in) the coun¬ try. Provision has been made for post-graduate instruction, and advanced study is encouraged. Several other colleges in the State are in a prosperous condition, though no notables changes have occurred within the year just passed. Their statistics may be found in our tables. VERMONT. No innovations of consequence are reported by the colleges of Vermont. The courses of instruction adopted by all of them were duly described in our report for 1884-J85, and later reports show no material change. VIRGINIA. The University of Virginia, the leading institution of learning in the South, con¬ tinues to impart instruction of a high character in the same departments as for several years past. The Leander McCormick observatory is now open to the students and contains one of the finest telescopes in the country, with all the smaller instruments necessary to the work of the astronomer. An astronomical library has been started. Washington and Lee University , Lexington, allows students to pursue such studies as they may select, subject to the advice of the faculty. Accessions are reported to the library, museum, and art gallery. The curriculum of Randolph Macon College, Ashland, shows two new courses, one of three years, leading to the degree bachelor of philosophy, and the other, a full four- year course, leading to the A. B. degree. Roanoke College, Salem, has purchased 5 acres of land to be used by the athletic associations. The library and museum have been largely increased. WEST VIRGINIA. West Virginia University, Morgantown, arranged its studies this year in nine distinct schools, from which each student was permitted to select those best suited to his indi¬ vidual wants. There are also a school of law and a preparatory school „of medicine. Especial attention is paid to practical geology, and additional provision has recently been made for this study by means of annual excursions of the students through the State. A respectable beginning has been made towards a university library. WISCONSIN. The University of Wisconsin, Madison, two years since lost its principal building by fire, and with it a great part of its apparatus. During the session of 1885 the State Legislature appropriated a sufficient sum to make good the loss for the erection of a new chemical laboratory, a machine shop, a boiler-house with its appurtenances, and a science hall. All these buildings have been completed within the year, excepting the last, which will be, when finished, one of the handsomest buildings of the kind in the West. With these new buildings the equipment of nearly all the departments will be nearly complete. The number of students in attendance this year has been larger than ever before. A short and practical course in agriculture has been arranged for those unable to take a full four-year course. Lawrence Univei'sity, Appleton, has adopted the elective system during, the year and improved its commercial course by the introduction of actual business practice. Racine Collejl, Racine, and the Northwestern University, Watertown, both pay especial attention to physical exercise, and the latter has lately equipped a fine gymnasium. GROWTH OF UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES. 489 WASHINGTON TERRITORY. Whitman College , Walla Walla, lias been fairly prosperous since the beginning of its college functions four years ago. Its debt was decreased from $8,000 to $5,000 during the year and its library increased to 2,000 bound volumes. The courses of instruction offered are similar to those of other new institutions. GROWTH OF UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES. The following is a statement of the aggregate number of universities and colleges, with instructors and studeuts, as reported to this Bureau each year from 1870 to 1886, inclusive (1883 omitted) : 1876. 1877. 1878. j 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1884. ! 1885. 1886. Number of institutions . Number of instructors . Number of students . 356 ! 3,920 | 56,481 351 3, 90S 57, 334 358 3,885 ; 57, 987 364 4, 241 60, 011 . 364 4,160 50, 594 362 4,361 62, 435 365 4,413 G4, 096 370 : 4. 644 65, 522 1 365 4, 836 65, 728 345 4,720 67, 642 490 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 38. — Summary of the statistics States and Territo¬ ries. . CO ?£ ! X o M Years in course. > Whole number of j faculty. Students. V Ci £ § 3 ^3 5 A © 6 O 6 £ 5 A j Courses over four years. Preparatory only. 1 © ig ’5 © O | "S 5 ST | £ © i ^ Commercial. Collegiate department. In classical course. i c l| «5 Massachusetts . 6 6 1 3 j 160 195 )1 643 25) i 181 a2, 068 "Michigan _ 1 9 1 g ; 14 1 143 637 18 j 104 y (6: l 136 U l ' 147) 156 al, 150 I Minnesota . 5 3 i 1 1 3 1 80 ! 466 86 68 129 1 97 153 a462 Mississippi . 3 2 I 1 7 99 ! 156 193 194 : 188 a318 1 ' ) (703) ) Missouri . ! 17 11 1 ! 2 82 177 1, 923 39 ! 73 \ 180 186) 159 al, 308 Nebraska . 4 2 j 1 I 9 33 j 165 19 139 63 97 299 Nevada . ; 1 2 51 ! New Hampshire I 1 ! i .... !.... 18 c ) 249 New Jersey _ ... .. { 4 3 i i 5 72 40 1 20 i 461 1 4S( 11 ol8 1 .... 1 ) (101) 1 New York . 1 22 19 1 2 76 435 2, 469 i 204 11 149 1 050C : 651 a4, 009 j 1 -Li’ .... ) (182) > North Carolina . 9 y 1 -■ j 1 20 78 540 ) 190 ; 18C 43 a528 ) (687) { Ohio . i 33 21 .... 2 71 296 1,941 20 108 X 646 | 308) 457 a2, 263 ( (0 5) l Oregon . . . 6 5 13 45 612 | 38 ) 8 16C 2 92 i ) (183) } I Pennsylvania . 26 25 63 1 331 1,268 140 57 Jl, 686 i 431) 525 a3, 222 Khode Island . : l 22 192 1 41 10 243 South Carolina . 9 ! 9 9 39 591 30 y (7: 1 316 2) I 54 f 42 484 1 C (106) ) Tennessee . 18 15 .... 1 45 231 1, 545 279 61 \ 388 ! 123) 188 a940 Texas . 6 ! 5 1 12 52 i 429 c (9: ) 52 2) ( 54) 45 j a464 "Vermont..... . 2 i 2 1 14 108 71 48 227 j Virginia . . 7 4 3 71 123 216 1 15 i 54 ! a408 1 "West Virginia . 2 1 2 3 17 107 (61 ») 1 3 63 a Includes a small num STATISTICS OP UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES, 491 of universities and colleges. Students. Libraries. 1 Property, income, &o. op 0 0 'cS 8 0 *5 0 M | Graduate students. Whole number of students in all depart¬ ments. Volumes in college library. Volumes in students’ libra¬ ries. Value of grounds, buildings, and apparatus. Amount of productive funds. Income from productive funds. Receipts for the last year from tuition fees. Receipts for last year from State appropriation. 6 3 6 73 S r® P«H 0 493 10, 000 1, 800 $350, 000 $318, 000 $24, 880 $9, 500 $25, 000 5 (6; 19) ? 5 ) a75 a42\ 4,100 500 275, 500 135, 000 10,900 4, 809 $39, 800 300 S (96) } 13 >al, 381 a452( 58, 230 3, 550 1, 098, 000 138, 000 3, 700 77, 335 3, 900 177, 851 f (236) > 10 l al06 8, 100 60 000 50, 000 3, 500 22, 000 3, 500 58 916 13 191, 750 509, 630 942, 196 52, 810 12, 274 15, 931 0 33 8 4, 000 70, 000 83, 000 4, 980 8, 000 tf/109 j 1, 500 15; 000 45, 700 2, 600 700 700 ( (329) ? .... > a779 a247s 36, 076 5, 564 493, 000 27,250 1,245 4,537 10, 500 26,819 j 5 (2. 315) ( 60 t 69, 950 6, 400 1, 394, 000 677, 428 45, 561 58, 448 54, 000 52, 652 j ; 19 al, 266 a585 28, 100 20, 000 | 578, 614 177, 000 13, 130 16, 500 33,780 ; 5 (389) l 36 fal, 510 | a254$ 52,470 ! 13,863 805, 500 j 964, 427 48, 452 45, 319 21,260 5 (760) } 4 (al, 279 al51) 54,255 500 487, 764 1, 356, 970 83, 244 29, 721 17, 250 356 47 66, 920 9, 600 | 290,000 j 822, 640 48, 744 21, 393 4, 650 : 184 a990 ] a92 c 66, 100 6,300 1, 006, 738 3, 000, 000 208,214 21, 676 13, 400 42,000 1: 97 J ( \a2, 196 | . 5 402, 800 14,000 1,000,000 7, 065, 772 377, 113 71, 351 65, 048 5 (648) } 9 (al, 138 1 a574( 101, 356 6, 230 1, 681, 000 1, 246, 493 74, 204 84, 072 51, 500 100, 861 * (126) > 27 \ a724 a2595 j 40, 750 600 1, 235, 769 1, 034, 567 49, 951 11, 625 35,000 1 25, 637 19 a538 al48 12, 000 3, 500 265, 000 609, 061 33, 243 5, 471 32,643 1 4,970 !' 5 (410) i 2 (a2, 439 | a763( 98, 231 2, 320 1 1,608, 000 668, 400 46, 983 103,000 5,500 : C (393) ) .... ( al04 a745 15, 692 702 222, 000 261, 000 13, 500 2, 000 135, 000 18,000 |: .... 18 33 400 20, 000 110, 520 24, 951 1 250 1 65, 000 62 a723 j . ! 75, 900 19, 500 60, 000 566, 000 34. 828 2, 431 | 6, 960 22,000 5 (638) l ' 96 ?a5, 457 1 a683< 367, 648 | 5, 500 7, 9S5, 031 10,963,321 617, 245 430, 764 129, 377 393,868 : If (442) J 8 !)al, 046 1 al72( 41, 421 15,700 750, 000 474, 000 18, 800 22, 200 27, 500 400 If (2, 150) > 11 i(a2, 412 1 a615) 202, 738 23, 300 5, 616, 000 2, 569, 841 151, 038 49, 622 48, 850 167,902 ! f (191) } , ) a370 1 a-2fiOC 10,400 271, 000 323, 000 19, 250 13, 500 5, 000 5 (913) ? 49 j (a3, 624 all95 251, 794 60, 100 3, 396, 150 4, 790, 310 148, 767 110, 645 131,893 i 2 ! 245 65, 183 600, 000 767, 104 41, 938 25, 944 0 493 | S (387) t 18 \ a729 | al57) 44, 300 3, 650 511, 000 518, 500 26, 273 6,843 23, 200 23,465 5 (1- 6161 > . 11 (a2, 095 a317< 76, 806 9, 175 1, 560, 174 1,744, 666 122, 505 66, 905 1, 000 42,282 . f (385) < 4 ( a460 | a293s 9, 650 335, 000 713, 000 44, 713 4, 300 1, 000 S (43) > 1 ( 161 1 23 51, 000 450, 000 250, 416 15, 716 5, 054 16,636 ’*9 a844 _ 3 100, 050 9,300 2, 004, 597 1, 106, 954 no, 002 | 47, 969 40, 000 30, 526 j > 5 (80) > .... 1) al22 1 . i 5,000 •400 275, 000 117, 200 6, 348 350 18, 000 12 i 37 ber not classified. 492 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 38. — Summary of the statistics States and Territo¬ ries. Years in Whole ' jnumberof ! faculty. Students. Collegiate department. « sj — o © ® Wisconsin . Dakota District of Columbia Montana . . Utah . Washington 19 5 6 ■I 2 ,| _ •! 8 97 | 14 23 807 83 159 3 221 57 19 155 21 40 52 139 16 267 Total . 345 280 III! i 5 ; 26 830 3,890 25,408 1,635 ‘2,497 I I i I i 242 2 19 . (3,873) 14, 483 4, 872 158 21 4, 652 667 42 a278 38 28 a31, 565 a Includes a small nnm Graduate students. STATISTICS OF UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES, 493 of universities and college a — Continued. Students. Whole number of students in all depart¬ ments. Libraries. +* \ 102 77)| 58, 120 4, 100 52, 100 500 3, 609 4, 000 3, 050 ! I $1,050,000 $1,215,000 ; $62,420 205, 000 400, 000 58, 000 70, 000 135, 000 250, 000 175, 000 8, 425 (16, 961) 935 041,848 a8,833 3, 008, 283 i267, 304 43,565,413 ;49,687,378 I I ! I 10, 000 $48, 484 $57, 000 . | 30,000 . 24,500 2,500 . 6,674 : . . $48, 464 38 . |39 50, 825 40 4,500 ;41 . 42 900 7, 658 3, 000 700 2, 736, 589 jl, 568, 433 ,862, 580 il, 739, 723 43 ber not classified. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 If 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 39. — Statistics of universities and colleges for 1885-’86; Post-office address. Name. President. Greensborough, Ala . Marion, Ala . University P. O., Ala... Batesville, Ark . Fayetteville, Ark.... Little Rock, Ark . Little Rock, Ark . Benicia, Cal . Southern University . Howard College . . University of Alabama . Arkansas College . . Arkansas Industrial University.. Little Rock University* . Philander Smith College . College of St. Augustine . Berkeley, Cal . College City, Cal . Los Angeles, Cal . Los Angeles, Cal . Napa City, Cal . San Francisco, Cal. (cor. of Hayes street and Yan Ness avenue.) San Josh, Cal . Santa Clara, Cal . Santa Rosa, Cal . Woodbridge, Cal . Woodland, Cal . Boulder, Colo . Colorado Springs, Colo . . Denver, Colo . Hartford, Conn . Middletown, Conn . New Haven, Conn . Grand Forks, Dak . East Pierre, Dak . Vermillion, Dak . Newark, Del . Washington, D. C . Washington, D. C . Washington, D. C . . Washington, D. C . West Washington, D. C . Tallahassee, Fla . Athens, Ga . Atlanta, Ga . University of California . Pierce Christian College . St. Vincent’s College . University of Southern California. Napa College . St. Ignatius College . Rev. A. S. Andrews, A. M., D. D J. T. Murfee, LL. D . H. D. Clayton, ll. d . Rev. I. J.Long, D. D . Geo. M. Edgar, ll. d . Rev. Edward S. Lewis, A. M . Rev. Thomas Mason, A. M. . . Rt. Rev. J. H. D. Wingfield, D. D. LL. D. Edward S. Holden, A. M . James C. Keith, A. B . Rev. A. J. Meyer, c. M . Rev. M. M. Bovard, A. M . A. E. Lasher. . Rev. Joseph Sasia, s. J . University of the Pacific . Santa Clara College . Pacific Methodist College . San Joaquin Valley College . Hesperian College . University of Colorado . Colorado College . University of Denver . Trinity College . . . . Wesleyan University . Vale College . University of North Dakota . Pierre University . University of Dakota . Delaware College . Columbian University . Gonzaga College . Howard University . National Deaf-Mute College . Georgetown College . University of Florida* . University of Georgia. Atlanta University. ... Atlanta, Ga . . Bowdon, Ga . . Macon, Ga . . Macon, Ga . Oxford, Ga . . Abingdon, Ill . . Bloomington, HI - Bourbonnais Grove, Ill . . Carthage, Ill . Chicago, 111.(413 W. 12th street) . Eureka, HI . .- . Evanston, Ill . . Ewing College, HI . . Galena, Ill . Galesburgh, Ill . . . Galesburgh, 111 . Clark University . Bowdon College . Mercer University . . Pio Nono College . Emory College . . . Hedding College . Illinois Wesleyan University . St. Viateur’s College . Carthage College . St. Ignatius College . . Eureka College . Northwestern University. ... Ewing College . German-Englisli College . Knox College . . . . . Lombard University . Jacksonville, Ill . | Illinois College . . '"Edward A. Tanner, D. d . * From Report of the Commissioner of Education for year 1884-’85. Rev. C. C. Stratton, A. M., D. D . . Rev. R. E. Kenna, s. J . J. S. Austin, A. M . Rev. D. A. Mobley, A. M . A. M. Elston, A. M . Dr. J. A. Sewall . Winthrop D. Sheldon, professor. David H. Moore, A. M., D. D . Rev. Geo. Williamson Smith, D Rev. John W. Beach, D. D., ll. d . Rev. Noah Porter, ll. d . Henry M ontgomery, M. A., B. 8 Wm. M. Blackburn, D. D . John R. Herrick, D. D . J. H. Caldwell, a. m., d. d . James C. Welling, ll. d . Rev. Edward A. McGurk, 8. J . Rev. Wm. W. Patton, D. D., ll. d E. M. Gallaudet, ph. d., ll. d Rev. James A. Doonan, s. J. Rev. John Kost, A. M., M. D., LL. D., chancellor. P. H. Mell, D. D., ll. D . Horace Bumstead, acting presi¬ dent. Rev. E. O. Thayer, A. M . Rev. F. A. M. Henderson, D. D - Rev. Archibald J. Battle, D. d.,ll.d Very Rev. L. Bazin . Rev. Isaac S. Hopkins, PH. D., D. D Rev. Jabez R. Jaques, D. D., ph. d Rev. W. H. H. Adams, L>. D . Rev. M. J. Marsile, c. s. V . Rev. E. F. Bartholomew, A. M . Rev. Joseph G. Zealand, 8. J . Carl Johann . Rev. Joseph Cummings, D. D., LL. D Rev. John Washburn, A. M., D. D Rev. Emil Uhl . Hon. Newton Bateman, A. M., LL. D Rev. Nehemiah White, ph. D.. STATISTICS OF UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES, 495 from replies to inquiries by the United States Bureau of Education. — Part I. Whole num¬ ber of fac- Students, ulty. Collegiate department. Date of charter. Date of organization. Instructors in prepan department only. oo* £ ~ 1 £ 2 ° «f £ a o £ 2 a a z. - — hi * Preparatory. In normal department. © 2 © Classical. Scientific. First year. Second year. Third year. Fourth year. First year. Second year. Third year. Fourth year. 4 5 6 7 $ 9 10 11 1 12 13 14 15 16 ir 18 1 1 8 35 0 o | 1842 1842 1 5 20 0 30 i 20 20 15 . | 1820 1831 0 15 0 0 6 18 ! 24 34 20 17 is 17 8 ! 1872 1872 4 ! 30 j 1 35 16 1871 1872 (1 5) 245 0 0 14 12 5 5 i2i 6 1 ! 0 1883 1882 4 72 n at 1883 1877 8 213 11 1 . i 1868 1867 6 . j . I i 1868 1869 25 | 1874 1874 7 14 30 19 I 7 : 4 1 1 0 15 ....... 2 4 1869 1867 10 . 1880 1880 11 . 8 ! 8 12 1 1 . 1885 1870 3 12 99 20 67 2 I 2 6 1859 i 1855 9 i 17 199 0 | 60 35 15 20 16 j 1852 I 1851 5 16 156 27 6 3 2 i 2 14 11 12 ! 1855 | 1851 1 10 27 56 i 21 22 • 31 38 1 1 1861 1861 o 4 8 0 0 i 42 24 13 ! 1 1882 1879 8 49 6 3 2 ! 1 . i 2 10 1 6 4 2 1869 1861 2 19 ...J ... J 1875 1876 12 90 5 I 3 5 ! 2 ! 2 1 3 1874 1874 9 24 J (i 0 (1 5) . 1864 1880 12 7 161 44 (20) 1824 1826 19 i 22 ] 33 ; 19 20 7 9 i 5 1 1 1831 1831 o 19 0 0 1 . 0 35 i ! 32 32 39 20 12 ! ii 6 ; 1701 1701 46 1 163 131 128 148 1883 1884 4 35 1883 i 1883 5 ! 3 17 6 ! 2 3 2 0 0 0 2 1862 1883 7 31 13 139 12 1833 1834 0 5 0 ! 0 0 0 1 2 5 10 5 4 o ; 1821 1821 17 1 89 i . | . 1858 | 1821 2 12 1 20 1 16 . 1867 ' 1867 7 39 155 ! 11 9 3 5 1864 | 1864 i 7 i i 11 8 5 1 3 7 3 l 13 2 i 1815 | 1789 4 25 | . 1 _ | . 1883 ' 1883 9 44 /651 . 1785 1801 10 36 63 | 43 i 49 1 1867 1869 11 4 I 273 0 0 8 2 4 | 4 0 0 0 0 1879 1869 6 6 254 2 1 1 4 1857 1856 2 2 105 0 0 5 4 6 4 3 2 0 0 1837 1838 2 7 23 33 50 44 20 1876 1874 4 j... 1836 1837 14 72 1 . 46 51 39 1 39 .1875 I 1855 9 9 48 21 2 0 2 0 7 3 5 2 1851 | 1851 2 8 171 57 23 7 50 1874 ! 1865 25 1870 1 1871 6 46 1870 1869 4 15 131 j 99 (4 4) 1 1855 | 1848 11 j 74 | . 43 J 28 25 4 • 1851 ! 1855 r* 14 247 I.::::: 22 15 9 6 9 6 6 2 1874 | 1868 1 3 1881 1868 [ 39 | 22 1 30 2 3 2 1837 1841 7 10 * 153 10 18 [ 12 11 ' 36 ; 22 19 15 1851 I 1852 11 i 90 (: 32) i 1835 : 1829 10 95 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 3 4 5 6 7' 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 496 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 39. — Statistics of universities and Post-office address. Name. President. 55 56 57 j 58 59 60 ' 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 . 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 SI 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 Lake Forest, HI . J Lake Forest University . Lebanon, HI . : McXendree College . Lincoln, HI . . Lincoln University . Monmonth, HI . ' Monmouth College . Naperville, Ill . Northwestern College . Quincy, Ill . Chaddock College . Quincy, HI . . . St. Francis Solanus College - Bockisland, Ill . Augustana College . Tentopolis, Ill . . St. Joseph’s Diocesan College. Upper Alton, HI . UrbanallL (Champaign P.O.). ■Westfield, HI . Wheaton, Ill . Bloomington. Ind . . Crawfordsville, Ind . Fort Wayne, Ind . Franklin, Ind . j Greencastle, Ind . | Hanover, Ind . 1 Hartsville, Ind . Irvington, Ind . Merom, Ind . I Moore’s Hill, Ind . ! Notre Dame, Ind . ' Hichmond, Ind . [ Bidgeville, Ind . | St. Meinrad, Ind . i College Springs, Iowa...! Davenport, Iowa . j Decorah, Iowa . i Des Moines, Iowa . | Dubuque, Iowa . I Fairfield, Iowa . Fayette, Iowa . Grinnell, Iowa . ] Hopkinton. Iowa . Indianola, Iowa . Shurtleff College . University of Hlinois. Westfield College . Wheaton College . The Indiana University . . . Wabash College . C oncordia C ollege . Franklin College . De Pauw University . Hanover College . . Hartsville College . Butler University . Union Christian College ... Moore’s Hill College . University of Notre Dame. Earlham College . Bidgeville College . St. Meinrad's College . Amity College . Griswold College . Norwegian Luther College. Drake University . St. Joseph’s College* . Parson’s College . Uppor Iowa University. . . . Iowa College . Lenox College . Simpson College . Iowa City, Iowa . State University of Iowa . Mt. Pleasant, Iowa . German College . Mt. Pleasant, Iowa . Iowa Wesleyan University . Mt. Vernon, Iowa Oskaloosa, Iowa . Oskaloosa, Iowa . Pella, Iowa . Tabor, Iowa . Toledo, Iowa . Atchison, Kans . Baldwin City, Xans . Emporia, Xans . Highland, I^ns . Lawrence, Xans . Lecompton, Xans . Ottawa, Xans . St. Mary’s, Kans . Topeka, Xans . Bards town, Xy . Cornell College Oskaloosa College . Penn College . Central University of Iowa . Tabor College . Western College . St. Benedict’s College . Baker University . College of Emporia . Highland University . University of Xansas . Lane University . Ottawa University . St. Mary’s College . Washburn College . St. Joseph’s College* . . . Bev. Daniel S. Gregory, D. D _ E. A. Whitnam, D. D . A. J. McGlumphy, D. D., LL. D . . J. B. Me Michael, d. d . Bev. H. H. Bassweiler, A. M . Harvey C. De Motte, ph. d . Anselmns Mueller, d. s. f . A. W. Williamson, sec. of fac .. Very Bev. P. Michael Bichardt, D. S. F. A. A Xendrick, D. D . I. L. Xephart, A. m., d. d . Charles A. Blanchard . Wm. W. Spangler . Bev. Joseph F. Tuttle, D. D., ll. d. George Schick . . Bev. W. S. Stott, D. D . Alexander Martin, LL. D . Bev. D. W.^Fisher, n. d . Bev. C. H. Xiracofe, A M . Allen K. Benton . . . B. F. McHenry . Bev. L. G. Adkinson, a. m . Very Bev. Thomas E. Walsh, c. s. C. Joseph J. Mills, a. m . Bev. E. O. Dickinson, am . Bt. Bev. Abbott Furtan . Bev. T. J. Xennedy, D. D . Bt. Bev. Wm. Stevens Perry . Bev. Laur. Larren . Geo. T. Carpenter, A M., chancellor. Very Bev. B. Byan, v. g . Bev" T. D. Ewing, d. d . Bev. J. W. Bisseil, d. d . S. J. Buck, acting president . J. A. Bitchey, ph. d . Bev. Wm. E. Hamilton, A. M., act¬ ing president. J. L. Pickard, ll. d . Bev. John Schlagenhauf, D. D . . Bev. J. T. McFarland, A. M., D. D Bev. Wm. F. Xing, D. D . B. H. Johnson, a."~m . Benjamin Trueblood, A. M . Bev. Daniel Bead, ll. d . Bev. Wm. M. Brooks, am . Bev. W. M. Beardsheer, a. m ... Bt. Bev. J. Wolf, o. s. n . Bev. W. H. Sweet, D. D . Bev. John F. Hendy, u. D . Duncan Brown . Joshua Allan Lippincott, D. D. . Rev. S. B. Ervin, am . Bev. M. L. Ward, a. m . Bev. Daniel McErlane, s. J - Rev. Peter McVicar, M. A., D. D. Bev. W. P. Mac kin . ' From Beport of the Commissioner of Education for year 1884-’85. STATISTICS OF UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES, 4(J7 colleges for 188?h<86, «j'c. — Part I — Contiuued. Date of charter. Date of organization. Wholo imm- I bor of lac- : ulty. Students. Instructors in preparatory i department onlyr. Professors, instructors, end lecturers in collegiate de¬ partment. O "c3 N a P4 7 1857 1856 i n 99 21 9 6 i 16 j 18 I 13 j 17 : 58 3 107 62 . 65 I . | j 1R7R 1R76 9 57 ...J (30) CO 1S73 1860 12 19 . 1 64 (56) 61 1835 1860 1 9 83 0 1 0 25 19 1 16 1 1 13 i 3 I 3 1 2 | 62 1862 Q 9 12 30 16 20 j 28 15 ! ell j 612 63 1835 1827 4 6 83 4 16 1 2 I 4 1 3 | 1 2 | 2 1 4 64 (c) (c) Go 1865 1863 2 1 4 73 I 6 | o| 1 j 0 ! .1 3 : 5 i 0 ■ 66 1861 1855 ! 12 125 (54) 67 1838 1S24 2 22 81 0 0 87 52 1 23 20 I 68 1834 1833 2 11 1 G9 1 17 11 1 12 13 4 10 9 5 69 1850 1839 6 32 29 32 I 41 32 1 70 1844 1837 9 75 19 14 4 i 4 4 3 6 ! 3 : 2 71 1837 1837 n 37 293 114 79 46 I 38 32 1832 1828 g 57 0 0 1 21 24 ! 15 20 13 . 3 ! 73 1851 1852 4 4 50 33 ! 2 1 1 6 i 7 7 74 1850 1855 1 8 70 1 11 12 ! 12 5 1 22 12 1 10 | 3 75 1859 1S62 2 6 93 1 1 1 2 11 j 5 5 i 76 1854 1858 6 16 24 1 | 1 3 ! 1 1 | i 30 20 ; s i 77 1844 1845 15 17 180 120 (158) I 78 1859 1859 5 8 125 I . 1 . 79 1867 1867 5 92 8 2 i 2 | 80 1857 3 5 2 10 6 i ii 1 ii 12 ff-6 ! 81 1876 1872 9 157 25 17 5 2 0 5 20 6 5 ! 0 ! 82 1859 1859 18 11 111 3 2 2 2 2 1 4 I 3 2 ■ 83 1885 1861 q 8 72 ■ 8 o 20 14 0 i 17 ! 84 188 L 1881 1 11 20 85 1873 o 6 30 1 rj 8 i 35 : 10 j 86 1875 1875 1 7 85 j . 10 ! 16 - o 10 5 3 0 ! 87 I860 1857 I 4 6 191 70 8 2 4 3 1 4 3 ! 88 1847 1848 2 11 192 0 0 19 ! lo i 11 3 1 22 9 5 : so 1856 1859 0 7 82 0 0 15 j 14 13 4 25 11 7 8 ; 90 1867 1867 4 11 93 1 36 87 16 i 11 j S 9 i 10 4 . i ! 91 1847 1880 0 18 o' 0 0 I 71 j 49 : 58 ; 38 j go 1873 1873 3 33 1 1 2 | 2 j 2 1 1 2 i 93 1855 1852 13 86 1 8 i 8 5 1 I2 6 ! 12 6 ! 94 1857 1853 3 20 249 . 10 6 7 ! 34 10 2 i o i 95 1858 1861 10 107 83 4 3 5 4 2 ! 4 1 i 96 1873 1873 1 5 28 51 1 18 | 8 7 6 ! io 7 4 2 97 1853 1853 9 82 I 9 i 5 6 o ; os 1866 1866 6 8 140 5 i 3 3 1 1 ■"ii' 5 3 7 j 99 1855 1856 2 11 1 125 22 30 1 3 2 3 4 1 22 14 6 6 100 1859 j 1859 10 22 12 13 8 8 | 13 5 3 ! ioi 1858 1858 3 g ! 300 13 4 3 4 31 10 9 3 ! 102 1882 | 1S83 7 68 7 4 j 103 1858 1 1858 1 4 34 1 ‘ | . 104 1881 1866 18 143 i n 571 1 105 1862 | 1864 1 63 | | ! . 1 106 1865 1869 1 8 112 17 15 1 * i . 2 1 ! . i l ! 107 1H«9 i 1869 6 27 38) 168 1865 1 1865 14 176 1 12 5 ! I 1 4 j .... 1824 ! 1819 1 4 ! 110 a Fifth year. 6 Sixth year. e Table 43. ED 38 - 32 Ill 112 113 114 115 116 117 113 110 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 1 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION, Table 39. — Statistics of universities and Post-office address. Name. President. 1 Berea, Ky . Bowling Green, Ky Danville, Ky . Farmdale, Ky . Georgetown, Ky . . . . Hopkinsville, Ky . . Lexington, Ky . Millersburgh,*Ky . . . Richmond, Ky . Russellville, Ky . . . . St. Mary’s, Ky . Baton Rouge, La . . . St. dames Parish, (Convent P. O.). Grand Coteau, La. . . Jackson, La . Keachi, La . New Orleans, La ... . New Orleans, La New Orleans, La.... New Orleans, La New Orleans, La ... . Shreveport, La . Brunswick. Me . Lewiston, Me . Waterville, Me . Annapolis, Md . Baltimore, Md . Chestertown, Md. . . . Ellicott City, Md. . . . Eliicott City, Md - Emmittsburgh, Md . New Windsor, Md .. Westminster, Md . . . Amherst, Mass . Boston, Mass . Boston, Mass . Cambridge. Mass - College Rill, Mass... Williamstown, Mass Adrian, Mich . Albion, Mich . Ann Arbor, Mich . . . Battle Creek, Mich.. Benzonia, Mich . Hillsdale, Mich . Holland, Mich . Kalamazoo, Mich. . . . Olivet, Mich . Collegeville. Minn. .. Hamline, Minn . Minneapolis, Minn . . Minneapolis, Minn.. La. Berea College . Ogden College . Centre College . Kentucky Military Institute® .... Georgetown College . South Kentucky College* . Kentucky University . Kentucky Wesleyan College . Central University . .' . Bethel College . St. Mary’s College . Louisiana State University and Agricultural andMechanicalCol- lege. Jefferson College (St. Mary’s) . St. Charles College . Centenary College of Louisiana*. . Keachi College . j College of the Immaculate Con- ! ception. New Orleans University* . Southern University* . Straight University . The Tulane University of Louisi¬ ana. Thatcher Institute . Bowdoin College . . Bates College . Colby University . St. John’s College . . . Johns Hopkins University . J Washington College . Rock Hill College* . St. Charles College . Mt. St. Mary’s College . I New Windsor College and Wind¬ sor Female College. Western Maryland College . , Amherst College . Boston College* . Boston University (College of Liberal Arts). I Harvard College . Tufts College . Williams College . . Adrian College . Albion College* . j University of Michigan . ! Battle Creek College . . . Grand Traverse College . . . I . Hillsdale College . , Hope College . . Kalamazoo College . ! Olivet College . ! , St. John’s University . I . Hamline University* . i . Augsburgh Seminary, Greek de- 1 partment.* . University of Minnesota . 3 Rev. E. H. Fairchild . Wm. A. Obenchain . O. Beatty, ll. d . CoL R. D. Allen, snpt . j Rev. R. M. Dudley, D. D . S. R. Crumbangh. >r. a . ! Charles Louis Loos . D. W. Batson, a. ji . L. H. Blanton, d. d., chancellor _ James H. Fuqua, a. m . .*. . Rev. D. Fennessy, c. R . Col. D. F. Boyd . . G. S. Rapier, s. M . Rev. Jno. Montellot, s. j . : Rev. T. A. S. Adams, a. m . T. N. Coleman.. . Very Rev. Theobald W. Butler, s. J. Aim on F. Hoyt, A. M., s. T. B . Rev. J. H. Harrison, A. B . Rev. R. C. Hitchcock . Wm. Preston Johnson, ll. d . Geo. E. Thatcher . Wm. Dewitt Hyde . Rev. Oren B. Cheney, D. D . Rev. Geo. D. B. Pepper, D. D., ll. d. Thomas Fell . D. C. Gilman, A. M., LL. D . Wm. J. Rivers, A. M . . . Rev. Brother Azarias . F. Dumont . Rev. Edward P. Allen, A. it . Rev. A. M. Jelly, D. D . T. H. Lewis . : Julius H. Serlye, D. D., ll. d . Rev. Edward V. Boursand, s. j .... Wm. F. Warren, s. T. d., ll. d . Charles W. Eliot, ll. d . | Rev. Elmer H. Capen, D. D . j Franklin Carter, PH. d., ll. d . D. S. Stephens, u. A . Rev. L. R. Fiske, D. D., ll. d . James B. Angell, LL. D . W. W. Prescott . Orsin S. Dolby . George F. Mosher . Rev. Charles Scott, D. D . Rev. Kendall Brooks, D. D . Rev. Horatio Q. Butterfield, D. D . . Alexius Edelbrock, n. d . Rev. George H. Bridgeman, D. D . . - Rev. George Sverdrup . Cyrus Northrop, ll. d . * From Report of the Commissioner of Education for year 1884-’85. STATISTICS OF UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES. 499 colleges for 1H85-’6G, jc.— Part I— Continued. "Whole num¬ ber of fac¬ ulty. as i* c o_s Cr5 - © I |g| o 5 5 Students. — ;. Collegiate department Classical. Scientific. 1865 1855 1877 1877 1824 1821 1845 1845 1829 1830 1849 1881 1858 1S59 1860 1866 1872 1873 1854 1854 1872 1821 1876 1858 1842 1842 1852 1837 1825 1S25 1885 1856 1856 1847 1886 1871 1794 1802 1863 j 1863 1820 1819 1784 1789 1867 1876 1782 1782 1865 1857 1830 1848 1830 j 1808 1866 1840 1650 1852 1793 1857 1860 1837 1874 1862 1855 1855 1859 1859 1857 1857 1854 1854 1874 1869 359 49 110 17 33 50 102 195 122 144 161 114 96 65 9 10 11 12 13 14 390 i- 22^ . 15 16 17 (101) 4 15 | 256 50 119 105 . . 90 . ! . 36 . . 25 18 15 8 5 (95) 20 45 15 12 (51) 20 28 24 (19) (43) 0 0 258 17 90 232 20 65 20 16 (100) (119) IS 232 65 . 10 (61) 13 32 113 | 86 . 23 , 19 12 11 a Also reported in. table of military schools. 24 ! 19 2 111 1 ; 112 3 113 10 114 1 115 .... 116 .... 117 .... 118 7 119 5 120 1 121 122 ...123 ... 124 1125 . . 126 . . . i 127 1 128 ...129 8 130 . . . 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 ; 138 139 140 141 142 ; 143 i 144 |145 146 j 147 148 149 ! 150 ! 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 6 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 170 180 181 182 183 184 185 183 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 201- 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION, Table 39. — Statistics of universities and Post-office ad&r6S3. Kamo. President. 1 Northfield, Minn . Clinton, Miss . Holly Springs, Miss.. Oxford, Miss . Bolivar, Mo . . Canton, Mo . . Cape Girardeau, Mo. .. Columbia, Mo . Edinburgh, Mo . . Fayette, Mo . Fulton, Mo . . Glasgow, Mo . Glasgow, Mo . La Grange, Mo . Liberty, Mo . . Morris ville, Mo . St. Louis, Mo . St. Louis, Mo . Springfield, Mo . Stewartsville, Mo - Warrenton, Mo . Deer Lodge, Mont - C entral City, Nebr .... Crete, Nebr . . Lincoln, Nebr . . Omaha, Nebr . . Reno, Nev . Hanover, N. H . . 2 Carleton Qollege . Mississippi College . . . Rust University . University of Mississippi . Southwest Baptist College . Christian O niversity . St. Vincent’s College . University of the State of Mis¬ souri. Grand River College . Central College . ■Westminster College . Lewis College . Pritchett School Institute . La Grange College* . William Jewell College . Morrisville College . St. Louis University— . Washington University . Drury College . - . Stewartsville College . Central Wesleyan College . The College of Montana . Nebraska Central College . Doane College . University of Nebraska . Creighton College — . State University of Nevada . Dartmouth College . 3 Rev. James W. Strong, D. D . Rev. W. S. Webb, d. d . Rev. W. W. Hooper, A. 51 . Edward Mayes . J. M. Leavitt, a. m . J. H. Hardin . Rev. P. McHale, c. M . Samuel Spahr Laws, A.M., M. D., LL. D. Rev. J. T. Williams, A. M., D. D . O. H. P. Corprew . . Rev. Charles C. Hersman, D. D - M. L. Curl . J. S. Kendall . J. F. Cook, M. A., LL. D . James G. Clark, ll.d., chairman of faculty. Rev. W. C. Godby, D. D . Rev. H. Moeller, 6. J . M. S. Snow, acting chancellor . Rev. Nathan J. Morrison, D. D . Rev. W. O. H. Perry, A. M . Rev. H. A. Koch, D. D . Rev. D. J. McMillan, D. D . | J. B. Maxfield . Rev. D. B. Perry, A. M . Irving J. Manatt, PH. D., ll. d., chancellor. Rev. M. P. Dowling . j J. W. McCammon, principal - ! Rev. Samuel C. Bartlett, D. D., ! Newark, N. J . St. Benedict’s College. New Brunswick, N. J . . . Rutgers College . Rev. Aloysius Gorman, o. s. B - Merrill Edwards Gates, PH. in, Princeton, N. J . Vineland, N. J . Allegany, N. Y . Annandale, N. Y . College of New Jersey . College of the Sacred Heart. St. Bonaventure’s College. .. St. Stephen’s College . LL. D. James McCosh, D. D., L. H. D., ll. d Rev. E. H. Porcile, s. P. M . Father Joseph Butler . Rev. R. B. Fairbaim, D. D., LL. D., Aurora, N. Y . Brooklyn, N. Y . Brooklyn, N. Y . Buffalo'; N. Y . Canton, N. Y . Clinton, N. Y . Geneva, N. Y . Hamilton, N. Y . Ithaca, N. Y . Le Roy, N. Y . New York, N. Y . New York, N. Y . New York, N. Y . Wells College . Brooklyn Collegiate and Poly¬ technic Institute. St. Francis College . Canisius College . St. Lawrence University . Hamilton College . Hobart College . Madison University . Cornell University . Ingham University . College of St. Francis Xavier . College of the City of New York. . Columbia College . Rev. E. S. Frisbee, D. D . D. H. Cochran, ph. d., ll. D . Brother Jerome, o. s. P . j Rev. Theodore Van Rossum, s. s . . Absalom Graves Gaines, d. d . Rev. Henry Darling, D. D., LL. D . .. Eliphalet Nott Potter, s. T. d.,ll.d. Rev. Ebenszer Dodge, i>. D., ll. d. . Charles Kendall Adams, LL. D . Rev. Wm. W. Totheroh . Rev. John J. Murphy, s. J . Alex. S. Webb, ll. d . F. A. P. Barnard, s. T. D., LL. D., L. H. r». New York, N. Y . New York, N. Y . Poughkeepsie, N. Y . Rochester, N. Y . Manhattan College . . University of the City of New York. Vassar College . . University of Rochester . . Brother Justin . . Henry M. MacCracken, D. D., vice chancellor. James M. Taylor, D. D . . M. B. Anderson, LL. D . . * From Report of the Commissioner of Education for year 1S84-'S5. STATISTICS OF UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES. 501 colleges for 1885-3G, ^c.— Part I — Continued. Date of charter. ri c S3 : tx o © 1 "Whole nnm- ber of fac¬ ulty. Students. u C S3 ci 11 a 1 x ~ C3 ~ ZJ 'H © cc w .. © x ^ © j2 .S S3 « ® 3 O ~ £ x ~ ss JS-gti 'o © 3^ Preparatory. © Sr o In commercial department. Collegiate department. Classical. Scientific. © Second year. Third year. Fourth year. First year. U a © O © Tfl C j H Fourth year. 4 5 O 7 8 9 10 13 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 12 136 19 11 3 2 11 2 163 2 40 20 10 6 40 25 13 10 164 1870 3 6 193 165 1S44 2 11 45 20 10 9 9 54 16 I 46 9 166 1879 3 6 31 8 4 2 10 20 j 18 8 ! 167 1852 1 8 lies 1843 8 9 ...... 81 3 16 5 ' 3 4 _ i _ 1 1 1C9 1839 3iP . ' (4541 ' 170 1876 . 1 3 . 53 1 ! 1 1 20 1 i 171 1855 1857 2 6 72 0 0 13 j 4 3 4 4 ! . i s ! 1 4 i 172 1853 1854 1 6 14 ...... 12 6 1 8 4 20 ' 17 i 4 , 173 1SG7 1867 1 Sft/? 1 1 8 25 13 29 i ! 1 2 o ■ i | 2 174 1S6G 1 g ■>2 ...... | 175 3S59 I out) 1866 1 15 . i 1176 1849 ; 1350 2 5 115 16 13 9 4 ! . 177 1873 1871 ! 1 j 122 178 1832 1829 j ; 1354 3 17 i 95 179 1853 53 29 ! 930 . j 180 1S73 1873 1 11 | 169 5 i 7 8 2 i 0 1 j 181 1879 1863 1 3 1 63 13 i 2 4 ] 1 21 2 1182 3864 j 1864 9 8 ; 131 1 10 j 26 5 I j 3 3 2 G 9 . 6 2 ; 183 1884 1883 2 8 3 21 11 5 1 184 1885 ! 3885 4 185 3872 1372 10 i 93 19 8 1 2 4 2 12 5 2 4 j 186 1869 | 1871 2 1G 16 3 4 5 j 14 11 1 2 187 1879 | 1879 1 7 3 1 1 72 j 38 33 15 i 9 7 1188 1 1874 2 189 1769 j 1770 18 i 51 (2491 190 188 L ' 1868 7 1 191 1770 1770 17 1 . 22 18 8 11 16 10 10 10 192 1748 j 1746 | 39 88 88 j 68 98 193 1884 5 9 40 20 i 24 22 14 194 1875 I860 16 25 36 | 16 15 13 12 10 8 5 10 195 18C0 1858 . i 5 22 13 10 10 14 196 186S ; 1868 15 9 s 8 2 1 1 197 1854 3855 2G 14 615 0 , 13 /481 70 198 3884 1859 20 25 405 1 1 1 ! !1) 199 1883 I 1870 24 132 126 1 14 1 7 5 6 200 1856 ■ 1859 0 6 ! 6 ! 2 3 16 n 11 12 201 1812 I 1812 13 j 48 43 52 42 202 3825 I 1824 10 ; s 1 8 7 3 11 8 2 203 1845 1819 5 11 150 ! 37 i 21 1 19 14 12 6 3 204 1865 1868 74 239 ! 182 ! 97 84 205 1857 1835 1 8 » 76 9 5 206 1861 ! 1847 8 IS | 318 JJ ?0) 207 1847 1849 I . !. 41 529 1 134 71 | 37 204 101 64 26 208 1787 1754 50 66 59 57 j 59 ' 72 71 5d 33 209 1863 1853 j 4 12 i 95 i 29 j 27 22 1 i 20 27 5 6 10 10 210 1831 1832 15 14 11 10 ~9 20 10 11 213 186! 1865 50 i i 52 33 j 36 1 B0 | 20 212 1850 1850 1 12 ! 32 34 | 22 1 38 ; 6 5 2 i 9 1 ^ 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 39. — Statistics of universities and I i Post-office address. Name. President. 1 3 3 Schenectady, N. Y . Suspension Bridge, N. Y. Syracuse, N. Y . TJnion College . Niagara University. . Syracuse University. Chapel Hill, N. C . Charlotte, N. C . Davidson College, N. C . . ! Mount Pleasant, N. C ... Ealeigh, N. C . ! Eutherford, N. C . Salisbury, N. C . Trinity College, N. C _ Wake Forest, N. C . Akron, Ohio . Ashland, Ohio . Athens, Ohio . Berea, Ohio . Berea, Ohio . Brooklyn Village, Ohio . . Cincinnati, Ohio . Cincinnati, Ohio . Cincinnati, Ohio . Cleveland, Ohio . College Hill, Ohio . Columbus, Ohio . Columbus, Ohio . Delaware, Ohio . . Gambier, Ohio . Granville, Ohio . Hiram, Ohio . Marietta, Ohio . Mount Union, Ohio . New Athens, Ohio . New Concord, Ohio . Oberlin, Ohio . Oxford, Ohio . Eio Grande, Ohio . . Scio, Ohio . Springfield, Ohio . Tiffin, Ohio . Urbana, Ohio . Westerville, Ohio . Wilberforce, Ohio . Wilmington, Ohio _ ... Wooster, Ohio . Yellow Springs, Ohio. .. Corvallis, Or eg . Eugene City, Oreg . Forest Grove, Oreg . McMinnville, Oreg . Monmouth, Oreg . Salem, Oreg . Allegheny City, Pa _ University of North Carolina . Biddle University . . . Davidson College . North Carolina College . Shaw University . Eutherford College* . Livingston College * . Trini ty College .7 . Wake Forest College . Buchtel College . Ashland College* . Ohio University . Baldwin University . German Wallace Collego . Calvin College . St. Joseph’s College . St. Xavier College . University of Cincinnati . Adelhert College of Western Ee- serve University. Belmont College . Capital University . Ohio State University . Ohio Wesleyan University . Kenyon College . ' . Denison University . Hiram College . Marietta College . Mount Union College . Franklin College . Muskingum College . Oberlin College . Miami University . Eio Grande College . Scio College . Wittenberg College . Heidelberg^ College . Urbana University . Otterbein University . Wilberforce University . Wilmington College..". . . University of Wooster . . . Antioch College . . Corvallis College . 1... University of Oregon . Pacific University and Tualatin Academy. McMinnville College . Christian College . Willamette University . . Western University of Pennsyl¬ vania. Hon. J. S. Landon, ll. d . Yery Eev. P. Y. Kavanagh, c. si . . Eev" Charles N. Sims, D. D., ll. il, chancellor. Hon. Kemp P. Battle, ll. d . Eev. W. F. Johnson, D. D . Eev. Luther McKinnon, D. D . Eev. Geo. F. Shaefier . . Eev. H. M. Tupper, D. D . Eev.Eohert L. Abernethy , A. M. ,D.D Eev. Joseph C. Price, a. m . William T. Gannaway, A. M . Chas. E. Taylor, B. lit . Eev. O Cone, D. D . H. F. Hixson, A. M., ph. d . C. W. Super, a. M., ph. d . William Kepler . Wm.Nast, d. d . H. J. Euetenik . Eev. Jas. Eodgers, c. s. c . Eev. E. A. Higgins . Jacob D. Cox, a. m., ll.d . E. Bushnell . P. Y. N. Myers, A. M . Eev. M. Loy, A. M . Wm. H. Scott . Eev. Charles H. Payne, D. D., ll. d. Eev. Wm. B. Bodine, D. D . Galusha Anderson . G. H. Laughlin, A. M . Hon. John Eaton, PH. D., ll. d . O. N. Hartshorn, ll. d . J. C. Black . Eev. F. M. Spencer . Eev. J ames H. Fairchild . E. W. McFarland . Albanus A. Moulton, a. m . E. J. Marsh, a. m., b. d . Eev. S. A. Ort, D. D . Eev. Geo. W. Williard, D. D . Eev. Frank Sewall, a. m . Henry G arst . Eev. S. T. Mitchell, A. M . James B. Unthank, M. s . Eev. Sylvester F. Scovel . Eev. D. A. Long, A. M., D. D., LL. D. B. L. Arnold, A. M . •J. W. Johnson, A. H . Eev. J. F. Ellis, A. M., D. D . E. (J. Anderson, D. D . D. T. Stanley, a. m . Eev. Thomas Yan Scoy, D. D . M. B. Goff. . . Allentown, Pa . Annville, Pa . Beatty, Pa . . . Mnhienberg College . Lebanon Yalley College . . .. St. Vincent’s College . Eev. T.L. Seip, B. D . Eev. D. D. De Long, D. D . D. Block, A. M., o. s. B . * From Eeport of the Commissioner of Education for year 1684-’85. STATISTICS OP UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES. 503 colleges for ISSiS-’SG, i) c. — Part I — Continuecl. Whole num¬ ber of fac- Students, ulty. Date of charter. S 33 .2 | 3 e? cL3? © s jr 0 pc t? ^3 Is .2 ^ O otx m af 'c c £ % X — w C w s c^2 p. ID O © ' « ^ 1 "3 Collegiate d Classical. lepartment. Scientific. i ; ^ <0 Second year. c Fourth year. ofl £ m - Z. 4 5 6 7 s 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 IS 1795 1795 16 ! 10 10 ; 9 i 10 l 18 17 < 8 13 1883 1856 11 11 52 1871 1870 18 25 1 31 19 17 j 27 1 1 15 15 7 1789 1795 0 16 0 47 28 ! 27 I 25 6 2 , 3 1877 1867 7 5 95 10 1 8 3 9 1837 1837 16 1859 1854 3 3 26 23 ' 6 ; 4 . i 1875 1865 . 1 1 ' . i 1871 1871 1 8 250 (73) 18S5 1880 g 102 1852 1852 2 6 51 . . . . i . . 1 1834 1834 9 1870 1872 4 9 119 5 4 j 8 : ...... 24 9 s . 13 j 10 1878 1879 2 j 4 100 1804 1809 4 ! 9 116 10 30 10 3 1 1856 1856 13 ! 1864 1864 1 5 37 . . ; 5 j 4 4 ; 5 5 , 7 j 3 ! 4 1873 1873 1871 •3 j i (218) 1S69 ! 1831 io 10 1 97 L . 1 31 ■ . . 1870 1 1873 . 15 17 8 : 10 9 9 ! 3 9 4 1826 | 1826 6 ! 10 100 j 11 20 ! .U ! 14 1 : 4 4 1846 1846 6 1850 1853 2 6 29 1 9 i 15 7 8 . . 1871 1873 28 141 ! . 9 8 ! 11 6 13 9 5 2 1842 1842 12 1824 ! 1825 9 .. .. .. . 1832 ! 1S31 8 . 1867 , 1850 10 5 164 0 ; 0 2 ; 3 5 ' 4 8 0 3 0 1835 ! 1835 i 2 7 97 0 ' 0 7 1 13 j 10 1 15 4 4 5 13 1858 | 1846 12 ! 1825 i 4 1837 1337 1 12 50 (55) 1833 I 1833 11 ! 13 241 1809 | 1816 31 12 I 7 1 1875 1876 1 1866 ! 1859 2 4 18 j , . 50 39 26 16 10 1845 | 1845 6 1851 1850 O 8 ! 115 15 10 12 8 16 ' 30 15 5 1850 1 1851 4 13 j 1 1 1 1 1847 ! 1847 2 j 9 j 80 ; 8 15 8 6" 9 6 5 1 1863 | 1868 17 ! 77 ! 1 1 8 2 4 1875 1870 63 1866 1 1870 10 15 179 0 4 29 25 : 28 21 20 I ; 11 j 14 j i 8 1852 1 1853 11 | 69 ; 20 ; 23 12 13 4 5 1868 | 1865 2 4 ! l. ...... . . . . 1876 1876 j 8 i 15S (33) 1854 1 1.348 6 6 83 j 23 : . 4| 2i i 2! 2 8 | 4i i 1 1858 1862 2 3 93 15 ; . 1 1 ! <■ 1) 1 1865 1866 1 1 9 i 82 i (3) 1853 1 1844 1 2 15 j 196 (29) 1819 1819 4 16 132 4 2 1 2 2 17 15 6 4 1867 , 1867 2 8 63 i 15 ! 12 1 13 16 1867 1866 1 2 8 j 31 22 0 8 2 5 1 6 5 2 0 1870 ! 1846 ! 5 20 ! 60 1 73 57 26 1 15 ; 30 1 37 7 214 215 216 '217 218 219 220 221 222 ' 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 j 231 ! 232 233 234 235 .236 . 237 238 .1 239 240 241 242 243 :jitt I 246 247 2 13 . 249 250 251 1252 ! 253 2.54 . 255 256 257 , 258 . I 259 | 260 . ; 261 262 203 264 265 266 267 , 208 504 REPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 39. — Statistics of universities and Post-office address. Name. President. Beaver Falls, Pa . j Geneva College... Carlisle, Pa . | Dickinson College 271 1 2721 273 274 275 276 278 27D 280 281 282 283 i 284 J 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 | 300 301 ! 302 | 303 | 3041 305 1 306) 307 1 308 309 I 310 311 312 313 314 | 315 I 316 | 317 [ Pennsylvania Military Academy . . La Fayette College . Ursinus College . Chester, Pa . Easton, Pa . Freeland, Pa. (College viiie P. O.). | Getty shnrgh, Pa . ; Pennsylvania College . . . Greenville, Pa . Thiel "College . Grove City, Pa . ! Grove City College . Haverford College, Pa.. Haverford College . Jefferson, Pa . Monongahela College . Lancaster, Pa . Franklin and Marshall College .. . Lewisburgh, Pa . Bneknell University . Lincoln University, Pa . j Lincoln University. . Meadville, Pa _ 1 . [ Allegheny College . New Wilmington, Pa _ j Westminster College . Philadelphia, Pa. (1240 La Salle College . X. Broad street). Philadelphia. Pa a Pittsburgh, Pa ... . Eev. H. H. George. D. D . | Eev. James A. McCauley, D. D., LL. D. Col. Theodore Hyatt, A. M . Eev. Jas. H. M. Knox, D.D., ll. d. J. H. A. Bomberger . ! Eev. H. W. McKnight, D. D . H. W. Wroth, D. D . Isaac C. Ketler . Isaac Sharpless, dean . C. S. James . Eev. Thos. G. Apple, D. D., ll. d. David J. Hill, ll. d . Eev. Isaac X. Eendall, D. D . D. H. Wheeler, D. D., ll. D . E. G. Ferguson . Brother Fabrician . South Bethlehem, Pa Swarthmore, Pa Villanova, Pa.... Washington. Pa . Providence, E. I, Charleston. S. C... Columbia, S. C _ Columbia, S. C _ Due West, S. C _ Greenville, S. C ... Newberry, S. C _ Orangeburgh, S. C . university of Pennsylvania . Catholic College of the Holy Ghost.* Lehigh University . Swarthmore College . Augustinian College ofYillanova. W ashington and Jefferson College . Brown University . Spartanburg!), S. C Walkalla, S. C . Athens, Tenn . Bristol, Tenn . Clarksville, Tenn . College of Charleston . Allen University . South Carolina College c . Erskine College * . Furman University . Newberry College . ClaflinUniversity and South Caro¬ lina Agricultural College and Mechanics’ Institute. Wofford College . . Adger College . Grant Memorial University* . King College* . Southwestern Presbyterian Uni¬ versity. Hiawassee College . Southwestern Baptist Univer sity- University of Tennessee and State Agricultural and Mechanical College. Cumberland University . Bethel College . 1. . Maryville College . Christian Brothers’ College Carson College . Central Tennessee College Fisk U ni versity * . Nashville, Tenn _ _ _ | Roger Williams University Nashville, Tenn . Vanderbilt University _ Sewanee, Tenn . [ University of the South .. Spenser, Tenn . ! Burritt College* . Hiawassee College, Tenn. Jackson, Tenn . Knoxville, Tenn . Lebanon, Tenn . McKenzie, Tenn . Maryville, Tenn . Memphis, Tenn . Mossy Creek, Tenn _ Nashville, Tenn . Nashville, Tenn . Wm. Pepper, M. D., ll. d, provost Eev. Joseph Strub, president board of directors. Eobert A. Lamberton, LL. D _ Edward H. Magill, ll. n . Very Eev. J. A. Coleman, o. s.A James D. Moffat, d. d . Eev. Ezekiel Gilman Eobinson, D D., LL. D. Henry ±j. Shepherd, A. M _ J. W. Morris . . J. M. McBryde, LL. D . Eev. W. M. Grier, D. D . Chas. Manly, D. D . Eev. G. W. Holland, ph. d L. M. Dunton, D. p . James H. Carlisle, A. JL, LL. D _ Marshal S. Strihling, sec . John Fletcher Spence, s. t. d - Eev. J. Albert Wallace, jl a . •Jno.N. Waddel, d. d., ll. d . Eev. J. H. Brunner, d.m., d. d . Geo. W. J arman, ll. d . S. B. Crawford, chairman of fac¬ ulty. Nathan Green, ll. d., chancellor Eev. J. L. Dickens, A. il . j Eev. P. M. Bartlett, jd. D . Eev. Brother Manrelian . ! Eev. S. W. Tindell, a. m . Eev. John Braden, n. l> . Eev. Erastns Milo Cravath, M. A Eev. Wm. H. Stiller, P. D . L. C. Garland, chancellor . Telfair Hodgson, D.D . A. T. Seitz, a. ll . *From Eeport of the Commissioner of Education for yearlS84-’S5. a These statistics are for the year 1884-' 85. See also table of military schools. STATISTICS OF UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES. 505 colleges for 18S5-’86, 4'C- — Part I— Continued. Date of charter. Date of organization. Whole num¬ ber of fac¬ ulty. Students. Instructors in preparatory department only. Professors, instructors, and lecturers in collegiate de¬ partment. Preparatory. In normal department. In commercial department. Collegiate d Classical. epartinont. Scientific. First year. Second year. Third year. Fourth year. First year. Second year. Third year. Fourth year. 4 5 6 7 S 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1« 17 18 1R80 1849 8 50 20 | 13 J i 8 ! 4| 8 269 1788 •783 9 . mm 270 1 852 1862 11 15 27 40 20 29 271 1826 3832 0 24 0 0 0 39 35 26 33 30 ! 17 26 16 272 1S09 1870 6 8 91 7 8 5 G 2 8 | 5 5 5 273 1822 1832 3 8 54 29 20 i 2] 24 3 I 1 2 274 1870 1870 23 0 0 16 12 1 20 13 0 0 0 0 275 1879 1S7G 4 5 49 38 105 | 38 12 276 1833 1S33 14 0 0 0 5 17 8 12 j t 18 12 15 7 277 1871 1871 29 2 j 2 1 7 3 278 1835 1853 o 8 17 0 0 16 1 31 19 17 279 184.8 6 9 49 8 14 15 12 6 3 3 9 280 1854 1857 6 9 23 o j 31 j 28 29 46 L.,. 281 1817 1815 4 9 136 1 40 24 13 30 282 )852 i 1852 8 62 . 283 1803 1867 1 11 10 161 30 26 20 22 284 1755 1748 1 39 25 41 27 28 (6) (b) (5) . ! (&) 285 1883 1878 | 2 14 160 . ! 20 16 12 4 40 ! 24 | 18 6 286 1S66 1866 j 30 . 287 1SG4 1869 3 23 14 21 9 22 | 21 5 4 288 1848 3842 13 (1 o) 28!) 1802 1802 i 3 8 63 26 32 28 B0 4 3 i 2 7 290 1764 1765 22 • 60 37 40 I 14 12 ; 9 6 291 1784 i 1794 ' 16 6 3 292 1881 1880 I 30 293 1801 1805 17 18 30 36 30 14 5 8 3 3 294 1841 1839 1 5 26 15 9Q 6 3 4 2 0 295 1850 1851 , 20 24 18 | 12 15 i 11 29(3 1856 1858 1 5 39 16 14 4 4 297 1869 1869 6 7 410 10 1 3 298 1851 1854 8 32 1 4 I (; 72) i . 1 1 299 1877 1877 1 2 ! 66 1 . 1 . 1 . 300 1S67 1868 4 8 j 159 | . 15 9 | 7 3 1 27 i i6 1 ii 1 19 301 1868 1867 1 5 55 nntn 302 1870 1879 12 i 0 i o 6 | . 303 1850 1849 5 304 L874 1874 1 6 I 35 28 15 6 305 L794 1807 3 37 | . 308 1842 1842 2 4 j 78 ! . 18 14 20 § 307 1850 1847 1 11 ■ 95 ' 26 1 95 308 1842 1819 10 | 69 1 " 8 12 6 3 3 2 5 3 309 1872 1871 8 12 110 J 30 25 20 21 10 8 10 c 310 1853 1850 1 4 ! 157 i 0 0 9 4 8 4 1 1 0 4 .311 1886 1866 3 I 2 13 253 6 3 0 3 0 0 : o 1 3:2 1$67 1866 12 7 252 8 1] 3 15 1 0 313 1883 1864 2 8 i 214 11 3 7 1 0 I I 314 1873 1875 ! 67 ; . | 315 1858 1867 7 18 | 137 . | 316 1850 1850 8 112 ,317 t i b See Table 44, Part ,n. c Department of the University of South Carolina. 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 39. — Statistics of universities and Post-office address. Name. President. Tusculum, Tenn. Austin, Tex . Greenville and Tusculum College. University of Texas . Georgetown, Tex . Independence, Tex . Salado, Tex . Sherman, Tex . Tehuacana, Tex . Salt Lake City, Utah.... Burlington, Yt . Middlebury, Yt . Ashland, Va . Emory, Ya . Hampden Sidney Col¬ lege, Ya. Lexington, Ya . Richmond, Ya . Salem, Ya . University of Yirginia, Ya. Bethany, W. Ya . Morgantown, W. Va _ Appleton, Wis . Southwestern University . Baylor University * . - . Salado College . Austin College * . . Trinity University . University of Deseret . University of Vermont and State Agricultural College. Middlebury College * . Randolph Macon College . Emory and Henry College * . Hampden Sidney College . Washington and Lee University.. Richmond College . Roanoke College . University of Yirginia . Bethany College* . West Virginia University . Lawrence University . Rev. Jere Moore, A. M . Leslie Waggener, H. A., LL. D. chairman of faculty. J. W. Heidt, D. d . Rev. Reddin Andrews, A. M . S. J. Jones . Rev. D. McGregor . L. A. Johnson, president pro tem.. John R. Park, it. d . Matthew Henry Buckham, D. D . . . Rev. Cyrus Hamlin, D. D., ll. D - W. W. Smith, A. it . Thos. W. J ordan, M. A . Rev. Richard McHwaine, D. D . Gen. G. W. C. Lee . C. H. Ryland, sec . Julius D. Dreher, M. A., PH. D . Chas. S. Venable, chairman of faculty. W. K. Pendleton, ll. d . E. M. Turner, A. M . Rev. Bradford P. Raymond, ph.d., d. D. Beloit, Wis . Galesville, Wis.. Madison, Wis ... Milton, Wis . Racine. Wis . Ripon, Wis . Watertown, Wis Seattle, Wash... Beloit College . Galesville University . i . University of Wisconsin . . Milton College . Racine College . . Ripon College . Northwestern University . University of Washington Terri¬ tory.* Edward Dwight Eaton . J. Irwin Smith, I). H . John Bascom, ll. D., LL. D . Rev. Win. C. Whitford, A. M., D. D.. Rev. A. Z. Gray, s. T. D . E. H. Merrell, b. H . Rev. Augustus F. Ernst . L. J. Powell, a. M . . Walla Walla, Wash . Whitman College A. J. Anderson, A. it., PH. D . From Report of the Commissioner of Education for year 1834-’85. STATISTICS OF UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES, 507 colleges for 18d5-,dG, 4’c- — Pakt I — Continued. 1794 1881 1875 1845 i 1860 1849 1870 ] 1850 51791 J $1865 1800 1830 i 1839 ! 1783 | * 1782 1840 1853 1818 1840 j 1867 j 1849 j 1846 j 1854 1848 1867 1S52 1851 1864 1861 1794 1873 1846 1860 1850 1869 1850 1800} 18655 1800 1832 1838 1775 1749 1832 1853 1825 1841 1867 1847 1847 1860 1848 1844 1852 1863 1865 1862 1866 Whole num¬ ber of fac¬ ulty. Students. £ § hjj -S& — - Professors, instructors, and lecturers in collegiate de¬ partment. c o g

Amount of productive fuuds. eq ■3 p O P O i- 1 G 0 0 G 0 0 Receipts for the last year from tuition fees. Receipts for the last year from State appropriation. Receipts from all other sources for the year. Roligious denomination of institu¬ tion. 1 29 30 31 3* 33 34 35 ! .... 36 37 38 1 39 $50 $1 6.3 81, 000 $S00 0 ! Meth ! 1 40-80 134 2, 000 1,000 $50, 000 15, 000 0 I $7, 000 0 0 ! Baptist . i 2 40 130 8, 000 800 300, COO 302, 000 , 24, 080 I 2, 500 0 $25,000 ; : Non-secti 3 35 120 600 250 10, 000 5, 000 500 [ 1,500 . 300 1 Pres. . . . ! 4 30 12 3, 000 250 175, 000 130, 000 10, 400 1 1, 700 :c$39, 800 0 Non-sect; j s 45 100 500 80, 000 . 1,600 M. E _ i ; 6 10 $80-100 dlO, 500 M. E e360-400 3, 500 48, 000 | . P. E ' ^ 8 0 sn_3nn 28 000 Xon*P6ct" 9 45-50 140 30 100 15, 000 15, 000 i,2O0 3,800 0 0 Clirist’n.1 10 50 ‘>30 | . R. C _ ! 11 200 45. 000 90, 000 :::::::: i 144, COO M. E _ : 12 50 300 500 300 50, 000 3,046 20,001 M. E _ 13 10, 000 700 cooi 000 . 0 R. C 14 54 200 2, 800 150, 000 33, 000 2, 500 ! ; 12, 500 I . 7,550 M. E _ 15 339 12,000 | 2,000 150, 000 I 53, 589 ”6 0 R. G _ 16 60 180-200 1 400 450 25, 000 . 1 4,400 | 3,900 6,300 DL E. So. 17 50 600 15, 000 . P.B.LC 18 26-60 160-200 400 Christ’n. 19 0 2, 100 60, 000 50, 000 3,500 . 22,000 . 3, 500 | Non-sect 20 35 180-300 6.000 j Non-sect 21 40-100 3^5 ; :::::::: i . i 22 100 167 i 27,000 275, 000 18,000 10,692 Edls . ' 23 __ ID : 180 i 34,750 509, 630 667, 196 34,810 1,582 0 15, 831 - - - - M. E... ; 24 140 283 130, 000 Non-sect 25 0 15t) 1, 000 75, COO Non-sect 26 24-33 85 i 2,000 40, 000 Pres. . 1 27 0 100 ; ; 1, 100 90, 000 250, 000 30, 000 Non- sect ; 28 60 213 ! 4, 000 70, 000 S3, 000 4, 980 8, 000 ; Non-sect 29 50-90 Non-sect 30 40 . 7, 000 i . It. C ! 31 12, 000 1 400, 000 175, 666 10, 000 | 24, 500 50,825 : Non-sect 32 (150) 3, 100 Non-sect "3 30, 000 R C 34 20-30 160 1, 500 15, 000 45,700 . 2,600 700 700 on-sect 122 20, 000 5 000 1 2 500 ^Non-sect 1 30 8-16 85 6| 000 o 200, 000 27, 250 i 1,245 1,537 ; sj 000 *25, 088 Non-sect 37 9 80 6, 000 250, 000 ! . ' . M. E _ j 38 5-15 80 376 j 564 3, 0C0 0 0 0 I 1, 731 , Non-sect ; 39 60 90-180 ! 40 120 ; . 40, 000 3, 000 ::::::::: . R. C _ 41 50-60 108-162 3,700 1 M.E. So. 42 36 120-160 1,500 i i, 000 I 60, 000 7, 000 300 2,000 , 1, 500 M. E - : 43 39 150 5, 000 ! 100,000 70, 000 5,000 8, 500 1 . ! ir.E.... ; 44 (17 5) 45 32 1 ioo 3, 000 1, 500 40, 000 22, 000 1,500 2, 800 ! Luth ... 46 40 12, 550 219, 100 8, 107 ! R. C _ i 47 39 ""136' 5, 000 . 6’ 50, 000 45, 000 2, 500 6, 250 . 0 **i,*566" i Christ’n. ! 4S 27-45 72-216 | 26,000 1,615,249 811, 667 23, 242 18,543 0 56, 168 M. E....j i 49 30 98 j 800 2, 000 10, 000 1, 500 32 Baptist J 50 29 100 10, 000 ! . 8, 000 650 2, 400 350 ME... 1 51 45 140-200 } 6, 600 Non-sect i 52 15-33 100-160 ! 5, 000 I 300,000 56, 000 8, 000 5, 000 : — :: — : 10,000 j TJniv 53 36-45 108-165 | 0, 060 4,000 1 125,000 140, 000 9,500 5, 000 | Non-sect j 54 40 80-160 i 5, U00 1 Pres _ | 55 24 108 1 6, 500 1 1,000 so, 666 20, 000 1, 600 | M. E.... | 56 20 138 1, 72 4 800 1 100, 000 69, 000 5, 000 10, 000 i . ! 16,000 ! C. Pres . 57 30 104-160 1 2, 000 i 17. Pres 58 18 125-140 1 ’ ! 55, 000 100,000 ; 8, 000 I 5, 000 1 Evang .. 1 59 40 127 1 . ........ M.E ' .. ' 60 30 150 ! 2, 235 1 50,542 . !/16, 083 ; 18, 092 R. C i 61 d Cost of college building. e Including board. /Includes receipts from board, oce. 510 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 39. — Statistics of universities and 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 89 90 91 92 93 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 Name. Collegiate department. | Number of graduate students. Whole number of students in all departments 1 mentioned or in equivalent schools or courses. Number of endowed professorships. | Number of fellowships. Number of State scholarships. Number of other scholarships. Number of years in collegiate course. Special or optional stu¬ dents. Whole number of students in collegiate department. Male. Female. 1 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Augustana College . 6 87 l 167 3 0 0 0 0 4 102 ! 144 0 0 0 6 6 4 23 85 41 (i5 20 4 University of Illinois . (&) Westfield College . 4 22 (95) al 0 0 100 4 I 15 69 C94A 4 The Indiana University . 14 196 6 L92 I 91 0 6 0 0 4 14 95 4 168 26 10 4 134 166 6 62 102 107 89 4 15 210 13 27 4 96 2 11s 1 37 4 40 C931 1 4 21 108 o 19n 1 5fi 2 4 Union Christian College . . 8 30 (123) 4 Moore’s Hill College . _ . 4 75 9 M9K\ 6 4 University of Notre Dame . 158 27 485 I 0 0 0 0 4 Earlham College . . 111 0 122 114 0 0 0 0 4 "RifliTeville College . . __ 13 r>7 38 25 4 St. Meinrad’s College. . . . 46 (58) 6 Amity College _ _ _ _ 43 1 mat 4 Griswold College . 2 22 39 95 2 0 0 2 4 Norwegian Luther College . 51 0 131 0 0 0 0 4 Tlrako Uni versify _ 412 1 433 3 4 St. .Toseph’s College* _ 40 70 1 6 Parson’s College . . 14 70 102 53 0 0 9 4 Upper Towa University . . 25 57 (318) 2 4 Iowa College . 101 187 (379) e4 0 0 24 4 Lenox College . 5 102 " 2 83 103 0 0 0 0 4 Simpson College _ _ 25 85 166 135 3 4 State Cniversitv of Iowa . 20 236 160 76 0 0 1 0 4 German College . . . . . 35 47 4 74 10 1 4 Tows. Wesleyan University . 40 104 1 m m 4 Cornell Colleve _ _ _ _ 170 248 01971 13 4 Oslrnloosa, Colleoe _ ... _ 13 39 133 l 99 4 Penn College . . . ......... 7 69 C48l 4 Central University of Town, _ __ 23 6 58 53 o4 0 0 0 4 Tabor College . 44 78 104 119 0 0 4 4 Western College . 0 60 22' (259) ’ Y 0 0 26 4 St. Benedict’s College . . 39 101 4 105 1 4 Baker University . . 49 126 256 170 4 nnlleore of Emporia _ 11 43 36 4 TTiorVilnnrl University 74 60 48 1 4 Universitv of Uansas _ 157 14 206 » 108 4 T,ane TTtii vpiuftity _ _ I 39 69 72 66 4 Ottawa, University _ 3 11 105 50 0 0 0 4 1 St. Mary’s College . _ 288 288 1 YV asTi bn tp Clollpcrp,.. 39 61 131 107 16 4 St .Toseph’s College* _ _ 100 6 1 Berea, Collecre _ _ _ 1 30 1 3891 4 Ogden College . 10 54 ”5’ 108 0 1 0 0 60 4 Centre College . . _ _ _ ......... 3 83 193 1 0 0 18 4 E ati tn elr y Milita.rv Institute _ __ 9 100 10 110 0 0 0 0 3 Gr6orgct>o"wii College 101 115 1 4 South J^fYutnuh y Oono0*^ "*8* 168 3-4 KontuoVy TTnivfyrsity . _ 165 448 Kontu^ty W AsIpyaTi Oo11p,o*a 95 I . . . , 4 Central University _ _ 140 2 173 3 . ... 31 4 "ppiftiPii rioiipigp, __ _ 127 127 ....... 4 0 0 0 6 St.. Mary’s College . . . 31 i'll 127 1 0 ! 0 0 ; 0 5 * From Report of the Commissioner of Education for year 1884-’85. a Partially. b See Table 43. STATISTICS OF UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES 51 colleges for lSSo-’t#), $0. — Part II — Continued. 1 Annual charge for tuition. b t Q If HD £ g ^ § 3 3 £ g ® 5 « Pi o o © be d < Number of volumes in college library. Number of volumes in students’ libraries. Valuo of grounds, buildings, and | apparatus. Amount of productive funds. Income from productive funds. Receipts for the last year from tuition fees. g cl 3 c g o § p, o © £ © © fl ’I © © Receipts from all other sources j for the year. A 1 1 1 O 1 1 E .2 © w 39 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 $36 $80 7, 480 200 $90, 000 0 0 $5, 355 0 $49,000 E. Lutli. 11501 2, 500 300 30, 000 16, 000 0 6,000 ’ R. C 39-51 160 7,447 42; 055 $70,150 ! $4, 418 3, 019 Baptist (6) 27 98 2, 500 300 45, 000 10,000 t 500 1,100 0 1 6, 100 TT.B.in C 30 96-120 2 000 40, 000 i 6 000 Non-sect 0 7, 500 150, 000 180, 000 9, 000 $23,000 j 3,000 i Non-Sect; 21-30 80-200 26i 000 Pres Luth . . . | 21-24 126 5, 000 . 46,000 105, 000 7, 600 4, 000 Baptist . 0 90 15; 000 2, 000 250, 000 300, 000 24, 000 0 6 6,000 j M.E ... 0 1 00-1 50 7 000 Pres 24 140 1, 100 20, 000 15, 000 1, 000 1, 000 . U.B.in C 30 150 4, 000 1, 000 100, 000 175, 000 12, 000 4, 000 Christ’n.j 24 54 1,200 ! 40,' 000 57, 900 3, 095 1, 361 ::::::::: . I Christ’n.! c24, 30 108 1 500 1 500 1 30, 000 15, 000 1,000 2, 400 300 M. E _ ! 13001 25,000 600, 000 0 R. C _ i c50, 65 150 | 3, 000 2, 500 ! 60, 000 60, 000 4,604 8, 500 0 j 2,000 j Friends, j 20 1 1 72 1 250 25. 000 ! 23, 000 1, 500 450 Baptist . ! 30 150 2, 000 1,000 200, ooo ; r. c ... . 18-24 1 107 900 30,000 30, 000 2, 700 1,400 Non-sect; (388) 7, 500 500 200,000 ! 98, 000 5, 000 6 27,000 P. Epis . ! 0 70 4, 500 1, 000 110, 000 i 6, 250 375 700 o Luth 30 114 2, 000 100 60,000 58,000 4,000 ! 5,500 i Christ’n.' dl97 2, 000 50, 000 i 10, 000 ; r. c _ ■ 38 . 160 50, 000 i 36, 000 2, 500 3, 300 0 ] Pres . . . . I 33 81 4, 850 1, 000 50, 000 18, 000 1, 080 5, 500 M. E ... 31 160 12, 000 1, 500 135, 000 0 1 Cong ... 24-30 105 700 1, 550 15, 000 15, 000 900 3, 811 0 Pres . . . . | 30 110 2,000 30, 000 j 37, 000 2, 500 5, 400 M. E . . . 10-25 126 14, 000 1 0 ] 400,000 i 213, 178 16, 406 j 9, 637 54,000 0 Non-sect 21 72 600 50 ! 15,000 i 20,000 1,200 i 300 M. E . 18-36 I 100-200 M. E ... 33-36 | 70-140 6, 000 1;::: M. E . . . 30 ; 105 2, 000 300 i 40, 000 1 11, 000 700 2, 000 3, 500 Christ’n.j 34 99 1, 900 400 1 35, 000 | 3,500 6, 000 Friends. 27 115 1, 000 30, 000 j 25, 000 1, 800 0 Baptist .1 30 115 5, 000 0 i 44,000 40,000 3, 200 3, 700 0 13,000 | Cons: . . . i 21 1 56-111 3, 000 100, 000 1 70,000 3, 200 3, 700 0 13,152 1 TT.B.inC 40 160 5, 500 1, 200 ! R. C _ 15 108 2, 000 500 100,000 1 4, 000 280 5, 500 ! 5,780 1 M.E.... 36 126 500 100,000 25, 000 1, 750 1 2, 200 j Pres .... 25-39 150 5, 000 300 22, 000 I 21, 000 1,500 j 1, 800 1 Pres ... 0 160 7, 100 i Non-sect 17 40, 000 | 15, 000 ! . TJ. B _ 25-30 1 150 1, COO 0 116, 614 ; 12, 000 1, 600 2, 000 0 0 j Baptist . 11801 | 2, 000 P C 33 150 : 5, 000 200, 000 100, 000 1 8, 000 5, 000 1 28,000 1 Con" 40 160 i 800 50, 000 12, 000 0 0 R.C ... 6-9 75 4, 000 130, 000 | 80, 000 i 5, 000 | Non sect /o 120 | 1, 000 75 30, 000 ! 135,000 i 8, 000 750 Non-sect 40 : 108-180 ; 5, 470 i 3,500 90, 500 S 187,063 12,075 1, 069 0 0 Pres . . . 100 200 5, 000 j 1, 200 125, 000 0 0 i 6, 000 0 o Non-sect 50 ! 100-160 I 8, 000 1 2,000 50, 000 125,000 . . Baptist . 30-50 160 1 . Christ'n 2 1 13,200 1,888 130, 000 1 206,364 . j 13, 377 ! 1 2, 260 Bis. nf C 40 125 : 1, 000 1, 200 20, 000 ; 31, 000 0 M. E. S -. 65 160 7, 000 1, 000 100, 000 i 130,000 1 6, 000 5, 000 ’*2, "OOO' Pres 55 130 ' 5, 000 3,000 75, 000 j 70, 000 j 4, 000 4, 500 0 Baptist 200 160 I 2,000 5, 000 0 I . 0 16,000 0 17. 000 R. C - e Preparatory and collegiate. d Includes board. e Seven partially. / $30 for students from States other than Kentucky. 1 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 ) 15 : us 1 117 118 . 119 120 121 512 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 39. — Statistics of universities and 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 Collegiate department. Name, p.3 = a ji p ^ © 19 SO Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical Col¬ lege. Jefferson College (St. Mary’s) . St. Charles College . Centenary College of Louisiana*. . . . Keachi College . College of the Immaculate Concep¬ tion. Hew Orleans University* . Southern University* . . Straight University . . T he Tulane U niversity of Louisiana . Thatcher Institute . . Bowdoin College . . Bates College . Colby University . St. John’s College . Johns Hopkins University . Washington College . . Rocli Hill College* . St. Charles’s College . . Mt. St. Mary’s College . Hew Windsor College and Windsor Female College. Western Maryland College . Amherst College . . Boston College * . . Boston University (College of Lib¬ eral Arts). Harvard College . . Tufts College . . Williams College . . Adrian College . . . Albion College* . . University of Michigan . . Battle Creek College . Grand Traverse College . Hillsdale College . . Hope College . Kalamazoo College . . Olivet College . . 95 37 Whole number m I of students in a all departments ,§ [ mentioned or s in equivalent "5 ! schools or Z ' courses. e3 SX I t ! r3 j A | 31 5 I I g d j 5 Jg ! 3 A ^ 33 33 1 I a 95 78 i 51 150 109 19 65 59 75 137 147 119 42 130 St. John’s University . Hamline University* . Augsburgh Seminary, Greek De¬ partment. * University of Minnesota . Carleton College . . . Mississippi College . . Bust University . . University of Mississippi . . Southwest Baptist College . Christian University . . St. Vincent’s College . . . . . University of the State of Missouri. Grand River College . Central College . . Westminster College . . Lewis College . 22 10 30 110 9 101 0 12 39 115 50 80 352 110 149 , 06S 109 280 54 65 (115) !!5 j... 84 ;... 200 ... 330 .. 34.33 36 ; 27 .38 (190) 109 | 151 (455) 291 [ . . 137 120 99 77 314 15 3 153 205 111 73 355 305 (161) 0 27 20 10 ....! o o .... 3 I 5 ! o i 0 138 26 50 249 31 .... 48 .... 107 ! 0 1,140 115 j... 281 j... (185) (211) 461 1 220 j 18 i 352 ! (145) 87 | (107) 135 184 175 57 4 !.... 0 0 o ! o 26 11 178 60 66 (109) JIG j... (126) 73 21 179 153 143 97 20 454 52 34 115 14 25 ; 5 ! 0 14 0 173 317 118 210 142 186 86 62 120 385 54 (106) 129 j . . 56 ! 25 0 ! 0 ...i 0 0 I 0 From Report of*the Commissioner of Education for year 1884-’S5. a Incidental fees. STATISTICS OF UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES. 513 jollrgen for 1885-’8ii, e B 'SIS < A A > j < X = P O v 5 c a Receipts for the last year from j tuition foes. u |S ’I Rccoipts from all other sources for the year. Religious denomination of institu¬ tion. 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 3S 39 $8 $44 50 . $8 000 Meth 0 99 27,500 2,000 3^000 $95,500 ! $5,700 0 $17, 500 $2, 500 Non-sect 20 100 2,500 . 40,000 75,000 4 800 A.R.P.. 60 125 . i . 50,000 25,000 : 2, ooo ’ $4,000 0 i 2,000 Baptist . 50 106 5, 800 1, 200 30, 000 10, 000 700 2, 000 0 i 4,300 Ev. Lnth 3 50 1,400 50 60,000 . 673 5, 700 i 12,000 M.E.... 60 60-128 6,000 . H.E.S.. 10-40 100 ' 600 400 5, 000 13, 000 ' 1, 073 70 0 165 Non-sect 15 80 | 2,250 . 1 45,000 3 000 2, 000 7,000 M. E _ 15-25 100 '756 . 15' 000 16,000 9, 000 1, 800 0 0 Pres - 50 14-20 4,000 1,000 50,000 110,000 6, 000 2,500 0 7,500 Pres .... 25-40 90 . M.E. S.. 56 120 4, 000 1, 575 50, 900 55, 000 : 3, 000 3, 500 Baptist . 40 106 7,000 1,000 130,474 426,000 25,410 457 0 4,166 Non-sect 50 103 8, 000 j . 10, 000 10, 000 600 1 4, 000 . Cumb. P 50 100 800 1 . 15, 000 * 0 0 ; 4,000 0 0 j Comb. P 0 94 : 6, 000 ; 200 75. 000 115, 000 7, 000 61, 500 ! 7, 000 : Pres - 250 ! 10 000 P C 32 90 500 1,000 15,000 21,500 1,200 | 2,500 0 0 Baptist . 9 70 1,700 0 65,000 10^000 500 1, 700 0 6, 000 U. E - 14 120 3, 000 ■ . i 250. 000 10, 000 600 i 1, 815 0 1 6, 116 Cong ... 8 64 3,000 : 0 125.000 1,000 60 1, 200 1,000 4, 500 i Baptist . ! 50 130 1,300 . 500.000 900,000 63,000 18,000 i 100 210 17,500 2, OUO 115,000 65,000 6,000 17, 000 . . i P.E .... 15-20 100-120 ! 1,000 . 20,000 0 0 3, 600 0 j i Christi’n 22-24 80-90 6, 000 2, 000 19, 700 2, 166 135 1, 333 ! Pres _ clO 113-225 4, 000 . 200 000 650, 000 44, 713 Non-sect 50 15 . 65. 000 . 41. E S-. 30-50 120 i 2, 500 . 35, 000 ; 30, 000 . 1, 600 o I 0 j Baptist . 36 13 150 . 25, 000 . 2,000 ! ; 4000 i i Non-secti 43 150 3,000 . 10,000 . 700 j Pres _ 25-50 ! 80-140 . _ 33,000 Cumb. P 40 j 140 3,609 . 70 000 . 6,674 Non-sect 45 183-261 35,000 . 1 35ol 666 1 120.416 6, 716 4,754 | o ; 16, 636 Non-sect 45 | 80 ; 16,000 . j 100,000 130,000 1 9,000 ; 300 ! ! Cong . . . 75 1 105 5,000 . 69.000 75,000 4,500 i ! 7,000 ! 0 3,000 1 41. E. S. 40-50 100 5,000 . ; 100,000 50,000 3,000 | ! 4,900 ; o ; 0 i • 41. E. 3 60 130 3,000 7,000 60,000 110 6, 000 i 2.2co : 0 A on-sect 50 i 1 108-180 1 16, 050 l 2, 300 190. 000 | 529, 844 31,202 | ! 4,427 0 Non-sect 70-80 i 100 ! 9, 000 . | 300, 000 125, 000 8,000 5,650 i'ii'ow Baptist d40 eoO | 90-144 ! 16, 000 1, 000 75, 000 5, 000 300 5, S00 o i 4,000 Ev.Luth 75 ! 150 46,000 ' . 1.219.597; 322,000 57,000 17,992 1 40.000 j 11, 526 4 on-sect1 40 120 . . 1 125,000 10,000 1 . ! ‘ o Christi'n 0 120 5,000 400 | 150,000 : 107,200 ! 6,348 i 350 18,000 _ _ . Non-sect 0 :,o n. i' . ; . o: i-..:. - .• V 7,500 0 o ; 5.000 41. E _ : d26 e36 i 80-200 1 13, 500 i 1, 200 ! 120. 000 1 ISO. 000 1 14,400 ! ! 3,950 o j 2,500 i Con. Pre 24 100 800 . j 27 000 1 1,100 j Pres 0 180 15, 200 0 ■ 50fl' 9 500, j 30, 000 i 5, 000 57, 000 ‘ 0 Non-sect; 24-33 85 1, 720 900 38, 000 20, 000 520 | I 3, 309 964 S. D.Bap (400) 8,050 . 150,000 . | 33, 000 P.E .... 24 i 78-110 5,700 750 75,000 140,000 10, 000 i 1. 125 ; . 6' ’33.000' Cong . . . 30 100 2,000 200 50,000 . . ! 4000 7. 000 Ev. Luth 44 100 2,000 . 3 00, 000 . i 3, 000 3,000 . Non-sect 239 e45 180 2,000 0 35,000 8,425 ; 1 . • 900 1 j i 4,658 i 0 1 700 Cong . 6 Includes receipts for bSard. c Non-residents. d Preparatory. e Collegiate, 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 1305 306 307 308 309 ; 310 311 312 j 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 520 REPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. List of universities and colleges from which no information has been received. Location. Name. Location. Name. Mobile, Ala . San Francisco, Cal . . Winter Park, Fla ... Carlin ville, Ill . Chicago, III . ! Terre Haute, Ind - L>es Moines, Iowa ...j Eminence, Ky . ] Murray, Ky ! . ; New Liberty. Jxy _ North. Middletown, Ky. Baltimore, Md . Baltimore, Md . Worcester, Mass _ St. Loois, Mo . Spring Hill College. St. Mary’s College. Eollins College. Blackburn University. University of Chicago. St.Bonaventure’s College. University of Des Moines. Eminence College. Murray Male and Female Institute and West Ken¬ tucky Normal School. Concord College. Kentucky Classical and Business College. Baltimore City College. Loyola College. College of the Holy Cross. College of the Christian Brothers. Sedalia, Mo Sedalia, University. Nebraska City, Nebr South Orange, N. J. Alfred Centre, N. Y. Brooklyn. N. Y _ Elmira, N. Y . Fordham, N. Y . New York, N. Y _ W eaverville, N. C . . La Grande, Oreg . . . Philomath, Oreg.... Loretto, Pa . Philadelphia. Pa - j Winchester. Tenn . . Galveston, Tex . J Mansfield, Tex . j Waco, Tex . < Flemington, W. Ya . Sioux Falls, Dak. ... 1 N ebraska College. Seton Hall College. Alfred University. Sr. John’s College. Elmira Female College. Sc. John’s College. Rutgers Female College. Weaverville College. Blue Mountain Univer¬ sity. Philomath College. St. Fjancis College. St. Joseph’s College. Winchester Normal. St. Mary’s University. Mansfield Male and Fe¬ male College. Waco University. West Yirginia College. Sioux Falls University. Memoranda to Table 39. Location. Name. Remarks. Tuscaloosa, Ala . | Boonsborough, Ark _ 1 Irvington, Ill . j Greenwood, Mo . Fullerton, Nebr . Elko, Nev . Salisbury, N. C . Cincinnati, Ohio . Lewisbnrgh, Pa . , Athens, Tenn . Waxahachie, Tex University of Alabama . | Cano Hill College . j Irvington College . 1 Lincoln College . : Nebraska Wesleyan Uni- | versify. University of Nevada . j Zion Wesley College . ] Hebrew Union College . i University at Lewisbnrgh J East Tennessee Wesleyan j University. Marvin College . j Post-office changed to University. Suspended for the present. Removed to Pana, Ill., and known as Pana Academy. (See Table 28.) Suspended until 1887. Closed. Removed to Reno. Name changed to Livingston College. Transferred to Table 50. and students also classified with those of the University of Cincinnati. Name changed to Bucknell University. Name changed to Grant Memorial University. Sold to the city and carried on as a combined public school and college. SCHOOLS OF SCIENCE. Table 43 presents the statistics of 48 schools of science endowed with the national land grant. These report 527 instructors and 5,822 students, 417 of the former and 3,468 of the latter belonging to the regular course. Table 44 presents the statistics of 42 schools of science not endowed with the land grant, having 447 instructors and 4,263 students ; of the former 439 and of the latter 3,789 are reported in the regular course. The extent to which the schools reported in Table 43 are fulfilling the leading purposes specified in the act of 1862, viz, the teaching of such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts, is a question constantly recur- ring. An especial effort was made during the year to ascertain the number of students in each of the schools engaged in the study of agriculture. The result is set forth in the following table, collected from the most recent informa¬ tion : STATISTICS OF SCHOOLS OF SCIENCE, 521 Table 40. — Number of collegiate and agricultural students in the “ colleges of agriculture and the mechanic arts” States and Territories. For the year — s . & 03 Is 02*60 'o. 5 3 51 L 1*2 Remarks. Alabama . 1885-’8G 145 19 1 Courses taken by 3 lower classes not specified. 1881-85 83 . Studies not specified. California . 18S5-’8G 243 5 j Colorado . ISSS-’SG G3 7 j All stiulentspursue some agricultural branches apparently. Connecticut . 1885- 83 256 Studies not specified. 1883-’84 58 28 Agricultural and scientific students. No recent information. Georgia . 1885-’86 386 53 Including students in industiial chemistry; all at Athens, Ga. Illinois . 18S.VSG 332 25 Indiana . 1885-’8G 14G 15 Iowa . 1883-84 252 Studies of students not specified. Kansas . 1885-:86 428 428 Including 127 women students. 7CftTit.nc.kv _ _ __ 18S3-’84 | 216 Studies not specified. Studies not specified. Studies Dot specified. Louisiana. . . 1SS3-34 i 200 Maine . ! 18S4-’85 j 92 Maryland . | 1835-'8G 43 Studies not specified. Michigan . 1S85-S6 j 295 255 Minnesota . 1884-85 j 293 1 al Mississippi . | 18S5-’8o 291 141 Missouri . 1 1S85-’8G 423 372 Nebraska . Nevada . i 1884-'S5 101 101 No recent information. New Hampshire . New Jersey . . . ' lSBd-'feG 50 50 No recent information. New York'. . 1884-:83 563 11 North Carolina . 1884-'85 229 20 Ohio . Oregon . . _ _ 1884— So 323 15 No recent information. Pennsvlvania . . Rhode Island . . 1885-’86 1885-VG 69 2o9 49 South Carolina . 1885-'8G 594 110 Tennessee . 1884-'S5 184 74 Texas . „ . 1SS5-’8G 142 46 Virginia . Virginia Agricultural and Mechauical College . 1885-:86 163 132 19 Studies not specified. Hampton, Va . 1884-’85 341 90 “West Virginia . 1884-’85 107 27 Including students in chemistry and physics. ■Wisconsin . 1884-’S5 116 9 Total . 1 7, 803 i 2,072 i i a Besides preparatory students. The following statement shows the number of schools of science and. departments of this class, with instructors and students, as reported to this Office each year from 1876 to 1886, inclusive (1883 omitted). These numbers include the national Military and Naval Academies : . 1876. 1877. 1878. | 1879. j 1880. 1S81. j 1882. | 1854. 1885. 1 Number of institutions _ 75 74 76 , 81 _ 83 85 j * 305 j Number of instructors . 793 781 809 - 884 ' 953 1,01!) 1,082 1, 178 14, 769 ] , 5 *2 Number of students . 7, 614 8, 559 jl3, 153 TO, 919 11, 584 12, 709 15, 957 17,086 ! Table 41. — Summary of statistics of schools of science endowed with the national land grant. 