f . VDEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR • ' BUREAU OF EDUCATION BULLETIN. 1915, No. 47 DIGEST OF ‘ STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBUC EDUCATION 'r / IN force; JANUARY M9I5 * . Compiled by ij^ILUAM R. HOOD wkk dte miitiiOT ol STEPHEN B. WEEKS «id A, SIDNEY F(»D WASHlNCrON COVERNMEOT PR1KI1NG OFTKE 1916' ■M rM ’/■'f ^ -'■• ^ 4 4 { I \ ADDITIONAL COPI>:8 Of THIS rUBUCATION MAT BE FBOCURKD filOM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS OOYERNMENT PRINTING OPHCE ^ f 'WASUINOTON.D.C. AT 60 CENTS PER COPY 7 328977 UliR -H 1328 ■w. Ill .Ms T^/6. l'915 CONTENTS. RUP^V ' — r Letter of transmlttal_?___' Introduction Plan of classification A. Genera! administrative wntrol and supe|^vIsIon of public education Genera! State boanls ^ State officers * ^ State Inspection of schools--.. 1 County boards i * _• County officers ^ District, tow^?^hIp, and municipal boards and officers Schopl meetings; elections; quadficatlons of voters * Administrative units — districts, townships, mimlcipalities, etc. ; formation; division; consolidation! H. State finance and support General State school lands Permanent State school funds ; composition and Investment State taxation for school purposes General apportionment of State school funds; special State aid for elementary education Special State aid for secondary education^ C. Ijocal (county, district, municipal) finance and support General u 1 LocAl (county, district, municipal) bonds and indebtedness Ijoca} (county, district, municipal) taxation for school purposes-- Poll taxes, etc O. Buildings and sites * General ' * 1 State aid; approval of plans___ Decoration, care, sanitation; Inspection; fire escapes Prohibition districts United States flag In schools ^ E. The examination and certification of teachers Teachers; general qualifications Teachers’ examinations and ^certificates, general-^: Teachers’ examinations and certificates, special Teachers’ certificates: Validity, indorsement, registration, revoca- tion Teachers’ certificates : Itecognltlon of normal school and college or university diplomas \ Teachers’ associations; reading circles F. Teachers: Employment, contract, appointment, dismissal , General ; tenure ; duties ; etc - Salaries— Pensions ^ 4. ' 8 7- 9' 12 15 15 Kf 48 88 69 • 85 115 181 191 27(r 270 292 295 300 305 317 . 818 818 825 389 , 852 854 854 867 369 371 872 878 378 376 48T 482 4SS" 486 486 486 444 ^447 L "4 ‘ COKTBiriB. 0. Teachers: Profeaslonal training and edacation University departments and schools of educatlon. State normal schools . County and local normal and training schools Teachers* institutes and summer schools H. School population and attendance General ----- School census- School year, month, day'; mlnlmuin term_-_ School holldayli * Place of attendance; consolidation of 'schools ; transporatlon of pupils 1 Compulsory attendance ; truancy* truant officers Child labor J ^ Separation of the races ..A I. School discipline General ----- ... tJorporal puntSdiment • Suspension and expulsion ^ - Fire drills - School fraternities - — ^ J. Health regulations - - General Physical examination and metlical insjiection- - Vaccination ^ K. Textbooks and supplies-.^--. General - Free textbook^ ^ Uniformity of textbooks.^ L. Subject matter of instruction ’ General; course of study history/ civics, and patriotism* ' Physical educa^on_.:vi 1 Physiology and hygiene; alcohol ; naVcoti<*«; other health instruc- tion Moral and* ethical education. Humane treatment of animals ' Music ‘1 > Drawing Technical, manual, and industrial education , A^culture TmyB of q^ecial observance Other special subjects. _,,i Sectarian instruction ; Bible in the school Modern languages ■ M. Special types of sclfcol ; General Kinder gartens Kvenlng schools 1 Vac8tl Maryland and Massachusetts - - . . Michigan t » Minnesota - ^ X z>MlBslsaI|^l - € 3M)88ourl._ , . _ _ — '3'^ Montana.^ , ?. S Nebraska - . . _ . •j. U Nevada ^ ‘ New Hampshire and New Jersey. New Mexico ?« New York - 5 f North Carolina ^ t 5 ^ North Dhkota Ohio — - . — ^ - Oklahoma ^ i' Oregon. Pennsylvania 3V Rhode Island and South Ca^IIna. /'■' South Dakota. Tennessee and Texas.. .. . ^ *5- Utah Vermont anil Virginia... .... ^ ’ Washington , ^ West Virginia: Wisconsin — ^ — i V# Wyoming . B. Federal legislation affecting ugriciiltunil colleges and experiment sta- tlons-J C. Public-school .systems In Americnn Territories, (iistricts, and insular possessions — iNDgX Pa««. 883- 886 887 888 890 891 sm 897 898 899 901 903 004 • 908 910 912 913 914 917 018 920: 924 925 928 929 930 933 941. 944 946 948 05() 956 969' 975 A r LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL ' DRPAirTMKNT OF THE INTERIOR, Bureau of Education, ^ ^^asluTuiton^ September 13 y 1915, Sir: There has long been great need of an accurate and compre- hensive compilation and digest of all the school laws of the several States, so arranged that students of school administration may easily find the law of any State on any subject and compare the laws of any two or more States. To meet this need I recommend that the manu- S9ript transmitted herewith be publislied as a bulletin of the Bureau of Education. This manuscript has been prepared by Mr. William R. Hood, a member of the Bureau of Education, \^ith the help of Dr. S. B. Weeks and Mr. A. S. Ford. Respectfully submitted.' ‘ P. P. Claxtox, Commissioner. The Secrktart.of the Interior. 7 er|c I ERRATA, Page 94, line 22: For bears no' ^ read “ bears to/* Page 98, under Minnesota, line 15: Between ‘*may bold county" and "such insti- tute" insert, "teachers' institutes in various parts of. couuty not to exceed two days for each." Page 129, lines 14-16: For sentence beginning "BooV*> and accounts," etc., read " Books and accounts of any trustee shall always bo subject to inspection by county superintendent,. auditor, or county commissioners." Pisge 166, under ^uth Dakota: Omit lino 8. Page 174, lines 19-13: For " take anmutl census," etc.,Toad " take annual census of persons between 5 and 21 yeiars old, of defective diildren of such ages, of Indisui children under white guardianship or who have severed tribal relationship." Page 206, line 8: For "avoided" read "provided." Page 422, line 19: After "A person who has" omit "been." Page 533, line 23: For "Indian " read " Indiana." . Page 728, under Missouri, line 5: For "two" read "three." ^ Page 788, line 4: After "each year" insert "as case requires." Page 813^ under North Dakota: Add " T (c), schools for thp blind." Page 868, under Vermont, line 12: After "not lees than " insert "10," 8 /' DIGEST OF STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. INTRODUCTION. • Tliere has Wn recently an increased interest in educational legisla- tion. The school administrator and the student of educational sys- tems now turn for information and help to legal provisions as thev turn to statistics or to the opinions of experienced^ schoolmen. And they often Hnd in tlie law more that is definite and pointed than may be found in statistics or discussion. Legislation on most educational subjects has pa.ssed leyond the experimental stage. A particular law in a State may originally have been enacted years ago and may now 1)6 mutei ially amended in the light of experience. The study of such a law proves of sub.stantinl benefit in a State which has had lass experience with the operation of an ^iictment of its kindi and espe- cially in a State where no enactmcnyof its kind has found its way to the statute books. Nor is an vdd btw alone helpful. A new statute is not now enacted in the samejAphazard way as formerly. The ‘ help of experts, legislatir'TTel^ence bureaus, educational associa- tions, and societies for tht prmjiotion of particular types of educa-’ tion is generally available yi^s often used with profit in drafting such statute.s. ' _ Accompanied with this new interest in educational legislation h/ive been increased demands upon the Bureau of Education for informa-., tion reprding school laws. So numerous had requests for such in- formation Ijecome, and so mu^work of a fragmentary nature "had been made necessary thereby, tlaft it was decided to attempt to bring together in one volume a digest, or summary, of all general laws relating to public education. This bulletin is the result. It contaiiA all la^n force January 1, 1915, relating to publicly supported edu- cation, excepting ordinary appropriations, legislation of local appli- cation, and special charters, as charter^ of cities. The enactments of *• 1915 are not included for the reason that much of the work o£ digest- ing was coiApleted prior to December 31, 1914, and for the further rea^n that^complete data for presenting a digest of these enactments will not be available for use in the bureau until late in the autumn of 1915. These enactments, as well as those of each succeeding year,"wUl be published in a separate bulletin. In that way this digest, published * ' 10 9TATB LAWS BSLATIKO TO P0BLIO RDin^ATIOIL sa^of January 1, 1915, will become^ *landmarkf and succeeding an- nual or biennial supplements will be publishe(f with a view to bring- ing the bureau's summary of educational legislation up to date. , \ The_ preparation of a digest of this kind may bo done with much labor and care, and yet thw finished product will in all probabil- ity display palpable limitations. In the first o^ace, the laws them- selves with which the compiler must work are far from perfect. They contain many inconsistencies and are sometimes even contradictory. In a prefatory note one State superintendent of schools says that, i owing to contradiedons in different enactments, only extracts from the mpre important educational legislation are included in the pamphlet of school laws which he. publishes. In another State the compiler of the general ccxlo has oniitUxl legislation relating to cer- tain institutions bec'ause of the want of authority to codify this legis- ! lation and eliminate confusion. When, as has been done in a few j cases, each of the States writes a^omplete schcwl cear in the digest For example, agriculture may be taught in a State ijnder i ■ authority of the State board of education to prescribe the course of study for the public schools, and the fact that it is taught will not appear in a work of this kind. A third lituitation is the absence of special charters from the digest. Much instructive law may appear in these charters, but it would require a greater amount of time and space than has been at the disposal of the compiler of* this digest to * give them adequate treatment. ^ The digest, however, should serve a useful purpose. For the person desiring merely a ready reference work showing what States have legal provisions relating to any particular educational subject, \ it should meet all requirements; while to the more interested student it will give the main provisions of the law. Eeferonces to sources mi^t have been included, if it had not been fqr limitations of space. Approximately 13,000 pages of statutory law have been reduced to tiie of a few hundred pages here. Obvioiikly the enomoua - number of references, which would have been added, if their inclu- sion had bee^thought advisable, would materially increase the size of the voluinRnd the consequent cost of publicatiwi. 'The sources used in preparing the digest were the pamphlet school laws as published^y each State; the code, or revised statutes, for subjeots not ^>p€»riiig in the pamphlet school laws; and the acts ■■■'. . . L INTBODUCnON. 11 of the se^ons of the le^slature held since the pii|>lication of the I scliool laws or, the Code. From these sources every general law relat- I ing to public education or to a State educational institution should, be derived. ^Vhen nil available law for the subjects treated had been summarised for a particular State, a tj^written copy of the summary, or digest, was sent to the department of ulucation of that , State for examination and criticism. All of the chief State school officers, except one,' returned the manuscript with such corrections ’ or suggestions as they thought proper. All su^estions made, except * * in a few cases where the mutter of form of presentation was in- volved, were embodied in the digest. • In compiling the digests the writer has had the assistance of two other persons,* “Since the compiling proper was completed much effort has been made to check against errors and omissions \vhiq|i may have escaped the compiler or the State departmeht of ediicatipn. In this efforTuse has been made of a large amount of data which had been previously collected r^.rding numerous subjects, as, for j e-vamples, child labor, f nr text lxK)ks. uniform textlxmks, medical I insj)ection, and’ schoolh«>use construction. .Judicial decisions are . reserved for a pot«ibIe separate study at some futuiy time. The plan of presentation is self-explanatory. The varioiis items are classifietl and jiiosentCHl rnider an outline which l>egins with State administrative agencies and proceeds through Urn entire school sys- tem. The outline is, with the exception of a few modifications, the same as that uskl ny Dr. Edward 0. Elliott in some, earliei* legisla- tive bulletins of the Bureau of Education, entitled “State School Syst^is,” and by James C. Boykin and the writer in a builetin en- titled “ I.ulfilana, Maaaachuaetta, Kebrkika. S>Tada, New Hami>ahlre. New' Jeraey, New Hexlro. New York. Ohio, Oklahoma. Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, WaabUnfton, West Vlrtflnla, and Wlacooain. By Wm. H. Uood-- all other Btataa. r PLAN OF CLASSIFICATION/ ^ ^ A. OElfCkAL AOMlRISTUTlVt CORTBOL AND SUPEBVISION OF ElEMXNTABT AND StooNDART . Education. t o. Ooneral. 6-1 State boarda. 6-2 State ofllcers. 6-8 State Inapectlon of aohoola. 0-1 County boarda. ^ 0-2 County officers. d. District, township, and municipal boards and officers. 6. School meetings ; elections ; qualifications for voters. /. Administrative units — Districts. town8hi{>s, munlcl [Mil ties, etc. : formation: divisions; consolidation. B. State PmANOK and Suppobt. o. Gelieral. 6. State school lands. o. Permonent State school funds: Conit>osltlon and Investment, d. State taxation for school purposes, e. General apportionment of State school funds; si>eclal State aid for elementary education. /. Special State old for secondary •education. ' .0, Local (County, Disraicrr, Municipal) Finance and Sitpfobt. а. General. б. I»cal (county, district, municipal) b^nds and Imlebtednesa. ^ c. Local (county, district, munIcIiMl) taxation for school purposea, 4. Poll taxes, etc. ^ D. Buildings and Sites. . o. General. 6. State aid; approval of plana c. Decoration; care; sanitation; Inspection; Are escapee. d. Prohibition districts. e. United States flag In schools. B. TeaCHCBS in BLEMENtART AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS. o. Teachers: Qualifications, general; examination fees. 6. Teachers' examinations and certificates: General. c. Teachers' examinations and certificates: Special. d. Teachers' certlflcatee; Validity; Indorsement; reglBtratlon ; revo- cation. e. Teachers' certificates: Recognition of normal school and college or university diplomas. /, Teachers' associations ; reading cli^les. ^ F, TBAoam: Bhflotment; CJontraot; Appointment; Dismissal. o, Ctoneral ; tenure^ duties, etc. 6, Teachers' salaries, a TeacherU* peaalon& PLAV or OLABSOTOAinOK. Q. Tkaohku : PionMioif At TiAnniro Axn> Editcatioh. a. University deiwrtments and schools of education. 5. State normal schoola * . o. Connty and local normal and training schools, d. Teachers’ institutes and Snmmer schoola H. School Population and Attsndanci. a. General. 5. School census c. School year; month; day; minimum term. d. School holidays. e. Place of attendance; consolidation of schools; transportation of pupils. /. Compulsory attendance; truancy; truant officem р. Child labor. h. Separation of th^ races. I. School Discipune. a. General. b. Corporal punishment. M с. Suspenslou and expulsion. d. Fire drills. e. School fraternities. J. Health Keoulations. a. Oeueral. b. Physical ejramf nation and medical lnBi>ection. r. Vaccination. K. Textbooks and Suppues. a. General. B. Free textbooks. c. Uniformity of textbooks. K Subject Matter or Instbuctiow. (I. Geneml ; course of study. ^ b. History, civics, and i>arrlntism. 0. Physical education. d. Physiology and hygiene; alcohol; narcotics; other health Instruc- tion. e. Moral and ethical education. /. Humane treatment of antmniR * p. Music. A. Drawing. i Technical, manual, and industrial education. /. Agriculture. k. Days of special observance. 1. Other special subjects. m. Sectarian Instruction ; Bible In the schoola n. Moderp languages. M. Special Ttpes of School. a. General. 5. Kindergartens. 0. Evening schools. d. Vacation schools; playgrounds; social centers. e. University and school extension; public lectures. /. Farmers' Institutes, etc. p. Private and endowed schools; parochial schoole u STATB UWB BKl^TINO TO PVB140 BDUOA.TION. N. SxooNDABT Education ; Hioit Schools and Academus. a. QeneraF. h. Hlgh-Bch661 Inspection. O. TSCHNIOALf INDUSTSIAL, AND VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS: ELEUENTAST AND SeO> ONDABT. o. General. &. Agricultarei o. Tradtf. d. Oontlnnatlon. P. Hiqrcr Educational Institutionh. a. General. b. Finance; lands; stipimrt. c. State univeraltles and collegea. d. Cnmegte fund. Q. PBorroaioNAL and Hiqheb Tkciinicai. Education. a. Teachers’ coUckoh uml normal schools. b. Agricultural oollegeR. %o. United States grant d. Mining Bchoola e. Military echooia * /. Other technical and professional. U. Private and Endowed High eh Institutions: State Contboi^ a. Higher tnatltutlouH. b. CoriK) rations of an eeaf ami dumb, c. Blind. d. Crippled and deformed. • r. Feet»le*niludeKUNQUENT«^ *0. General. b. Wrongs to . children. 0. Juvenile courts. ' d. Conduct of children. e. Truant, detention, reform schools, and schools for dependents. 0 DIGEST OF STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC , EDUCATION. A. OBNERAl ADMmiSTRATIVK CONTROL AND SUPERVISION OP PUB- LIC EDUCATION. (a) Gt^iieral. tlon*^ wiistltiUloiiAl provisions rclHtlu* to public educa- A ( b 1 ) , State Boards. AUbama: E (b). Ocuornl CTllflcates;' O (b). State normal schools; K (.• . Lnlformlty of textliookn^ N (lO. High schools; O (b). Agricultural H, Arizona: Stale board of education shaU consist of governor. State superln- tcndout. pn*sld.mt of the uplversltj-, prlucljmls of State normal schools, ex oltlclo. and a city auiKTluteudont of «'bools. a principal of a high school, and a wuutj suiHirlntendont to la> appcdutcl by the govenior. Board slvill meet at ..t >>t<'ndeut) at least once In e..ch quarter M at State capital, /oircrs nnd duties: To keep a record of Its proceedings - * Lhl!ols-'‘d’?r"' ■•ogulatlons for government of p^ltc ho . I \lau plans for the Increase and luanugemeut of the .State school fund; prescrllm and enforce a uniform aeries of textbooks, series not to be c ange.1 during a j>ertod of five years; prescribe course of study for common schools, tlx guallUcatl(ms for graduation from blgh schools, and prescribe eutnanc-e retiulrenionts Tor State normal schools and State university- have eeoeral charge of education of deaf. dumb, and blind ; Issue teachers' life cer. Nfuon!l for cause; maintain State headquarters at Ntiuuniii I’^ducn tlou AiMoc'ltttton, See algo A(b2), Slate oUlcers; A (d) District boards nnd officers; B (b) cHiucntlon, N (a), HIkIi schools; T (b). Schools for the deaf. Arkansaa: A State board of education to be composed of the State superln- JreS “ M / book to be used. State board shaU ke^ a record of Its proceedings and shall make a biennial report See also N (a), High schools. California: State board of ^ucation shall consist of seven members appointed by the governor; term, four years, two or one retiring each year; no member ahull hold any salaried educational position; State superintendent shall be / secretary and executive officer. . Board shall determine all questions of • jpiUfl^^snperlntendent shall execute rules of the board and direct work of assistant suiierlntendents and other employees of the board. Regular meetings every three months and special meetings on petition of two mem- bers; majority necessary to valid action. Powers and duties: To adopt roles and regulations for government of all State-supported schools except r . the University of California ; Issue subpoenas and compel attendance of wit- nesses ; adopt and use an official seal ; appoint three asststant State superin- tendents B8 commissioner of elemaitary schools, commissioner of secondary schools, commissioner of Industrial and vocational education ;^study educa- tional conditions and conduct Investigations and employ experts for such purpose ; require reports q^ school officers ; report biennially to the governor ; prescribe credentials upon which persons may be granted certificated to teach In high schools, provided such credentials equal graduation from the State nl^Terslty; consider credentials of persons having taught 20 months or more; grant life diplomas of four grades, viz, high school, grammar school, kindergarten-primary, and for special subjects; revoke or su^nd certificates for cause; have required printing done; have textbooks for ele- mtfitaiy schools printed by the State ; contract with publishers and aupiors for plates, maps, engravings, copyrights, etc., for use In publishing text- books; order State superintendent to give notice of books published and , gpqulred to be used; enforce the uniform use of books adopted; supervise printing by State printer and receive bill of cost of printing books ; fix the price of books, adding cost of plates, etc., and 10 per cent as overhead ex- peoss. Orders for books zhall be sent to State superintendent, who shall A (bl), STATB.B0AB06. IT ordt>r aihlpment; saptflnteudeat shoU keep account ol/feoelpts from wUe of books and shall report to controller monthly; money shall be paiaixth of a standard four-year college course* State diplomas shall be valid for five years, unless sooner revoked by State board, and at the end of said period may be renewed for an additional five yeant At the end of second flva-year period tthey may be renewed for life. Board may revoke a diploma for cause. The State board of examiners shall con- sist of the State superintendent and eight members appointed by the State board of education. Terms of appointive members four years, two being appointed each year. Said examiners phall examine all applicants for State diplomas who are required to be examined. Examination shall be In su^l *• subjects and on such terms as tmrd of examiners shall determine. Boara of education shall grant diplomas to such as pass satisfactory examination. See also A (d), District boards and officers; B (c), Permanent State echool funds; B (b). General certlficatee; T3 (d). Teachers’ institutes and summer schools; Q (b), Agricuitural colleges: T (b), Schools for the deaf. Oonnecticnt: Tbe State board of education shall consist of seven memberg, not more than two of whom shall come from the same congressional district; » governor and lieutenant governor sbhli be ex officio members ; ^l^;lriature shall at each biennial session elect one member whose term shall l^egtn July 1 following and one member whose term shall begin July 1 of the y^r fW- lowing. Governor shall, during each regular session of the legiidatuiw with the consent of the smate, appoint one member for a tenn of two yean* Said board ahall appcdnt a secretary and fix bis duties and compenaattoii ; it may also hire necessary clerks.* Said hoard shall have general supervl40Q * and control of the educattonal Interests of the State) may disect what botliv" shall be used in Its schools, but shall not change books oftener ^n once In five years; shaU prescribe^ of registtrs and blanks to be use^i -IB 2 \ ■ ‘ . i.. '■* , .T,.-, 1 m 8TATB LAWS BBLATINO TO^ PUBUC EDUCATION. tvacbers and school offloors ; shall keep Informed as to the condition and prog- ress of the public achools; shall provide for holding meetings of teachers and school pfflcers for i>romoMtig progress of the public schoolA but expenses of such meetings shaH not exceed $4>000 annually; sbnll report annually In January to the governor; ahall prepare and distribute to schools an outline of qnestlona and suggestions relating to citizenship may. upon examination . ' Jn each branches and on such terms ns It may prescribe, graut certificates to teach In any public school In the State; ehal) prepare and furnish free of charge test cards for testing the eyesight of all pupils of the public schools, and principal or teacher of every school shnll make such tests trlennlnlly; my apiwint an agtnlt to sw ure the observance of the school laws, and such agent shall rei>ort semiannually to the secretary. State board and local school authorities shall enforce the provisions of the child-labor law: State board may employ ngtmts at not exceeding; $5 i^r day and extwuses to enforce child-labor and conipulsory-nrtcndanoe laws; Smte board shall keep account of money drawn mid imld out for ahool libraries aud lihlloaopblcjil npimratvis. It may exiiend such sum ns may l>e necessary to carry out Its tiowers uud X duties. Secretary of board tdiall, when reipiested, examine cases of for- feiture of State funds hy towns or districts, and may remit said forfeitures; he shall annually In January reiwirt such forfelturoe to the State wntroller. See also A (d), District boards and officers; H (n), (tenerAl State flmvnce and supiwrt; D (cK Schoolhouses, decorations, care, etc.; E (b). General certificates; G (b). State normal schools; G (c). County mid lt>onl normal acbools; II (f). Compulsory attendance; J (n). Health, genernj : M (c). Evening schools: N (n), ^Illgh schmds; O (a), Industrial education, general; Q (b), Agricultural colleges; S (b). Unbllc-school llhraries. Delaware: Tbe State board of education sbnll consist of seven members ap- polnteil by the govenior: term, sevejjj^enrs. one being api>olnted each year; they shall receive no compensatlc^^ther than exiienses Incurred In the pcWormance of their dutleOhoard tnoy make nil rules and regulations fof the government of the schools that It deems nt'cesaary. ' Offtcr poirers of hoard: To prescribe textbooks to be used and make contracts for prices at which such books shall be Tiirnlshed ; regulate the public-school curricula; determine when and njion what conditions comity Rui>erlntendents shall Issue certificates th teachers: prescribe rules for the sanitary equli>ment and Inspection of school buildings, and take other notion deemed necessary for the promotion of the moral and physical welfnrtf of the children. Board \ may require teachers and school officers to furnish all needed Information. Board shall hear and finally determine all appeals from county school com- missions and county superintendents. The rules and regulations of said board ftnll be followed by the State auditor In settling the accounts of school officers and by the State treasurer and trustees of the school fund In the apportionment of State appropriations to schools. The State commissioner of edncatlon shall be secretary of the State board, but shall have no vote nor voice In its proceedings. Abwnt^^om tw^o consecutive meetings without good causp shall vacate the office of n^member of board. Gfw also A (b2). State officers; A (ct). County bqqrds; A (c2). County oflkera; A (f), AdmlnlstraHve units — districts^ etc,. F (a), Teachers’ con- tract*, dottles, etc.; K (b). Free textbooks; Q *(b), Agrlc;;u/tural colleges; B (b). Public-school libraries. Fltnrlda: Tbe State board of education shall conslgt of the governor, secretary of state, attorney general. State treasurer, and State superlOtendent of pabNc instractlon; goremor shall be prestdent and superintendent secre- A (bl). 8TATB B0ABD6. ^ tary of sold board. To rharfa nf all mliwnAiid»\ manaf* wd proTlde for tbe safekeeping”^ nd^pendUUW of all Khool foDda; * determine uppeols referred to them by the State luperlntendent ; remoTe any ^subordinate officer In the department for cause; keep in view the eotabUA* * ment of schools on a broad and liberal baala with the object of Instruction In the higher branches not tau^t In the common schools; cooperate with the State superintendent In the management of the department of education. See also A (b2). State officers; A (cl), County boards; B (b). Tehchen* ' certlflcates. general; G (d). Teachers* Institutes and summer schools; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; P (a), Higher Institutional generaL Georgia: The State board of education shall consist of the gOTemor, State superintendent of schools, and four persons appointed by governor with con- sent of the senate, three of whom shall be experienced educators with at least three yeap*’ exi»erlence as a teacher In Georgia. No r»er8oh who Is or has been connected with a schoolbook publishing concern shall be a member of said board. Term of appointive members, four years, two being appointed every two years. Governor shall be chairman. Regular meetings shall be held quarterly and special meetings may be called by governor or superin- tendent^ Four appointees shall^eoch receive $260 per annum and actual expenses In attending meetings. DuHctt of board: To make rules and regu- lations for tlio Bui>ervUIou of all schools of the State, provide course of study .for wunmon and high scIkhjIs receiving State aid. hear and determine appeals from (he State superintendent, determine necessary office force of State sniwrlmemlent and fix their compensation within aggregate prescribed by law. h::ach county Nhall cmistttute a school district, and public-school .funds shall be apiwrtlon^ to counties by State board of education. Said board shall provide nomlal Instruction In each county by Institutes or otherwise!. It may require attendance at such Institutes. It slmll provide for the examination and derttflcation of teachers. Board shall constitute an advisory body to the State 8ui»erluteudent of schools. See also A (b2), State officers; A (c2), County officers; B (b), Teachers* certificates, general; K (c). Unlfonnlty of textbooks; O (a). Industrial edu- cation, general; S (bX Publlc-schooHIbrarles. Idaho; The State bonr^ of education has general control of State university, normal schools. Academy of Idaho. Infinstrlal tnrlnlng school, school for the deaf and blind, and of the public schools of the State. Componition: Five members appointeensntlon, $100 each annually and necessary exi tenses. Pou>er$ and dtiliet; To apix)lnt a commissioner of education and assistants and specialists, who may be dismissed for cause by a two-thirds vote; make rules and regulations and assign executive officers their functions; constitute a final court of ap- peal In educational controversies and perform legislative functions not In- conslatent with law; shall prepare for legislature a budget of neoessary expenditures; shall, through its executive oflElcers. perform all duties pre- scribed by the school laws and make recommendations to the legislature as to In laws ; shMl make ^mme^dattons'tol^iJator^ neey of state laiiijotlons and 'rapervlse expwdlttm ihstffutloniB ; stands ^Ise IlmHa of Instruction In State Institutions; prescribe minimum coarse ot study for the pnbUc sdtoola; 'determine ho^ textbooks SO STATU LAWS B8LATENO TO PtTBUO BDVCATIOir. r be adopted; detemfiie wbetber textSooks shall be free; aopervlse ita suminer normal achoola and teadiersf Institutes; establish or approve profssilonHl schools In accordance with law; hav^ control of certification of teacherf^ State Ubraty commission ; cooperate with State board of health in itanSaftllslnf saj^ta^ appllancefli school furnltnret etc^ and make roles for medical inspection of schools; adopt aystem of reports for public schools; report annually to govepor; encourage and promote vocational training; prescribe rules for the equipment and inspection of scboolhouses ; . supervise county and city superintendenU of schools; appoint examiners to grade papers of applicants for teachers' certificates ; keep record of grades made by ajppltcants for certificates ; report to county superintendents grades made by applicants for county certificates; prescribe rules for teachers* Institutes; may appoint such otficers as deqmed necessary; may classify high school as one-year, two-year, three-year^ four-year, and fix standards for Mme. See also A (c2). County officers; A (f), Admiolstrative units, districts, etc.; B (b), Teachers' certlflcntee, general; O (b), State normal schools; K (a), High school; P (c), State universities and colleges; 8 (b), Publlc- schocl libraries; T (b), Schools for the deaTf tJ (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. HUboU: See B (b). Teachers' certificates, general. y Indiana: The State board of education nhall consist of the State superin- tendent president of the State university, president of Purdue L-nlverslty, president of the State nornini erhoul, sui>et‘inteudetit8 of schuols of three largest cities of the State; the governor ahall appoint three citizens actively engaged in edncatlbunl work in the State, nt least oue^of whom shall be a county superintendent of schools, and three persons actively interested in, and of known sympathy with, vocational education, one of whom shall be n repre- sentative of employees and one of employers; terms of six ap|>ointlve mem- bers, four yeaha State superlntehdeut shall be president, and board ahall elect one of Its number ^secretary and treasurer. Said boitrd may grant cer- . tlflcates valid for life and In any of the schools of the State to persons who on examination show '* eminent scholarship and professional ability"; board shall hold stated meetings nt which examinations for such certificates shall be held. Said board shall 'have general control of the entire system of exami- nation and certification of teachers. Teachers’ licenses may be issued by the State board of education, the State superintendent, and the county superiu- tendents. Members of the board, other than State superintendent, shall be entitled to 95 per day and 5 cents per mile traveled while engaged at their dutlesi See also. A (c2). County officers; E (b), TeacheiV certificates, general; O (b), State normal schools; H (f), Compulsory attendanpe; J (b) Medical 'Inspection; K (c), IJnifbrmlty of textbooks; N (a). High schools; N (b), Highrsebooi Inspbction; O (a), industrial education, general; P (c). State nnlversltiee and colleges ; S (b), PabUc-school libraries. Tlie l^te oniverBlty, the college of agriculture and mechanic arts (iiiclad- ’fng ag^ultural experiment station), the State teachers’ college at Ce4ar ' I^Alla, and the college for the blind at Vinton shall be governed by a State ; 'ikoetd tf ednertiem cbnelstllig of nine members, not more than three of whom ‘ MttU' he aldnmi of the abore inisdtntlona. Poicen and dutie$:. To elect a pifMdeiit irom smonv tbeir memben and s secretary, treasurer, iurtmetors, find other mplojrees imd fix their qqmpenaatlon ; make rules for the govem- A (bl). 8TaT» BOABO0. %l " in6nt of said schools; control tbo property thereof; execute trusts and other obUgations committed to said Institutions; direct expenditure of appropiia* tiona to the Instltudons ; do othey necessary and proper acts. Board shall be appointed by the governor with the cohaoit of the senate; term, six years, three bring appointed every two years. Boards of control of the university, the college of agiicultore and mechanic arts, and the normal school are abol- Ishe^ Said board of education shall appoint a finance conimlttee of three members from outside of its memlwrshlp. The board andriJhance committee shall be furnished with suitable ofldces at the seat of government and a bnri- ness office, shall be maintained at each of the three eduoatlol^l Instltutfona Members of board shall recrive $7 per day and 2 cents per mUe travried for not exceeding 60 days In any one year; members of finance committee shall devote their entire dme to their dudes anrf shall each receive $3,500 per year and traveling expensea The finance committee may loan the fundt of the said InsUtuUous on approved real estate. State board of educaden ahall report biennially to the governor and the le^slatnre. See also A^(b2), State officers; Ei (b), Teachers* certificates, graera/; 8 (b), Public-school libraries; T (b), Schools for the deaf; T (e), Schools for the feeble-minded; TJ (e), Schools for depwdents and delixiQuente, Kansas: The TTnlversity of Kansas, the State normal schools, the State agrl- cultural oollegc, the school for the deaf, and the schot>l for the blind shall be governed by a State board of adndnletratlon oonslatlng of three mwnbera, not more than two^f whom shall belong to the same political party; not more than one shall be an alumnus of any of the Instltudons controlled! and ' not more than one from the s:»me eongresaional district. (Jovernor ahall ap- point members with consent of the senate; term, four years, one or two, as the case requires, being apiwlnted every two years. Board shall elect a preel- ' dent from among Its members and a secretary, not a member, and necessary clerks, bookkeei^ers, and stenographers. Boards of regents of nnlverslty, agrl- ^ cultural college, and State normal scbools shaH'cease to exist. Each member shall receive $3,500 per annum and necessary expenses. Board shall have the general adni inlet ration of the Institutions named, Including the control of property, election of faculties, government of students^ etc. Board shall reix>rt biennially to the legislature. See also A (f), Administrative uqlts-^ffetrlcts. etc. ; B (c),Perman^t Stmte school funds; C (b), Ix>oal tmnds and Indebtedness; E (b), TV^achers* cer- { f Oflcates, general; G (b) State normal schools; 0 (c), County and local , normal scbools; Q (d), Teachers’ Institutes and summer schools; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; M (b), Kindergartens; N (a), High schools; Q (b), Agricultural colleges; S (b), Public-school libraries; T (c), School^ for the blind ; T (e). Schools for feeble-minded ; U (e). Schools fbr dependents • and delinquents. Kentucky; state superintendent, secretary of state, and attorney general ahall constitute S^^te board of educaUon; It shall be a l>ody iwlltlc and corporate; shall take, hold, and dispose of property for schools, and the evld^iceg of i property held by the board shall be in the custody of the chairman. SUte , ' superintendent ahall be chairman, and with one other member may control Its operations; meeUngs shall be called only In writing: board shaU consti- tute a standing committee which shall pr^re rules, by-laws, and regulations for government of common schools, prescribe regulations for teacberk* libra- , lies; prepare lists of booKb for school libraries; prescribe and publlah g public graded course, of study, specifying the order and proportion of each study. S2 STATE LAWS BBLATIKU TO PUBUO EDUCATIOK. ' KBQtucky UUterapy ConuulMlon created by act; composed of five persons, ■men end women; Includlog State superlDtendent, ex officio; governor atmll appoint; two pommlasloaeni to be appointed blenalallj; commission U made a body corporate; secretary and treaaurer ahall give bond; shall establish penmnent place of boalnesa. Ppioer$: To make research, collect data and atatlattca; procare surveyr; report regularly to legiaUture; Interest persons and institutions In the disbursing of funds and endowments; may receive and expend funds In general keeping with geneml purposes of act; shall adopt rales expedient for carrying on its business. Commission shall receive no pay, bat expenses shall be paid out of funds received See also A ense.erlnttMideiit may api>otut an asslstaDt aecreUry. Said Uard shall hold annual meetings, and si>ectal meet- ings when called by governor; may publish Its pnx'eeiUngs; snail prepare by- laws, rules, and regulations for government of public schools; rfiall direct branchee to be taught and enforce uniformity of textbm)ks; may require reports from pariah sui^erliitendenta. Said board may employ blgh-schixd inspectors, rural Inspe^dors, or other scIkvM ius|>ect(»ri!i, not to exceed three In number; may accept donations for educational pur|x>sea. Said board shall standardise high schools; deportments of agriculture and home economics must have approval of said board. See also A (cl), County hoards; A (d)^ District boards and officers; E S. • SB ( prlfltod for tlila parpoo^, Duiies: Boai^l aball cause tlje provtstona of net to be carried out; Institute legAl proceedlnfCK ; enact by laws which ahnll have the force of law; suBi>eiHl or remove county sui)erlDtciidetita; explain Intent and menDlng of Uie law; decide controveraiea ; have general care and supervision of i>ublic-»chool Interests: act ns assIsUints and adrisera of county board; Issue circular letters: Issue uniform blanks nnd require me- cmints io be made nnd returned In lux'ord with these forms; examine candl- dntw for county suix»rlntendent «nd idve certificate of qualification: grant teitchers of long eif>erieuce nnd established repuLatlou profeasdonal certUb cates, valid until revokort each year of such mutters nod In such form as Shite bourxl shall rtHpiIre; rejHirts slinll be publlshetl. See also A (b2), State. ofllcv rs ; B (a), (ivueral State linn nee and support; K (b), Teachers’ wtlflcatea, gvuieral ; G (b). State nornml st'hta)l« : J (h). Medical InsjHH'tlou; t) (a), Imliiatrlal iHlucntlon. general: S (bK rnbllc-schooi libra rles. MassarhuseiU ; Tbe State l>oanI of eilucatlon ahali copsist of nine persona, three of whom shall !