522 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Property, income, &c. •UOIJBIJd -Ojddu 9JB}g UIOJJ JB9A- JSB[ oqi .in; sjdpoag; i__l ji§n§i_rii_gn 3¥~5t-'g 3, 000 Ll i ;s~ ; (a) 0 15, 000 0 •S99J uoijinj ulojj JB9i! jsb[ eqj joj sjdiaoaa; § oos Ss X 0, 384 8, 475 0 0 0 1,800 I •sdiqsj'Bjoqos ejBjg jo jaqmn^j; 000 ‘I 0 3 :°! i ji o i° 22 3 § : 3 :° i Students. Whole num¬ ber. •9XBUI9J ; : ; -H O *■ O - it: ! CO §» 3 rH Cl 00 ■ • O • •9Sjnoo JBxnSaxi 1 1-1 e e ^ e 3SSS8g_g3$;§_S3co_33_Jog§. _ ,^§S_ C'l H -h Cl ^ ^ s;H ^ ^ g r- 1 ^ ^ ^ •^iojBJBdajj 3 ig g ; ^ & 1-1 S 00 2S 3 „fe°- 33 Instructors. -ogxjuoiog Cl __ O — « ^ HssHC°s o co^^ O CO ^I>C1 loo O O ^ ■ CO s ■ Wr^ jo •e^ooqos jo joqum nj; 1 States. Alabama . Arkansas . Colorado . nunnpA+.ip.iTf; li Florida _ Georgia. . Illinois . Indiana . Iowa . Kansas . - . Kentucky . !*1 ill i r i-j [ft! ; ?: 1 i Mississippi . M issnu ri _ - - - _ . : ? £ : "2 !£ ! \i V ■ c I li ■ & 5 i © 0 : S : C North Carolina . niii.. _ _ Oregon . Pennsyl vani i . r^ln.nrl _ . . . . South Caro! in. i . Tennessee . Texas . Vermont . STATISTICS OF SCHOOLS OF SCIENCE, 623 Table 42. — Summary of statistics of schools of science not endowed with the national land grant. 52 i REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. •uoijri.ul -o.nlrhi 9 uu s' niojj.reoA' jsiq ogr .lojsjdiooafl; •e99j norjinq, raojf jboA jeei 9qi aoj sjdpoaji •spnnj 9 A I ^ 0 II p Ojd rao ij 9aiooux •spun; 9Anonp -cud jo juiioray •engeind -de pan ‘e§ac -ppnq ‘s p nno zx> jo o n i T3 a rj. r§. s a" I § lisa! PlW' § ill i m ggs -s •AjB.iqi[ Apio -0 8 Til 89 IQ [l •joa jo aaquniNj Jl AaBiqii aSoi Ul 89QIU K--QO e jo J9qainjs[ •ediqsjnqoips 9oaj aaq^o jo jeqranji : O O O • Cl * ’ • Cl o •sdTqs.nqoqos 9 JBJS JO •xoqnmjt : 0 = 00 g§° § I 3 1 -3 in a 3 1* > *9JEUI9jJ 1 ~~ ; ; 3^ ; 'e • o •9IBJV i Esgg-gsss_ CJCM ^ | . t' c cc rr r- -h ^ - • o CM OC T-, CO rH T—l o r“ i> g •joqio ss*e,os O • r-t 3 •oeanoo acinSo’x l5 « i~~ ij! crow e NK Y M s' o' i CO ’ •Ajojn.iBda.Tj w • o ^ ! : — : C- § \ E ! ! •ogijaaps t-coecoog Bnsg^s^g®^ 1 •Aaopandojj °S : ; 3 • S3 O • 00 •spjoqas jo aaqrati^q | 52 a Included in summary of statistics of universities and colleges (Table 38 ). b Congressional appropriation. STATISTICS OF SCHOOLS OF SCIENCE. 52 f; From Rej)ort of tlio Commissioner of Education for year 1881-85. a Reported with classical department. (Seo Table 39.) Taule 43.— Statistics of schools of science (mining, engineering , < fc.) endowed with the national land grant, for 1885-’86, •jBal puoaag e in 3 : $ 3 r-1 •icaA ^sit^ Si «SS 3 sgs : g S3 S3 ‘I^iox SSlie e8 ^siie S § “ °° •Ajo^uJBdajj |SS j| § g § s a ®° Instructors. •9^!§ai[oo vi ^2c5S°° ^ ° ° ^ 10 ' i o •AjO^.UIBd9JJ " rH CO I • < ro ; t- ;< S> O j ■ — .O : e •uoi^BziunSao jo a^Q * mu in mil § i § s § ii President. M ji§! 2-Va's aii lilt ££ g's’ iBl OD s K a~ 1 o — r: 2 1 4 f. 3 c I 2 a K a sr 1 il 1 s i o i 5a 2 Henry H. Goodell . Francis A. Walker, m. d., ll. d . Edwin Willits, M. A . Hi* f B | g g 2 2 \ 5 a pq >- ^ 1 a a 05 02 w — Ml! -> O rs a g J : 1 ■§ i | J o : 1 ? *, 1 a fi a j r a •- ~ H S P. I i t i • 2 § ! : M | i s i 1 f?* 5 U H hi ,p ‘4 i 6 1 £ « i j i| i iii: i : ijwi! gll* C £ 3 £ ' #§il. SS^I •al | §’ 1 Si iiijj 1 1(| .1 1 5 ^lollo J |igi> : 1 If* ,lil!2 l:Hf 21111 i § >2®\ i 1 s j Sg 11 S3 Hill i SlliCS i i •2 •XiBjqn Apxoos ui eoum[OA jo joqxnnjj § is si o © | o o j | Xnrjqq ogoqoo ui soranjOA jo aoqora^ s 1 Is all ;i of'-' ; 1 CO ms i s ®eo"o®‘ j "" •noi^rai joj juopnp qoro oj oiliBqo pmnn v © « ! oo|se1° 2 2 O OOOOOO O 5 •iboA poqos m e qoo.w jo joquin^ 2 S3 5 5 3 %%%£&% S •Apnjs jo osanoo ui s.iboA jo .toqxnn^ ! GO •edjqsxBpqos oojj jo joqtanjq i * i : j° 00 i : i : 1 'sdrqsjxqoqos ojB}g jo joqmnjq | - * °§ :°^ o. . e t-T t °3 i :§ : rH • • ^ • Students. ■opoioj *5 «( i ; ^ ^ o s* 1 g •opK 1 3 3e S“ls"e 3 3s* 1 S2SSS- g © i & T4 : :* i i ■ « 2 • . : :-su : • m -t | i ni ii ^ :-5§ :i o :£c! ’£ 1 is£ Ifll If s Soil's mm S-3 £?Ou IJ-fell* o 33 ..o o c Sips? HI* ai-<0 coa -.a IS >3 1 ■i ^ >f| 1 1 q<;3 s* il I i| £u Si ■11 3 i| ill! isf^ 2C02 «4H O & I a P i | <3 it, 1 Jzi if ii || o 3c H Hi 11 ipj i® !| Ird ;s : 2. \Bs ,r=; 5 !iJ 1 2g< >o.« lP University of Illinois . Purdue University . . . Iowa Agricultural College . Kansas State Agricultural College . Agricultural and Mechanical College of Kentucky . . . Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College . rH o o : -r : s e g e ;■ 7,500 7,500 ! 10, 500 21, 000 80, 461 (6) 4, 929 5, 079 1 i CO* j n _ n „ ; i iij g «**o“ e wSoo e. e : s-^ejf^e^* 11111 „ us s’S’lls “ “3" l i ?• : ll _ ll _ „ i jjlj * »3 e £-p'i s e j ~r§=-i inn _ n §I11'S ® Is" l i S' : i $ s' i _ n : s Sess _ jji„ e - sr§'i” if i°°l ° i r • j §g i tf I i _ i _S : : : e : ; : .;■ o S' 11311 * 11 s 38a ! •*“ (NIC* 0*00* CM 1-1 eoao'-' ; S- s s-sii 3“ e S' eisiis-s- ~ w r "" ri^'cquT^'" 3S§§° ° °S | 3° I §s s rr o n oo loooo §3333 3 §3 § $3 : 33 3 §353 3 3 §335353 cc ; r* ^Ti-COi* _ 1* U< TJ : 2 iiiii i sill if mn IP iillllli I = s i o.|2"l lljlisii •a •£> ii •I 5i ii 11 Is 3! Hi .§ a: -a'.2< Ilfs ;a ! - ;«h i • ,0,0** :5 ii? : i i! i 1 i i pt i i iglili HP i ! 5^ o'! i : m \ i lisg ijsi ilpil fill! ■mm PiO <5 O; i \i : : 2 : :p ; i«4-c . . o ! ! §* ; \rz ill PI Ill pli tm © i’S : © : j a. i : a is is ill: ■• ® ; 3 i-a \'5° ■ ■ - ■! :S :^H‘S i llfilillll Pi il :3-g|| ppilll! 2»iii ilia! :| Zms Isiii liny in ^0'ggH|5« = | ifflp vw«iia 5s i ii a : 11 |l i£ 11 is 1 ■ii 8 3S33S3 §3 £8 8 333 33 3 §333 3 3 3 555355 I cs ><;•.> -oj e-=> v's ED 8(> - 34 Table 44. — Statistics of schools and of collegiate departments of science ( mining , engineering, agriculture , manual training, *' § 5 da II , - a a o® © . © 3 ..4 BB ajM«* P : u \ ® O 3 4 cS j a . r §lg &gg a o cs e3 P-b. H ^ III a1-5 ® |g,g w 4 -d j ' n 1 S* ® SSs ‘lo^ o > ° 3 o dd 9 SKfcS © <5 go «*. a •sll|.g| s f!®S ^ a tJ0$ o cS Ill'll flllll1 O- w c, c ^ mi '390.1 *,2-3 0 O c £02 2 MS .■§◄5 3 ^02 03 s £ *2 Vs 8 2 ^ e oc 3 oqo2<}6 ©1-5 B£ la ..a « ^© J ■s g 3 t>®.2 a « ©.a *5 e o rft O © P5H ~ a t* ^ © & S3 fill? ® % a ® S .73^ o ^ ©£ .2 — S-S's'a-g © 5 © S. a a ©.c 43 > © 41 pq ifpfegfi £ p (5 •*J< t ; ; ; ; • « • * • • • • S O • • • • . 0 ■ • * • » • • 9 » ; ; ; ; ! ® ! • 0 tc 0 .9 O^-v j id ^ d m ^ q CJ c* ^ HH '’C ; ©0 - ! »C ! 5 i ! * • c3 • • co ^ sc ft* ® CC ^© i 3 1 5 s 0 •s ® — • - s a a 2 S o£; £f< « o T* iO © t> cco Iversitar. 1851 STATISTICS OF SCHOOLS OF SCIENCE 531 . n **• £ : ^ CO © • 1 1 s iSP 55 NO ® s CO X s £2 2 S 47 04 6 a « 1 «TJ M * *© (30 61 10 _ ee »o 25 © iC ’ ss 5 2 * m § 5 CO 2S © 2 1 I « II e ^£2 II "a . I id) o 0 O • o j ^ *o • s° » 'f «g lc-o^^.«ocs^ ^r; — i iin ■ m g tj i— < *o y e co _ t»< e- o t)- — • »© ^ ^ -c e -* • i ^ © • «o • » • 1 • ^ l« • I 1 • • ° ! ! o cc o : i "" : : : : : : : |* | || I I I § I || || | HI || || II J 1 a «a fdj 1-3 Q I S ^tZ~z liSfl gPBgs O 0^0 a = § III fr P*5S ■g.S'c£ .*<3.3 ■" = — '~''7'r< 3 it £?Sg£sSc IPS 11^ S?5 if II -P Pi, X 2; P if © !x * © i xpx x pN fc ■si* f o x d» p p *1* it © fe :X ;P :*r *1 pp £i C M if.g.g /• 2ii - " c< ©. s a, - c'i 11 3 II Jp •- a >» « 23 = U=£ C fPP £ £•= PP I ! H 2 Ss S ^ S S S S5 S3 § dSSS § S g§5 i ’’From Report of ilio Commissioner of Education lor b Also reported in table of -military schools. rf Soo report of Stevens High School (Table 20). year 1884 -’85. oA department for elective graduate study only. e Those statistics are for the m.u i.-',si-'8;>. a Reported w ith classical depart went. (See, Table 39.) Table 44. — Statistics of schools of science ( mining , engineering, ^-c.) not endowed with the national land grant, for 1885 ’86, $c.- Part II. 532 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. •nopBudo.iddtJ ojitjcj mojj J/B9.C }’sb[ oqj a.oj s+dpoay; •B90j nop inj U10.IJ JB9A J8B[ 9ip JOJ 6jdl099£ .5 j -eyanj OAijonpoad oiojj eniooni •spanj ©Aponpoid jo janoray •eajw.iBddc pui? ‘eSurpxjnq ‘gpauoaS jo g Apioos oi b9uiu[oa jo jgqranjj •.fjB.iqi[ wm 9"9poo ai 8aian[OA jo joqianx ; 5? •uoijinj © joj juspnjs qoua oj oSacqo XBnaay " •Jt?9i xooqos nr sq99Ai. jo joqnnuj •ipnjs jo 9Binoo ni sjb9^ jo I9qran^ • o o . o o i o o o o o o o o o o o o o o • o ' e^^co CO Cjl •ediqej'Bioqos oajj jo .laqran^ •sdiqsjTqoqoe G|T^g jo jaqnmjg •efcniaj *9PW o , c? ; :S • Iff £go S32 ? tf-5 o o *— < o o o O O 00 o o r- O O — JC o O O ‘ : 10 r- to o o »o r- oi »o O O LO O O o t> ^ ICC® -r-.S ~ ® 'q I p 3 >P Sp-g § .* S qH_--e 3 'Sc R fct. © _ ~® §S~P,® g s; ®.S 2 -J© e.?s“«Ss§’-a jL£ = £ «cc g^S §~--w © © 1 M5« wc3©©=-2<5«q « q 2 5§ q 2 xcS g C'Z'A m H vi m <1 O § 2* ©£ * c ® c_ £ r 1 © .£ q q •« © 2 ^^©giso - C ■3 -7 ^ c = © ® - 'q r- £ ^-sr fS -*© o £ tc j- S o’'3 ^ o . o S >-.o-£ 11a © c S fco o£ q t> «‘S q^ ® 3'o.S fc£+s M q q q s SR ® q wCS-£ — •qjg ft 5 © ©o ;hPoji « q -r “ 2 © © I1 * -g ©2 S S5h"m ct-x o logy STATISTICS OP SCHOOLS OP SCIENCE. i S ® W ^ 6* « « 534 REPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. PROFESSIONAL INSTRUCTION. The chief particulars of the current record of the professional .schools of the United States, as reported from the several States and Territories, are presented in the sum¬ maries of the tables. Considering the country by geographical sections, the totals appear as follows : Table 45. — Summary of statistics of 'professional schools by geographical sections. Sections. Schools of theology. Schools of law. Number of schools. Number of professors and instructors. Students. Number of schools. Number of professors and instructors. Students. Present number. Present nnmber who have received a degree in letters or science. Ratio of students who have received a degree to total number. Present number. Present number who have received a degree in letters or science. Ratio of students who have received a degree to total number. Per Per cent. cant. North Atlantic division . 44 I 311 2, 170 852 ' 39 8 88 915 430 47 South Atlantic division . 21 ! 110 1,103 52 1 5 11 43 569 58 10 Northern Central division . 53 261 1, 737 319 18 15 96 1,083 1 166 15 Southern Central division . . 18 105 1, 257 89 1 7 9 35 241 S 25 10 Western division . 3 6 17 5 ! 29 2 10 146 3 2 Regular. Schools of medicine. Homoeopathic. Students. Students. North Atlantic division. .. South Atlantic division. . . [Northern Central division Southern Central division Western division . 13 j 504 ; 3,814 362 cant. 9 16 ; 227 1 1, 455 3S 3 36 1 606 | 3, 294 160 5 11 ; 150 | 1, 654 21 1 6 86 j I 214 21 1 1 * 102 451 25 I ^ ■> *3 o ^ Per cent. 6 618 57 ”34 *3 SCHOOLS OF THEOLOGY. 535 From tliis exhibit it appears that the law schools report the largest percentage of students who have received college degrees, and that the North Atlantic division shows the highest ratios for all classes of professional schools. With respect to the medical schools it should be observed that only the regular and the homoeopathic schools are included in the summary by geographical sections, as the particulars con¬ sidered were not reported with sufficient fulness from the other schools included in the general table. The general lack of productive funds noticeable in the statistics of law and medi¬ cal schools is, undoubtedly, due to the general conviction that these departments can be self-supporting. Experience, however, indicates that the highest order of pro¬ fessional study cannot be maintained upon such a basis, as expressed by President Eliot in his report for 1865- '86 : ‘•A professional school of high grade ought not to depend on tuition fees for nearly two-thirds of its annual expenses; and it ought to have the means of aiding young men of promise who are struggling to get a thorough training. In law schools, as in other educational institutions, it is only the elementary instruction, given year after year to large classes, which can be self-supporting.” In the same report President Eliot calls attention to the disadvantages arising from the late entrance upon the practice of medicine in the case of students who seek the B. A. degree as a preliminary to professional 6tudy. The trouble grows out of the elevation of college standards and the consequent advance in the age for matricula¬ tion and graduation. In view of the evil pointed out the faculty of Harvard have laid before the academic council a plan for the abridgment of the college course by those students who go from college directly into one of the professional schools of the university, which plan is still under discussion. SCHOOLS OF THEOLOGY. The following is a comparative statement of the number of schools of theology (in¬ cluding theological departments) reporting to this Bureau each year from 1876 to 1886, inclusive (1883 omitted), with the number of professors and number of students: 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1S80. 1881. 1882. 1884. 1885. 1888. Number of institutions . Number of instructors . Number of students . 124 580 ; 4, 263 124 564 8, 965 125 577 4,320 133 600 4, 738 142 633 5,242 | 144 624 4,793 145 712 4, 921 146 ! 750 j 5, 290 i i 352 793 ' 5, 775 1 142 803 6, 344 Table 46. — Summary of statistics of schools of theology. States and Territories. Number of schools. m © © p o j CO j © ° Students Library. 1 u © © EH Ph |.2 s © 5 s © 2*o © © c 2 g j! ~ | B -4-2 © : a: fl © © ! 'S © 1 s OOO g 'OO c Number of vol¬ umes. Numbor of pam¬ phlets. 0B 3 ® -.3 *gja £ Alabama . 3 11 201 7 2, 500 300 $22, 000 California . .* . 2 6 15 5 2 20, 000 5,800 24, 000 Colorado . 1 2 0 5, 000 600 25, 000 Connecticut . 2 24 150 332 44 45, 000 10, 000 Georgia . 3 9 208 15 ! 7 6, 600 600 80,000 Illinois . 17 80 573 168 97 48,397 10, 650 560, 000 Indiana . 4 18 209 29 11, 200 Iowa . 5 16 117 10 14 8, 825 2, 540 40, 000 Kentucky . 3 13 225 72 22 17,500 1, 100 130, 000 Louisiana . 3 12 90 3,100 300 Maine . 2 9 60 10 11 18, 000 65, 000 Maryland . 5 40 236 1 90 48, 933 300 395, 000 Massachusetts . 6 52 298 140 44 88, 411 ! 21, 500 871, 911 Michigan . 3 15 82 10 1 3 3, 000 1, 000 Minnesota . 4 23 78 O 12 7,700 100 175, 000 Mississippi _ _ . _ 1 6 30 30, 000 Missouri. . 4 23 230 5 36 14,175 2, 000 120, 000 Nebraska . 1 3 15 0 2 250 450 4,000 New Jersey . 6 47 1 320 | 64 51 110, 400 16, 500 667, 933 536 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 46. — Summary of statistics of schools of theology — Continued. States and Territories. Number of schools. Corps of instructors. | Students. Library. a cS X a w B SJO 8-9 0.0 2 ’s > Present number. Present number who have receiv¬ ed a degree in let¬ ters or science. a © S q • a o n | * 2 ! 5 cd oo o'" o > u © ® a r® 0 a fc Number of pam¬ phlets. New York . ii 79 727 272 119 150, 510 65, 288 $1, 663, 000 North Carolina _ 6 26 291 18 1, 300 150 60, 000 Ohio . 11 59 290 94 62 30, 515 3, 925 295’, 000 Pennsylvania. . . 17 100 615 234 135 ' 160,814 6, 90o 419, 000 South Carolina . . 3 13 45 4 2, 500 500 Tennessee . 6 39 175 17 26 9, 060 1, 700 310, 000 Texas . . . . . 2 19 466 1, 300 50 57, 000 Virginia . 3 15 151 29 16 1 27, 600 400 70, 000 Wisconsin . 5 32 169 29 16 | 27,400 4,300 245, 000 District of Columbia . 2 U 179 3 38 2, 000 45, UU0 Indian Territory. . _ 1 6 70 2 300 28, 000 Total . . 142 806 6,370 1, 317 | S03 ! 872, 290 j 156,953 6, 401, 844 Table 47. — Statistical summary of schools of theology according to denominations. Denomination. Roman Catholic . Baptist... . Protestant Episcopal . Lutheran . Presbyterian . Congregational . Met hodist Episcopal . Christian . Reformed . Universalist . U nited Presby te rian . . Dn sectarian . German Methodist Episcopal . Free Baptist . Methodist Protestant . African Methodist Episcopal . Unitarian . Methodist Episcopal, South . Reformed (Dutch) . . . . Cumberland Presbytet ian . . Wesleyan Methodist . United Brethren . Evangel i ea 1 Association . German Evangelical . African Methodist Episcopal, Zion Jewish . . Reformed Presbyterian . Associate Reformed . Number of 1 schools. 1 Number of pro¬ fessors. Number of stu¬ dents. ; 19 145 920 19 100 1.408 12 68 348 15 63 526 13 81 684 10 61 320 14 85 609 6 17 206 5 20 67 3 19 59 2 15 72 3 18 182 1 4 41 2 13 82 2 8 p‘i 1 5 1 0 32 2 20 187 1 6 22 2 19 327 1 . 5 16 2 10 G5 1 3 8 1 3 90 1 4 1 6 32 1 3 21 • 1 4 6 i 142 1 j 806. 6, 370 Total. Table 48.— Statistics of schools of theology for 1885-’86; from replies to inquiries Inj the United States Bureau of Education. STATISTICS OF SCHOOLS OF THEOLOGY. 537 -stftnpipiq pnu epunoaS jo onpiA $15, 000 5, 000 2,000 24, 000 25, 000 45,000 15, 000 65, 000 Library. 1 •Bpiqdumd jo aoqmn^i - | ooe 008 000 ‘01 009 000 ‘S 008 003 •samnioA jo joqran^j; © in 11 1 1 1 1 II j SIS r-T r-T TjT «d irf of CO* • ofoT^T rH • Students. •9881 jo Jnoni -oouarauioo oqj jb satunpoif) a « *H CO CO CO i I>t> to OlCCO rH CO •uorjonijsui joj pouado jsjij uaq yy 1878 1872 1877 1809 1871 1872 1834 1822 1870 1865 18G7 1883 President. i Charles Lee Puree . Cjt. VV. Andrews . Rev. C. A. Stillman, d. D . Joseph A. Benton, D. D., se¬ nior professor. Rev. Thomas Eraser . Itt. Rev. John F. Spalding, D. r>., bishop. Prof. Wm. Thompson, dean . Rev. Noah Forter, L. D., ll. l. .. James G. Craighead, dean . Rev. Gr. M. P. King, A. m . . Rev. Samuel Graves, I). t> . Wilbur P. Thirkield, A. m., s. T. B., dean. ! > i a ll \ ‘5 j « ! "■ ! h ; is 1 1 i 5 r 5 j i •uoiyeuiraouap snoi§ij°2 w Baptist ... • ' ' - : : C § « * : a te ^ fee ■ fc£® ® s I 1 ! 1 A JtS (§ l!a ! ! ) 1 « ! . ! : f ’S 1 Theological department of Talla¬ dega College. Institute lor Training Colored Ministers. Pacific Theological Seminary - San Francisco Theological Sem¬ inary.* Matthews Hall. . Hartford Theological Seminary. . 'Theological department of Yale ■University. Theological department of How¬ ard University. Wavland Seminary . Atlanta Baptist Seminary . Gammon School of Theology (Clark University). Theological department of Mer¬ cer University. Theological department of St. Yiateur’s College. Post-office address. tN Selma, Ala . Talladega, Ala . Tuscaloosa, Ala . Oakland, Cal . San Francisco, Cal . Denver, Colo . . . Hartford, Conn . New Haven, Conn . Washington, D. C . Washington, D. C . Atlanta, Ga . Atlanta, Ga . i e i \ . 1 : c I ‘j N 1 s 2 5 I 1 I —km eo ■<* m o t~ oo o> © m « From Report of the Commissioner of Education for year 1884-’85. Table 48. — Statistics of schools of theology for 1885-’8G, $c. — Continued. 538 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. ’sSaipjrnq pttB spunoaS jo atq-B^y S* m III . a i f xfr 8, 000 50, 000 25, 000 Library. *e;axqdraBd jo aaqurax w ' 1 IS 1 r€omn[OA jo aaqnrajsj; i 7, 500 10,000 2, 000 2, 000 8 1 1 oo* Is l> i s o n? 1 *9881 jo $uam -aaaaiucuoD eqjpB sa^BiipBJ^) © ^ IQ rH ca o ec • • H 53 3 Jl1' ooo tj* ? " 5 S S3 S§3 § 8 3 zn 8 I OO M 2 CO 3 § s §33 S s- S -s S 8 -as 3 S § £3 S s ss § ss *From Iteport of tho Commissioner of Education for year 1884-’85. b Ordained priest dm ing the year. a Name changed to McCormick Theological Seminary of tho Presbyterian Church. o Valuo of buildings. Table 48. — Statistics of schools of theology for 18S5-’86, «fc. — Continued. 540 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. •eSurppnq pus epanoiS jo 9n[S_A_ • Vi • $129,911 . • • • o o o © • • o • O CO o • • •©©©©• • O • O CO o • • • © © O © • • O ‘ O 05 O • * • © iT5 © © • • O » t"- © • • • O ^ CO • • C 4 • »-» O • • • ii rH i CO Library. •6^9|qdrard jo aoqmnji vi vi o io O » • • • © O • * • • rH rH* » • it i i it *o • O • o cm j 450 10, 000 •sounqoA jo Joquinfci io 18, 5G0 3, 000 C, 300 i,oto 400 8, 000 5, 525 650 250 3, 000 18, 000 Students. •9881 jo juani -oo ugrumoo 9 q^ % ts so npsif) e> o r—t H

© c MP I Rev. George F. Mosher . Rev. N. M. Steffens, D. D., senior professor. Rt. Rev. Alexius Edelbrock, 0. s. n. F. D. Hoskins, warden . Prof. Georg Sverdrup . A. Wecnaas . Rev. P. McHale, C. M . Dr. C. F. W. Walther . : : : « • • • 4 : : « r : : p « : : j o » : § «“ ! ® -Ms !-§ g 3 « 1 © « R Ji kyl , H a 1 g ;w ^ 6 w i k k k k : ffl © © © i« m p? « •uorpjutuiouap euoTSqoy; W Baptist . . . M l> Free Bap . Ref. Ch ... R. C . P. E . Lutheran . Lutheran . Baptist . . . R.C . Ev. Luth.. Ger.Evang Ger. M.E . Cong . Presl) . M.E . © 8 a % « Newton Theological Institution. School of Theology (Adrian Col¬ lege). Theological department of Hills¬ dale College. "Western Seminary of the Re¬ formed Church of America. St. John’s University (ecclesi¬ astical course). Seabury Divinity School . Augsburgh Seminary* . Red Wing Norwegian Evangeli¬ cal Lutheran Seminary. St. Vincent’s College and Theo¬ logical Seminary. Concordia Collego (seminary).... a o o ©> © O g -s ■ «H H ® t? O ^ -g « +s © 5 co .5 g©s „ a g'SSc.U^-2 >2 ©*§ | O l e s p'ti£ e i: > t-t ^ c V © IH O O P) Post-office addi'ess. vi m w a ©r 8.% & § p ©T; Hillsdale, Mich . Holland, Mich . Collegcviile, Minn . Faribault, Minn . Minneapolis, Minn . Red Wing, Minn . Cape Girardeau, Mo . St. Louis, Mo . St. T.miifl Mn _ O 1 1-5 1 a : ^ If 1 3 * il * | 1 > © n .2 !« ® o rt O W S CSO »-H (M CO l© «S r> CO «o^ ©1 CO O' in <£> o ca 00 O lOlO 10 OO 11 si ill siiililsSiii > 3 "g® l Nj yifi t> © KmH £ Prom Report of the Commissioner of Education for year 1884-’85. 544 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. List of schools of theology from which no information has been received. Location. Name. f Santa Barbara, Cal . Middletown, Conn . Carlinville, Ill . Beloit, Iowa . Louisville, Ky . New Orleans, La . Waltham, Mass . Dry Grove, Miss . Geneva, N. T . Syracuse, N. T . Cincinnati, Ohio . ! Springiield. Ohio . Harrisb argh, Pa . Columbia, S. C . Columbia, S. C . Orangeburgh, S. C . .. Independence, Tex . Franciscan College. Berkeley Divinity School. Theological department of Blackburn University. Norwegian Augustana Theological Seminary. Preston Park Theological Seminary. Theological Seminary. New Church Theological School. Bishop Green Associate Mission and Training School. De Lancey Divinity School. St. Andrew’s Divinity School. Lane Theological Seminary. Wittenberg Seminary. Catholic Theological Seminary. Theological department of Allen University. Theological Seminary of the General Assembly of the Presbyte¬ rian Church in the^United States. Baker Theological Institute (Claflin University). Theological department of Baylor University. Memoranda to Table 48. Location. Name. Remarks. Selma, Ala . Alabama Baptist Normal and Theo¬ logical School. Name changed to Selma University. Carthage, Ill . German theological class in Carthage College. No distinct theological department. Chicago, HI . ! Chicago Theological Seminary of the Lutheran Church. Mail returned. Topeka, Kans . Kansas Theological School . This school has merely a nominal ex¬ istence. Louisville, Ky . Theological department of Kentucky University. No department proper. Louisville, Ky . Theological Seminary of the Protest- ; ant Episcopal Church in the Dio¬ cese of Kentucky. This institution exists in name only; is in possession of a valuable library and productive funds. Woodstock, Md Woodstock College . Mail returned. Liberty, Mo . Jeremiah Yardeman School of The¬ ology in William Jewell College. Not theological seminary proper. Normandy, Mo . j Evangelical Theological Seminary.... Name changed to Eden College aaa re¬ moved to St Louis. Newburgh, N. T . Newburgh Theological Seminary . This seminary exists for the present only in its library and property. Urbana, Ohio . Theological department of Urbana University. No such department in universitv. Richmond, Ya . Richmond Institute . 1 Name changed to Richmond Theologi¬ cal Seminary. SCHOOLS OF LAW. 545 SCHOOLS OF LAW. The following is a statement of the number of schools of law reporting to this Bu¬ reau each year from 1876 to 18S6, inclusive (1883 omitted), with the number of in¬ structors and number of students : 1876. 1877. I 1 1 1878. 1879. I 1880. ! ' ! 1881. | 1882. | 1884. 1 1885. ! | 1880. Number of institutions . 42 43 50 : 49 48 47 48 1 47 | 49 49 Number of instructors . 218 175 19G , 224 229 j 229 1 249 2b9 | 285 i 283 Number of students . 2, C64 2, 811 3, 012 | 3, 019 3, 134 3,227 3,079 2, CSG 1 2,744 3,054 Table 49. — Summary of statistics of schools of law. States and Territories. Number of schools. Corps of instructors. Students. Graduates at the commencement of 1886. Libraries. Value of grounds and buildings. Present number. Present number who have received a degree in let¬ ters or science. Number of volumes. Number of pamphlets. Alabama 1 3 15 3 | 14 259 . Arkansas . 1 5 10 2 1 0 0 0 Calif ora ia . . . . 1 5 136 Connect! cn t * _ _ _ 1 16 79 23 8, 500 Georgia , r r _ _ _ ... _ 3 8 1 12 8 10 400 Illinois . 4 27 252 39 72 9, 500 3, 000 $50, 000 Indiana . 2 12 75 4 8 2, 200 150 250, 000 Iowa 2 14 108 4 I 29 3, 800 Kan sss „ , . . . . . . . 1 7 32 12 1, 000 Louisiana _ _ _ 2 9 109 25 Maryl anfl _ _ _ - _ 1 7 90 26 21 10, 000 Massachusetts .... _ _ _ ....... _ 2 35 263 218 48 26, 000 50, 000 Michigan . . . ............ „ _ „ 1 5 286 43 116 9, 250 Mississippi --------------------- _ .... 1 5 11 G 7 800 20 Missouri _ _ ........................ 2 12 130 21 39 3, 600 20, 000 Y nrlc _ _ _ _ 4 32 464 212 56 5, 000 30, 000 North Carolina ........................ 2 4 23 9 6 Ohio . 2 12 125 55 90 8,500 1, 500 5,000 Orfigrvn _ . _ _ _ _ 2 10 10 3 2 26 4 Pennsylvania ...................... .... 1 5 109 37 300 South Carolina. _ _ _ _ 2 3 19 11 8 1, 000 Tennessee _ _ _ _ 3 11 90 4 31 550 40 Texas . . . . . 1 2 6 10 24 700 Virginia . . . . 2 5 109 34 West Virginia . . 1 2 14 5, 000 Wisconsin . . . 1 7 75 38 1,721 6 District of Columbia . 3 20 302 4 122 8,000 Total . 49 283 3, 054 682 873 95, 106 4, 714 416, 000 ED86 - 35 Table 50. — Statistics of schools of law for 1885- 86 ; from replies to inquiries ~by the United States Bureau of Ed\ 546 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. •$gtiip[raq pus spunojg jo aiqBA •8j9[qdaiBd jo joqnmNj; ^ 11 •eamiqoA jo jaqmti^; • *• •938T jo juaoiaoaaaiuioo jb nBUpBJQ S' s •oo naps jo ejaj -J9[ Ut OOJoOJ) B pOATOOO-t 9ABq ogAV joqama jdosojj •aOtJBZlUB§JO jo ojbq M S III III SI I 1111 »| -2 53 !J555”555 :| 1 i i i i m if “ sniff I! Is jisll ft ew -T- a».i4Q 5 ® £ poo H « +_r ®M3?r“®®® = °S z Z£s~£zt:ZS ,t lSs3*lllr^S‘ * ati-S-S-S - S £ § M 5sTp 5555 II1 s® * §5 1 Hi-3 Ja 566 6^'fi di! N 1 i|i c3 £ c3 ^ ? o = a © O o s': • S o 1 © £ ‘a? > III o Hi •S ® ® ^ Ph 85 H S a-g . -.2 eS ^5 * ►3 • trOTJBZlUBifJO JO 9JB(J « £ D I w « -3 3 £ <3 HI S Q g ^ Pi PS H J- S aj <; ] 1 q 03 §£3 m e4 K o' H ^ l ^ d e* g <§ S o£i P3 fco o - ° g -S ‘-3 § £ 2s : giS o-§2 :J§g?| o 5 dl i i • fi 6 6 6 6 • O : o p p p p 5 « o“ o' a a « 1 ts <3 — oc tc S .9 3 iS 3 3 33 cS cS > \> ■ \r" iw <1> o.S t8 * a b o o u +3 O © o'© ~ 3 ° o -4-> CD , « III rj O.^ ^ ^ : 2 © ; 3 c-S 2 (o ©h* rd CO • h3 J P § g P Q ©TP |g £ g3 fl O OD II g © *>-i o 2 "o p'PtS • pj 2 «t~ * lag •tmjBJieddu ®i puB ‘sSuipimq ‘epunoaS jo onx^A I ^ •sjgjqdored jo xoqum^ •soanqoA jo joqranj^; •9881 jo jtiguieoaouinioo je sojinipca*) CO 00 00 CO OMO Cl < •OOU9IOW ao w.iaj -j9j at oojSap e paAiooa.i 9Auq oqM. aoqninn juosajj t> O • tH CO • 40 .roquina juoeojd co o — i c; — 'in oo w cow ‘ - . - “ & CO 00 ^ rH CVS W t- CO 04 CO • •8J0J9IlJJSni ■aopEzraBS.io jo QJBd a : p a WH CO W-i © % ■a|w l§ . m ft ’3 . r'M C/2 -P 33 1 . • a oPi ® 15 x p ©pj Ph CO o . o >-jdH H gfi so Is 05 Cl CO 2* § §s ■BS © o C>C5 *_ A a tfl O.CJ I© efa •4 O < A e r •ts o SL :3 13 ? ISSjg M sA |jS‘ - 2 7 pc=S 7 p 2 a; ‘A .£> oq-< .'e a £ i^E 5 §>p * >ssP 3s :.i 14 p K &.gh Sill §l?|, ||^ O ! 5 ££>§■ ^■3 « ©• P5 £ a ^ 3 <» £ U8i» tj Si cs i pqS fc> « s1!: e § ■3 © 2 j | jij t>i : 3 O O os’ of o 2 S'S p"^ 3 MM h (-. A rg ■pP © © AA 'p p‘ g'S M © «f££ |§J i?©* IS o" 5P © O ^ & o l* £ A +3 MM2 m3 oM g a Wfl P B © © AA © A lO tD to CD CD CD CD t> 00 STATISTICS OF SCHOOLS OF MEDICINE. 555 CfOO 20, 000 40, 000 000 ‘OP : 1 1! ! i f ss : •1 : !S" ! GO, 000 14, 000 25, 000 150, 000 i 11 1 : SS 3 ! ! is i ; j co • if i 200 2,000 009 009 j 1 : 000 ‘z oo r 000 001 300 400 40, 000 100 SE5! !3 §3SNS' » eg £ § S as S 5 § SiS S|5 2 33S3S g3SS§§ga3§£§ S3 § 2 s °§ 2^2 a sasas ga s g s s s a 05 ^ s10 oco *. s *!* 6§ li^ s S3 ijy .c °^o o 00.2 S'* Si 8 111 1 lwr A m £o 5oo £ .5.3 — j a. a. 3 3 SE^^'I 53 =25Sr ~~ 33 a a a — — OOHrHfH P^£h H H f I I I I I 1 1 ? a S” a t5 2 OC So 00 WW 00 00 00 § S3 § SS §i £ Under present name. ci Requires course of four years. /As medical department of the University of Nash- Included in report of Dartmouth College (Table 39). e Inoludos 4 in pharmacy. villo, assuming its present relations in 1874. Table 52. — Statistics of schools of medicine, of dentistry, and of pharmacy for 1885-’86, SfC. — Continued. Note. — An asterisk indicates that the statistics are quoted from the report of this Office for 1884-’85 ; a dagger, that the school admits women as well as men ; a double dagger, that it admits colored students. The type in which the name of a school is printed shows how many courses of lectures must be heard to complete the course of instruc¬ tion, as follows: small capitals, three courses ; italics, two courses ; ordinary typo, ono course. 556 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. ■entuaudde pun ls§mpYinq ‘epunoag jo 9np3A. o o © o o o o o O O lOO to ciT irfcT •sjapqdured jo aaqran^ 1 •gaumjOA jo loqtan^j; © © O O iH © •9881 ® jo juaurooaomuiOD ju sojunpuj^ woe .15 oo *90U910S JO SJ9J -J9t UX OOlSop « p9AT999 l ! OAuq ogjA .logmen juesoij | moo •joqmnu: juosojj CM lO CO ^ L- ©^©t^»T* OO OO O I lO © to : a Pif JS II § 12*: IS? I^WSc hlbOOO a „ ©s o ,5 iro £ CO ss s ss ” •UOIJUZIUBgjO JO 9JB(X M oo oo 00 oo oo oo a "S If '» o gisKS SS-JSS g*=3 3 Sl3i§§.2h s “ • -p* 4S 2 1 1-1 S-sfe; 'S .§ ^ 2 §•§ 5s i * iQPwIzi ct ctf G M .9 .9 *3 ’3 .9 .2 33 COOO^IM CO ’ ocooo o < versify of Michigan. STATISTICS OF SCHOOLS OF MEDICINE. 557 >5 es P • S3 S3 "bC d* jh'Q r?< S- =2 2 2 te © P S'* 2 O rQ '« C P* P "o . .©co ^ g| "8 0§ 1 NdP| P d5 dd<5 J^-.O ,2 5 PB f4h hid Or ® P 'O m P-o r BB * H=H' ® la ^ r § ° ®S p a © a £1 ,§B £p 1 £ p g a" £ *< -a 'g B -a d ■g s B § M © o d tfl M P P b- © . £ t^deo © p . a ^ SB Id 3BSd B"g £p£d ' M p « ®o § . 43 03 Z& -§.* fed so bK o BB dH lO CO -O O O (M/M CO t- 00 CO 00 CO co CO 00 00 CO 00 O0 00 ;§§ fe sa ° ^5 H k ^ h O a p ^ o ■g^jg °.ri§g 2^°. £8 6° :3 < m ^ ny U ;!§ aB^*s‘ §<3 < (H ^ § W o >«4 O $ 5. H SB Sf £ »» »W |b d bd §,s p .S3M £bw 'S d s <» •i§> 11 1® •Sb *i >2a| a 1 a Li ~i 3 I ? b°S . ^ i'S gVS o'feSQ > ®CC © ^ Pi C| •fc "a i d ^e3 a B § ® o a B V§6 ^3- s 2 S ! . _-a © cS S. 3 1} II! ii! 113 vUia =sl ©=— J ©«dj »a -— -r© ooa2 dd P P d^ ^ r—* r© fti. © ® ^ * © ® dd ■©! r© © o cs : fcc b£ ~ : rt k 3 © o-S ca © 0 S !! '*’3 o © pH P PP © © s a a Apparatus.. b Six torms of four weeks each. c Six weeks’ course. d Length of course not reported. e Course from four weeks to one year. Table 52. — Statistics of schools of medicine , of dentistry, and of pharmacy for 1885-86, i S 1 d g ^ ~ § S~H £*- r- . ^ . >aPS 1 II III II i III I III III | a Length of course not reported. b Apparatus. c Reported also with undergraduate, regular. cl Requires four years’ practice in pharmacy in addition to course. e Value of apparatus. /Two years with preceptor required in addition to regular course. 560 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. > > > > > ■© ■© 'o « © © £ g g ’©*<£> O g ^ fH a a a o o o pi a .2.2 '-C g g d ci a a a gg JSjO.S jO^O .9 .9 .9 •9 .9 o o o o o '3 © ,a Zi O o 1 © a >> rt > >s o' a cs © - J- rC3 >»2 +3 oxi a 5=^ «2 © bJO £Phjd 0'S i~-pO p- a.M >•. o 5 1 O +3 os a 2.9 p-9 a| a % :8 oe- ,-W a^.2 bo Him WOQ ^ LAWS REGULATING MEDICAL PRACTICE. 5G1 Summary of State Laws Regulating the Practice of Medicine. 1 ALABAMA. [Act approved February 9, 1877. No person shall be permitted to practise medicine in any of its branches as a means of livelihood without having obtained a certificate of qualification, either from the Hoard of Censors of the Medical Association of the State of Alabama, or from the board of censors of one of the county medical societies, which are in affiliation with it. The standard of qualifications for the practice of medicine, together with the rules for the government of the authorized boards of medical examiners, shall be determined from time to time by the State Medical Association. County probate judges shall keep a register of licensed practitioners. The Board of Censors of the State Medical Association is composed of ten members, elected by the association. This board controls the county boards of censors, which are composed of five members each. The diplomas of medical colleges confer no right to practise medicine in Alabama ; nothing does that except the certificate of some medical board, based upon actual examination. The county boards examine graduates of reputable medical colleges only ; the State board alone examines non-graduates. Non-graduate applicants have become very few. Persons proposing to begin the study of medicine are examined by the county boards in English grammar and literature, general and United States history, and the elements of arithmetic, geometry, inorganic chemistry, and physics.2 ARKANSAS. [Act approved March 9, 1881.] No persou may practise medicine or surgery as a profession without being registered in the office of a county clerk. Any person shall be allowred so to register who shall file a certificate of qualification signed by the majority of the county board of medical examiners of the couuty where he or she offers to register. County boards of exami¬ ners consist each of three persons, learned in medicine and surgery and duly registered, who are appointed by the county judges for terms of four years. Each county board" shall meet quarterly to examine all persons appearing before it who desire to practise medicine or surgery; any person satisfying a majoi'ity of such board that he or she is twenty-one years of age, of good moral character, and duly qualified to practise medicine and surgery, or either, shall receive a certificate of qualification entitling to registration, which latter must be in the county wLerethe examination was held. Any person who has been refused registration by any county board may apply for a re-examination by the State Board of Medical Examiners, which is appointed by the Governor, and consists of five members learned in medicine and surgery, and duly registered. If, upon re-examination, such person shall be found qualified to practise, the board shall grant him or her a certificate entitling to registration in any county in the State. No person desiring to practise medicine shall be excluded therefrom on account of any particular system or school that he may desire to practise. (A bill requiring all practitioners to be graduates of reputable medical colleges re¬ cently passed the State senate, but failed in the house.) CALIFORNIA. [Acts approved April 3, 1876, and April l, 1878. j • The Medical Society of the State of California, the Eclectic Medical Society of the State of California, and the California State Homoeopathic Medical Society, and no other corporation or persons, shall each appoint annually a board of examiners of seven persons, who must be regular graduates. These boards shall issue certificates to all persons desiring to practise medicine or surgery who furnish satisfactory proof of having received diplomas or licenses from legally chartered medical institutions in good standing, and (since 1876) to no others. A certificate must be signed by all the members of a board, and shall entitle the holder to practise in any part of the State. The holder must have it recorded in the office of the county clerk in the county where he resides. This summary has been compiled from the Fifth and Eighth Annual Reports of the Illinois State Board of Health. The provisions of the several laws defining the status of physicians who were already in practise at the time they were passed have been omitted. ^In 1885 sixty sets of examination papers were prepared by the county hoards. Of these, two were from applicants for the study of medicine, one of whom was unsuccessful. Of the fifty-eight applicants for the practice of medicine, seven were unsuccessful. One non-graduate passed a successful examination, ed 86 - 36 562 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. The board of examiners must refuse certificates to persons guilty of unprofessional conduct, and must revoke the certificates of holders so guilty. In all cases of refusal or revocation of a certificate the applicant may appeal to the body appointing the board. (The present law is said to be Tfn satisfactory, as many persons have been licensed who are totally and notoriously unfit to practise medicine. On the other hand, it has served some good purpose in San Francisco, where several convictions have been had. Its constitutionality has been tried and affirmed in the supreme court.) COLORADO. [Act approved March 14, 1881.] Every person practising medicine must have a certificate signed by a majority of the State Board of Medical Examiners. This board is composed of nine practising physicians, graduates of medical schools of undoubted respectability, six of the regu¬ lar, two of the homoeopathic, and one of the eclectic school, appointed by the Gov¬ ernor for terms of six years. The board shall issue certificates entitling to practise in the State to all applicants who shall furnish satisfactory proofs of having received diplomas from some legally chartered medical institution in good standing. An applicant not having such di¬ ploma shalL receive a certificate granting the same privileges upon passing an exam¬ ination before the board in anatomy, physiology, chemistry, pathology, surgery, ob¬ stetrics, and practice of medicine. The holder must record the certificate in the office of the county clerk in the county where he resides. CONNECTICUT. [Act approved April 12, 1881.] Any itinerant person, not an inhabitant of the State, who shall publicly profess to treat, or who shall treat, diseases or injury by any drug, nostrum, manipulation, &c., must procure a license therefor. Selectmen in towns and the chief police officer in cities may issue such licenses upon the payment of twenty dollars for each day each license is to be in force. The penalty for non-compliance with this law by any per¬ son is twenty-five dollars for each day it is so non-complied with. DELAWARE. [Act passed April 19, 1883.] It shall not be lawful for any person to practise medicine or surgery in Delaware who has not graduated with the degree of doctor of medicine and receved a diploma from some medical college authorized to grant diplomas, unless in possession of a license from a board of medical examiners. This board is required to grant a license for practice in the State to any applicant who shall produce a diploma from a re¬ spectable medical college, or who shall, upon fall' and impartial examination, be found qualified for such practice. Any person seeking to practise medicine transiently in this State shall appear be¬ fore any clerk of peace and satisfy him that the provisions of the law have been com¬ plied with ; whereupon such clerk shall, upon the payment of $200 per annum, issue to him a license to practise throughout the State. FLORIDA. [Act approved March 7, 1881.] There shall be appointed by the Governor six boards of medical examiners, com¬ posed each of from three to five practitioners of five years’ practice in the State, and located, respectively, at Tallahassee, Jacksonville, Pensacola, Key West, Ocala, and Tampa, who shall examine persons not graduates of medicine who may purpose to practise medicine, surgery, or obstetrics in the State. Such examination shall in¬ clude the branches of anatomy, operative and minor surgery, obstetrics, diseases of women and children, and the general laws of health. The boards shall issue certifi¬ cates to that purport to persons found competent. GEORGIA. [Act approved September 28, 1881.] No person shall practise medicine in this State until he has been authorized to do so by a diploma from an incorporated medical college, and by registering, in the office of the clerk of the superior court in the county where he intends to practise, his name, residence, and place of birth, together with his authority for practising medicine. The person so registering shall make an affidavit stating whether such authority is by diploma or license, the date of the same, and by whom granted. LAWS REGULATING MEDICAL PRACTICE. 5G3 ILLINOIS. lylcf* approved May 25 and May 29, 1887.] The State Board of Health shall consist of seven persons appointed for seven years by the Governor, with the advice and consent of the senate. This board shall meet at least twice a year. It shall issue certificates, signed by all its members and enti¬ tling to practise in the State, to all applicants furnishing satisfactory proof of having received diplomas or licenses from legally chartered medical institutions in good standing. If an applicant is a non-graduate he must undergo an examination, before the board, of an elementary and practical character, but. strict enough to test his qualifications; if he pass it satisfactorily the board shall grant him a certificate as above. Certificates must be recorded in the office of the county clerks. [Kales of the Illinois State Board of Health.] To be held in good standing by the State board, colleges must comply with the fol¬ lowing schedule of minimum requirements : 1. Conditions of admission to lecture courses: (1) Credible certificates of good moral standing. (2) Diplomas of graduation from a good literary and scientific col¬ lege or high school, or a first-grade teacher’s certificate ; or, lacking this, a thorough examination in the branches of a good English education, including mathematics, English composition, and elementary physics or natural philosophy. 2. Branches of medical science to be included in the course of instruction: (1) Anatomy. (2) Physiology. (3) Chemistry. (4) Materia medica and therapeutics. (5) Theory and practice of medicine. (6) Pathology. (7) Surgery. (8) Obstetrics and gynecology. (9) Hygiene. (10) Medical jurisprudence. 3. Length of regular or graduating courses: (1) The time Occupied in the regu¬ lar courses or sessions from which students are graduated shail not be less than five months, or twenty weeks, each. (2) Two full courses of lectures, not within one and the same year of time, shall be required for graduation with the degree of doctor of medicine. .4. Attendance and examinations or quizzes : (1) Regular attendance during the entire lecture courses shall be required, allowance being made only for absences occasioned by the student’s sickness, such absences not to exceed twenty per cent, of the course" (2) Regular examinations or quizzes to be made by each lecturer or professor daily, or at least twice each week. (3) Final examinations on all branches, to be conducted, when practicable, by competent examiners other than the professors in each branch. E. Dissections, clinics, and hospital attendance: (1) Each student shall have dis¬ sected during two courses. (2) Attendance during at least two terms of clinical and hospital instruction shall be required 6. Time of professional studies: This shall not be less than three full years before graduation, including the time spent with a preceptor, and attendance upon lectures or at clinics and hospital. 7. Instruction : The college must show that it has a sufficient and competent corps of instructors and the necessary facilities for teaching, dissections, clinics, &c. Graduates from institutions not in good standing as above must supplement their diplomas by an examination before the board so as to conform to the minimum re¬ quirements. Non- graduate applicants for licenses must pass an examination in the following subjects: Anatomy, materia medica, theory and practice, gynecology, physiology, pathology, obstetrics, chemistry, surgery, hygiene, and medical jurisprudence. INDIANA. There is no law regulating the practice of medicine in this State. IOWA. [Act to take effect January 1, 1887.] Every person seeking to practise medicine, surgery, or obstetrics in this State must obtain a certificate signed by at least five members of the State Board of Examiners. If the applicant is a graduate of a medical school legally organized and in good stand¬ ing, of which the board shall be the judge, he shall receive a certificate entitling him to practice in the State. If not a graduate from such a school, he shall submit to such an examination as the board may require. The examiuation shall be in anatomy, physiology, general chemistry, pathology, therapeutics, and the principles and prac¬ tise of medicine, surgery, and obstetrics; and, if satisfactorily passed, the applicant shall receive a certificate as above. Upon each day of examination all candidates shall be given the same set or sets of questions. The physicians and secretary of the State Board of Health shall constitute the board of examiners. The different schools of medicine in the State shall be represented in the board by one or m :>re members. Certificates must be recorded with the county 564 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. v«cor«Iors. Certificates may be revoked, by a vote of at least five members of the State board, for felony or incompeteucy. Tire standing of a legally chartered medical college shall not be questioned except by a like vote. KANSAS. An act to regulate the practice of medicine in Kansas was passed in 1879, but has since been declared unconstitutional. No examinations have been held under it since 1880. KENTUCKY. [Act approved February 23, 1874.] No person may practise medicine in any of its departments in this State who has not graduated at some chartered school of meaicine or who does not possess a certifi¬ cate from one of the district boards of medical examiners. These boards consist each of five physicians, regular graduates, appointed by the Governor for terms of four years, there being one for each judicial district. Each board shall hold one regular annual session, and shall examine, in the follow¬ ing branches, all applicants who desire to x>ractise medicine: Chemistry, anatomy, physiology, obstetrics, surgery, and so much of practical medicine as relates to the nomenclature, history, and symptoms of disease. The examiners shall grant to ap¬ plicants found to possess a fair practical knowledge of the above branches certificates signed by at least three members, entitling them to practise in the district. Certifi¬ cates shall designate the time and the branches the holders are entitled to practise, and shall be issued for not more than five years nor less than one. (Doctors Pinckney, Thompson, and J. W. Holland, of the State Board of Health assert that in all but a few counties or districts this law is a dead letter.) LOUISIANA. [Act approved June 26, 1882.] No person shall be allowed to practise medicine or surgery in any of their depart¬ ments without first making affidavit before a jadge, or justice of the peace, or cle’rk of a district court, or notary public in the parish whereinhe resides, of his having re¬ ceived the degree of doctor of medicine from a regularly incorporated medical insti¬ tution of respectable standing, such degree to be manifested by a diploma, which must be indorsed as to the standing of the institution issuing it by the State Board of Health. The State board shall be required to certify the diploma of any medical institution of credit and resxiectability without regard to its system of therapeutics, .and whether the same be regular, homoeopathic, or eclectic. Affidavits so made shall be registered n the office of " the clerk of the district court of the parish. The State Board of Health shall publish annually a list of all registered physicians and surgeons in the State. MAINE. There is no law regulating medical practice in this State. Such a law passed the Legislature in March, 1887, but was vetoed by the Governor. MARYLAND. The only existing act concerning the practice of medicine in Maryland is one pro¬ viding for the punishment of any person who shall be concerned in producing an abortion. MASSACHUSETTS. No law has yet been passed in Massachusetts to regulate the practice of medicine. MICHIGAN. [Act of September 7, 1883.] Every graduate of a legally authorized medical college shall be deemed qualified to practise medicine and surgery in Michigan, provided he files with the county clerk of the county in which he intends to practise a sworn statement netting forth the name and location of the medical college from which he graduated, date of gradua¬ tion, length of time he attended the same, and school of mediciue to which he belongs, which statement shall be duly recorded. No physician shall be able to collect in any court pay for professional services ren¬ dered, unless duly qualified and registered as above. MINNESOTA. [Act approved March 6, 1883.] The faculty of the medical department of the University of Minnesota shall consti¬ tute the Board of Medical Examiners. All persons intending to x>ractise medicine who LAWS REGULATING MEDICAL PRACTICE. 5G5 aro graduates must apply to this board, which shall issue certificates signed by all its members, and entitling to practise in the State, to all who furnish satisfactory proof of having received diplomas or licenses from legally chartered institutions in good standing. Non-graduates may receive such a certificate only on satisfactorily passing an ex¬ amination before the board, of an elementary and practical character, but sufficiently strict to test their qualifications as practitioners. MISSISSIPPI. [Act approved February 28, 1882.] No person may practise medicine in this State unless he has passed an examination by a board of censors. There is a board of censors, composed of two sanitary com¬ missioners, for each Congressional district, who hold quarterly sessions. Applicants for license are examined only in the following branches of medicine : Anatomy, chem¬ istry, obstetrics, materia medica, physiology, pathology, surgery, and hygiene. Tho names of those whose examinations are satisfactory are forwarded to the State Board of Health, which board issues thereupon to such persons licenses to practise in the State. No discrimination can be made against any applicant on account of the system of practice he may advocate. A holder of a license must have it recorded in the office of the circuit clerk in the county in which he resides. No license may be issued to peripatetic quacks nor travelling charlatans. MISSOURI. [Act of July , 1883.] Every persou practising medicine in Missouri must possess a certificate from the Si ate Board of Health. The State board shall issue certificates, signed by at least five of its members, and entitling to practise throughout the State, to all applicants who shall furnish satisfactory proof of having received diplomas or licenses from legally chartered medical institutions in good standing, of whatever school or system of medicine. Applicants not graduates nor licentiates are to receive such certificates upon passing a satisfactory examination before the State board, the examination to be of an elementary and practical character, but sufficiently strict to test the qualifi¬ cations of the candidates. Every person holding a certificate must have it recorded in the office of the county clerk in the county in which he resides. (The standard of recognition of medical colleges adopted by the Board of Health is the same as in Illinois. The granting of' certificates to non-graduate applicants is vipwed with disfavor. Medical schools showing a percentage of graduates to ma¬ triculates of 45 or over are required to offer a satisfactory explanation of such excess to the board.) NEBRASKA. [Act approved March 3, 1881, and amended February, 1883.1 Every person intending to practise medicine in this State must register as a physi¬ cian with the clerk of the county in which he or she intends to practice. No person shall be entitled to registration unless he or she (1) be a graduate of a legally char¬ tered medical college or institution having authority to grant the degree of doctor of medicine, or (2) can show evidence of having passed a satisfactory examination be¬ fore medical boards of other States created for the purpose of such examination. No person can recover fees for medical services unless registered. (A committee of the State Medical Society reported in 1882 that this law was vir¬ tually a failure, in so far as the protection of the people against quacks was con¬ cerned, since it provided no tribunal for determining the genuineness or value of di¬ plomas and licenses. ) NEVADA. [Act approved January 28, 1875.] No person may practise medicine or surgery in this State who has not received a medical education and a diploma from some regularly chartered medical school. The diploma of a person intending to practise must be exhibited to, and a copy of it filed with, the recorder of tho county. NEW HAMPSHIRE. Every medical society organized under the laws of the State shall elect a board of censors consisting of three members, who shall have authority to examine and license persons to practise medicine, surgery, and midwifery, and no person shall practise those brauckes until he has received a license from some such board. Licenses shall be issued, without examination, to all persons who furnish evidence by diploma from some medical school authorized to confer degrees that they have pursued some pre¬ scribed course of study and have been duly examined. Licenses may be revoked for 566 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. cause. No person may practise dentistry who is not duly authorized to practise surgery, unless such person has received a dental degree from*some institution author¬ ized to confer the same, or has obtained a license from the New Hampshire Dental Society. No license is valid until recorded in the office of the clerk of the county where the holder intends to practise. NEW JERSEY. [Act approved March 12, 1880.] Every person practising medicine or surgery in this State must be a graduate of some legally chartered medical college or university in good standing, or some med¬ ical society having power bylaw to grant diplomas. Such person, before commencing practice, is to deposit a copy of his or her diploma with the clerk of the county in which he or she resides. No person, unless qualified as above, may collect fees for medical or surgical services. NEW YORK. [Act passed May 29, 1880.] The degree of doctor of medicine, lawfully conferred by any incorporated medical college or university in this State, shall be a license to practise physic and surgery within the State after the person holding it has been duly registered in the clerk’s office of the county where he intends practising. A person holding a diploma, con¬ ferring upon him the degree of doctor of medicine, from an incorporated medical school without the State, must exhibit it to the faculty of some such school within the State with such other evidence of his qualifications as they may require. Their indorsement of the diploma will make it a license to practise in the State after the holder has been registered as above. No one may practise under twenty-one years of age. NORTH CAROLINA. [Law of April 15, 1859.] No person shall practise medicine or surgery unless duly licensed by the Board of Medical Examiners of the State of North Carolina. This board consists of seven regularly graduated physicians, elected for terms of six years by the State Medical Society from among its members, unless the General Assembly choose to elect them. They shall examine all applicants for license in the following branches of medical science: Anatomy, physiology, surgery, pathology, medical hygiene, chemistry, pharmacy, materia medica, therapeutics, and the prac¬ tice of medicine, and shall issue licenses, signed by at least four of their number, to such as may be found competent. Two members may issue a temporary license, good until the next regular meeting of the board. Regular meetings must be held at least once a year. Licenses may be rescinded for grossly immoral conduct. (It is the intention of the Board of Examiners to adopt a higher standard year by year. In 1886 each applicant for license was obliged to submit to examination in (1) surgery and surgical pathology and diseases of the eye aud ear; (2) chemistry and pharmacy; (3) anatomy; (4) physiology and medical hygiene; (5) materia medica and therapeutics; (6) obstetrics, and diseases of women and children; (7) practice of medicine and medical pathology.1) OHIO. [Revised Statutes of 1880.1 No person who has not attended two full courses of instruction of at least twelve weeks each, and graduated at a school of medicine, or who cannot produce a certifi¬ cate of qualification from a State or county medical society, shall practise medicine in any of its departments within the State. OREGON. There is no law regulating medical practise in this State. The secretary of the Oregon State Medical Society said (1882): “We have had a bill of some kind before the Legislature at every session for the past ten years, and will continue to do so until we succeed.” PENNSYLVANIA. [Act of June 1, 1881.] Every person who practises medicine or surgery in this State shall be a graduate of a legally chartered medical school having authority to confer the degree of doctor of medicine; and such person must be registered and file a copy of his or her medical diploma in the office of the prothonotary of the county in which he or she resides. 1 In 1886 there were 63 applicants, of whom 46 were licensed. They were obliged to answer satis¬ factorily 66| per cent, of the questions. In the future the standard will be raised to 70 per cent. LAWS REGULATING MEDICAL PRACTICE. 567 Any person proposing to practise and bolding the diploma of a medical school with¬ out the State must submit such diploma to the inspection of the faculty of a medical school within the State, who, if they are satisfied as to the qualifications of the appli¬ cant, shall indorse it, after which such applicant shall be entitled to register as above. RHODE ISLAND. There is no law regulating medical practice in this State, except so far as i>rovided in section 12 of chapter 85, Public Statutes of Rhode Island, that every physician shall cause his name and residence to be recorded in the town clerk’s office of the town where he resides, and that he shall, without compensation, report all still births, contagious diseases, and results of vaccination. The physician is exempt from military and jury duty. SOUTH CAROLINA. [ Act approved December 17, 1881.] The Medical Board of this State shall be composed of the physicians and surgeons constituting the local boards of health in the various counties. The degree of doctor of medicine lawfully conferred by any medical college or university in this State shall be a license to practise physic and surgery after the person to whom it is granted shall have complied with the following section of this act : “ Every person authorized to practise physic and surgery within this State shall, be¬ fore .commencing to practise, register in the office of the clerk of the county where he intends to practise his name, residence, and place of birth, together with his authority for so practising physio and surgery.” A person coming to the State maybe licensed to practise physic or surgery, or both, within the State in the following manner: If he has a diploma conferring upon him the degree of doctor of medicine, issued by an incorporated university, medical col¬ lege, or school without the State he shall exhibit the same to the faculty of some in¬ corporated medical college, or the Medical Board of the State, with satisfactory evi¬ dence of his good moral character, and such other evidence of his qualifications as physician as the medical college or board may require. If his diploma is approved by them they shall indorse it, and the indorsed diploma shall authorize him to prac¬ tise surgery and physic within the State. No person shall practise physic or surgery unless he is twenty-one years of age. TENNESSEE. There are no laws bearing upon the practice of medicine in this State. TEXAS. The presiding judges of the district courts of the several districts shall appoint a board of medical examiners for their respective districts, to be composed of not less than three practising physicians of known ability, having certificates of qualification under the “Act to regulate the practice of medicine,” passed May 16, 1873, and said board of examiners to continue in office 2 years from their appointment. It shall be the duty of said board to examine all applicants for certificates of quali¬ fication to practise medicine in the State, whether such applicants are furnished with medical diplomas or not, upon the following subjects: Anatomy, physiology, patho¬ logical anatomy and pathology, surgery, obstetrics, and chemistry ; said examination to be thorough. When the board of medical examiners is satisfied as to the qualifications of the ap¬ plicant it shall grant to him a certificate to that effect, which shall be recorded with the clerk of the district court of the county in which applicant resides, and shall entitle applicant to practise anywhere in this State. Dr. W. J. Burt, secretary of the State Medical Association, writes: “We have laws, but they are not efficient.” VERMONT. A practitioner of medicine or surgery who offers his services to the public shall ob¬ tain a certificate from one of the medical societies of the State. Medical societies, organized under a charter from the General Assembly, shall, at each annual session/ elect a board of censors, consisting of 3 members, who shall hold their office till others are elected ; which board may examine and license prac¬ titioners of medicine, surgery, and midwifery. Each board of censors shall issue certificates, without fee, to physicians and sur¬ geons who furnish evidence by diploma from a medical college or university or by certificate of examination from an authorized board. The person to whom a certificate is issued shall cause the same to be recorded in the clerk’s office of the county in which he resides, or, if not a resident of the State, in the county in which he obtains such certificate. This certificate shall be valid throughout the State after being duly recorded. 568 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. No person practising either of the branches of medicine or surgery shall be per¬ mitted to enforce, in the courts, the collection of a fee in the practice; of any of the branches for which he has not a certificate as provided in this chapter. VIRGINIA. f The law first became operative January 1, 1885.] The Medical Examining Board of Virginia consists of 3 physicians from each Con¬ gressional district in the State and 2 from the State at large, making 32 members, and in addition also 5 homoeopathic physicians, members of the board, except homoeo¬ paths are nominated by the State Medical Society and appointed by the Governor. Every applicant for the practice of medicine in Virginia is required to pass a satis¬ factory examination before the Medical Examining Board before he can commence practice. Graduates and non-graduates are subjected to the same examination. Any person wishing to be examined, with the view of practising medicine in Vir¬ ginians required to fill out and file with the secretary of the board a form of appli¬ cation, stating age, residence, college where graduated, and date of graduation. The application must be accompanied by a recommendation from 2 citizens of the county in which applicant resides and a fee of $5. Examinations may be held by the board in session, which is held regularly twice each year, or during the recess of the board by any 3 individual members thereof whom the applicant may select. When before 3 individual examiners a separate and distinct examination on all the branches before each examiner is required. The examinations are in chemistry, anatomy, physiology, hygiene, medical juris¬ prudence, materia medica and therapeutics, obstetrics, gynecology, practice of med¬ icine and surgery. The examiners report to the president, who issues the license. WEST VIRGINIA. [Act approved March 25, 1882.] The State Board of Health of this State shall consist of 2 physicians from each Congressional district who shall be graduates of reputable medical colleges, and who shall have practised medicine not less than 12 years. They are appointed by the Gov¬ ernor, and hold their office for 4 years. The following persons, and no others, shall hereafter be permitted to practise med¬ icine in this State : First. All persons who are graduates of a reputable medical college. Every such person shall present, his diploma to the State Board of Health ; if it is found to be genuine the said board shall issue and deliver to him a certificate to that effect, and such diploma and certificate shall entitle the person named in it to practise medicine in all its departments in this State. Second. All persons who have practised medicine in this State for a period of 10 years prior to the 8th day of March, 1881. Third. A person who is not a graduate, and has not so practised, desiring to prac¬ tise shall present himself before the State Board of Health, who shall examine him in anatomy, physiology, chemistry, materia medica, pathological anatomy, surgery, and obstetrics. If he is found qualified to practise medicine they shall grant, him a certificate to that effect, and he shall thereafter have a right to practise medicine in the State. Every person holding any such certificate shall have it recorded in the office of the secretary of the State Board of Health. An itinerant physician, desiring to practise medicine in this State, shall pay to the sheriff of every county in which he desires to practise a special tax of §50 for each month he shall so practise in such county. WISCONSIN. There is no law regulating the practice of medicine in this State. ALASKA. There is no law regulating the practice of medicine in this Territory. ARIZONA. It shall not be lawful for any person to practise medicine, surgery, or obstetrics in this Territory unless such person shall have obtained a diploma regularly issued by a medical college in good standing, or unless such person shall have obtained a license from a board of medical examiners legally existing at the time, and properly qualified to issue such license. Every person engaged in the practice of medicine, surgery, or obstetrics shall register in the county recorders office of the county where he intends to practise his name, residence, and place of birth, together with a true and correct copy of his diploma or license. LAWS REGULATING MEDICAL PRACTICE. 569 DAKOTA. Thoro is no law regulating the practice of medicine in this Territory. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Section 5, of “Act to incorporate tho Medical Society of the District of Columbia,” contains the following: “After the appointment of the aforesaid medical board no person not heretofore a practitioner of medicine or surgery within the District shall bo allowed to practise within the said District without having obtained a license, or the production of a diploma from a respectable medical college, or from a board of examiners established by law.” Dr. G. L. Magruder, treasurer of the society, writes: “The only law that exists in this District iu regard to the practice of medicine and surgery is contained in tho act incorporating the medical society. It seems to have been inefficient from the fact that no one has been designated to enforce it.” IDAHO. There are no laws governing the practice of physic in this Territory. MONTANA. There are no laws regulating the practice of medicine in this Territory. NEW MEXICO. [Act approved March 2, 1882.] A Territorial board of medical examiners is established, which shall be composed of 7 practising physicians of known ability and integrity, who are graduates of some medical school, college, or university duly established by law, giving each of the 3 schools of medicine the following representation: The allopathic school, 4 members; the homoeopathic school, 2 members; the eclectic school, 1 member. They shall hold office for 2 years from and after their appointment. The board shall issue certificates to all who furnish satisfactory proof of having received diplomas or licenses from legally chartered medical institutions. All examinations of persons not graduates or licentiates shall be made directly by the board, and the certificates given by a majority of the board shall authorize the possessor to practice medicine and surgery in the Territory of New Mexico. Every person holding a certificate from a board of examiners shall have it recorded in the county clerk’s office in every county in which he practises medicine or surgery. UTAH. There is no law regulating the practice of medicine in this Territory. WASHINGTON TERRITORY. There is a law requiring the registration of physicians in this Territory. WYOMING TERRITORY. No person shall practise medicine, surgery, or obstetrics in this Territory who has not received a medical education and a diploma from some regularly chartered med-i cal school. Every physician, surgeon, or obstetrician in this Territory shall file for record with the registrar of deeds of the county iu which he or she is about to practise his or her profession a copy of his or her diploma. Every physician, surgeon, or obstetrician, when filing a copy of his or her diploma or certificate of graduation, shall be identified as the person named in the papers about to be filed, by affidavit of 2 citizens of the county, or by his or her affidavit, taken before a notary public, which affidavit shall be filed in the office of the regis¬ trar of deeds. Table 53. — Statistical summary of all degrees conferred. 570 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Law. •Ajreaouojj Tt' o O | I> ■osjuoj UJ 1, 005 X GO o 2 1* 1 CO CM II II 1 3 a •£r&iouo]j o *96X1100 li | 3, 638 1,180 X IQ CM~ CO *i : s o CO X cm cm CO II ii Theology. •^JBJOUOH OO T— 1 OO CO o I 1“ O •oeanoo uj O o X CM o 1 X 1- 1 -1 1 ! r"1 ii S3 || Art. •illBJOUOH CM 1 1 •osjuod m lO m O ©5 CO r-4 i Philosophy. \flBJOUOJJ CO CM CM h TH | •OBIUOO UJ CO CO CO CM t—4 O CO CO CO 1 1= 1 CO lO o X o $ i Science. •ijuionojj o r-i o r Cl -- | •9SJH00 UJ o *-< o « «T X 02 O X 3 a! ii r 1 1 o CO ~3 1 I in CM UO CM 11 II All courses. •Xituouoh; O oc lxO lO X X ! w CO CM ©> CM •9SOUOO UJ o s e lO O ZD x o o lO p O ^ »-i — LO TT «-• >c> ~i 1 !§! i i 3 So o CM 8| 1 ig S3 II || States and classes. Grand total . Total in classical and scientific colleges . Tot al in colleges for women . . A § :S '! 3 i| !3 o ri Alabama . . i 1 o g 3 1 § 1 1 i 1 1 9 5 fS t-, a 1 i a o i 1 1 2 . i § S3 a ■S3 5 1 I u California _ _ _ i 1 o 1 § i | ! cs ; 1 | I 1 a I § ! A3 s ■3 = c i! | Colorado . . © G fl 1 § 1 1 Connecticut . . i i £ s i G C C3 1 l cc a § i i 1 p STATISTICS OF DEGREES CONFERRED, 571 a Includes 37 degrees not specified. b Includes G degrees not specified. c Includes 9 degrees not specified. d Includes .18 degrees not Table 53. — Statistical summary of all degrees conferred — Continued. 572 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Law. •Lrcioiioji 1 1 J CO CD II ll 1 1 1 1 1 CM 1 Cl •9SJU00 up S i 1 N 00 hH co co rH CO CO CO CO Medicine. •Axeionou; •06.11100 up CM CO ll 1 js i ID CD ID CD CM CD CM 1 CO CO 00 o 00 i Theology. •Lrcjonou; CM CM c~ ->* CM CM CO CO •oejtnoo up tg 00 - co CO 1 1 ^ 1 O ID CO CM o CM O CM rH CM CD CO CO Art. •Atgjouoh- i • • •agjnoo up CO i CO 00 00 H « rH Philosophy. •jfjniouoH rH rH rH rH rH j rH •osanoo nj S J | j n CM CO CO CO 00 Science. •jf.ii3Jonoji : CM CM •dsanoo up CM CM co CO rjH •- CM o CO o CD CO — CM o *"ll II 00 CM Letters. •iijeaoiion rH CO O CO CO *° o I '9SJUOO up rH O Cl DO ID CM iP o o t> ifO Ol 1 1 Is 1 1 1 |ss|l ll p i X Cl 10 o All courses. •LmionoH CO CO £ O rH co rH CO 1 i cm a HnH r-1 ^ ID co CO *D O O CO SM CO l ! ! co •Hi §1 CD 8 1 CM oc CO 190 01 States and classes. | j i 1 1] i If !! II £ It 1 Massachusetts . . . Classical and scientific colleges . . . Professional schools . ! Michigan . Classical and scientific colleges . Professional schools . . . Minnesota . Classical and scientific colleires . s £ cS J Professional schools . . . p a Classical and scientific colleges . Colleges for women . . . Missouri . Classical and scientific colleges . Colleges for women . . . . 1 STATISTICS OF DEGREES CONFERRED, 573 1 r CO r CM ■** ^ • CD CD I CM CM o O ir I 1 3 § 3 is CM CM 1 i§ 1 s |S ! 1 2 00 §i CD CD • 1 3 is 3 li j r— ! tH rH £ £ id tO • S CO rH 3 3 ! cm i 05 3 :S § O 10 CO • < ro 3 o rH is S3 j H CO CO CD CD ; CM CM CO CO CM CM 3 3 r> 3 ID 3 CO CO : y $5 3 r 1 s o O * 3 SS | S T* o O ; ^ S : ID ID 3 3 rH ii j! cc r cc 3 3 li rH 3 S S3 1 2S CM CM i s S 3 s o O S 00 00 IS S i'1 O In o • 3 —r »h CM : CO CO 1 o L— CD S 1- L 3*- 5 § is I« Si Is Is S3W 1 gss s 2 1 II 3 3 1 72 .s 1 •? £ c 1 i. c 1 ” * |§ 5 “1 ! Il 1 !1 £ • | : s i? j * Classical and scientific colleges . > 1 c h -s i <2 s if 1 © CD ! ! | : S, s i !: 5: ii r — M 11 II II How York . Classical and scientific colleges . 