>e annually HHtoIntttl by tlie gi>vemor. with the advice nod consent of the council, for terms of thn^ years: tlie members of said board shall serve without oimpensation. Poicerit and dur<«ut; To Inveetlgste nnd aid In Uie Introduction of Industrial, agrlculinral. nnd household artfi ♦Hlucntlon; initiate and sujierlntend the estnbllHhiiKMit and maintenance of st'hottls for the aforesiild forms of cMlucntlon: sniiervlse and approve such schools; make annual reiHirf to legislature in reference to aforednld forms of educntlon, together with recommends iltais theren>r; take and hold In trust for the State any grant or devise of laud or* gift or bequest of property made to it for educational purposes; have genenil management of State normal schools; hold summer schools for teiichers; direct and sniiervlse the education of de«f ami blind children : prescrilH^ form of school census, of school ivgts- ters, and of returns to be made by school committees; annually make a de- tailed report to legislature: appoint a cominlBHlonor of educntlon. two depu- ties, and such agents and assistants as are necessary. The record* of the doings of the board shall be opv^n to public Inspection ; the Incidental expenses of said board and the traveling and other ext>enses of members theieof In- curred in performance of official duties shall be paid by tbe State. The board may be allowed for salaries and expenses of lU employees and for incidental expenses such sums aa the legislature may approi>rlate.* Board shall prepare blank forms of Inquiry for statistics to be secured from private and other educational Institutions; said forms shall conform to the requirements of the United States Bureau of Kducatloii, All jirlvate and other educational Instl* tntlons shall annually make reports to the State board. u STATE LAWS EELAtlNO TO PtJBUC EDUCATION. 8m alAo A (b2), SUte offlcerB; A (d). DlstHct boards And offioeni; B (o). pMmuneat Bute school ftmds; F (a), Teacbera' cootractii. datle*. etc.; F (c). Tea chert' pemdoiiB; G (b)i SUte noriual schools; 0 (d), Teachera' Institutes and thmmer schools; U (a), Child labor; J (b). Ue<11cal (Bgi^gotlon; L ta)» Oouraaof atud^; N (a). High schools; O (h). Industrial edticatloil, general; Q (b), Agiicuitunil colL^fees; K (b), (\)riH)ratlous of an educntioiuil cliamcteT; 8 (b), PuhllCHKhool l^nirles; T (o). Schools for the blind; T to). SobooU for the foeble-mlnded ; V (o), ^*hools for doi^oudents and doilnguontti. MIchlEsat 'The State board of education edutll coontst of four mombora, vli. State superintendent of imbllc infcrurtlon, ex nfflclo. and throe uiCiiibors elected by the quallfled ele valid* In such schoola for five years, hut may be revokcnl for causo. Said tKianl shall Issue life certificates to graduates of fonr-vt>Hf txinrst's. Said Imard slmll make rt»gula- tlODS for the ad&tsslon of fiuplls. but etich apidlcant kIihII sign a declaration to teach. 8ald boanl shall annually apimlnt a Uxird of thre^* visitors to visit said school and re|>ort on the aamo. Said Ixwird sliall n>iiort to each session of the legtslature. Hoard shall elect a treasurer, who shall give bond for not less than $40, (KK). The 25 .sections of Sidt Spring.^ lauds and donations of lands or other propeity for the puriK)«e alia II constitute the norma i school endowment fund; proceeds of sale of such lands shall constitute a perpetual fond and moneys appropriated for the benefit of the normal school slmll be under the direction and control of aalu State boanl. Members of State lioend shall each receive $3 i>er day and exi^enaes. Said board shnllUiotd at least two meetings ^ch year, at which they shiill cxamlno teachers^fmd shall grant certificates to those of two years’ succeafcful eiikerlence and gowl moral char- acter and who on examination In requlnM snbjtx^ta shall i»e found to ixisseHS eminent scholarship and ability; such certificates Hbidl be valid for life; said board may Indorse life cerllflcaiea granteachool libraries; T (c), Schools for the blind. MitiieaoUt State board of control shall consist of three members appointed by governor with consent of senate; term, six years; each member shall give bond for $25,000; members shall devote entire tine to tholr duties; books of board hball be subject to exiamlnatlon by public examiner; ofllce supplies rtudl be fumlsbed board. Board shall employ an architect, a secretary, and other office help; shall have seal; shall make biennial reports to governor; -invelliig expenses shall be allowed in addition to salary. A (bl). STAtE BOARDS. 25 8^ also B . Schools for ffeeble-minded ; V (e). ficboola for dependents and delinquents. Mississippi: lUmrd of education created by c^msUtutlon. Duiiei: Shall bold Hesslops at .cftpltal; Khnl) tltvlde ajii^eals fnuu tltM'lHlona or\l may n^move c<*unty 8Ui>erlntend«its ; udmlnlater oaths; ('tUiijH?! wltu(‘s»H'S; audit claims ajpiluHt aumnon school fund; fix expenseM of State 8Ui)erlntendent'a oAkv; regulate all matters arising in the practical administration of the school. system ; may ndojH a amrse of study and dealgnate an arbor day; o^all procure placards to be hung on the walla of puhlk'-A*h(H*l rooms Noting forth the (»fri«cts of alcohol'and the means ft>r the prevention and run* of ttilierruloslK. County suivrintcfid^l chall hare them placed on the walls ^ State N)anl of exatulnent shall consist of thm^ first grade teachera ap* pointed by State superintendent. Dafica: To aid ^ate auperinteodeot In pro- paring all examlimllon qawtious; gnide pullers: hear and, deride appeala; examine candltlatee for county su)>erlntendeut. State board of ezamtnera shall receive frmn ench applicant for profewlonal license; ^ from ench candidate for county sii|>erlntendent : fiO cents from each applicant fbr Rtate lic'enw: term of st»rvUv, four yeara Any t**acbcr holding a lU'ense may direct county miiHTtntciuhmt to forward such IKvnm* with ]»nK»f that bU examina- tion paiH^rs have been burnwl \o State N>agt>1 of examiners and If they think that the teacher was properly graded they mgy transfer hU license to any other county: any teucher exempt from examination \ay forwartl hla license to state N)art! of examiners with pnnvf that his examination papers were destroj-iHl In hunting of the wmrthouse and on r^ayinwit of fee State board of examiners may Issue State license.- ♦ Oovemor sliall Iw a member and ex oflirlo president of the board of trustaaa having control and suitervlalon of Vnlverslty of Mtsslaslppi. the agrlcaltnral and mechanical college, the Industrial institute and college and the Alcorn .\grlcnlturol and Mechanical College : State sui»erlntendeut shall be a member of said Uiard ; It shall be known and designated as * the board of trustees of the University and Colleges of Mississippi;'’ minutes and reconls shall be '^ept as now: governor shall appoint seven trustees from State at large who, h»gether with the goventor and Slate sni»erintendent. ** shall constitute a board of trustees" for the university, the agricultural and mechanical col- lege, the Industrial Institute and college, and Alconi Agrlcultuml and Me- chanical College: In ad*, tion to the alwve one trustee shiill be appointed for the nnlverslfy; the seven tntsteee shnll serve six years; two shall be ap* jointed biennially; lM>ard shall appoint one of their numl>er who Is a com- petent accountant who shall check up personally all the nfflairs and finances of each institution at least twice a year. See also A (c2>, County officers; B , Teachers’ certificates, general; O (d), Teachers’ Institutes and summer schools; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks; N (a), High schools; P (c). State unlrersltles and collegos; Q (b). Agricultural colleceg; Q (f>, OUw technical and ^fesstonal schoola Mtssoari: The supervision of the public sdtwolB shall be, vested In a State board of education. The State soperint^ent shall he president, and with the governor, secretary of state, and attorney g^eral shall compote tlm - "ITAV ft ''‘-in ^ ■* ^ M' I, I w ■ WJ < ■! 8TATB l^W0.lSyk!CD|fO.TO PUBUQ SDVOATtOK/ wboiu^ », ^ take feneral aoperrldon of tbe entlre odiKational Intw- vOftt of |Im State; direct the layeetmei;( of all moneys to be applied to the , ^Idtel of any fund for ednci^oiua parpoeea; eee that rU fanda are eo ap- plied according to law. Board shall Inyeetlgate the dlapoaltlon of funds arU^ from the sale of swamp lands and bring suit to recover fonds applied ' coii^Ty to law; it shall also ascertain what diqmaltlon has bera made of State school funds drawn by the countiee and how much thereof has been transferred to the townships, and shall bring suit for the recovery of soch funds when diverted from their purpose; board may employ an attomey In ' eadi congressional district to prosecute sulta It shall report to each session ' of the legislature. See also B (e), Permanent State school funds; B (b). Teachers’ certificates, gehe^; 8 (b), Public school libraries. Iv «|iplitana: State board of education shall consist of 11 members, of which ’ number governor. State superintendent, and attorney general shall be ex ofilelo members; eight monbers appointed by governor with consent of sen- Uta; ienn,.four years; governor its president; superintendent its secretary; pagular meetings semiannual and special meetings may be held; no com- , pegumtlon, except traveling expenses. Powerg and dutiet: To have general coQtnfi and sopcrvlBlon of University of Montana, ^te normal college, Cgrlcultofal college, State orphans’ home, school of imnee, school for the deaf and blind, and State reform school ; prescribe standards of promotion to blgh*sdiool department of all public schools and to accredit high schools mkiutalnlng required standard, but examinations of pupils shall be by county board of edi^tlonal examiners; grant diplomas to graduates of State edu- cational Institutions and may confer honorary degrees; grant State diplomas valid for six years and grant life diplomas to teachers; make annual report; appoint Instructors In county institutes; have, when not otherwise provided by law, control of all property of State educational institutions; have con- trol of receipts and dlsbursemaits of said Institutions; appoint president and facnlty of each Institution and fix their compensation; confer upon executive board of each institution such authority, other than financial an^ e^lectlon of employees, as may be expedient; confer upon faculty such airthorlty, other than financial and the selection of employees, as may be eapedleut. There ahall be an executive board of each Institution to consist of president of each institution and two members appointed by governor wHh consent of State board ; term of appointive members, four years ; com- , ,.pensatlOQ« not acceding |6 each per day and not exceeding $125 per year, .^heridsa inimbursement of actual expenses incurred In official work. ^ ' Btate board of examiners shall have supervision and control of expenditures of, all monsys approprla^ qr received for State educational Institutions, except aau» appropriated by acts of Congress. n. 0ee also A , state ofDoera; B (b), Teachers* certlflcates, general; * ' 0 0d per m A (bl), 8TATB BOAfiZM. ^ d«y for attending meetings of said board. jPoioer#: To grant, leiww, and TOl» teacberar certiflcates; adopt a series of textbooks and a uniform conng of study fbr tbe varl<^ pabllc scbcKHs ; exerclae gmml control over tsachan^, institutes and perform other dntles provided by law. The appointive men^ ' bttfS'of said board shall serve for four'ifcara *Sald board may excase powm# from attending county Institutes who are demfed already eminently qnallflWt to/tOiwh ; may Issue a course of study for teochers* Institutes. Board may Issue teachers’ professional certificates to persons whom It may deem Qmdl* fled; and may revoke certificates of conductors and Instructors of teachers' Institutes, teachers’ professional certificates, county teachenf certificates, and dty teachers’ certificates, for cause, aftw a full add fklr hearing. State board may prescribe and adopt a 'course of study In Industrial education, Including^mestic science, mjuioal training, and agriculture; may Indode a coursd of study in Industrial education )n Institute Manual. State board may adopt a standard of efficiency for business colleges and commercial de- partments of other schools. Issue certificates of recognition to such schools, f and Issue permits to the same to solicit studenta See also A (b2), State officers; A (c2), County officers; H '|Mildte aoeonntanta; inaj provide educational extenalon fadllttea State ilbtaxT aod State mneeiim shall be departzuoits of the unlvmity. The In- iHtnttoaa of the nnlvenlt; shall indade oU a0condary and higher educational institotiona which are now or majShersafter be incoiporated in the State, and such othdr Ubr^es, museuma institutions,^ achods, organlaatlona, and agsnclea for education os may be admitted to or Incorporated by the uni- Tsvalty ; regwita may exclude any Institution not complying with law. Every institution in the nnlverslty shall be subject to visitation by the regents ;or their repreeentatlTes, and shall make required reports. Regents may in- ooiporato any educational InstltuM^n, any association for promotion of any depaitmen^ of knowledge, any association of educational workers, or other educational or cultural organisation; may grant provisional charters. I No institution fl^ll confer degrees unless it shall have resources of at least 1500,000; and no institution for higher education shall be Incorporated with- out suitable provision foe equipment and mulntenance. Regents htay change the name or charter of any Institution under their control. Regents may. upon dissolution of any educational institution subject to their visitation, where no trustee of such insdtutlon resides in the county where such insti* tutlon Is located, direct proceedlnga If any Institution of the university shall discontinue its operations without good cause, its charter shall be sur- rendered to the regents. The trustees of any academy Incorporated under laws of the State and having a caiiital stock may, and. upon written re- quest of holders of one-third of such stock, must call a meeting of stock- holders to determine question of surrendering charter of such academy; notice shall be given of such meeting; a majority vote shall be required for dissolution of such corporation; trustees of such academy, shall become trustees of the creditors and stockholders of dissolved corporation. ^ No Indi- vidual, association, or corporation shall confer degrees or transact any busi- ness under name of university or college, unless chartered by the legislature or permitted by the fegents. No person shall bay, sell, or Illegally alter, give, ^ issne, or obtain any diploma or certificate purporting to confer any degree, or misrepresent the completion of any course of study. It shall be unlawful •to personate or attempt to personate another person in taking an examina- tion; to take or attempt to take an examination In name of another person; to procure another person to fhlsely personate him; to Illegally have ex- amination papers In one’s possession; to sell or offer to sell examination papers; to nse In any such examination any question papers, or seenre or prepare answers to such questions prior to time set for examinattonB ; to transmit to State education department answers prepared outside pf period of examination; to otherwise secure or attempt to secure the record of hav- every corporation created by the regents, unless otherwii or by ert;y of such lustltutloM; pn of 6ffl(%rs and employees; ctnif^'^ilaf^^ cie- Wsttfils air' aothorieed by dbatter ; make' b^r-iewB and rides iefi^ ptir- ' tohututlon. OoRegeb may conirty^^ waterworks sew;^.'l^m^ tlfehllr'm There shall be five Stab» ''bcholuShlps aaw^ each assembly district thefbln; each tng passed such examination in violation of university A (bl). STATB B0ABD6. gj liolder to flOO for ea<^ of four wrtf attendence at an approTed college In the State; acholarahip fund ahal] condat of money appropriated by legislature for BDcb purpose and moneys received by gift or otherwise for aiich purpose; State treasurer ghall keep eeparate account of such fond; regents shall make rules relative to such scholarships; commissioner of education shall cause to be prepared list of pupils eligible for such appointments ; only pupils who possess college entrance diplomas shall be eligible for such appointments; lists of ellglbles shall show average standing of pupils; said commissioner may, when a county has no eligible pupil therein, appoint a pupil trwn another part of State to scholarship of snch county; said commissioner shall prescribe fbrm of application for said scholarships, and shall Issue scholar- shi|> certificates to successful applicants; scholarships may, for good canse» be revoked by regents; at no time shall there be more than 20 such scholarships for one assembly district, or more than 3,000 for entire State not Inclndlng those supported by Income of trust funds, gifts, devises, or bequests ; holders o^^ scholarships may choose colleges which they may desire to attoid, and select their courses of study, but no such scholarship shall Include profes- sional Instruction except as auxiliary work; holders of scholarships mqst attend some college In the State Incorporated as a college under laws of State and the rules of the. regents The State education department shall be under legIsIaUve direction of the regents and executive direction of the commissioner of education; said department shall have management and supervision of all* public schools and all eduoatlounl work of the StJite, Including university of the State; said department may he (iivldeerlDtendeDt of public instruction, and attorney general. Such board Is a body corporate ; 'governor Is president, superintendent Is secretary; meeting as determined by majority or as called by president; record of proceedings shall be kept Board shall have control of “literary fund,” make rules for government of public schools and for management of State educational fund. Sute treasurer shall keep ac^t of literary fund and report to legislature: State board shaU report to legislature manner In which sudi fund has haen invested or apidled. OtAcen; B (c). Permanent State school funds; H (b), ^:^eacli^' c^dlitAtea; Q (b), State normal schools; K ector of graded and rural ecboole and State blgh-ecbool Inapector, ex ofllclo, and a normal-school prealdeDt^ an Induatrlal- school: president* a county superintendent and a male cltlaen not connected with the educational system, each to be designated bj the goremor; term of appolntlTe members* two years. No normal school or hiduStrlal school shall be represented . on said board n second time until each normal school and asoA Indnstiial school has be^'n represented by Its president. Members not re^rlnir sslarles from State, county* or State Institution shall each receive |8 per day while employed; all members shai;i* receive, necessary expenses Regular meetings shall be held bimonthly and special meetings may be called* bi|t not more than 12 shall be held In one year. Said board shall succeed to thS powers and duties ect any educational Institution uhder the super- vision of the State and may require reports therefrom. See also A (b2), State pfhcers; B (e). State a4d for elementary ednontion; B (b), Teachers’ certificates, general; Q (b). State normal schools; N (a). High schools; 0 ennl and reformatory Institution, public institution, and the offices of each taxing district or public institution in the State. See also A (b2), State officers; A (f), Administrative units; dlbtrlcta, etc.*; B (b), Twchers* certificates, general. Oklahoma: The State board of education shall consist of seven members, In- cluding the State superintendent of education, who shall be the president, and six members appointed by the governor with the advice and consent of the senate; term, six years, two appointed every odd year; salary, $6 per day and expenses $3 per day while officially engaged; appointive members shall receive no additional salary for such service. Apt>olntlve members shall have same qualifications and be subject to same limitations as are required of members of State textbook commission; at least two of appointive mem- bers shall be practical schoolmen with at least four years of teaching expe- rience, two of which years shall have been spent In Oklahoma; president of said board shall appoint a secretary, salary $2,000 per year, and a stenog-- rapher, salary $1,200 per year. State board of education shall have control of following Institutions; State university, university preparatory schools, State normal schools, Oklahoma Industrial Institute and college for girls, school of mines and metallurgy, school for deaf, school for blind, boys* train- lug school, orphans^ home. Institute for feeble-minded, colored agricultural and normal ui^erslty, Institute for the deaf, blind, and orplmns* home for the colmred; srall also perform duties originally belonging to textbook com- missloiL AdMiomU potrera and duties: To have general mpervislon of pub- lic achobla; formulate and adopt courses of study for common schools and normal institutes; arrange courses of study and adopt textbooks for higher* educationai institutions; fbhnnlate rules and regulations governiilf^Siluance at teachers’ certificates; prepare examination questions fbr applicants for county and city certificates; examine applicants for Qtate certificates and institute conductors’ and instructors' certificates; prepare examination ques* A (bl). BTATB BOABDS. 88 ^ ^nB for graduates from eighth grade of common scboolsY claasU^ accredit high schools; formulate aud adopt courses foi* pupils* and teachenif ' reading circles; make blennliil reiwrt to governor nnd leglslat;ire ; upon appU^ cation by commercial aud business collegesy^to formulate rules and regula- tions for governing such lOBtltutlona [ . Any graduate of a State educational institution who has complei 1 a count approved by State board of education as specldcally designs te(\ /or prep- aratluu for teaching may be granted a certificate by said board. A per- son who shall willfully Injure any school property shall be fined not ; thw^ $10 nor more than $50, such fines to be i>ald Into county common-school fund. Kvery board of education and school district lH>ard shall provide a flag for the public schools. Any person whose duty It Is to, provide such flag w1k> fails so to do ^all be guilty of a misdemeanor. No religious or sectariau doctrlue shall taught In the public schools, but the reading of the Holy i Scripture shall be permitted. State board of education shall vlrit and Inspect, or caus^ to be visited and inspected at least twice a year, all pri- vate and public Institutions of higher education. Before being allowed to ^ teac^ teachers shall-flle Uielr certificates with the county superintendent or. with the city sui>erInteDdent lu Independent districts. Morality shall be • I taught in each and every public school. At least one-half hour each we^ In ctich public school shall be devoted to teaching kindness' to and humane treat* \ \ meiit of and protection to dumb animals. Vivisection shall not be permitted • In any public school. The Friday following second Monday In March of each your shall be Arbor Day; said day shall l>e properly observed in public sc boo la See also A (f). Administrative units-— districts, etc.; G, (b). State normal school; II (o), Consolidation of districts, etc.; K (c), Tnlformlty of $ext- ' books: h (J), Agriculture; N (n), nigh schools; P (c). State unlversltleaand colleges: Q (b), Agricultural colleges; Q (d). Mining schools; Q (f)^ technical and professional schools; T (b/. Schools foi -the deaf; T (c), Schools for the blind; T (e), Schools for feebfe-mlnded ; U (e). Schools for dependents and delinquents. ✓ Oregon: The governor, secretary of state, and Superintendent of pnbUc Instroc- tUm shall constitute a StJite Iward of cn. Meetings shall be held semi- annually. Powers: To authorize use of textbooks adopted by the textbook commission; prepare a State (,‘ourse of study for gramuiiir grade schools; prescribe rules and regulations for the government of the public schools; have necessary printing done. It shall at least one*yeur I>efore an examination for ^ wunty teachers* certificates Indicate the sources from which at least 00 per cent of the questions In theory and practice slniU be selected. The proceed- ings of said board shall be published and shall contain the names of successful applicants and certificates granted. See also (A (b2), State officers; A (d). District l>oflrd8 and oflacers; B (c). Permanent State school funds: E (b). Teachers* certificates; F (a), Teachers* contracts, duties, etc.; O (birnkite normal schools; O (d), Teachers* Insti- tutes and summer schools; H^g), Child labor; K (c). Uniformity of tex^ ' books; N (-a), High schools; Q (b). Agricultural colleges; S (b). Public scl^l libraries; T (c), Schools for the blind; T (e). Schools for. feeble- minded; TJ (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. PennsylTanig: The State board ^f education shall consist of six nkembers, appointed In rotation by the governor, one every year, term six years; three ^ members shall always^ be educators of high standing connected with the 80a0®-^15 3 ' VI- ■TV”'’ — • -A ^ 84 STATE LAWS RBLATlKa TO PUBUO EDUCATION. % imbUc-acbool system; member shall serve wUhoat any compenaation other thao expenses Incurred In performance of duties as imch. State superin- tendent shall be ex officio a member A)f the State board and president thereof. Fov>eN and duties of State hoard: To recommend needed school legislation; equalise through special appropriations, or otherwise, educational advantagca throughout the State; Inspect and require reports from schools and other Institutions wholly or partly supported by the State, but a copy of report of such Inspection shall be sent to the head of the Institution Inspected; encour- age and promote ngrlcultuml education, manual training, domestic science, and such other vocational education as the State may require; prescribe rules and regulations for sanitary equipment and Insfiectlon of school buildings; take any other action neoeasary to promote the physical and moral welfare of school children; elect its officers annually, defining their duties; fix time of meetings; and make Its own by-laws. Office of State bonnl shall be In the Btate capitol, where all meetings shall l>e held except when otherwise decreed. The State board may employ such nsslsbince and Incur such ex]>ense as deemed necessary wltliin the IlmltH of the appropriations made for Its use. See also A (d), District bonnls and officers; B (c), Permanent State school fund; B (d), State taxation for st*hool puri)osea; D (a), Buildings and sites, general; 0 (h), State uormal schools; H (f). Compulsory attend- ance; J (a), Health, general; () (n). Industrial education, general. Rhode Island: State board of eilucatlon plmll be comiK>sed of governor and liodtenant governor, ex officio, and one member from each county, except Providence County, whh’h shaP. have two members; niemlK'rs of l>oard Hhail be dlvldentrol public schools and' other educational institutions established and maintained wholly or In part by State; ^ect commissioner of public schools; prescribe and cause to be enforced rules and regulations for carrying schiKd laws into effect: provide registers for schools and Institutions; preimre blanks for reiwrts to be ingde to said boanl; make annual rejwrt to the legislature; provide for Instruction at their homes of blind residents of State, sum of $3,000 j>er year to be annually n^^pro- prlated for such purpose: provide, In cooperation with r^rown University, courses of Instruction designed to prei»are students for positions as superin- tendents of public EK'hools and blgb-school teachers and principals and ap- point suitable i>er8ons to Stiite scholarships to pursue such courses, $5,000 to be annually appropriated for such purpose. Said board may cause to l»e paid annually to each free public library a sum not exceeding $50 for first 600 volumes and $25 for each additional 600 volumes, the total for any library' not to exceed $5tX) annually; shall establish rules for such libraries; may establish and maintain a system of traveling libraries, for which sum of $2,000 annually shall be appropriated. All payments herein authorized shall be made by State treasurer upon order of commissioner of public schools, approved by State board of education, to proper person In charge of library. Persons In diarge of all schools, public or private, and all in- stitutions of learning sball make an annual report to State board of edu- cation. There sball be a State board of control and sup.vlyi conslBUng of five mem- bers appointed by governor, by and ^rith advice and consent of the senate; one appointed each year; term, five years. Said board shall elect one of Us A (bl). STATS BOABBA, SB \ monbers president and another secretary* ^Id officers shall each recelrs annual salary of $S,000. other members $2,000. Board aball be allowed $8,000 for clerical nasistance and expensea. Each member of board shall give $5,000 bond. Said board shall purchase and make all contracta for parchase of supplies and materials, repairs, alterations and Improveme^ta, and expaisea Incurred In and about, the following Institutions: State reform achool, State home and school for children, Rho^e Island Institute for the deaf^ Rhode ’ Island school for the feeble-mlmletl, and certain other State InsUtutioiia See also A (b2), State officers; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), ^ Admlplstratlve uuIts^liHtricts. etc.; B (e), State aid for elementary edn- ca^n; E (b). Teachers* certificates, iteneral; F (cl. Teacherf, pensiona; G (b). State normal schools; J (b), MedicaMnspcctioh ; N (a), High ec^oola; O (n>, Industrial education, general; T (b). Schools for the deaf; T (e), Schools for feeble-minded; U (c), Juvenile courts; U (e), Schooja for dejWidents and delinquents. South cr8on8 aiqwintwl by the governor shall constitute the State board of edu- cation. Tenn of ni>poIntIve members, four years. (3overuor Is chairman and sui>eritdendent Is secretary. Meetings shall be held on call of th^ chairman or a majority of the members ; majority, a quorum. Comi>ensaUon of appoint- ive iiieinherH. $4 i>er day and mileage for not exceedliig 20 days In a year. Said hoard shall l>e an advisory body to the State superintendent and shall hear and determine npiH»als from county boards of education. General poio- (Tx.* To make rules for the government r* the public schools; prescribe rulea for the ejmmliiatireserll>e the course of study for the public schools; adopt for not It ss than five years a uniform stories of textbooks; make contracts with pub- lishers for furnishing tlie same, and require publisher? to establish a deposl- U)ry lu each county; grant State teachers* certificates and revoke tb**m for cause: review, on aiii>eal, an order revoking a county certificate; award scholarships createti in Suite Institutions by legislature. Scholarships i»n>- vldeetitIve examinations. Those receiving scholarships in Uie university shall be required' to take the regular teachers* normal course, and shall give their notes for funds received to be fwiyable eight years after date, but to be canceled without payment when promisaor has tau^t two years. At least one scholarship awarded to Wlnthrop Ck)llegt^ In each county shall be granted to n rural community. Fifty-one scholar^lpe (one from each county and seven fn>m the State ut large) are created In Clemson Ool- legt»: value. $100 each and free tuition. See also A (b2), State officers; A (cl). Ck)unty boards; A (c2). County officers; A (f). Admlnlstmtlvq units— districts, etc.; B (d). State taxation for school purposes; B (e), State aid for elementary education; D (^). Buildings and sites, general; N (a). High schools; P (c). State universities and col- leges; 8 (b), School libraries. South Dakota; The control of the educational Institutions supported In whole or In part by the State shall be vested in a State board of regents of educa- tion consisting of five members appointed by the governor, with the consrat v of the senate, for a term of six years; none of said regents shall reside in the 86 STATE LAWS BELATINQ TO PUBUO BDUCATIOK. counties in whl<4i State educ:Ulonal Institutions are located. Two regular meetings ahaii be held annually and si»ecial meetings may be held; three regents constitute a quorum. Board aball be a body eor|X)mte, and as such shall hare control of the proi>erty of said institution^ Including the purchase of land, erection of buildings, etc. Said board is authorised to employ or dismiss the faculties and other employees of said institutions, determine the number and duties of such employees, ami tlx their comi)enKiitlon. For each Institution board muy determine deimrtments, courses of study, textbooks, entrance cequirements, etc. It shall tlx tuition rates and may receive in any one of said Inst! tuflon?^ free of tuition two students ai)|>ointeectineu8 of animal and vege- table life. State treasurer shall be treasurer of the rt*gents of education. Regents shall have control of the exi>oudlturi> of moneys nt)proprlatiHi for State educational In.'ttitutlons. tiich regent shall rtvelvc jkt annum aud actual exj>eust^s when attemlltig to dmies. UegeatH may employ a scvn^ tary and stenographer. They shall rt‘iK)rt biennially to the governor. See also E (fl. Teachers’ jiKSoclatlons. reading elrele.^; (J (h), State normal schools; r (c). State universities and colleges; tj tb), Agricultural colleges; Q (d). Mining schools; S (h), Tuhlic-schot)! libraries; T (b). Schools for the deaf. Tennessee: Governor ahall appoint a State Iwnrd of iHlucatlon ; term, six years, two being appointed biennially; governor and State sup»*rintendent shall be members ex offlclo; governor shall be president, and sui>erlntendent shall l»e secretary and treasurer. Buttrs of (wwird; To reiv»rt to legislature the oi>er- ations of the board and condition of normal sclmols, with rooominendntlon.M for Improvement of nonnul and public srlunds. Said board Is authorlze^l to ehtabllsh one or more normal schools: they may norfion funds for equalising school* conditions, stimulating consolidittion and tranHiK>rtution, and encouraging appointment of county school suiiervisors; grade county high schools and exercise general- control over the same; expend Uie fund for establishing school libraries. Pubilc-scbool system sboU be administered by State superlntend^t. State board of edncatlon, county superintendent, and county board of education. See also A (b2). State officers; A e president, and State auperlntendent WM'retary. Such board shall, on or before Ang^ust 1, apportion on baati of (ichool censuR State school fund to counties and cities, tovrna and districts constitmliiff aeiwrate school orKaniaatlona Stich board ahall Invest perma- nent State school fund; bonds may not I>e purchaaed unless they bear 8 per ('ciit Interest or more. Whenever auy couijty or Incorporated city, I IndPiamdent or common -school district, rood precinct, drainage. Irrigation! I navigation, or levee district issues houda, such bonds must be offered tor sale to State Iwnrd of etlucatlou, Boanl may create school dlatrtcU at , eleemosynary Institutions, and State superintendent shall appoint trustees for such district. ' ^ also A t[>2). Stateomoera: A (f).. Administrative unlt^-^dUtrlcta. etc.; K (b>. Teachers' ivrtltlcHtea. general; u (h), state normal schools; K (p)! ' rnlformlty of teitbtK>ks. I'Uh: State board of wlucatlon shall consist of State sui^erlntendent of fmbllc Instruction, president of State imherslty, president of ngticnltnral college, ex offlch*. and two i»ers«mB am>olnt«! by the governor for terra of four yeara. Board shall have general control and sonervlslon of the pnbUc-achool M3’stem. Boanl shall aim) promote the establlahni nt of llbrartea and gym- , ua slums and may api)olm and fix salary of secretary to work under direction of State snrK^rlntcndiMit. (’omiHrasatlon of meml>ers. $4 per diem and ei- I»enseR. hut thost» drawing salary from State shall not receive per diem. Clerical JiKSltjtam'e to extent of $2TiO j>er annum may l>e employed. Super- intendent shall he rholnnan and shall apiKtlnt another member secretory. StH* also A (c2K County officers; K (b), Teachers’ certlfloates. general; F (a). Teachers’ contracts, duties, etc.; F (c). Teachers’ pensions: K (c)! rnlformlty of textlawks; I. (a). Course of study; N (a), High schools. Vermont: .State honnl of eilucatloa shall consist of five members appointed by governor, with advU't* nud c-muk'm of senate. In grouiM* of two, two, and one; one group appointed biennially to serve six years; not more than three mem- l>er8 shall he cngngtMl lii (Hlncaflonal pursulU. Poicer$ and duties: To elect chairman, vlre chairman, and trejisurcr; hold four regular meetings annn- allj* ami mvessary siavla) meetings; establish regulations; require, as said iHuiyd and .State treasurer may designate, tK)iul of treasurer; appoint’ and fix Rjihiry of snix*rlnt<*ndent of education, wbtise term of office shall be thrva years; Insi>ect and reiwrt ui>ou expenditures of State funds; make biennial reiK>rt to legislature; employ lnsi>ectorH. clerks, lecturers, and other officers, prescrll>e their duties; publish and distribute educaUonal bulletins; Bx allowance for exi>ease8 of superlntendeUt’s offlex?. Each member of said board sliall. rec-elve $4 ami exi>en8es for each day officially employed, gum of ^7,000 Is annually appropriated, to be ai)|)ortloned by said board, fpf sum- mer schools for elementary teachers, eerlnteudent ; for other purposes by said board. Bald board shall, upon application of school boards of two or more towns for«formatioo of a union for school supenlslon, give a hearing, and may order the school boards of such towns to elect a joint committee for said purpose; no onion shall he formed except by vote of majority of /school directors of towns S8 STATE LAWS BSLATIKO TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. | I atTectad ; State board t^ll preocribe QuaJlOcatione of unton auperinteiMients ; no siicb oiiperintendent may be removed except by majority vote of Joint committee, with approval of aald board, and for good ctuae. See aleo A (b2), State otBcere; B (b). Teachers* certlflcatea. general ; P (o) , Teacbera* penalons; O (b). State normal achoola; Q (c). (V>unty and U>cai normal achooJa; H (g). Child labor; i (b). Medical inaijectlon; L (J), Agri ctiUnre; N (a). High acb(x>la Vlrt aJa: CofHpoHtion of Hioir boord of (lovemor. attorney general. I aup .»rtnteiident of pnblic intdriicfloM, mid three eiiieriemxsl iNlnciitora ele<'t<^l quadrennially by the aeiiiite from it lint of ellglMes conslHtlng of one frt>ni each of the faculties and noniInato<1 by the refljKs'tlve botmla of vlaltora or trustees of the Vulverulty of Vlrginl’i. * Virginia Miiltnry Institute, Virginia Polytertinic Institute. State Female Normal St'h«M>l at IVrmvtiie, School for the Deaf and Blind, and the ColU^ge of William and Mary, The !>onrd thus constituted shall asarn'inte wKh itself two division eui>orlntendeniR. one from ? a county and one fn>ni a city, who ahall be members but shall not particiimie In the appointment of echool offlivrs, Tcnu of niemlH'rs olectcvl by* the senate, four years; term of division superintendents, two years, but not longer than they hold the office of sui>ei1ntemlent. State sni^rlntendent shall be president of the board. Meetings sball be held ujion the call of the president or a ma- jority of the boanl; majority a quorum. Said l>oard shall recover n»oney due the literary fund. Fotrcr* and duties of board; To divide the State lntt> •cbool dIvIslonH comprising not leas tlmn one tx>unty or city each, but no wunty or city shall bedlvlde<1: aiMmlnt, subject to oonfinmition by the senate, a soperintendeut of scho*ils for each division thus cr>»sUtM and fix his comiHUi- nation and duties; prescrlbt* the duties of the sniH^rintendent of public Instruc- tion; aiJprove the ap{)ointment of the neensation ; adopt by laws for Its own government and rules and regulatioiia for the wmduct of the schools; provide I far the examlnatiou of teachers by a State tH>ard of examiners, and for the j - Inspection of the schools; select teitl>ook8 nnd educational appliances for the public schools, but no book shall be cbangcil within four ywtrs of Its adoption ; make with publishers for not exceeer- Intendent for the conduct of summer normal schools aiid audit Uie accounts of such schools; decide appeals from State sui>erlntendent ; order school Section In county or district on ahy matter which may be legally referred to voters; invest the capital and uhapproprlated Income of the literary fund in bonds of the State, the United States, school districts, or railroad companleH. secured by first xnortgnges having a market value of at least 00 cents on the dollar; audit all claims to be paid out of the literary fund; approve appor- * tlonmept of school moneys to counties; determine contingent exinnises of the office of State superintendent; punish division superintendent for neglect of doty or officii misconduct; appoint a board of five directors to have tha management of the State library (except the law library) ; regulate the ad- mjnlstratioD of the public-school system and make recommendations relating thereto to the legislature; report to the legislature at each regular session; perform such other duties as may he prescribed by law. Necessary exp^ises of members, except members ex officio, shall be paid for the performance of official dudes. ' --- • ■ ^ f i (bl): 8TATR BOARDS. 99 No »cbool officer or teacher abaU be personally !ntere«te<1 In any aebool 1 contract or In the fiale of schoolbopka or apjMiratoa, but the State boenl of education may permit the author of a book or the Inrentor of apparatoa to receive the boneflta thereof; no school officer ahali acquire at lean tiMin ffice value any evidence of lnerTiiK)ra. com- mon council, or echoed boanl Knch echl offitvr aball deliver to hts ano cewwr the reconla of hla office. All iienalti*^ imjH^wHl hy the whonl law shall be for the bene#»t of the literary fund. The circuit courts of oouiitlea and oon>t>ratlou ^urfa of oonwrationa shall have power to feniovo for cause the offlcera thereof, Kaoh school olft(>er ahall take iin onth to the CVm- stitutlona of the Tnlt^ States and Vlnrlnla and to dlM^hann* faithfully '(he duties luiiXMKHl uiv)n him hy law. See also A (b2). State officers; A (dK niatrlct boarila and ofllcers; A (f), Admlnlatratlve unlts—dlatricta. etc.; B (a). Oeneral atate finance and auiv t port; C (h). Ix>cal b^da and lndtedneiw ; O U; P (c). State uulveraltlea and cidletrea; Q (h). A^cul- (ural colleKea; S (b). PubMc-at'luad Ilbrnrioa; V (e). ScliooU for dependoits and dellnquenU, W^htniftoKi! State boartl of tnlncotion Khali cimKlst of auta^rlntendent of public Inatruillon. pn^aldeut of rnlverHity of WaHhincion. jin'Kident of .State College of Waahington. ex offldo, principal of one of State lumunl w'boola, elected by the priuciiMila of the State noriiial aclKHda, and thre<* la-raouH boMlnf^ Ilfs dlpl9ma8 IfwucHl under authority of thia State nud adlvely enjcnged In edu- cational work. nppolnt«l by (fovemor, one of whom gliall lie auperfntendent of district of first class, u county sui^iintendent, one a ptincl|)al of a fully aci'reditee two years, Sui>erlntendeut <*f public Inatrudlou shall be ex officio president of said tward aud shall represent said lawtril In directing hifili-school Inspection, Deputy suix^rintendent of public Instruction shall be ex officio secretary of said iKmrd. but shall have no vote lu Its proceedings, bald Iwnrd shall hold an annual meetluK at Ihe OHidtal, and such special meetings as may l>e called hy the sut^erintendent of public Instruction; mem- Iters shall l>e reluibursetl for official exi^ensea. to Ik> paid by State; members not under salary, who do si^eclal committee work, ahall be |>ald $5 per day for time so employwl, Poircrs and duties of mid hoard: To approve pre- paratory requlremcuts for entrance to University of Washington. State Col- lege of Washington, nud State nonnol schools; approve courses for State normal schools, for deiwrtnient of education nt rnlversity of Washington, and State college of Washington, and for all acvredlled nonnnl training de- partmenta of higher Institutions within the State; Investigate work required as a condition of entrance to and graduation frdm normal echoola. colleges. unJverslu^ and other lustltutlons of higher education ; accredit higher Institutions of this and other States whose graduates may receive teachers* certificates without examination except In State manual of Washington, but entrance and graduation requirements of colleges aud universities when accredited must be equal to those of University of Washington and reqnlre- tnents for normal schools shall be equal to advanced course of State normal schools of this Stete: prepare accredited list of State life certificates and life diplomas Issued in other States by examination upon which certificates may L I ■iiiiii ^I'lM 1 iMiiiii 1 II 111 ■ . * i>40 STATS LAWS BSLATLNO TO PUSliTe EDUOATtON. h be iBned In tbis State without examtimtlou, except In Waabington State mBnnaiy but requlrem^ta to obtain sucb bertlflcntes and diplomas shall be equal to requireihents fo; life certificate in this State; accredit secondary schools^ but no private academy shall be placed on such list If secret socie- ties are allowed to exist among its students; send an Inspector, upon request, to examine the normal training course maintained by an institution of higher education, with purpose of accrediting such department; Inspect all accred- . Ited normal training departments annually ; prepare and prescribe course of study for common schools, and prescribe' rules for general government of such Scliools ; prepare uniform series of questions to be used by county super- intezidents in examination of teachers and determine rules for conducting same, and prepare 'examination questions for applicants for State elementary certificates and life diplomas; prepaxe answers to all examination questions prepared by the board; prepare uniform questions for examination of pupils completing grammar-school course of study ; hear and decide appeals as provided by law. Said board shall arrange such courses and enforce such regulations as will unify the work of the pubUcHBchool system; shall adopt a seat See also A (b2), State officers; A (cl), County boards; A (d), District boards and ofllcers; B (a), Certification of teachers, general ; B (b) Teachers' certificates, general; E (d). Validity, indorsement, revocation, etc.; Q (b). State normal schools; L (a), Course of study; N (a). High schools; 8 (b), Public-school libraries; T (b), Schools for the deaf; U (e). Schools for de- pendents and delinquents West Virginim: State board of education shall consist of State superintendent of education and five other persons engaged in educational work, appointed by him, one from each congressional district and not more than three from same political party^; one appointed each year ; term, five years. Duties of hoard: To perform, duties originally performed by State board of examiners; prescribe course of study for public schools, including district schools, pri- mary, graded, Intermediate, and high schools ; prescribe and publish branches In which applicants for primary teachers^ and bigb-scbool teachers' certifi- cates shall be examined. Said board may, at request of State superintendent, assist in preparation of teachers' examination questions; shah receive $5 per day and expenses for each day officially emi^oyed, not to exceed 20 days each year, to he paid out of general school /und. Said board shall bold at least one examinu4on each year in each congressional district for purpose of granting State professional certificates; said certificates shall be of first claw, valid for 12 years, and second class, valid for 0 years first-class cer- tificates are renewable without examinatiou after 8 years* experience in teaching; se(X>nd-cla8s certificates shall be Issued upon examination in branches required under the oniform system, and, in addition. In not fewer than four other branches to be determined by board ; second-class certificates shall be issued upon application, without examination, to graduates of West Virginia University, of State Normal School of West Virginia and its branches, and of other schools of this ^tate of equivalent grade when applicants have tau^t three .years under a No. 1 uniform certificate, one of which years shall Immediately precede applies tlom Teachers who have taught four years / jnndfif fi geoand-dass certificate shall be entitled to receive, without exami- nation, a first-class certificate at expiration of the second clasa Said board may issue certificates to teachers from other Stat^ if such teachers hold certificates or diplomas of equal value with ^ those issued und^sr this act, if such States likewise recognise those issued in this State. All certificates shall ■A .{bt). BTAXl BOABDS.^ ' - j be conntcFgigned by State superintendent of free'acboola Said, pietari Course of study; O (a), industrial ^ucatlon, general; P (c), Stato univer- sities and colleges; T (b). Schools for the deaf; U (e), Schools for dependents ai^ delinquents. Wisconsin; State board of control of reformatory, charitable, and penal insti- tutions shall consist of five members, appointed by governor, by and with advice and consent of the senate; term, five years; one member shall be a woman; not all of members shall belong to same political party; no two inembers shall be from same congressional district; members shall devote entire time to their duties; board shall be a body corporate; board shall bold mdnfhly meetings; board shall make biennial report to governor; biennial examination shall be made of accoonts of board by an audit company. Duties cf $M Jtoard: To maintain and govern State hospital for Insane, northern hoapital for Insane, State prison. State reformatory, Industrial school for boys, State school for blind, State school for deaf, State public school for dependent and neglected children, home for feeble-minded, and all other like InatltnUons supported by the State; supervise and direct management of affairs of said InatltnUons;' preserve and care for property of said Institu- tions; hold In tmst property for benefit of said instltuUons; make by-laws, mlea, and regulations; visit and Inspect each InstltuUon monthly; employ abd fix salaries of ofll<»c», teachers, and employees; fix fees required. She also.B (h), Teacbera^ cerUflcates, gpneral; F (c), Teacbersf pensions; G (b), State normal schools; O (a), Industrial education, general; S (b), PubUc-echool libraries; T (b), Schools for the deaf ; T (c), Schools for the blind ; T (e) , Schools for the feeble-minded. :v.Wyomtagr Governor, secretary of state, ^treasurer, and State superintendent shall constitute board of land commissioners and shall have direcUon, con- lease, and diqiosal of school lands. j(30!yst9K>r, secretary of state, treasurer, auditor, and State, kapertotandent State board of charities and reform; spperiiieDdent shall r. be-a as such aholl ipake bleimial report to govenion iib}. Teachers^ certificates, general; T (b). Schools for the deaf; (s); Schools for tto leeble-mtoded; V (e). Schools for ilependents and A (bg), STATE OFFIOKBS. . > ’48 A (t»2) State Offiem. Alflteotas SspdrMmdM of Xton, ttmr y«ars; «alarr, |a,000; offi- cial bond, $16,000; elected by Qaallfled rofera (See constitotloxL) Hay employ a chief clerk, two bookkeepers, and a stenographer. Power# and duHe$: To supervise the educational interests of the State; require from school officers such reports as he nia^ deem Important; rcan^e' for cause any school officer, except county superintendent ; visit as far as practicable every county in the State; assist In orgahlxlng and conducting teachers' institutes: make provision In all public schools and colleges for instmetiop in physiology and hygiene; make provision for instruction in the constitutions of United States and Alabama ; apportion publicsschool fund to counties; have printed and distributed-all necessary blanks; pre- scribe a uniform system of keeping records and accounts; keep account with each township or district of funds accruing thereto; keep account of the capital of all sixteenth-section or other trust funds; preserve all bonds of school officers; employ attorneys to institute suits against defaulters to the educational fond; secure and disseminate Information r^ardlng public education In other States and countries; Collect specimens of school b^ks; apparatus, eta, when such may be had without cost; have schooMaws pub- lished and distribute the samq to school officers; make an annual report to. ^ the governor. * " In case of vacancy In the office of superintendent, the governor shall ap- point for unexplred term. ^ See also A (cl), County boards; A (c2), County officers; A (f). Adminis- trative units— districts, etc.; B (b), State school lands; B (e). State aid for elementary educaUon; D (b). State aid, approval of plans; El (b). General certificates; G (b), State normal schools; G (d), Teachers* Institutes and sunnner schools; H (g). Child labor; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; L (d). Physiology and hygiene; N (a), High schools; O (b). Agricultural schools; P (*c). State universities and colleges; Q (b), Agricultural colleges; Q (f), Other technical and professional schools; S (b), Public-school libraries; T (b), Schools for the deaf; U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Arlaona; A State superintendent. of public Instruction shall be elected by the qualified voters: term, two years; salary, $3,000. Duii€9: To superintend the public schools; Investigate any accounts of school money kept by State, county, or district officers; apportion, subject to State board 4>f e^catlon, all State school funds to counUes on basis of number of persons 6 to 21 years old and to certify such apportionment to State auditor; prepare and furnish to school offloers and teachers blank forms and registers; have printed and distributed course of study prescribed by State board of education; famish record books for his own office and for those of State board of education. State board of examlnefs, and county superintendents; publish pamphlets In relation to the observance of Arbor Day, Flag Day, Washington’s Birthday, and other school holidays, and also In relation to sanitation, school archi- tecture, and other subjects, as directed by State board of education ; keep itemised a<^unt of traveling expense^ which shall not exceed $1,000 an- nually; make biennial financial and statistical report; have school 4aws printed every two years and supply school oflicers, teachers, and Ubreries with copies of the same; Imld annual meetings .of oonnty sbperinteiidents and allow such superintendents their actual expenses tor attendance; appoint, when necessary, asatstants to State board of eotamlners; appoint an andstant fcj xwjimum lujw ■» ,t 11\ I iHM 8XATK snstvtc BDtrCATIOK. •apertntKitakt at a aalai^ |2,00d» and employ such other asalfftanta as 3»ard of education may deem necessary. |ao A'{hi)^ ;8tate boards; A (C2), County oiBcers; A United States flag In schools; S (b)/G^enil mr- ' tfdcates; O (b), State nonoal schools; H (g)« Child labor; L (k). Days of ‘ special observance; P ' and practice of teaching. He may gx^nt a professloiial license, valid in any county and applicant passing examination In studlc^s requ ahd In algebra, plane geometry, general hlsto^ xnent. Fees required of applicants; State He IS; such fees shall be used for defraying the exp^hms of examination^ and for an Institute fund and a library fund for superlnfendent's office. State super- intendent shall prepare a graded course of study for common-school dl^rlcts. « ' See also A (bl), State boards; A (c2), County officers; A (d). District boards and officers; B (e). State aid for elementary education; G (d). Teacfaenf institutes and summer schools; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; N (a), High schoola < ' Oalifdnlnt A State superintendent of public Instruction shall be elected by the qnallfl^ TOters of the State; term, four years; sala^, $6,000. Pou>en and dut4e9: To superintend schools; repoit biennially to the governor; make tah- - nlar statements of educational statistics; apportion State school fund and fur- ' olah abstract of such apportionment to State controller and city and county ' school officers (apportionment shall he'$250 fbr each teacher and the balance . • on basis of average attendance) draw his order on controller for amounts apportioned ; have school laws printed and furnish to school officers and llbra- ties; famish necessary blanks, etc., to officers and teachers; vlrit State- : \ Btqpported orphan asylums; vlrit schools of different countlM ($1,800 allowed ; listte ; affix official seal to drafts, etC; ; have all valuable school bound for his oSioet i^rt total aven^te attendance ^ Iw tboohtrpllhr; deliver to his suoceMr aU property, books, e^ of hls offlce. hold annhally a' convention of city and ootm^ snperlntend- be to attend. Be aball dtstriboto proposed constl- to ooUeges and high schools* ^ipd of gli years, to j first-grade license rhetoric, and civil govem- $10; professional license, ■ ■■ ■■ -■ "• ji 45 A (ba); BTATis br^OMS. . CotMtUtsUmer of eJ^tncniory 9chool9 — "Duties * To ylrit 6lttuentary day and evening achools and Investigate course of study ; enforce the nee of State text- books and report to State board ;'petform snch other dntlea as State snpertn- tendent may direct Commissionet; of secondary schools— ^Duties: To vlalt and Investigate sec- ondary day and evening schools^ may recommend changes In courses of study ; Investigate contracts with textbook companies; perform such other duties as State superintendent may direct Commis^oner of industrial and vocational education. — Duties: To visit State-supported schools In which vocational education Is given or contem- plated ; may recommend changes to boards of control of such schools and re- port to State board; perform such other duties as State board may direct Salary of assistant superintendents, $4,000 each. See also A (hi), State boards ; A (<^2), County officers; B (e), State aid for elementary education; F (a). Teachers’ contracts, duties, etc.; O (b). State normal schools; N (a), High schools; P (c), State universities and colleges. Colorado:, A State superintendent of pubUc Instruction shall be elected by the qualified voters; term, two years; salary, $3,000. Duties: To preserve In his office nt the capltol nil official papers* transmitted to him by county officers; decide all points touching the construction of the school laws and his decislona shall be final until set aside by a court of competent Jurisdiction or by subse- quent legislation; prepare or cause to be prepared lists of questldns to be used by county superintendents In the quarterly eTnmlnatlpns of teachers; have general supervision of county superintendents and the public schools; prepare and furnish to teachers and officers th^neoessary blank forms, regis- ters, etc., which shall be charged to counties at cost ; have school laws printed In pamphlet form and supply school officers, school libraries, and State libra- ries with a copy each ; make biennial report to governor before each session of the legislature: visit annually all counties, if possible; apportion public- school income fund to counties on the basis of school population. He may employ an assistant librarian to have charge of State library under Stete librarian. See also A (bl), State boards; A (c2)*. County officers; A (d), District boards and officers; B (a). Ceneml State finance and support; E (b), Generat certificates: O (d), Teachers’ Institutes arid summer schools; J (b), MedlcfU inspection; N (n). High schools; P (c). State universities and colle^: U (e). Schools for dependents and delinquents. | Cottnectlcut: See A (bl), State boards; A (d), District boards and officers; B (a), General State finance and support; H (f). Compulsory attendance; . H (g). Child labor; Q (b). Agricultural colleges; S (b), Public-school libra- ries; T (b), Schools for the deaf. Delaware: The governor shall appoint a commissioner of education who shall hold ofl^ for a term of two years, or until his successor qualifies; salary, * $2,000. He must have had at least five years’ experience In inching and must be a graduate of a reputable college or normal school. His duties 'Shall be directed toward the betterment and standardization of the public schools. He shall be secretary of the State board of education. The State auditor shall annually settle the account of each school district See also A (bl), State hoards; B (e), Stgte aid for elementary education. Florida: A.'Stete superintendent of public instruction shall be elected by the quaUfled voters; term, four years; salary, $8,000. Duties: To have school laws printed and distribute the samer with necessary blanks^ etc., to school 40 > STATB LAWS BSLAXmO TO POmO BDUOATION. ofQoeos and teachara; bold conTendoos of county Buperint^ulenta fuid other •obod officm; asaemble teacbefb in inatltutea and emi^oy Inatmctora there- Dor; apportion the Interest on the conunon-school fond and the fund raised by the IrjnlU State tax to counties In proportion to average attaidance at school of ohUdren between 6 and 2iV^ni old ; make such apportionment as seems Just when returns upon which apportionment should be made are de- fective or . have not been received ; decide appeals arising under the law or refer the same to the State board of education; prescribe rules for thdman-^ s^ement of the department of education ; prepare Questions for county examh nations and distribute the same to county superintendents; hold written examinations for State certificates; may grant life certificates; may' order county examinations at other times than prescribed by law ; shall file and preserve certified copies of the monthly lists of persons who have paid their poll taxes. The State treasurer shall be treasurer olf State school funds and the county treasurer shall be treasurer of county school funds ^ See also A (bl). State boards; A (b3), State ^inspectloo (^f schools; A (CX)» County boards; A (c2), County officers; D (c), Care, sanitation, etc., of schoolhouses ; B (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (d), Teachers' Institutes and summer schools; H (g), Child ]abor; K.^c), Uniformity of textbooks; L (a), Course of study. < p . Georgia: A State superintendent of schools shall be elected by the Qualified electors; term, two years; salary, $3,000. He shall be charged with the ad- ministration of the school laws and the superintendence of the common Bchools. He shall prescribe forms and blankh for subordinate school officers and shall from time to time transmit to such officers instrucftons by which they shall be governed, subject to appeal to State board of education. He shall, as often as possible, visit the several counties for Inspection of the schools and the promotion of education.. He shall see l^ot proper actions are brought agajnst officers for misappropriation of the school funds or other cause. He shall make an annual statistical report to the legislature. He shall be entitled to expenses He shall an official bond for $10,000. As secretary and executive officer of State board of education he shall receive $1,000 per annum (Included In $3,000 salary). He must be a man of good moral character, of high educational standing, and must have had at least three years* experience In teaching or be a graduate of a reputable poUege or normal school or have had five years’ experience in supervision. He sbalb enforce ,whool laws and regulations of State board of education and shall make r^mmendntlons to said board. He may suspend a county superin- tendent for cause, subject to approval of State board. With approval of said board, superintendent may appoint three school supervisors to act under Mperlntendent In the general supervision of the schools and to Instruct In teachers* Institutes and grade papers of applicants for professional certifi- cates or State licenses; salary of each, not exceeding $2,000 per annum and traveling expenses. Superintendent ^all, with approval of State board, appoint at a salary of $2,000 per. annum an experienced bookkeeper to audit accounts of county' superlntendenta,. local officers, State educational institutions, and all State-aided schoola ^ See also A (bl), State boards; .It' (d). County boards; A (c2). County officers; B (e), State aid for elementary education; B (b), Teachers* cer- tlflcate^ general; O (d), Teachers* institutes and summer schools; K (c), U)^rmity of texthooks; M (c), Evening scboolB, 47 A (b2). STATB OFFIOB^ Idaho: State auperlntendent of public instruction shall be elected blenulallj by qualified roters no person shall be a candidate for such office who does not hold a State or life certificate end a diploma from an approved normal school or university and is engaged In educational work ; he shall take oath of oflloe and give bond for $2,000; he shall have an office at the State capitol. where he shall keep all official records; he shaJl summon county superintendents or city superintendents and district principals of Judicial circuits to conferences ^bme and place fixed by him. General duties: To have school laws printed j^^^^mish them to school officers and libraries and also furnish blanks, etc., Q^H(^ers; visit such counties as need his attention; conduct correspondence tJ'lecurq educational information. See also A (bl), State boards; A (c2), County officers; B (a), General State finance and support; E (b). Teachers* certificates, general; L (a). Course of study; L (k), Day^ of special obsen’ance; S (b). Public-school libraries ;XJ (e), Schools for dependents and dellnquenta Illinois: A superintendent of public instruction shall be elected by the qualified electors; term, four years; salary, $7,500. Duties: To have an office and keep recoids at the State capital ; presecre all documents coming Into his bands as superintendent; supervise public schools; confer with exyrienced teachers ns to the best manner of conducting schools; advise and assist county super- intendents ; act as ex officio member of the board of trustees of the Southern Xormnl University; make rules necessary to carry out the school laws; give advice to school officers regarding the school laws; hear and determine all controversies coming to him by appeal from county superintendents; grant certificates to qualified teachers and suspend State certificates for cause; visit and Inspect such charitable institutions as are educational In their character; report biennially to the governor as to the condition of the schools. Poiceri of superintendent: To designate sUtlstics required to be reported by school officers to county superintendent; authorize county super- intendents to procure necessary assistance In conducting teachers’ examina- tions; require county superintendents to furnish Information for his biennial report; require reports from townships, cltlesr-and districts; remit, for good reason, the school fund ^forfeited by any township which may have failed to make reports required by law; require the auditor of public accounts to withhold- from the county superintendent the amount due his county from the State school fund, or the said sufterlntendent for his com- pensation, until the said superintendent makes the required annual report to State superintendent; request reports from every university, college, or other educational Institution; require that common-school township or other school fundee withheld from any township, district, officer, or teacher until required reports ore made. ^ See ah (c2). County officers; A (d). District boards and officers; B (a). General State fimmce and support; E (b), Teijchers’ certificates, general; G (b), State normal schools; G (d). Teachers’ Institutes and summer schools; P (c), State unlverslUes and colleges; U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Indiana: A State superintendent of public Instruction shall be elected by the qualified voters at a- general election; term, two years; salary, $5,000. Duties: To superintend generally the business of the common schools and of the school funds; report biennially to the governor In years when the legislature does not meet and biennially to the legislature when it meets; Tlsit each county at least once in his term and examine the audltoPf books and records relative to the school fund ; report unsafe investment or misuse i ■ . 48 BTATE LAWS BSLATIKO TO PUBLIC SDUGATION. the acbool funds to the leslBlature ; exercise supervision over school funds end revenues. He may prepare and famish, to school officers forma and rules /for mahlng reports and blanks therefor^ he«diall prescribe forms of bookkeeping fmr county auditors and treasurers; he shall have school laws printed and diatrlbnied to schopl townships. He may countersign life cer- tificates of teachers from other States if the requirements for obtaining said eertiflcatee shall be equivalent to those for obtaining the same certificate in Indiana, and said certificates shall be valid In any of the schools of the See alsb A (bl). State boards; A (c2), County officers; B (e), State aid for elementary education; E (b), Teachers' certificates, g^eral; F (^), Teachers' contracts, dntlee, etc.; Q (b), State normal schools; H (f), Compulsory at< tendance; J (a), Health, general; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; N (b). High-school Inspection; O (a), Industrial education, general; P (c). State nnlverslUes and colleges. Iowa: The governor shall, with the consent of two-tLiids of the senate, appoint a superintendent of public instruction; term, four years; salary. $4,000, He shall be a graduate of an accredited university or college, or of a normal school having a four-year course above the high school and shall have had at least five years' experience as a teacher or superintendent He shall have general supervision of the rural, graded, and high schools and such othtr State and public schools as are not under the control of the Suite board of education or board of control of State ipsUtutions. i)uric«; To ascertain the condition of schools under his supervision ; publish and distribute informa- tion regarding education; promote interest in education, including agricul- tural, industrial, and commercial trainiug; classify schools and formulate suitable courses>»f study therefor; prescribe reports to be made by school officers and furnish blanks therefor; furnish circulars relative to the ob- ' servance of special days; hear and determine appeals; report annually to auditor the number of persons of school age; make biennially a statistical rej^rt to tbe governor; publish a pamphlet showing plans for school houses; appoint county institutes to be held in each county not more than twice each year; prepare questions for tbe examination of teachers and of graduates of the ^ghth grade; preserve educational reports and keep a record of official acts; have school laws printed every four years. He may require reporto from time to time from all public-school officers. He may appoint a deputy and shall appo*j:it a chief clerk and not exceeding three inspectors of schoolsi Deputy shall receive $2,500 annually ; Inspectors shall receive $2,000 each. See also A (c2), County officers; A (d). District boards and officers; E (b), Teachers' certificates, ^neral; O (c), County and local normal schools; H (e), Consolidation of districts, etc.; L (J), Agriculture; N (a), achooia, Konsaa: A State superintendent of public instruction ^all be elected by vote of the qualified electors; term, two years; salary, $2,500; he shall take oath and give bond in sum of $10,000. He shall, subject to law, have supervision and m^agement of the public schools; he may appoint an assistant and a derk. He ahall semiannually apportion the' income from permanent fund and annual State taxes to counties on tbe bads of the. number of persons . between 5 and 21 years old, and shall draw his order in favor of county treas- urers for tbe-same vrheu required reports have been made. He shall, at the request of the county superintendent and on a written statement of facts, give his opinion cm all matters and controversies ariaing out of tbe interpretation ut:tli^ school lawa He shall, unat oftener than every two years, have school State. IL O ERIC A (te). BTATB btnofom: 49 lawB puMiBhed; he shall prepare and ftrnlah to school officers all necessary forms and blanks; he shall at least once In every two years 'Visit every county in the State ; he shall, before each biennial session of the legiSlatnre, make a statistical and financial report to the governor. See also A (c2), Connty officers; A (f), Administrative onlts— distrlcto, etc.; B (c), Permanent State school fnnds; D (e), United States flag in schools; B (b), Teachers* certificates, general; O (b). SUte normal schooU; G (d). Teachers* Institutes and summer schools; H (g), Child labor; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; R (b), Corporations of an educational character. , Kentncky: State superintendent of public instruction shall enter mxm his duties in January after hla election; shall give bo|j4 of at least 1^,000; ahull have salary of $2,600 ; office fixtures, etc., and three derka He ffhell appoint two professional educators, and these two with himaelf shall con- stitute a Slate board of examiners, who shall examine all applicants for oortlflcstes for county superintendent, for State diplomas, or State certifl- catea. This board shall prepare questions for examination of candidates for county superlntwident and for teachera. State superintendent shall kpep his office at seat of government; devote all his time to his office; make hionnifii reports to legislature and print same; report pp institutions for blind, deaf, and feeble-minded; prepare blanks for reports, registers, certlflontee, etc.; shall biennially collect, edit, and publish school laws and decisions bearing on same; shall report county superintendents and others for neglect of duty; on written request shall decide questions of difference or doubt touching administrative duties of officers and teachers, with appeal to State board of education allowed; shall appoint agents to take charge of gifts and dona- tions. to common-school fund, who shall sell And dispose of same and imy proceeds Into State treasury; said agent shall give bond, make settlement with county court, and be liable for damages; State snpertntendent “ahould visit various portions of State In the interests of the common schools”; $600 appropriated to cover this expense. Superintendent elected by vote ^ the people; term, four years. State superintendent Is authorised to act as' special State Inspector and examiner of all schools receiving public funds; he shall take oath and give bond; receive annually $1,600 for this special’ duty; have power to appoint two assistants; hove additional allowance for traveling and clerk hire; asslstents must give bond. State superintendent, as special inspector, through cooperation of his assistants, shall Inspect and etkmlne Into fiscal manage- ment of all school officials handling public funds; have access to records, issue process, compel attendance of witnesses and administer oaths; report violations of sch(H>l law to ^tate board bf education. See also A (bl), State boards; A (c2). County officers; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (a), General State finance and support; B (b). Teachers' certificates, general; G (b), State normal schools; G (d), Teachers’ Institutes and summer schools; H (c). School year, month, day, etc. ; H (g), Child labor; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; P (c), State universities and colleges; S (b), PohUc-school librarlesL ♦ * Loolriana: State snperlntepdent khall be elected by quaUfled voteis.irf State) term, four years; wOary, $5,000 per year. Pbioers duUee of iendeni: To make biennial report to legislature; keep records subject Sa- spection by governor; have general' snperrigion of parish school boatds iuid of all ^mmo^ and normal sdiools; be ex 01500 member bt boocA OC 8000*— 15— 4 ' 50 STATB LAWS BBLATINO TO FUBUC BDUCATTOW. raperrlftors of State onireraltj and aftricultural and medianlcal college. State normal school, State Industrial schoolA State Institute for deaf and dumb, State Institute for bUnd, Southern University, and of all other Insti- tutions of learning under control of State or aided In whole or In i)art by State; visit parishes und confer with pariah sui^rlntendenta ; may api>olut eecretarles and clerks; rejwrt to State board of education any neglect of directors, superlutendents, or teachers; hold annual conventions for parish ^superintendents and jmrlsh bounl uiembt^rs; give Informatlou required by .. school officers. Ex|>ense8 of superintendent shall be allowed. Governor shall fill any vacancy in office of State su)>er1ntendent. Attorney general sbul) give opinions relative to school laws when requested. All State boards and commissions and other public offices created by law. ■ and all educational and eleemosynary Institutions. Including iwirlsh school boards, road and drainage districts, shall quarterly funilah fiscal statements and vouchers to suf^ervlsor of public atwHuts; stild sui^ervlsor shall reix>rt findings to governor and to office Investigated. See also A (hi). State Inianls: A (ol). Oonnty boards; A (c2). County officers; A (d), District boards and officers: E (b). Tbachere* cert Iflca tee. general: G (d), Teachers’ Institutes and summer scht>ol8; J (b). Medical lu- •peeflon; P (c), State universities and colleges: Q (b), Agricult u ml colleges: 8 (b), I*ubIIc-BChool librniiesL Maine: Governor, with consent of council, shall appoint a State superiuteudeut of public schools; term, three yearA or during pleasure of the exei’utlve. Daifes; To have general sui^ervlsiou of all puldle schools; obtain and disst^m- Inate Information about stduHiIs iu other Suites and countries and give other useful educntionnl information; hold State eilucatlonal ctmvemfon once n year; encourage formation of comity teachers’ asstHdationa, approve rules therefor, and suiiervlse conduct of meetings; have printed Imixirtaut parts of proceedings of state teachers’ t'onveutlous; have school laws printed biciinlally after adjournment of legislature, and Issue circulars of informa- tion: prescribe studies for comhion schools, ^reserving to school' committees the right to prescribe additional studies; furnish school officers of towns wdili proper blank books for keeping records; assume control of free public schools eeUblished by gifts nud bequests when such gifu and bequests are so con- ditioned; perform all duties Imposed ujKrn him by any charters granted by legislature; report annually to governor and council; preimre and furnish to town officera necessary blanks for making required financial ret>orta, which reports must be made or State funds shall be withheld; have printed blank forms for all other returns required and furnish them to towns; noUfy towns whose returns are not received; ascertain on July 1 number of children 6 to 2L years old, and report to State treasurer. . See also A (d)* District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units— district^ etc.; B (e), State aid for elementary education; C (c), Local taxa- tion; B (b), Teachers’ oertifleatee. general; F (c), Teachers’ pensions; G (b). Stotenonnal schools; O (d). Teachers’ institutes and summer schools; H (g)! Ohlld labor; L U), Manual and Industrial education; N (a), High schools; O (a), Industrial education, general : P (c), State universities and colleges, Marrlaad! Ctovemor, with advice and consent of senate, shall appoint a super^ tiitendeot of pnhUc Instruction, who shall serve four years; shall be ex officio a iBsmbar of the State board of edu<»tion ; he may be removed ; shall have a •alary Aided hy State board not to ekceed $3,000, with an allowance of $600 fbr trtnaing expenses and $1,000 for stationery, office fixtures, and suw>lles ; Aall eaoae to be printed and distributed to pohUc-school teachers a pamphlet A (bs). BTATI 0FFI0XB8. 