2 1 n ? i i * 5 i sz 8 il i '5 ; 1 ^ i ! j > ■ i • ! c- 1 i 5 is- i*. !§{ § 1 D C 1 1 2 § i © cD J! £ : ! ^ H ! li SJ il S-? 3 £ E J M n ii u 1 1 j 1 I 7= l c CC £ § 1 ; i ? j 1 ! : 1 i : a 1 1 Ii 1 * i 1 11 | £ |l ! 1 i i 1 15 1 « 2 rC I " 5 1 1 C CD ! 1 ! | : 1 ) | : 1 | a Includes four degrees not specified. Table 53. — Statistical summary of all degrees conferred — Continued. 574 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Law. •ALnuouopp rH rH • CD CD • j ■ i| eo CO •osjtioo up JUj i— ! ! CM 5 : CM ?! CO 1*5 ' 1 ‘i Medicine. •Anuonojj •asjnoo up CM ; f S * CO 1 O 1 CM •.*o • o • CM • CM * iO • CO C- j l Theology. •Ajbjouoh H rH • 1 °° 00 • CM CM 1 00 r> II CO • 4 : •osanoo up CD CM CD • CM ' * t • T ;| 1 Art. •Ajiuouopp ! i : 1 | i| •9SJU00 UJ ; 1 j ; Philosophy. •Ajujouoh ||H rH • 1 1 1 ■asanoo uj ^ ! ! !“ 1 CM j j! Science. •XiMonopp ca w to -1 1 CO rH ° o »D 05 CO CM 05 CO O 1 CO CM ’TH CM CO States and classes. South Carolina . Classical and scientific colleges . Colleges for women . Prolessional schools . . . Tennessee . . . . - . Classical and scientific colleges . Colleges for women . . . Texas . . 1 1 1 •1 1 1 Vermont . Classical and scientific colleges . . . . Coll cores for women . . . . Virginia . . . . . ! 1 C s j ! 1 1 Colleges for women . Professional schools . West Virginia . Classical and scientific colleges . STATISTICS OF DEGREES CONFERRED, 575 § 1 1 P * 11 ■s 8« ° So * ! ii S ?i ! - e * 11 a 41 s 4 * 51 51 § 1 ll 5' si Mi D. 1 2 a 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20, 21 22 23 24 25 20 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 30 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 REPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION, Table 54. — Degrees conferred in 1885-’86 ie following are the explanations of abbreviations used in this table: L. E., Bachelor of Letters • ice; B. C. E., Bachelor of Civil Engineering; C. E., Civil Engineer; B. A^r. Bachelor of Agri- ng Engineer ; D. E., Dynamic Engineer ; B. Arch., Bachelor of Architecture ; Pk. B Bachelor of , Bachelor of Divinity ; D. D., Doctor of Divinity ; M. D., Doctor of Medicine • D. D.S Doctor of Location. Name. Auburn, Ala . Greenborough, Ala Marion, Ala . Tuscaloosa, Ala.... Batesville, Ark - Fayetteville, Ark . . Berkeley, Cal . College City, Cal. . . San Francisco, Cal. . . . San Jos6, Cal . Santa Clara, Cal . Santa Bosa, Cal . Boulder, Colo . Colorado Spring, Colo Denver, Colo . Fort Collins, Colo Golden, Colo . Hartford, Conn .... Middletown, Conn New Haven, Conn . . . Newark, Del . Washington, D. C - W ashington, D. C - Washington, D. C - Washington, D. C - Athens, Ga . Atlanta, Ga . Atlanta, Ga . Macon. Ga . .’ - Abingdon, HI . Bloomington, HI . Bourbonnais Grove, HI Chicago, Ill . Eureka, HI . Evanston, HI . Ewing College, Ill ... . Galena, Ill . Galesburgh, HI . Lake Forest, HI . Lebanon, Ill . Lincoln, Ill . Naperville, HI . Quincy, Ill . Rock Island, HI . Upper Alton, Ill . Urbana, Ill. (Cham¬ paign P. O.) W estfield, III . Bloomington. Ind . Franklin, Ind . Greencastle, Ind . State Agricultural and Mechanical College. Southern University . . Howard College ... I . . University of Alabama . Arkansas College . Arkansas Industrial University . University of California . Pierce Christian College . St. Ignatius College . University of theHacific . . Santa Clara College . Pacific Methodist College . University of Colorado . Colorado College . University of Denver . . State Agricultural College . State School of Mines . Trinity College . Wesleyan University. . Tale University . Delaware College . . Columbian University . Georgetown College . Howard University . National Deaf-Mute College . University of Georgia . Atlanta University . Clark University . Mercer University . Hedding College . Hlinois Wesleyan University . St. Tiateur’s College . St. Ignatius College . Eureka College . Ewing College . German-English College. Lombard University . Lake Forest University . Lincoln University... Northwestern College Chaddock College . Augustana College ... Shurtleff College . University of Illinois . Westfield College . The Indiana University . Franklin College . De Pauw University . a Bachelor of engineering. 6 Degrees not all reported. e Two of these are B. C. (bachelor of commerce). d Includes 3 LL. M. (master of law). e Eighteen are “master of law.” All classes. Letters. All degrees. A.B. A.M. ri ►4 O GO t-i f* c3 c £C 6 U C £ 5 3 g g 3 u 3 O 1 5 c; S 2 O C 2 3 1 o j M P c C3 z 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 28 2 35 1 7 4 13 2 10 1 54 1 14 28 9 6 0 6 5 1 .... 5 .... 616 6 0 8 0 ! 2 1 .... 29 3 1 2 1 6 0 1 0 ' 3 0 6 , 610 1 .... ".‘I 2 1 ! o ! .... 21 i 7 i 10 11 i 1 3 1 63 1 5 38 19 ; 203 17 135 2 10 • 7 2 7 680 59 2 10 i : 59 0 3 2 6 0 6 100 2 "s' 27 i 2 ' 2 1 4 1 o 1 4 5 1 .... 4 '8 | 8 | 3 1 56 j l ; 1 14 | 1 8 1 0 ( 8 i j 9 i o ! 5 1 1 117 ! 7 I i3 6 . - . . 5 | 3 0 2 3 ! 0 i ; 1 | 1 1 1 ; 11 1 \ 3 4 2 1 ! 21 1 1 4 i 8 1 15 n 5 7, ' 20 | 2 i : 17 0 13 4 .... 13 3 j 30 0 ?l 3 3 1 1 i 34 2 7 16 4 7 1 1 3 .... 1 ‘T | ! 53 ! 3 ! ’ Y 38 1 . - 1 / Theological certificates. g Includes ‘’master of arts.” h These are commercial diplomas, t “Bachelor of literature.” STATISTICS OF DEGREES CONFERRED. by universities , colleges, and scientific schools. 5 7 7 A. B., Bachelor of Arts; A. M., Master of Arts; So. B., Bachelor of Science; Sc. M., Master of culture; B. M. E., Bachelor of Mining Engineering; M. E., Mining Engineer; C. M. E., Civil and Philosophy; Ph. IX, Dootor of Philosophy; Mus. B., Bachelor of Music; Mas. D., Doctor of Music; Dental Surgery ; Ph. G., Graduate in Pharmacy ; LL. B., Bachelor of Laws ; LL. D., Doctor of Laws.] Science. Philosophy. Ait. Theol¬ ogy. Medicine. Law. Sc.B. Sc. M. W O d Ph , B. Ph. D. | In course. | Honorary. | In course. | Honorary. d d o CO 1 O | In course, B. Agr. d a d 5 5S O o a 1 In course, B. Arch. d d ef CO o o c 1 In course, D. E. j In course. j Honorary. j In course. C3 O d j In courso, Mus. B. o cc 1 Is M O' 2 o r? r-i 5 o o a g 5 O | In course, D. D. S. | In course, Ph. G. | In course, LL. B. 5 o 3 10 !1 1413 14 15 16 17 18 19 3 0 31 22 23 34 36 37 28 29 30 31 32 28 1 1 1 .... 3 2 1 1 a 12 4 14 1 .... 1 7 9 e 6 4 1 13 1 13 1 . 5 i .... i 2 2 .... .... .... 10 1 1 1 2 2 2 4 .... 4 1 ... 1 2 62 2 30 3 6 d23 4 ... i 1 1 8 72 10 e39 1 ... /15 : 20 G I 6 ! 7 i a6 .... i 9 37 .... 10 1 :::: .... .... i 1 .... 1 I12 h\2 j.... 1* " i :::: 1 2 ... _ i 1 3 .. \kl2 : i m 49 2 1 .... .... 2 5 i | 2 l 4 10 2 .... .... 1 5 ml 4 . "oi 1 1 l 7 5 i 4 6 14 2 1 13 2 .... 1 i 3 3 1 2 2 1 !--- 3 i 1 1 j “Master of philosophy.” Four of these received diplomas. I Includes 1 honorary degree and 3 ad eunxdcm. m “Mistress of music.” ED - 3 <6 © >5 GG t-i C 0 c3* §Q f-4 P g g P S Q P d § s © s P © P & c M £ ' P ■ h O Pi p O H 3 4 5 6 7 § 9 7 0 r 0 2 1 1 19 0 10 1 2 2 9 1 1 1 49 4 2 1 4 .... 7 1 2 4 16 o 28 5 0 1 5 1 1 18 0 17 1 21 6 7 2 7 44 1 .!!! 2 >26 12 7 i7 .... 5 "3* 12 5 14 1 9 4 155 0 21 8 1 2 1 17 3 5 1 1 41 1 7 .... 7 4 ”2 2 11 G 3 1 2 1 .... 6 0 3 13 1 .... 5 1 4 /4 12 8 2 12 23 0 1 0 4 4 6 5 1 5 1 4 .... 27 7 16 10 9 0 i 6 8 1 5 7 1 .... 3 .... 4 10 0 7 3 5 1 2 . . . . 1 41 4 7. 3 1 7 2 4 .... 11 1 3 /4 1 4 2 i 1 4 4 1 6 0 3 4 3 1 .... J'3 .... 11 6 3 2 94 0 2 99 100 101 102 Hartsville, Ind . Irvington, Ind . . La Fayette, Ind . Merom, Ind . Moore’s Hill, Ind. — Notre Dame, Ind . Richmond, Ind . Terre Haute, Ind - Ames, Iowa. . . College Springs, Iowa Davenport, Iowa - Decorab, Iowa . . Des Moines, Iowa Fairiield, Iowa . Fayette, Iowa . . Grinnell, Iowa, . . Hopkinton, Iowa - Indianola, Iowa . Iowa City, Iowa . . Mt. Pleasant, Iowa... Mt. Pleasant, Iowa... Mt. Vernon, Iowa — Oskaloosa, Iowa) . . Oskaloosa, Iowa . . Pella, Iowa . . Tabor, Iowa . . Toledo, Iowa . Atchison, Kans . Baldwin City, Kans . . Highland, Kans . . Lawrence, Kans . . Manhattan, Kans. . . . Ottawa, Kans . St. Mary’s, Kans . . Topeka, Kans . Bowling Green, Ky. . Danville, Ky . Farmdale, Ky . Georgetown, Ky . Lexington, Ky . Lexington, Ky Millersburgh, Ky Richmond, Ky.... Russellville, Ky . . St. Mary’s, Ky . . . Baton Rouge, La . Convent, La . Grand Coteau, La. Keatchie, La . New Orleans, La.. New Orleans, La.. New Orleans, La.. Hartsville College . Butler University . Purdue University . . Union Christian College . Moore’s Hill College . . University of Notre Dame . Earlham College . . Rose Polytechnic Institute . Iowa Agricultural College . Amity College . Griswold College . . Norwegian Luther College . Drake University . Parson’s College . Upper Iowa University . Iowa College . Lenox College . Simpson College . State University of Iowa . German College . Iowa Wesleyan University . Cornell College . Oskaloosa College . Penn College . Central University of Iowa . Tabor College . Western College . . St. Benedict’s College . Baker University . . . Highland University . . University of Kansas . Kansas State Agricultural College . . Ottawa University . St. Mary’s College . . Washburn College . Ogden College . . Centre College.. . . Kentucky Military Institute . . Georgetown College . . Agricultural and Mechanical College of Kentucky. Kentucky University . Kentucky Wesleyan College . Central University . . Bethel College . . St. Mary’s College . Louisiana State University and Ag¬ ricultural and Mechanical College. Jefferson College (St. Mary’s) . St. Charles’ College . . Keatchie College . College of the Immaculate Concep¬ tion. Straight University . a “Proficient in art.” 5 Includes 20 commercial diplomas and 3 certifi¬ cates for telegraphy. Four are “bachelor of scientific agriculture ' and 2 “master of domestio economy.” “Doctor veterinary medicine.” STATISTICS OF DEGREES CONFERRED, 579 colleges , and scientific schools, — Continued. Science. Philosophy. Art. Theol¬ ogy, Medicine. Law. Sc. 15. Sc. M. | f4 j *3 jj §* i © <5 © GO © © w a a o' CO u 3 | In course, B. Arch. w a <3 ?- « M © Q O © a Ph.B. Ph. D. j « GO a © CO © a O © 1 « O g o Q o o — J3 ©“ CO r © © a CO P 1 BO a I 6 © P3 7 o . 1 Q ►4 rl o 3 i © - © J j. a o © © 3 © o © © f © ^© 10 7 M 12 13 14 15 10 ir IS 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 ...1 26 ... 27 ! 28 29 30 31 32 1 I 6 2 8 629 1 5 7 «2 i 2 1 1 .... 5 .... 8 3 1 16 10 4 2 2 ... 4 c6 d6 e2 1 .... 3 2 3 7 .... 2 3 3 <71 A10 ... 1 12 1 12 o 6 2 2 3 1 7 .... .... ! 45 18 40 .... e4 ■ !--- 5 4 _ ... 1 1 1 — • 3 11 i m L ... 2 1 2 3 5 1;::: 1 2 ■ — .... ... 4 1 .... I" 1 .... .... ... I 12 .... 21 1 2 ::: |.... I*"" ... r;; 1 1 2 2 ... .... i 3 ! 3 ... .... ! ... ... i. .... i.... 1 i 1 -- ... j.... .... 2 | . 6 3 4 2 ... .... 3 1 | 25 i 3 2 i 2 2 ... 1 j.... 1 1 67 . . . . ! li 14 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 CO 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 80 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 e Graduates in theology. / “ Master of accounts.” 0 “Master of philosophy.” h Seven are diplomas for painting and 3 for music. i Includes the degrees for “bachelor of science.” j Includes 2 “mistress of English literature.’' 580 REPORT OF TIIE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 54. — Degrees conferred in I8d5-’do by uuivirsities , Location. Name. All classes. Letters. All decree.- r I A. B. A. M. . ! 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 1L0 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 Brunswick. Mo . I Lewiston , Mo . j Orono, Me . Waterville, Me . Annapolis, Md . Annapolis, Md . Baltimore. Md . Ellicott City. Md . Eminittsburgli, Md. IS' ew Windsor, Md. . Westminster, Md .. Amherst, Mass . Amherst, Mass . Boston, Mass....... Boston, Mass . . Cambridge. Mass - College Hill, Mass - Williamstown, Mass.. Worcester, Mass . . Adrian, Mich . . Agricultural College, Mich. Ann Arbor, Mich - Hillsdale, Mich . Holland, Mich . Kalamazoo, Mich .... Olivet, ;Mich . Collegeville, Minn.... Minneapolis, Minn . . . Horthfield, Minn .... Agricultural College, Miss. Clinton, Miss . Holly Springs, Miss. . Oxford, Miss . Bodney, Miss . Bolivar, Mo . Canton, Mo . Cape Girardeau, Mo Columbia, Mo . Edinburgh, Mo . Fayette. Mo . Fulton, Mo . Glasgow, Mo . Glasgow, Mo . Bowdoin College . Bates College . Maine State College of Agriculture and the Mechanical Arts. Colby University . St. John's College . . United States Haval Academy . Johns ilopkius University . St. Charles College . Mt. Sr. Mary's College . . Hew Windsor College and Windsor- Female College. Western Maryland College . Amherst College . Massachusetts Agricultural College. Boston University (College of Lib¬ eral .Arts). Massachusetts Institute of Tech¬ nology. Harvard College . Tufts College . Williams College ? . Worcester County Free Institute of Industrial Science. Adrian College . Michigan State Agricultural College. University of Michigan . Hillsdale College . Hope College . Kalamazoo College . Olivet College . St. John’s University . University of Minnesota . Carleton College . Agricultural and Mechanical College of tho State of Mississippi. Mississippi College . Bust University . University of Mississippi . Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College. Southwest Baptist College . Christian University . St. Vincent’s College . University of the State of Missouri.. Grand Biver College . Central College . Westminster College . Lewis College . Pritchett School Institute . 33 £4 18 36 9 cO 49 12 12 8 27 79 12 /66 59 /81 27 50 31 . 10 19 4 5 6 7 ; s I _ o 3 1 20 13 .... 0 .... 27 21 1 5 | 27 9 2 2 64 3 .... 1 2 0 ! 0 | 31 dV2 1 i 12 j i e5 1 .... 2 .... 1 3 14 12 1 7 73 o 1 . 0 2 .... 14 2 1 7 i 52 27 4 0 ' 2 i 1 2 4 5 50 4 1 7 4 2 0 6 .... 8 2 1 6 6 1 30 o 6 6 o 3 0 1 4 1 2 o 9 o 1 3 1 o 1 1 3 o 1 0 .... 3 1 4 2 to 1 3 pi 1 2 a Graduates in theology. b “Proficient.” c Twenty-five “ certificates of proficiency” and 39 “certificates of graduation.” d Certificates of honor. e “Mistress of polite literature.” /Degrees not all reported. pD M. D. (doctor of dental medicine). li Four are A. M. B. (bachelor of mechanic arts), and 1 A. M. M. (master of mechanic arts), i Includes 2 in “biology,” 3 in “chemistry,” andl in “mechanical engineering.” Honorary STATISTICS OF DEGREES CONFERRED. 581 colleges, and scientific schools, $'C. — Continued. Science. Philosophy. Art. j Tlicol- 1 ogy. Medicine. Law. ! Sc. B. Sc. M. w w Th. B.I Th. D. 1 1 | In coarse. S-* c X 3 p >> « © a o H p4 d p © f. u § tt <\ P o cc p c V a 3 P o co © © p P^ © Q 3 o o | In course, C. & M. E H Q © o u a X o s M O C O H. © 3 o a a 1 >. 2 o PI o H J In course, Mus. B. 6 o P l P O P o C3 j Q © ta o a Q © a o w | In course, M. D. i CO p Q © o © a j In course, Ph G. j In course, LL. B. | Honorary, LL. D. 10 11 12 13 14 15 1C 17 - to 20 21 23 24 25 26 1 27 28 1 29 i 30 31 32 | i 2 a 6 3 1 ... 11 3 1 1 1 1 1 ... 1 17 .... 1 .... 1 .... 1 1 1 6 1 3 O 12 18 48 59 .... L 4 66 h5 6 i 1 3 31 I — 1 1 i L... | 1 5 1 1 14 5 2 i 1 _ <13 10 2 ! 6 3 ..... i 100 29 116 2 8 4 2 .... 10 .13 2 2 1 1 1 2 7;1 1'** 1 I .... 6 2 i ** 2 | _ 19 .... j 1 1 i 1 ...j... 1 |... 1 ... 1 4 o ... j 7 2 J 3 _ 3 1 ...j.... j 1 7 no .... al 1... . . to22 1 nS ol .... 1 ....j.... .... ; 1 1 ; ... 4 | . ... _ _ ....I..... 4 .. 1 1 ... i 1 1 i 1 1— * 1:::: 1 j Includes 1 “art diploma.’’ k “ Master of philosophy.” I Commercial diplomas. * to Two are “ bachelors of pedagogics ” and 20 are principals of pedagogics. ” n Four are “surveyors.” o “Bachelor of agricultural science. p “ Master of English literature.” <7 “ Bachelor of literature.” 103 104 105 10G 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 334 135 186 337 338 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 582 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 54. — Degrees conferred in 1885-8(5 by universities , ! Location. Name. All classes.. | Letters. I All de igrees. A. B. A. M. | 0$ u o Q 3 Honorary. pq •4 0 x u 5 0 a ® In course. ** | Honorary. OB | In course. 1 O H 9 1 9 3 4 5 6 0 6 1 4 2 4 15 2 5 3 32 0 5 5 3 1 8 1 b‘2 cl 10 di 2 .... 1 9 0 7 25 0 5 5 "i" .... 98 15 7 48 1 -- 1 8 Hoboken N. J . 33 Newark, N. J . . . St. Benedict’s College . . . 6 6 . New Brunswick, N. J. Rutgers College . 44 2 .... n 18 :::: Princeton, N. J. . . . College of New Jersey . . 177 6 . . 1 . 96 62 4 Allegany, N. T . St. Bonaventure’s College . 3 !!.! 3 ... 1 Annandale, N. Y _ St. Stephen’s College . . 15 *■“4’ 12 3 1 Aurora, U". Y. ......... P.l 1 ^ ( y nl 1 P, erf} __ _ 2 0 2 Buffalo, N.T. . Ca.nisins Collece _ _ _ 7 7 Canton, N. Y . . St. Lawrence University.. . 23 3 4 3 1 Clinton, N. Y . . Hamilton College . 58 6 41 17 2 Geneva, N. Y . Hobart College . 10 8 3 1 Hamilton, N. Y . Madison University . . . . 37 5 • - 11 I 2 Ithaca, N. Y . . Cornell University . . 89 2 "j'i’l ~7 1 ! Le Boy N. Y .... Tncrham University _ _ 3 2 New York, N. Y _ College of St. Francis Xavier . 20 3 15 5 New York, N. Y . College of the City of New York .... 44 18 3 New York, N. Y . Columbia College . . . 332 1 63 18 New York, N. Y . Manhattan College . 17 3 15 3 New York, N. Y . University of the City of New York. 259 7 2s 2 Poughkeepsie, N. Y. . . Yassar College . . . 34 31 3 Rochester, N. Y . University of Rochester . 33 3 22 7 Schenectady, N. Y - Union College . 111 6 .... 15 Suspension Bridge, Niagara University . 25 7 2 N. Y. Syracuse, N. Y . Syracuse University . 82 4 28 14 West Point, N. Y . United States Military Academy .... V Chapel Hill, N. C . University of North Carolina . . 27 8 17 u Mt. Pleasant, N. C _ North Carolina College . . 2 1 Raleigh, N. C . Shaw University . . 6 Wake Forest, N. C _ Wake Forest College . . . 14 6 G Akron Ohio _ Rncht.el College . . . 15 4 Athens, Ohio . - . Ohio U niversity . . . 5 7 1 2 Berea, Ohio . Baldwin University . 6 i 1 Berea, Ohio . . German Wallace College . . 11 0 5 Brooklyn Y illage, Ohio. Calvin College _ 3 3 Cincinnati, Ohio ...... St. Xavier College . 12 0 11 1 Cincinnati, Ohio _ _ University of Cincinnati. . . . 12 0 i 7 Cleveland, Ohio . Adelbert College of Western Reserve 66 1 14 6 1 University. Cleveland Ohio _ Case School of Applied Science . 4 College Hill, Ohio . Belmont College . . . 6 ....j Columbus, Ohio . Capital University . 8 8 ....) Columbus, Ohio . Ohio State University _ _ 18 0 6 Delaware, Ohio . Ohio Weslevan University _ 50 10 34 '"■j ! Gambier, Ohio . Ken von College . 14 12 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 184 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 a “ Bachelor of engineering.” 6 One “mistress of the liberal arts ’’and 1 “mis¬ tress of music ” c “Master of accounts.” d Normal diplomas. e Graduates in theology. / “ Mechanical engineer.” g Includes 1 “doctor of science.’ h Includes 1 “ L. H. D.” i These are “ S. T. D. ” STATISTICS OF DEGREES CONFERRED. 583 colleges , and scientific schools , $c. — Continued. Science. Philosophy. Art. j Thool- ' ogy- i Medicine. Law. Sc. B. Sc M. p4 w ! Ph.B. * Ph. D. © w 5 c © p b Ct c J © X © rz C d <3 d © 3 o © < in <8 m © flQ © © | In course, B. Arch. | In course, C. & M. E. © C C O M . © X U © © P >a © © CO © © © h 3 s- © ■ OC © X © © 1 © ! 3 V * >. ri ft © 00 © >a s © © X ! w |l O 6 © X © © 5 © •-I ! 1 © 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 ir IS 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 2S 29 30 31 32 J 1 l““| l 1 1 146 ... :::: 2 _ 147 4 3 1 .... ' i j 148 a8 :::: 1 .... 18 ...J 149 1 2 150 1 I 1 .... 151 2 e2 152 ... ! 1 153 2 154 2j 12 j 155 20 ... 5 2 i 18 .... .... 3 156 f33 157 ..-1. .... | 158 10 4 1 i | .. . 1 159 8 03 8 .... 1 ] 160 .... 161 1 1 2 1 162 .... 163 . !.... 164 13 1 3 ! ... _ 2 ' 165 i 2 A2 166 7 1 io 1 | 167 3 13 o ! 168 fc43 3 10 8 12 1 ... 2 j 169 1 170 .... 3 171 20 3 i ... :::: 172 8 fflU 12 11 .... ..... 97 109 1 173 2 .... 174 28 4 .... ' 4 173 26 1 175 ... 176 4 1 3 177 9 1 1 -- 40 10 30 2 178 elO 1 3 6 179 1 1 2 5 :?ii3 3 11 i 180 181 3 1 7 1 1 4 4 182 l 1 183 .... 6 184 2 1 . 185 7 4 186 1 .... 3 I 3 1 2 187 .... 4 . . . . 1 183 3 e3 189 .... 190 ... :::: 191 3 i i |.... 192 2 45 i . . . . 193 6 .... 194 6 195 196 2 3 ?5 i 1 197 6 198 ].... i.... .... l 2 1 .... 199 j “ Bachelor of literature.” o Includes 1 “master of painting” and 5 “bach. k Includes 2 “ doctors of science.” elors of painting.” I Includes 1 “master of mechanical engineering.” p Seventy-seven awarded diplomas, graduates of m “Engineer of mines.” United States Military Academy. 7i Four are “masters of philosophy.” q Includes 4 “ engineers of mines.” 58'4 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 54. — Degrees conferred in 1885-88 by universities, Location. Name. \ All classes. Letters. All degrees. P P O rJl *4 P o o fl A. B. A. M. In course. Honorary. In course. CS U o a w In course. S || 1 % 3 4 5 G l_ 7 8 9 200 11 1 1 6 201 4 4 202 ...... 5 203 19 10 204 4 205 3 206 09 26 36 207 2 2 208 6 209 15 12 1 210 2 1 1 211 11 3 8 212 7 213 1 | . 1 214 Wooster, Ohio . j University of Wooster. _ _ 82 6 20 33 1 215 Yellow Springs, Ohio. j Antioch Onlle.cre . . . . . 5 216 E ugene City, Oreg Universitv of Greco:: . . . 2 ...... 217 Forest Grove, Oreg _ Pacific University and Tualatin 3 2 Academy 218 McMinnville, Oreg. . . . McMinnville College _ _ 0 2 219 Salem Orpp' _ W illamette University 220 Allegheny City, Pa... Western University of Philadelphia. 14 1 .... 2 5 .... 221 Allentown, Pa . Muhlenberg College . . . . 30 1 16 14 222 Annville, Pa . . . Lebanon Yallev College _ _ _ 4 1 1 3 223 Beatty, Pa . . . St. Vincent’s College. ............ _ 41 0 65 clo 224 Beaver Palls, Pa ...... Geneva College _ _ _ 16 2 8 225 Easton, Pa . Lafayette College . . . . I 72 8 28 25 2 226 Preeland, Pa. (Col- Ursinns College _ _ 12 3 1 logeville P. O.). 227 Gettysburg]!., Pa . Pennsvlvania Collocre _ _ 45 7 21 20 2 228 Greenville, Pa . Thiel t)olle © © © © CO © P d d t*' o = w 1 © 00 Q 3 c d s. © CO 3 Eh rt c G © 0 © 5 >> o 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 IS 20 21 u; ! 23 24 35 26 27 28 30 32 4 r 1 1 .... .. .... | 1 1 ? ... 6 .... .... 7 .... 1 3 1 1 .... _ 2 1 "■* 2 1 8 .... al5 L 6 . 4 1 ... .... ... ... ! 2 1 1 .... .... .... j i 1 7 2 2 "5‘ 1 — 1 <221 8 1 i i 5 3 2 3 2 ! 5 .... 2 5 ... 3 ....j 5 3 1 10 4 .... — 1 j 1 i 1 2 *i* 3 3 8 2 i .... i ! . . - .1 :::: 1 i l .... 175 _ 1 .... ! ... 2 1 1 2 1 4 .... 37 7t4 .. . i i i . i .... 1 /Six are “mechanical engineers” and 4 “engineers h Inclndes 1 honorary degree of “C. E.” of mines.” i One is an honorary degree. g “Commercial diplomas.” 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 21C 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 228 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 243 249 250 251 u c 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 54. — Degrees conferred in 1865-66 ly universities , All classes. I Letters. Location. Name. All degrees, j " I A. B. A. M. ! 3 Lebanon, Tenn . McKenzie, Tenn . Maryville, Tenn . Memphis, Tenn . Mossy Creek, Tenn... Nashville, Tenn . Nashville, Tenn . Nashville, Tenn . Sewanee, Tenn . Austin, Tex . Georgetown, Tex . Salt Lake City, TJtah. . Burlington, Vt . Northfield, Yt . Ashland, Ya . Hampden Sidney Col¬ lege, Va. Lexington, Ya . . Lexington, Ya . New Market, Ya . .Richmond, Ya . Salem, Ya . University of V i r - ginia, V a. W alia Walla, Wash . . ! Morgantown, W. Ya . . Appleton, Wis . Beloit, Wis . . Galesville, Wis . Madison, Wis . Madison, Wis . Racine, Wis . Ripon, Wis . Watertown, Wis . Cumberland University . Bethel College . . . Maryville College . Christian Brothers’ College . . Carson College . . Central Tennessee College . . Roger Williams University . . Yanderbilt University . University of the South . University of Texas . . Southwestern University . University of Desaret . University of Vermont and Stat6 Agricultural College. Norwich University . Randolph Macon College . Hampden Sidney College . Virginia Military Institute . Washington and Lee University - New Market Polytechnic Institute .. Richmond College . Roanoke College . University of Virginia . Whitman College . West Virginia University. Lawrence University . Beloit College . Galesville University . Milton College . University of Wisconsin . . Racine College . Ripon College . Northwestern University.. 51 19 6 9 0 18 8 172 6 28 12 12 90 6 7 & 9 13 19 I 17 2 16 a I 18 64 5 ! 3 a “Bachelor of accounts.” 6 Two are “masters of accounts.” c Graduates in theology. d ‘ ‘ Bachelor of engineering.” e One is an honorary degree. /One is a “D. C. L.” (doctor of civil law). <7 “Bachelor of literature.” STATISTICS OF DEGREES CONFERRED, 5K7 colleges, and scientific schools, ific. — Continued. Science. Philosophy. ! Art. 1 Theol¬ ogy- Medicine. I Law. Sc. B. Sc. M. L d 3 a d a © 03 s o o 14 © to « ©~ OQ O © © d 15 3 a S a © 02 © d 1(5 © < a ® 02 d © d 17 H d d o « d IS w p o' © © 19 Ph. B. Ph. D. •P © 02 0 © © d 24 © o p 2 1 >> 5 © d 25 ri o r. © © d 2(5 p p & o o 27 P © 02 © © 2S P P ©~ 02 © © d 29 6 ©* DQ © 30 a a a © CQ © © | d 31 P a a £ H c3 U O a 3 a 32 © 00 0 c © a 10 © © a li © ■j. M 0 o © d 12 cS © o d © 13 © 00 © © d 20 >5 © d a 21 © t- © © d 33 _ | 1 1 ^ 1 a 23 1 “1 19 1 | 27 1 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 5 .... 1 ! .. 1 ... .... [:::: cl 10 1 ; 4 .... 2 "T d5 1 c4 c2 90 I e39 15 'ii* /2 2 1 24 1 3 &12 2 ...i 8 7 ...1 52 1 8 ! .... 1 1 £19 i 2 3 9 3 ... 4 1 6 1 2 17 28 2 i .. i "" 3 4 .... 1 I 1 2 ! 4 .... 2 1 1 2 13 2 6 2 r 3 M 2 £4 .... . . ....1 “f- 38 i i 1 ml 1 .... 1 1 YT'" h Ten are normal graduates. i Graduates of Va. Military Institute, j Includes 2 “M. L.” (masters of letters) I- Includes 2 honorary degrees of “C. E.’ I ‘ ‘ Bachelor of mechanical engineering. m These aro S. T. D. 588 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. STATISTICS OF DEGREES CONFERRED. 589 590 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 56. -Degrees conferred in 1865-86 bg professional schools not connected with uni¬ versities and colleges. [The following are the explanations of abbreviations used in this table: D. B., Bachelor of Divinity; D. D., Doctor of Divinity; M. D., Doctor of Medicine; D. D. S , Doctor of Dental Surgery ; Ph. 98 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. 1 1 a ■ 1 By contribution. State appropriation. Farm, donations, tuition, &c. Benefactors. Mostly by Government aid. By United States Government. United States Government pays $150 per year for each pupil ; American Mission¬ ary Association pays the teachers. Voluntary subscriptions. By voluntary contributions. Private donations, bequests, and contribu¬ tions. Industry of pupils and charitable contribu¬ tions." Public and privato charity. City appropriation and voluntary contribu¬ tions. Appropriation Trinity Parish. Friends of United Hebrew Charities. Voluntary contributions. Superintendent. * Mrs. Nancy Andrews . R. W. Jones . Jephthali Hobbs . Sisters of Mercy . Rev. L. Van Gorp, s. J . norace R. Chase . Elliot Whipple . Margaret J. McElroy, treasurer . Miss Battey, matron . Miss Mary E. Whittelsoy . Sister Maria Louise . "William F. Barnard . Mrs. C. C. North, president . Miss M. P. Darby . Eliza Woodle, principal . Miss Anna W. Kirkwood, principal . •'}U3IIlt[Sr[qT:jS9 JO M 1878 1885 1882 1856 1864 1884 1885 1857 1854 1854 1858 1850 1834 1870 1880 • 1852 « Industrial School for Girls of the Lansing Industrial Aid Soceity. Mississippi Industrial Institute and Col¬ lege. The Southern Christian Institute of Mis¬ sissippi. Industrial School, St. Joseph’s Convent - St. Ignatius Mission School . Genoa Indian Training School . Pomona Indian Industrial department or University of New Mexico. Industrial Schools (Children’s Friend So¬ ciety). Brooklyn In dustiial School Association and Homo for Destitute Children. Eastern District Industrial School . St. Paul’s Industrial School . Five Points House of Industry . Industrial Schools (12) of the American Female Guardian Society. Industrial School of St. Augustine’s Chapol. Industrial School of the United Hebrew Charities. Wilson Industrial School for Girls (and Mis¬ sion). Post-office address. iN mill! 1 1 1 fifj 1 1 1 Sic 1 1 1 Santa F6, N. Mex . , Albany, N. Y. (148 N. Pearl street). Brooklyn, N. Y. (Sterling Place, bet. Flatbush and Vanderbilt avos.). Brooklyn, N. Y . Brooklyn, N.Y. (Congress and Clinton streets). New York, N. Y. (155 Worth street). Now York, N. Y. (29 East 29th streot). New York, N. Y. (105, 107, 109 East Houston st.). Now York, N. Y. (58 St. Mark’s Placo). New York, N. Y. (125 St. Mark’s Place). S3 a 3 8 £83 3 £ 3 8 3 3 S £ § STATISTICS OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING. 599 Taklk .'8. — Sr a! in lies of schools giving industrial training in various forms for 1885-86, « C3^.2 ► n .. S •£ ti - O K f^fe © ^ < aj a a a> a •r « 3 ‘3 .T 0.0,3 M KP4 c S ►u t£« Is a tc s.a sa gs fiPn t2 to p q Ba II to* '5 ® |Svf ~gi 0-9 2 11- 2 a 3 » ~ ja © biw a Ilf • 1 1 to 5 173 .2 • 7 « jjjJO to . tfl g o.2 6 fejd 3 a m ® 2 t ^ o g | g t5 'g a § S at 1-2 o,tc£ 2 2 a . ’oj 3 M a a a “OS s s ~ c .S3 Ma £-2 a o .T’-B.g - P S > L- P © ” ►'/?•© Hm rj (4 tba a-” P r *?S3 'oca a 23 © S ^rjH -Srt © q txa ® .2 to a §g| W M M 05 3 « to a a^S.S a g*I|“ cC ofe ® bI3 V D £2§| ^ j u a -2 3 w § hnS-3 a -■* © a 13 3 - ^“2 C3 3 a ^ C 2 S, to „E. £ -.2 G ^ tfS.2 © . w." .go « . s? l|!| ,5-3 0- °^'S £ tx<- a a a S « g ~ *7 ® Kg ^ “-Sag .23^© 2 S,® a -'*’•© a ^ l-.2 e 3 a 3 2 a tt?.S© Js = S o3^1”to^S ^ S-Sn 5 tt-a to a to > a « Kr, 2 § to ■^“||.2 © o o or to o a toowaJ§ •£ 0-5 tog 5-333 - _ ^ ^ o "K ■g "la i‘3 dS “ I W cc *r< - ^ a l wa -f-i M)MTT bl 20 bi| §.23 f.2 Q a S 3 £ CC S ^ c ©r O CO ‘O T-1 05 tr- 1,000 50 250 1, 500 2, 000 0 0 0 350 400 400 1,000 3,500 343 O O O O CO CM 781 400 o o \ ! ! CO CO t> CO ID ^ 435 66 . O ■ 00 O o CO 0 50 130 143 0 rh CM o o »o o . O CM O O • CM CO • «184 166 185 521 5, 500 615 200 99 QL 00 t'- °§ CM O O CO o O CQ 50 O ^ CM CO i-t CM CD CM O ID i— 1 70 59 185 209 3, 500 615 200 230 0) 75 O Cl CD ^ CM !> o o 00 o r— i CM o o o • o iO • CD • rH rH ID CO C5 CO 114 107 0 312 2, 050 CO CD CD CD CM CD CO ^ CD CM »D O o CO ^ lO tr* 7®? iO lO iA cA ; os 3 a «2*-l to.2 w w a ^ '-sM IS^SJ •3 . © — ^3 2 s © .a * — «2 0 3" ” 02 03 9 m o a 43 ©S3 S^5 o o 3 © 1 S 3 a: r -— "' © o = ©.a~ ~ £1^2 Rk-m o C3 *3 ® — - •« Ort *'— b ^ a,— 5»S 2 ® 5 3 02 s-5 a j © Oh S © fc’ o.S M » ° © >5M -■- 3.“ 5 « CC S ^ s £co «; ■ 02 P t> <1 illl S“j” a ©-2. >s 3 .s 3=S^^ 'g -2^ m-70 • =3 Cmm _ — rt a a 3 a ■g’o §5(2 © gW n ho3 a o-Br- ^ o-a o ®3J 3 © t.02 3 © .S’a ©’a ^5 2 5 cc S © © a © a >rr f&rs S5 5 3 w -a -- 02 . 3 ® r-j — © P ^ M cc rf O 6h ^ a°fe s ° © la 13 -3 2 5 o o5 — ^ PS .2 2 a ^ | .a w 's o— Jr «m M © 'o ^ — - 2 © © 3-3 -3 © •r © © a5 503 in © 'P -3.M ’ w ^ 5 © .2 | ‘|.2 1M 0-2 O r-K O Z/l ^ O 14 15 $<3 CO I 3|i -3 ©“5 5 !s5ll ©5 a © a S-g-EOOH ^ = 2 y-a © s-9-3 © -2 a a^ce 15131 ^tcicaO CM CM CM CM CM CO aTho number in tbo Horae ; there are five industrial schools cared for by the association, each numbering over 100 pupils. Table 59. — Statistics of manual-training schools for 1885-86; from replies to inquiries hy the United States Bureau of Education — Part I. 602 REPORT OP TEE COMMISSIONER OP EDUCATION. ®.S< d ^ is -gft IS £ >1 a+? Sfl a 5 £ t» os rd H a « P3ft ft ft M H c3 a ^ ® oH ft fl-3 a & -g'0 *5 fc £ o d <1 O gW 3ft £3 ® c3 ft « y p-x ©r-r &! xoT! . c5 HlO ad •^aomqexxq'B^so jo 1^9^ 1X5 CO to in ta- gft o o ■g® CO bo .ss a a a § S’ cs ft Ho fcJO « I 1 g a H^g £ ° g’g.§ a ® -+J S M 3 H J CO o £°ft .5 © a«2 '3 m si is aH :t> >/© H_; ft o' c« o aft a o- «cc K-=„-sa-Sl H £ go Mg'S § 'sigJUs.sJs 5 a § o'g'S g£ Sp-apn ®0® g 3 3 £ 6m 00 0 P j fid .5^; . 1 ■£^.5 ®4 lii-s ^0 ? - aft ■: §S ■ •a ® :•§* ■BH O

O © O OH ft a rfS ■Sh ftH 0 Table 59. — Statistics of manual-training schools for 1835-86, <$‘c. — Part II. STAT 1 •*s & to 3 8 •s 1 I ST I CS op MANUAL TRAINING. 1 I I 11 * Z r S's 5 “ •*. a-. ° g M -5 = .5 tI2 III I 1 If ; 111 1 1 4 A ! ■op's 5 « fl“. S SI! 1 » 2 |! ; 111 *$ 1 I ll fa & ! ill If II 1! if i III 11 1 1 M !|i 1 111 s?§ 1 1 II III | 111 11 1| 11 III I !* £ o o a 1 ■axn^iprodxa; ! 1 : » • «• 1 CD l i ; ! OC | j V s 5 •amooni ; i : s 1 ci" l i : l 00 j j V i 1 s •-trBjqxx nt saumxo^ 95 : § 1 sill : r-r 1 «3 W © *2 2 if j. - ! 9 m ! 1 § 1 3 : fl .a to 3 SO 2 2 fc£ c : .S .5 p. * a H ,2 E ! MclM i .1 i 5§g ®-a^5 3.S a^-3 g :-i.lsr| §=■£ = ? St 5 r^rr^s ri * ! ; ! j I! ij in ’ijs ipa ^ NW -^l3!Sl>COOOrH?« M TT 604 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. II.— TRAINING IN ART. The tabulated statistics here presented (pp. 605-606) by no means include all the in¬ corporated or prominent schools in the country. The Hartford School, the Chicago Academy of Design, the Manchester (N. H.) Art Association, the 'Free School of De¬ sign of the Brooklyn Art Association, the School of Design of the University of Cincin¬ nati, the Women’s Art Museum Association of Cincinnati, and the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts have furnished no recent information. The general and special features of industrial and fine art instruction in this country are so fully treated in the Special Report on Art and Industry, partly published and partly in course of preparation in this Office, that no attempt at discussion of facts or Theories will be attempted in this volume. Table GO. — Statistics of art instruction for 1885-80; from replies tojvquiries b\j the United States Bureau of Education. STATISTICS OF ART INSTRUCTION. G05 Branches taught. • 1 ill ill if i m lit i g #5! 1 ijifijf 1 i pt|| a s 5 fer J - =« 1 fill l|l d 1 ^S8|| 1 III “Ms i « |sl||i i ill 1111 . l i 1 Cfi f stiijH 1 ; L Will f if Sibils if *i M3! i. 5if4!!|ilK fl II i|fl!i iiiiiislis ii 4 \%m liuZHs'-.m ■§! »f Su§§fJ IWPIPW P» teti r to £ bt || o.2 o | l! is is •S3 l|& 3 - Stf SIS § 1 9 II 111 I ill g Hi Mb 3s, E.go s-itSttg Es C -fl a Hjlf f|l|I •g ° fl a tco | 2 « ® £ g 2 3.Bg ;r V o n mi liji-i in in lllfSo lalfl III Ill 11 !l| S fl m h P, - <3 •gpdnd jo joqrunx 15 sl-i § § s s §8 1 i - nr •ejojotujsui jo joqran^i; ’1 e-IOiH; 03 o • oo ! : g> Name of director. Ms! SJ |jl U I i fill j i |1 ! £ | 1 %ll * i a is 2 im i sj 1 l i * ? 1 \ 1 i i | Hi 1 i I III i £ g M ii 1 i III ! sal s £&= f (k K 3 P4 e s I s 1 CM o © i yA California School of Design . School of tho Fine Arts, Yale Univor- sity. School of Architecture, University of Illinois. School of Art and Design, University of Illinois. Decorative Art Society . Maryland Institute for tho Promotion of ’ Mechanic Arts. Lowell Free School of Practical De¬ sign, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Course in Architecture, Massachu¬ setts Institute of Technology. Museum of Fine Arts . 1 i i S| i 1 Ii A «w'c ^ c S 1 li University of Michigan, Department of Science and Art. St. Louis School of Fine Arts, Wash¬ ington Univorsity. The Ladies’ Art Association . Cornell Univorsity, courso in archi¬ tecture and industrial ait. Cooper Union Night Schools of Sci¬ ence and Art. nts mentioned in other parts of tho uni 1 1 ? 1 tk l ! Ill I| 1 II a iff 2 ! I : ! jiii jfj ! j j. ill 11 Jj i } S ;!*» 1 1 U i ii 1 fl I II i ; g ; o | i i If! 1 | i islJtl s jgtiii |-g -2 &§* %Z n i m ti A S I S &* Statistics of art instruction for 1885-86, ifc. — Continued. 606 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. MILITARY TRAINING. 607 III.— MILITARY TRAINING. Heretofore the schools and colleges which make military education their chief ob¬ ject, or a very prominent part of tlieir instruction and discipline, have been dispersed through several tables in the reports of this Office. Here, however, they have been brought together in Table 61, page 609. While many of the colleges, and even secondary schools, of this country are offering optional courses and studies to their pupils, the purpose and theory of these schools lead them to preserve with singular tenacity the rigid discipline and severer studies which have been found most efficient in producing the consummate soldier, the highly trained man who combines self-reliance with obedience, energy with self-restraint. The principles underlying this system are so well stated by a superintendent of one of these schools that the following paragraphs from his remarks are quoted:* 1 “The system of government in this institution happily conspires to help ypu in this work, not by diminishing your responsibility but by defining and enforcing it; and this makes it necessary that I should enter into some explanation of the main features which characterize its peculiar government. “ In the views here taken of the office of a public school it is maintained that, in the general principle of its government, to be effective it must b e parental. * h * “ The security which a young man enjoys at home results, m a great degree, from the fact that his parents control his liberty by exercising their own judgment over his entire conduct. They keep supervision over his dress, his associations, his amuse¬ ments. bis indulgences, his studies, and his duties. “The school, to be parental, must exercise a like control, and the young man at school needs it the more because of the danger resulting from the waywardness and want of judgment which characterizes him at this age. “Again, the authority of the parent is not only thorough, but it is absolute; and the authority of the school, which takes the place of the parental, must be absolute also. “It is enough for a child at homo to know what a parent commands, and it should be enough for the young man at school to know the law which governs it, to decide at once his compliance with it. * * * “ His course of study is marked out to him, and is not left to his own caprice or un¬ matured judgment. His hours of study and of recreation and of sleep are prescribed for him with due regard to health. His food and raiment, his personal order as well as deportment, are made the subjects of specific direction and control. * * * “And this government is not only thorough, it is absolute. AH military government must be. Indeed, we can form no idea of any well-regulated government for the young that is not or ought not to be absolute. The principle of subordination, com¬ mencing in the domestic circle, should exist until the young man has acquired the age, experience, and wisdom to take care of himself; and then he goes into the world the better fitted to make a good citizen, from the very fact that he has been taught the duty of obedience. “ But while the authority is absolute it is not arbitrary. It is based upon long ex¬ perience. There is not a regulation in this institution that has not been the result of a necessity; founded upon this experience, and therefore essential for the purposes which render government in a school necessary at all.” OTHER MILITARY INSTRUCTION. In addition to the schools and colleges mentioned in the table, the United States Artillery School at Fort Monroe, Va., the Infantry and Cavalry School at Fort Leav¬ enworth, Kans., and the Naval War College at Newport, R. I., also afford practical training in several important branches of the military art. They have been organized by the War and Navy Departments for the professional advancement of the officers in the two services, and are supported by appropriations expended under the direction of the Departments to which they are attached. The oldest of these enterprises is the Artillery School at Fort Monroe. It was established late in 1867 or early in 1868, 2 for the practical instruction of artillery subaltern officers and selected enlisted men in “the construction and service of all kinds of artillery and artiUery material, and in gunnery and mathematics as applied in the artillery service.” The course also comprehended lectures upon “the organ¬ ization, use, and application of artillery; the duties of artillery troops in campaigns and sieges; the construction of guns, carriages, and other material, and upon military law and military history.” This course occupied a year, and was continued without material change until 1875, when it was extended somewhat and the time lengthened to two years.3 - Col. Francis H. Smith, LL. I)., in “ The Inner Life of the Va. Mil. Inst. Cadet.” Address to the corps Sept. 10, 1866. 1 By Gi. O. 99, A. G-. O., War Dept.. Nov. 13, 1867. G08 REPOET OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. So satisfactory were the results of this Artillery School that in 1831 a similar school of application for the infantry and cavalry arms was ordered to he established at Fort Leavenworth, Kans.,1 2 and was formally announced as open in January, 18S2.3 The fifty subaltern officers composing the earliest students were examined as to their previous acquirements, and divided into two classes; of these the lower class reviewed geometry and trigonometry, general and American history, &c., while the upper class devoted itself to a thorough study of signals, field fortifications, field manoeuvres and operations, military and international law, &c., with practical in¬ struction in surveying and reconnoitring by means of itineraries and field-notes. The instruction in these schools is obviously of special value to such officers as may not be graduates of West Point, and these are always detailed for it in advance of other officers.3 Certificates are issued to all officers who complete the course satis¬ factorily. A board of three officers, designated by the commanding general of the Army, attends the final examinations of each outgoing class, certifies to the Secretary, of War the individual standing of officers who have taken the course of instruction, and makes suitable recommendations upon matters requiring his action or attention.4 It should be added that the Artillery School at Fort Mouroe confined its training mainly to the use of heavy guns. An appropriation will be requested from Congress during the present year for the establishment of a school for light artillery and cav¬ alry, to be situated, preferably, at Fort Riley, Ivans'. The Naval War College at Newport, R. I., arose from an order of the Secretary of the Navy, dated May 3, lb84, which directed a board of naval officers, designated thereby, "to report upon the whole subject of a post-graduate course of instruction for officers of the Navy. In compliance with the recommendation of the board, a gen¬ eral order of the Secretary of the Navy, dated October 6, 1884, formally established the school. The scheme of instruction, as recommended by the board, comprehended the fol¬ lowing subjects: A : The science and art of war, viz : 1, strategy and tactics ; 2, military campaigns ; 3, joint military and naval opera¬ tions from the military point of view; 4, management of seamen in military opera¬ tions ; 5, elements of fortifications and intrenchments ; these to be taught by an officer of the Army; also, 6, naval strategy and tactics; 7, naval campaigns; and 8, joint military and naval operations from the naval standpoint. B : Law and history, viz : 1, international law; 2, treaties of the United States; 3, rules of evidence; 4, gen¬ eral naval history ; and 5, modem political history. The first session of the college opened September 3 and closed September 30, 1885. This was very much less than had been anticipated or provided for, but circumstances made such a course unavoidable. The lectures given were confined to marine interna¬ tional law, military science, and the art of naval warfare. But the interest excited and the results attained, even at the very beginning, have manifested the wisdom of establishing the college.5 1 G. O. Ho. 42, A. G. O., May 7, 1834. 3 G-. O. Ho. 86. A. G. O., Aug. 4, 1884. 2 G. O. Ho. 8, A. G. 0., Jan.' 20. 1882. 4 G. O. Ho. 125, A. G. 0., Dec. 28, 1885. 5 Report of the Secretary of the Navy, 1885, and accompanying papers. Table G ! . — Statistic* > of colleges and schools of military instruction for 1885-86; from replies to inquiries by the United Stales Bureau of Education. STATISTICS OF MILITARY TRAINING. Property, income, &c. •uontridoad -du o"n]y iuoi| jboA' ^stq oqx aoj sxdioooji ft ! ** OO • IO ! S : Ss 5£x : 1 30, 000 •booj norjiuj mo.tj jetq'oqj joj Bjdpoojp 2 © © • 0 I ! 1 0* ! ! 000 ‘8 •snjiMnd -do ptre ‘s3nip|mq ‘epanojii jo $125,000 955, 214 100, 000 100,000 ! Libraries. \f jxuqtj Ajapos ur 89tan[0A jo jaqnuivj; 1,200 0 * ° i . © 1 \CjBjqt[ oSajpa nr eornnpA jo .uqtatix « I " ! 5, 000 26, 8G1 900 30, 827 © © © © I CO © 1 cf •aorjrtr} joj jnep -ti}8 qoBO 04 «Saeqo pmuay * 0 0 ® ■ § ! C4 id S; S ■ *3 •Apnje 40 osjnoo m eieaX '40 .xoqmn^ 4 4 4 4 4 4 •sdrqsitqoqos 0014 jo joqransj O ° 1 j CM •sdrqs -JBxoqos 94U4S jo .loqamjj z © © | * OO © © 10 -2 | § e m MB9X qjmoj 00 • 1-0 CO in 0 I l~« OS ■ CO r-H O CM 1 •JB9A pjrqx » 0 ^ -*« 0 1 : mo • rH »— 1 CO © j cm 0 • -m co f~* ^ •je9.£ jsjtj fr* ! . 1 © 0 • ^ m co © CO 00 . (M CO CM to •P^ox *>5 0 — ' co ^ 0 co r- © m © © © © co — 1 CM CO T-» T-4 rH ■eiojorujsar jo jaqumx * i 7 59 8 50 13 7 14 •no^ezruuSjo jo ojea 1845 1845 1877 1802 1862 1842 1839 President. i " It. D. Allen . William T. Sampson, com¬ mander U. S. N., superin¬ tendent. Col. J. Sumner Roger’s, su¬ perintendent. Wesley Merritt, colonel Fifth Cavalry, brevot- major- general II. S. A., superintendent. Col. Theodore Hyatt, A. m . . . Gen. George P. Johnston, superintendent. Francis H. Smith . © 1 & *> Kontuclry Military Insti¬ tute. United States Naval Acad¬ emy, a Michigan Military Academy. United Sta tea Military Acad¬ emy. c Academy. The South Carolina Military Academy. Virginia Military Institute . Post-office address. M £ * w S £ 1 I. 5 © ; ® to ; A P > 3 "K 1 r=) © > U hd ED 86 - 39 3 © 'o © 0.0 tr.~ © 71 « 00 «a © CD © ffl S VS 609 d Congressional appropriation. ' e State students; others, $375. 610 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Summary of examinations for admission to the United States Military Academy for the year 1885-’86. Number rejected. States and Territories. J a a i 1 a u M i Total. ! On what account. a o - i Physical disability. For deficiency m~-~~ i i o 'S ^ « a II Is 1 i 5 5 5 >» ^3 o j History. 5 4 1 1 4 1 3 2 3 2 1 3 | . 1 1 0 1 l1 o 1 1 0 2 o 2 . i 1 1 8 5 2 i 2 2 1 i ll1 9 9 1 1 lb (j i 1 1 3 1 1 . . 21 : i 1 1 o Kansas _ _ _ _ _ ... _ 4 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 Kentucky . . . . 11 8 2 2 1 1 1 Louisiana . . - . 9 4 3 1 2 1 1 2 Maine..... . 2 2 0 Maryland . . 2 1 0 1 MasMichuaet ts . . . . 6 5 1 1 Michigan ...................... 7 4 3 1 1 1 . . Minnesota . . . 4 3 1 1 Mississippi _ _ _ 4 1 3 i 1 2 1 ; 2 i 1 Missouri . . . . . 5 4 1 1 Nebraska . . . . . o 0 o :::::: Nevada . o 0 o New Hampshire . . . 2 2 o ! _ New Jersey . . 2 2 o ; . New York . 19 13 4 2 2 1 2 North Carolina . . . 2 2 . o Ohio . 5 1 i 1 1 1 ! i i 1 1 Oregon _ _ 1 1 o Pennsylvania . 20 10 9 1 i 3 5 i 3 ; 2 i 1 Phode Island . . . o o o South Carolina . 3 2 1 1 Tennessee . . . . 3 2 1 i 1 1 . 1 i 1 Texas _ ... . . . . 5 5 o Vermont _ 1 0 1 1 1 . Virginia _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 2 1 1 W put Vircrinia _ _ 4 3 1 i 1 1 ... Wisconsin . . . . 6 5 o Arizona . 0 0 o . Dakota _ _ ...... _ o 0 o . . District of Columbia . 1 1 o Idaho . o 0 o Montana . . . 1 1 o N ew Mexico . . . 2 1 1 1 Utah . . . I 1 o Wlishino-fou _ _ o 0 o Wyoming ...... ..i... _ ....... 1 0 1 i 1 "Foreign _ _ _ . _ o o o At large . '. _ _ _ 6 6 o i Total . 190 128 52 7 8 16 1 32 1 5 19 13 10 STATISTICS OF MILITARY TRAINING 611 Summary of examinations for admission to the United States Naval Academy for the year 1885-86. Number rejected. On what account. States and Territories. Alabama . Arkansas . California . Colorado . . Connecticut . Delaware . Florida - ... Georgia . Illinois . Indiana . Iowa . Kansas . Kentucky . Louisiana . Maine . Maryland . Massachusetts . Michigan . Minnesota . Mississippi . Missouri . Nebraska . Nevada . New Hampshire .... New Jersey . New York . North Carolina . Ohio . -• . Oregon . Pennsylvania . Khode" Island . South Carolina . Tennessee . Texas . Vermont . Virginia . "West Virginia . "Wisconsin . Arizona . Dakota . District of Columbia Idaho . Montana . New Mexico...... _ Utah . Washington . Wyoming . . Foreign . At large . Total . G 12 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. IV.— TRAINING FOR BUSINESS PURSUITS. The institutions included in Table 63, colleges or schools, as the case may he, have arisen in response to the general demand for business training. If they have excited less public interest than manual-training and technical schools it is because their utility has not been questioned or the special equipment which they required has been more easily secured. The constant increase in the number and in the patronage of these institutions is sufficient evidence that they meet an important and growing demand. The total number reported for 1885-86 is 239, having 1,040 instructors and 47,176 students, as against 162 schools reported in 1880, having 619 instructors and. 27,146 students. With the increase of commercial business and relat^pns the curricula of the business colleges will necessarily be widened, especially in the direction of foreign languages and foreign exchange. As the scheme of instruction is enlarged the material resources and equipment, must be increased, and the time seems not far distant when the lead¬ ing commercial c ties of the United States must make provision for this special de¬ partment of training on a similar scale to that which exists in foreign cities. A few cities, as will bo seen by an examination of the detailed table, are already moving in this direction by the maintenance of commercial courses in connection with day or evening public high schools. The studies included properly in the curriculum of commercial schools of the high¬ est order are indicated in the following extract from tie catalogue of Tulane Uni¬ versity: “ The need has long been felt in commercial circles throughout the United States for a more liberal education under higher auspices of young men intending to pursue a commercial career. The instruction given is too often inadequate in amount, superficial in character, and ill-adapted to the development of intellectual and moral power. An effort is made in this course to supply a want. “The linguistic training embraces French, German, and Spanish; and these lan¬ guages are taught not only colloquially, under the most favorable conditions, but in their higher literary and philological aspects. Mathematics is carried through ana¬ lytical and descriptive geometry. Tho English literary and philosophical studies and the natural sciences are taught as fully as in the classical course. To these are added larger studies in political economy and commercial law, and in political and commercial geography, and in geology and astronomy. The practical book-keeping of the high school is supplemented by full courses and practice in type-writing and short-hand and telegraphy, and in life and fire insurance and bank and railroad ac¬ counts. The effort will be made to combine culture with practical business attain¬ ments.” The following is a comparative exhibit of colleges for business training as reported to thisBureau each year from 1S76 to 1836, inclusive ( 1883 omitted') : 1876. | 1877. 1878. 1879. j | 1880. 1881. 1882. 1884. 1885. 1886. Number of institutions . Number of iDStnictors . . Number of students . 137 599 25, 234 134 568 | 23, 496 1 129 1 144 5-7 1 535 21, 048 122, 621 I 1 162 619 27, 146 1 202 794 34, 414 217 955 44, 834 221 1,015 44, 047 232 1.099 43, 706 239 1,040 47, 176 STATISTICS OF BUSINESS COLLEGES. 613 Table 6‘2. — Summary of statistics of commercial am! business colleges for the year lfc£0-’8G. States and Territories. Number of schools. O T. V* - Number of students. Number of volumes in li¬ brary. Total. In day schools. In evening schools. 1 2 3 4 5 O 7 Alabama . 1 0 j 25 ; 25 0 500 Arkansas . 1 4 ! 213 i 123 90 150 C (90) ? California . 8 57 ! 1,203 ! i 1,121 52 5 800 Colorado . 1 3 1 40 18 1 22 24 9 4 | 285 122 33 1 2 113 "(113) 3 C ! 286 245 i 41 Illinois . 12 90 j 4,483 2, Gol j 1, 822 13, 100 s (310) ( Indiana . 11 51 | 2,797 ; ) 2,076 411 S 6, 250 r ( 1 ,167) l Iowa . 15 81 ! 3, 750 ) 2, 048 535 5 1, 123 C (725) t Kansas . 5 IS 1,175 \ 400 | 50 5 200 Kentuekv . i 1 7 498 (498) 50 5 (318) 26 > Louisiana . 3 | 18 364 ) 20 S 2, 139 S (130) ( Maine . 3 19 652 ) 401 101 5 345 Massachusetts . 12 64 2,489 j 1,751 738 1, 030 C (MIS) l Michigan . 11 36 1,933 \ 750 65 5 8, 300 Minnesota . : . 2 9 511 410 101 :C0 Mississippi . 2 13 12S 120 8 2,200 s (498) l Missouri . 12 81 3, 698 ! ) 2,513 : 687 ! S 2, 892 C (515) Nebraska . 3 20 i 995 j } 365 115 5 100 New Hampshire _ _ 3 10 415 291 124 New Jersey . 5 30 j 1, 555 ■ 1,323 2,300 $ (40) ! > New York . 19 124 6,938 } 5, 457 ] 1,435 | > 5, 424 5 (1.367) ( Obio . . i 21 77 €,593 l 1,686 540 5 1, 763 Oregon . i 5 180 I 120 00 i f (300) \i Pennsylvania . . . l 14 90 4,404 ) 2, 805 1, 293 S 2, 580 llbode Island . 0 11 376 j 303 | 73 322 Tennessee _ _ 5 15 C54 580 | 74 f (549) ; l Texas . 4 21 ! 875 i 276 50 1 £ 178 Vermont . 3 11 167 159 8 1, 625 Virginia . 2 1 5 ISO 151 ■ 29 537 "West Virginia . . . . 1 4 63d 275 1 60 S (122) | l ATisconsm . 9 | 38 1, 696 i 1, 375 1 199 > 1, 300 District of Columbia _ _ _ _ 1 5 110 ; (i*o) j ( (8.126) ( Total . 239 ; 1,040 47, 176 \ 29,970 9, 080 5 55, 592 614 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Taisle 63. — Statistics of commercial and business colleges for 1885-’80; Location. Name.1 Principal, Marion, Ala . Little Lock, Ark. Auburn, Cal . Oakland, Cal. Sacramento, Cal. (716 I street). San Francisco, Cal. (46 O’Farrell street) . • San Francisco, Cal. (640 Clay street). San Francisco, Cal . . . San Francisco, Cal. (320 Post street). San Jos6, Cal . Denver, Colo . Hartford, Conn . New Haven, Conn Wilmington, Del . Georgetown, D. C _ Atlanta, G~a .......... Augusta, Ga . . Macon, Ga . . Champaign, Ill . . Chicago, HI. (77, 79, 81 State street). Chicago, HI. (149-153 State street). Chicago, HI . . Dixon, HI . Galesburgh,Ili. . Jacksonville, 111 . J oliet, HI . Peoria, III . Quincy, HI..., Rockford, HI , Springfield, HI . Evansville, Ind. (cor. Main and 3d sts.). Fort Wayne, Ind - Indianapolis, Ind _ La Fayette, Ind. . . La Fayette, Ind . . . Logansport, Ind . Millershurgh, Ind Richmond, Ind Ho ward .College Business School. . . Little Rock Commercial College... Sierra Normal College and Busi¬ ness College. Oakland Business College and Normal School.* Sacramento Business College . Barnard’s Business College . Globe Business College* . Heald’s Business College . Pacific Business College*. Terre Haute, Ind. (cor. Main and 6th sts.). Valparaiso, Ind . Garden City Commercial College*.. Denver Business College. . Hannum’s Hartford Business Col¬ lege. New Haven. Phonographic Acad¬ emy. Crabb’s Business College . The Linthicum Institute . Moore’s Business University . Osborne’s Business College . Macon Commercial College . Champaign Business College . H. B. Bryant’s Chicago Business College and Training School. Metropolitan Business College . Seven Account System Business College. Dixon Business College . . . Western Business College* ... _ J acksonville Business College and English Training School. Joliet Business College and Eng¬ lish Training School. Parish’s Business College and Telegraphic Institute. Gem City Business College . . Rockford Business College . Springfield Business College . Evansville Commercial College J. T. Murfee. M. A. Stone . M. W. Ward . De Witt Clinton Tay¬ lor. E. C. Atkinson . 1842 1881 G. B. Barnard H. C. Roeth .. E. P. Heakl and C. S. Haley. W. E. Chamberlain, jr. 1865 Indianapolis Business University.. Star City Business College*.. Union Business College.. _ Hall’s Business College . C. M. Immel’s Institute . Richmond Business College Telegraphic Institute. Terre Haute Commercial College.. and Northern Indiana Commercial Col¬ lege. Vernon, Ind . Vernon Normal School and Busi¬ ness Institute. * From Report of the Commissioner of Education for year 18S4-’85. H. B. W orcester _ John G. Pilsen . . H annum & Stedman.. John F. Gaffey . J ames H. Crabb, A. B. E. B. Hay . B. F. Moore . . S. L. Osborne . 1886 W. McKay _ _ _ ... J. B. McKee . H. B. Bryant . O. M. Powers . . 1856 C. O. E, Matthern .... J. B. Dille . 1882 1862 M. H. Barringer _ _ _ G. W. Brown . . Homer Russell . . 1866 A. S. Parish . D. L. Musseimau _ ... G. A. Wimans and H. A. Stoddard. Bogardus & Chicken.. S. N. Curnick . . 1850 Charles T. Lipes . E. J. Heeb, W. M. Red¬ man, andE.B.Osborn. P. W. Kennedy . 1886 C. M. Robinson . E. A. Hall . C. M. Immel .......... John K Beck . . W.C. Isbell . H. B. Brown _ _ _ 1878 1882 W. S. Almond . . 1842 1874 1883 1877 1873 1875 1881 1865 1865 1861 1882 1877 1884 1876 1875 1858 1882 1881 1883 1856 1873 1884 1881 1862 1866 1866 1870 1865 1S64 1850 1850 1866 1881 1867 1884 1860 1860 1S73 1883 STATISTICS OF BUSINESS COLLEGES. G1 from replies *o inquiries by the United States Bureau of Education. Instruc¬ tors. Students. Average age of students. Number of volumes in library. No. of month 8 : in full course of study nec- ess ary to graduation. Numberof ■weeks in scholastic year. I Annual charge for tuition. f O 1 00 1 .0 J \ ! j 1 Male. | Female. In day schools. In evening schools. No. of day and evening stu¬ dents actu¬ ally taught during the year. Day course. | Evening course. Day course. | Evening course. Day course. j 1 6 ! 1 1 1 i l I * Total. | Male. k W © m © © CS ft 6 (O © © tc .9 © • W Total. 6 7-5 n g o 0 7 s 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 I 17 18 19 20 21 | 13 4 538 536 457 79 19 12 52 $70 0 140 90 230 173 57 181 0 9 9 52 52 63 $27 i . *••[ 5 3 (540) 540 516 24 21 4-12 4-12 52 20 60 $oo ! C 1 (374) 374 147 227 200 6 12 52 52 60 36 50 3 1 87 o 87 84 3 20 100 6 52 30 0 80 3 110 90 200 162 38 20 8 4-1 22* 50 15 6 i (2531 253 190 54 19 6 6 50 26 70 24 7 75 359 '88 71 19 300 g 12 25 75 1 33 37 70 70 18 375 9 12 11 12 120 40 3 2 no 26 136 119 17 19 7 52 26 50 15 3 1 •87 48 135 109 26 18 3 52 26 10 40 4 .... 192 27 219 141 78 20 49 6 4 52 24 45 20 . 2 1 207 74 281 241 40 19 12 24 30 50 55 35 2 1 150 28 128 52 18 6 18 50 32 50 30 3 112 40 152 127 25 19 24 6 18 48 18 40 40 0 4 2 (2 25) 225 175 50 . I 30 30 300 20 320 240 80 19 7 21 52 | 16 50 20 3 1 (266) 265 182 84 50 50 100 1 8ft 130 I 10ft ! 30 17 200 c 15 48 21 50 20 G 2 (234) j '234 i 188 ! 4G 6 1 (408) 498 384 j 114 18 00 6 12 50 32 75 35 . 1 i 2 j. (20) 20 20 ! 19 60 6 "" 1 20 ! 26 46 I 42 j 4 ! 18 175 3-6 6-12 52 52 120 90 8 1 (2! )8) 293 j 27i ; 27 15 1,964 6 -18 ! 12-24 39 j .... 100-150 | 72-115 8 .... 248 30 278 ! 203 75 19 200 4\ 40 13 35 O ! 35 5 1 153 71 224 i 197 27 18 145 48 i 40 60 24 3 2 (1 50) 150 114 36 19 42 I 32 20 5 15 4 600 0 600 ....... 10 1 40 ICO 0 7 3 350 50 409 300 ; 100 6 9 43 2G 3 1 0 ,76 76 36 40 17 300 6 12 43 26 100 30 1 93 54 147 122 25 22 150 6 -24 24-36 44 26 140 25 2 2 103 103 80 23 29 150 6 120 1 1 85 170 204 51 19 11 18 46 40 75 75 2 2 35 65 100 75 25 19 8 10 43 40 90 50 2 2 44 6G 110 82 28 19 X'"' 4 12 40 40 40 12 3 3 105 175 280 145 135 16 200 10 20 42 38 40 40 1 1 45 13 58 38 20 17 3-6 24 42 40 1 2 75 25 100 60 40 20 200 6 -10 40 " 20 75 30 100 3 1 140 120 260 220 40 19 30 10 . 6 43 43 90 90 1 32 32 21 11 18 7, GOO 20 40 40 2 50 15 65 19 12 ! 40 12 40 2 *2 Mi (171 167 121 48 18 8-10 12-14 40 40 58 — 75 58 — 75 2 1 1 (210) 210 140 70 19 1,200 9 6 44 24 50 20 1 108 1 O 108 16 40 11 1 i (741) 741 20 52 26 1 | 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 54 55 50 57 58 59 GO 61 62 63 64 65 CG 67 68 69 70 71 74 75 7G 78 79 {■0 81 82 8i 84 85 86 f bi 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 n§ nS 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 03. — Statistics of comi Location. Name. 1 Grand Rapids, Mich . . Ionia, Mich . Kalamazoo, Mich . Lansing, Mich . Lansing, Mich . Minneapolis, Minn. . . . Winona, Minn . Bay St. Louis, Miss. . . Meridian, Miss . Humphrey, Mo . Kansas City, Mo . Kirksville, Mo . St. Joseph, Mo . St. Joseph, Mo _ St. Joseph, Mo . St. Louis, Mo . St. Lonis, Mo. (s. w. cor. 4th and Market streets). St. Louis, Mo. (210-212 N. Third street). St. Louis, Mo . St. Louis, Mo. (322 Chestnut street). Sedalia, Mo . Hastings, Nebr . Lincoln, Nebr . Grand Itapids Business College and Practical Training School. Poucher Business College . Parson’s Business College, Short¬ hand and Telegraphic Institute. Bartlett’s Business College * . _ Capital City Business College . Archibald Business College . Winona Business College . St. Stanislaus Commercial College . Meridian Business College* . Business Institute . National Business College . Kirksville Mercantile College and Writing Institute. Chapman s Business College. . Ritner’s Commercial College . St. Joseph Commercial College _ Bryant & Stratton Business Col¬ lege. Franklin Institute* . . Johnson’s Commercial College* Jones’ Commercial College . Mound City Commercial College. . . Central Business College . Hastings Commercial College . Lincoln Business College . Omaha, Nebr. (1114- 1116 Farnam street). Manchester, N. H . New Hampton, N. H. . Omaha Commercial College . Bryant and Stratton Business Col- lege. New Hampton Commercial College. Portsmouth, N. H . Jersey City, N. J. (23- 25 Newark avenue). Newark, N. J . Newark, N. J . Trenton, N. J. ....... . Trenton, N. J . Albany, N. T . Brooklyn, N.Y. (38-44 Court street). Brooklyn, N. Y. (16 Court street). Brooklyn, N. Y.. . Brooklyn, N. Y. (Jay street). Brooklyn, N.Y. (E.D.). Buffalo, N. Y. (451 Main street). Elmira, N. Y . Smith’s Academy and Commercial College. Jersey City Business College . Coleman’s National Business Col¬ lege. New Jersey Business College . “The Stewart & Hammond ’ ’ Busi¬ ness College. Trenton Business College . Albany Business College . Claghorn’s Bryant and Stratton Business College. French’s Business College . . Kissick’s Business College, Eng¬ lish, Classical and Mathematical Institute. St. James’ Commercial College . Wright’s Business College . .... _ Buffalo Business University . Elmira Business College* . I ! j Principal. 3 C. G. Swensberg . Irwin M. Poucher _ Wm. F. Parsons . H. P. Bartlett . C. E. &W. A. Johnson. A. R. Archibald . R. A. Lambert . Brother Osmond . T. D. Graham . G-. A. Smith . . . Henry Coon . W. J. Smith . Prof. T. C. Chapman.. P. Ritner, A. M . Brother Icarion . W. M. Carpenter, M. D. Frank Charles Kossak John W. Johnson . J. G. Bohmer . Thomas A. Rice, A. M., LL. B. C. W. Robbins _ — H. B. Gilbert . D. R. Lillibridge and F. F Roose, A. H. M. G. Rohrbough . William Heron, jr .... Rev. A. B. Meservey, PH. D. Lewis E. Smith . William E. Drake . H. Coleman . C. T. MiRer . Thomas J. Stewart . . . Andrew J. Rider . C. E. Carhart . C. Claghorn . George W. French, LL. B. W. A. Kissick, a. m - Brother Joseph . . Henry C. Wright C. W. Johnson . . . A. J. Warner _ * From the Report of the Commissioner of Education for year 18S4-’85. STATISTICS OF WFSINESS COLLEGES. c in business colleges for ldd.Wdd, d'-e. — Continued. Instruc¬ tors. S tudonts. 1 a s 13 Cm © _ £ No. of months j in full cours • of study nec- 6 s a a r y tn graduation. NTuml» i week 1 schol 1 year. 1 or of 1 charge lilion d i & ! Male. 6 a 1 In day schools. In evening schools. No. of day apt: evening stu- I dents actu¬ ally taught during the year. f £ ' CO - 13 © i % s S 111 astic 11 11 Mil for ti Day course. CO 5 o tc .a b © CO s © >> Q ■f. 5 tc % eg Cm O j o 1 i H 1 d I ^ j 73 6 7 8 9 io 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 17 IS 19 20 21 2-4 166 166 140 26 22 1-6 | _ 87 1 1 44 44 40 4 19i g 42 $40 88 2 1 200 25 225 180 45 -18 100 9 12 40 24 . { $50 $35 55 89 1 60 15 19 . 10 5 i 40 40 30 30 90 3 1 75 25 100 63 37 12 6 52 24 50 20 91 4 1 285 342 296 46 19 g 26 90 24 92 3 1 125 44 169 12 18 300 12 6 45 20 j 45 93 10 0 60 0 60 60 0 144 2, 000 60 40 50 94 3 60 8 68 38 30 19" '200 6 52 52 40 40 95 ti3fn 138 . 20 20 96 120 130 250 210 40 20 12 9 52 38 60 30 97 6 5 540 540 360 180 18 12 12 | 40 98 3 0 (200) 200 120 80 17 17 6 7 52 30 40 25 60 99 - o 160 40 40 100 9 160 160 14 1,600 10 44 35 101 12 2 675 150*! 825 600 225 18 ! '6 . 18 52 35 105 35 102 1 18 25 25 15 i 10 | 40-60 103 6 175 50 1 225 1 180 45 19 0 | 4 8 52 j 52 j 104 5 7 250 150 400 350 50 18 75 6 18 53 53 100 50 . ! 105 6 0 125 100 225 i 220 5 16 200 6 18 ! 52 26 1 60-100 30-50 . ! 106 5 3 450 100 i 550 ! 430 120 20 1, 000 12 52 ! 55 : I 25 1 107 4 ! 75 45 120 1 57 63 20 8 io 50 *35*1 50 j 40 ! 50 108 4 ! i : 290 70 360 j 280 80 6-12 18-24 ! 52 20 I 60 | 20-40 1 60 109 8 3 (51 -5) 515 413 102 20 100 6 9 52 40 65 j 30 | 65 j 110 1 2 i 140 124 264 187 77 18 j 4 *52’! 39 I 65 16 i 111 3 1 101 101 1 84 17 18 I 7 40 i 50 30 112 4 50 41 9 18J 1 40 | .... 113 1 4i .... 5S 89 | 30 J •147 | 133 14 18 10 14 44 29 75 1 22 ! 114 9 300 75 375 325 50 ! 17 1, 000 | 4-4^ 14 52 30 j 90 30 | 50 115 6 1 1 225 126 351 264 j 87 j 18 300 12 I 10 i 52 40 70 j 30 i 116 8 1 196 125 ! 321 278 j .43 ! .15 500 9-27 40 24 75 | 30 ' 117 9 1 229 132 I 381 323 38 | 18 : 500 | 6-20 12-24 ! 42 j 24 75 | 38 i 118 8 1 1 325 100 i 425 371 54 j 20 i 4-6 6-12 j 52 1 26 75 ' 35 ! 119 7 l ; 224 1 224 218 6 18 ! 10-15 . 40 | 120 120 2 4 343 149 i 492 i 20 1 ! 1 40 16 60-100 40-60 i 121 7 3 264 88 350 236 64 ! 10-20 43 43 45 35 j 122 12 725 725 14 3, 000 10 42 123 5 ""I 243 ""’I 153 ; 398 289 107 | 16 ! 200 1 10 6 40 24 ! 100 30 124 3 173 119 ! 292 247 45 | 18 j 8 ! 12 52 52 1 50 125 126 5 i i ! 120 19 i 139 123 11 ! 901 — i* . 1 4 ! S 52 1 52 1 . 1 40 620 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONE*R OF EDUCATION. Table 63. — Statistics of commercial and 127 128 129 ISO 181 132 133 134 135 13G 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 Location. Name. Principal. Date of charter. Date of organization. 1 2 3 4 5 Elmira, 17. T . Elmira School of Commerce and W. A. Hiller . 1880 Allen Business College. A nsfil "R Mackey _ 1880 New York, N. Y. (805 Broadway). New York, N. Y. (G2 Bowery, cor. Canal Packard’s Easiness College . S. S. Packard ......... 1858 Rutherford & Howell. 1819 street). New York, N. Y. (36 Spencerian Metropolitan Business H. A. Spencer . 1873 1873 E. 14th street). New York, N. Y. (1313 . Broadway). Peek skill, N. Y . Poughkeepsie, N. Y . . . Rochester, N. Y. (cor. College. The Paine Dp-town Business Col¬ lege. Westchester County Institute . Eastman Business College* . Rochester Business University .... H. W. Remington . Chas. Unterroiner - Clement C. Gaines - "Williams & Rogers ... 1872 1877 1859 1863 State & Market sts.). Roonoster, N. Y . Taylor & Sons’ Business College. .. A. Jackson Taylor... 1876 Bryant & Stratton Troy Business College. Akron Business Onllfi"ft _ , Thos. H. Shields 1871 1858 A krnn, Ohio _ O. S. Warner ... _ ... 1866 Canfield, Ohio . Nortneastern Ohio Normal Busi- ; Byron E. Holman, a.m. 1883 ! 1883 Canton, Oliio . ness College.* Canton Business Cnllecre. _ _ _ ! William Feller . 1875 Cincinnati, Ohio (N. W cor. 4th and Wal¬ Nelson’s Business Colleo-e _ _ J I Richard Nelson ...... . I 1856 nut sts.). Cincinnati, Ohio . Nelson’s Ladies’ Business College. - Ella Nelson . 1881 1881 Cincinnati, Ouio (4th Thos. Martin < Number of volumes in library, j No. of months in full course of study nec- essary to graduate. Nunibor of* i weeks in scholastic year. © *3 £ 73 18 l°0 333 296 42 12 12 52 .... 52 3 i 143 39 182 148 34 174 4 -10 52 8 | 3 2 298 149 447 366 81 20 12 12 52 52 2 i (4 0) 46 30 16 1,500 J isP 0 864 864 862 2 23 3-4 24 l 6 544 123 667 606 61 20 4 -12 51 3 68 129 197 169 28 3-6 9-18 50 50 6 1 210 90 300 260 40 18 120 3-6 6-12 52 26 I ‘ 2 21 16 37 30 7 18 6 -12 6-18 30-38 30 | 1 44 44 31 13 19 1,200 4 42 _ 1 3 90 60 150 132 18 20 4-6 12 52 32 | 5 ! (3. >7) 357 357 20 2 1 I 3 127 > \ 0 127 127 19 10 42 3 1 ... J 82 90 172 152 20 21 J12 [••*•] 2 53 30 83 67 16 19 150 8 -12 12-18 50 50 3 ! 1 ! 150 150 150 48 7 0 j 275 *80 1 3 j«> 298 57j .... 17 200 6 . 12 44 44 3 1 1 i ' 18 5 6 52 26 ! 7 1 (432) 432 3S0 52 20 52 4 (179) 179 109 70 19 4 3 52 44 j 2 62 56 6 44 1 "o’ 33 19 52 37 15 19 0 10 8 40 40 * j 3 l 93 45 138 103 35 20 6 12 51 24 j 3 l 261 261 I 20 44 52 4 110 70* 180 j 165 15 I 20 . 6* 10 50 "ail 1 1 10 10 20 10 10 23 6 12 50 25 3 2 (2a !7) 237 147 90 lGJ 6 9 48 36 5 .... 337 1120 457 384 73 18 . 7 12 52 24 2 non> 100 So 20 100 50 4 " i" 120 1 60 180 140 40 22* 52 52 4 loO 150 250 225 25 18 ""35 4 8 52 30 4 ... ■345 234 579 379 200 22 423 4 6 50 32 2 I 73 ! 16 89 83 I 6 18 115 6 -10 24 52 26 3 45 j 40 S3 20 10 6 ! 4 'T •180 * 76 256 17 1 . 4-6 1 12-18 52 26 j 3 i : 40 23 63 51 12 1«1 | 600 6 -12 ! 6-12 44 24 1 .... 1 60 15 75 60 15 18 ! . 10 8 44 32 3 Q '223 .... 223 158 65 17 ! . 10 4 40 16 3 81 57 138 131 - 22 4 ! 52 22 16 .... 492 323 815 725 90 19 345 5 -10 1 ! 10-12 1 4i 28 | I Annual charge for tuition. c, 19 W 20 $50 180 . 88 i 100 4-20 CO 50 100 $25 88 32 4-20 60 "'25 a 12 40 20-40 I 15-25 25 25 100 110 110 60 60 60 50 50 50 100 60 j 70 I 40-50 40 120 21 $10 100 40 50 I 40-50 40 127 • 128 ■I 120 130 131 132 133 134 135 130 137 133 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 a As per quarter (three months). 62 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 63. — Statistics of commercii Location. Name. Principal. © , g r© Cm © © Q 1 3 3 4 Pittsburgh, Pa . Pittsburgh, Pa . Union City, Pa . "Williamsport, Pa . Providence, R. I. (283 Westminster st.). Providence, R. I. (193 Westminster st.). Chattanooga, Tenn . . . Knoxville, Tenn . Memphis, Tenn . Nashville, Tenn . Nashville, Tenn . Port Worth, Tex . Thorp’s Spring, Tex.. Waco, Tex . Whitesborough, Tex . . Burlington, Yt . Lyndon Centre, Yt . . . Waterbury Centre, Yt Richmond, Ya . Richmond, Ya . Wheeling, W. Ya . Green Bay, Wis . Janesville, Wis . La Crosse, Wis . Madison, Wis . Milwaukee, Wis - .. Milwaukee, Wis . Milwaukee, Wis . Oshkosh, Wis . . St. Francis Station, Wis. Curry Institute andUnion Business College. Duffs Mercantile College . Luce’s Business College . Williamsport Commercial College. . Providence Bryant &. Stratton Business College. Scholfield’s Commercial College. . . . Behm’s Chattanooga Commercial College. Knorville Business College . Leddin's Business College . . Goodman’s Business College . Practical Business School . Fort Worth Business College . Thorp’s Spring Commercial College and Literary Institute.* • Waco Business College . Whitesborough Normal and Com¬ mercial School*. Burlington Business College. . . Lynden Commercial College . Minard Commercial College . Old Dominion Business College .... Smithdeal Business College . Wheeling National Business Col¬ lege and Normal Institute. Green Bay Business College* . Silsbee Commercial College* . La Crosse Business College . Northwestern Business College. . . . Charles Mayer’s Commercial Col¬ lege and Elementary Select School. Dr. Wm. Bayer’:; Commercial Col¬ lege. Spencerian Business College . Oshkosh Business Collego . Pio Nono Commercial College . James C. Williams - P. Duff &. Sons . 1884 1850 18S3 1866 Rev N. R. Luce _ F. M. Allen . T. B. Stowell . Albert G. Scholfield . . Jeremiah Behm . J. T. Johnson . T. A. Leddin... . 1867 1868 Frank Goodman . R. W. J ennings _ _ _ F. P. Preuitt . 1882 1882 1882 1883 Major George S. Storrs R. H. Hill . James M. Carlisle, M.A. E. G. Evans . Walter E. Ranger, a.m. A . M. Marsh _ . . 1884 1881 1868 Geo. M. Nicol . G. M. Smithdeal . J. M. Frasher . C. A. Murch, M. Acc’t. J. B. Silsbee . 1877 J. L. Wallace . Denning & Proctor . . . Charles May er ....... 0 Dr. Wm. Bayer . R. C. Spencer _ ..... 1870 1867 W. W. Daggett . Rev. ChasVFessler _ From Report of the Commissioner of Education for year 1884-85. STATISTICS OP BUSINESS COLLEGES. 62 *) O business colleges for 1885-’86, » A In evening schools. No. of day and evening stu¬ dents actu- ' ally taught during the year. Day course. Evening course. 6 CO 0 O O a p Evening course. Day course. Evening course. Total. Male. ! ® S 6 7 8 9 io 11 12 13 14 15 10 17 18 19 1 ,« 21 19 8 913 205 1, 118 8 15 41 36 $65 $35 $50 8 .... 160 335 310 .... 25 21 3-6 6 45 I 25 50 50 78 78 53 25 20 1,000 6 39 1 .... 90 j 5 (3( 0) 300 18 62 44 7 52 40 30 40 6 ”i‘ 150 200 152 48 17 150 10* 6 43 26 3 i 153 23 I 176 148 ! 28 18 172 5 10 47 1 34 100 ! 1 18 M| ! 42 38 4 ' ' 18 52 52 40 40 1 40 1 6 100 25 ! ! 125 110 15 1 20 12 52 24 50 25 I 50 2 103 103 19 6 52 100 3 204 204 1 20 6 1 ::::::: 51 1 :::: 50 3 "6 1 155 25i ISO 1 170 j i 10 i 19 i 4 i 4 52 26 ' 50 40 I 4 i 150 50 j 200 150 50 1 16 ! 8 12 42 32 50 40 | 50 3 2 126 126 76 j 50 I 13 | 78 7-9 ! 0 36 18-48 4 1 (17 0) j 170 168 I 1 2 ! 22 100 12 6 52 26 50 1 25 50 j 3 ' 3 379 j 16 10 40 25—50 1 2 54 8 62 53 I 9 1 18 0 1 46 ! 40 24 | 50 I 18 i 3 1 49 49 39 10 17 625 9| 39 30 ) 2 2 56 56 50 1 6 i 19 1, 000 9 ! 36 26 1 30 ! 1 .... 35 26 61 61 | 18 567 8 I 15 35 26j 50 | 50 '■ 4 116 3 119 16 103’ j 19 30 3-4 . 10 51 51 ! 40 3 ’’ll 275 60 335 323 1 12 18 52 52 j . J 40 2 141 39 180 158 22 18 i I 4-10 6 51 51 1 50 50 j 2 "2| 134 134 115 19 50 ! 4 .... (12 2) * 122 117 5 350 40 40 40 | 4 1 | 195 42 237 191 46 19 1 0 6 I 52 25 45 1 20 ' 4 2 i 270 270 257 13 17 ! 10 I 9 33 33 100 1 50 ! 100-200 i ! i| 47 40 87 86 1 20 i 12 j 10 I 50 40 40 j 40 j i 4 2 ! 218 78 296 260 36 »i 200 9 1 ! 6 i 52 26 85 35 3 1 288 0 288 240 48 20 ! 150 6 52 50 1 60 5I 82 1 0 82 82 .... 17 : 600 ! 