51 r" on observation of Arbor Day, s teachera* manual of Inatitnte work, the pro- oe^lnga of the Maryland SUte Teachers’ AseodsUon, and other drculera; State board shall approve exi>endlturea; Htate superintendent shall appoint a clerk, who shall act as clerk of the board and be |>ald a salary not to ex- ceed $1,200. DuticB of ^ttpcHotendeat; Shall Inform himself and State board MS to conditloua of public schools throughout the State; diffuse infomiatlon ; receive and present to State boonl reports of various county botirds; examine their statements of ex|>eudlturea ; Indorse such nomial-school dlploqins from other States as he may think proper; arrange dates for tetiobers' meetings;' assist county sui>eiiutenflent In preparation of program for <'ouuty Institute and attend same when possible and give Instruction; copserve the interests and promote (he etficleucy of public schools and Is the secretary of the board ; State mii»erlntemlent shall, snhject to confirmation by the board. aiHxdnt an assistant State sui>erintemlent. at salary of $2,000, who sliall act for and In l>Iiice of state sni>erlntemlent In such branches of hU office and field work as may it intnistfNl to him: suhjwt to removal by the State su|*erlntendent (SUte iHMtrd provides In its by-laws that RUte sui>erintendent shall Insjiect annually* the high schools of the State, furnish a list of accredited high aohotfiSj with suggestions aa to t]ielr Improvement; supervise and Inspect work of the uiaminl-trafulDg. agricultural, Indn^lal, and commercial depart- mehta of ai>i>ru\eil high scIkkiIs; collect statistic's. When aeci-etarj' to State lK)^rd of education ia deKigiiaied to act as treestirer be shall give bouct pay by check, and Indicate source of each Item of income.) See also K (h). Teachers’ certiftcateH. general; t; (d). Teachers’ Institutes and summer schools; J (h), Medical Insi^ectlon; N (a), High schools; O (a), Iiuiustrla) (ducatton. general; P (c), Bute universities and colleges; 8 (b)! I’uhllc-school libraries. Maasachnsetts; The State board of edncatloh shall appoint a commissioner of education for n term of five years, and may fix his salary at a sum approved by the governor and wuncil : said commissioner may l>e removed from office by vote of six mem!>er8 of board. /Jwticji nad po\ccrs: To l>e executive officer of lM>ar(l: sui>ervlse all educational’ work supi>orted In whole or In jiart by the RUte: reiwrt on the stime to the l>onrd; may, A*hen authoiizetl by board, approve bills for exi>endlture8 from appropriations and funds placed under the dlnH'tlon of the Iward; collec-t and distribute Infoniiatloii relative to pub- lic si'hools and the best system c>f studies and l>eBt method of Instruction; visit different parts of the SUte in interest of education ; collect such school- !M)okR, apparatus, maps, and charts as may be obUlned without cost; publish parts of annual report of board, the exi^ense thereof to be i>ald out of con- tingent expenses of board and not to exceed $500 In any one year; attend teachers’ meetings. The powers, duties, sfilarles, and terms of two deputy comml^oners shall be as determined by the board. See also A (bl), SUte boards; A (d>. District boards and officers; B (c). Permanent SUte Khool funds; F (c), Teachers’ pensions; Q (b). Agricul- tural colleges; T (c), Schools for the blind, Michigan: A SUte superintendent of public instruction shall be elected at each blennla\ election ; salary, $4,000. He shall have general supervision of In- Btructloh In all public schools and In all SUte InstltuOons that are educa- tional^ their character. He shall be a graduate of a university, college, or^jKirmal school of good sUndlng and shall have had at least five years' -^^xperience as s teacher or superlntendait of schoola He shall be a mem^ ber of air boards having amtrol of Instruction In SUte Institutloiis, with 52 8TATB LAWS BXiATmO TO PUBUO KOUOAHOII. tiM right to tpmk bat oot to rote. DiOto*.* To rldt State edocatitmal InaU- totloue and meet with their gOfvemlDg bodlea; direct the eaperriatoa of ooanty normal training claawe; roQulre ail boards of edncatlon to obaarve the UwB relating to echooU; examine and audit the records and accounts of anf school district and require corrections thereof, require all school districts to prov^lde educational fiacUitlea for all children resident therein fbr at least the statutory period; make annoal report to the governor show- Ing edncatlonal ooodljtlons of the State, including State Institutions ; appoint time and place for a teachMS* Institute and for Institutes in the eeveral counUes and make rules for their management; request the governor to remove for cause any county commissioner of schools or member of the board of school examiners; remove from ofllce for cause any member of any board exc^t of city school districts, but any person so'removed msy appeal to a court of competent jUTisdlcUon ; do all tbtuga necessary to promote the general welfare of the nubile schoola Said State superintendent , may appoint at a salary of $2,500 annully a deputy su{ierlnteodent who a)lmll have same quaUflcstlona as State auperinlendent; he may also sppolut an SKiatattt superintendent at a salary of $1,800 annually; auperintendent may tomove either of said officers In hU discretion. State Buperimendent may pre pare and hare printed mlee governing* township and district libraries; he i shall prepare a course of study which shall be pursued in all the district ■choola, excgpt In dty school districts; with the cooperation of the State librarian, he shall prepare at least every two years lists of books suitable for township and district libraries and furnish copies of the same to township tuu\ district school officers; except for city school libraries and hlgh-achool libra* rles, and such (Officers shall select and purchase books from such lists for their respective libraries* He shall annually api>ortioD the primary school Interest fund to the several townships and cities In proportlun to the numty^r of chil- dren uTeach between 5 and 21 years old. In case of defective returns from any ooontyt township, city, or district, superintendent niay apportion fund on best svideocs obtainable: when any county, township, city, or district shall fall to receive Its share of the fuud, superintendent shall, ui>on satisfactory T'roof that said county, township, city, or district is eutitled to the same, apportion each deficiency In his next apportionment See also A (bl). Stale boards; A (c2). County officers; A (d). District boards and offleere; A (f), Administrative units— districts, etc.; G (c), County ^ mnA local normal school; O (d). Teachers' institutes and summer schools; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; M (b). Kindergartens; 0 (b). Agricultural schools; P (c). State universities and colleges; Q (b)* Agricultural colleges; B (b), Oorpontlons of edacatlonajr character; S (b), PubUc-school libraries ; | T (b). Schools for the deaf. mnaesoia:' Superintendent of educatloo shall be aimolnted by the governor, by and with advice and consent of the senate, for term of four years; said •aperlntondent shall appoint a deputy, who shall perform his duties when absent or disabled, and three other asalstaDta, a rural school commissioner, and supervisor of school libraries, and may employ other necessary clerks assittanti and fix their compensation ^t to exceed aimtoprlatloa there- tor; pipftrtnteadffit and ai^lntoes sbidl teorivo necessary expenses for trav- eiiiijg and other luddsntal expensM Incurred in pertormanoe of official duties, to be paid from eontingeiit fund or from appr^irUtion made for purpose. State luperlhtamtat’ shall exardse geoml supervlston over public adbools and public ednepittoo atmtlM; preaertbe rulea for the several dlaasea of puhUe Sfiwiif reaving special State aid ; daarit^ and standardlae rural and A (ba). STATS ornoBBa 53 oUier pabUc aciiooU and prepara for them outUnea aad sugceoUT« oouraaa of Study ; Unoe certiflcates to tM^bora nud superYlaors; confer with the varions school olBclala ; make annual report to lealsUtture through the gOTernor tn even-numbcnwl years; prepare uniform system of records for public schools; require r^ris from county aod other euperlntendenu and plnclpsls of schools, teachers, school officers, and chief officers of public and other educe- tional Institutions; establish a uniform system of accounting for public- school officers; prescribe rules and ejuimlne all plana and speciflcationa for achool bulldingfl^ which ikUns and Biieciflcatlona ahsU first be epproTOd by Ulm before contract la let ; make rules for sanitary regulation; jmay condemn buildings and sites which are unfit or unsafe; ahall proclaim annual Minne- sota Day." whiqh shall be observed by public scboola with appropriate exer- ciseai See also A (d), District boorda and officers; A (f), Administrative units— districts, etc,: B (e). State aid for elementary education; B (b). T^chera' certlflcaies, general; G (b). SUte normal scboola; U er» and duties: To reside aud keep hls office at the aeat of governmoit; exercise supervision over the ; Uniformity of textbooks; N (a). High ^ooU; Q (b). Agricultural toUeges; 8 (b), PubUc-school libraries. Montana: A State superintendent of public Instruction shall be elected by quail- fled Sectors for term of fonr years; be sbaU have attalned the age of 80. have resided In the State two years, and be the holder of a State certificate recognised by State board of education or be a graduate oj^me university, coUegA or normal school recognised by said board. &Wry, |8,000 and ttavdlng expenses not to exceed $2,000. General poweri: To have geneml supervision of public schooU; appoint a deputy at salary of $2,100; rnral- Khool Inspector at salary of $2,100; and two clerks at $1,200 each. Outlet: To preserve bookA reports, plans for schoolhod^ etc., which are of educa- tional Interest; famish to school officers all necessary registers, blanks, etc., and copies of school laws; have school laws printed at least once in fonr years; report biennially preceding session of legislature; have report printed and .distributed to officers, libraries etc. ; prepare or cause to be prepared a coarse of study tor the public schools; prepare, with approval of State boa'rd, rules for teachffi's’ institutes and summer schools; prepare lists of Instructors fWm which connty superintendents shaU select for Instltotas and summer si^ls; counsel with counto superintendents and decide appeals from them; pwpatoi : lylth approval of state board, questions for c^mination of apportion State school fund . anmog oeunties in proportion to of school age; prepare 1^. of boojts suitable for seboffi libmties a^ prescribe rules tor the coi^uct of such llbratieA State superln- imay i^e temporary State teachers’ eertlflcatea. V. htmids; A (c3),, (bounty olBoers; A (d), pTstrict (a).„Builc pgs and., rttw ggnaral;, » ,(b), iWffiere^ cMtlflcatMi fenml; F (a), Teadian’ ontracta, datiaa, ate.; o — InatitDtaa and anmmef aeboola; K (c), OnlfonBlly «f teilteolGir 0> (d), Indnatriai educatfou, xannal ; 8 (b), PnbUc-aciiool llbraiieat, Nebraab: Books and papan of State snpeilntendaDt dull at SO tlnite be adb- ject to examination by gOToraor, or andltor, or a committee front eltlMr branch of leslalatnre. State sdperlntendrat shall organise tsacberF Indl- tntes and attaid as far as practicable each Instl^tes; visit sdbools eiid advise with teachers and school officers; dedde disputed points Ih school law; prescribe, forms for reports and make regnlatlons tor ptbeeMUa^; publlah school laws; make annual report to governor; cause hls rQtort 'to be printed and dlsMbuted to members of legislature and to county' and city Buperlnteidents and to State superintendents of other Stalte; semi- annually apportion ^bool funds ; may ai^wlht a depute State superlntandsoL who shall receive |1,800 per year. See also A (bl), State boards; A (c2), County officers; A (e), Sdiool meetings, elections, etc.; B (e). State aid fof elementary educatlm; B (b),* Teachers’ certificates, general; O (b). State normal scbotds; O (c), fw«nte and local normal schools; G (d). Teachers’ Institutes and, Summer stffioais; H (f). Compulsory attendance; K (b), fcVee textbooks; N (a)i High lOwwj.’ Nevada: 'The superintendent of public Instruction shaU be dected by the dfi^- fied electors of the State at the same time and in the same manmw as the governor Is elected; term, four years; salary, $8,000. }>otoer» diid 4uHe$: To visit each coraty at least once every year to conduct Institutes, visit schools, and adSrew pnbllc assemblies; apportion State funds; apportion county funds among districts; make biennial report to governor; jnesCrtbe rules and to prepare blank reports for schools; convene State teachefF insti- tute In even-nnmbered years, and five district Institutes In odd-numb^ years; engage Institute teachers and lectnrersrlnsUtutes to contlnae hot less than 4 nor more than 10 days; Issue orders llralnst State gmefal fund' fbr Instttnte expenses, same not to be more than ${S00 fbr Staite and $&id for district Institutes; require, except for good cause, attendance of tesdiers at Institutes without loss of salary for time thus spent; call, with approval of county commissioners, county Institutes, expenses of which shall not exceed. $100, paid out of county general fund; call meetings of State board; require quarterly reports from deputy superintendents; have printing done at State prlntlnj? office; arrange and snpply blank forms and teacher^ rer Isters; employ stenographic clerk at salary of $1,200 per year, payable out of State treasury ; serve as curator of State museum.. There shall be five’ educaUonal supervision districts. State board of edu- cation shall appoint five deputy superintendents, who shall be r^dwts In , districts where appointed; term, four years. Deputy superintendents .shall - devote entire time to supervision ; shall hold teacher’s cerOfleate of hlgfa-scbool grade ; shall have had -no less than 46 months’ experience In teaebihg, at least 20 months’ In Nevada. Dutlei of each deputy tuperintmdent; to' visit irtfh school In district at least twice a year; examine records and observe work of schoeds; advise with teachers; Inspect buildings and equipment; confer with trustees and county ofllcers as to needs of schools; hold teachhia’ meet- ings; sMlst at Institutes; act as ' depntj examiner at teachenf examlnatloiis- be member of board of educational examiners; aid *n Ylrepnrlng eouraas of study; attend meetings of State board; file with county auditors direetotfes of bona fide teachers; Investigate protested school orders and Instruct eonute audltora In refermci thw^; suveod cwtlfleates of teachers falUdgt;|o -4--, uwft^49H^^ " v^ittKKit,«fttltfiMtorf «seiw»r«a9»eDd e«|ttflcatM to caqm; itopfct grade rad tlMiriiy adioola; ai»poliit dla- tKtct tniilioM wbra voters ftUl to otoct. Oraiponntloii of oacb dopoty rapoT' i^teodrat jrtkoU (10 12,000 pw. year, paid ojAotth^ graefal State fond, as are oUw Otate od&ccua; traveUng expenses not to exceed fdOO per jTteP and oOce expenses not to exceed |800 per year sbaU be paid out of gen- *.^te*i;®t^te fand. State superlntenc^nt shall confer upon deputy sup^ntend- ,|nte power to act in his naineas he sees fit. The State board, \ipon recom- .in^Bidattoia by State soperintendent, may runove any deiHity superintendent to, caimx . Jto also A (bl), State boards; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), ■Admtniitratlye anlts—dlstrlcts, eta; B (a), Qeneral State finance and sup- pwct; 9 (h), Teachersh eertiflcatea, general; H (b), School census; K (c), Uniformity qt textbooks; fik(a). Course of study; P (c), State unlverslUee and colleges; S (b), Pul^cacbool libraries; T (b). Schools for the deaf; T (e)t Schools for feebleminded. Hew Hampablrer Stete superlntendrat of public Instruction shaU have general SttpenrlsIoD and control of educational interests of Stnte; shall be ap- pointed, by goysrnor, with -advice of the council, and may be dismissed at . any time by govempr and council ; salary shall be fixed bx governor and council, not to exceed g4i000 per year. State superintendent may appoint three deputies, nt least one*' of whom shall be a woman ; salary of each dqmty shall be fixed by governor and councU, not exceeding $2,500 annually V and neceMary traveling expenses. Deputies ahaU assist school officials In the Introduction and development of vocational branches, In Improvement school buildings and equipment, the transportation of pupils, and other , sducaUonal matters. State superintendent shall prescribe and distribute , tracherif regtsters and report blanks; receive or distribute educational . documents; receive reports of school boards; see that the law In reference ,tP teaching physiology and hygiene Is properly enforced; make a biennial report; may, at cloee of each biennial seaelon of the legislature, have com- , piled and issued an edition of the school laws not exceeding 2,000 copies; visit and lecture upon educational subjects; organise, superintend, and hold at teachers’ Institute^ In each county each year; ,may appoint the principal of the State normal school or some other sultabie person to hold any Institute. State treasurer shall Invest as a permanent institute fund propMds of State lands; income thereof shall be set apart for support of teachers’ Institutes. Dxpenses of teachers' InsUtutes, as paid by State superin- tend^rat out of insUtuto fond, sbaU be annually audited by the governor and coimcU., State superintendent shall make annual report of Institutes and axpenses thereof, and shall forward copy of same to chairman of every . wdiool board in State. . See alte A (d), District boards and officers; A (e), School meetings, elec- etc.; Q (b). State normal schools; H (f). Compulsory attendance; J (b), Medical Inspection; N (a), High schoola Hswr y«VMyi OommlsMoner of education shall be appointed by govenfor, with ^advlea and consrat of senate; term five yeain^ lalary $10,000 ^ year; com- teiaclcto ohaB be selected reganUeas of State of vraHMce. Duties of com^ V: afrttelMW,:;irith i sdyloe aad conssnt of state board of education, shall be: TV) Hdsilirate aseretety of State boaM; to asmtut, with advice and conssnt of rttato told; .tor aoilitsnt coiimd^^ of education, salary of each to bef^ to OM iodi asdetrats to act as superrisor 1 Jk ■'"'A (bi);'8XA»'o»rioiiHi,<’V.^ ' • ^won^liur edncatlon, om to act •« raporTteor of dameotarr odowtloii. ^ edncauon. and one to hoar control ®' “*« nileo and reflations of wmmlasionsr of education ; to ascerUin omdoS^f^tUe o^a by tests a^ examination, or otherwise, and r^rt^S to Bute bc^, to ptescrtbe mlnlmom conrse of stody for elementary ai^tsecondarr below normal ; to hold annual meetings of dty and county su^ tej^ts; to direct ^thholdlng of funds from district that tefu^ or neg- fUM *** ****”* report monthly to Bute bontd. Sddcoi^srioner riiall be one of trustees of wdmol fund.^id oommlw!^ ““0 «>“P®t •ttendanc. of wtne^ Suitable office and expenses therefor ahaU be provided for snld r V »«'«» commlndoner may appoint a^T wUriee of ^ployeee of bis office, solaries to be within limits set by lesisla- ^ AddiMonoi dutiet of commUtioner: To be secretary of State ^rd and a member, ex officio, of all boards of examiners; supervise all sehooia y ^ivl^ any part of State appropriation; instruct county and city superin- a^d '**=“**’*”'»^ ^ «PP“1 to State, board cS- Md dilutes arising under school law and rules of said board; keep ^rd of official acts; fill vacancy In office of county superintendent, snbjertte approval of State board; for good cnu,e. withhold a^ariee ofl^criTaiS N^hool officials; apportion State school fund to the several counties on b^ of aggregate number of days’ attendance of pupils during preceding vmv ami ^ ^ .ppor.lo»,„, „ ITSr,'’ S ^ ® Head of each pubUc and of ea^ Private educational InsOtuUon shall make annual report to saMwn^S sloner. but fiscal report shaU not be required of privatrsch«ls“ail^Ste of private schools shall not be published. reports also A (bl). State boards; A (c2). County officers; A (f) gJ^nl D (^) nonm'''' ^ <*>• Loca> «nance and suw^ gmieral, D (a). Buildings and sites, general; E (b). Teacbers' certiflcataa. rjZ TMcher;i’’iM?to? “"“**■ <«)- Teacters' pensloS 0^;tLni ’ f ^ ® f ° educaoon, general; Q (f) Other technical and profeealontl schools; T (c). Schools for the blind. ^ New Merico: State superintendent of public InstrucUon shall be elected for t^m^ four years; rimll be a cltisen of the United StatTat toartlTJefri old, rodent of New Mexico at least five years, and a tral^ and "”*** superlDteud^t shall be $3,000 per year Powers and ^Hes: To have general supervision of public education- visit State Institn tlons and meet with boa^ls of such Institutions a“S ^ a12r^ supervision over rural schools, acUng through county anperintentete- ^ve such supervision over city, town, and village echools as shaU be neeM^rv fn c^^^ ^ •uperintendent and InsUtute, or teuae to be Institated, proceeding, against county superintendents not — 2^ •*““ “ P«PPre fl« bolding teachers^ m^Oiig^ advising, with sehoni «enBe8: to sene dur- ing pleasure of the board of regents; said conunlssloner may be elected from within or without the State. General powers and duties: To be chief execu- , i tlve officer of State system of education and of board of regents; have super- vision over all schools and Institutions subject to the provisions of this act ; be ex officio a trustee of Cornell University; be responsible for property In charge of regents, and for administration and discipline of offices and divi- sions of education department; annul, for cause, any certificate or diploma; k^p record of all certificates and diplomas Issued by State normal schools; prepare forms for reports and distribute same to school officers; administer oaths and take affidavits; furnish, by means of pictorial or graphic repre- sentations, additional facilities for instruction In certain subjects; have snch other powers and duties as regents may determine. Said commissioner may, upon proof and for good cause, remove any school officer from office; may withhold from any city or district Its share of public money for winfaliy dis- obeying law; may institute legal proceedings to enforce education law. Tbe •ehools of every union free-schck>l district and of every dty shall be subject | to the visitation and supervision of said commisaloner. AU school ofilcers shsii make such reports as said commissioner may require. • ' /Any person conceiving himself aggrieved may appeal or petition to commis- ^ sUmer of education, who shall examine knd decide the same; action df said coinmISBionar shall he final and not snbjeet to review by the c6nrta Such ^aottonmay be taken in conseqaenca of tny.actlon by school district meeting ; by . any school officer relative to forming or aitertng i dlstrlet or !n;refasing f . appiMon school moneys; by a siifpmisof in refnslng to pay sOhoct moneya . it ERIC ^ A .(ba). BTATS pmoMs. S# I to a dJaWct: by trosteea «f district In any offlclal act; by trnsteea pf any 900001 library ; by any other act of any school authorities See also A (bl), State boards; A (d), District boards and officers; A (^), ^bool meetings, elections, etc.; A (f), Administrative units— districts, etc*; B (a), General State finance and support; C (a), Local finance and support, ^neral; O (c). Local taxation; D (a), BnlldlDgs and sites; general; B (b), Teachers* certificates, general; F (c), Teachers* pensions; G (b), State nor- mal schools; G (c), County and local normal schools; H (f), Compulsory attendance; H (g), Child labor; H (h), Separation of the races; J xamUiatlon questioni; fo^ri^^es certifficates of promotion to tiemmitary-scbool graduates; fur- ttla^ for standardised schools; gives auditor of State abstract of Mtinieratl^ of unmarried youth between the ag^ of 9 and 21; Issues pro- riffional cfiftlScates anid renews professlm^l certificates; maps out agrl- enltii^ distriets; preecTtbes Instrn^rs for oovnfy normal schools; receives ERIC A (bs). BTATl OmOXBa. 61 appUeatloos for comity notinal sehoect the principal schools of the State and keep statistics of the condition of the schools ; visit, when practicable, the chartered educational Institutions of the State and secure statistical Information there- from ; distribute to county superintendents necessary blanks, registers, eta, for use of school officers and teachers : act as secretary of the State board of education and compile school laws ordered printed by said board; Issue printed letters and circulars to school officers and teachers and to the general cause of education ; decide appeals from county superintendents arising under ^ the school laws or rules and regulations of the State board of education, but he may submit questions so arising to said State board, and attbmey general ' may be requested, and it shall be his duty, to give opinions; cause to be held annually a State teachers’ association; make out quarterly a statement of his traveling expenses, which shall npt exceed $900 per annum. He shall biennially make a financial and statistical report to the legislature. The State SQperlntoidoit may emplpy two assistants to travel throughout the State ai^ promote instructWffi^ agriculture, manual training, and home economics. ^ also A (bl)^ State boards; A (c2). County officers: A (d), District boards and officers; B (b), Teachers’ cwtlflcates, gmieral; F (a), Teachers’ oontracts, duties, eta ; G (c), County and local normal schools; Q (d), TteOb- . ■ ■ ■■ 62 ^■b’^Ai r.Tr>'^ ' '1 'I* Mi*v nniw STATE I4AW8 KELATIKO TO PtTBUO EDUOATIOK. snT InstltutM and trammer schools; K (c), Unlfbrmlty of textbooks; L (a). Course of study; N (a), High schools; R (b). Corporations of educational character; S (b), Publterlnteudeuts and assistant suj)er-‘ intendents of schools; shall fill vacancies occurring In office of. county super- intendcidt until next regular election, giving consideration to recommendations of county directors' ussoclntlons In reference thereto; shall prescribe mini- mum courses of study for public schools; shall prepare and furnish sample blank forms for school accounts and bonds; may give decisions and Interpre- tations of school law, which shall be binding until reversed by proper judicial authority; may administer oaths relative to affairs of his office ; may make valid for teaching In Pennsylvania i^ermanent or life teachers' certificates from^my other State; may condemn any school proi>erty unfit for use, and to withhold and declare forfeited the annual appropriation for such school until such condition is remedied; may print at Sute expense bis annual report SalarlM of State superintendent and of his appointees shall be as fixed by law, commensurate with the importance of duties and positions. Superintend- ent shall be appointed by governor with consent of two-thirds of Senate; term, four years. See also A (bl). State boards; A (c2). County officers; A ^d), District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative unlts^llstrlots, etc.; B (e), State ' aid for elementary education; E (b), Teachers’ certificates, general; Q (h). State normal schools; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summer schools; H (c). School year, month, day, etc.; H (f), Compulst>ry attendance; .T (a). Health, general; J (b), Medical Inspection;. N (a). High schools;^0 (a). Industrial education, general; Q (b). Agricultural colleges; S (b). Public-school libraries; T (b). State officers; T (e). Schools for feeble-minded. Rhode Island; A commissioner of public schools shall be annually elected by State board of education; In case of temporary absence or disability gov- ernor may appoint a person to act as commissioner. Potcers and duties of commissioner: To employ clerical assistance, not to exceed In cost $1,760 per year, payable out of State treasury; apportion school fsnds to cities and towns; shall visit and Inspect schools of State and advise with school officers, teachers, and parents; under direction of State hoard of education, shall bring about uniformity of textbooks; assist In establishment of, and selection of books for, school libraries; prepare and distribute program of exercises for ArfM)!* Day; make annual report to State board; prepare and furnish pro- gram of exercises for Grand Army Flag Day and for “Rhode IcOand Inde- peudenee Day"; with approval of State board, appoint assistant commls- sioner of public schoola State board shall fix salaries of commissioner and asristant oommlsBioner of schools; for such purpose $7,000 shall be azmually appropriated. A (bs). 8TATB OfTIOBBa B8 Any person aggrieved by any decision or action of any school committee - may appeal to commissioner of pablic schools, who shall decide the appeal without cost to the parties; no such aggrieved party shall, however, be denied any legal remedy; the commlasloner of public schools may, and If requested shall, lay such appeal before a justice of the supreme court, whose decision shall l>o final ; said commissioner may prescribe rules for such cases so ns to prevent appeals for trifling and frivolous causea See also A (bl). bonnls: A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units— ihstaicts, etc.; B (e). State aid for elementary educa- tion; E (b), Teachers’ certificates, general; G (b). State normal schools; H (e), Consolidation of districts, etc.; J (b). Medical Inspection; Q (b), Agricultural colleges. Sooth Carolina: A State superintendent of education stinll be dected by the qualified voters; term, two years; salary, $1,900. DHties: To have supend- sion over all the public-school funds: visit each county as often as practicable; secure, with the ndvlc*e of the Staite board Of education, uniformity’ of text- lK)oks: forbid the use of sectarian or partisan books; prei^are and furnish to copaty 8ui)erlntemlents necessary blanks, etc., for school officials and teach- ers; publish school laws of the State and furnish the same to county superln- teudents for distribution ; ve\>ort annually to the governor, and all lustltntlons of higher learning shall rei>ort annually to suj^erlntendent A vacancy In the office of doperlntendent shall be filled by the governor with the consent of thef senate. See niso A (hi K State Iwards; A (fl, Administrative units — districts, etc.; R (e), State aid for elementary education; H (c). School year, month, day, etc. ; I* (c). State universities and colleges; Q (e), Military schools; . Q (f), Other technical and professional schools; R (b). Corporations of an educa- tional character; T (b). Schools for the deaf. South Dakota: A State superintendent of public instruction shall be elected by the qualified electors; term, two years; salary, $1,K00. lie shall have the general sui)ervlslon of the county schools and high schools and of city and county 8ui>erInU*ndents. DuUett: To meet the county sui^airlnteudents In con- vention at least once each year; lnsi>ect, In i>er80u or by assistant, all high schools and may nccrendents on revocation of teachers’ certificates; furnish blanks and forms to county HUi)erlntendent8; report biennially to the governor; attend teachers’ institutes and prescribe rules for holding county normal Insti-, tutes; prepare and send to county superintendents lists of institute couductors from which said superintendents must select; hold annually a meeting of institute conductors; hold at least twice each ,>eur examinations for State certificates and life diplomas; prepare all questions for the examination of teachers by the county superintendent He may appoint a deputy. See also A (bl), State boards; A (c2). County officers; A (d), District boards and oflicers; A (f), Administrative unlts—dlstrlctA etc.; D (b), State aid, approval of plana; E (b), Teachers’ oertifleates. general ; E (f), Teachers* associations, reading circles; L (i>, Manual and industrial education. Tennessee: State snperintend^t shall be a person of literary and sdentUlc. uttHlnmenta and of skill and experience in teaching. He shall he. nominated by ^vemor and confirmed by senate ; term, two years ; salary/ $8, OCX). He shall be a member and secretary and treasurer of the State board of edn^- tioD ; he shall m a ihember of all other State educational bodies or asso(^- 64 BTATB LAWS BBLATtVO TO PtTBUO BDVOATION. ttolUL OOTeroor may remove anp ^rlntendent for caeae. i>uiie$ of teparin- leHtfeMl.* To collect and disaemliiate edncntloonl Informatton ; make tours of Inspecdon of schools; uotipma schools and bold teachers* meeting ooe day in a year; execute school laws and regulations; prepare and dietrlbute blnnka tor use of officers and teachoa; hare school laws printed and furnish to school officers; appoint, at his diacretlon, persons In each county to inspect schools and report to him, but no compensation shall be allowed for such aenicee; require county superintendouta to report annually, and be may re- quire vpeciA\ reports; appoint some one to make report when county superin- tendent falls to do so, and deduct expense from such superintendeuta salary ; prescribe mode of examining and llcenalng teachers and their necessary qualifications; issue certificates .to public-school teachers; report annually to com't>troller the school census of each county ; make biennially a statistical r^)ort to governor. As secretary and treasurer of State board of educji- tiou superin teodrat shall have supervision of the disbursement of aii moneya appropriated for aU normal scIjooIb and institute funds. As such secretary and treasurer he shall give bond for |10,000. See also A (bl). State boards; A (c2), County officers; B (a). General Stale finance and support; E (b), Teachers* certificates, general; F enl8 from subordinate school officers, which determination shall be final unless reversed by State board; prescribe forms and blanks fcr school officers and teachers and transmit to them Instructions, which shall be binding; examine and approve all accounU against school fund. He shall visit dlflferent sections of the State to address meetings, etc., and legislature shall appropriate for his expenses; be shall bare school laws printed; be shall make biennial re- port to State board, which report governor shall lay before legislature; he shall require reports from school officers and teachers; he shall prorate monthly the available school fund to counties, cities, towns, and separate school districts. Comptroller shall keep account of available State school ftind from every source and shall give estimate annually to State board of education; be shall on first working day of each month report to State 8ui>erlnteDdent amount received during previous month; he shall make to legislature an esti- mate of school fund likely to be received during next biennium. State treasurer shall receive and hold all available school moneys and keep account of same; he shall before eacli meeting of the legislature report to goveraor the condition of permanent and available school fund; such funds shall not be used for payment of any warrant against any other fupd.. See also A (bl). State boards; A (c^ County officers; A (d), District boards and ofllcers; C (b)» Local bonds^md Indebtedness; E (b), Teachers* oertlflcates, general; H (b), School census; K (c), Uniformity of textbook; L (a), Course of study; N (a)» High schools; T (b), Schools (fof the deaf. VUSki A State Sdperintendtint of public lustmcttou ahaii be chosen by qualified i^dethrs; tennifour yeaif^; salary, $8,0(k). Q^taUfloaiions: Must Imve been a x^ddfit of jkate for preceding five years, be over 90 years oW, and hold a cerrifleate^eff the highest gtade issued In some State or be a graduate of soma ie nulTeraity, college, or normal school. 'Ee may appoint 1 A (be). STATS OrnOSBS. ' ' M deputy to repreaent him at teachera' InaUttitea, when hlmadf unable to Superintendent aball be charged with the admlnletraUon of public Inatroc- don In the State and with general aaperlntendence of diatrlct acboola and of acbool revenue. He ahall apportion State diatrlct acbool fund to counties and to ddes of first and second claaaea ,bot no apporUonmeDt shall be made to any couifty or city until report from the same baa been received for the previous year, and no allowance aball be made for districts not having main- tained school 20 weeks lu previous year. He shall fnmleh to proper officers blanks necessary for reports, also school registers, and ahall have printed and furnished to such officers a aommary of hla oplnlona^ and expenses shall be paid from school fund. He shall visit each county, at least oi^e a year. His decisions regarding schoot law ahall be final untU set aside by a court of competent jurisdiction or by subeequeot legislation. He shall report bien- nially to governor before each session of the legislature, and shall furnish to United States Commissioner of Education such Infonuatlon aa may be required by him. He may annually call a convention of county and city superiptendenta, which it shall be their duty tp attend at the expense of their respective counties and cities. See also A (bl), SUte boards; A (c2), County officers; A (f), Adrainiff- trative units— districts, etc.; B (a). General SUte finance and su;,>port: n (e). SUte aid for elemeutary education; E (b), Teachers* certificatea, general; F (o), Teachers* peualous; 0 (d), 'Teachers' Institutes and summer schools; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; L (a), Course of study; P (c), State uulversftiee and colleges: U (e), Schools for dei>endenu and deUn- quents. Verm'ont: Superintendent of eduentton shall be appointed by State board of eer day for not to exceed 10 er day. Said sui>eriQtendent may hold educational meeb ings in the different towns of a county, not to exceed in cost $30 per* day, and entire cost in county for same shall not In any year exceed apiount paid for summer sclmol In such county ; such expense shall be paid by the SUte. Sum of $200 shall be annually appropriated for employing speakers for SUte teachers* a^^iatlon or for publishing addresses and papers under direction of said sui>erlnteQdent Said superintendent shall make biennial report to legislature; may annually issue circulars of educational Information at ex- pense of SUte, cost not to exceed $400; may prejpare course of study for ele- menUry schools as requisite for admission to high schools and academies, and distribute same to teachers and school office^ to be a SUte chaVge. Superintendent of education shall prescribe forms for school records and for reports of teachers and school ofikers, and shall deliver the same to teachers and officers; teachers ahall deliver school registers to school board at end of each term ; chairman of board shall draw order in favor of teacher for balance of salary npon aj;^Tal of register; chairman shall deUver such register to town or union superintendent, who ahgll ndd his report thereto and file same with town deriL A dffirk of a acbool board who koowlQgly makes a false sUtement relative to a teacher's certificate or teacher's tegl^er shall forfeit to town $100; town cleik shall make annual school report to 8060*— 15 6 T* ' J 8TAT* XJIWS BlUIIIfQ, TO JfOBUC »DUOATION. •Bpertniendttii cf edocAttoo; prlndpAU of Actdemiai annual r^orta Co aaperlqtebdant of education ; town cleric ahall recelTe for aerricai fandtred to adwoU 8 cenU for each legal popU in ti&e town, to amount^to not lees than $3 nor more than $20, See Aiao A State boarda; A (d)» Dlatrici boarda and offleere; A (f>. Admlni4tratl?e nnita--dlatrlcts, etc.; C er year. Said auperlntendent shall be of good moral character, temi*erute habits. literary ni.'quireutentii, and skill and exiierlenoc in art of teaching; shall receive exiienaea, not to exceed $000 ^ tier year; abalt reside and keep hla office at capiui; aball provide seal. Dutie$: To suj^rvlse all county and city suiierlntendents ; see that school system Is carried Into effect; i>rescrU>e aud prei^are forms and blanka and' .transmit same to county suiwlntendents, who In turn shall distribute same to school officers and teachers; make biennial report to governor preceding session of legislature; Interpret school law at request of any school official 6f teacher .-er80D ahull be eligible to office of State superintendent of- public loHtruotioa who has not hud five years* exi^erleuce In teaching or sui^ervlston of teaching, or Who does not hold highest grade of certificate which St«te 8uj)erintendejit is empowered to Issue. Stale superintendent may upp^jlnt an assIsUnt suiwrintendent, naaJstants and In«i>ectorB for rural schools, graded schools, industrial high schools, schools for deaf and blind, aud for other schools^ also clerks, stenographers, and other employees; may ap|K>lnt Iversons to assist without pay other than for exienses In revising courses of study, In conductJug annual iH>nventimi8 of sui)erlntendent6, and In miikiug Investtgatlous Into neetls and conditions of public schools. Said superintendent shall aid in establlsbuieut, maintenance, aud control of school libraries. Said superlntexident shall have general suiervUlon over common achoola DuHci: To ascertain conditions of public schools; stimulate Interest In education; deliver addreeses, distribute bulletins, and wufer with school * officers, teachers, and parents; prohibit use of sectarian books and sectarilin instruction In^public schools; advise as to selection of library books, and pre- pare and distribute approved list of such books; attend educoUonal meet- ings, Investfgate systems of common schools in TJuited SUtee, and, report thdreon to State legislature; stimulate Interest in Individual and commerclill education ; exercise supervision over county schools of agriculture dome^ tic solence, manual training schools, county training schools for teachers, and day achools for the deaf; publish school laws; prescribe rules for manage- ment of school libraries; prepare school forms and blanks; prepare courses of study for ungraded, State graded, free high schools, and day schools for the deaf; prepare and distribute inattffir for observance oi Arbor and Bird wtA!a t :Qi7»^«odrM«a»Hal I>t7r caiue 8tet».|Ni:l&l«r^to puapi^ and drealftn of an edocatloDal'iiatiire; ATamin^ tnfli^otWTP^p^ appeals made rto.lUm;:Coards; L (J), Agriculture. ** Rhode Inland: See A (b2). State offlcera; A (d). Dlatrict boards and offl- cera: C (c), liOeal taxation. Tennessee: See A (b2), State offlcera , Washington: See A (b2). State offlcera Wisconsin: See A (b2), State offlcera; A.(d), District boards and offlcera; B (e). State aid tor elementary education. , A (el). County Boards. <1^ Alabama: ^CompotUion: County superintendent ex offldo and tour members elected at meeUng of chairmen of district boards; term, four years; county superintendent la executive officer of board; no district trustee Is eligible to membership; not more than one teacher can be member. Vaf&t} vatiUidM flUed nipervliidniv m^bers shall ^tiallfy within lOdays ; board shall organisaat 0rtBt meeting after July 1, superintendent being secretary ; three shall be a <]aonim,but Issnance of V teacher's certlflcate or adoption of textbookh, etc., shall reQulre at least three Totee. Meetings held Bemlannnally, but spediU meetings may be called by snperintendent or on petition of three members ; bnslness at special meetings, '^cept granting certificates' on credentials and renewing certificates, shall be * as fifpeclfled in the call. At semiannual meetings board shall examine aiHpU* ' cants to teach, and all examination papers shall be kept for ,one year. For services members shall each receive $6 per day and traveling expenses; Inci- dental expenses and cost of printing shall be paid. Potoers and dutiei:' To make rules and regnlations not inconsistent with law for their own govern- ment ; prescribe and enforce rules for the examination of applicants for ele- mentary and special certificates; grant (1) secondary school certificates, valid In the county; (2) elementary certificates, valid In the county; (5) kindergarten-primary certificates, valid In kindergartens of county; (4) spe- cial certificates, valid in the county for special subjects; grant permanent certificates to those possessing prescribed qualifications; adopt books and ap- paratus for distrlct-Bcbool libraries and books' for supplementary use In ele- mentary schools; prescribe a course of study and a uniform series of text- books, except for cities having boards of education ; revoke teadiers’ certifi- cates for cause ; keep a record of their proceedings ; issue diplomas to gradu- ates of elementary schools, except In cities having boards of education ; adopt an official seal ; have necessary printing done. County board may, on exami- nation, grant certificates as follows: (1) Ommmar-scbool certificates to those having passed examination In prescribed subjects; (2) certificates to teachers of special subjects Blxaminotlons shall be In writing, and board shall ask such oral questions as shall det^ymlne fitness of applicant tx> teach. Board may without examination grant certificates as follows: (a) High-school cer- tificates to holders of credentials approved ^ State board, to holders of high- school certificates Issued In other counties, and to holders of normal-school diplomas having credentials from State university; (b) grammar-school cer- tificates to holders of life diplomas or certificates from any ai^roved State, to holders of California Normal School diplomas or approved normal-school diplomas of other States, to graduates of State university or Leland Stanfonl nnipr University with six months* normal training or eight months’ experience, and to holders of certificates from other counties, to holders of diplomas from kindergarten department of a State normal qcbool, ot holders of creden- ^Is from an approved klndergartoa training school, and to holders of kin- dergarten certificates granted prior to Jjily 1, 1901. Qramniar-schoot certifi- cates may be granted to holders of primary certificates who shall pass exami- nation in additional subjects required for grammar certificates; all certifi- cates and diplomas shall continue In force for the term granted; county board may renew any certlflcate granted by them, and renewal shall be for same as original period. The bolder of any certlflcate or State diploma hav- ing taught five years In^ the coimty may be granted a permanent certificate of the kind and grade hel^ while teadtiing: No member of a cbimty board eball pr^re an applicant for examination, and^no certificate ' shall be Issued to .an fopplicflntno prepared. , Cmmty board shall, on petition of a dlstHotrsoliool , .board, establish in such district a postipaduate course above grammar . gradea' An teachers' certificates that are not permanent and that are not f0Go^xaom^ tor n ihprter period abali be valid for six yean. Piif .! I ■ I . j j If .II»|I Jl^ip "A'/a MT>'T‘?^ Ooanectlc^t fle^ U ^ ^^^*^^**^* The Baperrtehm the potille'iclie^ of Moli oociiity to the State board of edacadoa, be teetod fh a cotinty achool «»kuiilaM ts each comity: aaltf oommlaalon tfiall be apiA>iitted by the govbnknr and ahaU oongiet of three members; terin, ttiree years, one bdnK apixdnted ea^r year; not more than two members shall be of ttie saeaie'polltlcal party; ‘ w**t^*^ shall belield qoarterlj and special meetings may be held on call of ^ mem- bers. The cotmty commlsston idiaU InTestigate the school gystem of the county, the methods of instruction and discfpUne, the performance of Chelr dutlee by Bcbocrt officers and teachers, and the condition of school :pf0pert7* they shaU Tlslt schools and shall confer with flie conhty soperintmideiit Oon- oeming the methods and eystems which he has adopted. JSsrfhor d«l4s«.*^T0 report qnartely fo the State board of education; hear complaints concerning teachers, the county superintendent, or any other acbool officer and deter- mine the same, subject to appeal to the State board of e^tion; act as sanitary commlsston orer school property with full power to cOndsmn a schoolhouse as unsafe or unhealthy, and upon the certificate of SUffi eon* damnation the trustee of the sdiool fond (State treasurer) shidt withhold from the district where such schoolhouse Is situated Its share of thb stato appropriation unUl necessary repair Is made. BaCh member afaall tecelTe ^m the State treasury |5 per day for attending meetings, but not to 175 a year, and 6 cents per mile traveled In visiting schools, but not to exceed 125 a year. The commission shall divide the county Into districts fbr colfinA schools, and shall determine the time and place for holding the first meedng of district voters; In determining such dlstricU the commission chali be limited to number of colored spools In erlsteiice; colored sriiool districts shall share In the dlstributlMltlO no wbitn pei^ dual Vote kt w ttAot^^ tetxnent oiC a president and n aecretarsr; (2> report . of old committee ...of the dlutrict; (3) election by ballot of a member of the Bchool committee to aorre three years; (i) determlimtioD wbetimr any som above that reqolred to .be raised by law shall be raised and whether such additional amount . eball be raised by tex or by snbscription. Annual meetlnss may be ad- Joonied and the proceedings of an adjourned meeting may be the same, . except as to tax, as If had at the original meeting; special meetings may be ekXlkA by the school committee. The supervlsian and control of the public .schools in each district shall, subject to the State board of education and . the county school commissioners, be vested In a school, committee for eacli^ district, which shall be composed of a clerk and two members elected for terms of three yeara Poioer# e«4 duties of school committee: To provide site and building which shall be near the center of the district and which, when once located, shall not be removed except by direction of the school ; voters; keep schoolhouse In repair, , provide insurance, furniture, etc.; keep school open for at least 140 days each year; employ teachers and dismiss . . them for cause ; make rules for the govenunent of the school ; receive money raised by the district and expend the same; provide for the collection of school taxes; isrovlde free textbooks for pupils of the public schools; settle accounts of the district with the auditor, and report to annual meeting. Bach school oommlttee and each board of education In an Incorporated dis- trict shall, when a teacher Is employed, notify the county superintendent, giving name, address, and salary. Committees and boards of education shall See that the United States flag is displayed on or near each schoolhouse. Oommittees and boards of education shall see that physiology and hygiene • are taught in the public scboola Committees and boards of education shall mploy as teachers only holders of certlflcates issued by county superintend- ent, unless such person be a teacher of a special subject, as drawing, music, . etc. Bach oonunlttee and board of education shall make rules protecting the b(^th of children and may provide for free vaccination. Boards of ednca- Uon of . Incorporated districts may admit to their higher departments pupils , from other districts on such terms as said boards may determine, and the school committee of district where pupils reside may pay tuition. School committee In district for white p^sons shall make a tax assessment list ' _ p3T the district ; such list shall consist of the rates of persons of all the white . male inhabitants over 21 years old, of the rates of the personal property of white male inhabitants, of rates of all assessable personal property ^ in ^ ^district owned by any Association or corporation, and of the clear rental value " of all the assessable real estate in the district owned 1^ white , persons, assoclationa, or corporations; school committee shall flx the rates on perfsopal property upon personal view thereof or upon other sufficient informa- t|Um,,and rimll not take the rstos from Uie lists of the hundred (township), fliipndent tax atmU. he levied to raise In each district IlOa All the provisions Pireced^ section shaU apply to colored districts, except that the word ^ to committees fpr: colored schools he inserted in of t^ wo^ ** wUt^” imfl further, that the sum required to be ^ leMt lOb. ;. ‘ ■ ^ State boardsf A )uUl elect a cbalnmm, and county roptatntendent ahall be aeeie* \ tarr; county treasurer sbaU be treasurer of board. Tbe tIUe to school i^p- 1 erty of the county, except in epedal tax districts, shall be vested In said hoard. I>utie9: To acquire and hold all school property of the county, ex- ^ cept property of special tax districts; locate and maintain schools where tiiey . may be needed to accommodate all persons between 6 and 21 years old dar- ing not less than four months each year; appoint one sdpervlsor fbr each school, whose duty shall be to supervise the work of the school and r^rt to th^ county superintendent monthly; select a site for each school to Con- tain not less than one-half acre In mral dl^lcts; provide achoolhouses, apparatus, etc., and establish schools of hlgh4r grades when required by patrons; employ and pay teachers for all schools, but schools shall not be located within 3 miles of*each other, except for some local necessity; audit and pay all Its accoonts; keep accurate accounts of all proceedings and ofBclal acts, and also of all money handled, and report to State soperlntendeirt whmi required ; pr^re and file with the derk of the clrcnlt court an itemised monthly financial statement; perform all acts reasonable and necessary fbr the promotion of the educational interests of the county; hold regular meet- ings by* arrangement with the State board of edimation and convene a i semlon when requested by county saperinteudent ; prepare annoally a state- ment of amount of money needed for next ensuing year (said statement to be expressed In mills, not less than 3 nor more than 7) for school pnr^ poses and furnish a copy of quch statement to county assessor, who assess taxes accordlng;ly ; examine at least twice a year the records of the tax collector which relate to poll taxes and require prompt settlement for all ' poll taxes. No county board shall contract with one of Its members except for a school site. Board shall divide county Into three county school-board districts, 80 that each district shall have as nearly ^s practicable the same number of legal voters, and so that no election dlatrict shall be divided. Vacancies in the office of county toard shall be filled for the unexpired term by the State board of education. Bach member shall receive for his servlcea H per day and 10 cents per mile traveled. See also A (c2), CJounty officers; A (f). Administrative onlts-^strictsi etc.; O (b), Local bonds and Indebtedness; BJ (b), O^achertf certificates, general; H (c), School year, month, day, etc.; K (b);^ree textbooks; K (c), Uniformity of tej^tbooks; M (b), Kindergartens; P-(a), Hl^er Institutions, general. ' ^ Georgia: The grand Jury of each county (except counties trader a local system) shall select from the cltlaens of the county five fre^olders, who^shaU. con- stitute a county board of education; term, four years; no person who Is pecuniarily interested In the sale of schoolbooks shaU be elected a memb«* of said board or county school superintendent ; when a xwrtlon of any county is a locql school system having a board of edqpation of its own and hqying iM) dealings with the county board of education, members of said county * board shpll be selected from territory outside of said local system; compen- sation |2'per day each fOr actual (wrvioe. Clerk of superior court ahall ^ corti^ names of members elected to St^te superlntend^t pf scl^ls; Judge of superior court may remove a member for cause and may fill any vacancy ^ until next meeting of jury. Board stUu elect a member chairman and county school superintendmit sbaU be secretary; majority a 'qnorom; meet- ings monthly or quarterly. Ooonty board shall lay off county |n sabdlstricts and shall estabUsh in each one school for whlto and one seboed for eoloted pupils wbsre ths popiilatKm of the tiro races Is s^mit; iHiero more timh ' S T" "W 8TAT8 lAWa BKX4tma TO PUBUO K>t70ATI0K, miiool is 4Q0uJwled. said boud shall establish additional sdux^ or schools; said board is empowered to employ teachem 'Each teacher shall file at explratlou of school term a report with county school sapei^teDdent Ooooty board may oommlaslon three citlsena as trastees of a anbdlstrlct ; .. tern, thrte years, one being appointed each year. Duties: To supervise school operations of subdl^rlct; vlalt school and make recommttidatlonB to county board, especially In the matter of choosing teachers, and It shall be the duty of county board to choose applicants recommended when aoallfled ; report annually to county board. Oounty board shall provide sites, school- houses, and eQui^ment, and shall hold school property for the county ; It may diiQKMe of unnecessary school property ; it may receive gifts, bequests, and donations; It shall arrange for the separate Instruction of the white and colored races, pAvlding, as far as practicable, •equal facUIUee. Board may define and regulate length of school term. Said board shall hear and deter- mine controversies arising under the school law, subject to appeal to the State superintendent of schoola No member of grand Jury appointing ^ county board shall bees member of said board; no two members shall be . selected from the same militia district; i^o member shall be selected /rom a local school system. County board may suspend county superintendent. Said board may consolidate two or more schools, in the same subdistrict or in dUferent subdistrtcta; when schools abe so consciidated cdunty superin- tendent shall call an election of trustees for consolidated school from sob- dlstrlct or Bubdlstricts concerned, said election to be held In accor^nce with Ikw; county board may also divide any subdistrict and provldfe for the elec- ^ tion of -trustees for each new subdlstrlct thus created; It may consolidate parts of subdistrlcts, add j>art of one to another, or 'change boundaries In any way when best Interests of schools require change, but If as many as 10 patrons object to change the matter shall be determined by an election calle^ In subdlstrlct or subdistricts concerned by oounty superintendent ; If a majority of qualified electors vote for consolidation, proposed change shall be ' made. Where two or more subdistricts have been consolidated, county board inay provide transportatl6n f^r pupils living more than 3 miles from school. See also A (c2), Oounty oftcers; A "(f). Administrative onlts—dlstrlcts, etc; B (e). State aid for elementary education; O (b), Local bonds and In- debtedness; B (b)^ 0?eachers' certificates, general; G (d), Teachers' Insti- tutes and summer schools; H (b) School census; J (c), Vaccination; M (c), BvMilng schools; O (a), Industrial education, general; U (e). Schools for dependents and delinquents. Idaho: See A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative nnlts— districts, etc.; N (a), High schools. niiiiois: It shall be the duty of the county board (of snpervlsors In counties under township government and of commisstopers In counties not under 4ownahlp government) to provide -office, fnrUHure. and snppllks for county •aperintentot; approve or reject the report of the county superintendent ; audit the Itemised bills of the county superintendent ; authorise county ■tverintendent to sinploy assistants; audit the county superintendent's ac- e^ts with tewnsblpa Poictrs of oouniif hoard: To approve the bond of the ednhfy gopei^t^dw^ require him to execute a new bond when advisable; t^oire hlb Wmalm reports required by law and to remove him froto office fdr faflure to do so. County board shall fllb vacancies In the office df county •bperintendent - ^ A Oourty ofiteers; (I (c), County and local nonnal ^schoola I "J ' MU I II ^ IN I ,11 ,11 ,m? I ^ . lu. (IJUJI A (a). OOimTTiBOABDS. - 7U IttdUuuit Ooiraty raperlnt6Ddeiit> tmstoM of towaaUpflir tJto duUnnUL of the trastees of each ^ town and city shall constitute the. county hoat^ of education. Du$lei: To consider the needs of the schools and school property under their care. The care of township UbrariM' shall be determined by said board. See also A (c2), County officers; D (a)t Buildings and altee» general; H (f), Compulsory attendance; O (a) Industrial educ3tlowera; airproperty heretofore vested In the public-school authorities now transferred to and vested In this board. DyHea of hooHf; Shall have general supervision of all schools In their nsspecttve counties; shall bnlld, repair, and famish scboolhouses ; purchase and distribute textbooks; amtoint assfstant teachers; consolidate schools; arrange and pay for transportation of children; close schools; apportion State school tax and free-school fund primarily Intended to pay salaries ; 'provide schoolbooks and stationery; If share of “any county should prove ^ Inadequate,** county commissioners are required to levy and collect tax not to ei^eed 16 cents on the hundred, “ unless the county commlssloaers shall approve and sanction an additional tax’*; sums specially levied on any election or achoolhouse district shall be applied to purposes for which Intended, Clounty board shall appoint committee to divide coimty Into suitable school dlatricts**; no dlstjict shall contain greater area than 4 miles unless thinly settled; commit^ shall make accurate description of ^ tKHihdariaS' ai^ may change ^*sam‘e; when necessary may employ a sur- Boards of Baltimore %ty and of the ceuntiee shall make annual tU'IGkate board of education; they shail publish annually statement ‘ df ieoelpts and disbursements. Including textbooks and indebtediiesa Oov- ; ^ei^r mdy flU vacancies and board may declare such vacanries; £to teacher ' ^ pfifioynMt shall he county sdiod comsdnloner. ■ 1 - ' A (Cl). opUNTr BQABDa ^ J i (Sts.to board imTidra In Ita by*laws that oonnly board may appoint BSt mariatant saperlntmideDt if nomber teacbas exceeda 1T5 ; that dntlea of oowty board lndndo-4o appoint principal of all high schools; reject or confirm appointments of principal teachers; appdlnt district-school trustees; pterent use of school property fop other than school uses ; give doe notice to connty commissioners of amonnt needed to keep schools open for 9 or 10 months, and amounts needed for schoolbonses ; select atodents for free scholarships and appoint alternates; bay and sell school rites; borrow money; appoint Inatnus tors In colored Indnstrial schooia; appoint grade supervisors and supervisors of colored schools If colored industrial school is maintained; make annual statement of coat of maintaining Instruction In each high school.) ' See also A (hi). State boards; A . School year; month, day, etc.: H (h). S^ratlon of the races; J (b), Medical Inspection; N erintendent may remove any member for cause; members shall take oath and receive $3 per day for actual service, not more than five days In one year; county superin- tendent sha^l be president ; board shall define school-district boundaries out- side of separate school districts; In districts with not more than one Chartered Institution board may locate public school there and conduct It as part of same; white and colored districts shall be separate; districts of each race shall embrace whole territory of county outside of separate school districts. County boards of supervisors may offer yearly prlres In money amounting to $60 to corn clubs; county superintendents of education, with approval of county board of examiners, may appropriate $50 to be used In similar prlaes. See also A (c2), County officers; A (f). Administrative unite-districts, etc.; B (b), State schooMands; C (c). Local taxaUon; E (b), Teachers’ cer- tificates, general; F (a), Teachers’ contract^ duties, etc.; H (e). Consolida- tion of districts, etc.; K (a), Textbooks and supplies, general; N (a). High schools; S (b). Public-school libraries. - Missouri: See O (a). Local flnapee and support, general; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks. Montaj^a: See A (bl), State boetds; A (c2), CJounty officers; A (f), Adminis- trative^ units — districts, etc.; B (a), General State finance and support; E (b), Teachers’ cerUflcatea, general; N (a), High schools. Nebraska: See N (a). High acbobls. Nevada: See O (c), County and local normal schools; N (a). High schools. New Jersey: See K (b), Teacberri certificates, general; O (a). Industrie edo- aiUon* general 78 8TATB LAWS BBLATtm} TO PUBUO BDUOAOIOK. Jlotih CarollB*: CkMmty board of edocatiim sbaU conalat of three inembera appointed b^ legielature for terme of six yeara, one retlrlna every two years; tacancy filled by two remaining members of board until next legislature ; on failure of legislature to make appointment State board of education shall appoint County board is body corporate. Such board and county superin- tendent may make rules governing conduct of teachers and pupils as to attendance and diaclpilne; it yShall fix time of opting and closing schoola but ail shall be opened and clos^ as nearly as practicable at same time. Build- ing of new Bchoolhouses shall be under coutrol of aud by contract with county board; board shall pay not exceeding one-half of coat aod school district shall pay other part, and on failure to do so shall suffer deduction of amount due from Its share of regular apportionment; buildings shall be in accordance with plans approved by State superintendent. County board has general power in executing school law. On complaint of State sui^erlntendent. county board shall try county superlntenent or a member of said board aud may re- move him for cause, but api>eal may be taken to State board; similarly on complaint of county superintendent a member of connty board may be re- moved. County board may investigate and pass upon the moral character of any teacher or api.Hleant for teacher's certificate or for employmeut as teacher. County board shall fix boundprleo of school districts; no new schooN shall be established withlu 3 miles of a school already existing; no dls- trict shall have less than 05 children of school age, unless such district con- tains at least 12 square miles or is separated by diingcrous natural barriers from a schoolhouse; i»art8 of two or more contiguous counties may be unltoil by boards of counties affected; county board may change boundaries of local tax districts; board may consolidate schools and pay for transportation of pupils. Board may accept donations and^may sell school proi>erty. County board or trustees of Incorporated or chartered district may acquire school site by gift, purchase, or condemnation; in case of condemnation not more than 2 acres mgy be taken; additions to sites may be Utken In like manner, but condemnation shall not be for more than enough to make 3 acres. Count>‘ board shall meet on first Monday In January, April, July, and October, and may hold called meetings; itemized stiitement of receipts and expenditures shall be published annually; in July board shall meet with county superln tdbdent and treasurer and examine Uieir reporta Members of board shall each receive $2 per diem and mileage as allowed to county oonimissloners. See also A (c2), County officers ; C (a). Local finance and supimrt, general; 0 (c), Local taxation; B (b). Teachers' certificates; G (d). Teachers’ Insti- tutes and summer schools; H (c). School year, month, day, etc. ; H (f). Com- pulsory attendance; J (a). Health, general; N (a). High schools; 0 (b), Agricultural schools; S (b). Public-school libraries. Ohio: Each county school district shall be under the supervision and control of a county board of education composed of five members, who shall be elected by the presidents of the various vlllsge and rural boards In such county school district; at least cne member of county board shall be a resi- de^ of a Tillage district If such district is located in county district, and at least three members of county board shall be residents of rural districts, but not more than onelnember of county board shall reside In any one village or rural district within the county district All school districts other than vil- lage and city school districts within a civil township shall be Jointly entitled to oibe Vote in the election of members of the county, board ; term of members, five years, one being elected each year; presidents of ^e' various boards within the county district shall he paid actual expenses while attending meet^ A (Cl). OOUHTY B0AB06. 79 log for election of the county boart. aoph expenws to be peld oot of county troeenry. The caU for meetlnge to dect county board ahall be laeoed by ‘county Buperintendent: the vote of a majority of the district preeldenta present ahall be necessary to elect each m«nber of the county board ; members of county board may or may not be members or officers of any village or rural school board. E^ch member of county board shall, vrithln 10 days after receiving notice of bis election, take oath of office, otherwise the position to which he has been elected shall be considered vacant Each connty board shall meet at least every two months and shall organise by electing one of Its members president and-another vice president to serve one year; county superintend- Mt shall. act as secretary qf county board ; the regular meetings of said board shall be held at office of the connty superintendent; president of said board , may call special meetings; majority, n quorum ; members ot connty board and c-ounty superintendent shall be paid necessary expenses Incurred during at- tendance upon meeUngs of such board ; such expenses shall be paid from the county-board fund. The county board shall make a survey of Its district • shall arrange schools according to topography and population ; may change ^hool- dlstrlct lines and transfer territory from one rural or village district to another No rural district conUlnlng less than 16 square miles shall be formed- the county surveyor shall assist the county board when bis sarvlces are required. The county bojird shall publish, with advice of county superintendent, a minimum course of study, which shall be a ^Ide to local boards In prescrib- ing courses of study for schools under their control; county board may pnb- llsh different courses for village and niral districts. The county board shall d vide the cxmnty district Into supervision districts, the territory of each such district to be contiguous aud compact; In forming such supervision districts conslderaUon shall be given to the number of teachers empIoy«I, the amount of consolidation and centralliatlon, condition of roads, and g»>neral topog- raphy; Uie territory In such districts shall be as nearly equal as pracUcable. and the number of teachers eny.loyed In any one such district shall not be' ess than ^ nor more than 00; the county board shall, upon applIcaOon of three-fourths of the presidents of the village and rural district boards of the county restrict the county Into supervision districts Each su,x>rvlslon district shall be under dlrecUon of a district superintendent; said superin- teudeut shall be elected by the presidents of the village and rural boards within such district, except that when such supervision district contains thr^ or less village or rural districts the boards of such districts. In Joint season, ^all elect such superintendent; the district superintendent ahall be employed upon the nomination of the county superintendent, but. by a major- ity vote, the board elecUng the dl^rlct .superintendent may elect a district super ntendent not so nominated. Any village or rural district or union of i Puntoaes. which already employs a superln- . tendent, shall, ui>on application to county board, be continued as a separate su^vlslon district so long as the superintendent receives a salary of at least supervision work • any district containing fewer than 20 teacheja, being isolated by reason of the existence of such supervision districts, shall be Joined for supervision purposes to such supervision district, Tljp first term of any district super- Inteirfent s^ll be for no longer than one year; thereafteT he may be^e- elected In the same district for a term not to exceed three years -The com- P^satlon of the district superintendent shall be fixed by the same authority which appoints him; such compensaUon ahall be paid out of county b<»rd of education fund; salary of such superintendent sbaU not be Im than flfiOQ ▼ w STAn LAWS BBLATnre TO PCBUO BDUOATIOR. Sir jmt* ImU wlUeb wluy, not to excoed |7Q0^ aluiU bo paid by the State and half by tba aoptf rtaloii district, except where thJ^namber of teeebera Id .■ach diitrict U fefwer than 40. in which case amount paid by State ahall be mch proportlOD of half aaUry as the wtlo of number of teachere la to 40; the half paid by aupeirlaloa district ahall be prorated amona the TllUfe and rural districts on baals of number of teachera County board ahall. at regular meeting, elect county auperlnteodmit for term not to exceed three years; said supeiinteod^t shsH be executive officer of county board and shall attend alt meetings with privilege of dlscuaslon but not of voting. Salary of county auperlntendeot shall be Axed by county board at no lees than $1,200 per year, and ahall be paid out of county board of education fund; half of atich aaUry ahall be paid by the State and balance by county dlatrlct ; In no catie ahall the amount paid by tlm State cxceeit $1,000; county board may alloiv aald superlnteDdent not more than $300 per year for traveling expenses and clerical help ; the half of salary of county stiperlntendent paM by county dis trict shall be in proportion to number of teachers employed In each district therein. Oounty board shall RDDually certify to coun^ auditor number of teachers in the dlsUlcU of the county district, number of district suiJerin tendents and their compensation, compensation of county superintendent, and amounts to be apportioned to each village or rural district for support of dis- trict axMl county superin tendents; county auditor shall retain fnim the aemi- anuuai apportionment of school funds the amount cei;;tiflerience as superintendent and a blgb-scbool life certificate; or (2) six years* experience in teaching, two years* additional experience in sujwrvlslon, and at least a tl»rt'e-yenr county blgb~echool certificate; or (3) five years' experle rience with one year's professional training In school administration and supervision In a recognised school of college or university rank, and n hlgh^ school life certificate; or (6) five years* teaching exi>erlence with one year's professional training In school ajlmlnistratlon and supervision In n recognlxeil school of college or university rank, and a county hIgh-school certittcote, ond be a graduate from a recogni^ institution of collie or university rank Only such persons shall be eligible as district superintendents who shall have U) three years* experience in school gopervlslon and at least a county high- school certificate; or (2) four years* experiaoca in teaching, one year's addi- tional experience In supervision or one year's, training In supervision In an InsUtutlon of college or university rank, amt at least n county hlgn-school certl$cate; polnt6d by. astd sopertnteode^ for term of four yean; comp^iaation of appoioUre members, necessary expenses, not to exceed |2S each per annum ; members must be school roters and not holders of any othtt county office, except county superintendency. Said county board ahall divide the county Into supervisory districts, excluding dlstrlcu of the tint but no such supervisory district ^all contain fewer than 20 nor more than W districts; arxnually after the flret such division said board may meet and subdivide the county; county superintendent shall be supervisor of one supervisory district Duties of hoard: To employ for not lees than lo months supervlaora, other than county superintendent and fix compensaUon of mch at between $100 and $120 per month ; provide supervisor with necessary blanka stationery, etc.; make rules and regulatJona governing supervisors not Inconsistent with the rules of the SUte board; act as advisory bosrd to Munty 8uj>eii.nteodent Supervisors shall be i>ald out of the general fund'Of ^ tbe county. Dutiei of 8opervi9or$: To work under the dlrecUon of the county superintendent ; devote, their entire time to superrUlon In their respective districts when any of their schools are. In session; enforce the course of study prescribed by Stale board of education ; reixut monthly to county school superintendent. Supervisor shall bold a teacher’s certificate valid in ths Slate and shall have taught at least nine montha See also A (c2), County officers; A (d), District boanls and officers; A (f), Administrative units-Hdistrlcts, etc.; C (b). Ix>cal bonds and indebted- ness; B (b), Teachers' certificates, general; H (f), Compulsory attendance; N (u), High schools. IVkiiisylvsjUa: See A (c2), County officers. South OaroUns: The cotmty board of education shaU conaist of the county superintendent and two njembers appointed by the SUte board of education for a term of two years. Said board shall examine all to teach and shall issue certificates therefor; certificates valid for two years, but may be revoked for cause or renewed without examination ; such lasoance, revoca-' tion, and renewal of certificates shall be under regulation of SUte board of education ; no examination shall be required of graduates of approved Institu- tions of higher learning ; appointive members of board shall receive $8 per day for not exceeding seven days, except In a few counties, where a longer period is allowed. Said board and district trustees shall see that the branches re- quired by law are Uoght In every public school ; physiology and hygiene with special reference to the effecU of alcoholic prinks and narcotics shall be Uught The boaM of education of each county ahall %nnuaUy levy on tbe tax- able property of the county a school Ux of three mills on the dollar, and the sum thus raised shall be apportioned to distrlcU by said board In proportion to the number of pupils enrolled therein ; enroUment shall not be counted until pupil has attended a day school at least 10 days or an evening school at least 20 evenlnga ^Id board shall ser^ In an advisory capacity to county super Intradent and shall settle local controversies, subject to appeal to State boaids of education, /^d board ^11 regulate school terms within the county. It ahall be lawfffi Ibr any person between 6 and 21 years old to attend the pobUe schools. See also A (bl). SUte boards; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f) Administrative unlts-dlstricts. etc.; B (d), SUte Uxation for school pur poses; D (a), BuUdln^ and sites, genersl; N (s), High schools* 8 (b) School libraries. ' * ' Bi' STATE LAWS BELATIN6 TO :^UBUO IDnOATIOH. SovAh IMcoU: See A nllding8 and grounds are in good repair, and that fnel, etc., are supplied ; make county board general recommendations and recommendations of teachers; report to county bpard annually, and oftener if required; require secretary to take school census annually ; suspend and dismiss pupils sub- ject to appeal to county board ; Issue oTd€r on county board for repairs and Incidentals not to exeeqd $10. County superintendent shall fill vacancy In advisory board. Tb^s act shall not affect city systems operating under iq^al chartersi (Five counties exempted from this act) Oounty'couif shall divide connty into five districts, but each such district « shall be composed of whole civil districts; qualified voters, shall biennially tiect a member of county board of education from each district, or If connty has less than five dvll districts, one shall be elected from each district and the remainder from county at large; members shall have at least a primary edocatton and be qualified voters in district from which elected. DuHBt of chairman: To preside over meetings, appoint committees, etc.; call meetfI^s; si|jB warrants issued by board. Duties of secretary: To Issue warrants authorised by county board ; make quarterly report to county court; keep„reomrd of meetings of board and account of an. tranaactloaai Duties of county board: To hold«regular meetings quarterly and such special inMU&gs aa clmlnnan may «J1 : elect teAcbere and Hx (Heir aalarfal; provide b^Ml^ llx all wagea and Incidental ezpeiiaea, and control exptodltnre of ^UcHichort fonda; ran aduMa aa nearly aa practicable the aame lenatli Of time, bat mlalmam nomber of popOs ibaU not be lets than 10- locate a^lOr and when advisable pennlt j>nplla to attend schooMn other ^otricta UMH their own; issue orders fbr warrant of teachers* saUries; visit schools 0 their respective districts; determine appeals of pupils suspended by ad* vlBory board; dinnim teachers for cause; control aU school property. See also A (bl). State boarda; A (c2)» County officera; A (d), Dlatrlct boards and officers; B (b). Teachtof certMcatea, general; F (a). ’RsadieHi’ contracts duties, etc.; H (e), OonaoUdaUon of dlatrlcta, etc.; H (f) Om- pal8M7 attendance; N (a). High achoola. Tesas; See A (c2). County officers; A (f), Admlnlatrattve units— dlatrlcta, etc. • C (c). Local taxaticHi ; E (b). Teachers' certificates, goieral; L (a). Conrae o# study; N (a). High achoola. Utgh: See A (f)^ AdminlstratiTe units— dlatrlcta, etc.; N (a), High «»Vm>1h Virginia: The dlTlalon auperlntendeot of achoda and the dHtrict ybo^i trua- tees of each county. Including thoee of towns conirtltntlng separate dlatrlcta, shall conaUtute the county school board ; said board abaU be a body corporate and as such may sue and be sued, contract and be contracted with, and acquire, hold, ^nd convey property. One regular annual meeting ,ahaU be held In August and special meetlnga may be called by the prealdoit, who aball be the division superintendent Board shall rq>ort annually to the State superintendent Potcera and dsNe*.