10 1 40 40 | 170 171 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 194 195 196 197 198 199 624 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. List of commercial and business colleges from which no information lias been received. Ii Location. Name. Location. Name. Los Angeles, Cal . . . Los Angeles, Cal - San Francisco, Cal. . Chicago, Ill . Chicago, Ill . Chicago, Ill . Onarga, Ill . Sterling, 111 . Des Moines, Iowa . . Ahilene, Kans . Covington, Ky . Newport, Ky . Baltimore, Md . Baltimore, Md . Jackson, Mich . Minneapolis, Minn.. Rochester, Minn - St. Paul, Minn . St. Paul, Minn . St. Joseph, Mo . Omaha, Nebr . I Los Angelos Business Col- lege. "Woodbury’s Easiness Col¬ lege. California Commercial Col¬ lege. Chicago Athenaeum. Lakeside Business College. Souder’s Chicago Business College. Onarga Commercial College. Sterling Business and Pho- ; nographic College. Bowen’s Business College 1 and Academy. Abilene Commercial School | and Literary Institute. Thomas Martin & Son Busi¬ ness College Company. Thomas Martin & Son busi¬ ness College Company. Bryant, Stratton & Sadler, Business College. Eaton & Burnett’s Business ' College. Jackson Business College. Curtiss Business College. Darling’s Business College. Curtiss Business College. St. Paul Business College and Telegraphic Institute. St. Joseph Normal Busi¬ ness College Wyman Commercial College | [l Elizabeth, N. J _ Paterson, N. J . Brooklyn, N. Y _ Glen Falls, N. Y. . . Kinderhook, N. Y.. Lima, N. Y . Olean, N. Y . Syracuse. N. Y _ Utica, N. Y . Ashland, Ohio . Cincinnati, Okio... Cleveland, Ohio.... Clyde, Ohio . Youngstown, Ohio. Philadelphia. Pa. . . Greenwich, B. I - Galveston, Tex .... Fond du Lac, Wis. . Sioux Falls, Dak. . . Washington, D. C.. Elizabeth Business College. Paterson Business College. Browne’s Business College. Elmwood Commercial and Select School Kinderhook Academy and Commercial College. Lima Business College. Westbrook Commercial Col¬ lege. Bryant. & Stratton Business College and Telegraphic Institute. Bryant '& Stratton Business College Ashland College and Com¬ mercial Institute. Thomas Martin i i i ^ ■ . h • P : g " : : : ~ 1 D ^ I I j j | ° g g .£ § | * & ^ * * ** | % il S?J J J |1 £ 1 r S°i 1 1 la r-i a P Tr o ” p -.Ef « ~ © •al charac- ■al charao- il health, on, and no 'g p-pt gs-§ P§p © t, ,0 •43 pi«(! 1 i-j 0 i-gg§g . £ £ 3 > ® a rs a 0 5.t2 ^ •r-. 0 H-i rf 0 © o-g a- s-sg. ^ P — M Or-^ O ■oSSS O C t- (D & o .1 § § o 11 re, 24-40; satii lence of educat sonal qualificati re, 21-35; satis nony as to char rcated, averagi jhysique. re, 21-30; good ;er. re, 21-35; good :er, good phy jigh -school edu binding family re, 22-35 ; good certificate of go lealth, and cap jies. re, 20-40; certifi health and good ;er, a satisfacto md payment in 'ee of $10 for th <1 <1 <1 <1 <3 <3 bC • 10 • I-* O IO rH £ Pi cS to P ® CQ O S+ ® c3 ■ «■ : p • «8 5 > © © ; a| © « -si u 0 g >» V-.M P Pi O © 3 ^ ; "S p P £ § +^ P © O P © S S Ph io p I? J £3 ; 3>> ; «c § : pi 5- tp © 2 © © © © © £ Cw Cl in O P+3 a io o. © tdO o *s 8a S +a P O jH 1 si H pa p 0 . w O Pi P° s a •- || Si 0 e3 I- -66- ■€£- S- -ee- le- *JU9j£ Ol^eupqos Ul E5f99 At e> ■ 1 ■ J ti 1 H 1 p i ; 1 u . pQ © © S 14 P 0 '3 ■*4 .2 ‘p-J © eS r2 •£ © p. p Ul £ £ a | £ O ! S Id 3? A 0 fcOPi H p OO -Q P . < 1 < H •ttOTjczranSjo jo aju(j j cc ) in O CM CO CM 1 M cc cc > co ► 00 CO co CO OO CO OO OO 00 1 1 rH iH rH Cf. c > 3 c« Jo bfl .2 -2=2 'c c c 13 hS ;--r r-* > ft c5 H rP . PM ojj .sl^l ;a So H 0 o a a ft “S ££ mw .5 j» >2 .o '3 | £ a ^ § fc'i'© © — BMP « §M (3 BP 2 ■Obr Op H «5 0 il 0 ^ CCc2 O 1 ^ CO.'S § 3 a § p rf i o A © ^ 04 Jz © 5 J; s p © © 0 m 0 tc CO c !*3 1 1 "S o Pw |OH3 2 2 2 3 Ph Ph Ph 5 M C' 1 10 1 CM 26 27 CM O CM a With an additional year for women working to qualify as head nurses and superintendents. * From Report of Commissioner of Education for year 1884-85. STATISTICS OF TRAINING SCHOOLS FOR NURSES. 629 Memoranda to Table 65. Location. Name. Remarks. Baltimore, Md . Harriot Lane Johnson Hospital for Girls and No information received. Detroit Mich . Training School for Nurses. Farrand Trainin'* School for Nurses . . No information received. Flatbush (L. I.),N.Y. Trainin'* School for Nurses (Kings County In¬ Closed. New York, N. Y. (852 sane Asylum). Mount Sinai Training School for Nurses . No information received. Lexington avo.). Syracuse, N. Y . House and Hospital of the Good Shepherd . No information received. APPENDIX VIII. EDUCATION OF SPECIAL CLASSES. I.— EDUCATION OF THE DEAF AND DUMB. II.— EDUCATION OF THE BLIND. III.— EDUCATION OF THE FEEBLE-MINDED. IY.— EDUCATION OF JUVENILE DELINQUENTS. V.— EDUCATION OF THE COLORED RACE. VI.— EDUCATION OF THE INDIANS. EDUCATION OF SPECIAL CLASSES. I— EDUCATION OF THE DEAF AND DUMB. In tlie history of the education of the deaf two events of unusual importance occurred the present year: First, the Eleventh Convention (quadrennial) of Amer¬ ican Instructors of the Deaf, held at the California Institution, Berkeley, Cal., from July 15 to July 23, 1886 ; second, President Gallaudet’s mission to England. ELEVENTH CONVENTION OF AMERICAN INSTRUCTORS OF THE DEAF. But little information relative to the convention at Berkeley is now available, in¬ asmuch as the proceedings have not yet been published. We glean from the “Amer¬ ican Annals of the Deaf” the following account : “ The convention was called to order on Thursday morning, July 15, by President E. M. Gallaudet, chairman of the executive committee, who, after some appropriate remarks referring to this and previous conventions, nominated the Hon. Erastns Brooks, president of the Board of Directors of the New York Institution, as temporary chairman. Mr. Brooks was elected, and on taking the chair made the first of several eloquent addresses.1 On Wednesday afternoon, the Governor of the State and other notabilities being present, a large part of the session was given up to addresses of welcome and congratulation. From this time forward all the afternoons, except those of Saturday and the final Thursday, were devoted to the regular business of the convention, including the reading of papers and discussions. There was also an interesting meeting on Sunday afternoon for the consideration of moral and religious instruction, and the closing session was held on Thursday evening.2 “ The convention, as usual, did little in the way of votes and resolutions, but, allow¬ ing the utmost freedom in the expressions of views, left the members at liberty to pursue such methods of instruction as each thought best. It did, however, adopt unanimously the following resolutions offered by President Gallaudet : 3 “Whereas the experience of many years in the instruction of the deaf has plainly shown that among the members of this class of persons great differences exist in mental and physical condition, and in capacity for improvement, making results easily possible in certain cases which are actually unattainable in others, these dif¬ ferences suggesting very widely different treatment with different individuals : It is therefore : “Resolved, That the system of instruction existing at present in America com¬ mends itself to the world, for the reason that its tendency is to include all known methods and expedients which have been found to be of value in the education of the deaf, while it allows diversity and independence of action, working at the same time in harmony, and aiming at the attainment of a common object by all. “ Resolved , That earnest and persistent endeavors should be made in every school for the deaf to teach every pupil to speak and read from the lips, and that such efforts should only be abandoned when (after thorough tests by experienced teachers) it is plainly evident that the measure of success attainable is so small as not to jus¬ tify the necessary amount of labor.”3 DR. GALLAUDET’S MISSION TO ENGLAND. From the same source is derived the account of Dr. Gallaudet’s mission to England. “President Gallaudet sailed for England October 9, 1886. The day before he left home he received the following pleasant letter in President Cleveland’s own hand¬ writing : “ [From tlie President of thegUnited States.] “Executive Mansion, Washington, October 6, 1836. “Professor E. M. Gallaudet. “My Dear Sir: I am very glad to learn that you have been invited to give infor¬ mation before a commission organized under the auspices of the British Government to inquire concerning the subjects of the education of the blind and the deaf. “A country that has contributed so largely as ours from the public funds for these purposes, and with such gratifying results, ought to be able to furnish much that is 632 1 State report, p. 247. *Ibid., p. 248. *Ibid., p. 249. 4 Ibid., pp. 249,250. EDUCATION OF THE DEAF AND DUMB. 633 interesting and profitable in such an investigation, and no person, I believe, can better represent our achievements iu this field of inquiry than yourself. “ I hope that the trip you are to make in answer to this invitation will be pleasant, and in furtherance of the objects you have so earnestly at heart. “ Yours, sincerely, “GROVER CLEVELAND. “President Gallaudet appeared twice before the commission. On the first occasion he spoke almost continuously for five hours, and on the second occupied five hours in answering questions asked liy members of the commission.1 “As the sessions were not public, and Dr. Gallaudet’s testimony will be printed in full by the commission, iu connection with its official report, on the conclusion of its labors, we are only permitted to give the following memoranda of the topics of his testimony : “1. General statistics of the deaf in the United States. “2. The exterior organization of schools for the deaf, manner of government, re¬ lation to the state, &c. “3. The interior organization of such schools, their number in the United States, cost of buildings and of support, number of pupils and of teachers. “4. Methods of instruction, duration of pupilage, courses of study, &c. “5. The higher education of the deaf as provided for in the college at Washington. “6. Industrial education in the American schools for the deaf. “7. Condition of the deaf after leaving school, occupations followed, clannish associations as affected by different methods of instruction, intermarriage, &c. “8. Qualification and compensation of teachers, division of duties between the principal and his subordinate officers, &c. “9. Conferences of principals and conventions of teachers; their influence and value in the work of educating the deaf in America. “10. Periodicals published in the interest of the education of the deaf, and of the deaf themselves considered as a special class in the community. “Dr. Gallaudet was very courteously treated by the members of the commission, both in their official capacity and individually. They listened apparently with great interest to his testimony, and by their questions showed an intelligent appreciation of the information he laid before them.” 2 REPORTS OF INSTITUTIONS. The oral class in the Alabama Institution for the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind, at Talladega, authorized by law at the last session of the General Assembly, has been inaugurated, and Miss Mary B. C. Brown, of Philadelphia, placed in charge. Time enough has not elapsed to give a decided opinion as to the value of oral instruction in an institution where signs are chiefly relied upon as a means of instruction. The Arkansas Deaf-Mute Institute, at Little Rock, has made a radical change in the system of teaching. The aim has been to make language the chief object of instruc¬ tion ; and the system is to teach sentences instead of long vocabularies of discon¬ nected words. The classes which have been taught by this method a year use language better than those which have been for two years under the system formerly in use. The work in teaching articulation last year was highly satisfactory. The ability to speak varies from speech so imperfect as to be scarcely intelligible to speech so nearly perfect that it would hardly be called peculiar. The system used is Bell’s system of visible speech. Every department of the American Asylum, at Hartford, Conn., is in excellent work¬ ing condition, and the results attained were never so uniformly good as they are now. Fifty-four pupils are receiving instruction in articulation and lip-reading. In some cases the success is very marked. Others have an equal amount of speech but less of lip-reading. Others have a more restricted use of speech, but are excellent lip- readers. Still others are quite limited in the use of both speech and lip-reading, but yet have enough to be useful to them in the family and among intimate friends. The pupils receive instruction in three trades, viz, cabinet-making, shoemaking, and tailoring. There are now 36 boys at work in the cabinet shop, 27 boys in the shoe shop, and 23 boys and 4 girls in the tailors’ shop. Most of the girls learn to sew and to do some of the lighter parts of housework. Drawing is carefully taught in order to cultivate the hand and the eye, and as a preparation for understanding working plans in the mechanical arts, and as laying the foundation for designing and other art work for those who show special talent in these lines. The Indiana Institute for the Deaf and Dumb, at Indianapolis, has bestowed special at¬ tention during the year upon what is called the “oral method.” Fifty-eight pupils have 1 American Annals of the Deaf, January, 1887, p. 23. *Ibid., p. 24. 634 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. received instruction in articulation and lip-reading. The instruction is supplemented by practice in oral talking and lip-reading in the various sign classes, among the pu¬ pils themselves, upon the play-ground and in the study-room, and especially while in^ intercourse with the speaking and hearing teachers, officers, and employes. The shops connected with the institution for the purpose of industrial education have been leased, with all the tools, &c., to lessees, who agree to teach the boys cabi¬ net and shoe making and chair-caning in consideration of the lease. The superin¬ tendent, however, recommends that “ the industrial department be taken from under the ban of the lease system. ” In the nineteenth annual report, 1886, of the Clarice Institution for Deaf-Mutes , at Northampton, Mass., are found some sentiments on “unjust taxation and discrimina¬ tion.” There is an obvious injustice in taxing the parents of the deaf and blind to educate everybody’s children but their own, while compelling them either to bear their burdens unaided or to leave their children uneducated, or to make a prescribed avowal of poverty to be verified by official signatures as a condition of educational help. “It is to be hoped that Massachusetts, with all her prestige in educational matters, after spending millions to establish and maintain the best of institutions, from the primary school to the university, for the education of the hearing, will not much longer figure in that minority of States which still discriminate against children of four senses.” The Minnesota Institute for Defective Children, at Faribault, reports a substantial im¬ provement, made during the past two years, viz, the gymnasium provided and fitted up in the basement of the new building. It has been pronounced one of the best gymnasia in the State. Its beneficial influence on the school last year was very marked, especially during the long, cold winter, when the pupils were reluctant to exercise in the open air. The pupils are confined at their regular duties between eight and nine hours daily, and without a gymnasium it is almost impossible to pre¬ vail upon them to pay proper attention to daily exercise, especially in winter. The experiment of applying the kindergarten ideas and methods to the education of the blind has been carried on with more or less interruption during the last two years. The training of the hand to respond to the will, the cultivation of ideas of harmony and symmetry, and the development of a certain amount of originality and ingenuity are results amply sufficient to warrant giving the kindergarten a perma¬ nent place in the school system of the blind. The Pennsylvania Oral School for the Deaf, at Scranton, has been in operation about two years. The advanced class, consisting of eight pupils, has been under oral in¬ struction about fourteen months. Two of them had had some instruction in signs, and are “ consequently behind the rest of the class in speech.” The principal work of the teacher has been to develop speech and language, and the pupils in this class talk with much freedom. They also read the lips of their teachers very well, and several of them read each other’s lips well. Two of them lost hearing by sickness, after acquiring some speech — one at six years of age and one at seven. There was no pupil who had enough hearing to learn to talk before coming to school. The principal of the school in her last report quotes from the Abbe Tarra, president of the International Congress of 1880, who has had nearly thirty years’ experience in teaching the deaf, first by sign method, then by combined method, and latterly by the pure oral. He says: “All of the deaf capable of being taught by means of signs are capable of being taught by means of speech without exception.” Also : “ Children who are being taught by oral method should be kept absolutely away from signs and the manual alphabet.” In the Texas Deaf and Dumb Asylum, at Austin, twenty-four pupils are taught lip- reading and articulation. Of this class thirteen are semi-mutes and eleven are con¬ genital mutes. The teaching of lip-reading and articulation has in view the association of deaf- mutes with hearing and speaking people and prepares them for social and business intercourse with the world. This intercourse can be carried on through the pencil and slate, but, where possible, more easily and pleasantly through the lip and eye. Lip-reading and articulation have not yet been taught in this institution long enough to realize the highest results, but the progress made gives promise of such attainments. The West Virginia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind, at Romney, adopted the articulation mode of instruction in November, 1885. Miss Agnes Grimm took charge of a class of twenty-two pupils, none of whom knew a solitary thing about the art of articulation, lip-reading, or of speech, and only six of whom had ever been able to hear in the least. Now, all of these twenty- two pupils, to a greater or less extent, understand lip-reading and conversation, and articulate themselves, many of whom having made marked progress in that direction, so much so that they can talk with each other without the intervention of their teacher. EDUCATION OU TIIE DEAF AND DUMB. 635 In the Wisconsin School for the Deaf at Delavan, oral instruction has been given for many years to such pupils as it appeared would receive practical benefit therefrom, and a good measure of success lias attended those eftorts. And to the end that what¬ ever can be accomplished with this method of instruction and culture may be realized, the oral teaching force has been augmented, and now numbers three ladies, who devote all their time to this system, their classes being instructed wholly therein. Table 66. — Summary of statistics of institutions for the deaf and dumb. Number under in- j struction during Library. . Property, income, & o. the year. States and Territories. Number of institutions | Instructors. Total. Male. 6 13 S m Ph Number of volumes. 00 c § 'll p - CJ P< > State appropriation for the last year. Income for the last year from tuition fees. Expenditure for the last year. 1 8 69 40 29 600 $40, 000 $10, 000 $10, 000 Arkansas . . 1 9 89 45 44 10 75, 000 41, 071 $54 45, 647 California _ 1 9 135 84 51 1, 200 300, 000 45, 750 45, 000 Colorado . 1 8 44 24 20 275 55, 000 20, 000 0 21, 000 CnnnAcHent; _ _ 2 20 218 127 91 2, 200 250, 000 1, 610 410 "PI nri d .a T,_Tr _ 1 2 8 1 16, 000 Georgia . . . 1 9 155 98 57 1,200 60, 000 17, 000 0 15, 319 TIHnmq 3 47 640 1 365 275 8, 701 370, 000 98, 000 99, 210 Indiana.......... . 1 20 372 207 165 4, 000 459, 000 38, 000 0 53, 654 Iowa . . . 1 16 295 175 120 800 250, 000 65, 000 0 65, 000 Kansas . 1 16 239 136 103 200 125, 000 37, 000 0 37, 500 Kentucky _ ... 1 14 190 109 81 1, 600 145, 000 29, 386 a2, 687 Maine _ 1 5 53 29 24 Maryland . . 2 13 117 62 55 2, 393 280, 700 32, 000 1, 700 31, 081 Mftftsar.h n _ 3 25 109 52 57 1, 581 15, 971 2,738 30, 491 Michigan _ ....... 2 24 367 221 146 2, 955 480, 823 50, 000 1, 400 54, 650 Minnesota . 1 14 157 88 C9 1,100 200, 000 35, 000 300 35, 000 Mississippi . . 1 8 90 50 40 500 100, 000 12, 500 0 12, 500 Missouri . . . 4 23 340 180 160 1, 050 180, 000 54, 300 405 40, 844 Nebraska . . . . 1 9 118 68 50 1, 011 90, 260 74, 200 42, 100 New J ersey _ ... _ 1 6 109 63 46 100, 000 New York . 6 86 1, 060 577 483 3, 750 797, 030 142, 901 83, 383 234, 340 North Carolina _ 1 8 125 69 56 1, 321 100, 000 36, 000 Ohio . . 2 32 486 260 226 2, 000 700, 000 92, 000 0 Oregon . 1 2 28 13 15 0 6, 000 6, 000 0 6, 000 Pennsylvania . . . . 4 55 706 425 281 6, 372 707, 501 133, 912 2, 000 150, 365 Khode Island _ 1 4 32 16 16 300 4, 000 3, 800 South Carolina . 1 3 74 39 35 300 55, 000 12, 000 592 11,441 Tennessee . 1 10 150 89 61 600 150, 000 36, 000 200 24, 500 Texas . 1 12 148 91 57 500 125, 0C0 46, 362 0 30, 338 Virginia . . . 1 12 94 48 46 300 175, 000 35, 000 0 "West Virginia . 1 7 79 47 32 737 80, 000 25, 000 0 17, 026 "Wisconsin . . . . . 3 28 298 188 110 1, 322 110, 000 44, 000 43, 626 Dakota . 1 3 40 28 12 48, 000 i . 22. 300 District of Colombia . o3 19 134 110 24 3, 400 700, 000 672, 000 5, 542 78, 121 New Mexico . 1 2 5 2 3 Utah . . . 1 3 18 10 8 12, 000 6, 000 2, 000 3, 000 W ashington Territory 1 5 20 12 8 0 3, 050 3| 000 0 Total . 61 |596 | 7,411 1 4,254 j 3, 157 52, 278 7, 345, 364 1 1, 335, 463 1 jl00, 724 1, 332, 540 a This includes the Deaf-Mute College, an organization within the Columbia Institution. 6 Congressional appropriation. 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 36 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 SO 31 32 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 67. — Statistics of institutions for the deaf and dunib for 1885-’86; Post-office address. Name. Year of foundation. 1 Principal. 1 3 3 4 1860 J. H. Johnson, M. D . . Little Koch, Ark - Deaf and Dumb and the Blind. Arkansas Deaf-Mute Institute.. 1868 Francis D. Clarke, M. A . 1860 Warring Wilkinson, M. A . Colorado Springs, Colo. Dumb and the Blind. Institute for the Education of 1874 D. C. Dudley, A. M . the Mute and the Blind. American Asylum for the Edu¬ cation of the Deaf and Dumb. 1818 Job Williams, M. A _ Mystic River, Conn .. St. Augustine, Fla _ 1869 N. Hammond . . . Florida Blind and Deaf-Mute 1885 Park Terrell . . . Institute.* Georgia Institute for the Deaf and Dumb. Chicago Day School for Deaf- 1846 Wesley O. Connor _ Chicago, Ill. (42 S. 1875 Rev. Philip A. Emery, M. A., D. D. May street). Englewood, Ill. (Wa¬ Mutes. Voice and Hearing School for 1882 Miss Mary McCowen . . bash ave., near G3d the Deaf. street). Jacksonville, Ill ...... Dlinois Institution for the Ed¬ 1839 Philip G. Gillett, A. M., ll. d _ Indianapolis, Ind . ucation of the Deaf and Dumb. Indiana Institution for Educat¬ 1844 Eli P. Baker, superintendent _ Council Bluffs, Iowa.. ing the Deaf and Dumb. Iowa Institution for the Deaf 1855 G. L. Wyckoff . Olathe, Kans _ and Dumb. Kansas Institution for the Ed¬ 1862 S. T. Walker _ Danville, Ely . ucation of the Deaf and Dumb. Kentucky Institution for the 1823 W. K. Argo, B. A., superintend¬ Portland, Me _ Deaf-Mutes. Portland School for the Deaf - Maryland School for the Col¬ 1876 ent. Miss Ellen L. Barton _ Baltimore, Md. (258 1872 F. D. Morrison, A. M . Saratoga street). Frederick, Md . ored Blind and Deaf-Mutes. Maryland School for the Deaf 1867 Charles W. Ely, M. a . — - Beverly, Mass . . and Dumb. New England Industrial School for Deaf Mutes. Horace Mann School for the 1879 Nellie H. Swett _ Boston, Mass.(G3 War- 1869 Miss Sarah Fuller . renton street.) Northampton, Mass .. Deaf. Clarke Institution for Deaf- 1867 Caroline A. Yale.... . Flint, Mich . Mutes. Michigan Institution for Edu¬ 1854 M. T. Gass, A. M., superintend¬ Norris, Mieli _ cating the Deaf and Dumb. Evangelical Lutheran Deaf- Mute Institution. Minnesota School for the Deaf 1874 ent. H. TTblicr director _ _ _ Faribault, Minn . 1863 J. L. Noyes, superintendent - Jackson, Miss . and Dumb. Mississippi Institution for the 1853 J. R. Dobyns, A. M., superintend¬ Fulton, Mo . Deaf and Dumb. Missouri Institution for the Ed¬ 1851 ent. William D. Kerr, A. M., superin¬ Hannibal, Mo _ ucation of the Deaf and Dumb. St. Joseph’s Deaf-Mute Insti¬ tute.* C on vent o f Maria C onsilia D eaf- 1881 tendent. Sisters of St. Joseph ............ St. Louis, Mo. (1849 1885 Sister M. A dele . Cass ave). St. Louis, Mo. (cor. Mute Institute. St. Louis Day School for Deaf- 1878 Delos A. Simpson, B. A . 9th and Washing¬ Mutes. ton streets). Omaha, Nebr . .. Nebraska Institute for the Deaf 1869 J. A. Gillespie, A. M . Chambersburgh (near and Dumb. New Jersey School for Deaf- 1883 Weston Jenkins, M. A . Trenton, N. J.). Buffalo, N. Y. (125 Mutes. Le Couteulx St. Mary’s Insti¬ 1854 Sister Mary Anne Burke . Edward street). tution for the Improved In¬ struction of Deaf-Mutes. * From Report of the Commissioner of Education for year 1884-’85. a These statistics are for both departments of the institution. EDUCATION OF TIIE DEAF AND DUMB, 637 from replies to inquiries by the United States Bureau of Education. CD C o p p 00 A Pupils. Average number of years spout in the institution by pupils. Graduates in 1886. Yolnmes in library. Property, income, &c. Male. Female. Value of grounds, build¬ ings, and apparatus. State appronriation for the last year. Income for the last year from tuition feeB. Expenditure for the last year. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 13 14 s 40 29 5 600 $40, 000 $10, 000 $10, 000 9 45 44 7 10 10 75, 000 41, 071 $54 45, 647 g 84 51 6 1, 200 300, 000 45, 750 45, 000 8 24 20 8 275 55, 000 20, 000 0 21, 000 16 110 82 2, 000 250, 000 4 8 g 200 1, 610 410 2 7 1 al6, 000 9 98 5? 1, 200 60, 000 17, 000 0 15, 319 8 24 23 65, 000 7 16 14 i . 32 325 238 6 8,701 370, 000 98, 000 99, 210 20 207 165 5 4, 000 459, 000 38, 000 0 53, 654 16 175 120 5* 800 250, 000 65, 000 0 65, 000 16 136 103 7 9 200 125, 000 37, 500 0 37, 500 14 109 81 7 1, 600 145, 000 29, 386 32, 687 5 29 24 2 12 6 6 25 30, 000 7,000 1, 600 6,037 11 50 49 4-6 . 2,368 250, 700 25, 000 100 25, 044 4 12 10 2,000 3,545 j 8 40 47 402 13 7 1, 179 13, 971 2, 738 26, 946 21 195 137 52 2, 605 465, 823 50, 000 200 50, 000 3 26 9 4-5 350 15, 000 1, 200 4, 650 14 88 69 6 1,100 200, 000 35, 000 300 35, 000 8 50 40 8 500 100, COO 12, 500 0 12, 500 15 ! 138 102 5£ 1,050 180, 000 54, 300 405 40, 844 1 8 14 J 4 21 10 0 J 30 23 8 9 68 50 6 1, 011 90, 260 674, 200 42, 100 6 63 46 100, 000 “1 84 72 6 650 129, 000 c27, 803 2,138 1 33, 000 I 6 For 2 years. c Includes appropriation from county of $6,477. 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 *F cl bA REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 67. — Statistics of institutions far Post-office address. .Name. I Year of foundation. ! Principal. 3 4 1869 Ernestine Nardin, president .... 1884 Henry C. Rider, superintendent. 1867 David Greenberger . 1876 Zenas F. Westervelt . 1875 Edward Beverly Nelson, a. b _ 1845 W. J. Young, M. A . 1875 Alfred F. Wood . 1829 Amasa Pratt, A. M . 1870 Rev. P. S. Knight, superintendent 1821 A. L. E. Crouter . 1885 Mary S. Garrett . 1883 Emma Garrett . 1876 Rev. John G. Brown, D. D . 1877 Miss Anna M. Black . 1849 Newton F. Walker . . . 1845 Thomas L. Moses . . 1857 Rev. W. Shapard, superintendent 1839 Thomas S. Doyle . 1870 John C. Covell, M. A . 1852 John W. Swiler, M. A., superin¬ tendent. 1883 Paul Dinner . 1876 Rev. Chas. Fessler, president _ 1880 James Simpson, superintendent. 1883 A. Graham Bell, ph.d . 1857 E. M. Gallaudet, ph. D., ll. d., president. 1864 E. M. Gallaudet, PH. D., ll. d., president. 1885 Lars M. Larson . 1884 Henry C. White, A. B . 1885 Rev. W. D. McFarland, director . Fordham, N. Y. Malone, N. Y. New York, N. Y. (Lex¬ ington ave., bet. 67th and 6Sth streets) . Rochester, N. Y. (945 N. St. Paul street). Rome, N. Y . Raleigh, N. C . . Cincinnati, Ohio . Columbns, Ohio . Salem, Oreg . . Philadelphia, Pa — .. Philadelphia, Pa. (7 S. Merrick street). Scranton, Pa . Wilkinsburgh, Pa .... Providence, R. I .. Cedar Spring, S. C Knoxville, Tenn . Austin, Tex . Staunton, Ya Romney, W. Ya. Delavan, Wis , Milwaukee, Wis. (cor. Prairie State appropriation for the last year. Income for the last year from tuition fees. Expenditure for the last year. 0 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 136 158 500 $203, 030 $35, 111 $1, 312 $62, 505 14 2 0 al2, 888 13, 409 85 300 325,000 : 45, 335 48, 216 inn 88 2, 000 75, 000 25, 847 34, 598 36, 214 66 8-10 300 65, 000 641, 252 40, 996 69 56 1, 321 clOO, 000 c36, 000 19 20 4-8 0 ! 241 206 10 2, 000 7C0, 000 92, 000 0 1 13 15 5 0 6,000 6, 000 0 6, 000 292 210 6 6,000 550, COO 87, 750 2, 000 115, 000 10 2 97 1 10 8 0 0 1,350 113 61 54 1 . 275 157, 501 46, 162 0 34, 015 16 16 ! . 300 4, 000 3, 800 I 39 35 ! . 300 cod, 000 cl2, 000 c592 ell, 441 89 61 1 600 150, 090 36, 000 200 24,500 91 57 4 ! 500 125, 000 46, 362 0 30, 338 48 46 6 300 175 000 35, 000 0 47 32 7 737 c80, 000 c25, 000 I o 17, 026 150 86 4-7 1, 300 100, 000 40, 000 0 39, 626 17 18 1J . 22 4,000 4, 000 21 6 4 1 0 10, 000 1 28 12 i . 48, 000 I 1 . 22,300 ! 4 1 2 1 200 ■ 106 22 8 | 3, 200 700, 000 (272, 000 5, 542 78,121 ! , 3 j 1 ! « 8 3 12, 000 6, 000 2, 000 3,000 ; 12 8 0 3, 050 3,* ’000 0 1 48 a Includes a county appropriation of $3,106 and a loan of $2,000. 5 Whole amount appropriated. c These statistics are for both departments of the institution. d Congressional appropriation. 640 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Memoranda to Table 67. Location. Name. Remarks. Chicago, I1L (423 W. 12th st.). Baltimore, Md ... _ _ Roman Catholic School for the Deaf and Dumb . . F. Knanp’s Institute . . . No information received. No information received. No information received. Discontinued. No information received. New York, N. Y. (Station M). Louisville, Ohio . Baton Rouge, La . Institution for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb. St. J oseph’s Institute for Deaf-Mutes . . . Louisiana Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb. II.— EDUCATION OF THE BLIND. REPORTS OF INSTITUTIONS. The College for the Blind, at Vinton, Iowa, presents the unique feature of a literary society modelled and conducted after the manner of similar organizations in the best colleges. Such a J>ody, composed entirely of students in the higher classes, and others over fifteen years of age, and conducted without interference on the part of officers or teachers, has flourished in this institution for seven years. Aside from the main end in view, the practice in parliamentary usages, the caucus meetings, the clans formed, the little strifes (absurd as it may seem) are like green vines entwining the routine of institution life. The course of bodily training, pursued in the PerJdns Institution for the Blind, at Boston, has been prosecuted with uncommon energy, and no pains have been spared on the part of those in charge to improve and systematize a regular, intelligent, and, to some degree, scientific series of exercises, consisting of free gymnastics, calisthen¬ ics, and military drill. The favorable results of a strict adherence to this system of physical training are strikingly noticeable in the health and symmetrical growth, as well as in the appearance, gait, manners, and disposition of the pupils. This institution owns an assortment of forty-six grand, square, and upright pianos, which are in constant use from morning until evening. Also, for the tenth time, the contract has been renewed for another year, whereby the pianos of the public schools of Boston, one hundred and thirty-four in number, have been put in charge of the tuners of this institution. In the Michigan School for the Blind, at Lansing, the general character of the employ¬ ment afforded the pupils has been very much as indicated formerly, although in the girls’ branch there has been a noticeable improvement in the quality of the manu¬ factured articles. Sewing by hand and machine, both fancy and plain, the hemming of sheets, napkins, and towels, knitting and crocheting, darning and mending, con¬ stitute the main features of the girls’ work. An exhibit was made at the Central Michigan Fair, at Lansing, in 1886, of the work of this department, together with samples of the work and apparatus of the other departments of the school. The quality of this exhibit excited considerable attention and enlisted a very general interest in the peculiar work which this institution is accomplishing. The superintendent of the New York Institution for the Blind, at Batavia, in report for 1886, animadverts upon the manifold benefits of the “New York point system.” It was favorably discussed at the late Convention of the Instructors of the Blind, a nd has the following advantages : It is simple in construction. Its tangible power adapts it to the tactile capacity of all. It is equally adapted to literature and music. It can be both written and printed. By the aid of the point tablet, it furnishes the measure for outline map-drawing and mathematical operations. With the aid of the type-slate a combination of the musical signs with the numeral signs furnishes a means of writing in harmony and thorough bass. The literary department of the Ohio Institution for the Blind, at Columbus, offers six grades of study, as follows: Sub-primary, including kindergarten, primary, interme¬ diate, grammar, sub-senior, and senior. The pupils and studies present the following distribution : Pupils. Pupils. Kindergarten . 18 Reading . 86 Spelling and defining . . 120 Writing, both “ point ’’ and with pencil - 24 Arithmetic . 164 Geography.. . .i . 59 English grammar . 19 United States history . - . 25 Physical geography . 34 Algebra . 10 Rhetoric and composition . 13 English literature . 18 Modern history . 17 Physics . 14 Geometry . 8 Ancient history . 11 Physiology . 13 The Wisconsin School for the Blind, at Janesville, graduated in June, 1886. five young women and three young men who had satisfactorily completed the prescribed course of study, and who received the diploma authorized to be bestowed in such cases. EDUCATION OF THE BLIND. 641 As an evidence of the practical character of this education, it may he stated that not a few of those who have gone out from tho school in years past are maintaining themselves comfortably and honorably through tho equipment which it gave them. Table 08. — Summary of statistics of institutions for the blind. Number of schools. a s3 90 0 >* u ^ .s § 0 0 0 -*-> pO 0 a 5 'A Number of pupils. Number of volumes in library. 1 4 30 500 1 38 26 1, 200 1 2 19 40 1 1 I 12 ♦ 91 1, 500 1 1 40 1G8 679 | 1 1 29 130 1, 000 1 | 37 160 1,344 1 20 85 500 1 22 69 1, 300 1 6 21 280 2 19 79 1,005 ! 1 82 153 9, 508 1 28 93 1, 000 1 1 10 46 1 1 ! 14 35 500 1 1 25 81 600 1 7 38 400 2 1 85 387 2, 000 1 71 216 3, 100 1 2 9 325 1 32 190 2, 500 1 4 18 1 7 74 1 15 112 1 7 47 300 1 5 35 290 29 | 023 2, 412 29,871 , States. Alabama . . California . Colorado . . Florida . Georgia . . Illinois . . Indiana . Iowa . . Kansas . Kentucky . . Louisiana . . Maryland . Massachusetts. Michigan . Minnesota . . Mississippi .... Missouri . Nebraska . New York . . Ohio . . Oregon . Pennsylvania . South Carolina Tennessee . . Texas . . Virginia . "West Virginia Total Property, income, &c. It* III! p o S 2 $40, 000 (a) (a) (a) 90, 000 19ii, 115 37.1, 839 310, 000 200, 000 r.'O, ooo 1 l, 000 337, 400 36(5, 216 217, 870 55, 0n0 50, 1.00 250, >'00 20. 000 399, 527 500, 00O 5, 500 182, 306 (a) 100, 000 (a) (a) $S, 000 (a) (a) (a) 12, 000 50, 000 *’9 Guo 35', 523 21,917 37,310 7, 500 300 30. 000 30, 000 1(1, SOS 10, 000 26. 000 19,400 44. 000 55, 956 5, 250 46, 500 (a) 1. 600 33, 000 (a) (a) 494, 154 it ® $45, 750 20, 000 (a) 12. 000 31,606 38, 656 21.917 37, 732 7. 500 17, 500 117, 262 31, 101 26, 000 19, 400 194. 349 55, 956 5, 250 93, 794 12, 592 33, 000 36, COO 30, 030 887, 395 $8. 000 (a) (a) (a) 13, 575 33, 583 25, 889 32, 286 21, 603 35, 674 8, 17, 82, 22, 10, 24, 19, 188, 57, 5, 77, (a) 30, 000 (a) 715, 839 See Table 69. ED SO - 41 SIeIsI! lllill Table G9 .—Statistics of institutions for the llind for 1885-’86 ; from replies to inquiries hj the United States Bureau of Education. 642 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Property, income, &c. UB9.£ eqj .ioj 8jujipaedx9 jbjoj, «( ■< 1 _ gsssssss^ss e e s3-8- g- ss s' s' i s si •ica.£ JSBI oq; aoj S|dt999J p^ox © m i 1 ! J! : Is 8 ! 1 1 1 s ; | f -as ; Ss s' s' « s' s •JB9.£ jsbj 9qj joj noxjBiJdoidde jedi •oiunui ao’ojBjg jo juuoaiy © $8, 000 (b) (b) A 30, 000 20, 000 35, 523 21, 917 c37, 310 7, 500 e300 (/) 30, 000 30, 000 •snjBJBddB paB ‘eStrt -ppnq ‘epunoj^ jo ori^B^ GB $40,000 (6) (b) A 196,115 373, 839 310, 000 200, 000 120, 000 11, 000 337, 400 (/) 366, 216 217, 870 •.f Jiuqq ut sannqo^ S 3 « ilslSIlIIlll th -r ,-r r or -r •sndnd jo loqmnfq © 30 26 19 91 168 130 160 85 69 21 63 16 153 93 . -s9A0idni8 aoqjo pue Baopujjstri jo jaqumjq B5 S SS 8 0 § ^ S 8 P Superintendent. * J. II. Johnson . Warring Wilkinson, M. A., principal . D. C. Dudley, A. m., principal . Park Terrell, principal . W. D. Williams . Franklin W. Phillips, M.D . n. B. Jacobs . T. F. McCnne, m. a., principal . George II. Miller . Benjamin B. Quntoon, A. M . P. Lane . Frederick D. Morrison, M. A . . . Frederick D. Morrison, M. A . M. Anagnos . J. F. McElroy, a. m . •aoijeptmoj jo jb9J£ W 1 I 1 III 1 II I s I 1 I I © I Jzt Alabama Institution for the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind. 4 Institution for the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind. Institute for the Education of tbo Mute and the Blind. Florida Blind and Deaf-Mute Institute*.. Georgia Academy for the Blind . Illinois Institution for the Education of the Blind. I ndiana Institute for the Education of the Blind. Iowa College for the Blind . Kansas Institution for the Education of the Blind. Kentucky Institution for tho Education of tho Blind. Louisiana Institution for tho Blind and Industrial Ilome for the Blind. Maryland Institution for the Instruction of the Blind. Maryland School for the Colored Blind * and Deaf-Mutes. Perkins Institution and Massachusetts School for the Blind. ■ Michigan School for tho Blind . ! . 8 m i p-i *4 I 2 6 2 2 2 2 2 : i 3 j i : : : • ; a s ;= 1 ; q 3 1 1 13 3 f « * f 15! 1 1 1 1 1 M 1 I a « 3 5 ?: i U M M tt s 1 s 1 1 1 & | f € a ?E till 1 1 1 ? j 1 1111 643 644 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. III.— EDUCATION OF THE FEEBLE-MINDED. MASSACHUSETTS SCHOOL FOR THE FEEBLE-MINDED. Tlie Massachusetts School for the Feehle-Minded, at South Boston, reports an event of the greatest moment placed to the credit of 1886. The parent who now puts his child in this institution, even though unable to pay for its education, is no more pauper¬ ized than he would be if he sent his child to any of the public schools in the State. An act of the Legislature, approved by the Governor, restores the school to its right¬ ful place among the educational institutions of the State, from which it had been driven by the unfortunate legislation of 1883. Table 70. — Summary of statistics of schools for feeble-minded youth. States. Number of institutions. £ © « o'® £ © « % .2 3 © © il Number of inmates. Income. Expenditure. Male. Female. Total. California . — . 1 1 20 41 31 72 $43, 537 $42, 888 PI/witi tfWX'fn PIT t, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 35 60 40 100 Indiana . 1 39 40 38 78 (a) 12, 500 Iowa . . . - . 1 50 169 111 280 28, 000 28, 000 Kentucky . - . - . 1 27 93 70 163 36, 600 36, 790 Massachusetts . . - . 4 76 132 96 228 38, 768 35, 889 IVf ichi°an ■ * B B . . TW_T _ _ _ _ 1 15 26 9 35 Minnesota , -- - --------------- 1 32 73 38 111 19, 391 New York . 3 105 208 346 554 100, 216 91,354 Ohio . . . . . ........ - - 1 147 456 275 731 195, 750 128, 350 Pennsylvania . . . 1 110 348 242 590 108, 069 121,199 Total . . 16 636 1,646 1,296 2,942 550, 940 ; 516, 361 a Ten dollars for each inmate. Tatjt/tc 71.-— Statistics of schools and asylums for fcel)le-minrfed children for 1885-’86 ; from replies to inquiries ly the United Slates Bureau of Education. EDUCATION OF THE FEEBLE-MINDED, 645 a Within the paBt; three years ax>plications to the number of 170 remain on file awaiting an opportunity for admission. b Ten dollars for each inmate. 640 REPORT OP THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. IV.— EDUCATION OF JCVENILE DELINQUENTS. Table 72. — Summary of statistics of reform schools. States, &o. Number of institu¬ tions. Number of teachers, officers, and assist¬ ants. Number committed | during the year. 1 Number discharged during the year. Present inmates. Number of volumes in library. Sex. Pace. Nativity. Male. Female. White. Colored. j 6 Foreign. Colorado . . . 1 13 56 76 90 0 81 9 83 7 622 Connecticut _ ....... 1 41 238 204 447 423 24 59 388 2, 000 "Indiana _ _ 2 38 241 104 496 129 421 75 2, 200 Iowa _ .... 1 13 34 22 121 107 14 117 4 616 ~K n,n sas _ 1 20 30 41 101 88 13 99 2 149 Xentucky . . 2 39 111 102 204 125 166 79 319 10 COO Maine . . 1 17 25 28 109 0 108 1 10 99 1, 726 Maryland _ 2 19 93 84 257 62 62 257 257 385 Massachusetts . 11 86 820 622 709 201 867 43 349 38 6, 750 Michigan _ ... _ ... 1 21 64 41 187 173 14 510 Minnesota . . 1 27 82 53 178 20 196 2 174 24 1,100 Missouri ............... 1 26 159 149 196 56 202 50 500 Nebraska . . . 1 19 53 22 114 23 126 11 121 16 540 New Hampshire... . 1 10 34 35 88 20 106 2 99 9 600 New Jersey . . 2 37 135 155 288 37 294 31 33 4 900 New York . 6 208 1, 832 1, 863 2, 023 309 2, 134 198 1, 584 123 13, 883 Ohio . . 2 53 728 640 857 70 405 170 563* 12 2, 500 Pennsylvania _ 1 85 508 547 594 160 566 188 3, 000 "Rhode Island _ 1 17 124 101 189 0 171 18 1, 025 Vermont _ 1 41 44 67 16 "Wisconsin.. . 2 60 218 205 370 132 493 9 283 42 1, 440 District of Columbia ... 1 28 107 79 168 0 70 98 140 28 650 Total . . 43 877 5,733 5,217 7,545 1, C68 7, 259 1,306 1 4, 290 806 41, 696 Table 73. — Statistics of reform schools for 1885-’86 ; from replies to inquiries ly the United States Bureau of Education. STATISTICS 0 F REFORM SCHOOLS. 641 \£jciqi{ ni eonnqoA. ^ (MOOO o to o© CM © IO © © -H -tX © teoOIN OO r-1 to ^-.O^OOOO o © © © l~ Irt r 1 lO •aSioao^i •paioxoQ •Qinr A\ NC> ■ (M © ©co© ■ io s)M © co •uotestrapB ioj ©§y >oi© ^ oo® co ci co ooci t>- ci i> cl i> 4 '~'t3 ns ns as a t=> P 1 3 in csiainc* ’Til I ! t- c- 1> t- •e^aB^eiseB ptre gj©o :o ‘ea©qoB©q. jo Jaqnm^f ca iH NNi lOHMION © >, ■So g4 I £ tT So®'3 .1 floes a 3 a >» 43 a °6 HO :J§ • » :cc • (J2 # ;02 i « S « 43 I §^'§*3 )S ® 3d | SdB 02 rt da queniqsixqBxs© jo q^bq «$ H^OCO 00 CO HlOO OO CQ tO t> I> ^ O ^ H HOCCMH co to o t> oi>- oooo mo r>- (M io h m oc n ^ to oo co oo co ac oo co co oo oo co oo oo oc oo ac co co oo oo oo oo oo oo oc PJ3 O H :C5m 5J5 s ■- HaS o o ® 3 3 043 3 jn a o -g K o | S5®-, -3 1 1 ot>'S'S o s pd? © a 2 - * s«s =5=2 9 a o sJgfS'S o « g'C _g HH CO ‘.nS 3 1 i ! © ^ . Trd : !43 •g4 o • 43 ®„ © W) 5 rd ' : * « rD “3 Jigs g § £ © s®'o, j is: %¥r isj. *3 *'2' ,r3 II 83 3 3 O O bb Id M ® © ^ ■e o B 2 S ®»^ S"m - 3 3 3 -233' -i ® ''3^03 _ aa^ ^ © s C00ci3c30 pqpq«Ui-?i-lHl Be c??<) ) in © t- oo © aThirty-l'our released on ‘ ‘ ticket-of-leave.” & Have use of Boston Public Library. Table 73. — Statistics of reform schools for 1885-’86, $c. — Continued. US REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. •iLiciqi} m 89umxo'A j O O O O O O O ON O O |A OOrfOOOL-- O OO lO O vr$ \ h 10 10 0 co w r}< co 00 t'- co ^ j t-T co 10 2, 500 3, 000 1,025 640 800 Present inmates. "a Pi •uSl910^[ 14 Th • O O I T*< CM • rH . 79 44 CM 1 • rH « « 42 •OAT^nj^; 13 t*i «HO} • CO 00 VO CO • CO lr^»(MO»COCO O C-Oi H jrl 1 O • OO 1 895 283 Pace. •paiojoQ en H woHcdt"^ OH CM ^ CO CO 10 co co a 170 188 | 18 10 Th 1” CO CM O O ^ CO 00 rH CM O O CM O O CO CO ZO CC to 0 Ti CM IQ CM CM coco • 0 CO O « O O CO CM . CO H CO 1 rH 1— 1 • 1 • •9Xuh es 178 196 114 88 288 S Pc3 s t> m t~ CM LO rf< C5 O 10 co 1-- c; 00 co t* cm CM 10 10 rH CO •JCB9A 9T£}. Sat -lap poSji3t[osip laqainj^; •xbqJS. 9q} Sat -aap p9^itaraoo aaqum^i •uoissirapn .ioj eSy a a P P £© <£> 5© to 00 SO to O S'-1 3 P •s^amHiseB pae ‘sjoo -100 l8idqo’i39} jo aoqranjt 1© iMOt- . a a : S 2 t p a ; os PqP4|^P , .Oioh 50 -.2 % . O © . £12 <3 a q * s H © o^> © . N M p Tp-5 ■ p ■ O §14\ .. 6 gdP g WPPi-iPPP •!}.ii9rnq8i[r[B^83 jo o^d 50 ifj 00 iO Q I> CO CO 00 00 00 GC 00 oo noooooimo o coiornocOL'- co 00 oo 00 CC 00 00 CO oo £d 2 s > Cl Zi © ;3 s © § . 0 gw 0 •^02 ©CO g© -H bC C£ H <© |jpf- 3 O 3«2 ■s^ ©f S'3«w fl®qo © © fl ® © © ^ © w • r3 Q Oj Kl © O ^PgomPccP p ? h> ;p ® ® > pi 1-3 14 fH o p ► © odW 1414 £ £ © © 3 © o to © a 2 * . p£p .2® § ° ® © oP 2 14‘i2 o •jp -ip ’3o®« © o s«3 oai t- tx)^ O0“5® g £ *g.s S| i.as»(g cD .g ^3 o_g n PoOPcoPl^ f> *1 -3 : £ tP5 ■ o O'® :p fi3|l§ll| :n rgt3^5 P ■+3 W O -rH ~ ® .r-T -13 ci ® 2 out. Q,f~t © © • O 2 ro® £33 —v rt) & - h » c o s,r-fl © fee- gtS-3 2-3 I S* 2 ©^ o ££ 2 g-43 £d-& ®.g |r - --1 ^ pOh3PHff!t>^ P a Since succeeded, by Charles Douglass. 6 Boys under 10 ; girls under 1G. STATISTICS OF REFORM SCIIOOLS. 640 List of reform schools from which no information has been received. Location. Name. Location. Name. San Francisco, Cal. . Middletown, Conn.. Pontiac. Ill . South' Evanston, Ill. Eklora.lowa . New Orleans, La _ New Orleans, La _ Baltimore, Md . Baltimore, Md . Boston, Mass . Fall Fiver, Mass . . - Springfield, Mass . . . Detroit, Mich. . Lansing, Mich . Verona, N. J . Brooklyn, N. Y. (Hopkinson ave. and Pacific st.). City and Oounty Industrial School. Connecticut Industrial School for Girls. Illinois State Reform School. Illinois Industrial School for Girls. Iowa Industrial School. Boys’ House of Itefuge. Girls’ House of Refuge. House of Refuge. House of the Good Shep¬ herd. Penitent Females’ Refuge. Truant School. Hampden County Truant School. Asylum of the|Good Shep¬ herd (preservation class). State Reform School. Newark City Home. House of the Good Shep¬ herd. Brooklyn, N. Y. (Jamaica Plank Road). Buffalo, N. Y . Buffalo, N. Y . New York, N. Y. (90th street and East River). New York, N. Y. (7 E. 88th st.). Rochester, N. Y _ Utica, N. Y . Cincinnati, Ohio, (Long worth and Stone sts.). Cleveland, Ohio. . . . Delaware, Ohio - Toledo, Ohio . Pittsburgh, Pa. (Morganza). Galveston, Tex .... Truant House. Catholic Protectory for Bo vs. Catholic Protectory for Girls. House of the Good Shep¬ herd. New York Magdalen Benev¬ olent Society. Western House of Refuge. Protectorate and Reforma¬ tory for Destitute Chil¬ dren. Protectory for Boys. House of Refuge and Cor¬ rection. Girls’ Industrial Home. House of Refuge and Cor¬ rection. Pennsylvania Reform School. Galveston Reformatory. / 650 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. V.— EDUCATION OF THE COLORED RACE. COLORED PUBLIC SCHOOLS. Table 74. — School population and enrolment of the ivlvite and colored races in the former slave States for 18o5-b6. State. White. Colored. School population. Enrol¬ ment. Percentage of school population enrolled. School population. Enrolment. Percentage of school population enrolled. Alabama . 299, 524 148, 742 49.7 151, 444 104, 150 68.8 Arkansas a . 241. 927 115, 648 47.8 74, 429 37, 568 50.5 Delaware® . 35, 069 27, 037 77.1 be 5, 500 4,226 76.9 Florida ..................... 46, 720 36, 143 G-eoriria _ _ _ d 265, 548 190, 346 <2243, 174 119. 248 Kentucky e . 493, 667 250, 682 50.8 87, 655 31, 832 36.3 Louisiana _ _ /139, 665 g59, 032 /151, 384 g40, 909 Maryland.... . . . /226, 806 • 142, 838 /68, 409 32, 142 Mississippi . cl90, 000 146, 080 76.9 c260, 000 158, 300 60.9 Missouri . 766, 495 539, 827 70.4 45, 930 29, 125 63.4 North Carolina . 330, 890 188, 036 56.8 199, 237 117, 562 59.0 South Carolina . . /94, 450 84, 423 /167, 829 99, 543 Tennessee . 465, 000 298, 883 64.3 158, 450 84, 624 . 53.4 Texas A . 249, 808 199, 935 80.0 81,666 61, 088 74.8 Virginia . 345, 022 197, 182 57.2 265, 249 111,114 41.9 West Virginia . 233, 032 166, 667 71.5 9, 720 5, 590 57.5 District of Columbia . c36, 919 20, 696 56.1 c 14, 000 11, 640 S3. 1 Average . 62.5 2, 020, 219 1, 048, 659 55.8 a In 1883-1884. 5 Outside of Wilmington. c Estimated. d School census of 1882 as corrected, eln 1882-1883. / U. S. census of 1880. .gin 1885. A No reports from about one-eighth of the counties. There were also enrolled 39,408 pupils paying tuition, not classified by race. The following table exhibits some additional facts concerning the public schools of certain States having separate systems for white and colored youth: Table 75. — Additional colored public-school statistics. State. Per cent, of enrol¬ ment in average attendance. Number of pupils in average at¬ tendance to each teacher. Average monthly salaries of teachers. Duration of schools. White. Colored. White. Colored. White. Colored. White. Colored. Alabama . 60. 57 69. 50 59. 32 62. 28 70. 95 72. 22 57. 65 60.16 71. 66 65. 42 58. 33 67. 10 73. 75 52. 79 24.61 27. 48 20. 01 28. 46 25. 57 37. 94 22. 50 34. 26 46. 75 32. 34 30. 85 46.67 38. 50 34. 24 $27 57 5 534 82 \c3\ 75 $25 97 20 36 \ 27 50 5 S7.3 days.. 5 months.. lli weeks. 87.2 days. 4.91 months. 12 weeks. Louisiana® .... Mississippi®... North Carolina. South Carolina. rTft'nnftssftft S 526 33 \ c23 77 24 69 \ 20 36 5 Virginia, a In 1885. b For males. c For females. EDUCATION OF THE COLORED RACE. G51 Table 76. — Amount and disposition of the sums disbursed from the Peabody fund from 1868 to 1886, inclusive. State. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1 1875. 1876. 1877. Virginia . North Carolina ... South Carolina . . . i Georgia . Florida . Alabama . Mississippi . Louisiana . Tfticas . . $4,750 2, 700 3, 550 8, 562 1,000 1, 338 8, 700 $12, 700 6.350 7, 800 9, 000 1,850 5,700 9,000 10, 500 $10, 300 7, 650 3, 050 6, 000 6, 950 5, 950 5, 600 5, 000 1, 000 11, 050 15, 050 ! 13,000 $15, 950 8, 750 2, 500 3, 800 6, 550 5, 800 3, 250 12, 400 I$20, 700 8, 250 500 6, 000 6, 200 9, 900 4, 550 11, 500 $36, 700 9, 750 1,500 13, 750 7, 700 6, 000 6, 800 $31, 750 14, 300 200 6, 500 9, 900 9, 700 6, 700 2, 750 1, 000 3, 600 33. 100 15. 100 $23, 350 16, 900 100 9,750 1, 800 2, 200 5, 400 1,000 1, 350 1, 500 27, 150 10, 500 $17, 800 8, 050 4,150 3, 700 1,000 5, 500 9, 950 2, 000 4, 450 1, 000 10, 100 8, 600 $18, 254 4, 900 4, 300 4, 000 6, 500 3, 700 5, 990 2, 000 10, 800 6, 300 15, 850 6, 810 Arkansas . Tennessee . West Virginia.... Total . 4, 800 4, 300- 11, 90b 10, 900 9,200 22, 650 9, 150 12, 250 23, 250 17, 900 11,400 27, 800 15, 750 35, 400 90, 000 90, 600 |100, 000 130, 000 137, 150 j 134, 600 101, 000 76, 300 89, 400 State. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1 1884. 1885. 1886. Total. Virginia . North Carolina . South Carolina. . Georgia . Florida . Alabama . Mississipoi . Louisiana. . Texas . Arkansas . Tennessee . West Virginia.. Total . !$15, 350 4,500 3, 600 6, 000 3, 900 1, 100 600 8, 000 8, 550 6, 000 14, 600 5, 050 1 $9, 850 6, 700 4, 250 6, 500 3, 000 3, 600 4, 000 7, 650 7, 700 5, 600 12, 000 4,000 $6, 800 3, 050 2, 700 5, 800 2, 600 1, 200 4, 200 4,200 27, 500 7, 200 10, 900 2, 000 $5, 150 4, 125 4,050 5, 300 2, 000 1,800 3,950 1,700 10, 800 4, 000 5,500 2, 000 $3, 234 6, 485 5, 375 8, 590 3, 725 5, 075 4, 275 5, 900 17, 500 5, 075 12, 800 2, 300 $4, 125 8,350 4, 225 5,900 2, 925 5, 775 4, 400 2. 125 13, 600 4, 050 12,600 3, 100 ! $6,200 I 6, 075 4,400 4, 900 2, 100 5, 000 3, 650 2, 645 5, 750 2, 950 | 13,475 2, 85u $6, 775 5, 430 5, 000 4, 175 2, 375 5,300 2, 250 1 1,800 7, 150 3, 100 ! 11,850 1 2, 500 | $4, 565 j 2, 700 1 5, 000 2, 000 4,900 3, 800 3, 000 2, 400 10, 700 3, 300 $263, 299 135, 015 66, 250 120, 227 71, 075 89, 200 85, 903 93, 670 120, 150 100, 975 206, 075 134, 810 77, 250 74, 850 78, 150 50, 375 80, 334 71, 175 59,995 57, 705 ! 62, 365 1, 576, 649 Table 77. — Amount and disposition of the sums disbursed from the Slater fund from 1883 to 1886, inclusive. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. Total. Alabama..... . . . . . . . . . $2, 100 6, 200 $2,450 500 $5,000 L 6,814 1,000 $3, 800 5, 100 ! $13, 350 ' 18, 614 ' 2, 700 1 2, 992 7, 600 10, 740 8, 950 18, 675 1,800 Georgia . . . . . . . . . Kentucky............ . . 1, 000 592 700 Louisiana . . . . . . 1,400 2, 000 4, 400 3, 500 7, 600 600 1, 000 2, 000 3, 600 2, 700 Mississippi . . . . . . . . 1, 000 2, 000 2, 600 740 North Carolina........ . . . . . South Carolina.... . 750 Tennessee . . . . . . . 950 4, 325 5, 800 Texas . 600 600 Virginia . . . 2,000 2,000 1, 000 550 3, 000 1, 000 450 3, 650 10, 650 2, 600 District of Columbia . . . . 600 Special . . . 450 1, 450 . Total . 16, 250 17,107 36,764 j 30, 000 100, 121 652 REPORT OP TIIE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 78. — Statistics of institutions for the instruction of the colored race for 1885- 86. Location. Name. NORMAL SCHOOLS. Huntsville, Ala . j Rust Normal Institute . Huntsville, Ala . State Normal and Industrial School Marion, Ala . j State Normal University . . Mobile, Ala . . . j Emerson Institute . Tuskegee, Ala . . . Tuskegee Normal School Pine Bluff, Ark . Washington, D. C| . Waynesborough, G-a . . New Orleans, La . . Baltimore, Hd . . . Jackson, Miss . Tougaloo, Miss . . Jefferson City, Mo . Fayetteville, N. C . . Franklinton, N. C . Lumberton, N. C . New Berne, N. C . Plymouth, N. C . Salisbury, N.C . Wilmington, N C.~ . Philadelphia, Pa . Aiken, S. C . Chester, S. C . Winnsborough, S. C . Jonesborough, .Tenn . Knoxville, Tenn . Maryville, Tenn . . Memphis, Tenn . Austin, Tex . . ... Hampton, Va . Petersburgh, Ya . . Petersburgh, Ya . Richmond, Ya . Harper’s Perry, W . Ya. . . Athens, Ala.... ..... Dadeville, Ala . Huntsville, Ala . Talladega, Ala . Forest City, Auk . Helena, Ark . . J acksonville, Fla .... , Live Oak, Fla . . Atlanta, G-a . Atlanta, Ga . Atlanta, Ga . Augusta, Ga . . Cartersville, Ga . Cuthbert, Ga . La Grange, Ga . . Macon, Ga . . Savannah, Ga . Dunlap, Kans . Louisville, Ky . Baldwin, La . New Orleans, La . Edwards, Miss . Meridian, Miss . Concord, N. C . - . Greensborough, N. C. Mebane, N. C . . Raleigh, N. C . Raleigh, N. C . Albany, Ohio . Charleston, S. C . Branch Normal College of Arkansas Indus¬ trial University. Miner Normal School . . . Haven Normal School . — . Leland University* . Baltimore Normal School for Colored Teach¬ ers.* Jackson College . . . . . Tougaloo University . Lincoln Institute . State Colored Normal School . Albion Academy and State Normal School. . . Whitin N ormai School . . New Berne State Normal School . Plymouth State Colored Normal School . State Colored Normal School . Gregory Institute* . . . . Institute for Colored Youth . Scholfield Normal and Industrial School*... Brainerd Institute* . .„ . . . Fairfield Normal Institute . . . . The Warner Institute . . Knoxville College . Freedmen’s Normal Institute . Le Moyne Normal School . Tillotson Collegiate and Normal Institute Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute St. Stephen’s Normal School . Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute.... Colored High and Normal School . Storer College . . . . Total INSTITUTIONS FOE SECOND AST INSTRUCTION. Trinity Normal School . - . . Dadeville Seminary* . . Lowery’s Industrial Academy . „ . . Talladega College . Forest City School . Southland College and Normal Institute . Cookman Institute . . . Florida Institute . . Atlanta Baptist Seminary . . Spellman Seminary for Girls and Women . Storrs School* . . . . Paine Institute . . The African Methodist Episcopal High School Howard Normal School . . . La Grange Seminary . . . Lewis Normal Institute . Beach Institute . Freedmen's Academy of Kansas . — . . State University* . . . Gilbert Seminary . St. James Academy and Industrial Seminary. Southern Christian Institute . Meridian Academy* . . . Scotia Female Seminary . Bennett Seminary . Yadkin Academy . St. Augustine’s Normal School and Colle¬ giate Institute. Washington School . . . Albany Enterprise Aoademy. Avery Normal Institute . 4a w o 0 c3 a! ga Instructors. • CO 1 Meth . 4 194 Non-sect.. 7 232 Non-sect.. 12 404 Cong . 9 329 Non-sect.. 17 279 Non-sect.. 3 202 Non-sect.. 3 20 Meth . Bapt . 11 265 Non.sect.. 5 194 Bapt . 6 251 Cong . 3 62 Non-sect. . 7 157 Non-sect.. 3 109 Non-sect.. 3 150 o2 a76 Non-sect.. 10 138 Non-sect. . 3 84 Non-sect.. 2 144 Cong. . . . . 3 Friends . . . 8 90 Presb . 5 129 Presb . 5 360 Friends Presb . 13 327 Friends... al7 al50 Cong . 12 145 Cong . 11 113 Cong . 65 672 P. E . al a275 Non-sect. . 10 137 Non-sect.. 11 350 Non-sect.. 7 166 281 6,207 Cong . a4 al50 1 170 Christian . a5 cl 135 Cong. .... 15 320 5 269 M.E . 8 28 Bapt . 5 97 Bapt . 6 91 Bapt . 21 550 Cong . 10 538 M. E. So . . 3 128 M.E . a3 al04 Non -sect.. 2 148 M.E . a3 al43 Cong . 9 362 Cong . 7 3611 Ass. Presb 4 58 Bapt . 12 201 M.E . 6 210 Af.M.E.. a3 _ _ ..... _ _ 36, 143 j . ' 2 13 125 Geor o o 0) •g.s o^r 9« Pa!>j P.ja « g '2 ^ ©".© 03 i© fa rH © «- ■g-g d P r rp rg rS -S © & & 3 C p ffi- fl © — fa • P ® £4 fa © « 2 S p c - P.3aJ o p C2MO o q ,2 fa £3 Co1*-1" US'S o 'gtf Ss « P‘®H - a « © OfJ rCM-f-' bcjaf p P n f- ©.2 pd(rd £ S« E | £-2^ i-p'Sl' •50 « lll^l o o o o o o o o o o 00 O O CO o 00»0 0i0000< ooc! wg P>a *g • © P • >5 © &s ©t: « ^a'S o p bfi-£ 33 5 © 5 ij fcXrS ,r^ , .5?=Q«1g- tc ^a §ga1 O 5 fa r oa rg d 1^0.5 p a^1 bu a ©cb © CO— fa P t>, P 9 P ^ P b a .2 © p s ©li'pis loi^co^'g^ -- ©O CO— PgdairPpTj CO _ _ © © a 2 © fa ex 3 o s © - ’H n K O S r ww H fl^O+JciO>0 PRSO g 2 5 p *3 •2 5 2 g g £ © a SaapjJOjq-gpiP ^ • • • :Pq -5 ;W ■ ■ ■ cS'^ Oi J| I ill5.a p££ p p p^'a p.2 ©^r p2 p- fa p 03 > ©— © a > s q « © r3 © p. . ge, 22 p © hRPi! H :Eh § Pr22 ^-2 S C.P.P w s a 'rp 9 [Reformed. Church in America) of Education, New York, N. Y., $1,250. EDUCATIONAL BENEFACTIONS. 6C5 3*S S!aslili!!!s!i 111111 §1 111§I§11111II11I1111 1 «“ OO Nr-Tr-T.-Tcf IOOO ggT t-T O TjT «o" tS .-a &§ 3=2 ■ 3 rt 12 OQ o J 5 io 5 © gg&g hr 0.2 S'.SrfS? rcric2 a a a x .a c csn t3 °”®'S >,2 s g t£_ h 3 r3A a © 3 © *•? §cb o . ©>a ^a <£° «§ > m h;* So §& pu a. « o H © 3 o§ - O w '3 7? co £ 03 O C3 ^2" Bc0 a to «S| h«* ®.2 ■0 . ;§ * ® . •- ,-g ® a ” -4 S 00 ^©3' 3 s1 s|» „ >m.g _Q ,3 ni — r« r- — ^ u O4^ p/'i ^ ® ^ 00 ^ 00 (Vfl .P^.^CCfHCSO) <8-2 H To . *£ © O CD © ^ g= So a ® Z! ei . ® Vg^ra^ iSJki^g^SSggSS _> ®12 s-s— o-w® «* 25 1:4 © a a? .d ,7 ej 2 r, M © 23 ©© ® Mg o'® S3 ®x) ^ -S' h M htS *ca 2 g.gw,- ~B9~' goo o.®^ btt ®-s- ® o.S33 Jw.S'bc* .. w 5 ■g ©l»a 53 I loti .3- . Ho®^ • ® O’ & o|s§3-2h- P* ®IU_| O J\S 2 . ?as s 2 -* S ao o ..S ® ® gpq 9 fl * *§ 2 ^ (M .o a o £ h-S 55 -tjo 9 O q ^P3 <8 © p ©■•£,§ © bl'gSieS.S cs a 5 s .g, . t^ets s t-s o o 5 O © O a a C HP^pqpH^ oooooooooo oooo ot^oooooooo oooo O C5 O O 10 O lO O O O O I-H o o O r-T o' tjTio' tjT oo' o' o' o' .o' o' > -3 © fc) fc£. AS ©a C O o _ A -3 ®3=2 oO SP fl O 5^^ -tf g « ^ © fcClvW ^ sr. ^ ^ hr a b£ r bJD o ,r2 O C5 jO oro g 3 «e«g a o a a a '3 ^ © =• ■ u a: o; ® •!- ^ ~ c8 © g £lM!zicg£ ft w 3 c rrt *• d r SfcSoS.S4)«- 53 1^5 ® o § 5 .9 '© CO „ _ © :^0 R ike $12,000; others small sums, all for general endowmonl EDUCATIONAL BENEFACTIONS. 669 Table 84. — Statistics of gifts and legacies to colleges , schools, fc., for 188r>— *86, WeWs Neio Word Method. — New York, Potter, Ainsworth & Co. Suggestive and helpful to the primary teacher. (Pennsylvania School Journal.) * Standard Composition- Booh. — New York, Potter, Ainsworth & Co. Price, 5 cents3 per dozen. It contains hints and directions to pupil and teacher, rules for capitals and punctuation, and brief models of compositions, letters, invoices, &c. (Ohio Educational Monthly.) The New Word Method. — By J. Russell. New York, Webb, Potter, Ainsworth & Co. The volume is well fitted in its make-up to be a first-class primary reader. (New York School Journal.) Burns' English Grammar. — By E. A. Burns. Cincinnati, A. H. Pounsford & Co. Principles of English grammar defined and illustrated. 12mo., pp. 250. Price $1.00. Composition in the School-room. — By E. Galbraith. G. P. Putnam’s Sons. This book presents a very admirable system of correcting compositions. (New England Journal of Education.) “ How Should I Pronounce ?" or the Art of Correct Pronunciation. — A manual for schools, colleges and private use. By Wm. H. P. Phyfe. New York, G. P. Putnam’s Sons. 18mo., pp. xx, 305. We heartily commend the work to our teachers in partic¬ ular. (Pennsylvania School Journal.) Grammatical Analysis by Diagrams. — By Albert N. Raub. Harrisburgh, Raub & Co. Price, 20 cents. A simple written grammatical analysis, which has less objections than most published systems. (New York School Journal.) English Syntax and Analysis Simplified. — By Mrs. M. L. D. Haynie. Chicago, George Sherwood & Co. A very skilful treatment of these subjects, designed for use in com¬ mon, high, and normal schools. (New York School Journal.) Eclectic Language Lessons. — By M. E. Thalheimer. New York, Van Antwerp, Bragg & Co. 12mo.,pp. 110. Price 42 cents. Designed to accustom children to a correct use of the elementary forms of speech. Profusely illustrated. Language Exercises, Grammar and Composition. — Part 3. By C. C. Long. New York, Van Antwerp, Bragg & Co. For common-school work this series of books has no su¬ perior. (New England Journal of Education.) Long's Language Exei'dses, Gi'ammar and Composition. — New York, Van Antwerp Bragg & Co. Part 3. All the essentials of English grammar are presented. Prac¬ tice in writing short, easy sentences is begun at the very outset. (New England Journal of Education.) EDUCATIONAL PUBLICATIONS. 693 # McGuffey's Word List. — New York, Van Antwerp, Brag" & Co. lCrao., pp. 80. Price 12 cents. A Boole of Language Lessons for Children of all Ages. — Written and published by Win. D. Wheeler, Andover, Mass. This book is devoted to hints and simple rules for start¬ ing children and others on the lines of psychical investigation, with such explana¬ tions, mostly in childrens' language, as are necessary. (New England Journal of Ed¬ ucation.) Gymnastics. The New Gymastics for Men, Women, and Children. — By.Dio Lewis. New York, Clark Bros. Every teacher who makes any pretension to physical drill in school ought to have this book. (New York School Journal.) History. Armstrong's Primer of English History. — New York, A. C. Armstrong & Son. For school and family use. Price, 50 cents. A model work for beginners. (New England Journal of Education.) Topics and References in American History. — With numerous search questions. By Geo. A. Williams. Syracuse, C. W. Bardeen. Cloth, 16mo.? pp. 50. Price, 50 cents. A Primary History of the United States. — New York, A. S. Barnes & Co. The leading facts in our country's history told in a simple, easy style, printed in large type, and beautifully illustrated. (Ohio Educational Monthly.) Barnes' Brief United States History. — New York, A. S. Barnes & Co. Price, $1.00. Illustrated with portraits, maps, flags, &c. As a hand-book for teachers of history this volume has special value. (New England Journal of Education.) Primary History of the United States. — For schools. New York, A. S. Barnes & Co. 12mo., pp. 250. Price, 75 cents. A History of the United States. By Emery E. Childs. Price, $1.00. New York, Baker & Taylor. Arranged in chronological order from the discovery of America, 1492, to the year 1885, including notices of manufactures and other industries ; of railroads, canals, telegraphs, &c. (New England Journal of Education.) Scudder’s History of the United States. — Philadelphia, J. n. Butler. In clearness of statement, attractiveness of mechanical execution, and faithfulness to truth and the right, this is a model history. (New England Journal of Education.) Civil Government in Theory and Practice. —By W. I. Chase. Chicago. Price, 75 cents. Prepared for use in schools. To students and teachers this work will be of the utmost value in studying or teaching history. (New York School Journal.) United States History, by the Brace System. — By John Trainer. Chicago, A. Flana¬ gan. A plan well indorsed by great teachers and worthy of a fair trial in school work. (New England Journal of Education.) Elements of Universal History. — By H. M, Cottinger. Milwaukee, Freidenker Pub¬ lishing Company. Price, $1.50. Designed for higher institutions and for self-instruc¬ tion. Outlines of Mediaeval and Modern History. — A text-hook for high schools, seminaries, and colleges. By P. V. N. Myers. Cloth, pp. 740. Price, $1.65. Boston, Ginn & Co. We commend the book for the class-room and for home reading. (New England Jour¬ nal of Education. ) Cur Government. — By J. Macy. Boston, Ginn & Co. This book treats of our na¬ tional Constitution, and is a complete text-book on eivil government. (New England Journal of Education.) Prill Lists in United States History. — By R. H. Holbrook. Lebanon, O., C. K. Hamil¬ ton & Co. (Ohio Educational Monthly.) History of Modern Europe. — By R. Lodge. New York, Harper & Bros. Cloth, 12mo., pp. 772. Price, $1.50. [Student’s series. Studies in General History. — By Mary D. Sheldon. Boston, D. C. Heath & Co. Price, 85 cts. The book is a work of rare excellence, and its methods should be adopted in onr American schools. (New England Journal of Education.) Teacher's Manual, to Accompany Studies in General History.— By Mary D. Sheldon. Boston, D. C. Heath & Co. Price, 85 cts. (Educational Journal of Virginia.) Methods of Teaching and Studying History. — By G. S. Hall. Boston, D. C. Heath & Co. 12mo., pp. 400. Price, $1.40. Readers of the old edition will find this essentially a new work. (New York School Journal.) 694 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. A History of the United States. — For schools. By Alexander Johnson. New York, Holt & Co. 12mo., pp. 473. Price, $1.25. The- author gives the true idea for the training of young American citizens ; the booh is furnished with excellent suggestions for teachers. Index, maps, &c. Poorly illustrated. (Pennsylvania School Journal.) History of the United States. — By Alexander Johnston. New York, Holt & Co. I2mo., pp. 493. Price, $1.25. Outlines of Universal History. — By Geo. P. Fisher. New York, Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor & Co. pp. 700. Price, $3.00. Well adapted and satisfactory for use in the school-room, the library, and the private study. (Pennsylvania School Journal.) How We are Governed. — An explanation of the Constitution of the United States. By Anna Laurens Dawes. Boston, D. Lothrop & Co. 12mo., pp. 432. Price, $1.50. A book our boys and girls ought to read and study. (Pennsylvania School Journal.) A Brief Comp end of History of the United States. — By M. L. Smith. Boston, Leach & Co. pp. 40. Price, 20 cents. A Hand-Book of English History. — With maps, tables, &c. Boston, Lee & Shepard. Price, $1.20. It gives prominence to the progress of civil and religious liberty, and points to the future with hope. It has also an admirable sketch of the writers of the nineteenth century. (New England Journal of Education.) Stoi'ies from English History. — New York, T. Nelson & Sons. Illustrated. Price, 50 cents. One of the “ Royal School Series.” The stories are simply told, in brief and attractive style. (New England Journal of Education.) A Topical Outline of General History. — By Henry L. Boltwood. Chicago, Geo. R. Sherwood & Co. pp. 96. Price, 60 cents. As a guide to teaohing history these outlines are invaluable. (New England Journal of Education.) Civil Government of the United States and of the State of Michigan.— A text-book for schools. By Russel C. Ostrander. Chicago, Geo. Sherwood & Co. To teachers of Michigan this work is almost a necessity, and to book-makers in other States a model. (New York School Journal.) Topical Studies in American History. — By John G. Allen, Scranton, Rochester, N. Y., Wetmore & Co. Price, 35 cents. An excellent little manual. Helpful to teacher and student. (Ohio Educational Monthly.) Kindergartens. The Kindergarten and the School. —By four active workers. Springfield, Mass., Mil- ton, Bradley & Co. pp. 150. Price, $1.00, Illustrated. Stories for Kindergartens and Primary Schools.— By Sarah E. Wiltse. Boston, Ginn & Co, (Ohio Educational Monthly.) Law. An Abridgment of Kent’s Commentary on American Law. — By E. F. Thompson, with an introduction by Judge Nelson. Boston, Houghton, Mifflin &. Co. 12mo., pp. 339. Price, $2.50. Logic and Rhetoric.- A Shorter Course in Ehetoric. — By C. W. Bardeen, Syracuse. Price, 81.25. One of the best books of its kind in any language, presenting the fundamental principles of rhetoric in a very concise and clear way. (New England Journal of Education.) The Practical Elements of Ehetoric. — With illustrative examples. By John F, Gen- nng. Boston, Ginn & Co. (New England Journal of Education.) A Shorter Course in Ehetoric. — By C. W. Bardeen. New York, A. S. Barnes & Co. A text-book of moderate size and containing all the more valuable features of the larger work. (Ohio Educational Monthly.) A Complete Ehetoric. — For schools, colleges, and private study. By A. H. Welsh. Chicago, S. Griggs & Co. (New England Journal of Eduoation.) Hegel’s Logic.-?- By W. T. Harris. Chicago, S. C. Griggs & Co. The fifth volume of Griggs’ Philosophical Classics, and a welcome volume to ail who are interested in philosophical studies. (New England Journal of Education.) The Book of Eloquence. — By C. D. Warner. Boston, Lee & Shepard. Price, $1.20. The Elements of Logic. — By W. Stanley Jevons. New York, Sheldon & Co. Octavo, pp. 330. Price, $1.00. The book abounds in apt illustrations, and a oonstant interest is sustained in the student’s mind. (New York School Journal.) EDUCATIONAL PUBLICATIONS. 695 Manual Training. Manual Traininy the Solution of Social and Industrial Problems. — By Charles II. ITam. New York, Harper & Bros. Cloth, pp. 400. Illustrated. Price, $1.50. The iirst third of the book is a clear, concise, admirably illustrated description of every de¬ partment of work. The author then links manual training to intellectual and moral activities iu a masterly way. As a teaching manual in this art the book is full, ex¬ plicit, and attractive. (Now England Journal of Education.) Mathematics. Numbers Illustrated in Language , Drawing, and Heading Lessons. — By A. J. Rickoil and E. C. Davis. New YTork, D. Appleton & Co. 12mo., pp. 106. Price, 42 cents. An Arithmetic for primary schools. Numbers Applied. — By A. J. Rickoff. New York, D. Appleton & Co. 12mo., pp. 418. Price, 88 cents. A complete Arithmetic for all grades. Intermediate Arithmetic Problems. — For junior classes. By Emma A. Welch. Syra¬ cuse, C. W. Bardeen. Cloth, 16mo., pp. 100. Price, 50 cents. J :cy to the above. — By the same author. Cloth, 16mo., pp. 30. Price, 50 cents. Numbers Made Easy. — By S. Louise Valentine. Syracuse, C.W. Bardeen. Three Hundred squares of colored card-board in box, with key. Price, 50 cents. Preliminary Problems for Younger Grades. — By Emma A. Welch. Syracuse, C. W. Bardeen. Cloth, 16ino., pp. 72. Price, 50 cents. Elementary Lessons in Arithmetic. — For schools and families. By H. Brodt. Elm¬ hurst, 111. (Ohio Educational Monthly ) Principles of Arithmetic. — By Homersham Cox. Cambridge, Deighton* Bell & Co. A capital book for teachers, treating of the principles of the subject and es¬ chewing all mercantile applications. (Academy. ) Examples of Differential Equations , with Rules for their Solution. — By George A. Osborne. Boston, Ginn & Co. Price, 55 cents. The work is arranged for advanced students, to be used in connection with lectures on the subject. (Educational Journal of Virginia.) First Steps in Number's. — By Wentworth and Reed. Boston, Ginn & Co. 12mo. Price, pupils’ edition (pp. 158), 85 cents; teachers’ edition (pp. 474), $1.00. This excellent book contains 289 carefully graded lessons on a plan that will commend it to all intelligent readers. (New England Journal of Education.) The Grammar School Arithmetic.'— By Wentworth and Reed. Boston, Ginn & Co. 12mo., pp. 372. Price, 85 cents. Designed for pupils already somewhat advanced in numbers and capable of a moderate power in independent thought. (Pennsylvania School Journal.) Wentworth and Sill’s Practical Arithmetic. — Boston, Ginn, Heath & Co. 244 pages. Price, 85 cents. The problems cover a wide range of subjects, and are particularly adapted to general mental discipline. (New England Journal of Education.) Language Lessons in Arithmetic. — Written and oral exercises. By Ellen L. Barton. Boston, Ginn, & Co. Price, 85 cents. These lessons are the outcome of the author’s own experience, and have had successful application in the school-room. (Educa¬ tional Journal of Virginia.) Elements of the Theory of the Newtonian Potential Function. — By B. O. Pierce. Boston, Ginn & Co. Price, $1.60. This work is made up of lecture notes used in the author’s classes in mathematics and physics in Harvard University, and is calculated to be helpful to students. (Educational Journal of Virginia.) Elements of Algebra ; Shorter Course. — By G. A. Wentworth. Boston, Ginn & Co. Price, $1.10. Valuable for its clearness of statement, aptness of illustration, and ful¬ ness in practical examples. (Educational Journal of Virginia.) Nicholson’s Primary Arithmetic. — New Orleans, Hansell & Bro. Price, 20 cents. Nicholson’s Intermediate Arithmetic.— New Orleans, Hansell & Bro. Price, 40 cents. Nicholson’s Complete Arithmetic. — New Orleans, Hansell & Bro. Price, 75 cents. 696 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Intermediate Arithmetic on the Inductive Method. — With parallel mental and written exercises. By J. W. Nicholson. New Orleans, F, F. Hansell & Co. Special attention is given to the simple, progressive, and practical treatment of the subjects, especially division, fractions, decimals, and interest. (New England Journal of Education.) The Natural Arithmetic. — By Zalmon Richards. Boston, Interstate Publishing Com- X>any. lGmo., pp. 128. Price, 40 cents. The Politics of Aristotle. — Translated into English, with introduction, marginal notes, aud indices; by B. Jowett. Oxford, Clarendon Press. The best interests of education have been consulted in the presentation of this masterpiece of antiquity to the public in an English form. (Academy.) A Treatise on Differential Equations. — By A. R. Forsyth. New York, Macmillan & Co. This is a text-book destined to take the place of Boole’s able treatise. (Acad¬ emy.) A Complete Course in Algebra. — For schools of high grade. By Webster Wells. New York, Leach, She well & Sanborn, pp. 349. (New York School Journal.) A Series of Supplementary Boolcs in Arithmetic. — Boston, Leach, Shewell & Sanborn. Piice, 7 cents. Comprising ten books for different grades, with 48 pages each. Number Lessons for Supplementary Work in Arithmetic. — Nine numbers. Boston, Leach, Shewell & Sanborn. Price, 72 cents per dozon. They furnish exercises to develop thought in the pupil and interest in arithmetical work. Key of answers for teachers only. (New England Journal of Education.) Academic Algebra. — By Webster Wells. Boston, Leach & Co. pp. 350. Price, $1.08. Elementary Algebra.— By H. S. Hall. Price, $1.10. New York, Macmillan & Co. An unusually large number of carefully prepared examples are given. (New York School Journal.) Exercises in Arthmetio. — By James H. Dillard. Philadelphia, John E. Potter. 16mo. Price, 50 cents. Progressively arranged for publio and private schools. Elementary Arithmetic. — For primary and intermediate grades, oral and written. By Charles L. Howard. New York, Potter, Ainsworth & Co. 12mo., pp. 112. This little book is eminently suggestive, practical, and usable. The primary and intermediate teacher will find it very helpful. (Pennsylvania School Journal.) Problems in Arithmetic. — By Julius L. Townsend. Rochester, N. Y., Scranton, Wet- more & Co. Teachers will find the book a very great aid. (New York School Jour¬ nal.) Examples in Primary Arithmetic. — By Julius L. Townsend. Rochester, Scranton, Wetmore & Co. Price, 20 cents. As a review book in mental arithmetic teachers will find it very useful. (New York School Journal.) Exomiples in Intermediate Arithmetic. — By J ulius L. Townsend. Rochester, Scranton, Wetmore & Co. An excellent mental discipline. (New York School Journal.) Sheldon’s Complete Arithmetic. — New York, Sheldon & Co. With oral and written exercises. The book impresses us as one of the best practical, working arithmetics published. (Ohio Educational Monthly.) Arithmetic of the Farm and Workshop. — By Frank H. Hall. Chicago, George Sher¬ wood & Co. Price, 30 cents. Hand-Book of Arithmetic. — By W. H. Sadler and W. R. Will. Baltimore, Md., W. H. Sadler. It contains the principles of arithmetic inductively presented, and over 5,000 problems to exhibit their application. (Ohio Educational Monthly.) Lancasterran Exercises in the Fundamental Buies of Arithmetic. — ByR. K. Buehrle. 16mo., pp. 36. Price, 25 cents. Philadelphia, Sower, Potts & Co. Intended to sup¬ plement arithmetics. A boon to pupils of primary schools. Teachers would do well to examine the book. (Pennsylvania School Journal.) Bay’s Tablets. — New York, Van Antwerp, Bragg & Co. A series of eight tablets containing a graded course of lessons in arithmetic. Each tablet contains 32-48 leaf¬ lets with printed problems thereon. (Ohio Educational Monthly.) The Natural Arithmetic. — By Z. Richards. Chicago, S. R. Winchell & Co. Teachers who will use this book carefully will find the work of teaching arithmetic much easier and more pleasant than when using other works. (New York Sohool Journal. ) EDUCATIONAL PUBLICATIONS. 697 Elements of Geometry and Trigonometry. — From the works of A. M. Legendre. Adapted to the course of mathematical instruction in the United States. By Charles Davies. 12mo., pp. 291. Price, $1.85. New York, A. S. Barnes & Co. A judicious and skil¬ ful adaptation of Legendre to the wants of American students. (Pennsylvania School Journal.) Elementary Co-ordinate Geometry. — For collegiate use and private study. By Wm. B. Smith. 8vo., pp. 281. Price, $2.16. Boston, Ginn & Co. It endeavors to keep in view the only true end of analytic geometry, namely, mental culture, a strength¬ ening hy exercise of the purely intellectual faculties. (Pennsylvania School Journal.) Analytical Geometry. — By G. A. Wentworth. Boston, Ginn & Co. The exercises are well graded and designed to secure the best mental training. (New England Journal of Education.) Elements of Geometry. — By Webster Wells. Boston, Leach & Co. pp. 372. Price, $1.25. An Elementary Treatise on Hydromechanics. — With numerous examples. By E. A. Bowser. New York, D. Yan Nostrand. While the subject is treated by the aid of ana¬ lytical geometry and the calculus, the theorems are demonstrated with clearness and simplicity. (New England Journal of Education.) The Elements of Geometry. — By George Bruce Halsted. John Wiley & Sous. Price, $1.75. Teachers of this science who approve of modern methods will find this work one that will aid them in giving to geometry its proper educational value in a cur¬ riculum of study. (New England Journal of Education.) Mechanics. A Manual of Mechanics. — An elementary text-book designed for students of applied mechanics. By T. M. Gordon. New York, D. Appleton & Co. (New England Jour¬ nal of Education.) Statics and Dynamics. — By I. P. Church. New York, Wiley & Sons. Price, $2.00. Medical Works. 8vo., pp. 196. The Principles and Practice of Medicine . — By C. Hilton Fagge. Philadelphia, P. Blakiston, Son & Co. Complete indexes, two vols., royal 8vo., pp. 1800. Price, cloth, $10.00; leather, $12.00; Russia, $14.00. The Human Brain, The Field and Limitation of the Operative Surgery of . — By John B. Roberts. Philadelphia, P. Blakiston, Son & Co. Cloth, 8vo., pp. 80 ; illustrated. Price, $1.25. Hospital Sisters and their Duties. — By Eva C. E. Liickes. Philadelphia, P. Blakiston Son & Co. Cloth, 12ino., pp. 164. Price, $1.00. Club-Foot, Clinical Lectures on the Etiology, Morbid Anatomy, Varieties and Treatment of. — By A. Sydney Roberts. Philadelphia, P. Blakiston Son, & Co. Cloth, 12mo., pp. 32; illustrated. Price, 50 cents. Compend of Pharmacy. — By F. E. Stewart. Philadelphia, P. Blakiston, Son & Co. Cloth, pp. 196. Price, $1.00 Diseases of the Kidney. — By«C. H. Ralfe. Philadelphia, P. Blakiston, Son & Co. Practical series, vol. 3. Cloth, 12mo., pp. 102; illustrated. Price, $1.00 Pathology. — By John Bland Sutton. Philadelphia, P. Blakiston, Son &Co. Cloth, pp. 390, 149 illustrations. Price, $4.50. Surgical Diseases of the Kidney. — By Henry Morris. Philadelphia, Lea Bros. & Co. Limp cloth, pp. 554. Price, $2.25. With illustrations and 6 colored plates. It is a full aud trustworthy book of reference for student and practitioner. A Household Manual of Medicine, Surgery, Nursing , and Hygiene. — By Henry Harts¬ horn. Philadelphia, Lea Bros. & Co. pp. 946, 8 plates and 283 engravings. Cloth, $4.00 ; half morocco, $5.00 With an introductory outline of anatomy and physiology. The Science and Art of Obstetrics. — By Theophilus Parvin. Philadelphia, Lea Bros. & Co. 8vo., pp. 697 ; fully illustrated. Price, cloth, $4.25 ; leather, $5.25. A Manual of Obstetrics. — By A. F. A. King. Philadelphia, Lea Bros. & Co. Cloth, 12mo., pp. 376 ; illustrated. Price $2.25. This is one of the best of the recent hand¬ books. (Virginia Medical Monthly.) 698 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. A Manual of Surgery. — In treatises by various authors. In three 12mo. volumes, pp. 1866, with 213 engravings. Price, $2,00 per volume. Philadelphia, Lea Bros. &. Co. It contains the bone and marrow of modem surgery. Surgical Diseases of Children. — By Edmund Owen. Lea Bro3. & Co. Cloth, 12mo., pp. 525; illustrated. Price, $2.00. It is full of sound information pleasantly given. Metaphysics and Philosophy. The New Physics. — A manual of experimental study for high and preparatory schools and colleges. By John Trowbridge. New York, D. Appleton & Co. 12mo., pp. 367. An excellent hand-book, up to the times, and tilled with the true scientific spirit. (Pennsylvania School Journal.) Physical Expression, its Modes and Principles. — By Francis Warner. New York, D- Appleton & Co. Cloth, 12mo. ; illustrated. Price, $1 75. The work is one of much interest, based upon the actual observation made in children and adults by the writer. (New England Journal of Education.) Elemen ts of Psychology. — With special application to the art of teaching. By James Sully. New York, D. Appleton & Co. A brief examination gives ns a favorable im¬ pression of the work. (Ohio Educational Monthly.) Elements of Psychology. — By James Sully. New York, D. Appleton & Co. Price, 25 cents. An abridgment of the author’s large work on “Outlines of Psychology,” issued in a cheaper and more convenient form for the general use of teachers. (Eda- cational Journal of Virginia.) Outlines of Psychology. — With special reference to the theory of education. By James Sully. Syracuse, N. Y., C. W. Bardeen, pp. 375. Price, $1.50. This book has been adopted for the New York State Teachers’ Reading Circle, and is likely to prove one of the most interesting and important of the course. (Educational Journal of Vir¬ ginia.) Teacher's Hand-Book on Psychology. — By James Sully. New York, D. Appleton & Co. 12mo., pp. 423. Price, $1.50. The Philosophy of Education. — By Thomas Tate. Syracuse, C.W. Bardeen. Cloth, 12mo., pp. 330. Price, $1.50. Science for Schools. — A course of easy lessons, consisting of three small text-books entitled First, Second, and Third Year in Science. By Wentworth and Hill. Boston, Ginn & Co. Designed for use in the common schools. (New England Journal of Education.) Educational Psychology . — By Louisa P. Hopkins. Boston, Lee & Shepherd. Price, 40 cents. Modern Science and Modern Thought. — By S. Laing. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott & Co. (New England Journal of Education.) First Lessons in Philosophy . — By M. S. Handley. New York, Scribner & Welford. Carefully prepared by an eminent teacher. (New England Journal of Education.) Modern Electricity and Magnetism. — Theoretically and practically considered. By Elroy M. Avery. New York, Sheldon & Co. A concise, thorough, and accurate treat¬ ment of the subject. (Ohio Educational Monthly.) An Elementary Text-Book of Physics. — Treating of mashanics, heat, electricity, mag¬ netism, accoustics, and optics, adapted for colleges, technical schools, and seminaries. By Anthony and Brackett. New York, John Wiley & Sons. (New England Journal of Education.) Miscellaneous. Memory Selections. — From nearly one hundred and fifty authors, for use in schools and families. By Charles Norfchend. Syracuse, C. W. Bardeen. Three series, graded. Price, 25 cents. Improvement of the Mind. — By Isaao Watts. Edited by Stephen N. Fellows. A. S. Barnes & Co. 12mo., pp. 200. Price, 75 cents. We welcome this new and cheap issue of the standard old work. (Pennsylvania School Journal.) Fichte's Science of Knowledge. — A critical exposition. By Chas. Carroll Everett. Chicago, S. C. Griggs. 16mo., pp. 287. Price, $1.25. (Pennsylvania School Journal.) Biographical Sketches of the Graduates of Yale College. — With annals of the college history, from October, 1701, to May, 1745. By Franklin Boditch Dexter. This work is published by Henry Holt & Co., New York City, and sold only by subscription. (New England Journal of Education.) EDUCATIONAL PUBLICATIONS. G99 The Book-Lover. — A guide to the Best reading. By James Baldwin. Chicago, Jan¬ sen, McClung & Co. ifimo., pp. 5201. Price, $1.25, For practical purposes, partic¬ ularly for all educators, we commend this little volume. (Pennsylvania School Journal.) Education by Doing , or Occupations and Busy Work for Primary Classes. — By Anna Jolmson. New York, E. L. Kellogg &■ Co. 12mo., pp. 109. Arithmetic, geography, &c., taught by means of blocks, cards, sticks, &c. Simple, practical, suggestive, and useful to the primary teacher. (Pennsylvania School Journal.) The Adirondack's as a Health Iicsort. — By Joseph W. Stickler. New York, G. P. Put¬ nam’s Sons. Price, $1.00. It shows the benefit to be derived by a sojourn in this famous wilderness in cases of chronic throat trouble and nervous affection. The pur¬ ity of air, water, and the influence of seclusion are factors found in the Adirondack Mountains essential to the cure of positive disease. (New England Journal of Edu¬ cation. ) Talks to Students. — By G. W. Hcenshel. Middletown, Va., Hcenshel & Co. Price, 15 cents. A wholesome bit of advice winch should be widely read and thought over. (New York School Journal.) The Education of Man. — By F. Frcebel. Translated by Josephine Jarvis. New York, A. Lovell & Co. It treats of man in his earliest childhood. (Ohio Educational Monthly. ) Music. The School Boom Chorus.— By E. Y. De Graff. Syracuse, C. W. Bardeen. 4to, pp. 148. Price, 35 cents. A collection of 200 songs for public and private schools. (Ohio Educational Monthly.) The Vocalist for Schools and Colleges. — By James E. Eyan. New York, A. S. Barnes, pp. 210. Price, 75 cents. The Choral School. — By T. F. Seward and B. C. Unseld. New York, Bigelow & Main. Price, 25 cents. In the" Tonic Sol Fa system, for classes and mixed voices. (New England Journal of Education.) Familiar Lessons in the Theory of Music. — Theo. T. Crane, author and publisher, No. 327 Stevens street, Camden, N. J. Designed for beginners, and a preparation for more advanced productions. (New England Journal of Education.) A Beautiful Song Book. — For infant classes of Sunday schools. By Emma Pitt. Boston, Ditson & Co. (New England Journal of Education.) College Songs. — A collection of new songs recently introduced in college circles. Bos¬ ton, Oliver Ditson & Co. Price, 50 cents. (Educational Journal of Virginia.) The American Male Choir. — By J. H. Tenny. Boston, Oliver Ditson & Co. It con¬ tains a goodly number of sacred, gospel, temperance, and memorial songs, with spir¬ ited glees in the secular department, all neatly arranged for male choirs. (Educa¬ tional Journal of Virginia.) Gems for Little Singers. — By Misses Emerson andSwayne. Boston, Oliver Ditson & Co. A charming collection of easy sengs for kindergarten and primary schools. (New England Journal of Education.) Kindergarten Chimes. — By Kate Douglas Wiggin. Boston, Oliver Ditson & Co. pp. 100. Price, $1.00 and $1.50. This book contains eighty-seven songs, adapted not only to kindergarten but to all grades of primary schools. (New York School Jour¬ nal.) Fresh Floicei's.—A song book for infant classes in Sunday school. By Mrs. Emma Pitt. Boston, Oliver Ditson & Co. Price, 25 cents. (New England journal of Ed¬ ucation.) Songs of Promise. — By J. H. Tenney and E. A. Hoffman. Boston, Oliver Ditson &. Co. pp. 150. It includes many of the best hymns and anthems of the day, espe¬ cially prepared for use in Sunday and common schools. (New York School Journal.) Temperance Song Herald. — By J. C. Macy. Boston, Oliver Ditson & Co. Price, 35 cents. A book for temperance meetings and home circles. (New England Journal of Education.) Manual for Teachers and Bote Songs to Accompany the Tonic Sol Fa Music Course for Schools. — Part 1. By Daniel Batchelor and Thomas Charmbury. Boston, F. H. Gil¬ son. Price, 40 cents. An aid for the teacher of this system. (New York School Jour¬ nal.) 700 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. The Staff Notation. — Supplement to Books I and II of the Tonic Sol Fa Music Course for Schools. By Daniel Batchelor and Thomas Charmbury. Boston, F. H. Gilson. Price, 15 cents. (New England Journal of Education.) Music Primer. — By G. A. Veazie, jr. Boston, Ginn & Co. Valuable as a prepara¬ tion in connection with other methods, not only for children but also in teaching adult classes. (New England Journal of Education.) Singing Booh. — By F. H. Pease. Boston, Ginn & Co. It contains fall exercises for voice culture and individual practice, and includes a variety of easy and pleasing songs. It enables students to read and comprehend the great masters. (New Eng¬ land Journal of Education.) Neiv First, Secondhand Third Series of Music Charts. — Identical with Mason’s Music Readers. Price, $9.00 for each series of 40 in number. Boston, Ginn & Co. The National Music Course. — By Luther Whiting Mason. Boston, Ginn & Co. Price, 28 and 45 cents. This series is Systematic in development, and easily progres¬ sive in grading. The Independent Music Reader. — By L. W. Mason. Boston, Ginn & Co. 8vo., pp. 232. Price, 80 cents. For higher classes where the full graded series cannot be used. The Neiv High-School Music Reader. — For mixed voices. By Julius Eichberg. Bos¬ ton, Gmn & Co. 8vo., pp. 320. Price, $1.05. Compiled for mixed and boys’ high schools. Franldin Square Song Collection , No. 3. — Harper & Brothers. Price, 50 cents. This contains, we think, much that should make it a favorite wherever it shall become known. (Pennsylvania School Journal.) Franldin Square Song Collection. — By J. P. McCaskey. New York, Harper & Broth¬ ers. Price, 50 cents and $1.00 This collection contains a large number of the best songs and hymns in the language, with notes on music, musical culture, &c. (Edu¬ cational Journal of Virginia.) Franldin Square Song Collection , No. 3. — By J. P. McCaskey. New York, Harper & Brothers. 8vo., pp. 176. Price, paper, 50 cents ; boards, 60 cents, $1.00. Music. — By Henry C. Banister. New York, Holt & Co. 16mo., pp. 345. Price, $1.00. School Songs. — In four grades. By H. W. Fairbank. Boston, The Interstate Pub¬ lishing Company, pp. 32. Price, 10 cents each. They are strictly graded, each book containing only the songs of its own grade. Students’ Songs. — Compiled and edited by Wm. H. Hills. Cambridge, Moses King. This collection comprises sixty of the newest and most popular songs now sung in the different colleges of the country. (New York School Journal.) Students’ Songs. — Cambridge, Mass. By Moses King. Price, 50 cents. A choice collection of new and copyrighted songs and music. (New York School Journal.) Calisthcnic Song Booh. — By George Gill. New York, J. W. Schermerhorn. Price, 50 cents. A series of songs to be used in connection with calisthenic exercises for young pupils, fully illustrated. (New York School Journal.) Popular Songs. — Mueller and Blackman. Chicago, Geo. Sherwood & Co. pp. 256. Price, 75 cents. Supplementary Selections in Music. — For use in schools. By John W. Tufts and H. E. Holt. Boston, E. O. Silver. An admirable series. (New England Journal of Edu¬ cation.) The Normal Music Course Readers , Nos. 1 to 4. — With teacher’s manual. Boston, E. O. Silver. They are simple, progressive, systematic, and complete for all grades , of school work.) New York School Journal.) Whiting’s Graded Music Reader. — In two parts. By Charles E. Whiting. Boston, White, Smith & Co. Price, first part, 40 cents ; second part. 60 cents. These books contain a complete course of graded instruction. (New England Journal of Educa¬ tion.) Happy Moments. — By S. W, Straub. Chicago. Price, 50 cents. A collection of secu¬ lar and sacred songs for schools of all grades, containing the author’s improved plan of teaching sight reading. (Ohio Educational Monthly.) The Normal Music Course. — By John W. Tufts and H. E. Hoit. Boston, Wm. Ware & Co. This series of charts and books furnishes material for students from the first production of musical tones to the most advanced choral practice. (New England Journal of Education.) EDUCATIONAL PUBLICATIONS. 701 School Songs.— Primary No. 2. S. R. Winchell & Co. Paper. Price, 10 cents. The Diusic is excellent ; the songs are original and admirably adapted to the four grades of a public school. (New York School Journal.) Natural History. Neighbors with Wings and Fins. — By James Johonnot. New York, D. Appleton & Co. Natural history illustrated, 12mo., pp. 229. Price, 47 cents. Neighbors with Claws and Hoofs. — By James Johonnot. New York, D. Appleton ix Co. Natural history illustrated. 12mo., pp. 256. Price, 63 cents. Natural History. — First Reader. ByJ. G. Wood. Boston, School Supply Company. 16mo., pp. 109. Price, 20 cents. Natural History. — Second Reader. By J. G. Wood. Boston, School Supply Com¬ pany. 16mo., pp. 132. Price, 30 cents. Short Sketches from Nature. — By various authors. New York, Cassell & Co. A very entertaining book of natural history. (New York School Journal.) Concise Natural History.— By E. Perceval Wright. New York, Cassell & Co. 8vo., pp. 60S. Price, $3.00. Birds in the Bush. — By Bradford Torrey. Boston, Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 16mo., pp. 300. Price, $1.25. While breathing the true bird-lover’s spirit, the author draws the reader into thorough sympathy with himself. (Pennsylvania School Journal.) Bird-Ways. — By Olive Thorne Miller. 16mo., pp. 221. Price, $1.25. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Exquisite sketches of bird-life. Such books as this will do more than anything else to overcome the cruel hunting instinct of our boys and to foster the love of nature and her favorites. (Pennsylvania School Journal") Natural History. — By Goodrich and Winchell. New York, A. J. Johnson. Two volumes, pp. 750 each. A comprehensive and scientific description of the animal king¬ dom, fully illustrated with accurately drawn life-like pictures of animals, &c. (New England Journal of Education. ) Young Folks' Pictures and Stories of Animals. — By Mrs. Sanborn Tenney. Boston, Lee & Shepard. Six vols. Price, per vol., 30 cents. The subjects of these books are, Birds ; Quadrupeds ; Bees and other Insects ; Fishes and Reptiles ; Sea Urchins, Star-fishes and Corals ; and Sea Shells and River Shells. Hand-Book of Natural History. — By Francis H. Underwood. Boston, Lee & Shepard. Price, $1.20. Pliny's Natural History. — For boys and girls. Edited by John S. White. New York, G. P. Putnam’s Sons. Price, $3.00. A valuable book, excellently illustrated. (New England Journal of Education.) Humor in Animals. — A series of studies in pen and pencil. By W. H. Beard. Price, $2.50. New York, G. P. Putnam’s Sons. A profitable study to discover the traits, sources of enjoyment, and intelligence of the animal world. (New England Journal of Education.) Intelligence of Animals. — New York, Charles Scribner’s Sons. For interesting the young reader in natural history this is just the thing. The book is full of true stories and anecdotes of animalp, showing the high grade of intelligence of which they are capable. (Pennsylvania School Journal.) Chapters in Popular Natural History. — By Sir John Lubbock. New York, Thomas Whittaker. 16mo., pp. 223; illustrated. Price, 60 cents. Ornithology, entomology, botany, and all the natural sciences are made so interesting and entertaining that the study of them is a delight. (Pennsylvania School Journal.) Natural History Charts. — By C. Gilbert Wheeler. Chicago, S. J. Wheeler. Price of each chart, mounted, 4 feet by 3, $7.00, or the entire set of six for $36.00. Text-books of the same; price, $1.00. The Standard Natural History. — A popular account of the animal kingdom. By the best American authorities. Boston, Bradlee Whidden. Complete in six imperial volumes, containing over 3,000 pages, and profusely illustrated. Price per volume, cloth, $6.00; leather, $7.00; half morocco, $8.00; full morocco, $10.00. Sold only by subscription. Natural Philosophy. Outlines of Practical Philosophy. — From the lectures of Herman Lotze. Boston, Ginn & Co. Price, $1.00. (New England Journal of Education.) 702 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION, The First Steps in Scientific Knowledge. — By Paul Best. Philadelphia, J. B. Lippin- cott & Co, With 550 beautiful illustrations. It is a class-book of inestimable value. Problems in Philosophy. — By John Bascom. New York, G. P. Putnam’s Sons, pp, 222. Price, $1.50. Some chapters of this book are indispensable to a teacher who seeks principles, all of which are valuable ; it focuses both mental phenomena and human experience, so that each illuminates the other. (New England Journal of Ed¬ ucation.) Elements of Natural Philosophy. — For high schools and academies. By Elroy M. Avery. New York, Sheldon & Co. pp. 595; illustrated. Price, $1.15. Numerous problems for solution and frequent suggestions pertinent and valuable to both teacher and pupil, characterize this excellent text-book. (Pennsylvania School Journal.) Penmanship. A Guide to Self-Instruction, Practical and Artistic, on Penmanship. — Daniel T. Ames, author and publisher, No. 205 Broadway, New York. How to learn and teach writ¬ ing, with a vast number of copy and review exercises for capitals, autographs, de¬ signs for cards, and a variety of alphabets. (New England Journal of Education.) Requa’s Writing Movement Tablets. — Designed to produce free-hand writing in pri¬ mary grades. New York, D. Appleton & Co. 12mo. Price, $1.40 per dozen. How to Teach Penmanship in Public Schools. — By J. L. Burritt. Syracuse, C. W. Bar¬ deen. 12mo., pp. 62, with chart. Price, 60 cts. Penmanship.— Eight numbers. — New Orleans, Hansell & Bro. Price, 10 cents. Harper's New Graded Copy-Books, or Practical Penmanship. — By H. W. Shalar. New York, Harper & Brothors. Price, $1.00 per dozen. This series of books is strongly commended to teachers, having been prepared by a practical and an expert penman. (New England Journal of Education.) Spencer’s New Copy Boolcs. — By P. R. Spencer’s Sons, New York. Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor & Co. Price, $1.08 per dozen. These copy-books are the result of a careful study and comparison of a large collection of specimens of writing from business and professional men, book-keepers, clerks, and correspondents. (Educational Journal of Virginia.) The Curtiss Manual of Penmanship. — By C. C. Curtiss. St. Paul, D. D. Merrill, pp. 126. Price, $1.50. Reynold’s Copy-Boolcs. — Five numbers. Charleston, S. C., Walkers, Evans & Cogs¬ well. Physiology and Hygiene. The Teachers’ Hand-Book of Physiology. — By James Sully. New York, D. Appleton & Co. Price, $1.50. This book has received the indorsement of the best educators, and is specially adapted to the use of teachers. (Educational Journal of Virginia.) Child’s Health Primer. — By Mrs. Mary H. Hunt. New York, A. S. Barnes & Co. 12mo., pp. 124. Price, 40 cents. Written in a familiar and pleasing style, designed to give the youngest learners correct ideas concerning the care of the body. (Ohio Educa¬ tional Monthly.) Hygiene for Young People. — By A. B. Palmer New York, A. S. Barnes & Co. 12mo., pp. 206. Price, 60 cents. The Digestive Organs in Childhood. — With chapters on the investigation of disease and the management of children. By Louis Starr. Philadelphia, P. Blakiston, Son &Co. Cloth, 8vo.,pp. 385. Price, $2.50. Domestic Hygiene and Sanitary Information. — By Dr. Wilson. Philadelphia, P, Blakiston, Son & Co. Practical information on digestion and nutritious food and diet, causes of disease, cleanliness, and clothing, exercise, x^revention of infectious diseases, care of sick, &c. It cannot fail to do much good in family and school. (Pennsylvania School Journal.) School and Industrial Hygiene. — By Dr. Lincoln. Philadelphia, P. Blakiston, Son & Co. Its treatment of such important subjects as the site, drainage, ventilation, heating, &c., of school buildings, and of exercise, care of eyes, amouut of study, Ac., is particularly good and timely. (Pennsylvania School Journal.) Drainage for Health, or Easy Lessons in Sanitary Science. — By Dr. Joseph Wilson. Philadelphia, P. Blakiston, Son & Co. Price, $1.00. This will be found very useful to engineers, boards of health, farmers, and all interested in sanitation. (New Eng¬ land Journal of Education.) EDUCATIONAL PUBLICATIONS. 703 Milk Analysis and Infant Feeding. — By Arthur V. Meigs. Philadelphia, P. Blakis- ton, Son & Co. Cloth, 12mo., pp. 102. Price, $1.00. Tobacco ; Its Physiological and Pathological Effects. — By H. A. Hare. Philadelphia, P. Blakiston, Son & Co. 8vo., pp. 86 ; illustrated. Price, 50 cts. A Text-Book of Hygiene. — By George Wilson. Philadelphia, P. Blakiston, Son & Co. Price, $1.00. A book admirably adapted to the wants of the school-room, and com¬ mended to teachers of hygiene and physiology in American schools. (New England Journal of Education.) Domestic Hygiene and Sanitary Infoi'mation. — By George Wilson. Philadelphia, Blak¬ iston, Son & Co. Price, $1.00. A very clear and reliable statement of the laws of health, equally suited for home and class-room use. (Ohio Educational Monthly.) Charts of the Human Body. — Springfield, Mass., Milton Bradley Co. Price, $3.00 and $5.00 per set. These charts, with accompanying hand-book, are for elementary instruction in physiology, anatomy, and hygiene. (New York School Journal.) Dulany's Standard Physiology. — Baltimore, Dulany & Co. 12mo., pp. 207. Price, 58 cents. Primary course of the series. Martin’s Human Body. — Baltimore, Dulany & Co. 12mo., pp. 261. Price, 90 cents. Advanced course of the series. First Lessons in Physiology and Hygiene. — With special reference to alcohol, tobacco, and other narcotics. By Charles K. Mills. Eldredge & Bro. Price, 50 cents. (Ohio Educational Monthly.) Six Lectures upon School Hygiene. — Boston, Ginn & Co. Price, 88 cents. Dr. Williams’ lecture, in particular, upon “ Care of the Eyes” should be in the hands of teacher and learner. (New York School Journal.) The Teachings of Science. — By A. B. Palmer. Boston, D. C. Heath & Co. A book of rare excellence, teaching that as an article of luxury or diet, or as a beverage, al¬ cohol is harmful and useless. (New England Journal of Education.) Temperance Teachings of Science. — By A. B. Palmer. With an introduction by Mrs. Mary A. Livermore. For the use of teachers and pupils. D. C. Heath & Co. Cloth, pp. 163. Price, 55 cents. Primer of Physiology and Hygiene. — By William Thayer Smith. Boston, Harrison Hume. A text-book for primary pupils. (New England Journal of Education.) Skeleton Lessons in Physiology and Hygiene. — By Alice M. Guernsey. Boston, The Interstate Publishing Company. Flexible cloth cover for teachers’ use. Price, 15 cents. In this little work special attention is given to alcohol and narcotics. Health Lessons for Beginners. — By O. M. Brands. Boston, Leach & Co. pp. 124. Price 30 cents. Practical Work in the School-Boom. — A transcript of object lessons on the human body given jn primary and grammar grades. New York, A. Lovell & Co. (Ohio Educa¬ tional Monthly.) Exercises for the Improvement of the Senses. — For young children. By Horace Grant. Lee & Shepard. Price, 40 cents. Comprehensive Anatomy , Physiology , and Hygiene. — By John C. Cutter. J. B. Lip- pincott & Co. Price, $1.00. It is a valuable book for schools and families. (New York School Journal.) Lessons in Hygiene. — By John C. Cutter. J. B. Lippincott & Co. Price, 50 cents. The most essential hygienic facts are given, and these in the best possible way. (New York School Journal.) Our Bodies and How We Live. — By A. F. Blaisdell. Boston, Leo & Shepard. Price, 60 cents. How to Keep Well. — By A. F. Blaisdell. — Boston, Lee & Shepard. Price, 42 cents. The Child's Book of Health. — By A. F. Blaisdell. Boston, Lee & Shepard. Price, 30 cents. Physiology for Little Folks. — The child’s book of health in easy lessons. By Albert F. Blaisdell. Boston, Lee & Shepard. This little book aims at the prevention of disease by suggesting methods to secure vigorous health. (Educational Journal of Virginia.) 704 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION, Practical Work in the School-Boom. — Part I. The human body. Pupils’ edition. New York, A. Lovell & Co. Anecdotes are freely used, and care is constantly taken to prevent pupils falling into the rut of memorizing and reciting. (New York School Journal.) Physiology Outlined. — By J. F. Warfel. Ladoga, Ind., The Normal Book Concern. Price, 15 cents. The teacher will find it a very desirable assistance in her work in the school -room. (New York School Journal.) First Lessons in Physiology and Hygiene. — With scientific instruction concerning the physiological effects of stimulants and narcotics on the human body. By Thomas H. Dinsmore, jr. Boston, Potter, Ainsworth & Co. Adapted and commended to all grades of the public schools. (New England Journal of Education.) First Lessons in Physiology and Hygiene. — By Thomas H. Dinsmore. New York, Potter, Ainsworth & Co. An important text-book for common schools. (New En¬ gland Journal of Education.) Brain Best. — By J. L. Corning. New York, G. P. Putnam’s Sons. Price, $1.00. It contains suggestions on the curative properties of prolonged sleep. We know of no little book that can be read with more profit than this by the “ brain-worker ” in America. (New England Journal of Education.) Temperance and Physiology. — Chart No. 1, strikingly illustrated, showing the road to ruin and how to avoid it. By the Writer’s Publishing Company, 21 University Place, New York City. (New England Journal of Education.) Human Anatomy. — New Diagrams. Chicago, published by S. J. Wheeler. Complete collection of nine diagrams, with key. Price, $40.00. Political Economy. Principles of Political Economy. — By John Stuart Mill. New York, D. Appleton & Co. pp. 658. It is designed for class-room work, and includes 24 charts of great value. (New York School Journal.) The Study of Political Economy. — By J. L. Laughlin. New York, D. Appleton & Co. 12mo., pp. 153. Price, $1.00. Valuable hints to teachers and students. Economics for the People. — By R. B. Bowker. Harper & Brothors. A “ common- sense” view of practical subjects suited to the business man and student. (New Eng¬ land Journal of Education.) Principles of Political Economy. — By Simon Newcomb. New York, Harper & Broth¬ ers. 8vo., pp. 548. Price, $2.50. The Premises of Political Economy. — By Simon N. Patten. Philadelphia, J. B. Lip- pincott & Co. Price, $1.50. It is a book that will be highly valuable to teachers. (New York School Journal.) The Postulates of English Political Economy. — By the late Walter Bagehot. New York, G. P. Putnam’s Sons. A discussion on the politicial problems of life, Which will be found very useful to students of economic questions. (New England Journal of Education.) Outline Study of Political Economy. — By George M. Steele. Chautauqua Press. Cloth, pp. 195. Price, 60 cents. This is one of the best text-books ever offered by the C. L. S. C. Council. The definitions are clear, distinct, and sharp. (New England Journal of Education.) Elementary Political Economy. — By A. B. Meservey. Thompson, Brown &. Co. A text-book presenting conclusions, facts, and principles ; the teacher’s assistant and student’s help. (Educational Journal of Virginia.) A Greek and English Lexicon of the Hew Testament. — By Edward Robinson. Boston, Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 8vo., pp. 804. Price, $4.00. Eight Studies of the Lord's Day. — Boston, Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 12mo., pp. 292. Price, $1.50. It is an exhaustive argument, purely from the scriptural standpoint, lor the validity and sanctity of the Christain Sunday. (Pennsylvania School Journal.) Harmony of the Gospels. — By Dr. M. B. Riddle. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 8vo. Price, $1.50. A most excellent aid to devotional exercises, which teachers might do well to introduce. (Pennsylvania School Journal.) Elementary Political Economy. — By A. B. Meservey. Boston, Thompson, Brown & Co. 12mo., pp. 160. Price, 60 cents. Admirably adapted to the public schools. (New England Journal of Education.) EDUCATIONAL PUBLICATIONS. 705 Science of Political Economy. — By A. B. Meservey. Boston, Thompson, Brown & Co. Price, 72 cents. This book is plain, simple, and easy of comprehension. A relia¬ ble text-book, and will be welcomed by teachers and students who feel the need of help in presenting and gaining an intelligent knowledge of this science. (New England Journal of Education.) Readers. The Citizen Reader. — By W. E. Foster. New York, Cassell & Co. (Illustrated Acad- mey.) Monroe's Hew Readers, Primp', First, Second, Third, Fourth, and Fifth. — Life, art, and nature; home, school, and society ; travel and adventure ; wit and wisdom — all have their places in this series of readers. Philadelphia, Cowperthwait & Co. (New England Journal of Education.) A Primer. — By Miss J. H. Stickney. Boston, Ginn & Co. Price, 24 cents. It em¬ braces the sentence and phonetic methods for teaching sight reading. Valuable to the primary teacher. (New York School Journal.) Ogilvie's Popular Reading. — New York, J. S. Ogilvie & Co. Price, 30 cents. Con¬ taining nine complete stories. (New England Journal of Education. ) Sheldon’s Supplementary Reader. — Third book. New York, Sheldon & Co. Price, 38 cents. Many facts of physical science are discussed, stimulating curiosity, and aiming to secure correct habits of observation of the phenomena of nature. (Edu¬ cational Journal of Virginia.) Sixth or Classic English Reader. — By William Swinton. Chicago, Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor & Co. This book is designed for study in high schools, seminaries, &c., and ranks among the foremost works of its class ever published. (New England Journal of Education.) First and Second Readers Combined. — By Helen W. Boyden. Chicago, George Sher* wood & Co. pp. 96. Price, 20 cents. Reynold’s Readers. — In five numbers, pp. 60, 96, 208, 216, 380. Price, 13, 20, 30, 40, and 60 cents. Charleston, S. C., Walker, Evans & Cogswell Company. The Oriel Readers. — Marcus Ward. These five little books for the five standards are excellent of their kind. ( Academy. ) School Management. A History of Education. — By F. V. N. Painter. New York, D. Appleton & Co. 12mo., pp. 335. Price, $1.50. (Vol. H of the International Education Series.) Lectures on the Science and Art of Education. — With other lectures and essays. By the late Joseph Payne. Syracuse, N. Y., C. W. Bardeen. (Ohio Educational Monthly). Essays of Educational Reformers. — By R. H. Quick. Syracuse, N. Y., C. W. Bardeen, 16 mo., pp. 330. Price. $1.50. It comprises sketches of emipent educators of modem times, who have introduced a truer philosophy and better methods of teaching into their work. (New England Journal of Education.) Hand-Book for School Trustees. — By Herbert Brownell. Syracuse, C. W. Bardeen. A manual of school law for school officers, teachers, and parents. 16mo., pp. 76. Price, 50 cents. Outline of Psychology, with Special Reference to the Theory of Education. — By James Sully and J. A. Reinhart. Syracuse, N. Y., C, W. Bardeen. (New England Journal of Education.) How to Secure and Retain Attention. — By J. L. Hughes, Syracuse, N. Y., C. W Bardeen. 16mo., pp. 98. Price, 50 cents. Teaching as a Business for Men.— Syracuse, N. Y., 0. W. Bardeen 8vo., pp. 20. Price, 25 cents. Theory and Practice of Teaching , or Motives and Methods of Good School-keeping. — By David P. Page. New York, A. S. Barnes & Co. pp. 422. It is characterized through¬ out by breadth of thought, clearness of style, and a good measure of sound, healthy common sense. (Pennsylvania School Journal.) Brain Work and Overwork. — By Dr. Wood. P. Blakiston, Son & Co. The hook is one whose usefulness should not he co»ifined to the school-room. Its facts and lessons need to be taken to heart in every family. (Pennsylvania School Journal.) ED 80 - 45 706 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Essays on Educational Reformers. — By R. H. Quick. Cincinnati, Clarke & Co. 12 mo., pp. xxi, 331. It is just the kind of book every live educator needs and -will want. (Pennsylvania School Journal.) The Seven Laics of Teaching. — By John M. Gregory. Boston, Congregational Sunday School and Publication Society. Cloth, pp. 145. Small in compass as it appears to be, it will be found to contain an answer to nearly every question the earnest teacher can ask. (New England Journal of Education.) The Science of the Minds Applied to Teaching. — By U. J. Hoffman. Fowler, Wells & Co. 12mo., pp. 379 ; illustrated. It is worth the earnest teacher’s study. He will find much in it that is practically helpful and suggestive in his work. (Pennsylvania School Journal.) PestalozzVs Leonard and Gertrude. — Translated and abridged by Eva Channing. Boston, Ginn, Heath & Co. 12mo., pp. 181. Price, 80 cents. Highly suggestive and practically helpful to the intelligent teacher. (Pennsylvania School Journal.) Jean Jacques Ho usseau's Emile, or Concerning Education. — Translated byE. W orthing- ton. Boston, Ginn, Heath & Co. pp. 157. Price, 80 cents. Extracts containing the principle elements of pedagogy. (Pennsylvania School Journal.) Dancing and its Eelation to Education and Social Life. — By William Black. New York, Harper & Brothers. A practical exposition of the DodWorth method of teach¬ ing dancing. (New England Journal of Education.) The Power and Authority of School Officers and Teachers. — In the management and government of public schools and over pupils out of school, as determined by the courts of the several States. New York, Harper & Brothers. A copy in the hands of the secretary- would be of great service to the board. (Pennsylvania School Journal.) Practical School Register. — New Orleans, Hansell & Bro. Price, $1.00. Common-Sense Class Record. — By Chas. N. Haskins, Columbus. Price, 50 cents. In¬ dorsed by many principals and teachers as being thoroughly practical. (New York School Journal.) Halit and its Importance in Education. — By Dr. Paul Radestock. Boston, D. C. Heath & Co. The author has devoted some of the best years of his life to practical teaching and to researches in the principles at the foundation of -most habits. The book will be found to be of particular value to normal-school students and teachers. (New England Journal of Education.) History of Pedagogy. — By Gabriel Compayr6. Translated by W. H. Payne. Bos¬ ton, D. C. Heath & Co. pp. GOO Price, $1.75. The value of the book is in the per¬ fection of detail and the reliability of its historical statements. (New England Journal of Education.) Systems of Education. —By John Gill. Boston, D. C. Heath & Co. This sketch will stimulate those just starting in their profession ever to work with the purpose of ultimately placing their art on a scientific basis. (New England Journal of Edu¬ cation.) # School Management. — By Amos M. Kellogg, editor of the School Journal and Teach¬ ers’ Institute. New York, Kellogg & Co. Price, 75 cents. The author is an earnest and successful teacher, and draws from a large and varied experience in considering the problem of school management. (Educational Journal of Virginia.) A Manual of Teaching. — The Practical Teacher, vol. viii. By Francis W. Parker. New York, E. L. Kellogg & Co. pp. 188 Price, $1.25. This valuable book includes ar¬ ticles on reading, language, psychology, pedagogics, elomition, history, &c. - Strongly recommended to teachers and students. (New York School Journal.) School Management. — A practical guide for the teacher in the school room. By Amos M. Kellogg. New York, Kellogg & Co. pp. 423 The book is well worth thorough study. (Pennsylvania School Journal.) Lectures on the' Science and Art of Education. — By Joseph Payne. New York, E. L. Kellogg & Co. The author modifies, adapts, and applies the principles of Pestalozzi and Frcebel, with much skill, to modern conditions and circumstances. (Penn¬ sylvania School Journal.) School Management. — By Amos E. Kellogg. New York, E. L. Kellogg & Co. A practical guide for the teacher in the school-room. (Ohio Educational Monthly.) I EDUCATIONAL PUBLICATIONS. 707 The Philosophy of Education, or the Principles and Practice of Teaching. — By T. Tate. New York. E. L. Kellogg & Co. 12mo., pp. 331. Price, $1.00. Thin is one of the Lest works on pedagogics of the many that are extant, and deserves a place in every teacher’s study. (Pennsylvania School Journal.) Exercises for the Improvement of the Senses of Young Children. — By Horace Grant. Boston, Lee & Shepard. Cloth, 24mo., pp., 157; illustrated. The book contains about 2,500 easy questions, the aim being to exercise the attention, memory, judg¬ ment, and invention of the little ones. (New England Journal of Education.) Lectures on Teaching. — A series of lectures by J. G. Fitch. New York, Macmillan &. Co. The series treats of every branch of learning, from the kindergarteu to the higher studies of the common schools, and is highly commended to all American teachers. (New England Journal of Education.) ( Teaching, its Ends and Means. — By Henry Calderwood. New York, Macmillan &. Co. Price, 5U cents. Its chapters are full of wisdom and helpful suggestions to the teacher. (New England Journal of Education.) • School Keeping : How to do It. — By Dr. Orcutt. Boston, New England Publishing Company. Concise, pointed, practical; a gem, invaluable to the earnest teacher. (Pennsylvania School Journal.) Theory and Practice of Teaching. — By Rev. Edward Thuing. Boston, Willard Small. Price, $1.00. A valuable book, and strongly recommended to teachers seeking to do the best work in the best way. (New England Journal of Education.) Day Dreams of a Schoolmaster. — By D’Arcy W. Thompson. Boston, Willard Small. Cloth, $1.25. A classic treasure, by an educator in the best sense, who has heart as well as brain. (New England Journal of Education.) How to Grade and Teach a Country School. — Bv John Trainer. Decatur, Ill. pp. 429. Price, $1.50. Timely and of great aid in solving this problem. (New England Journal of Education.) Life and Genius of Goethe. — Lectures at the Concord School. Edited by F. B. San¬ born. Tichnor & Co. pp. 450. Price, $2.00. The best work of eminent men com¬ bined. (New England Journal of Education.) The Eclectic Manual of Methods. — New York, Yan Antwerp, Bragg & Co. All teach¬ ers who use the eclectic series of text-books should have this. (Ohio Educational Monthly. ) Bennett's Examination Record. — By C. W. Bennett. New York, Yan Antwerp, Bragg & Co. Yery neat, convenient, and useful. Each pupil’s record of examinations in all his studies for the entire year can be seen at a glance. (Ohio Educational Monthly. ) The Elements of Pedagogy. — By Emerson E. White. New YYuk, Yan Antwerp, Bragg & Co. 12mo., pp. 33b. Price, $1.17. A thorough and practical discussion of the science and art of school education. Levania, or the Doctrine of Education.— A translation from Jean Paul Frederich Rich¬ ter. Boston, D. C. Heith & Co. Cloth, pp. 413. Price, $1.35. Habit and Us Importance in Education. — Translated from the German of Paul Radestock by F. A. Caspari, with an introduction by G. S. Hall. Boston, D. C. Heath & Co." An essay in pedagogical psychology. » Method in Education. — Translated from the Italian of Antonio Rosmini Serbati by Mrs. Wm. Gray. Boston, D. C. Heath & Co Cloth, pp. 400. Price, $1.75. Spellers. The Diacritical Speller. — By C. R. Bales. Syracuse, C. W. Bardeen. 8vo., pp. 68. Price, oO cents. A practical course of exercises in spelling and pronunciation and a short notice of penmanship. (Ohio Educational Monthly.) Lippincott's Popular Spelling -Booh. — Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott & Co. Price, 24 cents. This is a book of rare excellence and value, containing many illustrative selections, many test words, few catch words, and none that are hard and senseless. (New England Journal of Education.) Selected Words for Spelling, Dictation, and Language Lessons. — By C. E. Meleney and Wm. M. Giffin. A. Lovell & Co. The book has great merits, which teachers will do well to thoroughly investigate. (New York School Journal.) Student' s Speller. — By James and De Yarmo. Chicago, Geo. Sherwood & Co. pp. 107, Price, 25 cents. 708 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Surveying and Engineering. A Manual of the Theory and Practice of Topographical Surveying. — By J. R. Johnson. New York, John Wiley &. Sons. Price, Si. 25. This valuable treatise is adapted to students in school and field. (New England Journal of Education.) Materials of Construction. — By R. H. Thurston. New York, Wiley & Sons. 8vo., pp. 713. Price, $5.00. Moulder's Text-Book. — By T. D. West. New York, Wiley & Sons. 12mo., pp. 429. Price, $2.50. Tables of Excavations. — By J. R. Hudson. New York, Wiley & Sons. 8vo., pp. 90. Price, $1.00. Hydraulics. — By Hamilton Smith. New York, Wiley & Sons. 4to, pp. 362. Price, $8.00. Theology. Religion in a College ; What Place it Should Have. — By James McIntosh. New York A. C. Armstrong & Co. (New England Journal of Education.) Bible Studies. — For normal classes, Bible students, and Sunday schools. By Rev. A. E. Dunning. Boston, Congregational Sunday School and Publishing Society. Cloth, 12mo. Price, 60 cents. The author has a teacher’s instinct and a leader's magnetism. The book is well done and loyal to the old-time standard ideas in every regard; reliable, safe, devout, comprehensive. (New England Journal of Education.) Wescott and Hort's Greek Testament. — New York, Ha^er & Brothers. Cloth, 12mo., pp. 603. Price, $1.00. Student’s edition. EDUCATIONAL PERIODICALS. 709 III.— EDUCATIONAL PERIODICALS. SCOPE OF THE TABLE. In the Annual Reports of this Office frequent reference is made to educational jour¬ nals, from which inti- resting and valuable information has been obtained. These journals are specially valuable in two respects. In the first place, they discuss the leading educational questions of the day from every imaginable point of view and put on record the best experience of eminent educators, whose opinions are worthy of the highest consideration. In the second place, they contain valuable historical in¬ formation, from which the development of our public-school system may be traced, and thus furnish material nowhere else to be found in such richness and abundance for the history of educational progress in this country. While many of these publications are ephemeral in character, they deserve more consideration than has heretofore been given them. The following table has been prepared with a view of giving, in small compass, as much information as possible respecting this class of periodical literature. The table aims to give the place of publication, principal title, editor or publisher, date of first issue, the number of volumes each periodical had reached in June, 1886, when such volume began, num¬ ber of volumes in a year, frequency of publication, and price per annum. Such journals only are included as continued publication June 30, 1886, which excludes much in the library that is valuable in the way of complete sets of the best known educational journals and incomplete sets of many of the earlier educational publica¬ tions in this country. Some journals found in the table are educational only in¬ directly. In the future the scope of the table may be so extended as to embrace all periodical educational literature in the library of this Bureau. The statistics of foreign educational journals have been prepared on substantially the same plan followed with American journals, but the character of the former differs so radically from that of the latter as to render some modification necessary. Educational journalism in Europe antedates our own by a considerable interval, there having been three educational periodicals published in Europe during the eighteenth century, one of which bears date 1771. The national character of the directive power in educational affairs in Europe, and the consequent necessity of communicating the numerous decrees and orders to sub¬ ordinates, has given birth to a class of journals not known to us, journals whose con¬ tents consist of the law. Journals of this class have been included in the table, since, although not periodical literature in any sense, they contain decisions of the highest educational authorities, whose sole business is to study and advance the interest of the system under their control. Articles contained in foreign educational journals par¬ take for the most part more of the nature of reviews, and in them foreign systems and movements are frequently discussed. 710 REPORT Place of publication. A I. UNITED STATES. Birmingham, Ala . Huntsville, Ala . Huntsville, Ala . Little Hock, Ark . San Francisco, Cal . Denver, Colo . Hartford, Conn . Blunt, Dak . Bloomington, HI . Chicago, HI . Chicago, HI., and New York, N. Y. Springfield and Peoria, HI. Indianapolis, Ind . Indianapolis, Hid . Des Moines, Iowa . Du Buque, Iowa . Keokuk, Iowa . Lincoln and Topeka, Kans. Louisville, Ky . . New Orleans, La . New Orleans, La . Baltimore, Md . . Boston, Mass . Boston, Mass . Boston, Mass., and Chi¬ cago, HI. South Lancaster, Mass. .. Lansing, Mich . . . Minneapolis, Minn . Jefferson City, Mo . St. Louis, Mo . St. Louis, Mo . Omaha, Nebr . Santee Agency, Nebr .... Trenton, N. J . New York, N. Y . New York, N. Y.,andChi- cago, HI. Rochester, N. Y . Syracuse, N. Y . Syracuse, N. Y . . . Wilmington, N. C . Akron, Ohio . Columbus, Ohio . Mount Washington, Ohio. Allentown, Pa . Germantown, Pa . Lancaster, Pa . Meadville, Pa . Philadelphia, Pa . Philadelphia, Pa . York, Pa . Columbia, S. C . Chattanooga, Term . .j OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 85. —Statistics of educational Principal title Southern Journal of Education | Alabama Teachers' Journal . j Normal Index . j Arkansas Teacher . Pacific School Journal . Colorado School Journal . American Journal ot Education Dakota School Journal . Hlinois School Journal . Intelligence . . Teachers’ Institute and Practical Teacher. National Educator . . . Educational Weekly . . . . Indiana School Journal . . . Northwestern Journal of Education. Normal Monthly . Central School Journal . Western School Journal . . Educational C our ant . Journal of Education . Progressive Teacher . The Educator . American Teacher . Education . New England Journal of Education. True Educator School Moderator . School Education . Missouri School Journal . American Journal of Education Evangelisch-Lutherisches S c h u 1- blatt. Nebraska State Journal . . . Word Carrier . The Signal . . . Penman’s Journal and Teachers’ Guide. School Journal . . . Educational Gazette . Academy Journal of Secondary Education School Bulletin and New York State School J ournal. The Lighthouse . Ohio Educational Monthly and Na¬ tional Teacher. Vis-A-Vis . . . Public School Journal . National Educator . The Student . . . Pennsylvania School Journal . The Chautauquan . The Indicator . The Teacher. . . The Fountain . Carolina Teacher . The Educator . . . Name of editor. 3 H. P. Burruss . . J. A. B. Lovett . State Normal School . Josiah H. Shinn . Albert Lyser . Aaron Gove . Henry Barnard . Henry Hoffman . George P Brown . . . E. O. Vaiie . F. W. Parker . Jeriak Bonham . . J. M. Olcott . W. A. Bell . Ella A. Hamilton . . George W. Jones . J. C. Paradise . . . Educational Publishing Company.. R. H. Carothers . . . W. O. Rogers . H. E. Chambers . . Centenary Biblical Institute . Thos. W. Bicknell, W. E. Sheldon, W. N. Hailman. William A. Mowry . . . A. E. Winship . South Lancaster Academy.......... Henry R. Pattengill . Sanford Niles . J. L. Halloway . J. B. Merwin . . . Deutsche ev.-luth. Synode von Mis¬ souri, Ohio, und andere Staaten. Institute for Deaf-Mutes . . Alfred L. Riggs . Francis B. Lee . D. T. Ames . Amos M. Kellogg, Jerome Allen, Francis W. Parker. Alvin P. Chapin . George A. Bacon . C. W. Bardeen . Tiliston Normal School . Samuel Findley . Ohio Institute for Deaf-Mutes . Public School Journal Company.... A. R. Horne . . . Martha A. Garrett, Davis II. For- svthe. E. E. Higbee . Then. F. Flood . R. Morris Smith . Eldredge Bros . W. H. Shelley . W. L. Bell...' . Jeremiah Belim . EDUCATIONAL PERIODICALS, 711 periodicals for 18S5-’8G. 4 . | 1 Date of first issue. Number of volume in Juno, 1866. Ci I X ^ £ 2 'o CJ 1 o Z How often ; published, j Price per anuura. f- p o'~ 4 5 0 r 8 9 Mar., J uly, 1885 1 i M . $1 00 1 885 j i July.. i M . $1 00 Dec., Jan., 1 1' i i ■ W . $1 00 3 1 Jan . . . i i M . $1 00 I Mar., 1.877 10 Mar . 1 1 M . I $2 00 May, 1885 2 May . . 1 1 M . $1 50 Aug., le 55 38 j Mar .. i j Quar . $4 00 Jan., 1 885 2 Jan... 1 : M . 1 $1 00 | Jan., 1881 5 Jan ... I 1 ! M . 1 $1 25 i Jan., 1881 6 Jan . .. 1 Semi-mo . , $1 50 j - , 1877 6 Sept . . 1 M . | $1 00 Jan., 1884 2 Jan . . . 1 M . $1 00 July, 1883 2 - . i $2 00 ! Jan., 3850 SI Jan ... 1 M . $1 50 1 1885 o Jan . . . 2 ! w . I $2 oo ; Aug., 1877 9 Aug .. 1 ! M . 1 $1 50 1876 9 Jan . . . 1 M . j $0 75 5 Fel)., 1 in. s 1885? •) 5 3 Dec. .. i : M . i $1 00 | J une, 4 3 Juno.. i M . j $1 00 April, 1870 8 Mar .. l | M . ! $1 50 Eeb., 1886 2 Eeb... i M . $0 50 1886 | 1 l ! M . i $0 60 Sept., 1SS3 3 (n. s.) Sept . . l M . $i oo j Sept., 1880 6 Jan... 1 M . $3 00 j Jan., 1875 23 ' June.. 2 tv . $2 50 ; Apr., 1884 2 April . 1 ! M . $0 75 i Sept.. I860 6 : Sept.. 1 Semi-mo.. $3 00 ; Dec., 1881 5 Jan... 1 M . $1 00 Oct., 1883 3 1 Semi-mo . . Si 50 | 19 Jan... 1 ■ M . $1 00 1 21 13 Quart . ! $1 00 ! $0 75 j J an . . . 1 Semi- mo.. Mar, 1883 3 .Tnns.- 1 M . SO 50 Dec., 1885 2 Nov .. 1 M . $0 60 10 Jau _ 1 M . $1 00 _ , 1871 31 Jan . . . 2 ! w . $2 50 Jan., 1885 2 Jan. .. 1 it . SI 00 Eeb., 1886 1 Eeb... 1 M . . $1 00 Sept., 1874 12 Sept . . 1 M . $1 00 Jan.. 1881 6 ' Jan... 1 M . l (n. s.) > ; 35 Jan ... 1 M . $1 50 18 Sept . . Jan . .. 1 TV . $1 oo ; Jan., 1S7G 19 1 ! M . i si 00 ! _ ) I860 27 Apr .. 1 Semi-mo . . SO 75 : Sept., 1880 6 Sept .. 1 M . $1 00 Jan., 1852 34 July .. 1 | M . $1 50 j Oct.. 1881 6 Oct — 1 ; M . ?1 50 Sept., 1881 5 , Sept.. 1 M . $•. 50 j 8 Jan .. 1 ] il . SO 50 ! Sept., 18S3 3 Sept.. 1 ' M . SI 00 I Jan., 18-5 2 ! Jan . . . 1 M . si 25 I Eeb., 1635 1 1 Eeb... 1 1 1 M . 1 $0 50 ' it smirks. JO As Schoolmaster to MaylQP4. In June, 1884, took present title. In October, 1885. Practical Teacher and Teachers’ Institute united. November 12, 1885, united with N. E. Journal of Education. Successor to Educationist. 10 numbers in volume. Bi-monthly till January, 188G. Consolidation of Massachusetts Teacher, Kb ode Island School¬ master, Common School Journal, College Courant. “Weekly till end of vol. 5 j after Semi-mo. 10 numbers in volume. V oiume begins in March. School year. 10 numbers in volume. 10 numbers in volume. 11 numbers in volume. 10 numbers in voiume. School year. 10 numbers in volume. 712 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 85. — Statistics of educational Place of publication. Principal title. Name*of editor. 1 2 I. UNITED STATES— COnt’d. Nashville, Tenn . Houston, Tex . Alexandria, Va . Hampton, Va . Richmond, Va . Morgantown, W. Va . Madison, Wis . Milwaukee, Wis . Washington, D. C . Southwestern Journal of Education. Texas School Journal . . . Academy Journal . Southern W orkman . Educational J oumal of Virginia. . . . West Virginia School Journal . Wisconsin Journal of Education. . . . Erziehungs-Blatter . American Annals of Deaf and Dumb . Leon Trousdale and W. B. Garrett. (Texas Educational Publishing Com- } pany. St. John’s Academy . . . S. C. Armstrong, H. W. Ludlow, M F. Armstrong. William F. Fox . . Benjamin S. Morgan . J. W. Steams . Maximilian Grossmann . . E. A Fay . . n. FOREIGN, a Vienna, Austria . Brussels, Belgium . Brussels, Belgium . Brussels, Belgium . Brussels, Belgium . British Empire: Montreal, Canada .... Toronto, Canada ...... London, England . London, England . London, England . London, England . London, England . London, England . Christ’s Church, New Zealand. Edinburgh, Scotland . Copenhagen, Denmark . . . Bordeaux, France . Paris, France . ~ Paris, France . Paris, France . . . Paris, France . Paris, France . Paris, France . . . Paris, France . Berlin, Germany . Berlin, Germany . Berlin, Germany . Berlin, Germany . Berlin, Germany . Frankfort-on-Main, Ger¬ many. Gotha, Germany . . Leipsic, Germany . . Leipsic, Germany . . Leipsic, Germany . . Leipsic, Germany . . Freie padagogische Blatter . Bulletin du Ministere de lTnterieur et de l’lnstruction Publique. Journal des Jeux et Outrages . L’Abeille . . Le Progrcs . . . . Educational Record of the Province of Quebec. Canada School Journal Educational Times Educational Record Journal of Education School Board Chronicle The Indian Magazine The Schoolmaster New Zealand Schoolmaster The Educational News .... VorTJngdom . Le Moniteur du J eune Ago . Bulletin Administrate du Ministere de l’lnstruction Publique. Journal d’£ducation Populaire - L’lnstruction Publique . Manuel General de l’lnstruction Primaire. Reeueil des Lois et Actes de l’ln- struction Publique. Revue Internationale de l’Enseigne- ment. Revue Pbdagogique . Centralblatt . . Deutsche Schulgesetz-Sammlung r.. Deutsche Schulzeitung . Die Lehrerin in Schule und Haus. . . Padagogische Zeitung . Rheinisehe Blatter. . . Padagogische Blatter . AUgemeine Deutsche Lehrerzeitung. Cornelia . . . Paedagogium . Zeitung riir das hohere TJnterrichts- A. Chr. Jessen . . . . Ministere de l’lnterieur et de l’ln- st ruction Publique. Tedesco Fibres (Bruxelles) . . Th. Braun . . Socibtb Centrale des Instituteurs Beiges. Organ of the Educational Institute of Scotland. H. Trier and P. Voss . Mme. Bellier (Marie Flecker) . Ministbre de l’lnstruction Publique. Societe pour l’lnstruction Plbmen- taire. Alfred Blot . . Ch. Defodon . Edmond Dreyfus-Brisac . Musee Pedegogique . Ministerium der geistlichen, TJnter¬ richts und Medizinal-Angelegen- heiten. R. Schillmann . . R. Schillmann . . Marie Loeper (Housselle) . H. Schroer . Richard Kohler . . G. Schbppa „ . Moritz Kleiner t . . . Carl Pilz . - . Friedrich Dittes . . . H. A. Weiske . Organ of College of Preceptors . Organ, British and Foreign School j Society. I Organ for the School Boards . . Organ of National Indian Associa¬ tion. Munich, Germany. Knabenhort. Society of same name. a The price given is the annual subscription in the country where publish ed. EDUCATIONAL PERIODICALS, periodicals for 1885- 8G — Continued. Date of first issue. Number of volume in June, 1886. •If £ How often published. Price per annum. Eemarks. © g © ~ P P* A 4 5 a 7 8 O 10 Mar., 18S3 4 Mar .. 1 M . j .$1 00 (•Jan., 1883 ( i (u. s.) 5 4 Jan. .. 1 M . 1 $1 50 IS Oct . . . 1 M . $0 25 $1 00 j - , 1872 15 Jan. .. 1 M . Jan., 1870 17 Jan. .. 1 M . $1 00 Nov., 1881 5 Jan. .. 1 M . $1 00 Apr., 1871 16 Jan... 1 M . $1 00 16 year 31 M . $2 12 $2 00 - » 1S48 Jan. .. 1 Quar . 1 Jan. 1, 1867 • 20 year 3 year Jan. .. 1 W . 10 mk. M . 15 fr. 6 fr. 32 year 26 year M . Jan. 1, 18G1 Jan. .. 1 M . 5.26 tr. Jan., 1831 6 Jan... 1 m . $1 00 Jan., 1885 ! 2 Jan. .. 1 Semi-mo . . $2 00 39 i Jan. .. 1 M . 7*. 0 d. 1 Is. Sd. 6s. Gd. 12 | Oct _ 1 OnflT Jan., 1879 8 Jan. .. 1 M . | 35 ! Jan. . . 2 w . 15s. 0 d. 5s. Od. Jan., 1871 16 Jan. .. I M . | Successor to Journal National In¬ dian Association. Jan., 1872 29 Jan. .. 2 ■w . ! is. Ad. ! Supplement extra. 5 ! Au2 . . 1 M 6s. 6 d. 6s. 6d. Jan., 1876 11 Jan. .. 1 W . | 1 Ei-mn 6 crowns 8 fr. Jan. 1, 1880 7 vear •Jan. .. 1 Semi-mo . . ' - , 1850 I 39 vol. ; Jan.& 2 ; IV . 1 5 fr. ! July- - , 1815 71 year Jan. .. 1 5 fr. Appears every two or three months. _ 1872 ! 15 year ! Jan... 1 IV . 18 fr. - 1 1834 22d vol , 5th series. Jan. .. 1 w . 6 it. - . 1847 39 > ear Jan. .. 1 iv . ! 6 fr. Jan. 1, 1881 6 year Jan. .. 2 M . ! 24 fr. _ .t 1878 S voL,n. s. ! | Jan. .. i i M . i 12 fr. ! Jan. .. i M . 7 mk. Jan. 1, 1872 15 year i Jan. .. i W . 10 mk. 16 year 2 year 15 year 60 year i 8 mk. j Oct . . . 1 Jan. . . i i j §^mi_m0 5 mk . Jan. 1, 1872 w 1827 : Jan . .. i Bi-mo _ 8 mk. _ 1872 15 vol. Jan _ l Bi-mo .... Ifan. 1, 184G 38 year Jan. .. i w . 8 mk. 45 vc»l. yr : 4.50 mk. 9 mk. Oct. 1, 1878 8 year j Oct . . . i i M . 15 year i 4 year i Jan. .. , Jan. .. i* 1 w 8 mk. | 3.60 mk. - , 1883 l j M . 1 ! 714 REPOST OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. Table 85. — Statistics of educational Place of publication. Principal title. Eame of edilor. n. foreign— continued. r : 3 : 479,013 150, 766 2, 253, 979 C55, 185 371,513 2,807,310 S, 236 1, 611, 465 105, 355 i s s s as. ! i ii SI icf ;3 !« j is j i ° « 3 is i • o • • • rH rH rH t«5.2l5 5-16 5-16 is •' H< 12 3 ;; f (M M O 2322 j CO j 7 7 730 REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION. SALARIES OF TEACHERS. The table showing teachers’ salaries in several foreign countries answers inquiries frequently received at this office. Presumably the items are desired for use* in com¬ parative statements, which are, however, hardly warranted in the present state of our information. The true average salary in any country would be the quotient of the total amount paid for salaries divided by the number of teachers employed, which is evidently the only uniform method that could be employed for the computation. Those familiar with the facts are well aware that the methods actually employed differ widely, the factors which enter into the computation being even more varied than the results. Some investigations are in progress by this office, which, it is hoped, may bring out estimates of greater relative value than those now available. Mean¬ while the information should be used with discrimination and caution. The notes appended to the table indicate, in some measure, the great diversity of conditions in¬ volved in the estimates. Table 90. — Annual salaries of elementary teachers in foreign public and State aided schools. Countries. ( Austria. . Austria-Hungary JHungary Belgium . France ( Prussia . | Wiirtemberg Germany Saxony . Saxe- "Weimar . . Hamburg . . . Liibeck. .. . Bremen . ( England and Wales Great Britain < Scotland . ( Ireland . Italy . Netherlands . . Russia. f British Columbia . I Manitoba . I New Brunswick . . Canada <( Nova Scotia . . | Ontario . I Prince Edward Island (.Quebec . Scandinavia j Switzerland . (New South Wales Australasia 2 Queensland . . Australasia < 73 o H o tJQ c3 (4 © > <1 73 © H © be 2 a ◄ o H §> ci <1 73 O H 6 tt 3 > o H 6 to 0 <4 O | a 3 1 < ; * 73 1 H ! © | to 1 ^ ■Sitka, No. 1.. Sitka, No. 2.. Killiauoo .... •T uueau _ i hi 58 22 14 | SO 37 28 18 16 0 45 55 43 46 26 29 89 51 23 16 14 17 54 53 70 j 47 1 36 112 87 124 74 49 27 21 13 45 51 1 40 i 47 52 46 48 : 44 1 .... .... 47 45 133 21 12 70 35 ! Houiiaii. _ _ _ | 133 49 "Wrangell . . . . Klawuck . ... Jaeksou . 1 62 19 67 25 Haiaes . 33 35 A toga a k _ .! 30 32 24 18 18 20 32 30 24 20 1 20 20 Kadiak . Unga . . .... .... .... .... .... .... As near as I can gather from the reports now in and my knowledge of the schools from which reports are not yet received, there are at least 1,250 children in the Alaska schools. The great need of the schools is suitable school -houses. These will require a larger appropriation. Fifty thousand dollars for education in Alaska is the smallest amount that should be asked of Congress for the year 1887-J88. Thanking yon for the interest yon have taken in the work, I remain, with great respect, Yours truly, SHELDON JACKSON, ED 86 - 48 General Agent INDEX. A. Abbott Academy, statistics of, 446, 453. Academies. See Secondary instruction. Academy of the Sacred Heart, statistics of, 448, 455. Adams, Prof. Herbert B., papers by, 743, 748. Adams, Mass., summary of school report of, 225. sohool statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 292. Adelbert College of the Western Reserve Uni¬ versity, notes from the catalogue of, 486. statistics of, 502, 516. Adger College, statistics of, 504. 518. Administration. See School officers and Super¬ vision. Admission requirements of colleges, 471. Adrian, Mich., school statistics of, 246, 262, 278, 294. Adrian (Mich.) College, statistics of, 498, 512. Afognak, Alaska, statistics of schools of, 753. Agricultural and Mechanical College of Kentucky, statistics of, 526, 528. Agricultural and Mechanical College of the State i of Mississippi, statistics of, 526, 529. Agricultural and Mechanical College, University of Xorth Carolina, statistics of, 527, 529. Agricultural and Scientific Department of Brown University, statistics of, 527, 529. Agricultural College, Brookings, Dak., statistics of. 530, 532. Agricultural colleges. See Land-grant schools. Agricultural Department of Delaware College, i statistics ot, 525, 528. Agricultural Department of West Virginia Uni¬ versity, statistics of, 527, 529. Agricultural training in Virginia, 175. Agriculture at the University of Wisconsin, 488. number of students of, 521. Akers, John W., State superintendent of public instruction of Iowa, 46. Akron, Ohio, school statistics of, 248, 264, 282, 298. Alameda. Cal., school statistics of, 240, 256, 272, 288i Alabama, school statistics of, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13. comparative school statistics of, 16-19. present educational condition of, 24, summary of school law of, 47-50. statistics of city-school finances of, 218. summary of city-school statistics of, 238. statistics of teachers’ institutes in, 309. statistics of normal schools in, 320, 321. statistics of kindergarten training in, 334, 335. statistics of secondary instruction in, 362, 363, o64, 060. statistics of superior instruction in, 489. statistics of superior instruction for women in, 442. relative number of classical and scientific stu¬ dents in, 466. college statistics of, 490. statistics of law schools in, 545. statistics of schools of science of, 522. statistics of theological schools in, 535. statistics of medical schools of, 548. practice of medicine in, 561. statistics of business colleges of, 613. statist ics of institutions for the deaf and dumb in, G35. statistics of institutions for the blind in, 641. statistics of instruction of the colored race in, 650, 655. statistics of educational benefactions in, 662, GS3. statistics of public libraries in, 717. Alabama Central Female College, statistics of 444, 452. Alabama Conference Female College, statistics of, 444, 452. Alabama Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, re¬ port of. 633. Alabama Xormal College for Girls, statistics of, 322. Alarid, Trinidad, ex officio superintendent of pub¬ lic schools of Xew Mexico. 46. Alaska, school statistics of, 5, 7, 8, 9. 10, 12, 13. comparative school statistics of. 16-19. present educational condition of, 38. practice of medicine iu. 568. statistics of Indian schools of. 658. condition of schools in, 750-753. Albany, X. Y., summary of school report of, 232. school statistics of, 248, 264, 280. 296. Albany (N. Y.) College of Pharmacy (Union Uni¬ versity), statistics of, 559. Albany Law School (Union University), statistics of, 547. Albany (X. Y.) Medical College (Union Univer¬ sity), statistics of. 554. Albert Lea (Minn.) College, statistics of, 446, 454. Albion (Mich.) College, statistics of. 498. 512. Alcorn Agricultural "and Mechanical College, sta¬ tistics of, 526, 529. Alexandria, Ya., comparative school statistics of, 219. school statistics of, 252, 270, 286, 302. Algeria, statistics of education in, 726, 729. Allegheny, Pa., comparative school statistics of, 219." school statistics of, 250, 266, 2S2, 298. Allegheny College, classification of students at, 470. notes from the catalogue of, 487. statistics of. 504, 516. i Alien. Principal Chas. H., quoted. 319. I Allentown, Pa., school statistics of, 250, 266, 282, 298. Allentown (Pa.) Female College, statistics of, 443, 455. Allen University, statistics of, 504. 518. Almira College, statistics of. 444, 453. Altoona, Pa., comparative school statistics of, 219. school statistics of, 250, 266, 282, 298. i American Asylum for the Education of the Deaf ! * and Dumb, report of. 633. American Eclectic Medical College, statistics of, 556. American Instructors of the Deaf, eleventh con¬ vention of, 632. American Medical College, statistics of, 556, American Xormal College, Logansport, Ind., sta¬ tistics of. 322. I American Veterinary College, statistics of. 559. j Americas, Ga., summary of school report of, 223. classification of students at, 468. i Amherst (Mass.) College, notes from the cata¬ logue of, 483. statistics of, 493, 512. i Amity College, statistics of, 496, 510. I Anatomy and physiology, instruction in, in Xew York, 34. Anderson (S. C.) Female Seminary, statistics of, 450. 