- May loider any district school board to ' pay each school trustee, except the clerk, not exceeding $10 In any one year to pay expenses In attending meetlnga; shall prepare and anbmlt si.ny.iiy ^ April to division superintendent an estimate of amount of money niwyi^^ |q the county for public schools and, after revising estimates of district boards for each district, shall file auch eatimatea with said superintendent who shall submit aU estimates to the county board of supervlaoija; ahaU apporOoii the county school fund among the districts so as to secnta a unlfbrm term, but primary and t(?ammar gradea ahaU be maintained at least four months btfore any part of the fund may be devoted to schooU of a higher grade. AU money and property set aside for public-school purposes by grant win, or otherwise ahair be held. If for county purposes, by county school hoard, ahd. If for dis- trict purposes, by district school board. Any connty, district or dty school board may sell or exchange pnbUc-scbooI property on securing an order from the drcnlt court or the corporation or the bnstlnks court; said property whan sold shall be sold to the highest bidder at piibUc anctlon. County school board shall take steps and institute proceedings to compel school officers to their accounts. The school trustee eledoral board in each connty shaU omslst of the attorney for the Commonwealth, division superintendent of schools, and ■ J'"" 4-AWi ;«i^4i|S^ fO £tO]BC^ lOOitJdinOK. i"i. m wiQi apiM^tment of tnurt^ by^ dt7 coqucUb. No m- . oral, oc: poontjr offlc^ be appointed a district troatee^ but thla r^;K>rt to Stqte supttrintendent ; prepare teachers' pay roll for county school treasurer. May forfeit^ office for failure to, jnafce atiiiMi report ; boohs may be ezandned ^ by State supei^tendent or by authorised agent; State «(iperliitend0f^ IIUs . vacandeo; compensation, 4 per cent of moneys disbursed, but noC exceeding , ; $1,800. ft county board employs superintendent for entire ttme^ Jds oompeosa- tlon sball be asilxed by sodi board, ^t not lees than $1,006. l>aMes; To devote entire time to vtaiting and supervising schools; make suggeotlons to " teachers; call attentloii of school boards to needed Improvemeiits in boUdliigs, equlmnent, etc. . i See also A int one exaninBr 4>r ea^ vuch diatrict ^ OMmtii county nperinteiMleiit of acho^ ahall be elected* fin.each county for a term of two yean, but the fDoe of county exam- iner nbt Ih conflict with tills act diall be amicable to the oflice of county superintendent A dty having a school ilfiUtiwon of 5,000 or mote shall be * exempt from the provlal He Aali grant to apfOleants gbowlng required qualiheatloiia, He nmy cite to reeatamlottloD any header of a Ucenae, and may revoke godi Ucenae for caoee. ' ilradee of Uomiaes ihall be ai already deaedbed imder ** County auperintendmil*’ Bum- - Inar shall make aimoal report to the State aoperintendent ; be shall number the acbool' districts of the county In order and shall keep a t^soord Of the aame. County court may aUow expena^ for postage, record^ etc., hut noi to exceed |26 In any one year. See also A (b2). State officers; B (e), State aid for riementary education; G (d), Teaefaersf* Instltutea and summer schoola; K (c), Uniformity of tert- Oalifomlat A county superintendent of schools shall be dected by the quiauied voters, terii4 four yearn Duti^: To superintend schools of the county^ hih portion school moneys to districts, and may require cOunty auditor to report amount of unapportioned funds on hand ; report districts having five or fewer pupils In attendance to county supervisors, who may ^dedare district, ao^ - pended or lapsed (district ^may be reestabllahed when eight b& Attei^aw is sgCTred) ; apportion |5S0 to^ suspended distilct to be used In case of re^b- UahmMit;^may ask , that suspended districts be declared lapsed (su^ded district may be merged with adjoining district; property of lapsed district shall be sold and pipceeda given to district of which lapsed district becomes a part); on order of district school board, draw bis requisition on county * auditor for necessary exposes against the school fund of the district, and auditor on approving shall draw warrant in favor of claimant; keep open to inspection a register of requlsttlons ; visit and examine each school at least onoe a year; hold teachers’ Institutes, secure lecturers, report tesebers for nonattqndance; enforce the use of^ course of study, the use of State text- books, rules for examination of teachers; teue temporary teachers’ cer- tificates; distribute blanks, etc., received for the use of school ofllcers; keep In his office reports of State superintendent ; keep a record df his official acts and of the county board of education ; pass upon plans for schoolhouses ^cept ' those In incorporated dries having iwhool boards; appoint trustees to fill vacandes and trustees In new districts; appqlnt a clerk and a Janltdr when trustees fall to do so; report to' State superintendent as required by him; preserve reoortA of officers and teachers and deUver records, etc., to his successor; grade each sclmol In Jqly (no teacher holding certificate ^below grade fixed for school shall be employM to tesclr the same) ; app^ve con- tracts of dlsMcts with United States Qoyemment for the eduefttion df Indian children and receive and transmit funds for same to county' treasurer ; dis- approve orders from district for want of funds in the treasury, bu^ indorse siich orders for payment In future with Interest ; give notice wji^nfqnds be- co;ne available 'that outstanding orders can be approved and paid; keep record of interest allowed op. such orders and report Mie same to county treasurer and county auditor; he ahaU forfeit HOO for ffiUure to so report; appoint teacher and keep school for six months when sofllclent fupds are available and trustees fall to,do so. *He may reqhlre trustees to idpslr hulld^^ V ings, abate pnlsances, etc., to cost not exceed^pg ^fiO; may draw Sequlsltlhii for Ida neoe^ry expenaes allbwed by law; may appoint a deputy, not to he* pimKTVi ovi^^ r» hooka ;i,^ ^ r im i mmi V^^m imp ■ 1»P IW ^ "^11 ti8 8XAn-xji.ira^ni, State aid tbr elemeaUry edoca- O (c), iMal taxati. State officers; A (d). District boards and officers; A (f), . Administrative ‘units— ^strtets, etc.; 0 (a), Local, flna^ ahd support, gen- eral; 0 (cK Loett taxation; F (b), oerflflcates; Q (d), Teachers* ^ insdtuM and summer schools; H (f). Compulsory attendance; H (g), GblM Ihbor; J (b), Ifedlcal inspection; N (a). High schools; P (c), State uni- . , yeixAtiee and ooUeges; T (b), I Sea J (a),^ealth, g»neeah / > general'^ of the p^c aOhoolf pi eadb ooufity Iti a Oddity aupdrtntitfhdAat of sehopla; sucli so^rlhtendents by tbS goy^nor; terfn, two years ^^^s^ $1400 ea^; con- i'' llQffipl iixbx^ must Imve had at least $0 hkmtiiS* expeHenoe teputi^ bbiege btflonnal-id^ or rik A (Qt). copim GmOSM; hold ft eertUlctto of th« hlglKpot cndo taoed tn the BtftWv and mint beoeiae ^fthd ranaln a reoldfflit of the county for which an>otnted. Datiec; To advise with teachers and see that Improved methoda of teadUlng tie InUodnced In the sehooU; visit each school in the county at leai« once a year; attmd eadi stated mectiny of the coonty school commission, and m£ko soch reports as may be required^ execute reasonable orders of the State board of edncatton; make statlstlcat repo^ of the sdbools of Uie county. He may snspend or withdrawn teacher's oeiHflcate, shbject to ai^ieal to State board of edocatton. When directed by State board, county auperintendent ahaU prepare ques- U(ms for tbe examination of teachera. and shall conduct an examination of all teachers in his county; he ahall issue certlflcatee to applicants' aminatlons. The snpmrintendent of each county abaU hold at least once a year a teachers' institute of not leas than three days' duration ; teachers be required to attokd unless excused for go^ reason; expenses not to exceed $160 for each county shall be paid* out of the State treasury; a colored in- stitute shall be held in Kent Oounty, for which the State shall pay fl60. ** Under the rulea of the State board of educaUon certlflcaCes ai€ Issued, wltteut exsmtnatlon, to graduates of colleges oh an anaoved list, upon ap- * plication. If the appUcant establiahes proof of good character, succeMful teaching experience (if any), and has pursued study* of pedagogy to ixidudw^ management, methods of teaching, psychology, history of education. secondary certlflcatee and ^ementary oerUflcatee are issued thro|gh con^ superintendentB* caamlnationa."-*ir8tate commissioner of Education. See also A (bl), State boards; A (cl), County boards; P (a), T^dkers* contracts, duties; eta; H (f), Compulsory attendance; H (g). Child labor. Floridnt A county saperlntendeht *6t public instrucaon ahaU ho elected by the . qualified electors lb each county; term, four years. 'DuHe$: lb Inspect county with a view to ascertelning proper places for locaUon of schools ; visit each school at least once each term ; seek to increase interest in pqbUc educa- aon; confer with district sn^rvlsors and see that they perform their dudes, keeping them supplied with school laws, blanks, etc.; select suitable pmons as school supervisors; keep a record of the locadon of each school and of JUs , expenses Incurred In vlsldng schools ; ftMsh to State snpeantendent names and addresses of all county BCbMNoffimia decide qneedons and disputes when submltM to him and jefer the same to county board of educsdon ; guard the InteresC^of the county In its contracts and see that funds .apporUoned to or ‘ raised by county are devoted to proper purpose ; revoke or suspokl teachers' eerdflcates tor cause and snspend those issued by other authority; forward, * V secretary of county board, certified ccfTes of tax-collector's monthly lists of poll taxes to State superintendent of pnbllc instruction. Salaries county shall be based on receipts of county for scbo<^ purposes, ex- clude of borrowed money, as follows: Less than |14,000, not lem than $60 per*month ; $14,000 to $20,000, not less than $75 ; $20,(fO to $40.000 ; not less ^ than $100; $40,000 to $70,000, not less than $125 ; $70,000 to $100,000, not less ' than $160; $100,000 to $120,000, not less than $175; $120,000 to $200,000, not leoi than $200r Oounty treagfifers ahall be tfeasurers of toe adiOol ftmda of their reipecUTd coonaea ^ ’ See also A (b2), State offloers; A (cl), Oounty boards; B (b), Tmchor^ certillcatos, general; F (a), Teadken' contn^ dattea etc.; H .($), fihtyi labor; K (c), tThiformlty of textUidta Oeovito; A poupty siip^tte^t of edmrioi/ahaU be, electod ty Om qpail^ XDUOATION. Ite mn ijiwa BitAviHO TO’] 4Ui4. tvitructtoiAS of Uie State aopertnteodakt ol aclu>olalih^f coanty board iti edocatloa accordim to law and regnlatlcma of Bute boKl^of c^ucatton; cooperate witb State aoperriaora In the aaperlntendence of cobotj normals ■ and ioatttutsa; Tttrtt ea^ eebopl. under bla supetTfalon at least once every 60 days; raperlntend euunlnatlon of applicants to teach; saspeob any teadier for canse, bat appeal shall lie to county board of education, thence to SUte aaperlntendentt thence to State board of education, whose decision shall be flnaL QuaUftcattaiu of oowity tuperintendoni: Must have had at least three years experience In teaching, hold a first-grade license or dlplmna from a reputable college or normal school, or have had five yeara* experience In snpervlsion of schools, or stand an examination before the Stat^ board, and must be a resident of the county and of goK>d moral character* Elach county superintendent shall receive ont of BUte school funds a minimum* nUary of |400 per annum and |lfiO to pay expenses of viaiting schools ; county board . may allow additional salary. He may be removed for cause by ^ county board of edncatlon or State superintendent of schools, subject to ap- peal to State, board. He shall be the Uedium of communication between the State fupetlntendent and sabordlnate school officers; shall be the agent of . the county board In the purchase of fumitore and soppltes; shall see that none but prescribed textbooks are used ; shall audit accotmto of teachers and others. befofis county hoard shall order the same paid; *AaU keep a record of his ofliclaV acts and turn over all official documents to his suc- cessor, He shall rep^ annually to the spring term of the grand Jury and shall plltce his books'Wore such Jury ter examination. County hoard of edncaUoa shall fill vacancies In oflice o^onnty superintendent See also A (b2). State cheers? A (^), County ’*oards; B (e), State aid for elemmitary education; B (b), Teachers' certificates, general; G (d), Teacbertf institutes and summer s<^ool8; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; e). Schools for decadents and delinauenta t There shall be elected biennially a oodnty snperlntendoit of stfiiools; he shall take oath and give bond in penal sum of not less than |2,000; must be a qualUled elector, over 26 years old, hold a State or life certificate, abd heve had at least two years' experience as a teacher, one of which must have while holdlDg not lower than a State certificate. Dutie$: To have charge ^ soperviBlon of public Kbools, except those In class A lnd^>endent dis- tnets; visit each school at' least once a year and remain one-half day ; per- form such other supervisory dnties as State board of education may direct ; organise teachete' meetings ; dedgnate five days in a month to be at his office ; employ stuh assistants as the work of his ofiOce may require. County commis- ' stonm shall furnish superintendent with offi^ fixtures, blanks, etc. He may require district trustees to conform to rules of State board of ^n^ation ^^.^regarding sanitation, etc., of scboolbonses ; he shall keep a record of his official acts, preserve all reports, and keep a^register of teachersrhe shall hold tear regnUrexa ml nations of teacbers annually and give 16 days' notice prior to each; be shall report annually to State 'Saperlntendent; he shall see that jc are. definitely described end report incorrect descrip- . tlciiis,tq;*ip^^ oommlsaloners ; be shall appoint trustees ter ziewly organised ,n in4^p«iideQt (Urtricta BV>r faUure to make report to State i > ti» Maoina o^ontg’ aqperinteBdeat aluU ft^rteit tiOO. Set alao A (bl), State boardaf A .(U2), State offleera; A (d). District , bqar^ a^ olBcm; A (f ) , AdmlnlatratlTe anlta — dlrtrlcta, etc.; B (a), Gen- eiil iState ftbtiMe {b), Teaehers’ certuicatea eraierai: T tk\. A (c8). ootmiT omossa. M 9ChoQiB; H (f), Compolsoi^ utteiuUukce; L (a), Oonrae of stndj; L (k), Daja of ^)edalot»eiTaiioe; N (a). High achoola; T (b), Scboola for the daafL niinola: A cooniy aupettoteDdeot of achoola aball be elected in every count} In the State by the qualjfl^ electors thereof ; term, four yeaia, Said sdper- Intendent shall report annoally to the State aaperiptendent; he ahall report quarterly to county* board' regarding his acts as superintendent; he make an annual flna^^ stateumt to the county board. He ■>*■11 keep a record of all petitions for the sale of school lands, a complete record of such sales whqp made, and an acmunt of all moneys received and paid out, and shall make an annual statem^t of the same to the county board, the state- ment of the fund of each township to be kept separata When township trustee^ fall to give couhty superintendent the information required by act, said superintendent shall employ a competent person to the enu- meration and^mlah the i^uired information and the comp^iaatlon of such person '^ali b^ paid out ht t^e township fund and superintendent ttiali re- cover the same from said trustees and repay the township. It shall be his duty to approve and file bonds of township treasurers. He shall apportion the State ecbool fund to townships according to the number of persons nnder ^ 21 years old residing tbereia Further d^ies: To execute a new official bond when required by county board; sell townahlp-fund lands ahd perform all duties pertaining thereto; register appUcants for normal school and uni- versity scholarships and hold examinations for the same; visit each public school In the couhty at least once a year; direct teachers and school officers In the science and art of teaching and in regard to courses of study; carry out instructions of state superintendent; conduct a teachers* institute and aid in the formation of teachers’ meetings; ‘examine at least annually the , books of township treasurer and evidences of Indebtedness held by them and report Irregularifles to township ^trustees ; give notice of school election when treasurer or trustees fall to do so; investigate and determine all maf- ters pe^lnlng to district boundarlqp which may come to him by appeal frem township trustees; preserve all polls of elections and reports of township ^ treasurers rind school trustees; hold meetings at least quarterly 'for the ei- aminatlois of teachers; grant certificates to teachers and keep a record of certificates and teachers employed; notify townships and districts of amounts of money apportioned to the same T keep in his office a mop showing district boundaries; furnish township tfpasarers with lists of districts in their several townships. Powers of county superintendents/ To requlrfi towhshlp trustees to make annuar report ; recommend to State superintendent the remission of the penalty for faUnre of trustees to report; renew teachers* Certificates by indorsement; revoke a teachers* certificate for cause; direct manner of keeping township treasurer’s accounts ; bring suit a^lnst county collector for failure to, pay the amount due oq the auditor’s warrant; tenwve \ any school director for willful failure to perform his official duties ; emffioy y assistant or assistants, with the approval of the county board; define school- district boundaries where defats exist ; In all school controversies the opinion of the county superint^dent should be sought but appeal may be taken to State superintendent See also A (b2). State officers; A (d), Oounty boards; A (d), District boards and officers; B (a), Qeoeral State fluatpce and support; B (b). State school lands; 0 (a), Local finance and support general; ’Q (j), Local taxation.; B (b>, Teachenf certificatea*'general ; H (b). State normal schools; G (c), County and lotol normal schooU; Oi-ld), iWchers* institutes and sumiusr schools; P (c), State universittes and alleges. ^ * "92 \ flTAlTB LAWS BBLATINO TO PUSUC KDUCATION. IsdlABA! TIm townahtp trustees of each ooonty meet at the office of the county auditor every four years on the first Monday in June and elect n county, superintendent of echooU. Such ^superintendent may be Impeached fpr ImmoralKy, incompeteocy, or neglect of duty or for acting- as OKent for textbooks, furniture, or supplies. No person shall be eligible to the office who has not been engaged in school work for at least 2 years out of the preceding 10 years and bold either a 3-year State license, a GO-montha' license* a life or a professional license. Bald superintendent shall be entitled to travel- ing expenses of not exceeding $100 annually. County commissioners may au- thorise the superlntmident to appoint an asalstnut DuUch: To. superintend •sebooto of the county gmerally; attehd each township institute at least once each ^ool year; visit acbools; condu<^t teachers' Institutes; determine con- . Croverates arising under the school law, but, except on local questions, api>ea] may be taken to State superintendent ; carry out the orders and lustructionn of t^ State board of education and the State superlntemienL City ^ools having superintendents shall, on request of the school boards thereof, Ik* exempt from supendslon by county superintendent Said sui)orIntendent shall ■ provide for examinations of candl^tes for graduation from the common scboolSp and^^ose who pass successfully shall be entitled to enter any high * school in thefiltater be shall likewise bold examinations of candldaies for graduation from township graded or town graded high schools not employing a superintendent He shall have census of children of school age taken in , any township when trustee falls to take the same; he shall onnunlly furnish to State superintendent a report of the enumeration of chfldren of school nge, but State superintendent may, on flmHng evidence of Incorrect enumeration, require county superintendent to have a new enumeration made. County superintendent shall also make un annual statlstloal ref)ort to the State superintendent. He hhall furnish to the county auditor the enumemtlou of school children which ahali be the basis for the up]>ortloument‘of the schtkol revalue to townships, districts, eta. He shall recover from bfficers churgeil ^th handling interests, forfeltufes, licenses, and other claims due tlie school funds such fines, etc.; for the school fund. He ahull see that the full amount of interest on the school fund Is imid and appeals to county superintendent shall be allowed fronf township trustees, and the de- dsion of said superintendent shall be final on local matters. See also A (bl). State boards; A (b2). State officers; (cl). County boards; A (d), District boards and officers; B (e), Sbite aid for elemenUiry education; D '(a)i Buildings and sites, general; E (b), Teachers' certificates * general; G (d), Teaciiers' institutes and summer schools; H (f), Compulsorj' attendance; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; O (a), Industrial education, gmieral. Iovra> A county ■nperintendent for each county shall be elected by a conven- tion of the representatives of each school township, city, town, or village Independent district and independent consolidated district in the county; ' eaoL such corporation shall be entitled to one vote; convention hhall be called by cotmty auditor; term of superintendent, three years. Duties: To serve as the organ of communication between the State superintendent and Ibcal school ofiBceni; visit acbools of the county at l^st once each year; file monthly: statement of expenses with county auditor; bold annually a normal institute for teachers, which shall continue' for not less than six days; keep an aoeount of receipts and dliffinrsements of the institute fond; ; wake annual statistical report to the State superintendent; report number of chUdren of school age to C9Uiity auditor; report number of blind, deaf, A (08). OOUHTT OWTIGSBB. 9$ and fe^le-mlnded children to iMrlndpala of State achoola fhr sdch chlldrai ; see to enforcement erf achool lawai He may bold a stmuner ediool for teachers of from four to gtx weeks* duration. Any person aggriered hy any decision of the board of directors of any school corporation may within 80 days appeal to the county superintendent by affidavit filed with said supei^ Inteudent; after notice to secretary of corporation from which appeal Is taken said su{)erintendent shall hear and determine the case, but appeal may In like mitaner be taken to State *sn}>erlncendent, whose, decision shall be final ; neither SUte nor county superintendent may render judgment tor money. See also A (d), District boards and officers; A (f). ali^tlve units— districts, etc.; D (a). Buildings and sites, general; B (b), Teachers’ cer- tificates, general; H (e). OonsoIIdatJoa of districts, etc.; H (f), Oompolsory attendance; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; N n>j>erty, and examining accounts and records of district offices; ', encounfge the formation of teaoherw’ associations and attend the same when IK)88lbIe; attend the normal held In his county and encourage teachers to attend; hold a public meeting in each school district at" least once a year; keep his office open on Saturday of each week, and If receiving more than $6(K) per annum, keep ofllce oi>en when not absent on offldai duties ; keep a record of his official acts; ke^ a rei^rd of each candidate for a teacher's certtfiente and of each certificate granted; keep a register of each teacheror employed In his county, where employed, salary, certificate hdd. and dates of opening and closing school; keep a record of scmlannuaj apportionment of State andxounty funds; make quarterly statement to State superintendent of duties performed by himself ; obtain annually from county clerk aM trans- mit to district clerks certified statement of property valuation of their resf)ectlve districts. Superintendent shall apportion State and county funds to diKtricts on basis of school population, but no district maintaining school forj^ than ,tivree months in hist preceding year shall be entitled to such >-filSwrtlounlentl He shall furnish* to county clerk and to e#ch assessor " * descriptions of district bourifinry lines; where record of boundary lines (tas ' been lost or f^n 'error has been made he shall reestablish such lines. He shall make to fetate superintendent an annual statistical report of all matters pertaining to (he schools of the county. Compensation; In oountlw paving ' less than 600 school population.' exclusive of those la cities of the first and second dlasse^ $3 per day for not- exceeding 180 days In any year; 800 to 1.000 school p^pufatlon. ^13 per day for not exceeding 200 days In any year; . 1.000 to 1,^: school pdburation, $760 per annum; more than 1,800 school population. $800 per annum and $20 additional for each 100 persons In excess of 1,806. but not to exceed $1,200 per annum; $1 additional shall be allowed for each teacher onployed; in counties of from 00.000 to 90.000 population, salary shall be fl.800 per annum. CJounty cmaunlssloners may deduct $0 fof each school not visited and observed for two hours. In counties havidg 125 to 200 teachers clerk hire to extent of $800 may be - allowed; over! 200 teachers. $400. Sup^ntendent shall be allowed station- iM @TATB LAWS JIIlAIIKQ TO PUBUO EDUCATION. eiy, poita^^ etc., and $1 as traT^ns expenses for each school visited. OouDtj ipertntendent ahall fill racancy Id district school board until next annual meeUng. County commiasSoiiers shall fill vacancy In office of county superintendent, end may ap|)oiDt jiferJon from outside the county when ‘tjuallfled person Is not aralUble within the county. Huperintend^t may pnrchaae and furnish to districts records, r^isten^ etc. Superintendent - may change boundaries of school districts after aivlng notice, but no ne^* ol age) and has ftoatlng Indebtedness county commissioners shall levy tax on . property of such district to pay such indebtedness; flfter Indebtedness U |ml*l, county superintendent may dlsorganlEe depopulated district ; county superin tendent may disorganise o partially depopulated district (one having ftwer than 12 persons of’sehool age), but partially deiwpolated district shall be entitled to such proportion of value of school property as^projierty vnlnntlon of new district bears no valuation of old. \\Tien n school district has become depopulated and has floating Ind^tedness county commissioners shall levy a tax on property of such district to pay such Indebtedness; after Indebtcxlnesa Is paid county sui)eriDteDdent may disorganise a partially deiwr ilatetl dis trlct (one having fewer than 12 persons of school age), but partlnliy de- populated district shall not be dlsorganlxed unless two-thirds of voters thereof shall so i>etltion and unless approved by* county commissioners; superintendent may with approval of county commissioners attach disorgan- ised dlBtiict'to adjacent district Funds and property of dlsorgsnixed dla- tiict shall be applied to thejpoyment of Ita debts, and any balance shall be credited to the district to Which such disorganised territory. Is attachcnl; territory disorganised shall not be liable for debts or contracts of district to which attsched. District not maintaining school for three months for three consecutive years and not paying transportation of Its pupils to otii^ schools Shan be annexed to adjoining dlstrlcta When sick or absent, county superintendent may employ a deputy, CJounty aui)erluteDdents are d^g- nated as agents of Stole orphans* homes of their respci^tlve countle<^nd as such shall visit such homes and report to trustees on condltlon^^ etc. Un- lawful for county superlntendeat to purchase school land^ j ,fie shall make complaint of trespass '‘on school lands. See also A (b2)., State officers; A (d), Dlstr^ boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units-Hllstiicto, etc.; B (^. "^Permanent State school funds ; O (a). Local finance and support, ^eneiwl; D (c). Care, sanitation, etc., of schoolhousee ; B (b), Teachers* ^certificates, general; O (d), Teachers’ insti- tutes and summer wAoolaVH (e), OnsoUdatlon of dlstrlcts,“etc.; H (f), Com- pulsory attendance; Is (c), Uniformity of textbooks; N (a), High schools. Kentmdcy: There shall be a county supm*lntdident in each county, of good moral character and ability; be shall possess a good Bugllah education and be competent to examine teachers; 24 years of age, a cltlBen of Kentucky. He shall hold from State b^d of examiners a State diploma or State cer- tificate, or their equivalent based on p^imnal esfamlnatlon. This certificate t shall notjjpntiUe holder to teach in the common schools; in counties embrac- A (C2). OOUNTV OPFICBBS. 95 In* cllle* of tbe.flret cl«« only reridents of the county outside of such city ot town shall be eil*lble; cwtain county offlcers. school trustees, and tMcbers while teacain*. Ineligible; county superintendent shall devote all bis Ume to his office; shall be elected by qualified electors In school eloctloo in November and bold office for fonr years from the next January; In case of controversy State auperlntenileut shall have power to recognise; be shall give bond and be paid a saUry of from )800 to $2,600. Dviiot: To report June 1 to sute suiwrlntendent on school census of county and of each snbdlstrict and be Individually responsible to teachers for Iomww from errors made by him ; shall base his leimrts on census report of the subdistrict trustee Uken in April, previous; report number and cost of textbooks needed by Indigent children- county Judge idtall purchase these books and turn them over to county super inlendent for dlstrlhuUon. but total cost shall not. exceed $100 per annmn. Superintendent shall rejKtrt additional facta when interests of schools de- mand , pay teachers on second Saturday Id October for the months completed and tlfereafter liionthly; provided that teacher who m^ violate Me contract forfeits balance due. Any county su|)erlntetident willfully making i^lae re- port to SUte superlntMident ahall be guilty of felony, suffer fine and Im- prisonment. or both, ^nd be removed from office ; aU sums recovered from him shall be paid Into the school fund. On or before August 1 county snper liitendent shall aettle with rounty Judge au4 reftind to State treasurer any jwrt of county fuml then on hand; county Judge ahall compel settlement If neceasary ; If rotinly HuiKTlntemlciit willfully falls to pay out funda In hand he aliall be guilty of a misdemeanor and liable to fine; on or before August 1 he ahall mall to State au|)erlntendent detailed report of county schools un- der itenally; ahull keej) detnlle*! account of money received and disbursed which shall be open to InspecUon; he may admlnUtec oath to trustee or teacher; attend In hla office at county seat on second Saturday in each month and af other times wh^ necessary; ahal! not buy teachers' claims for himself or others or act as agent for sale of textbooks under penalty- may suspend- or remove a<*ooI trustee; decide all questions of difference or doubt joucliing admlnlatraUve duties of officers and teacheie, subject to ap- p^l to Stale suiierintendenb If county suiwrlntendent dies or vacates for „ 'any reaaon, county Judge may appoint successor; county court may remove county auiwrintendent, who, when leaving oIBce for any reason, must deliver books, etc., to hla succesadr and settle with county court within 10 days He shall. In each county where a railroad or bridge Is operated, fumlah to the operating company the Iioundary of each graded ox commoil school dis- trict torough or into which said proiwrty Is operated, and taxes levied agslnst such company shall be paid to the aurwrintendeiit !for benefit of the' district and appOrtloneera for first grade, together with certificate, shall be forwarded to State superintendent within 10 days after examination; any applicant may appeal to State sui^rlntendent from the gradings made by board of ex- aminers. The board of ,^hool examiners may for cause suspend any teacher’s certificate Issued hf them; such suspension shall be only after a hearing granted, unle.ss teacher .shall fall to api>ear within a reasonable time after notice; county commissioner of schools may (temporarily suspend a certificate; an aggrieved teacher may appeal from decision of commissioner or board of examiners to the probate co.nrl. Duties of eounty commissUmer: To send notice of his assumption of office to State sui)erlntendent ; keep record of official acts of board of examiners; receive Institute fees and pay the same quarterly to county^ treasurer ; keep a record of all certificates (Ranted, sus- l)ended, or revolted ; furnish anfinally to township clerks and district school officers lists of persons authorised to teach; visit schools at least once In each year, and may employ a clerk In county having 100 or more school- rooms; counsel with teachers and school boards regarding course of study and management of schools and Inspect accounts and records when directed by State su|)erlntendent ; promote the Improvement of the Schools and act as assistant conductor of Institutes apjgtlnted by State super! ntend^t; receive and verify the duplicate annual reports of township clerks and forward one copy of, each to the State supertntendent ; be subject to instrucUon.and rules of the Sthte superintendent ; perform other dnUes required by law. Salary of county commissioners: Not less than $600 In riny county having 60 school- rooms; more than 70 schoolrooms, $700; 100 schoolrooms, $1,000; 126 school- rooms, $1,200; 160 schoolrooms, $1,360; 176 schoolrooms, $1,600; over 800 8906'— 16 7 c ▼ 98 STATE LAWS RELATING TO VUBLIC EDUCATION, schoolrooms, $2,000. County examiners shall each receive $4 per day and expenses while employed. The necessary traveling expenses of the commis< rionet shall be paid. No State superintendent,- Institute- Instructor, county commissioner, or examiner shall act as agent for school ^umlture^ textbooks, or apparatua Board of supervisory of- the county shall fill vacancy in office of commissioner. Incorporated cIMea employing a principal of a high school and a superintendent devoting at least one-third of his time to supervision may Ucense their own teachers, subject to approval of the State sur)erin- tendent; all licenses and certificates, by whatever authority issued, shall be granted only In accordance with such terms and conditions as shall be pre- scribed by the State superintendent. County clerk shall receive all communications, blanks, and documents transmitted to him by State superintendent, and shall distribute the same as directed by said superintendent ; he shall file the annual reiwrts of the sev- eral school Ins^tors; he shall file notice from State sui>erlntendent of amounts apportioned to the several townships pf his county and furnish a copy of the same to the county treasurer; the county treaefurer shaU apply for and receive, funds due his county, and shall give notice of amount due each township to such township. ■ See also A (b2). State officers; A (d), District boards and offlcers;''A (f), Administrative units— districts, etc.; G (c), County and local normal schools; H (f), Compulsory attendance; N (a), High schools; O (b), Agricultural schools; S (b), Public- school libraries. BHnnesota: County superintendent, elected at general election, shall serve four years; may be removed by govegior for cause. Dutien and pmcera: To visit each school in county at least once in each term and Instruct same, except those under immediate charge of a city or district mii>erlntendent : organize and conduct teachers" Institutes; encourage teachers" associations; advise teachers and school boards as to best methc^a of Instruction, most approved plans for building and equipping schoolbousesnnd ornamenting school grounds, ^d use by pupils; stimulate school officers to proper discharge of duties; re- ceive and file reports; re^rt fo State superintendent; call meetings of district officers of county to discuss school matters; keep record of examinations' of candidates for teachers" certificates, and record of certificates of those teaching In his county ;.make annual report to county auditor showing number of pupils enrolled Mn each district, and showing months each school was taught. County snperintendent may appoint, at his own expense, a deputy superin- tendent for not more than 00 days In any one year may hold county such Institute In any one year, or one annual county Institute not to exceed five days, and require attendance of all teachers except those In high graded schools. Teachers In regular attendance at Institutes shall receive full pay for time so spent. County commissioners shall allotv personal expanses for county superintendents at institutes, not to exceed In any one year. County board sflall allow county superintendent actual and necessary traveling expensed. The salary of county superintendent shall be computed at rate of ^15.per school until amount reaches $1,000; when amount thus computed te more than ft,000, rate sh.dl be $12.50 per school up to $2,000. ♦ but In DO case shall safary computed vt $12.60 rate be less than $1,000. County board may fix salary of cqunty sup3rlntendent a sum higher than $2,000. The foregoing salafy provision shall apply to all counties exc^ those having a population of 160,000 or more,^ere salaries shall remain as now fixed by law, and exoept In counties such sauries are fixed by special law. County board shall pay necessa^^ke expenses of county superintend- i ^ A (C2). COUNTY (JfFICBHS. ' 99 ent- In conntles com^lnlnAnot less than 76 nor more than 124 schoola, county Buperlntendent may aiipolnflone aaslstant for part time; In those containing 125 to 240 schools he sholl appoint one assistant for entire time; In those over 240 schools, two asalstnnts for entire Ume. Assistant ^unty superintendents, sefvlhg entire time,' f^hall receive no less than |600 nor more than |1’,600 per year;, said assistants shall hav^had at least 18 months' experience In teach- ing and shall hold teachers’ certlffcates equivalent to diplomas of a Minne- sota normal school, but where two assistants are employed, only one need meet these requirements; assIstanU, at the Ume of appointment, may or may not be residents of coimtles where appointed. < See also A (b2), Btate officers; A (d). District h&ards #nd officers; A (e) School meetings, elections, etC:;-A (f). Administrative units— districts, etc,;’ n (d). State taxation for school psnmses; K endents and delinquents. Mississippi: buttes of county tuperintendeni: To eiqploy teacpers reoommCTdod by local trustees; examine reports and issue pay certificates; fix salaries of • teachers, and make contracts ; enforce course oiT study as adopted by State hoard of education and uniform textbooks. as ad*)ted by county; enforce regulations on examination oi teachers; visit scbMls; select and employ teachers when local trustees fall to do so; administer oaths; distribute laws and forms; preserve reports, books, etc., and^ellver the same to his suc- cessor; make, on or before October 1, an annual report to board of super- visors and to mayor and board of aldermen In case of municipality consU- tutlng a separate school dirtrict; keep proceedings of county school board; keep list of teachers examined, licensed, and employed ; make annual report to State superintendent by October ^ under penalty of,»60 and to board of Mlucatlou on demand; shall be at bls office on Saturdays of each scholasUc month, fined If absent wlthouf excuse; shall make monthly reports to the local authorities, and shall not have salary allowed Ull these ate on file. Salary fixed at 6 per cent of total school fund received by county annually salary shall not exceed |1,200 nor fall bqlow $720, but board of supervisor^ may fix salary between $1,200 and $1,800, and then superintendent shall de- vote his whole time to his, office; separate school dlstricte shall pay their I»ro[)ortlonate part. County superintendent shall visit all schools in bis county at least once during term; shall correct deficiencies In classification or call attention to same; shall note condition of property, branches taught, find ability of teacher; penalty if he fails to visit schools; he, shall settle - ^ disputes; may susi>end, teachers and trustees, and In conducting Inquiries' and trials shall have powers of Justice of peace; he may revoke teacher's license for cause; shall be In his office fourth Saturday In September In each year to receive certificates of election of tristees, furnish them blanks, etc, ; shall not sjieculate In teachers’ warrants; may apiwlnt deputy, who' murt have qualifications of a first-grade teacher and receive not less than 76 per cent of salary of county superintendent. County superintendent shall prepare on township blanks outline map showing sections and partstof sections em- braced In each school district outside of separate school districts and imste . same In school register before delivering to teacher. Term of superintendent, four years ; elected as other county officers after passing examination for first-grade Jlcense and on art of teaching given by State board of examiners under regulations of State ‘board of education, either In his own county or at Jackson; shall take oath, give bond, keep record of official acts, deliver rec- ords, etp., to successor ; shall not teacji durlng hls term of office. * - ' ' I 100 STATE LAWS HELATING TO PUBUC EDUCATION. County treasurer and treasurer of every municipality constituting a sepa* rate school district shall give additional bonds not less than amount of funds they are likely to handle; treasurers of the ChtckAsaw cession counties shall give additional bonds also ; these bonds shall be cumulative and treasurers shall be liable on their official bonds for all school funds; they shall make reports In January and June of moneys accruing to school funds and* shall keep separate and distinct accounts of the various sources from which d(^ ^ rived ; they shall receive, pay out money p^nd make annual report of same, showing the sources, the dlsbur^ments foe^the several pun>08e8, and the amount of schl warrants unpaid; treasurer shall also make special rei>ort pf receipts and disbursements of township fur:ds; treasurers falling to make such reports shall be proceeded against in criminal action; county tre*i8uror shall on receipt pay over to treasurer of a municipality in his county which Is a separate school dlatrlgt all money to which such district is entitled am) treasurer of such district shall perform like duties as are devolved on county treasurers. See also A (hi), State boards; A(h2), State officers; A(cl), County boards: A (d)Jl District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (b), State school lands; B (e). State pld for elementary education; C (b), Local bonds and Indebtednetis ; E (bl, Teachers’ certlticntes, general ; F (b), leacbers’ salaries; H (c), School year, month, day, etc.; H (g), Chihl labor; K (c), Uniformity of textlKwks; N (a), High schools; Q (b), Agri' cultural colleges; S (b), Public-school libraries. Missouri: A county superintendent of public schools shall be elected lu each and every county by the qualified voters at tlie annual school inoetingH; term, four years. QualiflcatUms : At least 24 years old; citizen of the county : shall have taught or supervised schools during two of four years next preceding or si>ent two years next preceding In a normal school, and shall hold a diploma from a State normal school or from teachers’ college of the university, a State certificate, or first-grade county certificate. Any vacancy shall be filled for the unexpired tenn by the governor. Superintendent shall take oath of office and give bond for twice the qmount of his salary. Powcru and dulU"*: To have general 8ui>ervlslon o\;er nil the sc’hools of his countj% except In city, town, and village districts employing a superintendent who , devotes at least one-half of his time to supervlslol); visit each school under his sni>ervl8ion at least once each year; examine the classification of pupils, methods of Instruction, discipline,- etc.^ and make suggestions to teHohers; shall examine school property and report on conditions to district bmird; shall examine teacher’s register and district clerk’s record and see that tltgy are kept according to law; shall furnish annually statements to district clerks showing the c^'sessed valuation of their districts; shall receive and*, if properly made, approve estimates' and enumeration lists and turn them over to county clerk ; shall see fhat all warrants are properly drawn, He shall hold not fewer than six public educational meetings each year, and It shall be the duty of directors and teachers to attend when It will not inter- fere with their school work. He shall adopt a. course of study and pltui for grading and require the^ same to be followed as nearly os practicable; he Shall Inangnrate a system of final examination and graduation of pupils; shall examine fh^^records of the county In so far as they relate to school moneys; ledmll attendlte August term of the county court The instruction of the State superint^dent shall be hts guide In Interpreting the school law. He may organize a county teachers’ association to be held for three days In the fall He shall report aqnuiniy to the State superintendent and shall fequtre P" A (C2). COUNTY OFFICERS. IQl term report frcwn each school. He shall distribute to school ofBwrs blanks furnished by State su|)erinteudent He shall not engnRe In teaching or other work to Interfere with hla supendsory duties: he shall si^end five days each year attending conventions called by State superintendent or 20 days In State university or normal school, or as State sui)erlntendent may pre- scribe, in studying ruTiibschool problema See also A (b2), State officers; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f) Administrative unlts-dlstricts, etc.; C (a), T.ocaI finance and support! 1 general; E (b). Teachers’ certificates, general; H (e). Consolidation of dis- tricts, etc.; H (f), Compulsory attendance; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks. Montana; County superintendent may be of either sex; elected by quallfle^l I voters for term of two years. He shall give bond In sum flxeerinteudeut ; ktn^p correct dowrlptlons of bo.mdarles of school districts; hear and iinss upon petitions for the creaUon of'new districts; attach to districts contiguous territory not belonging to any dlstrlcf ; rei>ort to commissioner of labor and Industry census of children under 21 years old taken by district clerk; make staUstical re- IK>rt annually, before November 1„ to State superintendent: keep his office oi>en five days In the month. Superintendent in counties having 6() or more teachers may appoint a clerk; In counties having fewer than 50 he may, with conBcnt of cojimilssloners, appoint a clerk. He shall be furnished an office am! stationery, etc., not to exceed |200; traveling eTi>en8es- not to exceed , On petition of 50 per cent of qualified voters engaged In ngricuUuro, county V commissioners may appropriate out of general fund $100 i)or month to pay IMirt of salary and exi)enst‘8 of a county agricultural Instructor; two or more counties may unite and appropriate aggregate of $100 per month for such puri>ose. ' See alB(V A (b2), State offlcers; A (d). District bofirds nnd officers ; A (f) Administrative units— districts,' etc. : B (a). General State finance nnd sup port; E (b), Teachers’ certificates, gelteral;*E (a) IVachers’ contract.s* dntloa, etc.; G (d). Teachers’ Institutes and summer schools; II (f). Compulsory ' attendante; K (c). Uniformity of teitbooks; N (a). High' schools; S (b) Public-school llbrarlea * Nebraska: County superintendent shall be elected jis other county offlcers are elected; te.-m, two years. No person sjjall be county sujlerlntendent who does not hold at least a first-grade county certificate at the time of his election, hut this requirement shalt no,t. hold for pountles with less than 1,000 Inhab- itants. County commissioners shall fix compensation of county superln- ^dents, but In counties of 16,000 or more school population salary shall not be less tlwn |2,200 per year; in counties between 7,000 and 16,000 school populaUon, not less than $1,800; between 6,000 and 7,000 school population, not less than $1,000; between 4,000 and ff.OOO ^ehool pb^latlon, not leiss than 102 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBUC EDUCATION. |1,400; between 2,000 and 4,000 achool population, not lesa than |1,300; he tween 2,0Qp and 2,500 school population, not less than $1,100; between l.OOit and 2,000 school j>opulntiou. not less than $1,000; In counties with leas than 1,600 school iH>pulatlon, not leas than $6 per day when actually engnKed, but no suiMjrlnteudent of this class shall receive more than $1,000 j>er year, and ♦ the number of days such superintendent is engaged shall be at least twlco the ntmiber of districts In the county and one day for each precinct thcn^.f for ftie examination of teachers. The county board may allow county suiht Intendent clerk hire and traveling expenses. Ditties of the county supcriu- iendetit: To visit each school of his county at least once a yeiir, for the pur- pose of examining Instruction therein and for advising with teachers and district boards; note condition of school property and give advice in reference thereto: Improve teachers through Institutes and public lectures; consult with teachers and boards ns to means to secure regular attemlance of chil dreu : distribute State course of study and all rejxjrt blanks to teachers rnul school offlclnla County sui>erlnteudent shall conduct examinations of a)>- plicnnts for admission to the State normal school; questions for shch e\ aminatidns shall be prepared by ^tnte 8ui>erlntendent^ and faculty of tin* State normal school ; normal school shall pay exiwuses of such examination. County. 8ui>erlntendent shall make required reports to State sui>erintendent and shall conform to rules and Instnuctions of 'said sui)orIntendent. County sui>eiintendent Is authorized to administer oaths; shall rei>brt imnunlly to the superintendents of the Institutes for the deaf and diunb ui\d of the blind. resrKK’tlvely, a census of all deaf arid dumb aud bllud children betw(M'M tlie ages of 0 and 21 years. County board shall hiive power to All any vacancy in office of county superintendent. • See also A (b2). State officers^A (d). District boards and nffleers; A (e). School metdlngs, elections, etc.; A (f). Administrative units— districts, etc.; B (e), Stare aid for elenjentnry education; D (a). Buildings and sites, gen- eral; E (b). Teachers’ certlflcntes.. general; O (b). State normal Hch(H)Is; O (d), Tenchers’ Institutes and summer schools; H (f), Compulsory atteud- ance; N (a), High sch(X)l9; T (b). Schools for the detif. JJfKv Jersey: The commissioner of education shall, with advice and consent of State board of education, ai»i>oint county sui>eriu tend cuts to devote entire time. to office, to starve three years, and to receive annual salijrj' of $3.(Hhi each; county superintendents must hold highest teacher’s certificate Issind In the State, and shall have been residents of State for at least three yearc preeeerlutendeut8 shall be allowed official ext>eu8e8, not to exceed $360 annually. Powers of atunty supenn ferment: To adnP’dster oaths to teachers and school officers; Issue orders on county collector In favor of school districts for school funds; exercise gen eral suiiervislon over schools of county, visit and examine schools, and advlt<<‘ with school officials; apiwlnt school boards for new school units and for any district failing to electf school board, 'to serve until next election. Said superintendent shall make annual report to commissioner of etlucntlon. Sui>erlntendent8, district clerks, and custodians of school moneys of the ’si /eral school districts shall make annubl reports to county superintendent ; supervision shall, In any city school district, devolve upon city superintendent. CJounty superintendent shall be provided with office at county seat, and shall be allowed a sum not exceeding $d00 annually for clerical assistance. See also A (b2), State officers; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units— dlsfrlcts, etc.; B (a), Gwiernl State finance and sui^ port; B ry attenjlance; O (a). Industrial education, general; S (b), Public-school libraries. ** ' New Mexico: County 8ui>erlntendent shall be elected in each county at each general election; temi, two yejirs: candidate fi»r such olIUv shall be n person of culture aud praWloal eii>erieiice and learning In publlc-schcnd branches, and of good moral character; such qualifications to »>e passed on by fhe State l*oanl of education; in case no i>ersou having proper qualifications for said offlce shall be elected, the board of founty ommiHsI oners shall appoint to said office a f)erson with proi>er guallflcntUms. the apiwintee to serve until a proi)erly quallfleil i>erson shall have 1>«mi eUH.ted hy the i>eople. County su|)erlntendent shall take oath of oflice aud shall give Iwnd In sum of $2,(KX), roicers ami dutic/t: To have Juris18 in his county, except those In cities, and sut*h schools. Including city scdunds. shall make required reiKjrts to county and State HUiterintendents; visit and sui)er.i8e methoils of Instructiou employed in the various schtmls; wnfer with schooi directors;, enforce compliance with school laws; organize, disorganize, or change the l>oundarles of any school district, as pronded by law : hold teach- ers* meetings: npiK)rtIou state sch(X)l Ands, together with cAunty sc'hool fund, to the several districts within his county iu proiH>rtion to the numl>er of chlldreti residing Ju each over b aud under 21 years old. aud slmll certify such apix>rtioument to the tilnx'tors of the resiHH'tlve s<’h(H>i districts and to the CHiunty treasurer; may set aside a reserve fund l>efore api»ortionment shall have l>eeu made. The annual siilary of the county suiK^rintendent In counties of 10 nmnis or Ichh. u^eerlutendent shall nx^elve office exiwises. which slmll not exceed 4 iier pt*r ceut of his salary; salary of s:ild su|>erlnteudent shall be paid out of the general county sclnxd fund. County 8U|)orlntondont shall rei>ort all changes affecting districts to State sui>erInttMuleut, and shall annmilly make-a report of facts oonceming the sc'htx>ls of his county. County "sui)erlntendent may renew first-grade' county teachers’ t‘ertlficate once (tnly without a formal examiuotlon, hut no such renewal sliall l>e made without the eonsent of the State sui>erlntendent County sui>erlntendent shall examine books and accounts of district officers. Comity sui>erintondeut shall be ex officio a member of the c^miity high-school board; office slmll lx> at county seat; shall hold teachers’ iustllutes; may Issue toiuix>rary i>ermlt8 to itersons to teach. Women iwssesslng the qualifications of male electors shall lx? eligible to hold offlce of county school suiierintendeut. schtx)! director, and meml»er of a ixmrd of education. County superintendent shall see that all the children In I hlsvcounty of school age are vaccinated. See also' A (bl), State boards; A (b2). State officers; A (d). District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative ,units--dl8tricts, etc.; B (a) General vStke finance and support; C (b). Local bouds and Indebtedness | D (a). Buildings and sites, general; B (b). Teachers^ certificates, general;* G (d). Teachers’ InsUtutes aud summer schools; H (f), Compulsory attwid- ance; T (b), Schools for the deaf. * 104 state laws relating to public education. North CaroUna: County bonrd of ediicutlon shall el(H't oounly sut^erlntondoni of public Instruction biennially: such suiH'rlnlcmlent kIimII have hml at least two years’ exp«Tlence In teaching or Hiii)ervlKlng within the years imnicsl lately preceding art shall l>e a “man of li!)oral eilucatlon”; county Inmnl fills vacancy; county having total school fund of not ox^HHHllng $ir),0ix» map’ unite with another county and employ a «njH?rIntendent for his entire time. sufH»r Intendeut neee a resident t>f ixninty for whK h cUh i«hL with ix»ns(‘ut of county board, two or more omtlgmnis districts In any city or ‘town nu^y Jointly employ^ 8ui>erlntendeuL Kxct‘pl with consiuit of state IsMird of ihIu cation, county superintendent may not teach whili* s<‘laH>lH are In st'sslon. He ahaii be ex ofllolo secrehiry of county Iwanl ; he shall Indd at least omv a year a teachers meeting In cai'h t^ovnalilp; ho shall \ lslt w1uh)Ih and advlsl coinmltftH*. susikmuI a teaehcr for cause; he shall attend StJde and district assiH’iatloUH of coufity sniH*rlu tendents and for such shall nnvlve exivnaes anti usual tx'miiHMisjitfon ; ln‘ shall distribute blanks, registers, etc., furnlshtnl by J^tnte sni»erlntemlent: he shall make annual statistical r«*|H)rt to State 8UiH»rlnlc»ndent anti may In* removel9, .Salfiry of county sni>erlntfndent shall Ih» HxihI by county boanl at not less than $3 i>er day sfhlle In sc^rvlce; lK>anl ipay tlx annual salary at not exmHling 4 per otmt of st hool uimls dlsluirsiHl : count \ with school fund of over |ir>.(X)0 may Mu ploy suiKulntemlont fov his enure time, salary to 1k» ttxtHl by eounty boanl. County treasun^r slnill Ih» treasurer of school fund : (vmi>ens4ition. such as county l>oard of etlucatlon may determine, hut not exeeetling otu* half jH'r cent of receipts and 2 i>er cent of dIsbnrKunonts, except where pcli \>er cent not exc'eod $2T>0. In which case cNmii)ensatle 2§ iht evnt of dlslmrst* menta (In throe comities tixed salaries are provltletl.i lie shall nn'clve n.» commission on loans from the state. He shall ktx*p detnlUM accounts with each township and district of re<‘elpts and di8hiirsort annually td st^te snixTlntendeiit : misde- meanor to fall ti) make reiKirts as retpilmL See^also A (cli. County iKiards; A (d». District iKmrds and otllcors: K (ID. Teachers’ certificates, general : F (a). Teachers’ contracts, duties, etc. ; H (g). Child labor; J (a). Healtb. general; K (c). Uolfornilty of textUioks; N (a L High schools; 0(b), Agricultural achoylng a superin t end erjL He shall visit each school at l(*nst once each year to ob- serve its condition and advise the teacher, and shall keep a record of visits with a memorandum of teacher’s ability. General To carry into eflrect an lawful Instructions of State superintendent!; distribute blanks to school officers and teachers; hold teachers’ meetings on Saturday, not oftener than on(^ a month, If instructed by State superintendent, which meetings shall be attended by teachers; visit school officers ns often ns nt^oessary to iiftare correct keeping of records; hold annual meetings of members and A (C2). COUNTY OFFK'ERa 105 r olerkfl of RobfH^l h*'*nrds; pi^pjiro ami fnrniHli to Bevoral «f»w«8or« of roun(> nm|>H of their n‘HiKH’tlvo dlstrletH; file nnuiiMlly with eomity nmlltor the ^ luimea nml ml»lreK»i>a of ivrnoiiH elty'twl president nnd elerk of pneh «ch»H)I lio«r>l ; /fipi>ortion Stiite tuition ^mdB Rmon>r aelnxil o»)rr>omtton8 of the (X)unty. He Rhnll d«\'ldo iipi»t‘aU from l>oar>ls. hut iipivnl may In' taken to State suiH^rlntemlent : tu eueh eontroverBlee he may ndmlulater oiitht*. He Hhall tlmt teJU'liera teaeli Hnt>Jw‘t« rtnuilreti by law, and ehall notify seeretjiry of hoard of e\amhierH )f teneher falls to teaeh physioh.^ry and liy^riene. He sluill make nmiunl statisth-al re;>ort to State HuiM^rlntend- ent; bln s^iiary for lasM month of vtNir shifll md l>e ivi4d until sneli re|H»rt Is made. In a county havtiiK or more s<'1u>oIb he may appidnt ti deinity : In n (Nuinty having: i.V) or more schools he Hfiall In* entitlef. He shall rtvelve same s^tlary' as rt‘>:lste^ of dtsvls, and in addition slnUl nvelve 10 I'ents |H»r mile traveUnl when on othelal duty; county commissioners shall furnisli him wlih lUMvsHitry tM>oks. stationery, and iM>staKe. No namty su|H^rlntendent shall 1h» enjtaKM In any other oivnj^itlon or profession dnrliiK Ids term. also A ib2). State oftioers ; A (d). District txmrds and^»mcer%' A ( f ) Administrative nnits^llsirlcts. etc.; H (n\. t;eneral State Hnanoe and su(i^ l»ort: K (e). State aid for elementary tHiiit'jHIon ; C tcK Dionl taxation' K thl. IVaehers- cert ideates. Kvneral ; K (e). Teachers’ mmsions; t! (d). Teachers’ Insilinies aikl summer »^hm>ls: II tf». (Vmpulsorv isliicathm- J ihK MiMicnl iiisiHvtIon; O iM. AKrtcultural scIkmiIs. Ohio: S«v A (cn. Coumy Nmnis; A ( d). District iM.anls and otflcers ; A ( f ) Adminlsrratlve unii.s dlstrh-ts, etc.: K (M. ’nychers* certin<-att^. >:eneral ; *t (d). Teach(‘rs* Instil nt»^ aial summer st'hools Oklahoma: There sliall bo a county sui^erintei^ent of public Instruction for each county, eUvtt^i nsOiber isniuiy omet^rs/tenns, two years; vacancy in such ofllce shall he liIbNi hy *<)unty Ciuimiifii/)ne^ said snia^rhitendent sliall tile hond in .smn of yi.tam; no iH-r./n slmll he eltjdhle for .said ottbv uuleHs DJSsesHiihj a county lirst Kra.le c<*rt\rtcaie jor hitcher. DMfiVs; To visit t^ch sclic(tl In ih,> tNtunly (uk'o in eacli l\m oj six months; make reintrt to the di.strli't ik'b.M.l hoard on condition ofVhfk)! property; exandne as.sIh1e: attend lem'hers’ training nmr.st*; hohi a laihllc-.sc'lnHd im^t’im: in each district once a year; shall ktvj* a n^-ord of tiMichefs, t'<‘rtiflcat»^ IssmsI. and other offleinl matters; npiH»rtion schtsd funds auioiiK districts on basis of nnmher of si'liiHd children, imikln^: no such ai»|K)rtionment to any district maiutainlnK a sclnsd for less than tlm^o luonibs dyriujj prmMllnjj year - draw bis order on county treasurer In favor of sebo^d district for amount apiw. tioiUNl to sm-li district ; furnish tsich year a di^scrlption of Ismndarles of s^-h,H>] districts to eonnty clerk am) nanit.v as.te snj>erintendent; Ull any district-hoard vacancy for uuexpInM teHi * audit annual reports of teachers and district clerks; purelmse for districts ntHMlint,' tile same year a set of scbiKd -district rwords. not to cost more than $4 ja^r set. to he i>nid for out of district funds. Said suiH^rlutendeiit shall divide county Into 4Ch PriiuO EOrC.^TION. . »h»ll bo chHU^Nl extvpt ix’titioii of oms^btril of olooiorn to oounty huikt IntendonL but one^ fourth of oltvtors of dlHtrUi oluuijctM may an^^iil to county ctmiiuladoncrB fn^m action of «»kl auix^rintomletit. aiul decision of ct)uuiy coinmlHalonerM kIiAH bo linul ; rtjiitl MiiM'riutcudont Kiiall k(*i‘p a nvoFd ’ t>f facta coucomiiif; fxhi>ol dif^trlcta; aiicb provlalona atinll m*t bo oniacrutNl as afTectliiK the fo.iioitltui i*( d tat riot a for wbilo ami tvloroil tluUlrtMj, Imt nlml; apjdy aa If tlic lUatrtct wore to Ih‘ formal frxmi tutor if ml icrrltitry ; tunil KU|x*rintomlont Hball jMXit uolloi'Wuf fonuatitm of mnv district iiT nudi distrt« i and apjtoijU a tiim^ and pliiot' fitr oltviion'of district SaUl huiktIu tomlent may, in otnmUcs of lv^.u00 to ^Ti.uni iN^uil;itlon. wUb nf county commiaHlonent. ox]>end not moro than $lHnt p,tr year for clerk lilrc, In Cx>uiitioB to -lO.lXtO jM^pulMlion. f4(Xt; in t^aoitii^s o\ir iM>pnlii tjon. WtHi; ttut In tNumtiOH Ixdwmi Ib.taHt and ins^'dntioii. (Muiaininc HI le«8t 20 aoparaio txbmds, year may lx‘ mx^l for dork bin* if approved by comity tviumiKsionora, Stild suiM-iimcndenl sliall be albiwi^l actual tnivoiing eiitenai'iii, but same sliall not albovtsl f..r lnsiK*^-ilon o^;^u\ niort* than hvioo each year, . Said sui*orlni.eiidcn't shall audu out stand lilK Indelitedneiw of any" dint rict prior to clnutKc of sia'h timi i id. and aiiKtrllnu the Haiuc to the dlatrlctH now dtinpriHinj: territory ttf s»a b disi^lei, on Tho baaU of aaaeajHM valuation of Huch dUtrlets. t\mnty suiK-rinteudent ni:i> dl«f»oae of the prttiM*rty of a dlvldisl distri< t, with oiHM*iit iif Ixijtrd rctalnlui: pn»ia*rty of such district, and fnuda nvehtsl fr-nii sueli sp!c Khali ho appli.d ' to dditB of fcaid district. In daiiiticK having: a jH^pulaUi'ii \er I annual »y»lar>' of omnty suiK*rinteinlcni .slmll bo Is.ium lo ;ir; H tlO. Seje ration of the ram-s; K (cb I'nlfonnity ef textlKwka; L (J), AKrlcuItnre, Oregon: There Khali be elmMetl by the lepnl voters at the election a c' certlflcnte, a state (IJpIoma. or a State corllticate. lie shall takj* the oalli of • ottlee and slmll dei^oslt all fivs rtv(*i\t'd with the conniy ireasmaT. lie sVall visit tin* tX‘Ii(Kds at least once a year and in adtlitioii to siilary i^rf'ScrllMMl b> law shall Iw* entlfle^l to tntvellnp exiK*nses, not to excetMl ?L*nO annually, bb a ! eral duiU'n: To work tt* anuist* dta*]H*r Interest in )sthllc schools: nsadve re \ I>orl8 from districts and make an anmiiil n*iK>rt to the State sniK*rlmendeiii : hear and decide Hi»I^ealH from district oillcers ami tt*aohers. suhjmt to aiiiH*al to State 8UiH*rlntendent : enforce the course (tf study for ceuuty schools pre 8crll>ed by law; ke<*i» an ofllcial rtvord of nil contracts with teachers; make Si>eciat reiKirta when nHjnlnxI hy Stale sui>erlntendeiit ; itdvis** sclnsd dins tors ! aa to the manaKeiiient of the wdnxols, and npi>rove plana for w‘lnH>lhouseH lu j tbird-olaaa districts 'before such bouat*s ahull l>e ert*ctort to the State Buperlntendent^^ name, age, and address of all deaf mutes and blind j>er- sons In the county who are betweeh 6 and 25 years old. He shall require monthly rejwrts from persons In charge of whools. He Khali rey StiUc xi.lB'rlnuvdeut. II.. in,,y aimimlly l„.ld one or irn.r,. b.«nl Mul .I..|.wfte froni ...loli .llBtrtet shHll rec.lve $2 for on,, .lay ..f att.Mulrtm'e em-li yi.jir, \ iionmMcs In thy oflliv of tbe oounty mi|»‘rlntemlent Bliiill Ih> filled by rnumy niiiri fv»r tho imeip!re(1 tt'rm. SIs; II if). (\Mni»ulm>ry ntl.MhlHthv ! K (r\. I Mlfttuiitiy uf texiUHiks : L i h > . (\inrm* of hIihIv ; N (n), Ululi m'luHtlH; S tb). I'liblli' Ni hiM.I lihDint^K; 'I' (b). Si'h<8)ls for (ho tJtNif. IVnn8}hanla: K\ory \n>r^n\ oUvtt'tl tt^unty, tHstrlii. or aKKlniHiit county or .(ImiriY't sui*oriuloiuU*iii Kii.tll bo of ^in\\ mom I ohaniot**r; lUiall hold oith^r a liil'Ioniit frt>in m roilop* *\1 by i]io imd M'nlveraity Oouncil of l‘oiinsyI\j(id;i. tliplonui ioMitst by, n I VimH> Ivmiin normal or iViin tuiilior.v. Staff (vriitloiit* ; alnill have h;ni Ku^x't^fnl o^{>ertetuv ii> a toaobor or siTiHTtntomlout wit bln f br^n^ n earn irrlor t*j cWnion. but as oil district, or aaslKtant t^iuKy -or dlatrlct HUiM^rln tomlont Kball Hutficb»nt >uDty ; sohiH.l airo« ti.r'* uf (‘ach i^nmty sh^ll iinsM bi coinontlon to (*bN*t ; priKN^MluK** of toinonllon hUM\ Uv ivrtlibNl to ibo Slafo suivrinlcmloiit. who aliall Issiio a ronmilsslon p. .nmniy sni..‘rliit*MMlcnt vbs-t. unb‘Ks valid UdiVtlone Mi;ill bo MIihI: rvrry sidiiMd dlrts^tor sball )>,> ymU\ t2 iiml mticapo at rule of .{ OMKS IHT Iiitlo lOr mtciidlti^r sjibl ottiivtHUlon; tvunty sui*orlntrn(b*nt may In' roiiiov.Ml by Suite KU].,‘rh)tonaoi)t for cauw>: oonniy suiH'rimomlont Hball bo p:.M by tbo Stato, Ndn^ |15 for oacb of tbo first l(t st'hoifiH In inninty. and $o for each addltbm.tl but a,*ilary of nninvy »uj*orlutwnbmt abnU not bo losa than |l.rsH).Oi iiu)r(> Ilian S^x'tOO ja'r anmitu: cnmviMitlon of trbool dinvtors may IncnNOso Hniary of county sum'rlntoinicnt by v.4lnj: iih'n>aa.* from illsirlct i^'Iuh)! fuml«; salary of county suiKThiiemUmt slinll V i^tld Umirlorlx. Dutu it^ o/ rt/wnty ^w/nTiatcmb rit; To visit MkhiIs . under bta snirrvlsbm; note and motlKHls; ^Ive nm'wvtry Tllnvtlons ^ the art of trmbiii;:. roin-n to board of dlrtsiors; InsjKvt school proia*rty. \'ounty oomifiissinner.s slmll i»rovlde uunricrs and mii>1»11oh ft.r I'onnty suiHTlntiMid- - eiiT K\ery cuintiy snm'rlntondtmt having lAH) to 4t»0 ti'aclmrs umler bis ' snivrvlsion shall b;ivo one assistant: U.ti) to iloo loacberH. two aaslKtants; fif. slmll haw au addliiornrt^fisistam conwntbm of si-hool dlrtvtorH may autbt>riz<' flpi>ointment uf additional awlsfant sujH'rlnt widen ta ('ounty suiH'rliitcndeiit shall nominate assUtaut miiHTlntencIwitg to the five ottieeu- of tile comity sclnail dlAvtorH* n»si>tlatlou for confirmation : sidarles of assistant .superintrmionis sball be fixwl by dlrtciors* convention but at a minimum of each jH*r ywir; aaKlstant Hujierintendents shall perform Kiieb duties as may be rwjulrt'd by county suiH>rintendwits, State aupi'rlii- temb'iit. ami State inK|HH^tor of hlifh achoola Board of dlroc'tors In districta of first and seeri*ntendent8 as they may (levin wise', and fix c-oiniieusatlon of same; duties of district suij^luteudents shall Ik» similar to Uiose 0/ county suix^rlntendwiU. No c*ounty, district* or assistant county or district sui>erlnteudent shall enfpige In tenchln^f, unless it IM? (lone without .any e'omivnsatlon therefor; said superintendents shaU make annual rejwrts to State sujierintendent 108 BTATB LAWS BBLAITKG TO T»tTBLIC EDUCATION. See alBo A (b2), State offlc««; A (d). District boards apd officers; B (b). ‘Teachera’ certifi<^teB, general; G (b), State normal schools; Q (d)» Teachers* Institutes and summer schools; N (a), High schoola South Carolina: A county superintendent shall be elected by the qualified electors Iq each county; term, four years, except In certain counties where It Is two; the State board of education shall fill vacancies. He shall visit each school at least once each year to aid teachers and to note the char- acter of Instruction, the condition of buildings, etc. ; he shall encourage teachers* asspclattons and conduct InstItutea He shall apportion to school districts the money arising from tax on property as shown by the founty treasurer’s report, and shall certify such apportionment to treasurer, to- gether with poll tax belonging to each district. He shall make an annual financial and statistical report. County commissioners shall furnish 8ui>er- Intendent with office, furniture, etc. See also A (b2), State officers; A (cl). County boards; A (d). District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units— districts, etc. South Dakota: A 'Superintendent of schools shall be elected at the general election Jn each« county; term, two years; no siu)erlntendent shall be electetl for more than two terms In succession; no person shall be elected to such office who do^ not hold a teacher’s certificate of first grade or higher; vacancy shall be filled by county board of commissioners. In any county having more than fi5 schools the superintendent may appoint a deimty or clerk. Salary of superintendent shall be In proj Portion to proi>erty valua- tion and population of fixe county, but no Siilary shall exceed Sl.WK), and in any county having less than $300,(KX) of proi>erty salary shall not exceetl $200. Superintendent shall forfeit $10 for each school umler his supervision which he falls to visit during the school year; he shall be allowed by the county actual expenses In attending State convention of 6ui>erlutendent.s and visiting schools and attending teachers* meeting In the county, but not to exceed $200 per annum In all. He shall have general suiierlvlslon of the public schools, and In towns of less than 1.000 l>opulatlon he shall have direct supervision. He may conduct contests In agriculture. Industrial ^ts, and home economics among the pupils of 'the s(dioolH under his sui)erv*>it. and may hold an annual exhibit of products, find county com ml hhI oners may appropriate not exceeding $200 to pay exixmses thereof. Other duties of superintendent: To visit the schools as 'often as posalble and at least once a year, and may order *needed repairs and changes made to school proptTly when school board falls to make them; keep a record of bis official acts; keep record of applicants for teachers’ certificates and of certificates held ; keep register of teachers emj>loyed In the comity, with sfilaries paid, etc.; keep a record of apportionments of State and county funds and of statistical data needed to make reports to State superintendent; encourage tcacherH* meetings and Institutes and seek to raise the standards Of teaching; hold annually district teacher# Institutes, comprising two or more districts; on courage foiTDatlon of a teacher# reading circle, report participants to secre- tary of State teachers’ reading circle, examine participants In the course, and forward ^pers to State board of managers of teachers’, rending circle: hold annual^ between April and September a teachers’ normal Institute of not less tlum five day# duration, or hold Joint Inriltute with one or more . other ccmntie/; hold annually a meeting of district school officers, for at- tending which each such officer shall receive $1.60 per day and 6 cents per mile traveled; meet with district school officers annually for the purpose of examining their records end accounts; conform to the Instructions of A (C2>, COUNTY OFFICEBS. 