455. j Andover, Mass., school statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 292. | Andover (Mass.) Theological Seminary, statistics of, 539. [ Andrew Female College, statistics of, 444, 452. 400 756 INDEX. Ann Arbor, Mich., school statistics of, 246, 262, 278, 294. Antioch College, statistics of, 502, 516. Apgar, Hon. E. A., quoted, 319. Apparatus, value of, by cities, 272-286. Appleton, AYis., summary of school report of, 237. school statistics of, 254, 270, 286, 302. Appropriations for the Bureau, xx. Argentine Republic, statistics of education in, 727, 729. educational progross in, 740. Arizona, school statistics of, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13. comparative school statistics of, 16-19. present educational condition of, 38. summary of school law of, 190-192. statistics of eit.y-3chool finances of, 218. relative number of classical and scientific students in, 466. practice of medicine in, 568. statistics of Indian schools of, 658. statistics of public libraries in, 717. Arkansas, school statistics of, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13. comparative school statistics of, 16-19. present educational condition of, 24. summary of school law of, 50-54. statistics of city-school finances of, 218. summary of city-school statistics of, 238. statistics of teachers’ institutes in, 309. statistics of normal schools in, 320. statistics of secondary instruction in, 362, 363, 364, 365. statistics of superior instruction in, 439. relative number of classical and scientific stu¬ dents in, 466. college statistics of, 490. statistics of sohools of science of, 522. statistics of law schools in, 545. statistics of medical schools of, 548. practice of medicine in, 561. statistics of business colleges of, 613. statistics of institutions for the deaf and dumb of, 635. statistics of instruction of the colored race in, 650, 655. statistics of educational benefactions in, 662, 663. statistics of public libraries in, 717. Arkansas College, statistics of, 494, 508. Arkansas Deaf-Mute Institute, report of, 633. Arkansas industrial university, notes from cata¬ logue of, 476. statistics of, 494, 508, 525, 528. Arlington, Mass., summary of school report of, 225. Art, fine and industrial, report on, xviii. educational publications for the year on, 677. art instruction in Great Britain, 733. Artisans’ .Training School (University of Minne¬ sota), statistics of, 602, 603. Art schools, statistics of, 604, 605. Art training, 604-606. at DePauw University, 479. Ashland (Ohio) College, statistics of, 502, 514. Ashland. Pa., school statistics of, 250, 266, 282, 298. Ashtabula, Ohio, school statistics of, 248, 264, 282, 298. Asheville (N. C.) Eemale College, statistics of, 448, 455. Aspen, Colo., summary of school report of, 221. Associate Reformed Theological Seminary, sta¬ tistics of, 543. Astronomy, instruction in, in Oakland, Cal., 221. at Crawfordsville, Ind., 224. at the university of California, 476. at the university of the Pacific. 476. at DePauw University, 479. at the university of Kansas, 480. at Bates College, 482. at Carleton College, 4S3. at Missouri Agricultural College, 484. at Southwest Baptist College, 484. at Doane College, 484. at Creighton College, 485. at Buchtel College, 486. in Pennsylvania colleges, 487. at the University of Virginia, 488. educational publications for the year on, 678. Athens (Ala.) Female College, statistics of, 444 452. Athletic sports at Harvard, 482. at Williams College, 483. Atlanta, Ga., comparative school statistics of 219. summary of school report of. 223. school statistics of, 240, 256, 272, 288. Atlanta (Ga.) Baptist Seminary, statistics of, 537. Atlanta (Ga.) Medical College, statistics of, 552. Atlanta (Ga.) University, statistics of, 494, 508. Atlantic, N. J., school statistics of, 246, 262, 280, , 296. 1 Attendance, statistics of, by States, 6, 7. in days, average of all pupils enrolled, 16. ratio to population 6 to 14 years, 17, 20. ratio to enrolment, 17, 20. ratio to total population, 17, 20. from 1876 to 1886, statistics of, 21. ratio to enrolment from 1876 to 1886, 21. increase of, in Tennessee, 36. law of, in Connecticut, 40-41. average, diminished by compulsory law, 42. diminution of ratio of, in New York, 43. ratio to enrolment in cities, 219-220. total, importance of knowing, 7. white and colored, compared, 650. at European universities. 732-733. at Indian schools, statistics of, 657-658. in city schools, statistics of, 241, 255. increased by free text-books, 45. in days, total by cities, 256-270. in foreign cities, statistics of, 731 . in foreign countries, statistics of, 728-729. in Virginia, 43. See also Compulsory Attendance. Attleborough, Mass., school statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 292. Auburn, Me., school statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 290. Auburn, N. Y., summary of school report of, 232. school statistics of, '248, 264, 280, 296. Auburn (N. Y.) Theological Seminary, statistics of, 541. Augsburg Seminary, Greek department, statistics of, 498, 512. Augsburg Seminary, statistics of, 540. Augusta, Ga., school statistics of, 240, 256, 272 , 288. Augusta, Me., summary of school reports of, 225. school statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 290. Augustana College, music at, 478. .i statistics of, 496, 510. Augustana Theological Seminary, statistics of, 538. Augastinean College of Yillanova, Pa., classifi¬ cation of students at, 470. statistics of, 504, 516. Aurora, District Ho. 5, Ill., school statistics of, 240, 256, 272, 288. Austin, Tex., school statistics of, 252, 268, 284, 302. Austin College, statistics of, 506, 518. Austria, statistics of education in, 726, 728, 730. university statistics of, 732. Authority of the school, nature of, 607. Auxiliary Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, statistics of, 557. 12. Baker University, statistics of, 496, 510. Baldwin University, statistics of, 502, 514. Baltimore, Md., school system of. .108. comparative school statistics of, 219. summary of school report of. 225. school statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 292. Baltimore (Md.) Academy of the Visitation, sta¬ tistics of, 446, 453. Baltimore (Md.) College of Dental Surgery, sta¬ tistics of, 557. Baltimore Female College, statistics of, 446, 453. Baltimore Manual- Training School, statistics of, 602, 603. Baltimore (Md.) Medical College, statistics of, 553. Baltimore (Md.) Normal School for Colored Teachers, statistics of, 322. INDEX. 757 Baltimore (Md.) University School of Medicine, I statistics of. 553. Bangor, Me., summary of school report of, 225. school statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 290. Bangor (Mo.) Theological Seminary, statistics of, 539. Baptist Female College, Lexington, Mo., statis¬ tics of, 440, 454. Baptist Female College. Mossy Creek, Tcnn., statistics of, 450, 450. Baptist Union Theological Sominary, statistics of, 538. Barnard, Dr. F. A. P.. extracts from report of, 473. Barnstable (Mass)., summary of school report of, 220. Bartholomew English and Classical School, statis tics of, 448, 455. Bates College, classification of students at, 468. notes from the catalogue of, 482. statistics of, 498, 512. Bates College Theological Seminary, statistics of, 539 Bath, Me., school statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 290. Battle Creek, Mich., summary of school report of, 230. school statistics of, 246, 2G2, 278, 294. Battle Creek (Mich.) College, manual training at, 483. statistics of, 498, 512. Baylor Female College, statistics of, 450, 457. Bailor, University, statistics of, 506, 518. Beaver Falls, Pa., summary of school report of, 235. school statistics of, 250, 2CG, 282, 298. Belfast, Me., school statistics of, 242,258,274,290. Belgium, statistics of education in, 726, 728, 730. university statistics of, 732. Bellaire, Ohio, school statistics of, 248, 266, 282, 298. Belleville, Ills., summary of school report of, 223. school statistics of. 240, 256. 272, 288. Bellevue Hospital Medical College, statistics of, 554. Belmont College, statistics of. 502, 516. Beloit (Wis.) College, classification of students at, 470. statistics of, 506, 518. Benedict Institute, statistics of, 543. Benefactions, educational, summary by States and classes of institutions, 662-663. statistics of, in detail, 664-676. Bennet Seminary, statistics of. 446, 454. Bennett College of Eclectic Medicine and Surgery, statistics of, 555. Bennington, Vt., school statistics of, 252,268,286, 302. Berea (Ky.) College, statistics of. 496. 520. Berean department, Union Christian College, statistics of, 539. Berlin, Germany, statistics of education in. 733. Bethany (W. Va.) College, statistics of, 506, 518. Bothel College, Russellville, Ky., notes from cat¬ alogue of, 480. statistics of, 498, 510. Bethel College, McKenzie, Term., statistics of, 504, 518. Bethel Female College, statistics of, 446, 453. Bethlehem, Pa., school statistics of, 250, 266, 282, 300. Beverlv, Mass., school statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 292. Bible, law relating to, in Dakota, 197. Bible department of Drake University, statistics of, 539. of Eureka (Ill.) College, statistics of, 583. of Oskaloosa (Iowa) College, statistics of, 539. Bicknell University, classification of students at, 470. Biddeford, Me., school statistics of, 242, 258. 274, 292. Biddle University, statistics of. 502, 514. Binghamton. N. Y., school statistics of, 248, 2G4, 2-0, 296. Birmingham, Ala., school statistics of, 240, 256, 272, 288. Bishop Whitaker’s School for Girls, statistics of, 448, 455. Blackstone, Mass., school statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 292. Blairsville (Pa.) Ladies’ Seminary, statistics of, 418, 455. Blind, provisions for the, in Towa, 90. education of the, 640, 643. summary by States of statistics of institutions for the, 641. statistics of institutions for the, 642-643. of the colored race, institutions lor the, 654, 650. Bloomington, Ill., school statistics of, 240, 250, 272, 288. Bloomington Law School (Illinois "Wesleyan Uni¬ versity), statistics of, 546. Bloomington (Nebr.) Normal School, statistics of, 324. Blue Mountain (Miss.) Female College, statistics of, 446, 454. Board and lodging for college students, average cost of, 509-519. Board of education of the Cherokee Nation, 200. Bologna, Italy, statistics of education in, 732. Bombay Presidency, statistics of education in, 726, 728. Bonn, Germany, statistics of education in, 733. Book-keeping taught in Augusta, Me., 225. in Clinton, Mass., 226. in Danvers, Mass., 226. in Gloucester, Mass., 227. in Minneapolis, Minn., 231. in Houston, Tex., 237. in Stoughton, Wis., 237. See also Business. Books. See Publications. Bordentown (N. J.) Female College, statistics of, 448, 455. Boston, Mass., comparative school statistics of 219. school statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 292. kindergartens in, 333. Boston. Mass., College, classification of students at, 468. statistics of, 498, 512. Boston (Mass.) Dental College, statistics of, 557. Boston (Mass.) Normal School, character of train¬ ing at, 313. statistics of, 322. Boston (Mass.) University, schools of. 462. College of Liberal Arts, classification of stu¬ dents at, 468. College of Liberal Arts, statistics of, 498,512. school of law, statistics of, 547. school of theology, statistics of, 539. school of medicine, statistics of, 556. Botany, educational publications for the year on, 673. Bowdoin College, classification of students at, 468. notes from, the catalogue of, 482. statistics of, 49S, 512. Bowdon (Ga.) College, statistics of, 494, 508. Bradford, Pa., school statistics of, 250, 266, 282, 300. Bradford (Mass.) Academy, statistics of, 446, 454. Brainerd Institute, statistics of, 328. Bramt Normal College of Arkansas Industrial University, 307. statistics of. 322. i Branch State Normal School, Los Angeles, Cal., statistics of, 322. Branches taught in art schools, 604, 605. Brattleborongh, Vt., summary of school report of, 237. school statistics of, 252, 268, 288. 302. Bremen, statistics of education in, 726, 728, 730. Brenham, Tex., school statistics of 252, 268, 284, 302. Breslau, Germany, statistics of education in, 733. Bridgeport (Conn.) summary of school report of, . 221. school statistics of, 240. 256, 272. 288. Bridgeton, N. JM school statistics of, 246, 264, 280, 296. Brimfield, Mass., summary of school report of. 226. Bristol. Conn., summary of school report of, 222. school statistics of. 240, 258, 272, 288. Bristol, Pa., school statistics of. 250, 266, 282. 300. Bristol, It. I., summary' of school report of, 235. school statistics of, 252, 268, 284, 300. British Burrnah, statistics of education in, 726, 729. 758 INDEX. British Columbia, statistics of education in, 726, 729, 730. British India, statistics of education in, 726, 728. Broadhurst Institute, statistics of, 450, 456. Brockton, Mass., summary of school report of, 226. school statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 292. Brookline, Mass., summary of school report of, 226, school statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 292. Brooklyn, N. Y., comparative school statistics of, 219. school statistics of, 248, 264, 280, 296. Brooklyn (N. Y.) Collegiate and Polytechnic In¬ stitute, classification of students at, 468. statistics of, 500, 514. Brook’s Hall Female Seminary, statistics of, 448, 456. Brown University, classification of students at, 468. notes from the catalogue of, 487. statistics of, 504, 516. Brownsville (Tenn.) Female College, statistics of, 450, 456. Brunswick, Me., school statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 292. Brussels, Belgium, statistics of education in, 731, 732. Buchanan, Hon. John L., extract from report of. 43. State superintendent of public instruction of Virginia, 46. Buchtel College, notes from the catalogue of, 486. statistics of, 502, 514. Bucknell Institute, statistics of, 448, 456. Bucknell University, statistics of, 504, 516. Buda-Pesth, Hungary, statistics of education in, 732. Buffalo, 1ST. Y., comparative school statistics of, 219. school statistics of, 248, 264, 280, 296. Buffalo (N. Y.) Female Academy, statistics of, 448, 455. Burlington, Iowa, comparative school statistics of, 219. school statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 290. Burlington, Vt., school statistics of, 252, 268, 286, 302. Burrellville, B. I., school statistics of, 252, 268, 284, 300. Burritt College, statistics of, 504, 518. Business and book-keeping, educational publica¬ tions for the year on, 678. Business colleges, 612, 624. statistics of, for ten years, 612. summary, by States, of statistics of, 613. statistics of, 614-623. Business course of private academies, students in, 366-417. Business training in San Francisco, Cal., 221. in Hew Haven, Conn., 222. in Jersey City, N. J., 232. at Columbus, Ohio, 234. at Wilkesbarre, Pa., 235. at Clark University, 478. at Howard University, 478. at Loyola College, 482. at Lawrence University, 488. at Tulane University, 612. See also Book-keeping. Bussey Institution (Harvard University), statist¬ ics of, 530, 532. Butler University, statistics of, 496, 510. €. Cagliari, Italy, statistics of education in, 732. .Cairo, Ill., school statistics of, 240, 256, 272, 288. Calais, Me., school statistics of, 242, 258, 276, 292. Caldwell and Bell College, statistics of, 444, 453. California, school statistics of, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13. comparative school statistics of, 16-19. present educational condition of, 25. summary of school law of, 54-58. statistics of city-school finances of, 218. summaries of city-school reports of, 221. statistics of kindergarten training in, 234, 235. summary of city-school statistics of, 238. California— Continued. statistics of teachers’ institutes in, 309. statistics of normal schools in, 320. statistics of secondary instruction in, 362, 363, 364, 365. statistics of superior instruction in, 439. statistics of superior instruction for women in, 442. relative number of classical and scientific students in, 466. college statistics of, 490. statistics of schools of science of, 522, 524. statistics of theological schools of, 535. statistics of law schools of, 545. statistics of medical schools of, 548, 549, 550. practice of medicine in, 561. statistics of business colleges of, 613. statistics of institutions for the deaf and dumb of, 635. statistics of institutions for the blind of, 641. statistics of schools for the feeble-minded of, 644. statistics of Indian schools of, 658. statistics of educational benefactions in, 662, 663. statistics of public libraries in, 717. California College of Pharmacy (University of California), statistics of, 559. California Medical College, statistics of, 555. California State Normal School, 319. statistics of, 322. Callanan College, statistics of, 444, 453. Calvin College,’ statistics of, 502, 514. Cambridge, Mass., comparative school statistics of, 219. school statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 292. Cambridge (Md.) Female Seminary, statistics of, 446, 453. Camden, N. J., school statistics of, 246, 264, 280, 296. Camerino, Italy, statistics of education in, 732. Canisins College, classification of students at, 469. statistics of, 500, 514. Canton, Mass., summary of school report of, 226. Canton (N. Y.) Theological Seminary, statistics of, 541. Canton, Ohio, school statistics of, 248, 266, 282, 298. Cape Colony, statistics of education in, 726, 729. Cape Elizabeth, Me., school statistics of, 242, 258, 276, 292. Capital University, statistics of, 502, 516. Carbondale, Pa., school statistics of, 250, 266, 282, 300. Carleton College, notes from the catalogue of, 483. statistics of, 5U0, 512. Carlisle, Pa., school statistics of, 250, 266, 280, 300. Carlisle Indian School, statistics of, 657. success of, 659. Carson College, statistics of, 504, 518. Carthage (Ill.) College, statistics of, 494, 508. Carthage, Mo., summary of school report of, 231. school statistics of, 246, 262, 278, 294. Case School of Applied Science, statistics of, 531, 533. Catholic College of the Holy Ghost, classification of students at, 470. statistics of, 504, 516. Catholic Normal School of the Holy Family, sta¬ tistics of, 328. Cedar Bluff Female College, statistics of, 446, 453. Census. See School census. Centenary Biblical Institute, statistics of, 539. Centenary College of Louisiana, notes from the catalogue of, 481. statistics of, 498, 512. Central College, gymnasium of, 484. statistics of, 500, 512. Central College of Physicians and Surgoons, sta tistics of, 553. Central Female College, statistics of, 446, 454. Central Female Institute, statistics of, 446, 454. Central State Normal School, Lock Haven, Pa., statistics of, 324. Central Tennessee College, statistics of, 504, 518. Central University, notes from the catalogue of, 480. statistics of, 498, 510. Central University of Iowa, statistics of, 496, 510. INDEX. 759 Central "Wesleyan College, statistics of, 500, 514. Centre College, notes from catalogue of, 480. statistics of, 498, 510. Chadilock College, notes from tlie catalogue of, 478. statistics of, 490, 508. Chafley College of Agriculture, 476. statistics of, 530, 532. Chambersburgk, Pa., summary of school report of, 235. school statistics of, 250, 266, 280, 300. Chandler Scientific Department of Dartmouth College, statistics of, 531, 532. Chapman, Edwin, State superintendent of publio instruction of New Jersey, 46. Charity kindergartens, 333. Charleston-, S. C., comparative school statistics of 219. school statistics of, 252, 268, 284, 302. Charlotte (N. C.), school statistics of, 248, 264, 282. 298. „ Female Institute, statistics of, 448, 455. Chattanooga, Tenn., comparative sohool statis¬ tics of, 219. summary of school report of, 236. school statistics of, 252, 268, 284, 302. Chelsea, Mass., summary of school report of, 226. school statistics of, 244. 260, 276, 292. Chemistry, educational publications for the year on, 679. Cherokee Nation, education in, 659. summary of school law of, 200. Chester, Pa., sohool statistics of, 250, 266, 282, 300. Chicago, HI., comparative school statistics of, 219. school statistics of, 240, 256, 272, 288. kindergartens in, 333. Chicago (Ill.) College of Dental Surgery, statis¬ tics of, 557. Chicago (111.) College of Pharmacy, statistics of, 559. Chicago Female College, statistics of, 444, 453. Chicago (Ill.) Homoeopathic Medical College sta¬ tistics of, 556. Chicago Manual-Training School, statistics of, 602. 603. Chicago (Ill.) Medical College North western Uni¬ versity, statistics of, 552. Chicago (Ill.) Ophthalmio College, statistics of, 557 • Chicago (Ill.) Polyclinic, statistics of, 557. Chicago (HI.) Theological Seminary, statistics of, 538. Chicago (Ill.) Veterinary College, statistics of, 559. Chickasaw Female College, statistics of, 446, 454. Chickasaw Nation, education in. 660. Chicopee. Mass., school statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 292. Child labor in Connecticut, 62. tn Michigan, 115. in New Jersey, 131. in New York, 134. in Ohio, 144. in Pennsylvania, 148. in Rhode Island, 150. Chili, statistics of education in. 727, 729. Chillicothe, Ohio, school statistics of, 248, 2C6, 282, 298. Chilocco (Indian) school, statistics of, G57. Chinese, provision for the education of, in Califor¬ nia, 55. Choctaw Nation, education in. 660. Chowan Baptist Female Institute, statistics of, 418, 455. Christian Biblical Institute, statistics of, 541. Christian Brothers’ College, statistics of, 504, 518. Christian College, statistics of, 502, 516. Christian Female College, statistics of, 446, 454. Christian University, statistics of, 500. 512. Cincinnati, Ohio, provisions for a university in, 144. comparative school statistics of, 219. summary of school report of, 234. school statistics of, 248, 266, 282, 298. Cincinnati (Ohio) College of Medicine and Surgery, statistics of, 555. Cincinnati (Ohio) Normal School, statistics of, 324. Cincinnati (Ohio) Wosleyau College, statistics of, 418, 455. Circlevillo, Ohio, school statistics of. 248, 206, 282, 298. City Normal School, New Orleans, La., statistics of, 322. . City-school systems, 217-303. City-school systems of Kansas, 92-94. City schools, law relating to, in Texas, 1G2. of Virginia, 171, 173. financial statistics of, 217, 218. comparative statistics of, 219, 220. summary by States of statistics of, 238. statistics of, 240, 303. foreign statistics of, 731. Civil Academy at Washington, idea of a, 744. Claflin University, industrial training at, 487. Claffin University and South Carolina Agricultural College anil Mechanics’ Institute, statistics of, 504, 518. statistics of, 527, 529. Claremont, N. H., school statistics of, 246, 262, 278, 296. Clark University, notes from the catalogue of, 478. statistics of, 494. 503. Clarke Institution for Deaf-Mutes, report of, 634. Clarksville, Tenn., school statistics of, 252, 268, 284, 302. Class in pharmacy of the medical department of the Tulane University of Louisiana, statis¬ tics of, 559. Classical course, private schools making a feature of, 359. of preparatory schools, number of students in, 361. Classical students, statistics showing relative number of, 465-466. statistics showing increase of — Classics, time given to, in English schools, 737, 738. Claverack (N. Y.) College and Hudson River In¬ stitute. statistics of, 448, 455. Cleveland, Ohio, comparative school statistics of, 219. summary of school report of, 234. school statistics of, 248, 266, 282, 298. Cleveland Manual- Training School, statistics of, 602, 603. Cleveland (Ohio) Training School, statistics of, 324. Clinton, Mass., summary of school report of, 226. school statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 292. Clinton (Ky.) College, statistics of, 444, 453. Co-education of the sexes in private academies, 359. see women. Cohoes, N. Y., comparative school statistics of, 219. summary of school report of, 233. Colby University, classification of students at, 468. notes from the catalogue of, 482. statistics of, 498, 512. Coldwater, Mich., summary of school report of, 230. school statistics of, 246, 262, 278, 294. Coleman, William E., State superintendent of public schools of Missouri, 46. College for the Blind, Vinton, Iowa, C40. College for Young Ladies, statistics of. 444, 453. College of AgTicultnre and Mechanic Acts (University of Minnesota), statistics of. 526, 529. College of Arts (University of Wisconsin), str.t is- tics of. 527, 529. College of Charleston. S. C., statistics of. 504, 510. College of Emporia, Kans., new building for, 4Mi. statistics of, 496, 510. College of Law, Little Rock University, statistics of, 546. College of Law, National Normal University, sta¬ tistics of, 547. College of Law, Willamette Universitv, statistics of. 547. College of Medicine of Syracuse, N. Y., Univer¬ sity, statistics of, 555. College of Medicine of the University of Minne¬ sota, etc., statistics of, 553. College of Medicine of the University of Southern California?, statistics of, 551. INDEX. 760 College of Montana, notes from the catalogue of, '484. statistics of, 500, 514. College of New Jersey, classification of students at, 409. statistics of, 500, 514. College of Notre Dame, statistics of, 444, 452. College of Pharmacy of the City of New York, statistics of, 559. College of Physicians and Surgeons, Keokuk, Iowa, statistics of, 559. College of Physicians and Surgeons in the city of New York, N. Y. (Columbia College), statis¬ tics of, 554. College of Physicians and Surgeons of Chicago, Ill., statistics of, 552. College of St. Augustine, statistics of, 494, 508. College of St. Francis Xavier, classification of students at, 409. addition to, 486. statistics of, 500, 514. College of the Bible, statistics of, 589. College of the City of New York, classification of students at, 469. statistics of, 500, 514. College of the Immaculate Conception, statistics of, 498, 512. College of the Sacred Heart, statistics of, 500, 514. College of the Sacred Heart and Theological Sem¬ inary, statistics of, 541. College of the Sisters of Bethany, statistics of, 444, 453. College Temple, statistics of, 444, 453. Colleges and universities, 459-520. classification of, 459. admission requirements of, 471. statistics of, for ten years, 489. summary of statistics of, 490. statistics of, 494-519. statistics of degrees conferred at, 576-587. for the colored" race, 653, 655. benefactions to, 662, 668-673. See also Superior instruction. Colleges of Agriculture, Mechanics, Mining, En¬ gineering, and Chemistry (University of California), statistics of, 525, 528. Colleges of Engineering, Agriculture, Architect¬ ure, Mechanic Arts, &c. (Cornell Univer¬ sity), statistics of, 527, 529. Colorado, school statistics of, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13. comparative school statistics of, 16-19. present educational condition of, 25, permanent school fund of, 32. summary of school law of, 58-61. statistics of city-school finances of, 218. summary of city reports of, 221. statistics of kindergarten training in, 234. summary of city-school statistics of, 238. statistics of teachers’ institutes in, 309. statistics of secondary instruction in, 362, 363, 364, 365. statistics of superior instruction in, 439. relative number of classical and scientific stu¬ dents in, 466. college statistics of, 490, statistics of schools of science of, 522, 524. statistics of theological schools of, 535. statistics of medical schools of, 548. practice of medicine in, 561. statistics of business colleges of, 613. statistics of institutions for the deaf and dumb of, 635. statistics of institutions for the blind of, 641. statistics of reform schools of, 646. statistics of Indian schools of, 658. statistics of educational benefactions in, 662, 663. statistics of public libraries in, 717. Colorado College, 477. statistics of, 494, 508. Colored High and Normal School, Richmond, Va., statistics of, 326. Colored persons, statistics of industrial training for, 596. in reform schools, statistics of, 646-648. educational privileges of, in Illinois, 77. in Rhode Island, 150. £ in South Carolina, 154. in Texas, 162. Colored persons— Continued. in West Virginia, 181. new school for, in Macon. Ga., 223. high school for, in Saint Joseph, Mo., 231. schools organized for, in Union City, Tenn., 236. provision for education of, in Galveston, Tex., 237. decrease in enrolment of, at Waco, Tex., 237. attendance of, on teachers’ institutes, 309. Colored race, education of the, 650-656. statistics of institutions for the, 652-655. See also Separate schools. Colored schools, in Kentucky, 100. statistics of, 650. Columbia, Pa., school statistics of, 250, 266, 282, 300. Columbia, S. C., summary of school report of, 236. school statistics of, 252, 268, 284, 302. Columbia, Tenn., Athenaeum, statistics of, 450, 456. Columbia College, school of, 462. classification of students at, 469. conduct of studies at, 473. incentives to study at, 473. notes from the catalogue of, 485. statistics of, 500, 514. Columbia College Law School, statistics of, 547. Columbia (S. C.) Female College, statistics o£ 450, 456. Columbian University, statistics of, 494. 508. Columbian University Law School, statistics of, 546. Columbus, Ga., summary of school report of, 223. school statistics of, 240, 256, 272, 288. Columbus, Ohio, summary of school report of, 234. school statistics of, 248, 266, 282, 298. Columbus (Ohio) Medical College, statistics of, 555. Commercial students in colleges, number of, 490, 495, 507. Commissioner of Education referred to, 319. Common schools. See Free Schools and Puhlio schools. Compulsory attendance, law for, not efficacious in New York, 33. law for, in Connecticut, 40, 41. failure of, in Connecticut, 42. failure of, in New York, 43. in California,, 54. in Connecticut, 61. in Illinois, 77. in Kansas, 95. in Maine, 102. in Massachusetts, 106, 108. in Michigan, 114, 115. in New Hampshire, 130. in New Jersey, 130. in New York, 134. in Rhode Island, 150. in South Carolina, 154. in Vermont, 163. in Wisconsin, 188. in Dakota, 197. in Montana, 205. in Washington Territory, 213. in Hungary, 725. See also Attendance. Concord, N. H., school statistics of, 246, 262, 278, 296. Concordia College, statistics of, 539. Concordia College (seminary), statistics of, 540. Concordia Seminary, statistics of, 538. Concordia University, statistics of, 496, 510. Connecticut, school statistics of, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13. comparative school statistics of, 16-19. present educational condition of, 26. school attendance in, 40-42. summary of the school law of, 01-65. statistics of city-school. finances of, 217. summary of city reports of, 221. statistics of kindergarten training in, 234, 235. summary of city-school statistics of, 238. statistics of teachers’ institutes in, 309. st atistics of normal schools in, 320. statistics of secondary instruction in, 362, 363, 364, 365. statistics of superior instruction in, 439. INDEX. 761 Connecticut — Continued. statistics of superior instruction for women in. 442. relative number of classical and scientific stu¬ dents in, 4G5. college statistics of, 490. statistics of schools of science of, 522, 524. statistics of theological schools of, 535. statistics of law schools in, 545. statistics of medical schools of, 548. practice of medicine in, 562. statistics of business colleges of, 613. statistics of nurse-training schools of, 623. statistics of institutions for the deaf and dumb of, 635. statistics of schools for the feeble-minded of, 644. statistics of reform schools of, 646. statistics of educational benefactions in, 662, 663. statistics of public libraries in, 717. Connecticut Normal and Training School, course of instruction at the, 311. statistics of, 322. Consholiocken, Pa., school statistics of, 250, 266, 282, 300. Cook County formal School, Normal Park, HI., statistics of, 322. Cooper, 0. H., State superintendent of publio instruction of Texas, 46. Cooper Medical College, statistics of. 551. Cooper Union Free Night Schools of Science and Art, statistics of, 531. 533. Corcoran Scientific School (Columbian Univer¬ sity), statistics of, 530. 532. Corinth (Miss.) Female College, statistics of, 446, 454. Cornell, Leonidas S., Stat9 superintendent of public instruction of Colorado, 46. Cornell College, statistics of, 496, 510. Cornell University, classification of students at, 469. notes from the catalogue of, 485. statistics of, 500, 514. Corporal punishment in New Jersey, 131. in Norwich, Conn., 223. in Kingston, N. Y., 233. rare at Cincinnati, Ohio, 234. at Johnstown, Pa., 235. Correspondence, instruction by, 480. of the Bureau, statistics of, ix. Cony, Pa., school statistics of, 250, 266, 282, 300. Cortland, N. Y., school statistics o£ 248, 264, 280, 293. Corvallis (Oreg.) College, statistics of, 502, 516. Costa Eica, statistics of education in, 727, 729. Council Bluffs, Iowa, comparative school statis¬ tics of, 219. school statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 290. County superintendents in Illinois, 28. in “Alabama, 49-50. in Arkansas, 52, 53. in California, 56. in Colorado. 60. in Florida, 73. in Illinois, 79. in Indiana, 82. in Iowa, 86. in Kansas, 91. in Kentucky. 96, 97. in Mississippi, 119. in Missouri, 121. in Nebraska, 123. in Nevada, 125. in New Jersey, 132. in North Carolina, 140. iu Oregon, 146. in Pennsylvania, 149. in South Carolina, 155. in Tennessee, 157. in Texas, ICO. iu Virginia, 169. in West Virginia. 178. iu Wisconsin. 184. in Arizona, 191. in Dakota, 193, 138. in Montana. 202. in New Mexico, 266. County superintendents — Continued, in Utah, 207. in Washington, 210. See also Supervision. County supervision a failure in Nevada. 33. Course in Manual Technology (Vanderbilt Univer¬ sity), statistics of, 602, 603. Course of instruction at Connecticut Normal and Training School. 311. at Indiana State Normal School, 311. at State Normal School. Albany, N. Y., 311. in normal schools of Prussia, 3 16. in normal schools in Saxony, 317. in normal schools of France, 318. character of. in private schools, 361. See also Studies. Course of study, length of, in colleges, 490, 5C8- 518. Covington, Ky., comparative school statistics of, 219. school statistics of, 242, 258, 274. 290. Cracow, Austria, statistics of education in. 732. Cranston, E. I., school statistics of, 252, 268, 284, 300. Crawfordsville, Ind., summary of school report of, 224. school statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 290. Creek Nation, education in, 660. Creighton College, notes from the catalogue of, 485. statistics of, 500, 514. Crown Point, Ind., summary of school report of, 224. Crozcr Theological Seminary, statistics of. 543. Cumberland. E. I., school statistics of, 252, 268, 284, 300. Cumberland Female College, statistics of, 450. 456. Cumberland University, statistics of. 504, 518. Cumberland Valley State Normal School, Ship- pensburgh, Pa., statistics of, 324. Czernowitz, Austria, statistics of education in, 732. X>. Dakota, school statistics of. 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13. comparative school statistics of, 16-19. present educational condition of, 39. summary of, school law of, 192-200. statistics of city-school finances of, 218. statistics of kindergarten training in, 235. summary of city-school statistics of. 239. statistics of teachers’ institutes iu, 309. statistics of normal schools in, 320. statistics of secondary instruction in, 362,363, 364. 355. statistics of superior instruction in, 440. relative number of classical and scientific students in, 465. college statistics of, 492. statistics of schools of science of, 524. practice of medicine in, 569. statistics of institutions for the deaf and dumb of, 635. statistics of Indian schools of, 658. statistics of educational benefactions in, 662, 603. statistics of public libraries in, 717. Dakota Normal School, statistics of, 326. Dakota Territorial Normal School, statistics of, 326. Dallas, Tex., school statistics of. 252, 263. 284, 302. Dalton (G-a.) Female College, statistics <>f, 444 452. Danbury, Conn., school statistics of, 240, 256. 272, 288. Dancing taught in public schools of Gloucester, Mass , 227. Danvers, Mass., summary of school report of, 226. school statistics of, 244. 260. 276. 292. Danville, 111., school statistics of. 240, 256, 272, 288. Danville, Pa., school statistics of, 250, 266. 282. 300. Danville, Va., school statistics of, 252, 270. 286, 302. Danville (Va.) College for Young Ladies, statistics of. 450, 457. Danville (Ky.) Theological Seminary, statistics of, 539. 762 INDEX. Dartmouth College, schools of, 462. classification of students at, 468. notes from the catalogue of, 485. statistics of. 500, 514. Dartmouth Medical College, statistics of, 554. Dartt, Justus, State superintendent of public in¬ struction of Vermont, 46. Daughters’ College, statistics of, 444, 453. Davenport, Iowa, school statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 290. Davenport Female College, statistics of, 448, 455. Davidson (X. C.) College, 486. statistics of, 502, 514. Dayton, Ohio, summary of school report of, 234. school statistics of, 250, 266, 282, 298. Dayton (Ohio) Normal School, statistics of, 324. Deaf and dumb, provision for the, in Iowa, 89. provision for the, in New York, 136. school for the, at Cincinnati, Ohio, 234. education of the, 632-640. summary of statistics of schools for the, 635. statistics of schools for the, 636-639. of the colored race, institutions for, 654, 656. benefactions to institutions for, 663, 676. Decatur, III., school statistics of, 240, 256, 272, 288. Dedham, Mass., school statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 292. Deering, Me., school statistics of, 242, 258, 276, 292. Defective children, provision for, in Massachu¬ setts, 108. in Nebraska, 123. in Nevada, 125. in North Carolina, 140. in Oregon. 146. in Pennsylvania, 148. in Rhode Island, 152. in South Carolina, 154. in Vermont, 165. in Virginia, 174. Defiance, Ohio, school statistics of, 250, 266, 282, 293. Degree of Bachelor of j- 4s, significance of, 474. Degrees conferred, summary by States, 570-575. ^statistics of. 576-593. Delaware, school statistics of, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13. comparative school statistics of, 16-19. growth of free schools in, 27. summary of school law of, 65-72. statistics of city-school finances of, 218. summary of city-school reports of, 223. statistics of kindergarten training in, 234. summary of city-school statistics of, 238. statistics of secondary instruction in, 362, 363, 364, 365. . statistics of superior instruction in, 439. relative number of classical and scientific students in, 465. college statistics of, 490. statistics of schools of science of, 522. practice of medicine in, 562. statistics of business colleges of, 613. statistics of instruction of the colored race in, 650, 655. statistics of public libraries in, 717. Delaware, Ohio, school statistics of, 250, 266, 282, 298. Delaware College, notes from the catalogue of, 477. statistics of, 494, 508. Delinquent children, disposition of, in Connecti- cnt, 63. treatment of, in Iowa, 89. education of, 646-619. See also .Reformatory training. Denison University, statistics of, 502, 516. Dental College of the University of Michigan, statistics of, 558. Dental colleges. See Medical schools. Dental Department, National University, statis¬ tics of, 557. Dental Department, State University of Iowa, sta¬ tistics of. 557. Dental Department, University of California, statistics of, 557. Dental Department, University of Tennessee, sta tistics of, 558. Denver, Colo., summary of school report of, 221. Department of Civil Engineering (University of Michigan), statistics of, 530, 532. Department of Law (University of Mississippi), statistics of, 547. Department . of Law (University of the City of New York), statistics of. 547. Department of Medicine and Surgery of the Uni¬ versity of Michigan, statistics of, 553. Department of Pharmacy (University of Wiscon¬ sin), statistics of, 559. Department of Pharmacy (Vanderbilt Univer¬ sity), statistics of, 559. Department of Science (Colorado College), sta¬ tistics of, 530, 532. Department of Theology (Oberlin College, Ohio), statistics of, 542. DePauw College for Young Women, statistics of, 444, 453. DePauw University, notes from the catalogue of, • 479. statistics of, 496, 510. Derby, Conn., school statistics of, 240, 256, 272, 288. Des Moines (west side) Iowa, school statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 290. Detroit. Mich., comparative school statistics of, 219. summary of school report of, 230. school statistics of, 246, 262, 278, 294. Detroit (Mich.) College of Medicine, statistics of, 553. Dexter (Iowa) Normal School, statistics of, 328. Dickinson, Hon. J. W., on the need of better su¬ pervision and teachers, 14. extracts from report of, 43, 44, 45. secretary of State board of education of Mas¬ sachusetts, 46. Dickinson College, classification of students at, 469. notes from the catalogue of, 487. statistics of, 504, 516. Dictionaries published during the year, 680. Diocesan Seminary of the Immaculate Conception, statistics of, 541. District of Columbia, school statistics of, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13. comparative school statistics of, 16-19. statistics of city-school finances of, 218. statistics of kindergarten training in, 235. statistics of normal schools in, 320. statistics of secondary instruction in, 362, 363, 364, 36c. statistics of superior instruction in. 440. relative number of classical and scientific students in, 465. college statistics of, 492. statistics of schools of science of, 524. statistics of theological schools of, 536. statistics of law schools in, 545. statistics of medical schools of, 549, 550. practice of medicine in, 569. statistics of business colleges of, 613. statistics of nurse-training schools '»f, 625. statistics of institutions for the deaf and dumb of, 635. statistics of reform schools of, 646. statistics of instruction of the colored race in, 650, 655, 656. statistics of educational benefactions in, CG2, 663. statistics of public libraries in, 717. District system, the cause of inefiicient schools, 29. abolished in New Hampshire, 33. adoption of, in Texas, 37. evil results of, in Augusta (Me.), 225. evil results of, in Johnston (R. L), 235. See also School districts and Town system. Divinitv School of Harvard University, statistics of, 539. Divinity scb ool of tb e Protestant Episcopal Church in Philadelphia (Pa.), statistics of, 543. Doane College, notes from the catalogue of, 484. statistics of, 500, 514. Domestic economy, instruction in, in San Fran¬ cisco, Cal., 221. INDEX, 7G3 Dover, N. IT., summary of tlic school report of, 231. school statistics of, 246, 2C2, 27S, 207. Dov.ey, W. ( State superintendent of public in¬ struction of Nevada, 40. Drake University, statistics of. 490, 510. Draper, lion. A. S., extracts from report of, 42-43, 314. State superintendent of public instruction of New York, 40. Drawing, provision for the study of, in Maine, 103. provisions for tho teaching of, in Massachu¬ setts, 108. taught in Aspen, Colo., 221. in San Jos6, Cal., 221. in Bridgeport, Conn., 222. in Meriden, Conn., 222. in New Britain, Conn., 222. in Norwich, Conn.. 223. in Wilmington, Del., 223. in Moline. Ill., 224. in Sterling, Ill., 224. in Saco, Me., 225. in Baltimore, Md., 225. in Brockton, Maas., 226. in Chelsea, Mass., 226. in Fall River, Mass., 226. in Fitchburgh, Mass., 226. in Greenfield, Mass., 227. in Haverhill, Mass., 227. in Lawrence, Mass.. 227. in Malden, Mass., 228. in Milford, Mass., 228. in North Adams, Mass., 228. in Pittsfield, Mass., 229. . in Springfield, Mass., 229. in Stoneham. Mass, 229. in Detroit. Mich., 230. in Grand Rapids, Mich., 230. in Minneapolis. Minn., 231. in Saint Joseph, Mo., 231. in Portsmouth, N. H., 231. in .Jersey City, N. J., 232. in Orange, N. J., 232. in Newark, N. J., 232. in Albany, N. Y., 232. in Anburn, N. Y., 233. in Kingston. N. Y., 233. in New .Rochelle, N. Y., 233. in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., 233. in Saratoga Springs, N. Y., 233. in Troy, N. Y., 234. in Cincinnati, Ohio, 234. in Cleveland, Ohio, 234. in Columbus, Ohio, 234. in Dayton, Ohio, 234. in Johnstown, Pa., 235. in Newport, R. I.,23C. in Pawtucket, R. I., 236. in Appleton, Wis., 237. in Madison, Wis., 237. in Stoughton, Wis., 237. for deaf-mutes, 633. educational publications for tho year an, C81. See also Industrial training. Drew Theological Seminary, statistics of, 540. Drury College, notes from the catalogue of, 484. statistics of, 500, 514. Dubuque, Iowa, school statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 290. Due West (S. C.) Female College, statistics of, 450, 456. Dulutli (Minn.), summary of school report of, 230. school statistics of, 246, 262, 278, 294. Dunkirk, N. Y., school statistics of, 248, 264, 280, 29b*. Dunmore, Pa., school statistics of, 250, 266, 2S4, 300. Duration of schools by States, 6, 7. changes in, 8. in Connecticut, 40. See also School term. D'Youville Academy, statistics of, 448, 455. E. Earlhara College, statistics of, 496, 510. East Florida Seminary, statistics of, 322. East Liverpool. Ohio, school statistics of, 250, 26(5, 282, 293. East Mississippi Foiualo Collcgo, statistics of, 440, 454. East Providence, R. I., school statistics of, 252, 268, 284, 300. East Saginaw Mich., school statistics of, 246, 262, 278, 294. East St.. Louis, 111., school statistics of, 240, 250, 272. 2 8. Eastern Iowa Normal School, statistics of, 328. Eastern State Normal School, statistics of, 322. Easton, Warren, State superintendent of educa¬ tion of Louisiana, 46. Easton. Pa., school statistics of, 250, 266, 284, 300. Eaton, lion. John, acknowledgment to, xr. | Eau Claire, Wis., school statistics of, 254, 270, 286, 302. Ecclesiastical department of Villanova (Pa.) Col¬ lege, statistics of, 543. Eclectic Medical College of the city of New York, statistics of, 556. Eclectic Medical Institute, statistics of, 556. Eclectio Normal Institute, statistics of, 328. Ecuador, statistics of education in, 727, 729. Eden College, statistics of, 540. Edge Hill School, statistics of, 450, 457. i Edwards, Richard, State superintendent of public instruction oi Illinois, 46. ! Elective courses, system of, at Yale College, 477. j Elementary instruction in Tennessee, 37. in foreign countries, statistics of, 726-729. in Missouri, 31, 32. Sec also Primary instruction. : Elgin, 111., school statistics of, 240, 25G, 272, 288. Eliot, Dr. C. W., extracts from report of, 471, 472. Elizabeth, N. J., school statistics of, 246, 264, 280, 296. Ellis College, statistics of, 444, 452. Ellsworth, Me., school statistics of, 242, 258, 276, 292. Elmira, N. Y., school statistics of, 248, 264, 280, 296. Elmira Female College, classification of students at, 469. Elocution, educational works for the year on, G81. Elyria, Ohio, school statistics of, 250, 266, 282, 298. Emerson Institute, statistics cf, 328. Emory and Henry College, statistics of, 506-518. Emory College, statistics of, 494, 50S. Employment of children, law regulating, in Con¬ necticut, 40-41. See also Child labor. Emporia. Kans., summary of report of. 224. school statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 290. Endowed professorships in colleges, number o£ 508-518. Enfield, Conn., school statistics of, 240,256,272, 28S. England, university extension in, 748-749. England and Wales, statistics of education in, 726, 728, 730. English, schools to be taught in, in Michigan, 109. in Ohio, 144. in Wisconsin, 188. in Arizona, 190. in Montana, 204. in Washington Territory, 21^. English. French, and German boarding and day school, statistics of, 448, 455. English literature, educational publications for the year on, 682. Enrolment, statistics of, by States, 6, 7. in private schools, statistics by States, 8. ratio to population, six to fourteen years, 16-20. ratio to total population. 16, 20. ■ from 1S76 to 1886, statistics of, 21. ratio to population in cities, 219, 220. in city schools, statistics of, 241-255. in city private schools, statistics of, 257-271. white and colored compared, 650. in foreign countries, statistics of, 728-729. in foreign cities, statistics of. 731. Episcopal Female Institute, statistics of, 450, 457. Episcopal Theological School, statistics of, 539. Erie, Pa., school statistics of, 250, 260, 284, 300. 764 INDEX. Erlangen, Germany, statistics of education in, 733. Erskine Colley, statistics of, 504-518. Estabrook, Jos., State superintendent of public instruction of Michigan, 46. Estey Seminary, statistics of, 448, 455. Eureka (Ill.) College, notes from the catalogue of, 478. statistics of, 404, 508. Evansville, Ind., school statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 200. Eveniug schools, provision for, in Massachusetts, 106. in Ohio, 144. Everett, Mass., summary of the school report of, school statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 292. Ewing College, statistics of, 494, 508. Examinations, sentiment against, at Cincinnati, Ohio, 234. methods in Newport, R. I., 236. modified at Oshkosh, Wis., 237. fraudulent practices at, 473. for entrance to college, 477. at Rutgers College, 485. Exhibit of education, permanent, in New York, 34. in New Haven, Conn., 222. at Moline, Ill., 224. at Stirling, Ill., 224. Expenditure of school moneys, statistics of, "by States, 11-12. current, per capita of average attendance, 19, 20. current, per capita of population, 19, 20. current, per dollar of total property, 19, 20. from 1876 to 1886, statistics of, 21. per capita of average attendance for ten years past, 21. per capita of enrolment for ten years past, 21. current, what it consists of, 22. * for city schools, summarized by States, 217- 218. for city teachers’ salaries, summarized by States, 217-218. for contingent purposes, per capita of average attendance in cities, 219-220. for instruction, per capita of average attend¬ ance in cities, 219-220. for city schools, statistics of, 273-302. for teachers’ institutes, 309. for schools for industrial training, 596, 600-603, for institutions for the deaf and dumb, 635, 637. for institutions for the blind, 641-643. for schools for the feeble-minded, 644-645. for Indian schools, 657-658. in foreign countries, report o£ unsatisfactorv, 725. in foreign countries, statistics of, 728-729. in foreign cities, statistics of, 731. of science and art department in Great Brit¬ ain, 734. Expositions of education. See Exhibits. F. Fairfield Normal Institute, statistics of, 328. Fairmont (W. Ya.) State Normal School, statis¬ tics of, 326. Tail River. Mas^, summary of the school report of, 226. school statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 292. Fall River (Mass.) Training School, statistics of, 322. Faribault, Minn., school statistics of, 246, 262, 278, 294. Farmer's’ institutes in Kansas, 480. Fauquier Female Institute, statistics of, 450, 457. Feeble-minded, education of the, 644-645. summary, by States, of statistics of schools for the, 644. statistics of schools for the, 645. Fellowships, system of, at Johns Hopkins, 474. in colleges, number of, 508-518. Female colleges. See Women. Female Normal College, New York, N. Y., sta¬ tistics of, 324. Ferrara, Italy, statistics of education in, 732. Ferry Hall, Lake Forest (HI.) University, statis¬ tics of, 444, 453. Finger, Sidney M., State superintendent of pub¬ lic instruction of North Carolina, 46. Finland, statistics of education in, 726, 728. First German and English Presbyterian School, statistics of, 328. Fisk Hniversity, statistics of, 504, 518. Fitchhurgh, Mass., summary of school report of, 226. school statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 292. Fletcher, Miss Alice C., alluded to, xix. Flint, Mich., summary of school report of, 230. school statistics of. 246, 262, 278, 294. Florence (Ala.) Synodical Female College, statis¬ tics of, 444, 452. Florida, school statistics of, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13. comparative school statistics of, 16-19. present educational condition of, 27. summary of school law of, 72- 74. statistic’s of city-school finances of, 218. statistics of tea'chers’ institutes in, 309. statistics of normal schools in, 320. statistics of secondary instruction in, 362, 363, 364, 365. statistics of superior instruction in, 439. relative number of classical and scientific students in, 465. college statistics of, 490. statistics of schools of science of, 522. statistics of medical schools of, 548. practice of medicine in, 562. statistics of institutions for the deaf and dumb of, 635. statistics of institutions for the blind of, 641. statistics of instruction of the colored race in, 650, 655. statistics of educational benefactions in, 662, 663. statistics of public libraries in, 717. Fond du Lac, Wis., school statistics of, 254, 270, 286, 302. Fort Scott, Kans., school statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 290. Fort Wayne, Ind., school statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 290. Fort Wayne (Ind.) College of Medicine, statistics of, 553. Fort Worth, Tex., school statistics of, 252, 268, 284, 302. Framingham, Mass., school statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 292. France, normal training in, 317. statistics of education in, 726, 728, 730. university statistics of, 733. primary instruction in, 739. Franklin, Pa., school statistics of, 250, 266, 284, 300. Franklin and Marshall College, classification of students at, 470. statistics of, 504, 516. Franklin (Ind.) College, notes from the catalogue of, 479. statistics of, 496, 510. Franklin College, New Athens, Ohio, statistics of, 502, 516. Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, statistics of, 531, 533. Frederick (Md.) Female Seminary, statistics of, 446, 453. Frederick shurgh, Ya., school statistics of, 252, 270, 286, 302. Free schools, not well attended in North Carolina, 34. progress of, in South Carolina, 36. progress of, in Texas, 37. See also Common schools and Public schools. Freehold (N. J.) Young Ladies’ Seminary, statis¬ tics of, 448, 455. Freeport, Ill., school statistics of, 240, 256, 272, 288. Freiburg, Germany, statistics of education in, 733 Fremont, Ohio, school statistics of, 250, 266, 282, 298. French text-books of the year, 685. INDEX, 765 Friends' College for 'Women, Bryn Mawr, Tft., character of training at, 440. statistics of, 448, 450. Fulton (Mo.) Synodical Female College, statistics Of, 440, 454. Fund. See School fund and Eoveuue for Bchool purposes. Furmuu University, statistics of, 504, 518. O. Galona, HI., school statistics of, 240, 256, 272, 288. Galesburgli, Ill., school statistics of, 240,250, 274, 290. Galesville (Wis.) University, statistics of, 500, 518. Galiou, Ohio, school statistics of, 250, 206, 282, 298. Gallaudet, Prof. E. M., mission to England of, 632. Galveston, Tex., summary of school report of, 236. school statistics of, 252, 268, 286. 302. Gammon School of Theology (Clark University), statistics of, 537. Gannett Institute, statistics of, 446,453. Gardiner, Me., summary of school report of, 225. Gardner, Mass., school statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 292. Garrard Female College, statistics of, 446, 453. Garrett Biblical Institute, statistics of, 538. General Theological Seminary of Protestant Epis¬ copal Church, statistics" of, 541. Geneva College, endowment of, 487. statistics of, 504, 516. Geneva (Ohio) Normal School, statistics of, 324. Genoa, Italy, statistics of education in. 732. Genoa (Indian) School, statistics of, 657. Geographical text-books of the year, 689. Geography, time given to, in English schools, 737, 738. Geology, educational publications of the year on, 690. Georgetown (D. C.) College, notes from the cata¬ logue of, 478. statistics of, 494, 508. Georgetown (Ky.) College, endowment fund of, 480. statistics of, 498, 510. Georgetown (Ky.) Female Seminary, 'statistics of, 444, 453. Georgia, school statistics of. 5. 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13. comparative school statistics of, 16-19. present educational condition of, 27. summary of school law of, 75-77. statistics of city-school finances of, 218. summary of city-school reports of, 223. statistics of kindergarten training in, 234. summary of city-school statistics of, 238. statistics of teachers’ institutes in, 309. statistics of secondary instruction in, 362, 363, 364, 365. statistics of superior instruction in, 439. statistics of superior instruction for women in, 442. relative number of classical and scientific stu¬ dents in, 465. college statistics of, 490. statistics of schools of science of, 522. statistics of theological schools of, 535. . statistics of law schools in, 545. statistics of medical schools of, 54S, 549. practice of medicine in, 562. statistics of business colleges of, 613. statistics of institutions for the deaf and dumb of, 635. statistics of institutions for the blind of, 641. statistics of instruction of the colored race in, 650, 655, 656. statistics of educational benefactions in, 662, 663. statistics of public libraries in, 717. Georgia Baptist Seminary for Young Ladies, sta¬ tistics of, 444, 452. Georgia College of Eclectic Medicine and Surgery, statistics of, 555. Georgia Methodist Female College, statistics of, 444. 452. Georgia State College of Agri culture and Mechanic Arts, statistics of, 525, 528. German, instruction in, in Ohio, 144. teaching of schools in, in Oregon, 147. Gorman College, statistics of, 490, 510, 539 German Congregational Theological Seminary, statistic* of, 540. Gorman Lutheran Seminary, statistics of, 541. Gorman Presbyterian Theological School of the Northwest, statistics of, 539. German text-books of the year. ti86. German Theological School of Newark, N. J., sta¬ tistics of, 540. German Wallace College, statistics of, 502, 514. German-Englisb College. statistics of, 494, 508. Germany, normal t raining in, 315. Ghent, Belgium, State, statistics of education in, 732. Giessen, Germany, statistics of education in, 733. Gilbert Hawn School of Theology (New Orleans University), statistics of, 539. GilmaD. President D. C., extracts from report of, 474, 475. Glendale (Ohio) Female College, statistics of, 448, 455. Glenville (W. Ya.) State Normal School, statis¬ tics of. 326. Gloucester. Mass., comparative school statistics of. 219. summary of school report of. 226. school statistics of, 244, 260, 276. 292. Gloucester City, N. J., school statistics of, 246, 264, 2S0, 296. Gloversviilc, N. Y., school statistics of, 248, 264, 280. 296. Gold Hill, Nev., school statistics of, 246, 2G2, 278, 296. Gnnzaga College, statistics of, 494, 508. Gottingen, Germany, statistics of education in, 733. Graded schools, increase of, in Tennessee, 37. Graduates of normal schools, statistics of, 320, 321. Grammar, educational publications of the year on, 690. Grand Island, Nebr., school statistics of, 246, 262, 278, 294. Grand Eapids, Mich., summary of school report of, 230. school statistics of, 246, 262, 278, 294. Grand ltivor College, statistics of, 500, 512. Grand Traverse College, statistics of. 498, 512. Granger Place School, statistics of, 448, 455. Grant Memorial University, 488. statistics of, 504, 518. Granville (Ohio) Female College, statistics of, 448, 455. Gratz, Austria, statistics of education in, 732. Great Barrington, Mass., summary of school re¬ port of, 227. school statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 292. Great Britain, science and art instruction in, 733. secondary education in, 734. Greek text-books of the year, 687. Green Bay, Wis., school statistics of, 254, 270, 286, 302. Green Mountain Seminary, statistics of, 450, 457. Greenfield, Mass., summary of school report of, 227. Greensborough (N. C.) Female College, statistics of, 448, 455. Greensborough Law School, statistics of, 547. Greenville, S. C., school statistics of, 252, 268, 284, 302. Greenville and Tusculum College, statistics of, 506, 518. Greenwich, Conn., summary of school report of, 222. school statistics of, 240, 256, 272, 288. Gregory Institute, statistics of, 328. Greifswold, Germany, statistics of education in, . 733. Griffin (Ga.) Female College, statistics of. 444, 452. Grimm, Miss Agnes, success initeaching deaf- mutes of, 634. Griswold College, statistics of, 496, 510. Groningen, Netherlands, statistics of education in, 732. Groton, Conn., school statistics of, 240, 256, 272, 288. Grove City (Penn.) College, statistics of. 504. 516. Guatemala, statistics of education in, 727, 729. 766 INDEX. Gymnastics, educational publications of the year on, 693. See also Physical training. SI. Hagerstown, Md., school statistics of, 244,260, 276, 292. Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital, Chi¬ cago, Ill., statistics of, 556. Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital, Phila¬ delphia, Pa., statistics of, 557. Hahnemann Medical College of San Francisco, Cal., statistics of, 556. Haines, Alaska, statistics of schools of, 753. Haish Manual-Training School, statistics of, 602, 603. Halle, Germany, statistics of education in, 733. Hamburg, statistics of education in, 726, 728, 730. Hamilton, Ohio, school statistics of, 250, 266, 282, 298. Hamiltou College, classification of students at, 469. additions to, 486. statistics of, 500, 514. Hamilton Female College, statistics of, 446, 453. Hamilton (N. Y.) Theological Seminary, statis¬ tics of, 541. Hamline (Minn.) University, statistics of, 498, 512. Hampden Sidney College, statistics of, 506, 518. Hampton (Ya.) Normal and Agricultural Insti¬ tute, law relating to, 175. classification of, 307. statistics of, 326, 527, 529. Hannibal, Mo., school statistics of, 246, 262, 278, 294. Hanover (Ind.) College, notes from the catalogue of, 479. statistics of, 496, 510. Hardin College, statistics of, 446, 455. Harrisburgh, Pa., school statistics of, 250, 266, 284, 300. Harrison, N. J., school statistics of, 246,264,280, 296. Hart, Prof. J. S., alluded to, 319. Hartford, Conn., summary of school report of, 222. school statistics of, 240, 256, 272, 288. Hartford (Conn.) Female Seminary, statistics of, 444, 452. Hartford (Conn.) Theological Seminary, statistics of, 537. Hartsville College, statistics of, 496, 510. Hartwick (N. Y.) Seminary, Theological depart¬ ment, statistics of, 541. Harvard University, schools of, 462. classification of students at, 468. admission, requirements of, 471. incentives to work at, 472. notes from the catalogue of, 482. statistics of, 498, 512. Harvard University Medical Sohool, statistics of, 553. Harvard University, dental department, statist¬ ics of, 557. Haskell (Indian) Institute, statistics of, 657. Hastings, Nebr., school statistics of, 246, 262, 278, 294. Hastings College of Law (University of Califor¬ nia), statistics of, 546. Haverford (Pa.) College, classification of students at, 469. Statistics Of, 504, 516. Haverhill, Mass., summary of school report of, 227. school statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 292. Haverhill (Mass.) Training School, statistics of, 322. Hawaii, statistics of education in, 727, 729. Hazleton, Pa., school statistics of, 250, 266. 284, 300. Hebrew Technical Institute, statistics of, 531, 533. Hebrew Union College, statistics of, 541. HeddiDg College, notes from the catalogue of, 478. statistics of, 494, 508. Heidelberg, Germany, statistics of education in, 733. Heidelberg College, statistics of, 502, 516. Heidelberg Theological Seminary, statisticsof, 542. Helsingfors, Finland, statistics of education in, 732. Hesperian College, notes from the c atalogue of, 47G. statistics of, 494, 508. Hiawassee (Tenn.) College, statistics of, 504, 518. Higbee, E. E., State superintendent of public in¬ struction of Pennsylvania, 46. extract from report of, 314. High schools, need for information concerning, xiv. legal provisions for, in Iowa, 88. in Louisiana, 102. in Maine, 103. in Maryland, 105. in Massachusetts, 107, 108. in Minnesota, 116. in Nebraska, 123. in New Hampshire, 130. in Tennessee, 157. in Vermont, 164. m West Virginia, 181. in Wisconsin. 188. in Dakota, 197. in Montana, 205. number of teachers in, by cities, 257-271. number of pupils in, by cities, 257-271. See also Secondary instruction. Highland Institute, statistics of, 4*8, 455. Highland (Nans.) University, notes from the;cata- logue of, 480. statistics of, 496, 510. Hillsboromrh (Ohio) Female College, statistics of, 448, 455. Hillsdale (Mich.) College, notes from the cata¬ logue ot, 483. statistics of, 498, 512. Hine, Hon. C. D., extract from report of, 40-42. secretary of State hoard of education of Con¬ necticut, 46. Hiram (Ohio) College, statistics of, 502, 516. History, educational publications of the year on. 603. time given to, in English schools, 737, 738. Hobart College, classification of students at, 469. statistics of, 500, 514. Hoboken, N. J., school statistics of, 248,264,280, 296. Hoitt. Ira G., State superintendent of public in¬ struction of California, 46. Holcombe, Hon. J. W., extract from report of, 44. Holden, E. S., extract from report ofi 473. Hollins (Ya.) Institute, statistics of, 450,457. Holyoke, Mass., school statistics of, 244,260,276, 292. Homoeopathic Hospital College, statistics of, 557. Homoeopathic Medical College of Missouri, sta¬ tistics of, 557. Homoeopathic Medical College of the University of Michigan, statistics of, 556. Homoeopathic Medical Department, State Uni¬ versity of Iowa, statistics of, 556. Hoonah, Alaska, statistics of schools of, 753. Hoosick Falls, N. Y., school statistics of, 248, 264, 280, 298. Hope College, notes from the catalogue of, 483. statistics of, 498, 512. Hornellsville, N. Y., school statistics of, 248,264, 280, 296. Hospital College of Medicine (Central Univer¬ sity), statistics of, 563. Hospital Medical College, statistics of. 553. Houston, Tex., comparative school statistics of, 219. summary of school report of, 237. school statistics of, 252, 268, 286. 302. Howard College, notes from catalogue of, 475. statistics of, 494, 508. Howard Female College, statistics of, 446, 454. Howard University, 478. statistics of, 494, 508. medical department, statistics of, 552. dental department, statistics of, 557. Hudson, N. Y., school statistics of, 248, 264, 280, 296. Hungary, statistics of education in, 726, 728, 730. university statistics of, 732. Huntsville (Ala.) school statistics Of, 240, 256, 272, 288. % ! Huntsville (Ala.) Female College, statistics of, 444, 452. INDEX. 767 Huntsville (Ala.) Female Seminary (Rotliorwood Home), statistics of, 444, 452. Hyde Park. Mass., school statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 292. Hygiene, attention paid to, at Xewark, X. J., 232. attention given to, at Woonsocket, R. I., 238. Idaho, school statistics of, 5. 7, 8, 9, 10. 12. 13. comparative school statistics of, 16-10. statistics of city-school finances of 216. statistics of secondary instruction in, 362, 363, 364, 365. relative number of classical and scientific students in, 460. practice of medicine in, 569. statistics of Indian schools of, 658. statistics of public libraries in, 7L7. Illinois, school statistics of. 5. 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13. comparative school statistics of, 16-19. change of school system in, 28. present educational condition of, 28. summary of school law of, 77-81. statistics of city-school finances of, 218. summaries of city-school reports of, 223. statistics of kindergarten training in, 234,235. summary of city-school statistics of, 238. statistics of teachers’ institutes in. 309. statistics of normal schools in, 320, 321. statistics of secondary instruction in, 362, 363, 364, 365. statistics of superior instruction in, 439. statistics of superior instruction for women in. 442. relative number of classical and scientific students in, 465. college statistics of, 490. statistics of schools of science of, 522, statistics of theological schools of, 5d5. statistics of law schools in, 545. statistics of medical schools of, 548, 549, 550. practice of medicine in, 563. statistics of business colleges of, 613. statistics of nurse-training schools of, 625. statistics of institutions for the deaf and dumb of, 635. statistics of institutions for the blind of, 641. statistics of Indian schools of, 658. statistics of educational benefactions in, 662, 663. statistics of public libraries in, 717. Illinois College, classification of students at, 470. notes from the catalogue of, 478. statistics of. 494, 508. Illinois Female College, statistics of, 444, 453. Illinois State Board of Health, rules of, 563. Hlinois State Xormal University, statistics of, 322. Hlinois Wesleyan University, statistics of, 494, 508. Illiteracy does not exist in the Cherokee Xation, 659. Immaculate Conception Academy, statistics of, 444. 453. Income. See Revenue, School Taxes, and School Fund. Indian, the, capacity for education of, 659. Indian civilization and education, report on, xviii. Indian schools, statistics of, 657, 658. Indian Territory, comparative school statistics of, 16, 19. summary of school laws of, 200. statistics of city-school finances of, 218. statistics of kindergarten training in, 235. statistics of secondary instruction in, 362, 363, 364, 365. relative number of classical and scientific students in, 466. statistics of theological schools of, 536. statistics of instruction of the colored race in, G55. statistics of educational benefactions in, 662, 663. statistics of public libraries in, 717. Indiana, school statistics of, 5 6. 8. 9, 10, 11, 13. comparative school statistics of, 16-19. present educational condition of, 28. permanent school fund of, 32. | Indiana— Continuod. j school term in. 44. summary of school law of, Rl-85. statistics of city-school fluauces of, 218. summaries of city-school reports of, 224. statistics of kindergarten training in, 234, 235. summary of city-school statistics of, 238. statistics of teachers’ institutes in, 309. statistics of normal schools in, 320, 321. statistics of secondary instruction in. 3C2, 36 1, 304, 365. statistics of superior instruction in, 439. statistics of superior instruction for women in, 442. relative number of classical and scientific stu¬ dents in, 465. college statistics of, 490 statistics of schools of science of. 522. 524. statistics of theological schools of, 535. statistics of law schools in. 545. statistics of medical schools of, 548, 549, 550. practice of medicine in, 563. statistics of business colleges of, 613. statistics of nurse-training schools of, 625. statistics of institutions for the deaf and dumb of, 635. statistics of institutions for the blind of, 641. statistics of schools for the feeble-minded of, 644. statistics of reform schools of, 646. statistics of Indian schools of, 658. statistics of educational benefactions in, 662, 663. statistics of public libraries in, 717. Indiana Dental College, statistics of, 557. Indiana Eclectic Medical College, statistics of; 556. Indiana Institute for the Deaf and Dumb, report of, 633. ■ Indiana State Xormal School, course of instruc¬ tion at, 311. statistics of, 322. Indiana University, notes from the catalogue of, 479. statistics of, 496, 510. 1 Indianapolis (Ind.), comparative school statistics of, 219. school statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 290. Indianapolis (Ind.) Xormal School, statistics of, 322. Indians, education of, in Xew York, 34, 134. statistics of industrial training for, 596. education of the, 657-660. Industrial school expositions in Iowa. 87. Industrial training, provision for. in Iowa, 87. proposed in Portland, Me., 225. in Brookline. Mass., 226. » in Springfield. Mass., 229. in Madison, Wis., 237. Industrial training at Kansas State Agricultural College, 480. at Louisiana State University, 4S0. at Straight University, 481. at the University of Minnesota, 483. at Claflin University, 487. summary of statistics of, 596. statistics of, 597-603. for deaf-mutes, 633-634. for the blind, 640. See also Mannal training. Industrial College of the University of Xebraska, statistics of, 526, 529. Industrial department, College of Xew York City, statistics of, 602. 603. i Ingham University, classification of students at, 4G9. statistics of, 500, 514. Innsbruck, Austria, statistics of education in, 732. I Inspection of schools in France. 739. I Institute for Training Colored Ministers, Tusca¬ loosa, Ala., statistics of, 537. ! Instructors in normal school s, statistics of, 322-329 in colleges, increase of, in ten years. 439. in schools of science, number of, 521-530. in professional schools, statistics of, by sec¬ tions, 534. in theological schools, statistics of, 535-543. 768 INDEX. Instructors — Continued. in law sohools, statistics of, 645-547. in medical schools, statistics of, 548-559. in schools for industrial training, statistics of, 596, 600-603. in art schools, statistics of, 604-605. in business colleges, statistics of, 612, 613, 615- 623. in institutions for the colored race, statistics of, 652-655. See also Teachers. Iowa, school statistics of, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13. comparative school statistics of, 16, 19. permanent school fund of, 32. summary of school law of, 85-90. statistics of city-school finances of, 218. summaries of city-school reports of, 224. statistics of kindergarten training in, 234, 23o. * summary of city-school statistics of, 238. statistics of normal schools in, 320, 321. statistics of secondary instruction in, 362, 363, 364, 365. statistics of superior instruction in, 439. statistics of superior instruction for women in, 442. relative number of classical and scientific stu¬ dents in, 465. college statistics of, 490. statistics of schools of science of, 522. statistics of theological schools of, 535. statistics of law schools in, 545. statistics of medical sohools of, 548, 549, 550. practioe of medicine, 563. statistics of business colleges of, 613. statistics of institutions for the deaf and dumb of, 635. statistics of institutions for the blind of, 641. statistics of schools for the feeble-minded of, 644. statistics of reform schools of, 646. statistics of Indian schools of, 658. statistics .of educational benefactions in 662, 663. statistics of public libraries in, 717. Iowa Agricultural College, statistics of, 526, 528. Iowa College, statistics of, 496, 510. Iowa College of Law (Drake TJni vorsity), statistics of, 546. Iowa College of Pharmacy, statistics of, 559. Iowa College of Physicians and Surgeons, statis¬ tics of, 553. Iowa Medical College, statistics of, 556. Iowa "Wesleyan University, statistics of, 496, 510. Ireland, statistics of education in, 726, 728, 730. Ironton, Ohio, school statistics of, 250, 266, 282, 298. Italian text books of the year, 687. » Italy, statistics of education in, 726, 728, 730. university statistics of, 732. Ithaca, N. Y.’, school statistics of, 248, 264, 280, 296. Iuka (Miss.) Normal Institute, statistics of, 328. J. Jackson, Sheldon, general agent of education for Alaska, 461. on schools in Alaska, 750, 753. Jackson, Alaska, statistics of schools of, 753. Jackson. Mich., school statistics of, 246, 262, 278, 294. Jackson (Miss.) College, statistics of, 327, 540. Jacksonville, Ill., school statistics of, 240, 256, 274, 290. Jacksonville (3U.) Female Academy, statistics of, 444, 453. Jamaica, statistics of education in, 727, 729. Jamestown, N. Y., school statistics of, 248, 264, 280, 296. Janesville, Wis., school statistics of, 254 , 270, 288, 302. Janitors, expenditure for, by cities, 288-302. Japan, statistics of education in, 726, 728, 730. Jefferson City, Mo., school statistics of, 246, 262, 27S, 294! Jefferson College, physical training at, 481. Jefferson College (Sc. Mary’s), statistics of, 498, 512. Jefferson Medical College, statistics of, 555. Jeffersonville, Ind., school statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 290. Jena, Germany, statistics of education in, 733. Jersey City, IN'. J., comparative school statistics of, 219. summary of school report of, 232. school statistics of, 248, 264, 280, 296. Jessamine Female Institute, statistics of, 44G, 453. John C. Green School of Science (College of New Jersey), statistics of, 531, 533. Johns Hopkins University, departments of, 464. system of fellowships at, 474. scholarship system at, 475. notes from the catalogue of, 482. statistics of, 498, 512. medical department, statistics of, 551 . Johnson (Yt.) State Normal School, statistics of. 324. Johnston, R. I., summary of school report of, 235. school statistics of, 252, 268, 284, 300. Johnstown, Pa., summary of school report of, 235. school statistics of, 250, 266, 284, 300. Joliet, HI., school statistics of, 240, 256, 274, 290. Jones, A. Sheridan, superintendent of public in¬ struction of Dakota, 46. Jones’ School for Young Ladies, statistics of, 450, 457. Journals. See Periodicals. Jadson Female Institute, statistics of, 444, 452. Juneau, Alaska, statistics of schools of, 753. I£. Kadiak, Alaska, statistics of schools of, 753. Kadiak Island. Alaska, schools at, 750. Kalamazoo, Mich., school statistics of, 246, 262. 278, 294. Kalamazoo (Mich,) College, notes from the cata¬ logue of, 483. statistics of, 498, 512. Kankakee, Ill., school statistics of, 240, 258, 274, 290. Kansas, school statistics of, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13. comparative school statistics of, 16-19. present educational condition of, 29. permanent school fund of, 32. summary of school law of, 90. statistics of city-school finances of, 218. summaries of city-school reports of, 224. statistics of kindergarten training in, 234. summary of city-school statistics of. 238. statistics of teachers’ institutes in, 309. statistics of normal schools in, 320, 321. statistics of secondarv instruction in, 302, 363, 364, 365. statistics of superior instruction in, 439. statistics of superior instruction for women in, 442. relative number of classical and scientific stu¬ dents in, 465. college statistics of, 490. statistics of sckools of science of, 522. statistics of law schools in, 545. statistics of medical schools of, 548. practice of medicine in, 564. statistics of business colleges of, 613. statistics of institutions lor the deaf and dumb of, 635. statistics of institutions for the blind of, 611. statistics of reform schools of, 646. statistics of instruction of the colored race in, 655. statistics of Indian schools of, 658. statistics of educational benefactions in, 662, 663. statistics of public librar ies in, 717. Kansas City, Mo., comparative school statistics of, 219. school statistics of, 24G, 262, 278, 294. Kansas City (Mo.) Dental College, statistics of, 558. Kansas City (Mo.) Medical College, statistics of, 553. Kansas Normal College and Business Institute, statistics of, 328. Kansas State Agricultural College, notes from the catalogue of, 4*>0. statistics of, 526, 528. INDEX. 769 Kfinsns State Normal School, statistics of, 322. lvuvanangh College, statistics of, 328. Keaclii (La.) Collage, 481. statistics of, 4S8, 512. Keeue, .N. H., school statistics of, 246, 262, 278, 298. Kenosha, Wis., school statistics of, 254, 270, 286, 302. Kentucky, school statistics of, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13. comparative school statistics of, 16-19. summary of school law of, 95-100. statistics of city-school finances of, 218. statistics of kindergarten training in, 234. summary of city-school statistics of, 238. statistics of secondary instruction in, 362, 363, 364, 365. statistics of superior instruction in, 439. statistics of superior instruction tor women in, 442. relative number of classical and scientific students in, 466. college statistics of, 490. statistics of schools of science of. 522. statistics of theological schools of, 535. statistics of medical schools of, 548, 550. practice of medicine in, 564. statistics of business colleges of, 613. statistics of institutions for the deaf and dumb of, 635. statistics of institutions for the blind of, 641. statistics of schools for the feeble-minded of, 644. statistics of reform schools of, 646. statistics of instruction of the colored race in, 650, 655, 656. statistics of educational benefactions in, 662, 663. statistics of public libraries in, 717. Kentucky Military Institute, statistics of, 498, 510. Kentucky School of Medicine, statistics of, 553. Kentucky University, statistics of, 498, 510. Kentucky Wesleyan College, library of, 480. Kentucky Wesleyan University, statistics of, 498, 510. Kenyon College, statistics of, 502, 516. Keokuk. Iowa, school statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 290. Kerr, J. C., superintendent of public instruction of Washington Territory, 46. Keystone State Normal School, Kutztown, Pa., statistics of. 324. Kiehle, D. L., State superintendent of public in¬ struction of Minnesota, 46. extract from report of, 314, Kiel, Germany, statistics of education in, 733. Killingly, Conn., school statistics of, 240, 256, 272, 288. Kiliisnoo, Alaska, statistics of schools of, 753. Kindergarten training, in San Francisco, Cal., 221. in San Jos6, Cal., 221. in New Haven, Conn., 222. in Augusta, Me., 225. in New Orleans, La., 225. at New .Rochelle, N. Y., 233. in Newport, E. I., 236. in public schools, 333. beneficial results of, 333. for the blind, 634. Kindergarten training schools, 334 summary of statistics, 335. statistics of, 355, 356. Kindergartens, educational publications of tbe year on, 694. in Connecticut, 26. provision for, in Vermont, 163. summary of statistics of, 334. statistics of, 336, 354. King College, statistics of, 504, 518. King Eclectic Medical College, statistics of, 556. Kingston, N. Y., summary of school report of, 233. school statistics of, 248, 264, 280, 296. Kingston Academy, 233. Klausenburg, Hungary, statistics of education in, 732, Klawack, Alaska, schools at, 752. statistics of schools of 753. Knox College, notes from the catalogue of, 478. statistics of, 494, 508. Knox Seminary, statistics of, 444, 453. ED 86 - 49 Knoxville, Tenn., school statistics of, 252, 268, 284, 302. Knoxville (Tenn.) College, statistics of, 328. Kdnigsberg, Germany, statistics of education in, 733. L. La Crosse, Wis., school statistics of, 254, 270, 286, 302. Ladies’ Annex, Southwestern University, statis¬ tics of, 450, 457. La Fayette, Ind., school statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 290. Lafayette College, classification of students at, 469. statistics of, 504, 516. LaFollette, H. M„ State superintendent of public instruction of Indiana, 46. La Grange (Mo.) College, endowment fund of, 484. statistics of, 500, 514. La Grange (Ga.) Female College, statistics of 444, 452. Lake Erie Female Seminary, statistics of, 448, 455. Lake Forest (HI.) University, statistics of, 496, 508. Lancaster, Ohio, school statistics of, 250, 266, 282, 298. Lancaster, Pa., school statistics of, 250, 266, 284, 300. Land-grant colleges, work of, xvii. summary of statistics of, 522. See also Science, schools of. Lane, Geo. B., State superintendent of publio in¬ struction of Nebraska, 46. Lane University, statistics of 496, 510. Languages, law relating to the teaching of, in Maine, 103. modem private schools, making a feature of, 359. modem, as substitutes for Greek, 474. time given to, in English schools, 737-738. Lansingburgh, N. Y., summary of school report of, 2B3. school statistics of, 248, 264, 280, 296. La Porte, Ind., school statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 290. La Salle College, classification of students at, 470. statistics of, 504, 516. Lasell Seminary, scheme of instruction developed by, 441. statistics of 446, 453. Latin text-books of the year, 687. Law, educational publications of the year on, 694. See also School law. Law department, Allen University, statistics of, 547. Central Tennessee College, statistics of, 547. Chaddock College, statistics of, 546. DePauw University, statistics of 546. Emory College, statistics of 546. Georgetown University, statistics of, 546. Howard University, Washington, D. C., sta¬ tistics of 546, McKendree College, statistics of 546. Mercer University, statistics of 546. State University of Iowa, statistics of, 546. State University of Missouri, statistics of, 547. Straight University, statistics of, 547. Tulane University of Louisiana, statistics of, 547. University of Georgia, statistics of, 546. University of Kansas, statistics of, 547. University of Michigan, statistics of, 547. University of Notre Dame, Indiana, statistics of 546. University of Pennsylvania, statistics of, 547. University of Texas, statistics of, 547. Vanderbilt University, statistics of 547. Yale University, statistics of, 546. Cincinnati College, statistics of 547. Cumberland University, statistics of 547. Hamilton College, statistics of, 547. Harvard University, statistics of, 547. University of Alabama, statistics of, 546. University of Oregon, statistics of 547. Law schools, summary of statistics of, by sections, 534. statistics of for 10 years, 545. 770 INDEX. Law schools— Continued. summary hy States of, statistics of, 545. statistics of, 546-547. statistics of degrees conferred at, 591. for the colored race, 654, 655. benefactions to, 663, 675. Law students in foreign countries, 732. Lawhead, J. H., State superintendent of public instruction of Kansas, 46. Lawrence, Kans., summary of school report of, 224. school statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 290. Lawrence, Mass., summary of school report of, 227. school statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 292. Lawrence Scientific School (Harvard University), statistics of, 530, 532. Lawrence (Mass.) Training School, statistics of, 322. Lawrence University, notes from the catalogue of, 468. statistics of, 506, 518. Lawrenceburgh, Ind., school statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 290. Lea Female College, statistics of, 446, 454. Leadville, Colo., comparative school statistics of, 219. school statistics of, 240, 256, 272, 288. Leavenworth, Kans., comparative school statis¬ tics of, 219. school statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 290. Labanon, Pa., school statistics of, 250, 268, 284, 300. Lebanon Valley College, classification of students at, 469. new building for, 487. statistics of, 502, 516. Lehigh University, classification of students at, 470. statistics of, 504, 516. Leicester, Mass., summary of school report of, 227. Leipsic, Germany, statistics of education in, 733. Leland University, statistics of, 328. Le Moyne Normal Institute, statistics of, 328. Lemberg, Austria, statistics of education in, 732. Lenox College, statistics of, 496, 510. Leominster, Mass., summary of school report of, 227. school statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 292. Leonard Medical School, statistics of, 555. Lewis College, statistics of, 500, 512. Lewiston, Me., comparative school statistics of, 219. school statistics of, 242, 260, 276, 292. Leyden, Netherlands, statistics of education in, 732. Liberty Female College, statistics of, 444, 453. Librarian for the Bureau, need of, xix. Librarians, training school for, at Columbia Col¬ lege, 485. Libraries, public, in Michigan, 112-113. of normal schools, statistics of, 320, 321, 323- 329. of private academies, volumes in, 364, 366-417. of preparatory schools, volumes in, 365, 426- 435. of institutions for the superior instruction of women, statistics ofi 442, 452-457. of colleges, statistics of, 491, 509-519. of schools of science, statistics of, 522-524, 528- 533. of theological schools, statistics of, 535-543. of law schools, statistics of, 545-547. of medical schools, statistics of, 548-559. of schools for industrial training, statistics of, 596, 600-603. of business colleges, statistics of, 613, 615-623. of institutions for the deaf and dumb, 635, 637. of institutions for the blind, statistics of, 641- 643. of reform schools, statistics of, 646-648. public, statistics of, 716-719. See also School Libraries. Library of the Bureau, extent and value of, x. Library fund of Kansas. 92. Lick Observatory, the, 476. Liege, Belgium, State statistics of education in, 732. Lima, Ohio, school statistics of, 250, 266, 282, 298. Lincoln, Ill., school statistics of, 240, 258, 274, 290. Lincoln, Nebr., school statistics of, 246, 262, 278, 294. Lincoln, It. I., school statistics of, 252, 268, 284, 300. Lincoln Institute, Jefferson City, Mo., statistics of, 322. Lincoln (Pa.) University, classification of students at. 470. Bible instruction at, 487. statistics of, 504, 516. Lincoln (Ill.) University, statistics of, 496, 508. Linderwood College for Young Ladies, statistics of, 446, 455. Little Falls, N. Y., school, statistics of, 248, 264, 280, 296. Little Eock, Ark., comparative school statistics of, 219. school statistics of, 240, 256, 272, 288. Little Eock (Ark.) University, statistics of, 494, 508. Livingston College, statistics of. 502, 514. Lock Haven, Pa., school statistics of, 250, 268, 284, 300. Lockport, N. Y., school statistics of, 248, 264, 280, 296. Logan Female College, statistics of, 446, 453. Logansport, Ind., school statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 290. Logic and rhetoric, educational publications of the year on, 694. Lombard University, statistics of, 494, 508. London. England, statistics of education in, 721. Long, E. L., superintendent of public instruction of Arizona, 46. Long Island City, N. Y., school statistics of, 248, 264. 280, 296. Long Island College Hospital, statistics of, 554. Los Angeles, Cal., school statistics of, 240, 256, 272, 288. Louisiana, school statistics of, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13. comparative school statistics of, 16-19. summary of school law of, 100-102. statistics of city-school finances of, 218. summaries of city-school reports of, 225. statistics of kindergarten training in. 234, 255. summary of city-school statistics of, 238. statistics of teachers’ institutes in, 309. statistics of normal schools in, 320, 321. statistics of secondary instruction in, 362, 363, 364, 365. statistics of superior instruction in, 439. st atistics of superior instruction for women in, 442. relative number of classical and scientific stu¬ dents in, 4GC. college statistics of, 490. statistics of schools of science, of, 522. statistics of theological schools of, 535. statistics of law schools in, 545. statistics of medical schools of, 548, 550. practice of medicine in. 564. statistics of business colleges of. 613. statistics of the school for the blind of, 641. statistics of instruction of the colored race in, 650, 655. statistics of educational benefactions in, 662, 663. statistics of public libraries in, 717. Louisiana State Normal School, statistics of, 322. Louisiana State University, notes from the cata¬ logue of, 480. statistics of, 498, 512, 526, 528. Louisville, Ky., comparative school statistics of, 219. school statistics of, 242. 258, 274, 290. Louisville (Ky.) .College of Pharmacy, statistics of. 559. Louisville (Ky.) Female College, statistics of, 446, 453. Louisville (Ky.) Medical College, statistics of, . 553. Louisville (Ky.) School of Pharmacy for Women, statistics of, 559, Louvain, Belgium, Free, statistics of education in, 732. Lowell, Mass., comparative school statistics ofi 219. summary of school report of, 227. school statistics of, 292. INDEX. 771 Loyola College, 482. Liibeek. Germany, statistics of education in, 730. Luce, X. A., State superintendent of common schools of Maine, 46. Lucy Col)b Institute, statistics of, 444, 452. Ludington, Mich., summary of school report of, 230. school statistics of, 246, 262, 278, 294. Lund, Sweden, statistics of education in, 733. Luther Seminary, statistics of, 543. Lutheran Theological Seminary of the Synod of I Wisconsin, statistics of, 543. Lutherville (Md.) Female Seminary, statistics of, ! 446, 453. Lycoming County (Pa.) Xormal school, statistics of, 328. Lynchburgh, Ya., comparative school statistics of, 219. school statistics of, 252. 270, 286, 302. Lynn, Mass., school statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 292. Lyons, Iowa, school statistics of, 242, 258, 274,290. hi. McElroy, E. B., State superintendent of public in¬ struction of Oregon, 46. Macerata, Italy, statistics of education in, 732. McKeesport (Pa.), school statistics of, 250, 268, 284, 300. Maclay College of Theology, 476. MacKendree College, statistics of, 496, 508. MacMinnville (Oreg.) College, statistics of, 502, 516. Macon, Ga., comparative school statistics of, 219. summary of school report of, 223. school statistics of, 240, 256, 272, 238. McPherson Xormal College, statistics of, 328. Madawaska Training School, Grand Isle and Fort Kent. Me., statistics of, 322. Madison, Wis., summary of school report of, 237. school statistics of, 254, 270, 286, 302. Madison University, classification of students at, 469. statistics of. 500, 514. Mohanoy City, Pa., school statistics of, 250, 268, 284, 300. Maine, school statistics of, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13. comparative school statistics of, 16-19. present educational condition of, 29-30. summary of school law of, 102-104. statistics of city-school finances of, 217. summaries of city-school reports of, 225. statistics of kindergarten training in, 234. summary of city-school statistics of. 238. statistics of teachers’ institutes in, 309. statistics of normal schools in, 320, 321. statistics of secondary instruction in, 362, 363, 364,365. statistics of superior instruction in, 439. statistics of superior instruction for women in, 442. relative number of classical and scientific students in, 465. college statistics of, 490. statistics of schools of science of, 522. statistics of theological schools of, 535. statistics of medical schools of, 548. practice of medicine in, 564. statistics of business colleges of, 613. statistics of institutions for the deaf and dumb of, 635. statistics of reform schools of, 646. statistics of educational benefactions in, 662, 663. statistics of public libraries in, 717. Maine State College of Agriculture and tbe Me¬ chanic Arts, classification of students at, 468. notes from catalogue of, 482. statistics of, 526, 529. Maine wesleyan Seminary and Female College, statistics of, 446, 453. Malden, Mass., summary of school report of, 228. school statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 292. Manchester, Conn., summary of school report of, 222. school statistics of, 240, 256, 272, 288. Manchester, N. II., summary of school report of. 231. school statistics of, 246, 262, 278, 296. Manchester (X. II.) Training School, statistics of, 324. Manchester, Ya., school statistics of, 252, 270, 286, 302. Manhattan College, classification of students at, 4G9. statistics of, 500, 514. Manitoba, statistics of educat;on in, 720. 729, 730. Mankato, Minn., school statistics of, 246, 202, 278, 294. Mansfield, Ohio, school statistics of, 250, 266, 232, 298. Mansfield (La.) Female College, statistics of, 440, 453. Manual labor at Florida Agricultural College, 478. Manual training, status of, xvi. no State institutiou for, in Xcw York, 34. outlook for, in Montana, 39. in Yirginia, 175. provision for, in the Cherokee Xation, 202. in Oakland, Cal., 221. inSan Jo86, Cal.. 221. in Xew Haven. Conn., 222. in Baltimore, Md., 225. in Montclair, X. J., 232. in Syracuse, X. Y., 233. in Columbus, Ohio, 234. in Appleton, Wis., 237. at Alabama State Agricultural College, 476. at Arkansas Industrial University, 476. at Tulane University, 481. at Battle Creek College, 483. at Tufts College, 483. educational publications of the year on, 695. See also Industrial training. Manual-Training School, Philadelphia, Pa., sta¬ tistics of, 602. 603. Manual-Training School of Public High School, Boston, Mass., statistics of, 602, 603. Manual- Training School of Tulane University, statistics of, 602, 603. Manual- Training School of Washington Univer¬ sity, statistics of, 602, 603. Manual-training schools, statistics of, 596, 602-603. Marblehead, Mass., summary of school report of, 228. school statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 292. Marburg, Germany, statistics of education in, 733. Marietta, Ohio, school statistics of, 250, 266, 282, 2S8. Marietta (Ohio) College, classification of students at, 470. statistics of, 502, 516. Marion (Ya.) Female College, statistics of, 450, 457. Marion (Ala.) Female Seminary, statistics of, 444, 452. Marking system abolished at Harvard, 472. at Harvard, 482. Marlborough, Mass., school statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 292. Marquette, Mich., school statistics of, 246, 262, 278, 294. Marshall, Tex., school statistics of, 252, 268, 286, 302. Marshall College, State Xormal School, Hunting- ton, W. Ya., statistics of, 326. Marshalltown, Iowa, school statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 290. Martha Washington College, statistics of, 450, 457. Mary Institute, Washington University, statis¬ tics of, 446, 455. Mary Sharp College, statistics of, 450, 457. Maryland, school statistics of, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,13. comparative school statistics of, 16-19. present educational condition of. 30. summary of the school law of, 104-106. statistics of city-school finances of. 2! 8. summaries of city-school reports of, 225. statistics of kindergarten training in, 234, 235. summary of city-school statistics of, 238. statistics of secondary instruction in, 3G2. 363, 364, 365. statistics of normal schools in, 320, 32 i. statistics of superior instruction in, 439. 772 INDEX, Maryland— Continued. statistics of superior instruction for women in, 442. relative number of classical and scientific students in, 465. college statistics of, 490. statistics of theological schools of, 535. statistics of schools of science of, 522, 524. statistics of law schools in, 545. statistics of medical schools of, 548, 550. practice of medicine in, 564. statistics of institutions for the deaf and dumb of, 635. statistics of institutions for the blind of, 641. statistics of reform schools of, 646. statistics of instruction of the colored race in, 650, G55, 656. statistics of educational benefactions in, 662 663. statistics of public libraries in, 717. Maryland Agricultural College, statistics of, 526, 529. Maryland College of Pharmacy, statistics of, 559. Maryland State Normal School, statistics of, 322. Maryville, Cal., school statistics of, 240, 256, 272, ‘ 288. Maryville (Tenn.) College, statistics of, 504, 518. Massachusetts, school statistics of, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13. comparative school statistics of, 16-19. present educational condition of, 30. supervision in, 43-44. free text books in, 45. summary of school law of. 106-109. statistics of city-school finances of. 217. summaries of city-school reports of, 225-230. statistics of kindergarten training in, 234, 235. summary of city-school statistics of, 238. statistics of teachers’ institutes in, 309. statistics of normal schools in, 320. statistics of secondary instruction in, 362, 363, 364, 365. statistics of superior instruction in, 439. statistics of superior instruction for women in, 442. relative number of classical and scientific students in, 465. college statistics of, 490. statistics of schools of science of, 522, 524. statistics of theological schools of, 535. statistics of law schools in, 545. statistics of medical schools of, 548, 549, 550. practice of medicine in, 564. statistics of business colleges of, 613. statistics of nurse-training schools of, 625. statistics of institutions tor the deaf and dumb of, 635. statistics of institutions for the blind of, 641. statistics of schools for the feeble-minded of, 644. statistics of reform schools of, 646. statistics of educational benefactions in, 662, 663. statistics of public libraries in, 717. Massachusetts Agricultural College, classification of students at, 468. statistics of, 526, 529. Massachusetts College of Pharmacy, statistics of, 559. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, classifica¬ tion of students at, 463. statistics of, 526, 529. Massachusetts School for the Feeble-minded, 644. Massachusetts State Normal Art School, statistics of, 322. Massillon, Ohio, school statistics of, 250, 266, 282, 293. Mathematical text-books of the year, 695. Mathematics, time given to, in English schools, 737, 738. Matthew’s Hall, statistics of, 537. Meadville, Pa., school statistics of, 250, 268, 284, 300. Meadville (Pa.) Theological School, statistics of, 543. Mechanics, text-hooks of the year on, 697. Medford, Mass., school statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 292. Medical College of Alabama, statistics of, 551. Medical College of Georgia (University of Geor¬ gia), statistics of, 552. Medical College of Indiana, statistics of, 553. Medical College of Ohio, statistics of, 555. Medical College of the State of South Carolina, statistics of, 555. Medical College of Virginia, statistics of, 555. Medical department of Arkansas Industrial Uni¬ versity, statistics of, 551. National University, statistics of, 552. Niagara University, statistics of, 554. State University of Iowa, statistics of, 553. Tulane University of Louisiana, statistics of, 553. University of Buffalo, N. Y., statistics of, 554. University of California, statistics of, 551. University of Colorado, statistics of, 551. University of Nashville and Vanderbilt Uni¬ versity, statistics of, 555. University of North Carolina, statistics of, 551. University of the State of Missouri, statistics of, 553. University of Vermont, statistics of, 555. University of Wooster, statistics of, 555. Willamette University, statistics of, 555. Yale University, statistics of, 552. Medical School of Maine, at Bowdoin College, sta- tistics of 553. Medical schools, summary of statistics of, by sec¬ tions, 534. statistics of, for ten years, 548. summary by States of statistics of, 548. statistics of, 551-559. statistics of degrees conferred at, 591. for tho colored race, 654, 656. benefactions to, 663, 675. Medical students in foreign countries, 732. Medical text-books of the year, 697. Medicine, State laws regulating practice of, 561- 569. Medico-Chirurgical College of Philadelphia, Pa., statistics of, 555. Meharry Medical Department of Central Tennes¬ see College, statistics of, 555. Melrose, Mass., school statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 292. Memphis, Tenn., comparative school statistics of, 219. school statistics of, 252, 268, 284, 302. Memphis Conference Female Institute, statistics of, 450, 456. Memphis Hospital Medical College (Southwest¬ ern Baptist University), statistics of, 555. Menominee, Mich., school statistics of, 246, 262, 278, 294. Mercer University, statistics of, 494, 508. Meriden, Conn., summary of school report of, 222. school statistics of, 240, 256, 272, 288. Meridian, Miss., summary of school report of, 231. Messina, Italy, statistics of education in, 732. Metaphysics, educational publications of the year on, 698. Methodist College for Young Ladies, statistics of 444, 452. Methods of teaching, too many innovations in, 34. improved, in geography and history, 36. Miami Medical College, statistics of, 555. Miami University, notes from the catalogue of, 487. statistics of, 502, 516. Michigan, school statistics of, 5 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13. comparative school statistics of. 16-19. present educational condition of, 31. permanent school fund of. 32, summary of school law of, 109. statistics of city-school finances of. 218. summary of city-school report of. 230. statistics of kindergarten training in, 234,235. summary of city-school statistics of. 238. statistics of normal schools iu, 320. statistics of secondary instruction in, 3G2. 363, 364, 365. statistics of superior instruction in, 459. statistics of superior instruction for women in, 442. INDEX, 773 Michigan — Con tinned. relative uuiuber of classical and scientific stu¬ dents iu, 465. college statistics of, 4G0. statistics of schools of science of, 522, 524. statistics of theological schools of, 535. statistics of law schools in, 545. statistics of medical schools of, 548, 549, 550. practice of medicine in, 564. statistics of business colleges of, 613. statistics of institutions for the deaf and dumb of, 635. statistics of institutions for the blind of, 641. statistics of schools for the feeble-minded of, 644. statistics of reform schools of, 646. statistics of Indian schools of, 658. statistics of educational benefactions in, 662, 663. statistics of public libraries in, 717. Michigan City, Ind., summary of school report of, 224. school statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 290. Michigan Female Seminary, statistics of, 446, 454. Michigan School for the Blind. 640. Michigan State Agricultural College, notes from the catalogue of. 483. statistics of, 526, 529. Middle Georgia Military and Agricultural College, statistics of, 525, 528. Middleborongh, Mass., summary of school re¬ port of, 228. school statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 292. Middlehury Vt., College, classification of stu¬ dents at, 468. statistics of, 506, 518. Middletown, Conn,, school statistics of, 240, 256, 272, 288. Milford, Mass., summary of school report of, 228. school statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 292. Military schools, statistics of, 609. Military science at the University of California, 476. at Tale College, 477. Military training in Virginia, 174. in Gloucester, Mass., 227, * at the University of Colorado, 477. at Maine State College, 482. at the Michigan Agricultural College, 483. status of, 607-611. Miller Manual-Labor School, statistics of, 602, 603. law relating to, 175. Millersburgh (Kv.) Female College, statistics of, 446, 453. Mill’s Seminary (Cal.) and College, statistics of, 444, 452. Millville, If. J., school statistics of, 248, 264, 280, 296. Milton (Wis.) College, statistics of, 506, 518. Milwaukee, Wis., school statistics of, 254, 270, 286, 302. Milwaukee (Wis.) College, statistics of, 450, 457. Minden (La.) Female College, statistics of, 446, 453. Miner Hormal School, Washington, D. C., statis¬ tics of. 326. Minneapolis, Minn., comparative school statistics of, 219. summary of school report of, 230. school statistics of, 248, 262, 278, 294. Minneapolis (Minn.) College of Physicians and Surgeons, statistics of, 553. ilinneapolis (Minn.) Hospital College, dental de¬ partment, statistics of, 558. Minnesota, school statistics of, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13. comparative school statistics of, 16-19. V present educational condition of, 31. permanent school fund of, 32. summary of school law of, 115-117. statistics of city school finances of, 218. summaries of city-school reports of, 230. statistics of kindergarten training in, 234, 235. summary of city-school statistics of, 238. statistics of teachers’ institutes in, 309. statistics of normal schools in, 320. statistics of secondary instruction in, 362, 363, 364, 365. statistics of superior instruction in, 439. Minnesota— Continued. statistics of suporior instruction for women In, 442. relative number of classical and scientifio students in, 465. college statistics of, 490. statistics of schools of science of, 522. statistics of theological schools of, 535. statistics of medical schools of, 548, 550. practice of medicine in, 564. statistics of business colleges of, 613. statistics of nursc-trainiDg schools of, C25. statistics of institutions for the deaf and dumb of, 635. statistics of institutions for the blind of, 641. statistics of schools for the feeble-minded of, 644. statistics of reform schools of, 646. statistics of Indian schools of, 658. statistics of educational benefactions in, 662, 663. statistics of public libraries in, 717. Minnesota College of Pharmacy, statistics of, 559.* Minnesota Hospital College, statistics of, 553. Minnesota Institute for Defective Children, 634. Mission House, statistics of, 543. Mississippi, school statistics of, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13. comparative school statistics of, 16-19. summary of school law of, 117-120. statistics of city-school finances of, 218. summaries of city-school reports of, 231. summary of city-school statistics of, 238. statistics of normal schools in, 320, 321. statistics of secondary instruction in, 362, 363, 364, 365. statistics of superior instruction in, 439. statistics of superior instruction for women in, 442. relative number of classical and scientifio students in, 466. college statistics of, 490. statistics of schools of science of, 522. statistics of theological schools of, 535. statistics of law schools of, 545. practice of medicine in, 564. statistics of business colleges of, 613. statistics of institutions for the deaf and dumb of, 635. statistics of institutions for the blind of, 641. statistics of instruction of the colored race in, 650, 655, 656. statistics- of educational benefactions in, 662, 663. statistics of public libraries in, 717. Mississippi College, statistics of, 500-512. Missouri, school statistics of, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13. comparative school statistics of, 16-19. present educational condition of, 31. permanent school fund of, 32. summary of school law of, 120-122. statistics of city-school finances of. 218. summaries of city-school reports of, 231. summary of city-school statistics of, 238. statistics of kindergarten training in, 235 . statistics of teachers’ institutes in, 309. statistics of normal schools in, 320. statistics of secondary instruction in, 362, 2G3, 364, 365 statistics of superior instruction in, 439. statistics of superior instruction for women in, 442. relative number of classical and scientific stu¬ dents in, 465. college statistics of, 490. statistics of schools of science of, 522, 524. statistics of theological schools of, 535. statistics of law schools of, 545. statistics of medical schools of, 548, 549, 550. practice of medicine in, 565. statistics of business colleges of, 613. statistics of nurse-training schools of, 625. statistics of institutions for the deaf and dumb of, 635. statistics of institutions for the blind of, 641. statistics of reform schools ot, 646. statistics of instruction of the colored race in, 650, 655. 774 INDEX, Missouri— Continued. statistics of educational benefactions in, 662, 663. statistics of public libraries in, 717. Missouri Agricultural and Mechanical College, notes from the catalogue of, 484. statistics of, 526, 529. Missouri Dental College, statistics of, 558. Missouri Medical College, statistics of, 554. Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy, statist¬ ics of, 526, 529. Missouri State Normal School, third district, sta¬ tistics of, 322. Mobile. Ala., comparative school statistics of, 219. school statistics of, 240, 256, 272, 288. Model schools, statistics of, 320, 321. Modena, Italy, statistics of education in, 732. Moline, Ill., summary of school report of, 223. school statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 290. Monmouth, Hi., school statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 290. Monmouth (Ill.) College, classification of students at, 470. statistics of, 496, 508. Monongahela College, classification of students at, 470. statistics Of, 504, 516. Monroe Female College, statistics of, 444, 452. Montague, Mass., summary of school report of, school statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 292. Montana, school statistics of, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13. comparative school statistics of, 16-19. present educational condition of, 39. summary of the school law of, 202-2'06. statistics of city-school finances of, 218. statistics of teachers’ institutes in, 309. statistics Of secondary instruction in, 362, 363, 364, 365. statistics of superior instruction in, 440. relative number of classical and scientific stu¬ dents in, 466. college statistics of, 492. practice of medicine in, 569. statistics of Indian schools of, 658. statistics of educational benefactions in, 662, 663. statistics of public libraries in, 717. Montclair, N. J., summary of school report of, 232. Montgomery, Ala., comparative school statistics of, 219. school statistics of, 240,256,272 288. Montgomery Female College, statistics of, 450, 457. Moore’s Hill (Ind.), College, statistics of, 496, 510. Moral instruction needed in California, 25. Moral training in private academies, 360. Morals, instruction in. See Studies prescribed. Moravian Seminary for Young Ladies, statistics of, 448, 455. Moravian Theological Seminary, statistics of, 542. Morgan, Benj. S., State superintendent of free schools of West Virginia, 46. Morristown, N. J., school statistics of, 248, 264, 280, 296. Morrisville College, statistics of, 500, 514. Mount Carroll (Hi.) Seminary, statistics of, 444, 453. Mt. Holyoke Female Seminary, statistics of, 446, 454. Mt. St. Mary’s College, statistics of, 498, 512. Mt. St. Mary’s Ecclesiastical Seminary, statistics of, 539. Mt. Union (Ohio) College, statistics of, 502, 516. Mount Vernon, Ohio, school statistics of, 250, 266, 282, 298. Muhlenberg College, classification of students at, 469. libraries of. 487. statistics of, 502, 516. Municu, Germany, statistics of education in, 733. Muscatine, Iowa, summary of school report of, 224. school statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 290. Music, text-books of the year on, 699. Muskegon, Mich., school statistics of, 246, 262, 278, 294. Muskingum College, statistics of, 502, 51C. i Napa (Cal.) College, notes from the catalogue of, 476. statistics of, 494, 508. Naples, Italy, statistics of education in, 732. Nashotah, Wis.. statistics of, 543. Nashua, N. H., school statistics ot, 246, 2G2, 280, 296. Nashville, Tenn., comparative schcol statistics of, 219. school statistics of, 252, 268, 284, 302. Nashville (Tenn.) College for Young Ladies, sta¬ tistics of, 450, 456. Nashville (Tenn.) Medical College (University of Tennessee), statistics of, 555. Natchez, Miss., school statistics of, 246. 262, 278, 294. Natick, Mass., school statistics of, 244, 2C0, 276, 292. National College of Pharmacy, statistics of, 559. National Educational Association, meeting of. 29. National Deaf-Mute College, statistics of, 494, 506. National Germ an- American Teachers’ Seminary, statistics of, 328. National Medical College (Columbian University), statistics of, 552. Natural history, text-books of the year on, 701. Natural philosophy, text-books of the year on, 701. Naugatuck, Conn., summary of school report of, 222. school statistics of, 240, 256, 272, 288. Nautical training in Massachusetts, 108. Naval IVar College, Newport, It. I., 607. scheme of instruction at, 608. Nazareth Academy, statistics of, 450, 457. Nebraska, school statistics of, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13. comparative school statistics of, 16-19. permanent school fund of, 32. present educational condition of, 32. summary of school law of, 122-124. statistics of city-school finances of, 218. statistics of kindergarten training in, 235. summary of city-school statistics of, 238. statistics of teachers’ institutes in, 309. statistics of normal schools in. 320, 321. statistics of secondary instruction in, 362, 363, 364, 365. statistics of superior instruction in, 439. relative number of classical and scientific stu¬ dents in, 465 college statistics of, 490. statistics of schools of science of, 522. statistics of theological schools of. 535. statistics of medical schools of, 548, 549. practice of medicine in, 565. statistics of business colleges of. 613. statistics of institutions for the deaf and dumb of, 635. statistics of institutions for tbe blind of, 641. statistics of reform schools of, 646. statistics of Indian schools of, 658. statistics of educational benefactions in, 662, 663. statistics of public libraries in, 717. Nebraska Central College, statistics of, 500, 514. Nebraska State Normal School, statistics of, 324. Necrology, 720-721. Needham, Mass., summary of school report of, 228. Netherlands, statistics of education in, 72G, 728, 730. university statistics of. 732. Nevada, school statistics of, 5. 6. S, 9, 10, 11, 13. comparative school statistics of. 16-19. present educational condition of, 33. summary of school law of, 124-126. statistics of city schools, finances of, 218. summary of city school, statistics of. 238. statistics of teachers’ institutes in, 309. statistics of secondary instruction in, 362, 3C3, 364, 365. statistics of superior instruction in . 439, statistics of superior instruction for women in. 442. relative number of classical and scientific stu¬ dents in, 466. college statistics of, 490. statistics of schools of science of, 522. INDEX, 775 Nevada— Continued. practice of medicine in, 5(55. statistics of Indian schools of, 638. statistics of educational benefactions in, 662, 663. statistics of public libraries in, 717. New Bedford, Mass., summary of the school re¬ port of, 228. school statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 292. New Berne (N. C.) State Normal School, statistics Of, 324. New Britain, Conn., summary of school report of. 222. school statistics of. 240, 256, 272, 288. New Brunswick, N. J., summary of school re¬ port of, 232. school statistics of, 248, 264, 280, 296. New Brunswick, statistics of education in, 726, 729, 730. New Castle, Pa., school statistics of, 250, 268, 284, 300. New Hampshire, school statistics of, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13. comparative school statistics of, 16-19. present educational condition of, 33. summary of school law of, 126-130. statistics of city-school finances of, 217. summaries of the city-school reports of, 231. statistics of kindergarten training in, 235. summary of city-school statistics of, 238. statistics of teachers’ institutes in, 309. statistics of normal schools in. 320. statistics of secondary instruction in, 362, 363, 364, 365. statistics of superior instruction in, 439. statistics of superior instruction for women in, 442. relative number of classical and scientific stu¬ dents in, 465. college statistics of, 490. statistics of schools of science of, 522, 524. statistics of medical schools of, 548. practice of medicine in, 565. statistics of business colleges of, 613. statistics of reform schools of, 646. statistics of educational benefactions in, 662, 663. statistics of public libraries in, 717. New Hampshire College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts, classification of students at. 468. statistics of, 526, 529. New Hampshire Conference Seminary and Fe¬ male College. statistics of, 448,455. New Hampshire State Normal School, statistics of, 324. New Haven, Conn., summary of school report of, 222. school statistics of, 240, 256, 272, 288. New .Jersey, school statistics of, 5, 6. 8, 9, 10, 11, 13. comparative school statistics of, 16-19. summary of school law of, 130-133. statistics of city-school finances of, 217. summaries of city-school reports of, 232. statistics of kindergarten training in, 235. summary of city-school statistics of, 238. statistics of secondary instruction in, 362, 363, 364, 365. statistics of normal schools in, 320, 321. statistics of superior instruction in, 439. statistics of superior instruction for women in, 442. relative number of classical and scientific students in, 465. college statistics of, 490. statistics of schools of science of, 522, 524. statistics of theological schools of, 535. practice of medicine in, 565. statistics of business colleges of. 613. statistics of nurse-training schools of, 625. statistics of institutions for the deaf and dumb of, 635. statistics of reform schools of. 646. statistics of educational benefactions in, 662, 663. statistics of public libraries in, 717. New Jersey State Normal School, statistics of, 324. New London, Conn., summary of school report of, 822. school statistics of, 240, 250, 272, 288. New M arket Polytechnic Institute, statistics of, 53 1 , 583. New Mexico, school statistics of, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13. comparative statistics of, 16-19. summary of school law of, 206-207. statistics of city-school finances of, 218. statistics of kindergarten training in, 235. statistics of secondary instruction in, 362, 363, 364, 365. relative number of classical and scientific stu¬ dents in, 466. practice of medicine in, 569. statistics of institutions for the deaf and dumb of, 635. statistics of Indian schools of, 658. statistics of educational benefactions in, C62, 663. statistics of public libraries in, 717. New Orleans, La., comparative school statistics of, 219. summary of school report of, 225. sehool statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 290. New Orleans (La.) University, statistics of, 498, 512. New Hochelle, N. Y., summary of school report of, 233. New South Wales, statistics of education in, 727, 729, 730. New Windsor (Md.) College, normal training at, 482. statistics of, 498, 512. New York, school statistics of, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13. comparative school statistics of, 16-19. present educational condition of, 33. school attendance in, 42-43. summary of school law of, 133-138. statistics of city-school finances of, 217. summaries of city-school reports of, 232. statistics of kindergarten training in, 235. summary of city-school statistics of, 238. statistic's of teachers’ institutes in, 309. statistics of normal schools in, 320. statistics of secondary instruction in, 362, 363, 364, 365. statistics of superior instruction in, 439. statistics of superior instruction for women in, 442. relative number of classical and scientific stu¬ dents in, 465. college statistics of, 490. statistics of schools of science of, 522, 524. statistics of theological schools of, 536. statistics of law schools in, 545. statistics of medical schools of, 549, 550. practice of medicine in, 566. statistics of business colleges of, 613. statistics of nurse- training schools of, 625. statistics of institutions for the deaf and dumb of, 635. statistics of institutions for the blind of, 641. statistics of schools for the feeble-minded of, 644. statistics of reform schools of, 646. education of Indians in, 660. statistics of educational benefactions in, 662, 663. statistics of public libraries in, 717. comparative school statistics of, 219. school statistics of, 248, 264, 280, 296. character of normal training in, 314. New York (N. Y.) College' of Dentistry, statistics of, 558. New York (N. Y.) College of Veterinary Sur¬ geons, statistics of, 559. New York Homoeopathic Medical College, statis¬ tics of, 557. New York Institution for the Blind, 640. New York Medical College and Hospital for Wo¬ men, statistics of, 557. New York (N. Y.) Polyclinic, statistics of, 557. New York (N. Y.) Post-G-raduate Medical School and Hospital, statistics of, 557. New Zealand, statistics of education in, 727, 729, 730. INDEX. 776 Newark, N. J., comparative school statistics of, 219. summary of school report of, 232. school statistics of, 248, 264, 280, 296. Newark, Ohio, summary of school report of, 234. school statistics of, 250, 266, 282, 298. Newark (N. J.) City Normal School, statistics of, 324. Newberry College, new course at, 487. statistics of, 504, 518. Newburgh, N. Y., school statistics of, 248, 264, 280, 296. Newburyport, Mass., school statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 292. Newell, M. A., State superintendent of public in¬ struction of Maryland, 46. Newport, Ky., school statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 290. Newport, It. I., summary of school report of, 235. school statistics of, 252, 268, 284, 300. Newton Mass., summary of school report of, 228. school statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 292. Newton (Mass.) Theological Institution, statistics of, 540. Niagara University, statistics of, 502, 514. Nicaragua, statistics of education in, 727, 729. No recess adopted in Newton, Mass., 228. tried at Duluth, Minn., 230. at Wilkesbarre, Pa., 235. Norfolk, Va., school statistics of, 252, 270, 286, 302. Norfolk (Va.) College for Young Ladies, statis¬ tics of, 450, 457. Normal College, Huntington, Pa., statistics of, 328. Normal department of Girls’ High School, San Francisco, Cal., statistics of, 322. Normal department of the High School, Daven¬ port, Iowa, statistics of, 322. Normal institutes in Kansas, 29, 94. Normal institutes. See also Teachers’ institutes. Normal Pedagogical Institute, statistics of, 328. Normal School, Bichland Springs, Tex., statis¬ tics of, 328. Normal-school graduates, ratio of, to new teachers required, 308. occupations of, 319. Normal-school students, number of, each year since 1880. 319. Normal-school teachers, number of, each year since 1880, 319. Normal schools in Alabama, 24. in Connecticut, 26. in New York, 33. State appropriations to, 308. classification of, 310, 313. of Massachusetts, scheme of study for, 310. courses of instruction and training in, 310. number of, each year since 1880, 319. summary of statistics of, 320, 321. statistics of, 322-329. for the colored race, 652, 655. in foreign countries, statistics of, 728, 729. See also Teachers, training of. Normal students in private academies, 366-417. in female colleges, statistics of, 445-451. in colleges, number of, 490, 495-507. Normal training in New Haven, Conn., 222. in Paola, Kans., 224. in Springfield, Ill., 224. in Haverhill, Mass., 227. in Detroit, Mich., 230. in Manchester, N. H., 231. in Saint Paul, Minn., 231. in J ersey Citv, N. J.., 232. in Pome, N. Y., 233. in Saratoga Springs, N. Y., 233. in Cincinnati, Ohio, 234. in Cleveland, Ohio, 234. in Dayton, Ohio, 234. should be distinct from general training, 313. character of, in Minnesota, 314. in Saint Louis, Mo., 314. in New York, N. Y., 314. in Philadelphia, Pa., 314. in Germany, 315. in France, 317. at Pierre Christian College, 476. at the University oi the Pacific, 476. Normal training— at University of Dakota, 477. at the University of Colorado, 477. at University of North Dakota, 477. at DePanw University, 479. in Iowa colleges, 479. at the University of Kansas, 480. in Kansas colleges, 480. in Kentucky colleges, 480. at Straight University, 481. at New Windsor College. 482. at Hillsdale (Mich.) College, 483. at College of Montana. 484. at Missouri Agricultural College, 484. in Missouri Colleges, 484. at Buchtel College, 486. at Southwest Baptist College, 484. in North Carolina colored colleges, 486. at Ohio University, 486. Normal Training and Practice Class, Portland, Me., statistics of, 322. Normal-Training Class, Paterson, N. J., statistics of, 324. Norristown, Pa., school statistics of, 250,268,284, j 300. 1 North Adams, Mass., summary of school report i of, 228. school statistics of, 24* 260, 276, 292. North Carolina, school statistics of, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13. comparative school statistics of, 16-19. present educational condition of, 34. summary of school law of, 138-141. statistic’s of city-school finances of, 218. statistics of kindergarten training in, 235. summary of city-school statistics of, 238. statistics of teachers’ institutes in, 309. statistics of normal schools in. 320, 321. statistics of secondary instruction in, 362, 363, 364, 365. statistics of superior instruction in, 439. statistics of superior instruction for women in, 442. relative number of classical and scientific stu- deuts in, 465. college statistics of, 490. statistics of schools of science of, 522. statistics of theological schools of, 536. statistics of law schools in, 545. statistics of medical schools of, 548, 549. practice of medicine in, 566. statistics of institutions for the deaf and dumb of. 635. statistics of instruction of the colored race in, 650, 655, 656. statistics of Indian schools of, 658. statistics of educational benefactions in, 602, 633. statistics of public libraries in, 717. North Carolina College, statistics of, 502, 514. North Georgia Agricultural College, statistics of, 525, 528. Northampton, Mass., school statistics of, 214, 260, 276, 292. Northeastern Ohio Normal School, statistics of, 324. Northern Hlinois Normal School, statistics of, 328. Northern Indiana Normal School, siatisties of, 328. Northwestern College, statistics of, 496, 508. Northwestern College of Dental Surgery, statis¬ tics of. 557. Northwestern M edical College of St. Joseph, Mo., statistics of, 553. Northwestern Ohio Medical College, statistics of, 555. Northwestern University, Wat oi town,Wis., phys¬ ical training at, 488. statistics of. 506, 518. Northwestern University, Evanston, III., statis¬ tics of, 494, 508. Northwestern Veterinary College, statistics of, 559. Norwalk, Conn., summary of school report of, 222. school statistics of, 240, 256, 272, 2°8. Norwalk, Ohio, school statistics of, 250, 2G6, 2S2, 298. Norway, statistics of education in, 730. INDEX, 777 Norwegian and Danish Theological School, statis¬ tics of, 538. Norwegian Luthoran College, notes from the cata¬ logue of, 479. statistics of, 496, 510. Norwich, Conn., summary of school report of, 223. school statistics of, 210, 256, 272, 288. Norwich Dnivoisity, classification of students at, 468. statistics of, 531, 533. Nova Scotia, statistics of education in, 726, 729, 730. Nurses, training of, 625-G29. schools for the training of, summary by States of, statistics of, 625. statistics of, 626-628. benefactions to institutions for, 663, 676. Nnshagak, Alaska, schools at, 752. Nuttall, L. J., superintendent of public instruc¬ tion of U tab, 46. ©. Oakland, Cal., comparative school statistics of, 219. summary of school report of, 221. school statistics of, 240, 256, 272, 288. Oberlin (Ohio) College, notes from catalogue of, 487. statistics of, 502, 516. Oconto, Wis., school statistics of, 254, 270, 286, 302. Ogden City, Utah, school statistics of, 252, 268, 286, 302. Ogden College, statistics of, 498, 510. Ogdensburgh, N. Y., school statistics of, 248, 264, 280. 296. Ogontz (Pa.) School for Young Ladies, statistics of, 448, 456. Ohio, school statistics of, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13. comparative school statistics of, 16-19. permanent school fund of, 32. present educational condition of, 35. summary of school law of, 141-145. statistics of city-school finances of, 218. summaries of city-school renorts of, 234. statistics of kindergarten training in, 235. summary of city-school statistics of, 238. statistics of teachers’ institutes in, 309. statistics of normal schools in, 320, 321. statistics of secondary instruction in, 362, 363, 364, 365. statistics of superior instruction in, 439. statistics of superior instruction for women in, 442. relative number of classical and scientific stu¬ dents in, 465. college statistics of, 490. statistics of schools of science of, 522, 524. statistics of theological schools of, 536. statistics of law schools in, 545. statistics of medical schools of, 549, 550. practice of medicine in, 566. statistics of bnsiness colleges of, 613. statistics of institutions for the deaf and dumb of, 635. statistics of institutions for the blind of, 641. statistics of schools for the feeble-minded of, 644. statistics of reform schools of, 646. statistics of instruction of the colored race in, 655. statistics of educational benefactions in, 662, 663. statistics of public libraries in, 717. Ohio College of Dental Surgery, statistics of, 558. Ohio Institution for the Blind, 640. Ohio State University, statistics of, 502, 516, 527, 529. Ohio University, normal training at, 486. notes from "the catalogue of, 486. statistics of, 502, 514. Ohio Wesleyan University, statistics of, 502, 518. Oil City. Pa., school statistics of, 250, 268, 284, 300. Olivet (Mich.) College, statistics of, 498, 512. Omaha. Nebr., school statistics of, 246, 262, 278, 296. Omaha (Nebr.) Medical College, statistics of, 554. Ontario, statistics of education in. 726, 729,730. Orange, N.J., summary of school report of, 282, school statistics of, 248, 264, 280, 296. Oregon, school statistics of, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13. comparative school statistics of, 16-19. present educational condition of, 35. summary of school law of, 145-147. statistics of city-school finances of, 218. statistics of kindergarten training. 235. summaries of city-school reports of, 235. summary of city-school statistics of, 238. statistics of teachers’ institutes in, 309. statistics of normal schools in, 320. statistics of secondary instruction in, 362, 363, 364, 365. statistics of superior instruction in, 439. statistics of superior instruction lor women in, 442. relative number of classical and scientific students in, 466. college statistics of, 490. statistics of schools of science of, 522. statistics of lawr schools in, 545. statistics of medical schools of, 549. practice of medicine in, 566. statistics of business colleges of, 613. statistics of institutions for the deaf and dumb of, 635. statistics of institutions for the blind of, 641. statistics of Indian schools of, 658. statistics of educational benefactions in, 662, 663. statistics of public libraries in, 717. Oregon State Normal School, statistics of, 324. Oregon State University, notes from the catalogue of, 487. Orr, Gnstavus J., State school commissioner of Georgia, 46. Oshkosh, Wis., summary of school report of,237. school statistics of, 254. 270, 286, 302. Oskaloosa, Iowa, school statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 290. Oskaloosa (Iowa) College, statistics of, 496, 510. Oswego, N. Y., summary of school report of, 233. school statistics of, 248, 264, 280, 296. Ottawa, Ill , summary of school report of, 224. school statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 290. Ottawa, Kans., school statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 290. Ottawa (Kans.) University, normal training at, 480. statistics of, 496, 510. Otterbein University, statistics of, 502, 516. Ottumwa, Iowa, school statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 200. Over-pressure in schools of San Francisco, Cal., 221. Owensborongh, Ky., school statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 290. Oxford (Ohio) Female College, statistics of, 448, 455. P. Pacific Methodist College, statistics of. 494, 508. Pacific Theological Seminary, statistics of, 537. Pacific University and Tualatin Academy, sta¬ tistics of, 502. 516. Packer Collegiate Institute, statistics of. 448, 455. Padua, Italy, statistics of education in, 73‘2. Palermo, Italy, statistics of education in, 732. Palmer, Solomon, State superintendent of educa¬ tion of Alabama, 40. Palmer. Mass., school statistics of, 244, 260. 276, 292. Paola, Kans., summary of school report of. 224. Pardee Scientific Department of Lafayette Col¬ lege, statistics of, 531, 533. Paris, France, statistics of education in, 731. Parkersburgh. W. Va., school statistics of, 254, 270, 286. 302. Parkersburgh (W. Ya.) Female Seminary, statis¬ tics of, 450, 457. Parma, Italy, statistics of education in, 732. Parochial schools reduce attendance in the public schools of Canton, Mass., 226. of Fitchburgh, Mass., 226. of New Bedford, Mass., 228. of Woburn, Mass., 229. of Manchester, N. H., 231. of Portland, Oreg., 235. 778 INDEX. Parson’s College, statistics of, 496, 510. Passaic, N. J.. School statistics of, 248, 264, 280, 206. Paterson, N. J., comparative school statistics of, 210. summary of school report of, 232. school statistics of, 248, 264, 280, 296. Patterson, James W., State superintendent of pub¬ lic instruction of New Hampshire. 46. Pavia, Italy, statistics of education in, 732. Pawtucket, ft. I., summary of school report of, 236. school statistics of, 2d2, 268, 284, 300. Pay of teachers in Pennsylvania, 36. See Teachers’ salaries. Peabody, Mass., summary of the schoolreport of, school statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 292. Peabody fund in Georgia, 27. amount appropriated to teachers’ institutes from, 309. disbursements from, 651. Peabody Normal Seminary, statistics of, 328. Peace Institute, statistics of, 448, 455. Penmanship, educational publications of tbeyear on, 702. Penn College, statistics of, 496, 510. Pennington (N. J.) Seminary, statistics of, 448,455. Pennsylvania, school statistics of, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13. comparative school statistics of, 16-19. present educational condition of, 35. summary of school law of, 147-150. statistics of city-school finances of, 217. statistics of kindergarten training in, 235. summaries of city-school reports of, 235. summary of city-school statistics of, 238. statistics of teachers’ institutes in, 309. statistics of normal schools in, 320, 321. statistics of secondary instruction in, 362, 363, 364, 365. statistics of superior instruction in, 440. statistics of superior instruction for women in, 442. relative number of classical and scientific students in, 465. college statistics of, 490. statistics of schools of science of, 522, 524. statistics of theological schools of, 536. statistics of law schools in, 545. statistics of medical schools of, 549, 550. practice of medicine in, 566. statistics of business colleges of, 613. statistics of nurse-training schools of, 625. statistics of institutions for the deaf and dumb of, 635. statistics of institutions for the blind of, 641. statistics of schools for the feeble-minded of, 644. statistics of reform schools of, 646. statistics of instruction of the colored race in, 655. statistics of Indian schools of, 658. statistics of educational benefactions in, 662, 663. statistics of public libraries in, 717. Pennsylvania College, classification of students at, 469. statistics of. 504, 516. Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery, statis¬ tics of, 558. Pennsylvania Female College, statistics of, 448, 456. Pennsylvania Military Academy, classification ox students at, 469. statistics of, 504. 516. Pennsylvania Oral School for the Deaf, 634. Pennsylvania State College, classification of stu¬ dents at, 470. statistics of, 527, 529. Pennsylvania State Normal School, Mansfield, Pa., fifth district, statistics of, 324. Pennsylvania State Normal School and Blooms- burgh (Pa.) Literary Institute, statistics of, 324. Pennsylvania State Normal School, second dis¬ trict, Millers ville, Pa., statistics of, 324. Peoria, Ill., school statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 290. Pepper, Dr. William, extract from report of, 472. Periodicals, educational, statistics of, 710-715. Perkins Institution for the Blind, 640. Perth Amboy, N. J., school statistics of, 248, 264, 280, 296. Peru, Ill., school statistics ot, 242, 258, 274, 290. Peru, Ind., school statistics of, 242, 258, 274. 290. Perugia, Italy, statistics of education in, 732. Petersburgh. Va.. school statistics of, 252, 270, 286, 302, Pharmaceutical department of State University of Iowa, statistics of, 559. Pharmacy, schools of. See Medical schools. Philadelphia, Pa., comparative school statistics of, 219. school statistics of, 250, 268, 284, 300. character of normal training in, 314. public kindergartens in, 333. Philadelphia (Pa.) College of Pharmacy, statis¬ tics of, 559. Philadelphia (Pa.) Dental College and Hospital of Orjil Surgery, statistics of, 558. Philadelphia (Pa.) Normal School for Girls, sta¬ tistics of, 324. Philadelphia (Pa.) Polyclinic and College for Graduates in Medicine, statistics of, 557. Philadelphia (Pa:) Seminary, statistics of, 450, 456. Philadelphia (Pa.) Theological Seminary of Saint Charles Borromeo, statistics of, 543. Philander Smith College, statistics of, 494, 508. Phillipsbnrgh, N. J.. school statistics of, 248, 264, 280, 296. Phcenixville, Pa., school statistics of, 252, 268, 2S4* 300. Physical training in Moline, Ill., 224. at Arkansas Industrial University, 47G. at Napa College, 476. at Santa Clara College, 476. at Tale College, 477. at Georgetown College, 478. at Bates College, 482. at Bowdoin College, 482. compulsory at Amherst College, 483. at Central'College, 484. at Missouri Agricultural College, 484. at Cornell University, 485. at Dickinson College, 487. at Itaeine College, 488. at Northwestern University, 488. for defective children, 634. at the Perkins Institution for the Blind, 640. Physiology, instruction in, in Bhode Island, 36. text-books of the year on, 702. See also Temperance instruction. Physics. See Natural philosophy. Physio-Medical College of Indiana, statistics of, 557. Phvsio-Medical Institute, statistics of, 557. Pickett, Jos. D., State superintendent of public instruction of Kentucky, 46. Pierce Christian College, notes from the catalogue of, 476. statistics of. 494, 508. Pierre University, statistics of, 494, 598. Pio Nono College, statistics of, 494, 508. Piqua, Ohio, school statistics of 250, 266, 282. 238. Pisa, Italy, statistics of education in, 732. Pittsburgh, Pa., comparative school statistics of, 219. school statistics of, 252, 268, 284, 300. Pittsburgh (Pa.) College of Pharmacy, statistics of, 559. Pittsfield, Mass., summary of the school report of, 229. school statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 292. Pittstou. Pa., school statistics of, 252, 268, 284,300. Plainfield, N. J., school statistics of, 248, 264, 280, 296. Plymouth, Mass., school statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 292. Plymouth, Pa., school statistics of, 252, 268, 284, 300. Plymouth (N. C.) State Colored Normal School, statistics of, 324. Political economy, text-hooks of the year on, 704. Political education, promotion of, 743-747. Polytechnic School of Washington University, statistics of, 530, 532. Pomeroy, Ohio, school statistics of, 230, 266, 2S2, 298. INDEX. 779 Population of tlie different States, 5. 0 to 14 years, proportion of to total population, 16, 20. liow computed for this report, 22. of cities, 240-254. Port Huron. Mich., school statistics of, 240, 202, 278, 294. Port Jervis, X. Y., school statistics of, 248, 204, 280, 290. Portland, Me., summary of school report of, 225. school statistics of, 242, 260, 276 292. Portland, Oreg., comparative school statistics of, 219. summary of school report of, 235. school statistics of. 250, 200, 282, 298. Portland (Me.) School for Medical Instruction, sta¬ tistics of, 551. Portsmouth, X. JEL, summary of school report of, 231. school statistics of, 24G, 262, 280, 296. Portsmouth, Ohio, school statistics of, 250, 206, 280, 298. Portsmouth, Va., school statistics of, 252, 270, 286, 302. Pottstown, Pa., school statistics of, 252, 268, 284, 300. Pottsville, Pa., school statistics of, 252, 268, 284, 300. Poughkeepsie, X. Y., summary of school report of, 233. school statistics of, 248, 264, 280, 296. Powell, Wm. B., superintendent of district schools of District of Columbia, 46. Prague (Bohemian), Austria, statistics of educa¬ tion in, 732. Prague (German), Austria, statistics of education in, 732. Preparatory courses, summary of all students in, 363. Preparatory schools, general character of, 360. geographical distribution of, 360. distribution of pupils in, 361. statistics of, for ten years, 364. summary of statistics of, 365. statistics of, 426-435. relation of the Harvard requirements to, 471. Presbyterian Theological Seminary of the Xorth- west, statistics of, 538. Presnell, Henderson, referred to, xxi. Preston, J. R., State superintendent of education of Mississippi, 46. Primary instruction in France, 739. Primary schools. See Elementary instruction. Prince Edward Island, statistics of education in, 726, 729, 730. Pritchett School Institute, statistics of, 500, 514. Private school enrolment in cities, statistics of, 257-271. Private schools, statistics of enrolment in, by States, 8. in Ohio, 35. in Georgia, 75. See also Parochial schools. Professional instruction, 534-569. See also Superior instruction. Professors. See Instructors. Property, value of, by cities, 289-303. of normal schools, value of, 323-329. of institutions for the superior instruction ol women, value of, 442, 452-457. Of colleges, value of, 491, 509-519. of schools of science, value of, 522-524, 528-533. of theological schools, statistics of, 535-543. of law schools, value of, 545-547. of medical schools, value of, 548-559. of institutions for the deaf and dumb, value of, G35, 637. of institutions for the blind, value of, 641-643. See also School property. Protestant Episcopal Theological Seminary of Virginia, statistics of, 543. Providence. E. I., school statistics of, 252, 268, 281, 300. Prussia, normal training in, 315. statistics of education in, 726, 728, 730. Public-school system, growth of, in Indiana, 29. scope of, in Michigan, 31. Public schools, growing sentiment in favor of. in Arkansas, 24. classification of, in Missouri, 31. popularity of, in Galveston, Tex., 237. adoption of kindergarten methods in, 333. for the colored race, statistics of, 050. See also Common schools and Free schools. Publications, educational, {summary by States and subjects of, 677. classified list of, 677-708. Publications of the Bureau, ix. Pulte Medical College, statistics of, 557. Pupils, total number of, xiii. average number to each teacher, 17. number to each teacher of, from 1876 to 1886, 21. number to eaoh. teacher in Pennsylvania, 35. to a teacher, average number of, by cities, 256-270. in normal schools, statistics of. 322-329. in kindergartens, number of, 334, 336-353. in kindergarten training schools, number of, 335, 355-356. in preparatory schools, classification of, 361. in private academies, statistics of, 362, 364,366- 425. receiving secondary instruction, general sum¬ mary of all, 362. in preparatory courses, general summary of all, 363. in preparatory schools, number of, for ten years, 364. in preparatory schools, statistics of, 365, 426-435. in art schools, 604-605. in institutions for the colored race, statistics of, 652-655. See also Students. Purdue University, statistics of, 526, 528. Q. uebec, statistics of education in, 726, 729, 730. neensland, statistics of education in, 727, 729, 730. Quincy, Ill., summary of school report of, 224. school statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 290. Quincy, Mass., school statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 292. Quincy (Ill.) College of Medicine Chaddock Col¬ lege, statistics of, 553. B, Racine, Wis., school statistics of, 254, 270, 286, 302. Racine (Wis.) College, physical training at, 488. statistics of, 506, 518. Raliwav, X. J., SGhool statistics of, 248, 264, 230, 296. Raleigh, X. C., school statistics of, 248, 264, 282, 298. Randolph, Mass., summary of school report of, 229. Randolph Macon College, notes from the cata¬ logue of, 488. statistics of, 506, 518. Readers, list of new, 705. Reading, Pa., school statistics of, 252, 26S, 284, 300. Reading circles in Indiana, 28. in Michigan, 31. Receipts, statistics of. by States, 10. of city schools, 217-218, 273-287. Red Wing. Minn., school statistics of, 246, 2G2, 278. 294. RedWing (Minn.) Xorwegian Evangelical Lath* eran Seminary, statistics of, 540. Reform schools, summary, by States, of statistics of, 6t6. statistics of, 647-648. Reformatory training in Xebraska, 23. in Michigan, 115. See also Delinquent children. Reform school for truants recommended in Xew York, 43. Religious denomination of colleges, 509-510. 780 INDEX, Religious exercises at Harvard, compulsory at¬ tendance at, 482. Rensselaer Poly technic Institu te, classification of students &t 4G9. statistics of, 531, 533. Revenue for school purposes, in Alabama, 48, 49. in Arkansas, 52. See also School taxes and School fund. Rev. Dr. and Mrs. Charles H. Gardner’s Boarding and Day School for Young Ladies, statistics of, 448, 455. Rhode Island, school statistics of, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13. comparative school statistics of, 16-19. present educational condition of, 36. summary of school law of, 150-153. statistics of city-school finances of, 217. statistics of kindergarten training in, 235. summaiies of city-school reports of, 235. summary of city -school statistics of, 238. statistics of normal schools in, 320. statistics of secondary instruction in, 362, 363, 364, 365. statistics of superior instruction in, 440. relative number of classical and scientific stu¬ dents in, 465. college statistics of, 490. statistics of schools of science of, 522. practice of medicine in, 567. statistics of business colleges of, 613. statistics of nurse-training schools of, 625. statistics of institutions for the deaf and dumb of, 635. statistics of reform schools of, 646. statistics of public libraiies in, 717. Rhode Island State Formal School, statistics of, 324. Rice, James H., superintendent of public educa¬ tion of South Carolina, 46. Richmond, Ind., school statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 290. Richmond, Va., comparative school statistics of, 219. school statistics of, 254, 270, 286, 302. Richmond (Va.) College, statistics of, 506, 518. Richmond (Va ) Female Institute, statistics of, 450, 457. Richmond (Ind.) Formal School, statistics of, 328. Richmond (Va.) Theological Seminary, statistics of, 543. Ridgeviile (Ind.) College, statistics of, 496, 510. Riley, Hon. John B., extracts from report of, 657. Rio ae Janeiro, Brazil, statistics of education, 731. Rio Grande (Ohio) College, statistics of, 502, 516. Ripon (Wis ) College, statistics of, 506,518. Roanoke College, notes from the catalogue of, 488. statistics of, 506, 518. Roanoke Female College, statistics of, 450, 457. Robinson Female Seminary, statistics of, 448, 455. Rochester, Minn., school statistics of, 246, 262, 278, 294. Rochester, F. H., school statistics of, 246, 262, 280, 296. Rochester, F. Y., school statistics of, 248, 264, 280, 298. Rochester (F. Y.) Theological Seminary, statistics of, 541. Rock Hill College, statistics of, 498, 512. Rock Island, Hi., school statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 290. Rockford. HI., summary of school report of, 224. school statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 290. Rockford (Ill.) Seminary, statistics of, 444, 453. Rockland, Me., school statistics of, 242, 250, 276, 292. Rockland, Mass., summary of school report of, 229. school statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 294. Roger Williams University, statistics of, 504. 518. Rollinsford, F. H.. summary of school report of, 232. Rome, Italy, statistics of education in, 732. Rome, X. Y., summary of school report of, 233. school statistics of, 248, 264, 280, 298. Rome (Ga.) Female College, statistics of, 444, 453. Rose Polytechnic Institute, statistics of, 530, 532. Rostock, Germany, statistics of education in, 733. Rush Medical College, statistics of, 552. Russell, A. J.. State superintendent of public instruction of Florida, 46. Russia, university statistics of 732. statistics of education in, 726, 728, 730. Rust Formal School, statistics of, 328. Rust University, statistics of, 500, 512. Rutgers College, classification of students at, 469. notes from the catalogue of, 485. statistics of, 500, 514. Rutherford (X. C.) College, statistics of, 502, 514. Rutgers Female College, classification of students at, 469. Rutgers. Scientific School, statistics of. 527, 529. Rutland, Vt., school statistics of, 252, 270, 286, 302. S. Saco, Me., summary of school report of, 225. school statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 292. Sacramento, Cal., comparative school statistics of, 219. school statistics of, 240, 256, 272, 288. Saginaw, Mich., school statistics of, 246, 262, 278, 294. St. Agnes’ School, statistics of, 448, 455. St. Albans, Vt., school statistics of, 252, 270, 286, 302. St. Benedict’s College, Atchison, Earns., statistics of, 496, 510. St. Benedict’s College, Few ark, F. J., statistics of, 500, 514. St. Bonaventure’s College, classification of stu¬ dents at, 468. statistics of, 500, 514. St. Bonaventure’s Seminary, statistics of, 541. St. Catherine’s Formal Institute, statistics of 328. St. Catherine’s Female Academy, statistics of, 446, 453. St. Cecilia’s Academy, statistics of, 450, 456. St. Charles, Mo., school statistics of, 246, 262, 278, 294. St. Charles Borromeo Theological Seminary, sta¬ tistics of, 541. St. Charles’ College, statistics of, 498, 512. St. Clara Academy, statistics of, 450, 457. St. Francis College, Brooklyn, F. Y., classifica¬ tion of students at, 4G9. statistics of, 500, 514. St. Francis College. Loretto, Pa., classification of students at, 470. St. Francis Solanus College, statistics of, 496, 508. St. Helen's Hall, statistics of, 448, 455. St. Ignatius College, statistics of, 494, 508. St. John’s College, classification of students at, 469. statistics of, 498, 512. St. John’s University, notes from the catalogue of, 483. statistics of, 498, 512. ecclesiastical course, statistics of, 540. St. Johnsbury, Vt., school statistics of, 252, 270, 286, 302. St. Joseph, Mo., summary of school report of, 231. school statistics of, 246, 262, 278, 294. St. Joseph (Mo.) Medical College, statistics of, St. Joseph’s College, Bardstown, Ky., statistics of, 49G, 510. St. Joseph’s College, Cincinnati, Ohio, statistics of, 502, 514. St. Joseph’s Diocesan College, statistics of, 496, 510. St. Joseph’s Provincial Seminary, statistics of, 541. St. Lawrence University, classification of students at, 469. statistics of, 500, 514. St. Louis, Mo., comparative school statistics of, 219. school statistics of, 246, 262, 278, 294. kindergarten methods in public schools of, 333. St. Louis College, classification of students at. 4G9. St. Louis (Mo.) College of Pharmacy, statistics of, 559. INDEX, 781 St. Louis (Mo.) College of Physicians and Sur¬ geons, statistics of, 554. St. Louis (Mo.) Law School, Washington Univer¬ sity, stat istics of, 547. St. Louis (Mo.) Medical College, statistics of, 554. St. Louis (Mo.) Normal School, character of work at, 314. St. Louis (Mo.) Post-Graduate School of Medicine, statistics of, 557. St. Louis Seminary, statistics of, 446, 454. St. Louis (Mo.) University, statistics of, 500, 514. St. Mary’s (Kans.) College, statistics of, 496, 510. St. Mary’s (Ky.) College, statistics of, 498, 510. St. Mary’s Hall, statistics of, 446, 454. St. Mary’s School, statistics of, 444, 453. St. Marv’s Theological Seminary, statistics of, 541. St. Meiurad’s (Ind.) College, statistics of, 496, 510. St. Meinrad’s (lnd.) Ecclesiastical Seminary, sta¬ tistics of, 539. St. Paul, Minn., summary of school report of, 231. school statistics of. 246, 262, 278, 294. St. Paul (Minn.) Medical College, statistics of, 553. St. Paul (Minn.) Medical College, Department of Dentistry, statistics of, 558. St. Stephen’s College, classification of students at, 468. library of, 486. statistics of, 500, 514. St. Viateur’s College, statistics of, 494, 508. St. Vincent’s College, Los Angeles, CaL, statistics of, 494, 508. St. Vincent’s College, Cape Girardeau, Mo., sta¬ tistics of, 500, 512. St. Vincent’s College, Beatty, Pa., statistics of, 502, 516. St. Vincent’s College and Theological Seminary, statistics of, 540. St. Vincent Seminary, statistics of, 543. St. Xavier College, notes from the catalogue of, 486. statistics of, 502, 514. Salado (Tex.) College, statistics of, 506, 518. Salaries of city hign-school principals, 257-271. of city school superintendents, 257-271. of normal-school teachers in Prussia, 316. of teachers of colored schools, 650. See also Teachers’ salaries. Salary paid pupil nurses, 626-628. Salem, Mass., school statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 294. Salem, X. J., school statistics of, 248, 264, 280, 296. Salem, Ohio, school statistics of, 250, 266, 280, 298. Salem (Indian) School, statistics of, 657. Sam Houston Normal Institute, 162. Sam Houston State Normal School, Huntsville, Tex., statistics of, 324. San Antonio, Tex., school statistics of, 252, 268, 286, 302. San Francisco, Cal., comparative school statistics of, 219. summary of school report of, 221. school statistics of, 240, 256, 272, 288. kindergartens in, 333. San Francisco (Cal.) Theological Seminary, sta¬ tistics of, 537. San Joaquin Valley College, statistics of, 494, 508. San Jos6, Cal., comparative school statistics of, 219. summary of school report of, 221. school statistics of, 240, 256, 272, 288. Sandusky, Ohio, summary of school report of, 235. school statistics of, 250, 266, 280, 298. Santa Clara (Cal.) College, notes from the cata¬ logue of, 476. statistics of, 494, 508. Santa Bosa (Cal.) Ladies’ College, statistics of 444, 452. Saratoga Springs, N. Y., summary of school re¬ port of, 233. school statistics of, 248, 264, 280, 298. Sassari, Italy, statistics of education in, 732. Saturday Normal School, Charleston, S. C., statis¬ tics of, 324. Savannah. Ga., summary of school report of, 223. school statistics of, 240, 256, 272, 2S8. Savings banks for schools in Nebraska, 32. Saxe- Weimar, statistics of education in, 726, 728, 730. Saxony, normal training in, 317. statistics of education in, 720, 728, 730. Sayre Female Institute, statistics of, 446, 453. Scuenectadv, N. Y., school statistics of, 248, 264, 280, 298. Schofield Normal and Industrial School, statistics of, 328. Scholarship, need of a stimulus to, in law and medicine, xv. Scholarship system at Johns Hopkins University, 475. Scholarships of female colleges, statistics of, 452- 457. in colleges, number of, 508-518. in schools of science, number of, 522-524, 528-533. Scholasticate of the Congregation of The Most Holy Redeemer, Mount St. Clement, statis¬ tics of, 539. School age of the different States, 5. changes in, 6. in Kansas, 94. in Kentucky, 99. in Louisiana. 100. in Maine, 102. in Maryland, 104. in Massachusetts, 107. in Minnesota, 115. in Mississippi, 118. in Missouri, 120. in Nebraska, 122, in Nevada, 124. in New Jersey, 130, 131. in New York, 133. in North Carolina, 138. in Ohio, 144. in Oregon, 145. in Pennsylvania, 148. in Tennessee, 156. in Virginia, 172. in West Virginia, 181. in Wisconsin. 183. in Arizona, 190. in Montana, 204. in New Mexico, 207. in Washington Territory, 212. in foreign countries, 728, 729. in foreign cities, 731. See also School population. School census of Alabama, 47. of California, 55. of Florida, 74. of Indiana, 83. of Iowa, 88. of Louisiana, 100. of Maine, 102. of Massachusetts, 107. of Michigan, 111. of Mississippi. 118. of Missouri, 120. of Nebraska, 122. of Nevada, 124. of New Jersey, 131. of New York, 134. of North Carolina, 138. of Oregon, 145. of Rhode Island, 151. of Tennessee. 156. of Texas, 160, 162. of Arizona, 190. of Dakota, 196. of New Mexico, 207. See also School population. School districts in Arkansas, 50. in Delaware, 66, 67. in Iowa, S8, 87. in Kansas, 92. in Kentucky, 98. in Michigan, 112. in Mississippi, 117. in New Hampshire, 127. in Ohio, 141. in Pennsylvania, 147. in Texas, 160. in New Mexico, 206. School fund, permanent, value per capita of aver- age attendance, 18, 20. value per capita of population, 18, 20. 782 INDEX. School fund— Continued, of Georgia, 27. of Colorado, 32, 59. of Indiana, 32. of Iowa, 32. of Kansas, 32,90. of Michigan, 32, 110. of Minnesota, 32, 116. of Nebraska, 32, 122. of Ohio, 32, 141. of Missouri, 32, 120. of Tennessee, 32, 157. of Wisconsin, 32, 182, 184. of Arkansas, 52. of California, 55, 56. of Delaware, 70, 72. of Kentucky, 96. of Massachusetts, 107. of Mississippi, 118. of Nevada, 125. of New Hampshire, 127. of New Jersey, 131, 132, 133. of New York, 134,135. of North Carolina, 139, 140. of Oregon, 145, 146, 147. of Rhode Island, 151. of Texas, 159. of Vermont, 164. of Virginia, 169, 170. of West Virginia, 176, 177. of Dakota, 195, 198, 199. of Montana, 202, 203. of Utah, 208. of Washington Territory, 210. See also Revenue. Schoolfunds, permanent, statisticsof, by States, 13. School-houses, number of, by cities, 257-271. value of, by cities, 272-286. School journals. See Periodicals. School lands in Alabama, 48. School law, summary of, by States, 47-214. School libraries in West Virginia, 38. in California, 57. in Kentucky, 98. in Missouri, 121. in Ohio, 143. in Wisconsin, 186. in Arizona, 192. in Dakota, 194. statistics of, by cities, 257-271. expenditure for, by cities, 273-287. See also Libraries. School library of Crown Point, Ind., 224. of Ottawa, Ill., 224. of Rockford, Ill., 224. of Brimfield, Mass., 226. of Ludington, Mich., 230. of Minneapolis, Minn., 231. of Oswego, N. Y., 233. of Poughkeepsie, N. Y., 233= of Dayton, Ohio, 234. School managennsit, publications of the year on, 705." School of all Sciences (Boston University), sta¬ tistics of, 530, 532. School of Civil and Military Engineering (Wash¬ ington and Lee University), statistics of, 531, 533. School of Civil Engineering of Union College, sta¬ tistics of, 531, 533. School of Engineering and Chemistry (Western Universitv of Pennsylvania), statistics of, 531, • 533. School of Law and Equity (Washington and Lee University), statisticsof, 547. School of Law of South Carolina College, statis¬ tics of, 547. School of Law of the University of Maryland, statistics of, 547. School of Mines of Columbia College, statisticsof, 531, 533. School of Pharmacy, Purdue University, statis¬ tics of. 559. School of Pharmacy of the University of Michi¬ gan, statistics of, 559. School of Practical, Civil, Mining, and Mechanical Engineering, Surveying, and Drawing, San Francisco, Cal., statistics of, 530, 532. School of Theology (Adrian College), statistics of 540. School of Theology of De Pauw University, sta¬ tistics of, 539. School officers of Alabama, 48, 49, 50. School population, by States, 5. of Alabama, 47. of Arkansas, 51. of California, 55. of Colorado, 58. of Connecticut, 62. of Florida, 72, of Georgia, 75. of Illinois, 77. of Vermont, 163. of cities, 241-255. Indian, 658. of Scotland, 725. of Hungary, 725. of foreign countries, 728-729. See also School census and School age. School property, value of, by States, 13. value per capita of average attendance, 17, 20. value per capita of population, 17, 20. ratio of, to total property, 18, 20. in North Carolina, 34. of cities, summarized by States, 217-218. value of, by cities, 272-286. of private academies, 364, 366, 417. of preparatory schools, 365, 426-435. See also Property. School system of Ohio, 35. of Iowa, scope of, 85. scope of, in Kansas, 90. School tax in Arkansas, 52. in California, 55-58. in Florida, 74. See also School fund. School taxes in Colorado, 61. in Connecticut, 62, 65. in Delaware, 67, 70. in Georgia, 75. in Illinois, 78, 80. in Indiana, 81, 83-84. in Iowa, 87. in Kentucky, 97. in Louisiana, 100, 102. in Maine, 103, 104. in Maryland, 105. in Minnesota, 117. in Mississippi, 118, 120. in Missouri, 122. in Nebraska, 122-124. in Nevada, 125, 126. in Pennsylvania, 150. in Rhode Island, 153. in South Carolina, 154. in Tennessee, 157, 158. in Vermont, 164-166. in West Virginia, 179. in Wisconsin, 186. in Arizona, 190-191. in Dakota, 193. statistics of, by cities, 289-303. School term, uniform, required, 44. in Alabama, 47. in Arkansas, 51. in California, 54. in Colorado, 58. in Connecticut, 62. in Florida, 72. in Georgia, 75. in Dlinois, 77. in Iowa, 88. in Kansas, 95. in Kentucky, 99. in Louisiana, 102. in Maine, 102. in Maryland, 104. in Massachusetts, 107. in Minnesota, 115. in Mississippi, 118. in Missouri, 120. in Nebraska, 122. in Nevada, 124. in New Jersey, 131. in New York, 134. in North Carolina, 138. INDEX. 783 School form— Continued, in Ohio, 144. in Oregon. 145. in Penua.\ lvanin, 148. in Rhode Inland, 151. in South Carolina, 153. in Tennessee, 156. in Texas, 162. in Vermont, 163. in West Virginia, 181. in Arizona, 190. in the Cherokee Xation, 202. in Montana, 205. in Utah, 208. in Washington Territory, 213. of schools of science, 52S-533. of colored schools, 650. See also Duration of schools. School year, date of commencement of in the dif¬ ferent States, 5. Schools, total number of, xiii. location of, in Alabama, 47. number of, by cities, 256-270. dnration of. See Duration of schools. Schools of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Mining, and Metallurgy (Lehigh Univer- : sity), statistics of, 531, 533. Science. ‘ number of students in schools of, by States, 439. schools of, 520-533. statistics of schools of, for ten years, 521. schools of, summary of statistics of, 522-524. benefactions to schools of, 683, 673. text-books of the year on. 688. instruction in, in Great Britain, 733, 736, 738. time given to. in English schools, 737-738. schools of. See Land-grant schoois. Science department, Swartkmore College, statist- ; ics of, 531, 533. Science Hill School, statistics of, 446, 453. Scientific course of preparatory schools, number of students in, 361. Scientific department, University of the City of Xew York, statistics of. 531, 533. Scientific department, University of Virginia, statistics of. 531, 533. Scientific instruction, increasing demand for, 361. ' Scientific students, statistics showing relative ! number of. 465-466. statistics showing increase of, 468-470. in foreign countries, 732. Scio (Ohio) College, statistics of. 502, 516. Scotland, school population of. 725. statistics of education in. 726, 728, 730. secondary education in, 736. Scott Manual-Training School (Toledo Univer¬ sity). statistics of. 602, 603. Scranton, Pa., school statistics of, 252, 26S, 284, 300. j Seabury Divinity School, statistics of, 540. Seattle. Wash. Territory, school statistics ot, 254, j 270, 286. 302. Secondary education, legal provisions for, in Col- j orado, 60. in Connecticut, 63. in Georgia, 76. in Illinois, 79. in Xevada, 125. in Ohio, 144. in Virginia, 173. in Utah, 208. general character of, 359. general summary of all pupils receiving, 362. • number of institutions for. 302, 364. number of teachers and pupils in institutions 1 for, 362, 364. summary of statistics of schools for, 364. statistics of schools for, 366-425. . of the colored race, institutions for. 652, 655. ; benefactions to institutions for, GG2, 664-667. in Great Britain, 734. See also High schools and Preparatory schools. ; Scdalia, Mo., school statistics of, 246. 262, 278, 294. j Selma. Ala., school statistics of. 240. 256, 272, 288. ! Selma (Ala.) University, statistics of, 538. Seminary of OnrLaayof Angels, statistics of, 541. j Seminary of St. Francis of Sales (Wisconsin) sta- j tistics of, 543. Seminole Nation, education in, 660. Separate schools, law of, in Alabama, 47. in ArkansHS, 51. in California, 55. iu Delaware, 72. iu Georgia, 75. in Indiana, 83. in Mississippi, 117. in Missouri, 120. in Xew York, 133, 134. in Ohio, 144. in Tennessee, 15G. in Texas, 159, 162. in Virginia, 172. in West Virginia, 177. in Montana, 204. See also Colored race. Session, continuous, adopted in Canton, Mass., 226. in Pawtucket, It. L, 230. Sewing taught iu Lawrence, Mass., 227. in schools of Portsmouth, X. H., 231. See also Industrial training and Manual training. Seymour, Ind., school statistics of, 242, 258 , 274, 290. Shamokin, Pa., school statistics of, 252, 268, 284, 300. Sharon. Pa., school statistics of. 252, 268, 284, 300. Shaw Universitv, statistics of. 502, 514. Sheboygan, Wis., school statistics of, 254 , 270, 286, 302. Sheffield Scientific School, notes from catalogue of. 477. statistics of, 525, 528. Shelbvville (Tenn.) Female College, statistics of, 450, 456. Shenandoah, Pa., school statistics of, 252,268, 284, 300. Shepardson College, statistics of, 448, 455. Shepherd College, State Xormal School, Shep- herdstown, W. Va., statistics of. 326. Shepherdstown. W. Va., summary of school re¬ port of 237. Sherman, Tex., school statistics of; 252, 268, 286, 302. Shorter College, statistics of, 444, 453. Shurtleff College, notes from the catalogue of, 478. statistics of, 496, 510. Siena, Italy, statistics of education in, 732. Silliman Female Collegiate Institute, statistics of, 446, 453. Simpson Centenary College, normal training at, 479. Simpson College, statistics of, 496, 510. Sing Sing, X. Y., school statistics of, 248, 264, 280, m Sioux Falls. Dak., school statistics of, 240, 256, 272, 288. Sitka, Alaska, statistics of schools of, 753. Sittings, statistics of, by States, 6, 7. ratio to average attendance of, 17. ratio to enrolment of, 17. in city schools, statistics of, 257. 271. Slater fund, disbursements from, 651. Slaughter, John, superintendent of public in- ^ struction of Wyoming, 46, Smith, Miss Annie T., referred to. xxi. Smith, Col. Francis H., quoted, 607. Smith, Frank M.. State superintendent of public schools of Tennessee, 46. Smith College, character of training at, 440. Somerville, Mass., school statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 294. Somersworth, X.H., school statistics of, 246, 262, 280. 296. Soule Female College, statistics of, 450, 456. South Australia, statistics of education in, 727, 729. South Bend, Ind., summary of school report of, 224. school statistics of, 242, 258, 274. 290. South Carolina, school statistics of, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13. comparative school statistics of, 16-19. present educational condition of, 36. summary of school law of, 153, 156. statistics of city -school finances of, 218. summaries of city-school reports of, 236. 784 INDEX. South Carolina— Continued. summary of city-school statistics of, 238. statistics of teachers’ institutes in, 309. statistics of normal schools in, 320, 321. statistics of secondary instruction in, 362, 363, 364, 365. statistics of superior instruction in, 440. statistics of superior instruction for women in, 442. relative number of classical and scientific students in, 465. college statistics of, 490. statistics of schools of science of, 522, 524. statistics of theological schools of, 536. statistics of law schools in, 545. statistics of medical schools of, 549. practice of medicine in. 567. statistics of nurse-training schools of, 625. statistics of institutions for the deaf and dumb of, 635. statistics of institutions for the blind of, 641. statistics of instruction of the colored race in, 650, 655, 656. statistics of educational benefactions in, 662, 663. statistics of public libraries in, 717. South Carolina College, statistics of, 504, 518. South Carolina College of Agricul ture and the Me¬ chanic Arts, statistics of, 527, 529. South Carolina Military Academy, statistics of 531, 533. South Georgia College of Agriculture and the Me¬ chanic Arts, statistics" of, 525, 528. South Kentucky College, statistics of, 498, 510. South Kingston, R. I., school statistics of, 252, 268, 284, 300. South Pueblo, Colo., school statistics of, 240, 258, 272, 288. Southbridge, Mass., summary of school report of, 229. school statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 294. Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, statist¬ ics of, 539. Southern Female College, La Grange, Ga.. sta¬ tistics of, 444, 452. Southern Female College, Petersburgh, Va., sta¬ tistics of, 450, 457. Southern Illinois Normal University, statistics of, 322. Southern Indiana Normal School, statistics of, 328. Southern University, Greensborough, Ala., sta¬ tistics of, 494, 508. Southern Upiversity, New Orleans, La., statist¬ ics of, 498, 512. Southern Medical College, statistics of, 552. Southington, Conn., school statistics of, 240,256, 272, 288. Southwest Baptist College, notes from the cata¬ logue of, 484. statistics of, 500, 512. Southwest Georgia Agricultural College, statist¬ ics of, 525, 528. Southwestern Baptist University, statistics of, 504, 518. Southwestern Presbyterian University, statistics of, 504, 518. Southwestern State Normal School, California, Pa., statistics of, 324. Southwestern University, statistics of, 506, 518. Spanish, schools in Hew Mexico may be taught in, 207. Spellers, list of new, 707. Spencer, Mass., school statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 294. Spring Garden Institute, Philadelphia., statist¬ ics of, 531, 533. Springfield, HI., comparative school statistics of, 219. summary of school report of, 224. school statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 290. Springfield, Mass., summary of school report of, 229. school statistics of, 244, 260, 276, 294. Springfield, Mo., school statistics of, 246, 262, 278, 294. Springfield, Ohio, school statistics of, 250, 266 280, 298. Springfield (Me.) Normal School, statistics of, 328. Stamford, Conn., summary of school report of, school statistics of, 240, 256, 272, 2S8. Stanford (Ky.) Female College, statistics of, 445, 453. Starkvilte (Miss.) Female Institute, statistics of, 446, 454. Starling Medical College, statistics of, 555. State Agricultural and Mechanical College, Au¬ burn, Alabama, notes from catalogue of, 475. statistics of, 525, 528. State Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, statistics of, 527, 529. State Agricultural College, Corvallis, Oreg., sta¬ tistics of, 527, 529. State Agricultural College, Fort Collins, Colo., statistics of, 525, 528. State Agricultural College, Lake City, Fla., sta¬ tistics of, 525, 528. State board of education of California, 55. of Colorado, 59. of Connecticut, 62. of Delaware, 66. of Florida, 73. of Georgia, 75. of Indiana, 81. of Kansas, 9±. of Kentucky, 95. of Louisiana, 100. of Maryland, 104. of Massachusetts, 107. of Michigan, 109-115. of Mississippi, 118. of Missouri, 120. of Nevada, 125. of New Jersey, 131. of North Carolina, 139. of Oregon, 145. of Rhode Island, 151. of South Carolina, 154. of Texas, 159. of Virginia, 167, 168. State Colored Normal School, Fayetteville, N. C., statistics of, 324. State Colored Normal School (Albion Academy), Franklinton, N. C., statistics of, 324. State Colored Normal School, Salisbury, N. C., statistics of, 324. State Normal and Industrial School, Huntsville, Ala., statistics of. 322. State Normal and Training School, Brockport, N. Y., statistics of, 324. State Normal and Training School, Buffalo, N. Y., statistics of, 324. State Normal and Training School, Cortland, N. Y., statistics of. 324. State Normal and Training School, Farmington, Me., statistics of, 322. State Normal and Training School, Fredonia, N. Y., statistics of, 324. State Normal and Training School, Geneseo, N. Y., statistics of, 324. State Normal and Training School, New Paltz, N. Y., statistics of, 324. State Normal and Training School, Oswego, N. Y., statistics of, 324. State Normal and Training School, Potsdam, N. Y., statistics of, 324. State Normal College University of Nashville, Tenn., 176, 307. statistics of. 324 State Normal School, Albany, N. Y., course of in¬ struction at, 311. statistics of, 324. State Normal School, Bridgewater, Mass., sta¬ tistics of, 322. State Normal School, Castleton, Yt.. statistics of. 324. State Normal School, Edinburgh, Pa., statistics of, 324. State Normal School, Florence, Ala., statistics of, 322. State Normal School, Framingham, Mass sta¬ tistics of. 322. State Normal School, Gorham, Me., statistics of 322. INDEX. 785 State Normal School, Indiana, Pa., statistics of, 3*24. State Normal School, Jacksonville, Ala., statist¬ ics of, 322. State Normal School, Mankato, Minn., statistics of, 322. State Normal School, Marion, Ala., statistics of, 322. State Normal School, Oshkosh, Wis., statistics of, 320. State Normal School, Randolph, Vt., statistics of. 324. State Normal School, River Falls, Wis., statist¬ ics of. 320. State Normal School, St. Cloud, Minn., statistics of, 322. State Normal School, Salem, Mass., statistics of, 322. State Normal School, second district, Warrens- hnrgh, Mo., statistics of, 322. State Normal School, Whitewater, Wis., statist¬ ics of, 326. State Normal School, Winona, Minn., statistics of, 322. State Normal School, Worcester, Mass., statist¬ ics of, 322. State Normal School, Ypsilanti, Mich., character of training at, 313. statistics of, 322. State Normal School of Virginia, statistics of, 324. State School of Mines, Golden, Colo., statistics of, 530. 532. State school systems, statistics of, 5-13. comparative statistics of, 16-19. summary of comparative statistics of, 20. State superintendent of Alabama, 48. of Arkansas, 51. of California. 5.3. of Colorado, 50. of Delaware, 65. of Florida, 72-73. of Georgia, 75. of Illinois, 78. of Indiana. 81. of Iowa, 86. of Kansas, 90. of Kentucky, 95. of Louisiana, 100. of Maine, 102-103. of Maryland, 105. of Massachusetts, 107. of Michigan, 109-110. of Minnesota, 115. of Mississippi, 118. of Missouri, 120. of Nebraska, 122. of Nevada, 123. of New Hampshire, 127. of New Jersey, 131. of New Yorkj 134. of North Carolina, 139. of Ohio, 141. of Oregon, 145. of Pennsylvania, 143. of Rhode Island, 151. of South Carolina, 154. of Tennessee, 156. of Texas, 160. of Vermont, 104. of Virginia, 167, ICS. of West Virginia, 177. of Wisconsin, 183. of Dakota, 193. Sec also Supervision. State University of Iowa, classification of students at, 470, notes from the catalogue of, 479. statistics of, 496. 510."" State University of Nevada, statistics of, 500, 514. Statesville (N. C.) Female College, statistics of, 448,435. Statistics of education, need of more accuracy in, Staunton, Va., school statistics of, 254, 270, 2S0, 302. Staunton (Va.) Female Seminary, statistics of, 450, 457. Stephans Female College, statistics of, 416, 454. ED SG - GO Sterling, Ill., summary of school report of, 224. Steubenville, Ohio, summary of school report of, 285. school statistics of, 250, 266, 280, 298. Stevens Institute of Technology, classification of students at. 469. statistics of, 531, 532. Btewarteville (Mo.) College, statistics of, 500, 514. Stillwater, Minn., school statistics of, 240, 202, 278, 294. Stimulants and narcotics. See Temperance in¬ struction. Stockholm, Sw6don, statistics of education, 731. Stockwoll, Thos. B., commissioner of public schools of Rhode Island, 46. Stoneham, Mass., summary of school report of, 2°9. school statistics of, 244, 2C0, 278, 294. Stonington, Conn., school statistics of, 240, 256, 272, 288. Storer College, Harper’s Ferry, W. Va., statist¬ ics of, 326. Storr’s Agricultural School, statistics of, 530, 532. Stoughton, Mass., summarv of school report of, 229. school statistics of, 244, 200. 273, 294. Stoughton, Wis., summary of school report of, " 237. Straight University, notes from the catalogue of, 481. statistics of, 498, 512. Strasburg, Germany, statistics of education in, 733. Streator, HI., school statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 290. Stuart’s Female College, statistics of, 446, 453. Students in normal schools, statistics of, 320, 321. in institutions for superior instruction, gen¬ eral summarv of, 439. iu institutions for the superior instruction of Avomen, statistics of. 441, 442, 445, 451. college, ratio to population of, 467. in colleges, increase of, in ten years, 489. in colleges, statistics of, 490-491, 495-519. in schools of science, number of. 521-532. in professional schools, statistics of, by sec¬ tions, 534. in theological schools, statistics of, 535-543. in law schools, statistics of, 545-517. in medical schools, 548-559. in schools for industrial training, statistics of, 596, 600-603. in business colleges, statistics of, 012, 613, C15- 623. in foreign universities, statistics of, 732. See also Pupils. Studies of normal schools, 310-315. Studies in female colleges, number of years in the different, 452-457. Studies, conduct of, 473. Studies, conduct of, at Harvard, 432. Studies prescribed in Alabama, 48. in California, 55. in Colorado, 59. in Connecticut, 62. in Florida, 72. in Illinois, 77. in Indiana, 82. in Kansas. 95. in Kentucky, 99. in Maine, 102. in Maryland, 104. in Massachusetts, 107. in Mississippi, 118. in Nebraska, 122. in Nevada, 125. in New Jersey, 130. in New York, 134. in North Carolina, 139. iu Oregon. 145. in Pennsylvania, 148. in South Carolina, 156. in Tennessee, 156. in Texas, 162. in Vermont, 163. in Virginia, 172. in West Virginia, 181. in Wisconsin, 188. 786 INDEX, Studies prescribed— Continued, in Arizona, 190. in Dakota, 19G. in Montana, 204. in "Washington Territory, 212. in the normal schools of Prussia, 315. See also Course of instruction and Temperance instruction. Studies recommended for secondary schools in Great Britain, 735. Study, incentives to, 472. Study in English schools, distribution of the hours of, 737. Superintendents, pay of, in California, 25. how to train them, 30. of city schools, list of, 240-254. of city schools, salaries of, 257-271. Superior and professional instruction, 437-593. Superior instruction, status of, xiv. characteristic feature ofi in the United States, xv. demand for, in Kansas, 29. classification of institutions for, 439. general summary of students in institutions for, 439. See also Colleges and universities. legal provision for, in California, 56. in Colorado, 60. in Connecticut, 63. in Georgia, 76. in Iowa, 88-89. in Louisiana, 101. in Maine, 103. in Minnesota, 116. in Mississippi, 119. in Nebraska, 123. in Nevada, 125. in Now York, 136-137. in North Carolina, 140. in Ohio, 144-145. in Rhode Island, 152. in Virginia, 173-175. in West Virginia, 182. in Wisconsin, 189. in Utah, 209. Supervision, need of better, 14. Arkansas needs better, 25. defective in Maine, 29-30. local necessity of, 30. needed in Texas, 37. in Massachusetts, 43-44. in Arkansas, 51-54. in California, 55, 56, 57. in Colorado, 59, 60. in'Connecticnt, 62, 64. in Georgia, 75, 76. in Illinois, 78, 79. in Indiana, 81-82. in Iowa, 85-86. in Kansjas, 90, 91. in Kentucky, 95, 97'. in Louisiana, 100. in Maine, 102-103, 104. in Maryland, 104-106. in Massachusetts, 107, 10? in Michigan, 110, 111. in Minnesota, 115, 116, 117. in Mississippi, 118, 119. in Missouri, 120, 121. in Nebraska, 122, 123. in Nevada, 125, 126. in New Jersey, 131, 132. in New York, 134, 137. in North Carolina, 139, 140. in Oregon, 145, 146, 147. in Pennsylvania, 148, 149. in-Rhode Island, 151, 152. in South Carolina, 154, 155. in Tennessee, 156, 157, 158. in Texas, 160. in Vermont, 164, 165. in Arizona, 190, 191. expenditure for, by cities, 288, 302. See also County superintendents and State superintendents. Surveying and engineering, text-books of the year on, 708. Swain Eree School, statistics of, 446, 454. Swarthmore (Pa.) College, classification of stu¬ dents at, 470. statistics of, 504, 516. Sweden, statistics of education in, 730. university statistics of, 733. Swedish Theological Seminary, statistics of, 538. Switzerland, statistics of education in, 726, 728, 730. Synodical Female Seminary, statistics of, 444, 452. Synodical Female College, statistics of, 450, 456. Syracuse, N. Y., summary of school report of, 233. school statistics of, 248, 264, 280, 298. Syracuse (N. Y.) Training School, statistics of, 324. Syracuse (N. Y.) University, classification of stu¬ dents at, 469. statistics of, 502, 514. T. Tabor (Iowa) College, statistics of, 496, 510. Tacoma. Wash., school statistics of, 254, 270, 286, 302. Tamaqua, Pa., school statistics of, 252, 268, 284, 300. Tappan, Eli T., State commissioner of common schools of Ohio, 46. Tasmania, statistics of education in, 727, 729, 730. Taunton, Mass., summary of school report of, 229. school statistics of, 244, 260, 278, 294. Tax. See School tax. Taxation, local, changes in amounts raised by, 13. Taxes, amount raised per capita of population, 19, 20. amount raised per capita of average attend¬ ance, 19, 20. amount raised per dollar of total property, 19, 20. Teachers, total number of, xiii. statistics of, by States, 8. relative number of each sex, 10. continuity of service of, 9. need of better, 14. from 1876 to 1886, statistics of, 21. selection of, in Maine, 29. tenure of office of, in Maryland, 30. mode of appointment of, in New York, 34. sex of, in Pennsylvania, 35. improvement of, in South Carolina, 36. education of, in New York, 135. novel mode of training, in Bristol, Conn., 222. evil results of frequent changes of, 224. too frequent changes of, in Augusta, Me., 225. in city schools, statistics of, 256-270. amount paid to, by cities, 288-302. who have received normal training, number of, 307-308. in normal schools, statistics of, 320, 321. in kindergartens, number of, 334, 336-354. in kindergarten training schools, number of, 335, 355, 356. in private academies, statistics of, 362, 364, 366- 425. in preparatory schools, number of, for ten years, 364. statistics of, 365, 426-435. in institutions for the superior instruction of women, statistics of, 441, 442, 445, 451. in foreign countries, statistics of, 728-729. qualifications of, in France, 739. character of, in Argentine Republic, 740. See also Instructors. Teachers, law regarding, in Alabama, 58. in California, 58. in Colorado, 61. in Connecticut, 64. in Delaware, 65, 69. in Florida, 74. in Georgia, 76, 77. in Illinois, 80. in Indiana, 84-85. in Kansas, 94. in Kentucky, 98, 99. in Louisiana, 101. in Maine, 104. in Maryland, 106. in iviassachusetts, 109. in Michigan, 113, 114. INDEX. 787 Teachers, law rogarding— Continued, in Minnesota, 117. in Mississippi, 119. in Missouri, 121. in Nebraska, 124. in Nevada, 126. in New Jersey, 132-133. in New York, 138. in North Carolina, 140. in Ohio, 143. in Oregon, 147. in Pennsylvania, 150. in Rhode Island, 153. in South Carolina, 155 in Tennessee, 158. in Texas, 161. in Vermont, 166. in Virginia, 171. in West Virginia, 179. in Wisconsin, 187. in Arizona, 192. in Dakota, 195, 199. in the Cherokee Nation, 201. in Montana, 203. in Utah, 208. in Washington Territory, 211. in New Hampshire, 129. Teachers, training of, in Alabama, 49. in California, 56. in Colorado, 59. in Connecticut, 63. in Illinois, 78. in Indiana, 84. in Iowa, 86. in Maine, 103. in Maryland, 105. in Massachusetts, 107, 108. in Minnesota, 116. in Mississippi, 119. in Missouri, 121. in Nebraska, 123. in Nevada, 125. in New Hampshire, 129. in New Jersey, 132. in North Carolina, 139. in Oregon, 146. in Pennsylvania, 148. in Rhode Island, 152. in Tennessee, 157. in Texas, 162. in Vermont, 165. in Virginia, 171-172, 176. in West Virginia, 180. in Wisconsin, 187. in Arizona, 191. Teachers’ associations in Colorado, 25, 20. in Florida, 27. Teachers’ institutes in Alabama, 24. in Delaware, 27. in Georgia, 27. in Florida, 27. in Illinois* 78. in Michigan, 31, 113. in Kentucky, 99. in New Hampshire, 130. in Ohio, 144. in South Carolina, 156. in Dakota, 196, 200. in Montana, 204. in Washington Territory. 212. statistics of, by States, 309. Seealso Normal institutes and Teachers, train¬ ing of. Teachers’ salaries, statistics of, by States, 9. changes in, 10. in New York, 34. in the Cherokee Nation, 201. ratio to total expenditure in cities, 219, 220. in foreign countries, statistics of, 730. See also Pay of teachers and Salaries. Teaching, too much attention to new methods of, 34. system of, in New Bedford. Mass. 228. special, not a success at Cleveland, Ohio, 234. Technical training, provisions for, in New Jer¬ sey, 132. in Pennsylvania, 149. Technical Department, Saint John’s College, An¬ napolis, Md., statistics of, 530, 532. Tempcranco instruction in Alabama, 48. in Connecticut, 62. in Rhode Island, 151. in Vermont, 164. in Washington Territory, 213. Sec also Physiology and Studies prescribed. Tennessee, school statistics of, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13. comparative school statistics of, 16-19. permanent school fund of, 32. present educational condition of, 36. summary of school laws of, 156-159. statistics of city-school finances of, 218. statistics of kindergarten training in, 235. summary of city-school reports of, 236. summary of city-school statistics of, 239. statistic’s of teachers’ institutes in, 309. statistics of normal schools in, 320, 321. statistics of secondary instruction in, 362, 363, 364, 365. statistics of superior instruction iD, 440. statistics of superior instruction for women in, 442. relative number of classical and scientific stu¬ dents in, 466. college statistics of, 490. statistics of schools of science of, 522. statistics of theological schools of, 536. statistics of law schools in, 545. statistics of medical schools of, 549, 550. practice of medicine in, 567. statistics of business colleges of, 613. statistics of institutions for the deaf and dumb of, 635. statistics of institutions for the blind of, 641 . statistics of instruction of the colored race in, 650, 655, 656. statistics of educational benefactions in, 662, 663. statistics of public libraries in, 717. Tennessee Female College, statistics of, 450, 456. Term. See School term. Terre Haute, Ind., school statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 290. Territorial hoard of education of Arizona, 190. of Washington, 209. Territorial superintendent of Arizona, 190, of Dakota, 198. of Montana, 202. of Utah, 207. of Washington, 209. Texas, school statistics of, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13. comparative school statistics of, 16-19. present educational condition of, 37. summary of school law of, 159-163 statistics of school finances of, 218. statistics of kindergarten training in, 235. summary of city-school reports of, 236. summary of city- school statistics of, 239. statistics of teachers’ institutes in, 309. statistics of normal schools in, 320, 321. statistics of secondary instruction in, 362, 363, 364, 365. statistics of superior instruction in, 440. statistics of superior instruction for women in, 442. relative number of classical and scientific stu¬ dents in, 466. college statistics of, 490. statistics of schools of science of, 522. j statistics of theological schools of, 536. I statistics of law schools in, 545. i practice of medicine in. 567. statistics of business colleges of, 613. statistics of institutions for the deaf and dumb of, 635. statistics of institutions for the blind of, 644. statistics pf instruction of the colored race in, 650, 655. statistics of educational benefactions in, 662, 663. statistics of public libraries in, 717. Texas Deaf and Dumb Asylum, 634. Text-books in Arkansas, 25. in California. 25. in Indiana, 28, 82. free, advantages of, 31, 45. in West Virginia, 38, 181. free, recommended for New York, 43. 788 INDEX. Text-b ooks— C ontinn ed. free, objections to, 45. in Arkansas, 51. in California, 57. in Colorado, (50. in Connecticut, 63. in Delaware, 66, 69. in Florida, 72. in Illinois, 79. in Iowa, 88. in Kentucky, 99. in Louisiana, 101. in Maryland, 106. in Massachusetts, 108. in Minnesota, 116. in Nebraska, 123. in Nevada, 126. in New Jersey, 132. in New York, 137. in North Carolina, 140. in Ohio, 144. in Oregon, 146. in Pennsylvania, 149. in Vermont, 165. in Virginia, 167. in Arizona, 191. in Montana, 205. in Utah, 208. in Washington Territory, 213. in Canton, Mass., 226. in Clinton, Mass., 226. free, cost per scholar in Lowell, Mass., 228. amount paid for, by cities, 289-303. See also Publications. Thacher Institute, 481. statistics of, 498, 512. Thayer School of Civil Engineering, 485. statistics of, 531, 532. Theological course in Fisk University, statistics of, 543. Theological course in St. Vincent’s College, statis¬ tics of, 542. Theological Department of Biddle University, sta¬ tistics of, 541. of Bishop College, statistics of, 543. of Central Tennessee College, statistics of, 543. of Central Wesleyan College, statistics of, 540. of Concordia College, statistics of, 541. of German-English College, statistics of, 538. of German Wallace College, statistics of, 541. of Griswold College, statistics of, 539. of Hillsdale (Mich.) College, statistics of, 540. of Howard University, statistics of, 537. of Indian University, statistics of, 539. of Leland University, statistics of, 539. of Lincoln University (Pa.), statistics of, 542. of Livingston College, statistics of, 541. of Lombard University, statistics of, 538. of McKendree College, statistics of, 538. of Mercer University, statistics of, 537. of Koger Williams University, statistics of, 543. of St. Augustine's Normal School, statistics of, 541. of St. Viateur’s College, statistics of, 537. of Shaw University, statistics of, 541. of Shurtleff College, statistics of, 538. of Straight University, statistics of, 539. of Talladega (Ala.) College, statistics of, 537. of Trinity (N. C.) College, statistics of, 541. of Trinity University, statistics of, 543. of University of the Sou.th, statistics of, 543. of Ursinus College, statistics of, 542. of Vanderbilt University, statistics of, 543. of Yale University, statistics of, 537. Theological profession exerts an influence on scholarship, xv. Theological School of Cumberland University, sta¬ tistics of, 543. Theological schools, summary of statistics of, by sections, 534. statistics of, for ten years, 535. summary by States of, statistics of, 535. summary by den omi nations of, statistics of, 536. statistics of, 537-543. statistics of degrees conferred at, 590. for the colored race, 653, 655. benefactions to, 663, 673. Theological Seminary of the Evangelical Church at Philadelphia, Pa., statistics of, 543. Theological Seminary of the General Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the United States, statistics of, 542. Theological Seminary of the Presbyterian Church, statistics of, 541. Theological Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the Diocese of Ohio, statistics of, 541. Theological Seminary of the Eeformed (Dutch) Church in America, statistics of, 541. Theological Seminary of the Eeformed Church in the United States, statistics of, 542. Theological Seminary of the Eeformed Presby¬ terian Church, statistics of, 542. Theological Seminary of St. Sulpice and St. Mary’s University, statistics of, 539. Theological Seminary of the South, Newberry Col¬ lege, S. C., statistics of, 543. Theological Seminary of the United Presbyterian Church, statistics of, 542. Theological Seminary of Wilberforce (Ohio) Uni¬ versity, statistics of, 542. Theological students in foreign countries, 732. Theology, text-books of the year on, 708. Thiel College, classification of students at, 469. statistics of, 504, 516. Thomasville, (N. C.) Female College, statistics of, 448, 455. Thompson, W. E., State superintendent of public instruction of Arkansas, 46. Thompson, Conn., school statistics of, 240, 256, 272, 288. Tiffin, Ohio, school statistics of, 250. 266, 282, 298. Tilden Seminary, statistics of, 448, 455. Tillotson Collegiate and Normal Institute, statis¬ tics of, 328. Titusville, Pa., school statistics of, 252, 268, 284, 300. Toledo, Ohio, provision for a university in, 145. comparative school statistics of, 219. school statistics of, 250, 266, 282, 298. Toledo (Ohio) Medical College, statistics of, 555 Tougaloo (Miss.) University, statistics of, 322. Towne Scientific School, University of Pennsylva¬ nia, statistics of, 531, 533. Township system, recommended for Arkansas, 25. progress towards, in New England, 37. in Dakota, 39. in New Hampshire, 127-129. in Vermont, 163. in Wisconsin, 185. in Dakota, 193-194, 196. See School districts. Tree-planting in Colorado, 26. Trenton, N. J., school statistics of, 248, 264, 280, 296. Trinidad, statistics of education in, 727, 729. Trinity College, classification of students at, 468. statistics of, 494, 508. Trinity University, statistics of, 506, 518. Tri-State Normal College, statistics of, 328. Troy, N. Y., summary of school report of, 234. school statistics of, 248, 264, 280, 298. Truancy, proposed iemedy for, in New York, 33. Truants, disposition of, in Massachusetts, 30. disposal of, in Ehode Island, 152. See Compulsory attendance. Tiibingen, Germany, statistics of education in, 733. Tufts College, classification of students at, 468. notes from the catalogue of, 483. statistics of, 498, 512. Tufts College Divinity School, statistics of, 539. Tuition in normal schools, annual charge for, 323- 329. in female colleges, charge for, 452-457. in colleges, average charge for, 509-519. charge for, in schools of science, 528-533. in business colleges, charge for, 615-623. Tulane University, scheme of instruction at, 481. statistics of, 498, 512. business training at, 612. Turin, Italy, statistics of education in, 732. Tuscaloosa (Ala.) Female College, statistics of, 444, 452. | Tuskeegee (Ala.) Normal School, statistics of, 322. INDEX. 789 17. TJnpa, Alaska, statistics of schools of, 753. Union Biblical Institute, statistics of, 538. Union Biblical Seminary, statistics of, 541. Union Christian College, statistics of, 496, 510. Union City, Tenn., summary of school report of, 236. school statistics of, 252, 268, 284, 302. Union College, classification of students at, 469. statistics of, 502, 514. Union College of Law of Chicago and Northwest¬ ern Universities, statistics of, 546. Union Female College, Eufaula, Ala., statistics l of, 444, 452. Union Fonialo College, Oxford, Miss., statistics of, 446, 454. Union Theological Seminary, New York, N, Y., statistics of, 541. Union Theological Seminary, Hampden Sidney College, Va., statistics of, 543. United Presbyterian Theological Seminary of Xenia, Ohio, statistics of, 542. United States Artillery School, Fort Monroe, Va., 607. United States Military Academy, "West Point, j statistics of, 531, 533. examinations for admission to, 610. UnitcdStates Naval Academy, statistics of, 530, 532. examinations for admission to, 611. Universities, character of, 460. European, statistics of attendance at, 732-733. See also Colleges and universities and Super- | ior instruction. University extension in England, 748-749. University Law School, University of North ! Carolina statistics of, 547. University of Alabama, departments of, 464. classification of students at, 470. notes from catalogue of, 475. statistics of, 494, 508. University of California, classification of students ; at, 470. scheme of lectures and tuition at, 473. notes from the catalogue of, 476. __ statistics of. 494, 508. University of Chicago, Ill., notes from the cat¬ alogue of, 479. University of Cincinnati, Ohio. 234. notes from the catalogue of, 486. statistics of. 502, 516. University of Colorado, notes Horn the catalogue ! of, 477. statistics of 494, 508. University of Dakota, notes from catalogue of, 477. statistics of, 494, 508. University of Denver, Colo., statistics of, 494, 508. medical department, statistics of, 552. University of Deseret, Utah, 209. statistics of. 506, 518. University of Florida, statistics of, 494, 508. Medical Department, statistics of 551. University of Georgetown, medical department, ! statistics of, 552. University of Georgia, notes from the catalogue ! of 478. statistics of, 494, 508. Universitv of Illinois, notes from the catalogue 1 of, 478. statistics of 496, 510, 526, 528. Universitv of Kansas, classification of students ! at, 470. notes from the catalogue of, 479. statistics of 496, 510. medical department, statistics of, 551. University of Kansas City, Mo., medical depart¬ ment, statistics of 553. University of Louisville, Ky., medical department, statistics of, 553. University of Maryland, school of medicine, sta- ; tistics of, 553. dental department, statistics of 557. University of Michigan, departments of, 464. notes from the catalogue of, 483. statistics of. 498, 512. University of Minnesota, notes from the catalogue ; of 483. statistics of, 498, 512. University of Mississippi, classification of students at, 470. library of, 484. statistics of, 500, 512. University of Nebraska, notes from the catalogue of, 484. statistics of 500, 514. College of Medicine, statistics of, 554. College of Homoeopathic Medicine, statistics of, 557. University of Nevada, notes from tho cataloguo of, 485. statistics of 526, 529. University of North Carolina, 459. departments of. 464. classification of students at, 470. notes from the catalogue of, 486. statistics of, 502, 514. University of North Dakota, notes from tho cata¬ loguo of, 477. statistics of, 494, 508. University of Notre Dame (Ind.), statistics of 496, 510. University of Oregon, statistics of 502, 510. University of Pennsylvania, departments of, 464. classification of students at, 470. admission, requirements of, 472. notes from the catalogue of, 487. statistics of, 504, 516. medical department, statistics of, 555. dental department, statistics of 558. University of Rochester, N. Y., classification of students at, 469. notes from the catalogue of, 486. statistics of, 500, 514. University of South Carolina, notes from the catalogue of. 4S7. University of Southern California, notes from the catalogue of, 476. statistics of. 494, 508. University of Tennessee, notes from the cata¬ logue of, 4S8. statistics of, 504, 518, 527, 529. University of Texas, notes from the catalogue of, 488. statistics of, 506, 518. University of the city of New York, depart¬ ments of 464. classification of students at, 469. notes from the catalogue of, 485. statistics of, 500, 514. medical department, statistics of, 554. University of the Pacific, notes from the cata¬ logue of, 476. statistics of, 494, 508. University of the South, statistics of, 504, 518. Universitv of the State of Missouri, statistics of, 500, '512. University of Vermont and State Agricultural College, classification of students at, 468. statistics of, 506, 518. statistics of. 527, 529. University of Virginia, law relating to, 173. departments of, 464. notes from the catalogue of, 488. statistics of 506, 518. medical department, statistics of 555. University of Washington Territory, statistics of 506, 518. University of Wisconsin, law relating to, 1S9. classification of students at, 470. notes from the catalogue of, 488. statistics of, 506, 518. University of Wooster, Ohio, 487. statistics of 502, 516. Upper Iowa University, statistics of 496, 510. Upsala, Sweden, statistics of education in, 733. Urbana, Ohio, school statistics of 250, 266, 282, 298. Urbana (Ohio) University, statistics of 502, 516. Urbino, Italy, statistics of education in, 732. Ursinns College, classification of students at, 469. statistics of 504, 516. Ursuline Academy, St. Louis, Mo., statistics of 448, 455. Ursuline Academy, Galveston, Tex., statistics of, 450, 457. Uruguay, statistics of education in, 727, 729. 790 INDEX. Utah, school statistics of, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13. comparative statistics of, 16-19. school law of, 207-209. statistics of city-school finances of, 218. statistics of kindergarten training in, 235. summary of city-school statistics of, 239. statistics of secondary instruction in, 362, 363, 364, 365. statistics of superior instruction in, 440. relative number of classical and scientific students in, 466. college statistics of, 492. practice of medicine in, 569. statistics of institutions for the deaf and dumb of, 635. statistics of Indian schools of, 658. statistics of educational benefactions in, 662, 663. statistics of public libraries in, 717. Utica, N. Y., school statistics of, 248, 264, 280, 298. Utrecht, Netherlands, statistics of education in, 732. V. Vallejo, Cal., comparative school statistics of, 219. school statistics of, 240, 256, 272, 288. Valley Female Institute, statistics of, 450, 457. Vanderbilt University, departments of, 464. statistics of, 504, 518. department of dentistry, statistics of, 558. Vassar College, classification of students at, 469. studies at, 486. statistics of, 500, 514. Vermont, school statistics of, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13. comparative school statistics of, 16-19. present educational condition of, 37. summary of school law of, 163-167. statistics of city-school finances of, 217. statistics of kindergarten training in, 235. summaries of city-school reports of, 237. summary of city-school statistics of, 339. statistics of teachers’ institutes in, 309. statistics of nominal schools in, 320. statistics of secondary instruction in, 362, 363, 364, 365. statistics of superior instruction in, 440. statistics of superior- instruction for women in, 442. relative number of classical and scientific stu¬ dents in, 465. college statistics of, 490. statistics of schools of science of, 522, 524. statistics of medical schools of, 549. practice of medicine in, 567. statistics of business colleges of, 613. statistics of nurse-training schools of, 625. statistics of reform schools of, 646. statistics of educational benefactions in, 662. 663. statistics of public libraries in, 717. Vermont Methodist Seminary and Female Col¬ lege, statistics of, 450, 457. Vernon, Conn,, summary of school report of, 223. school statistics of, 240, 256, 272, 288. Veterinary department, Harvard University, sta¬ tistics of, 559. Veterinary department, University of Pennsyl¬ vania, statistics of, 559. V eterinary schools. See Medical schools. Vicksburgh, Miss., school statistics of, 246, 262, 278, 294. Victoria, statistics of education in, 727, 729. Vienna, Austria, statistics of educatiou in, 731, 732. Vincennes, Ind., school statistics of, 242, 258, 274. 290. Virginia, school statistics of, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, comparative school statistics of, 16-19. present educational condition of, 37. school attendance in, 43. summary of school law of, 167-176. statistics of city-school finances of, 218. summary of city-school statistics of, 236. statistics of teachers’ institutes in, 309. statistics of normal schools in, 320. statistics of secondary instruction in, 362, 363, 364, 365. statistics of superior instruction in, 440. Virginia — Continued. statistics of superior instruction for women in, 442. relative number of classical and scientific stu¬ dents in, 465. college statistics of, 490. statistics of schools of science of, 523, 524. statistics of theological schools of, 536. statistics of law schools in, 545. statistics of medical schools of, 549. practice of medicine, 568. statistics of business colleges of, 613. statistics of institutions for the deaf and dumb of, 635. statistics of institutions for the blind of, 641. statistics of instruction of the colored race in, 650, 655. statistics of Indian schools of, 658. statistics of educational benefactions in, C62, 663. statistics of public libraries in, 717. VirginiaAgricultural and Mechanical College, law relating to, 174. statistics of, 527, 529. Virginia City, Nev., school statistics of, 246,262, 278, 296. Virginia Female Institute, statistics of, 450, 457. Virginia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind, law relating to, 174. Virginia Military Institute, law relating to, 174. statistics of, 531, 533. Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute, law re¬ lating to, 171. statistics of, 326. W. Wabash College, statistics of, 496, 510. Waco, Tex., summary of school report of, 237. school statistics of, 252, 268, 286, 302. Waco (Tex.) Female College, statistics of, 450, 457. i Wadsworth (Ohio) Normal School, statistics of, 328. Wagner Free Institute of Science, statistics of, 531,533. Wake Forest (N. C.) College, statistics of, 502, 514. Wakefield, Mass., school statistics of, 244, 260, 278, 294. Waltham, Mass., school statistics of, 244, 262, 278, 294. Walhalla (S. C.) Female College, statistics of, 450, 456. Ware, Mass., school statistics of, 246, 262, 278, 294. Wareham, Mass., summary of school report of, 229. Warren, Dr. Charles, referred to, xxi. Warwick, It. I., school statistics of, 252,268, 284, 300. Washburn College, notes from the catalogue of. 480. statistics of, 496, 510. Washington Territory, school statistics of, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13. comparative school statistics of, 16-19. summary of school law of, 209-214. statistics of city-school finances of, 218. summary of city-school statistics of, 239. statistics of secondary instruction in, 362, 363, 364, 365. statistics of superior instruction in, 440. relative number of classical and scientific students in, 466. college statistics of, 492. practice of medicine in, 569. statistics of institutions for the deaf and dumb of, 635. statistics of Indian schools of, 658. statistics of public benefactions in, 662, 663. statistics of public libraries in, 717. Washington, Ind., school statistics of, 242, 258, 27& 290. Washington, D. C., idea of a civil academy at, 744. Washington and Jefferson College, classification of students at, 470. statistics of, 504, 516. Washington and Lee Universitj', notes from fch< catalogue of, 488. statistics of, 506, 518. INDEX. 791 Washington Collogo, statistics of, 498, 512. Washington (Pa.) Female Seminary, statistics of, 450, 456. Washington (D. C.) Normal School, statistics of, 326. Washington University, statistics of, 500. 514. Waterburv, Conn., school statistics of, 240, 256, 272, '288. Waterloo, Iowa, school statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 290. Watertown, Mass., school statistics of, 216, 262, 278, 294. Watertown. N. Y., school statistics of, 248, 2G4, 280, 298. school statistics of, 254, 270, 2S6, 302. Wausau, Wis., summary of school report of, 237. school statistics of, 254, 270, 2S6, 302. Wayland Seminary, statistics of, 537. Webster, Mass., school statistics of, 246, 262, 278, 294. Wellesley (Mass.) College, character of training at, 440. statistics of, 446, 454. Wellington, Kans., school statistics of, 242, 258, 274, 290. Wells College, classification of students at, 468. statistics of, 500, 514. Wells School for Teachers and School of Indi¬ vidual Instruction, statistics of, 323. Wesleyan Female College, Macon, Ga., statistics of, 444, 452. Wesleyan Female College, Murfreeshorough, N. C., statistics of, 448, 455. Wesleyan Female College, Brownsville, Tenn., statistics of, 450, 456. Wesleyan Female Institute, statistics of, 450, 457. Wesleyan University, classification of students at, 468. statistics of, 494, 508. West Australia, statistics of education in, 727, 729. West Bay City, Mich., school statistics of, 246, 262, 278, 294. West Chester, Pa., summary of school report of, 235. school statistics of, 252, 268, 284, 300. West Chester (Pa.) State Normal School, statist¬ ics of, 324. West Des Moines (Iowa) Training School, statist¬ ics of, 322. West Georgia Agricultural College, statistics of, 525, 528. West Liberty (W. Va.) State Normal School, sta¬ tistics of, 326. West New Brighton, N. Y., school statistics of, 248, 264, 280, 298. West Virginia, school statistics of, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13. comparative school statistics of, 1G-19. present educational condition of, 38. summary of school law of, 176-182. statistics of city-school finances of, 218. summaries of city-school reports of, 237. summary of city-school statistics of, 239. statistic's of teachers’ institutes in, 309. statistics of normal schools in, 320. statistics of secondary instruction in 3C2, 3G3, 364, 365. statistics of superior instruction in, 440. statistics of superior instruction for women in, 443. relative number of classical and scientific students in, 465. college statistics of, 490. statistics of schools of science of, 523. statistics of law schools in, 545. practice of medicine in, 568. statistics of business colleges of, 613. statistics of institutions for the deaf and dumb of, 635. statistics of institutions for the blind of, e^l. statistics of instruction of the co’ored race 7a, 650, 655. statistics of public libraries in 717. West Virginia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, 634. ’ J , > West Virginia University, Jaw "relating to, 182. notes from the catalogue'of, 488. statistics of, 506, 518. Westerly, It. I.,summnrv of school report ol, 236. school statistics of, 252, 2liH, 284, 300. Western College, statistics of, 196, 510. Western Female Seminary, statistics of, 448,455. Western Maryland College, 482. statistics of, 498, 512. Western ltesevvo University, Medical Depart¬ ment, statistics of, 555. Western Seminary of the Reformed Church of America, statistics of, 540. Western Theological Seminary, statistics of, 538. Western Theological Seminary of the Presbyte¬ rian Church, statistics of, 542. Western University of Pennsylvania, classifica¬ tion of students at, 469. statistics of, 502, 516. Wostfield, Mass., school statistics of, 246,262,278, 294. Westfield (Ill.) College, statistics of, 496, 510. Westfield (Mass.) Stato Normal School, statistics of, 322. Westminster College, Fulton, Md., statistics of, 500, 512. Westminster College, New Wilmington, Pa., classification of students at, 470. arrangement of studies at, 487. statistics of, 504, 516. Westminster Seminary for Young Ladies, sta¬ tistics of, 444, 453. Westminster (Md.) Theological Seminary, sta¬ tistics of, 539. W. E. Ward’s Seminary for Young Ladies, sta¬ tistics of, 450, 456. Weymouth, Mass., summary of school report of, 229. school statistics of, 246, 262, 278, 294. Wheaton (Ill.) College, notes from the catalogue of, 478. statistics of, 496, 510. Wheaton Female Seminary, statistics of, 446, 454. Wheaton (Ill.) Theological Seminary, statistics of, 539. Wheeling, W. Va., school statistics of, 254, 270, 286,' 302. Wheeling (W. Va.) Female College, statistics of, 450, 457. Whitman College, notes from the catalogue of, 489. statistics of, 506, 518. Whitworth Female College, statistics of, 446, 454. Wickers ham, J. H., superintendent of public in¬ struction of Idaho, 46. Wilberforce (Ohio) University, statistics of, 502, 516. Wilkesbarre, Pa., summary of school report of, 235. school statistics of, 252, 268, 284, 300. William Jewell College, statistics of, 500, 514. Willamette University, statistics of, 502, 516. Williams, Thomas N., State superintendent of free schools of Delaware, 46. Williams College, classification of students at, 468. notes from the catalogue of, 482. statistics of, 498, 512. Williamsport, Pa., school statistics of, 252, 268, 284, 300. Williamston (S. C.) Female College, statistics of, 450, 456. Wilmington, Del., comparative school statistics of, 219. summary of school report of, 223. school statistics of, 240, 256, 272, 288. Wilmington, N. C., comparative school statistics of, 219. school statistics of, 248, 264, 282, 298. Wilmington (Ohio) College, statistics of, 502, 516. Windham, Conn., school statistics of, 240, 256, 272, 288. Winchester, Conn., summary of school report of, 223. school statistics of, 240, 256, 272, 288. Winchester (Tenn.) Normal, statistics of, 328. Winofia. Minn., school statistics of, 246, 262, 278 £94./ Wisconsin," school statistics of, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13. comparative scliodlstatisties of, 16-19. permanent scliobl fund of, 32. 1 summary of school law of, 182-190. 792 INDEX, "Wisconsin — Continued. statistics of city-school finances of, 218. statistics of kindergarten training in, 235. summaries of city-school reports of, 237. summary of city-school statistics of, 239. statistics of teachers’ institutes in. 309. statistics of normal schools in, 320, 321. statistics of secondary instruction in, 362, 363, 364, 365. statistics of superior instruction in, 440. statistics of superior instruction for women ina443. relative number of classical and scientific stu¬ dents in. 465. college statistics of, 492. statistics of schools of science of. 523. statistics of theological schools of, 536. statistics of law schools in, 545. practice of medicine.in, 568. statistics of business colleges of, 613. statistics of institutions for the deaf and dumb of, 035. statistics of reform schools of, 646. statistics of Indian schools of, 658. statistics of educational benefactions in, 662, 663. statistics of pnblic libraries in, 717. Wisconsin Female College, statistics of, 450, 457. Wisconsin School for the Blind, 610. Wisconsin School for the Deaf, 635. Wisconsin State Normal School, Milwaukee, sta¬ tistics of, 326. Wisconsin State Normal School, Platteville, sta¬ tistics of. 326. Wittenberg College, statistics of, 502, 516. Woburn, Mass., summary of school report of, 229. school statistics of, 246, 262. 278, 294. Wofford College, statistics of, 504, 518. Woman’s Medical College of Baltimore, Md., sta¬ tistics of, 553. Woman’s Medical College oi Chicago, Ill., statis¬ tics of, 553. Woman’s Medical College of Pennsylvania, sta¬ tistics of, 555. Woman’s Medical College of Now York, N. Y., Infirmary, statistics of, 555. Women, eligibility t.o school office of, in Califor¬ nia, 54. in Colorado, 60. in Illinois. 77. in Iowa, 85. in Louisiana, 100. in Maine, 194. in Michigan, ill. in Minnesota, 117. in New Hampshire, 127 in New York, 133. in Pennsylvania, 147. in Vermont, 166. in Wisconsin. 183. in Arizona, 1 01. Women, may vote for school officers in Nebraska, 123. proportion of, in normal schools, 307. number of students in institutions for the superior instruction of, 439. character of training provided for, 440-441. Womon — Continued. superior instruction of, 410-458. lack of endowments for the superior instruc¬ tion of, 440. statistics for ten years of institutions for tho superior instruction of, 441. summary of statistics of institutions for the superior instruction of, 442. statistics of institutions for the superior in¬ struction of, 444-457. physical training of, at Missouri Agricultural College, 484. statistics of degrees conferred at colleges for, 588. See also Co-edacation. Woodland College, statistics of, 446, 454. Woonsocket, B. I., summary of school report of, 236. school statistics of, 252, 268, 284, 300. Wooster, Ohio, school statistics of, 250, 266, 282, 298. Worcester, Mass., summary of school report of, 230. Worcester County Free Institute of Industrial Science, classification of students at, 468. statistic? of, 530, 532. Workingman’s school (Heb. Soc. Ethic. Culture), statistics of, 602, 603. Wrangell, Alaska, statistics of schools of, 753. Wiirteniberg, statistics of education in, 726,728, 730. Wurzburg, Germany, statistics of education in, 733. Wylie, William H., superintendent of pnblic in¬ struction of Montana, 46. Wyoming, school statistics of, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13. comparative school statistics of, 16-19. statistics of city-school finances of, 218. statistics of secondary instruction in, 362, 363, 364, 365. relative number of classical and scientific stu¬ dents in, 466. practice of medicine in, 569. statistics of Indian schools of, 658. statistics of public libraries in, 717. X. Xenia, Ohio, school statistics of, 250, 266, 282, 293. Xenia (Ohio) College, statistics of, 448, 455. Y. Yale College, classification of students at, 468. notes from the catalogue of, 477. statistics o$ 494, 508. Yale University, schools of, 462. Yonkers, N. Y., school statistics of, 248, 264, 282,298. York, Pa., school statistics of, 252, 268, 284, 300. Young Female College, statistics of, 444, 453. Youngstown, Ohio, school statistics of, 250, 266, 282, 298. Yukon Valley, Alaska, schools in, 751. Z. Zanesville, Ohio, school statistics of, 250, 2C6, 282, 298. o FALVEY MEMORIAL LIBRARY VILLANOVA UNIVERSITY DATE DUE VILLANOVA UNIVERSITY L111A3 * 1885-086 ■III 1111 3 9346 00027363 3 27363 L 111 • A3 U*S# Bureau of Education Annual report, 1885-36