109 the State superintendent He may for good canse close any sct^ool under his superTlaioD. He ahail annually report the enumeratloD of children of school age to the commissioner of school and public lands, and such enumeration shall be the basis of his apportionment of the county general school fund, which shall be made semiannually, in January and July. The county general fund shall consist of the Income of the permanent school fund of the State as apportioned to counties, the tax of |1 on each elector, and certain fines. County superintendent shall report annunlly to the State superintendent, and for failure to do so he shall forfeit |100;orts as may be reqtilred; keep record of his official acts and of district boundaries; countersign warrants of district directors, except war- rants for teachers’ salaries, and keep record of same. In 'counties of 30,000 IH»pulatlon or more superintendent shall not be principal or teacher of public school during his term ; ^e shall fill vacancies In county board of education and In district boards of directors; he shall set apart one day In November ns “Arbor Day.” County trustees shall keep separate accounts of State and county funds; he shall give bond for double the -amount of money likely to come Into his hands: compensation based on amount of funds handled; trustee shall keep public-school moneys separate from other moneys. No , school officer or teacher shall have any pecuniary Interest In supplying books, maps, apparatus, etc., to public schools. For failure to turn records over to successor school officer may forfeit $26 to $100. No school dlreotpr or member of county board shall be a teacher or interested In a contract which his board may make. Penalties on county superintendent shall accrue to county school fund, and penalties on district directors ahail accrue to district fund. See also A (bl), State boards; A (b2). State officers; A (cl). County boards; B (a). General State finance and stjpport; E (b), TeaAers’ certifi- cates, general; Kj (c). Uniformity of textbooks; L (a). Course of study N (a). High schools. ' . Texas: Commisslouers* court of each county having 3,000 school population or more shall provide for the election of a county superintendent of schools; term, two years; quallflcatlons. must be of good moral character and the holder of first-grade or permanent certificate On petitloa of 26 per cent of qualified voters in county having less than 8,000 school population, com- 110 . STATB LAWS EELATIKO TO FX7BLIO BDX70ATI0N, mlflslDnere’ court shall jordsr election to determine whether cotinty super- Intendency shall be creaM; majority of Qualified taxpaying voters shall determine. Pow€r$ and duties: To have general sopervislon of schools; visit BchooU four days In eadi week when possible: have authority over Bchoola except In Independent districts having BOO school population or more; hear and determine appeals subject to appeal to county board; hold, subject to approval of State superintendent, annual teachers’ Institute for five consecutive days, and may be removed for not doing so, but trustees of lndep«idfflit district having 500 school population or more may hold institute; may cancel teacher’s certificate for not attending. He shall keep record of teachers’* attendance at Institutes and summer normals and shall certify same on their certificates, and such teachers shall receive full pay for attendance. He shall apportion funds received from State to districts, not Including Independent districts, and Income from county fund to nil dlstrlcta, said apportionment being based on school population, if truptees of districts fall to agree on distribution of funds among schools thereof or on length of term to be maintained, county superintendent shall determine such questions. All vouchers must be approved by county superintendent, also all contracts with teachers. Superintendent shall appoint a county board of examiners to consist of two white teachers who hold first-grade" certificates. He' shall perform such other duties and make such reports ns State superintendent may prescribe. Salary : Counties of 2,000 school popu- lation or less, $900, If superintendent Is employed; 2.000 to 3,000 school population, $1,100; 3,000 to 4,000 school population, $1,300 ; 4,000 to 6,000 school population, $1,400; more than 5,000 school population, $1,500; he shall also be allowed not exceeding $100 for stationery, printing, etc. In each county not having superintendent, county judge shall be ex offlclo aoperintendent and shall receive such compensation for such service as county commlssionerB may fix, but not to exceed $600. County superin- tendent is ex offlclo secretary to board of county school trustees and execu- tive officer of the board. He examines all plans and specifications for school buildings costing $400 or more erected In common-school districts, and Issues permits for erection thereof. County treasurer shall be treasi^er of school fQj^s of common-school dis- tricts and of incorporated districts having less than 160 school population ; ^ In lncori)orated districts having 160 school . population or more school treas- urer BhaU be person or corporation who gives satisfactory bond and offers best bid of Interest on average dally balances; no commission shall be paid for receiving and disbursing school funds. Treasurer shall keep a separate account with each school district; he shall pay out no part of school fund without the approval of .county superintendent Balances to credit of dis- tricts shall be carried over to succeeding year for benefit of such dlstrlcta School funds shall not be expended except for the following purposes; (1) State and county funds for teachers’ and superintendents’ salaries and fees for taking school census'; (2) local district ^unds for same purposes as State and ^nnty funds and for other purposes, as supplies, janftors’ pay, grounds, bnlldlngs, etc. All treasurers shall report on or before October 1 each year to State snperintendent, who may call for vouchers and Investi- gate cofrectneas of report See also A (b2). State offlcew; A (d), District hoards and officers; A (f), 'Administrative tmlts^lstrlcts, etc.; 0 (c), Local taxation; B (b), Teach! ,e^ certificates, general; P (b), Teachenf salaries; H (b). School cmisua; K' (a), Hi^ schools. v/vuxiJLx urriujsno;. sowrlntendent of gcbools for «di county ahaU be elected blwuOelly • by Qualified voters, but voters In cities ^f first aud second classes and in dtetrlcts of the first class sball not b - aUowed to vote at elec- Uon. OiwM/lcetfofw; He must be over 26 years old and have had at least ttoee years teaching experience; in addlUon. in eounUes of. first bf third c asses, must hold a hlgh-school life diploma ; In counties of fourth to twdfth hold life diploma not lower then grammar grade; In counties H State certificate. He shall have superintendence of aU district schools except in cities of tto first and second classes. He shall see that district boundaries are correcUy described, and where they are found Incorrect or conflicting he report to county commissioners, who shaU change them as needed. He shaU visit every school under his supervision at least ttrice a year to observe InstrucUon, etc. He shall decide controversies arising unL the schwl laws. He shall report to. State board of education the faUure of tMCher to teach bninches required by law, and said board may revoke teach- report annually to State superin- tendent, which report shall contain a list of persons between 6 and 30 years old too deaf or too blind to receive an educaUon In the common schoola He DM35 appoint a deputy. See also A (b2). State officers; A (d). District b9ards and officers; A (f), A.^n strauve unlts-dlstrlcts, etc.; B (a). General State finance and sup! port; B (e). State aid for elementary education; B (b). Teachers’ cerUficatos, general; G (d). Teachers’ InsUtutes and summer schools; N (a) High Bchoola ' " -cuisit Virginia: AU school moneys to be dlsbn^ in any county shaU be received, kept, and disbursed by the county treasurer thereof. He shall receive and ^ supervisors. District funds toa be kept In separate accounts from those of the State and county. Ho shall make annually lu December a report to division superintendent of Khools showing amounts collected on account of State, count^ and district fun^ and also amounts disbursed and balance on hand; be shaU report an- “s and district clerks shall likewise report to said meeting. Neither treasurer nor his deputies shall deal In county warrants. “ See al» A (bl). State boar^; A (d). District boards and officers; B ?a) Genial State finance and support ’ Washington: A county superintendent 'of schools shall be elected In each county; term, two years; ahaU give bond In sum fixed by board of county coo^ssloners ; may appoint a deputy; In counties having more than 100 dis- tricts, with approval of county commissioners, may appoint clerical assist-, once. County commissioners shall flu any vacancy In office of county superin- tendent A person to be ellglble'-for office of county superintendent shall have taught at least two years of nine months each, and shall hold a first grade or higher certificate. Powers and duties of county superintendent: To exercise OTpervlslon over common schools and counsel with directors and teachers- dlfltrib:^ re^rts, Uws, forms, circulars, and Instructions; enforce adopted coQrse df study and rules and regulations concerning teachers’ examinations- prepare, whm necessary, course of study for districts of third class ; keep oil file aU records of business of his office; administer oaths and affirmations fi» teachers and school officers; keep record of teachers’ contracts and certifl- • ^s; make annual report to superintendent of- public Instrncticm; ke«) transcript of boundaries of districts; apportion school funds;* grant t^ 112 STATE LAWS BELAIINa TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. poraiy ccrtiflcatea and condoct examination of teachers; hold teachers* Instl* tntes and other like meetings; hold. If advisable, annual directors* meetings at expense not to exceed' f 100, a connty charge; suspend teachers for good cause; registers and clerks* record books to districts, a district charge; pass upon, plans and specifications of all schoolhou^es to be con- structed In districts of the third class In the county ; require reports of district ofllcers and teachers; perform such other duties as may be required by law. Said Baperinll^{;^ent shall keep his oflice open at least one day In each we^k. County commlsstoners shall provide an oflice and supplies for a»Ud superin- tendent. Said superintendent shall receive traveling expenses incurred In perforpiance of ofliclal duties. Duties of county auditors relative to third-class districts: To audft accounts of school districts; countersign and register warrants of such districts; cause school warrants to be registered in treasurer*s office He shall cause warrants of first and second class districts to be registered In office of county treasurer before delivery thereof to claimants. Said auditor ^all make annual report to count; superintendent ' ' County treasurer of each county shall be officio treasurer of school dla- trlcta. Duties: To receive school money? and pay them out on legally drawn warrants ; certify to county superintendent and to county auditor, quarterly, amount of school funds In his possession subject to apportionment; make an- nual fiscal report to county superintendent and to oounty auditor; register all school warrants; make monthly fiscal report to secretary of each district of first class and to clerk of each district of second or third class; remit moneys derived from sale of school registers and clerk’s record books to State treas- urer, who shall place same to credit of general State fund. • See also A (bl). State boards; A (b2). State officers; A (cl). County boards; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative unlts-^ districts, etc.; B (a). General State finance and support; B (e), State aid for elementary education; E (a). Certification of teachers, general; E (b), Teachers’ certificates, general; E (c). Special certificates; F (a). Teachers’ contracts, duties, etc. ; G (d), Teachers* Institutes and summer schools; II (e). Consolidation of districts, etc.; II (f). Compulsory attendance; K (c), Uni- formity of textbooks; (a). Course of study; N (a). High schools; S (b'). Public-school libraries; T (e). Schools for the feeble-minded. West Virginia: A county superintendent of s(ffiools shall be elected In each county by voters thereof; term, four years; siild superintendent sha'il Like oath of office and file bond ; a vacancy In office of county superintendent shall be filled until next general election by presidents of various district boards of education. County superintendent shall be a person of experience In teaching or supervising school?' and shall hold a first-grade certificate or Its equivalent. County superintendents sBkIl receive annual compensation as follows; In counties having not more than 60 schools, $700; more than 60 . schools and nOt' more than 76 schools, $775; more than 76 schools and not more than KXl^schools, $860; more than 100 schools and not more than 12,*^ schools, $926; and for more than 126 schools, $2 for each additional school: in addition thereto county snperlntendent shall receive same compensation as assistants In conducting examinations, but total annual salary shall not exceed $1,600; connty superintendent shall tench In no public or private school while schools of his county are In session. Said superintendent shall report annually to State superintendent number of schools he has visited ; $2 shall be deducted from salary of county superintendent for each school not so Tlslted ; salary of county superintendent shall be paid out of general school iJSGISLA ■. 1 . . r ; w < f ' iJitjpJ' A (C4). COUNTY OFFICEBS. IIB fund* County superintendent shall visit each school within his county, not Included In an lnde[)endeDt district* at least once each year, shall Inspect schools therein and advise with teachers; shall examine buildings ond equlp> ment and advise with boards of education relative thereto; shi^ make needed reports to boards of education and to State superintendent; shall re- ceive and rtnMse reports of secretaries of boards of education* and shall make annual report to State sui^rlntendent County superintendent shall be ex officio county financial secretary. No county superintendent* member of a board of education, or trustee of any subdistiict shall be or become person- ally Interested In any contract of a school district County superintendent, as county financial secretary, shall receive annual compensation of |76; but In counties having more than 100 teachers he shall receive 75 cents per teacher Sheriff of the county shall receive, collect, and disburse all school money for the county and districts and Independent districts therein* Said sheriff shall give bond In sum of double amount of school money to be handled by him; shall keep accounts with boards of education of districts -and Independ- ent districts of money belonging to the teachers’ ^nd, the building fund, or any other school fund : shall pay out money upon orders signed by president and secretary of said boards, and upon order of county superintendent as provided by law; shall make annual settlement with board of education of each district and Independent district, and also with county court for each 8i|ch district lie shall' annually settle with county financial secretary. See also A (h2), State officers;. A (d), District boards and oflacers; B (a). General State finance and support: E (b), Teachers’ certificates, general:* G(d), Teachers’ iDstltutes and summer schools; H (b). School cebsus; H (g). Child Icbor; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; N (a), High schools. Wisconsin; Duties of county superintendent: To examine and license teachers; to visit and examine schools In his district at least once a year, advise teach- ers, and confer with school ho*ards; direct any school board te make altera- tions and repairs, and to abate any nuisance, not to cost over $25; make an order In concurrence with chairman of town board relative to buildings unfit for Ht'hool puriwses; rerwrt condition of schools annually to county board of supervisors; receive sciiool reports and transmit obstracts of same to State superintendent; organize and conduct at least one teachers’ institute each year, and Interpret, school laws. County or district superintendent shall hold annually at least one s<^ool-board convention. County superintendent shall attend at least one coipppotloh of county superintendents annually; necessary expenses shall be paldby county. No county or district superintendent shall hold any other lucrative position while schools are In session, except whep his annual salary Is less than fStK). County board shall allow county supers Intendent over and above his salary actual and necessary traveling expenses. Said superintendent shall annually make report to county clerk relative to certification of teachers. Institute Instructors shall receive no pay ynless they hold Institute certificates; no person whd Is engaged In manufactute of. textbooks or school supplies, or Is agent for same, or is Interested In any teachers’ agency, shall be employed as Institute Instructor. Each county and city superintendent of schools shall, annually report deaf and blind children to the State school for the deaf and State school for the blind; llkd reports shall be made to county board of supervisors or city board of education. To be eligible as county superintendent d* person shall hold a county snperln- tendent’s certificate, or some higher certificate of quallficatldnp, ahall be of good moral character, and shall have taught for at least e!ght months In public schools. The teachers’ county institute fund shall be under directlbn of 8966®— 15 8 , 1 \ i.'isii 114 • STATE tAWfl BEUmKO TO TTfBUC EDUCATION. county or district superlntwident In defraying expenses of Inatitntes. In- stitnte appropriation ahaU be distributed among counties on basis of number of teachers employed in territory under supervision of county or district superintendent, school term to be not less than sevmi months except for legal cause; county or district superintendent shall amaually certify number of teachers to State superlutendent County and district superintendents shall keep account of expenditures for Institute purpo^^es. The county or district mperlntendent may, by and with consent of county board, appoint a deputy superintendent. If number of schools under supervision of said superintendent mh»^^ be not less than 100; said deputy shall hold a first-grade county certifi- cate or higher, and shaU have taught in public schools for at least eight months. The Judge of the circuit court ma^ remove the county superin- tendent from oflaoe for good cause after a hearing. County board of educa- tion ahall fix salary of county and of district superintendent, and allow necessary traveling expenses. The county board may divide county having over 15,000 inhabitants Into two superintendent districts; each such district shall be governed by provisions of law applicable to counties, so fhr as same ahply. County superintendent shall be elected by qualified electors: term, two years. Any county, excepting those In which county schools of agriculture are maintained, may, through the county board, establish and tbalntnin an agricuUnral representative recommended by the dean of Wiscansln School of Agriculture Duties of such represwtative: To advise with Indivldunls relative to farming methods; aid In development of agriculture and country- life conditions; offer courses of instruction; aid In formation of cooi>erative enterprises; promote business methods among farmers; aid in developing agricultural teaching In schools; and promote rural development generally. County may levy tax to partly pay such represenhitlve, such amount to be not less than $1,000 annually; such shall receive $1,000 from State annually for such purpose; State aid ®all be expended under direction of board of regents of State university ; In year 1915 such work shall be organized in not tq exceed 16 counties. Said representatives shall be chosen by said board of regents; said representative shall cooperate with the co inty training school board If there he one, otherwise with county superintendent. See also A (cl). County-boards'; A'Cd), District boards and officers; B (e). State aid for elementary education: B (b), Teachers’ certificates, general; G (c). County and local normal schools; G (d), Teachers’ Institutes and gammer schools; H (b), School census; H (f), Compulsory attendance: O (b). Agricultural schools; S ^), Public-school libraries. Wyoming: A county guperlnten^ent of schools shall be elected by qualified electors; term, two years. Salary: County of first class, $900; second class, $750; third dass, $600; fourth class, $500; necessary traveling e^cpenses shall also be paid. Superintendent shaU hold a teacher’s certificate of first class or higher and shall not teach In any public school ; he shall be a resident of the county. Vacancy In office filled .by boar^of county commissioners.^ Peneral duties; To ipake annual report to Stat^ superintendent; distribute blanks trannmitted by State superintendent; verify certificate^ of district clerks as to number of teachers employed. He shall annually apportion school fund to districts, Ihciuding hlgb-scbool districts, In proportion pd number of teachers In district during preceding* year. He shall have ‘BUperintendence of public schools and shall visit each at least once In the term ; be may recom- mend Incompetent teachers for dismissal. Should county superintendent fall to moke reporte as required by law, be shall forfeit $100, Superintendent A (d). DISTMOT BOABDS AK0 OFFtOBBS. HS shall hear and determine all ^ppeala In county of flrAt, second, or third class, he may employ a deputy at $3 per day, but for nOt more than |150 annually. CUsfiH^Usation of counties: First class, counties having an assessed valua- tion of more than $12,000,000; second class, $6,000,000 to $12,000,000; Uilrd class, less than $6,000,000. District clerks and hlgh-School district clerks shall annually certify to county superintendent number of teachers employed In such district, but credit shall not be. allowed for teacher having taught less thau sli months nor where average attendance Is less than 6 per teacher in grade school or 10 per teacher In hlgli school. No required number of pupils for rural school. See also A (d). District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units districts, etc.; B (e), State aid for elementary e at a salary of not exceeding $100 per annum ; * In districts having a school population of 1,000 or more board may employ a clerk at a salary of not exceeding $900. See also A (c2). County officers; A (e), School meetings, elections, etc.; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (d), State taxation for school purposes; D (a). Buildings and sites, general; D (e). United States flag In schools; H (f), Compulsory attendance; H (g), Chim labor; N (a), High schools; S (b), Public-school libraries. Arkansiui: At each annual eleptlon held. In common-bchool districts on the third Saturday In May the qualified electors shall elect one director for a term of three years; judges of election shall determine result and Issue certificate; when elected or appointed a director shall forfeit $10 for neglect- ing or refusing to serve ; vacanejr shall be filled at a special election by * qualified Totera, but if district fails to elect witbln 16 days, county court shall fill tacancy. Said directors abkll establlBh separate schools for white and colored persons. They shall have charge of the school affairs of the district; diall have the care and custody of school property; shall purchase or lease such school site as may be designated by a majority of the legal TOiem; shall provide a schoolhouse with funds provided by the district for ^ X * * • ' I A (d), DnrTETCT'BOABDe AND 07FIOBBB. H7 that pnrpoae; diall hire only le^Uy Uc^iaed t^cliera, and shall enter Into written contract with them. School directora and trastees of public and agricultural schools shall not employ as teacher a person related to any one of them within the fourth degree, nnless petitioned to do so by two- thirds of the patrons. .Directors may use district funds for Insuring school- houses. When authorised by a majority of electors, directors may expend' from common-school fond not exceeding |26 for apparatus aPHToved by State supemDtendont. In counties where textbook nniformity been voted, directors hhall adopt n series of textbooks for a period of three years; they shall see that physiology and hygiene shall be taught In th^schools; they shall see that elementary agriculture and horticulture Is tau^t; they shall visit the schools at least once each term; they shall annually submit estimates of expenses of the schools to the district; they shall draw war- rants on the county treasurer for the payment of district funds. If a site Is to be selected or tax to be levied for a schoolhou^e, directors shall, In the notice for annual meeting, state such fact The clerk, who shall be one of the directors, shall keep a record of the proceedings of the annual meeting and shall make a flnAicIal statement to such meeting. Directors shall report to county clerk so mnch of the proceedings of the annual meeting ns pertains to-the election of officers and the levy of taxes* they sholl make an annual statistical report to the county examiner (or county sui)erlntendent). Direc- tors may suspend from school any pupil for gross Immorality, Insubordina- tion, or for Infectious dlsensea County court may. on petition of any person residing In a district trnrftfer the children or wards of such person to an adjoining district for school purposes; such children shall be enumerated In the district to which transferred and the district taxes of parent or guardian ^ shall be added to the revenues of the district to which children are trahs^ ferred; persons having children transferred shall have the right to vote In the district to which transfer Is made. Directors shall close schools whwi teachers' examinations are held and during teachers’ Institutes. Se^ also A (e). School meetings, elections, etc.; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; H (f). Compulsory attendance. California; Except where otherwise provided, every district shall be controlled by three trustees; term, Uiree years; vacancies occur under section &06, PolItIc.nl Code, QT when people fall to elect; whqp trustee resigns, resignation shall be sent to county sui>erintendent;‘ when new district is formed, old trustees residing therein shall continue In office; when Joint districts are formed, trustees shall *be appointed by county superintendents to hold until electlbn In AprIL Boards of education In cities shall be elected under laws governing such cities, and their powers shall be as prescribed in such laws, * except as otherwise provided In this chapter/ Poircrs and duties of school tr.dstccs and city hoardsx To make rules for their own government and transact business at regular and special meetings; control school property and pay all moneys received for school purposes to county treasurer; pur- chase fumltur^ and apparntps; rent, furnish, repair, and Insure school prop- erty: grant use of schwihouses for community purposes when not Incooslstent with school purposes; build schoolhouses Or purchase or sell school loU when directed by vote of the district; make In the name of the dlrtrict conveyance of property; employ principals of schools and, in case of city dfttrlcts, super- intendents and assistants (supervising principals, superintendents, and assist- ants may be employed for term of four years); employ -trenchers. Janitors,' and pther employees and fix salaries (no employee shall be employed for r 118 •TATB LAWB ESXATING TO PUBLIC KDUOATIOI?. longer than one year, provided that after one year 'teachers shall be con- .aldered reelected unless given notice to the contrary before June 10; school boards may pay teachers by calendar month in> 12 installments) ; suspend or exi>el pupils for bilsconduct; exclude from schools children under 0 yearn old, except that they moy be admittoii to klndergarteus at 41 years old and to schools for deaf at ^ years old; enforce course of study and use of text- books preacrllKHl by proj>er authority; apjwlnt llbrurlaus and make rules for libraries; excludAfroni schools and sc1uh>1 libraries i)artlsan and sectarian literature; keep a ^register of cblldrou apjtlylng to l>e ^dinlttetl to scbot)! ; admit children from other districts with consent of trustees of such districts; rej>ort annually to county suiH*rlntendent : rei>ort to State sui>erlnlenilent when required ns to textbooks. used ; visit every school at least oucc in each term; call meetings to loi'ute 8cht>olhou8e or for consideration of other dis- trict affairs; let all coutru<’ts involving exi>euditure of more than $2tX) to lowest bidder, ext^pt that muatcnl lustrumenls need not Iw? so obtained, and old buildings may be rei^alrotl by day labt>r; give care to healib of piiiJils. and where fungs are sufflcleut to employ prop*^rly eertllled in*rs()na for such work; provide trausimrlntluu for pupils where advisable, Sclu>ol l>oard shall provide United States Hugs for school houses and for dlsiduy In schoolrooms. Kindergartens may l>e established by any school board ui>on i>etitloti of parents of 25 or more children 4J to 6 years old residing within a mile of on elementary school : school board may establish si)eclfll classes for hve or more deaf children 3 to 21 yetrs old. School supplies shall be ;urnisher out standing claims or oarritnl to next year; If scIkh)! Is nm less than eiglit months, such funds shall be reapiwrtloned, except in case of good cause for closing school. All of State fund and at least one-half of county fund shall be ustsl for paying teachers and may be used for payment of sui)erlntomlcnts and 6ui>ervl8lng prlnclpr.ls. School boards are liable as such for judgments against the district. School boards may establlsli health and develotimont supervision, and for such t)uri)Ose may employ examlnlug staff of educators and physU'lans, Purposes of .sUperWsfon; To correct defects of jiuplls and tenebers (Inspection annually) ; attend to all matters i>ertnlnlng to stdiool hygiene; make fq>ocIal study of retardation and deviation In pupils. Kxjim Iners who are educalors pliall hold life certificates, and meen to inspection; do such other duties as prestTlbetl liy trustees. He shall provide all sclux)! supplies provided for by law and have geuenil care of school proi>erty, under direction of trustees. See alik) A (l>2). State officers; A (c2). County officers; A (e), School meetings. eUK'tions. etc.; A (t). Administrative units — districts; etc.; C (b), Ivocnl b^ds and IndejDtedness; D (a), Buildings and sites, geuerol ;* E {&). (.ertllicajion of teachers, general; F (c). Teachers’ j>euHion8; H (f), Compul- sory atteudnuce: 11 (g), child labor; I («). Dlscipllue, general; L to). ' CourtK^ of study; N (a), High Sihools; S (b). School libraries.^ ' X Colorado; District bourds. — l)iBtrk*ts having a school population of 1,000 or more shall be districts of the first class; those having 350 to 1.000 shall b<* districts of the st\x)nd class; those having less than 350 shall be districU of the third class. In districts of the first class school board shall consist 'of five mcmlK»rs; term, six years, two or one, as the case requires, being elected every two years. In districts of the second and third classes, board shall consist of a pn^ldent, a secretary, ani a treasurer; term, throe years, one Udng eks-iHl em-li year After organlxiitlon, S4.hool boards lu districts of the first and wH-ond classes shall have all i>owers conferrctl hy law on electors in districts oi the third class. If a dln^i'tor falls to qualify within 20 days, county suiKTinteiulr it Khali fill vacancy thenH)y createtl. In districts of the third class, board may at any time, and juust when i>etltloDed by 10 legal voters, call a inetulng of qualified electors who shall Include women on the same terms as men. Potcers of electors at meetings: To apjwlnt a chairman and a stN:Tetary lu tin? abwuice of the regular officers; adjourn from time to time, fix site for schoolhouse; order tux for paying touchers, providing sites and buildings nnd fw'hool libraries, and for^jtber contlugent expenses; direct the sale of school proi>erty ami Uie dlsiwsltlon of the proceeds thereof; trans- act generally bu.'^lne&s promoting the cause of eensation and deter- mine the rate of fiiltlou for nonresident pupils; enforce rules nnd regulations of State superintendent, fix the course of study imd odof^l toxtl>ook8: pro- vide school furniture, etc.; rent, repair, and Insure schoolhouses ; build or remove schoolhouses or sell school lots when directetl by vote of the people; » , hold all real and personal proi>erty In trust for the district; suspend or expel unruly pu])lls and exclude chlldreD under 6 years old ; determine length of term over nnd^ above three months; furnish free textbooks for indigent pupils and for all pupils when authorized by a majority vote of the district; require all pupils to have suitable books; exclude from schools and school Ubrarles all publicaUons of an Immoral or pernicious tendency; * J ISO 8TATB LAWS MLAmrO TO TtTBUO fcDXJCATTOir. require teachers to conform to the law; make annual report to county superln- tendent as preacrlhed by State superintendent; report directly to State super tnteodent when required by him; permit puplla to attend n morn accesaiblo school ln_apother dUtrlot and to arrnn^ fOr the payment of tuition. A pupil realdlitk outaide a hiab^bool district may attend blab school within (bo county or an adjointna county and the district of his residence shall pay tuition not to eir^HMl the nvema^ ^'ost i>er pupil In wild high S(‘1kk)1. Uonrd.^ aha 11 publish annual riiK>rts. Xo o^Boer chnraed with let ting iNtutrnots shall be It) any way Interwited in a contract, eicopt in his otfiolal cap -clty. AppeaU, — A'n aKKTlevtHl i>en»on nmy wlth’n ,'10 days apjH'al, lit a matter of law or fact, from a decision or c^er of the district »t'h»X)l bosnl to county anperlntendeiit ; any person or district l>oard may Hkewlw npi>onl from a deerln!endent to the State bwtnl of education, whose decision shall final, but neither the county suporln tendent nor^the State board ma,v render a Judgment for money. Soe also A (o*), County otficers; A (f), Adminlstnitive units— districts, etc.; B (a), General State finnm'O and supjxut ; 0 (e), Uk'iiI taxation: D (e). I.'nltcd States flag In achtwla; K (b)* Genenil tvrtitlcaies ; K tb' Teachers’ salaries; H (c), School year, month, day, etc.; H (f), Cx)mpulsory attendance; H (g). Child Inbor; I (e). Si'hool fnitemUies; N ta), Ulgh schools; U (e), Schools for dei>endeiit8 nud delinquents. Connecllcut : Toirn school officers. — Awnts of the town de|>ofilt funds, high school committees, sc'hool visitors, town school coinmttiivs, and llbrnry dlnv- tors shall be votoil for by ballot ; other town oflicera shall In* npindiitiHl b\ the selectmen; plurality vote shnll oltn't olh(,n>ra: terms of ollif.'erg. one year, unless otherwise i»rtnldeinmittet> by reason of sex. Vacancies In eliH"(l\o idlb'es may he filled by election In n legal town iru*etlng, but until eti filled S4d(M’tinen nmy fill the Siime. Each town shall at its annual metding eUvt a Imard of stdim*! vlettnrs to consfst of Ihrt'e. six. or nine mernbora as such tow*n’ may deternilm' : term, three years, one-third l>eing eUvted every year, but when said board consists of three moml>er8 nil shall l>e elected at the same time for n term of three years: vacancies shall he filled by remaining members nniil next town meeting: In towns holding biennial elections two-thlnls of meniU*rs may !»’ elected at one time, ns the case requlrea In the election of ikhool visitors no person shall vote for more than one-half the nnmber to be elected, e.\ce] t when the number to be elected Is three, five, seven, or nine, in which case two. three, four, or five, respectively, may Ik* voted i>erpon9 recehMng tlic highest number of votes shall l»e elected. School visitors shall annually ehm^se from their number n chairman and from the citizens of the towm n seonrd at least once every six months and may call other meetinga SeoreUiry shall keep records, etc., and shall report annually to town meeting and to seen** tary of the State board of education ; towns and dlatrlcts from which sucli reports are not receive shall forfeit 1 per cent of State apportionment for flrrt w«k of delay, 2 per cent for two weeks, 3 per cent for three weeks. r> pet-eCTt for four weeks, and 10 per cent for a lon^r delay. The school visitors, town school committee, or board of education shall annually assign 121 I A (d), DIBTHICT B0ABD8 AJTD OFFtCSBS. one or more of their number to visit the echoole nt lenet twice during each term and report on the condition of the aame; said member fdiall be the “act- ing school visitor/' Said board may appoint a person not one of Ua members to be acting arhool visitor, or superintendent ; any town may fix the couipen tcttlon of the acting school vl^r or su|vrintendent Annual town meeting may fix compenaatlon of secrtWry and other acting st'htwl visitors, but said otncers shall rtvtdve at least |2 jn r day for each day emidoyed. Sald.lK)iird» limy examine and grant ivniMciit^ a to tenobers for the ft'her of a town suduxd comiultUv slmll be employcil ns a teacher In the town; such employment vacatiM the office of visitor or commit totminn. Ihc 84»)rt to the »e<'n*U)ry of the* State tioard of tvlmation the names nml i*oKt-offl(v nddn^sat^s of district cx>m- mittts^s, nnd after school opens, the names, eie., of leaohera. No boanl of sc'hool visitors, town sc1uk>1 c^)lumltt^*t^ or Inxird of tHhicalion aliall change any textlnH»ks, ex.vid by a two thirds vote of nlicthe memNas of a»id board, but additional readers may 1h* adojt(i*d if fiirnlshotl^fret' ut pupils. School iMHirds may iHNjutre children to Is* vacclimtvsl lH‘fore ente\ng school; tnild tHurds may exclude children umler years old. All ec'hool officers' shall iirt'SiTvc lH>oks and delllng, writing, Knglish gramnmr, geograjihy, arithmetic, rniUsl States history, j.ml snch other branehe.s, indudlng elementary stdem-e and manual training, ns the school iK^jd may prest'ribo. Schools shuil be oiKMi to all cblldrtm over S years old without regard to na'a or color, but s<-hooI board may admit children over 4 years old; kindergartens may be estabiUhecl for children over 3 years old. State board of ed^ucatlon shall prepare an outline relating lo the duties of citizenship, which shall be taught In the public stdiools. Town may direct ».'hool board to employ teachers for such terms as it may siXK-ify ; it may dirtx't dhai a teacher of ' vocal and instrumental music be employe*!. Hygiene, Including the Effects of alcohol and narooUcs, shall be taught In the public schools above the third grade, but this shall not apply to high schools; normal and training schools shall give instruction In this subject Any town may direct the school board to purchase textbooks and supplies and loan the same to pupils free of charge; on petition of 20 voters, question of furnishing free textbooks shall be submitted to votei^: In towns not furnishing free textbooks, acting school visitor shall hooks to pupils whose parents are unable to purchase them. Every town shall furnish by transportation’ or othetwlse school accommodaUona, so that every child between 7 and 13 years old can attend •ctuKd at repaired hj law ; on Its ^allnra to do ao, parent or guardian or agent charged with the enforcement of the* compoleory-attendance law may make complaint and school board shall grant a hearing ; an aggrieved party may appeal to State board of education, which board may request the proper school officer to arrange to enable the parent or guardian to comply with the compulsory-attendance law, and If such oiler does not take action .within one month, there shall be a forfeiture of State money of $Z50 per week for each diUd thus dep^ved of schooling. Bxc^ when school districts have been abolished and a town school committee. has been elected for the entire town, the selectmen shall hare control of school property. The governor shall annuaUy, in the spring, designate an arbor and bird day to be observed in the schools; he shall annually designate June 14 as flag day, and such day shall be observed in the public schoola The selectmen shall provide each ' school with a United States flag and shall arrange for Its display on the sohoolhouse grounda At least five days' notice shall be given prior to any town meeting, annual or special, or to apy meeting of a city, borough, school society, school district, or other public community. Superinterident. — School committee, board of school visitors, or board of education may choose a superintendent of schools, fix his salary, and pre- scribe his duties, which shall include those of the acting school visitor. Two or more towns together employing more than 30 and not more than 50 teachers may unite by vote of the school committee, school visitors, or board of education and employ a superintendent; such supervision district shall continue for a term of three years, at the expiration of which any town may • withdrtiw; on proper certifleates being made by secretaries of towns con- stituting supervjf^n district. State shall pay one-half of superintendent's salary, but not exceeding |SOO anpunlly. Superintendent shall have bad at least five years' experience as a teacher or superintendent or must bold a cer- tificate of approval by the State board of education. School board of any town employing more than, 20 and not more than 30 teachers may employ a superintendent, who must hold a certificate of approval by State board, and State shall pay one-half of the salary of said superintendent, but not exceeding $800. Any town employing not more than 20 teachers may petition the State board of education and sold board may appoint and fix the salary of a superintendent, whose duties' shall include those of acting visitor for said town; State board shall pay the salary of said superintendent. Any town employing more than ^ teachers^ and in which there is no superin- tendent approved or appointed by the State board, the town meeting may vote to instruct its school board to choose a superintendent or request the appointment of ic supervising agent District coinmittee. — ^The committee of every district shall give due notice of all meetings, may call special meetings, and shall call meetings on tb^ written request of one-fifth or of 10 of the legal voters of the district. Duties: To provide suitable schoolrooms and furnish the same with fuel ; visit the schools at least twice each term ; provide textbooks for indigent pupils; expel pupils guilty of "incorrigibly bad cnduct"; give to the secretary of the board of Bchopi visitors notice of the opening and closing of the school term ; make return of the enumeration of children residing in the district on the fliM day of October each year; make annual statistical report to the secre- tary of the board of school vlsitora ^ See also A (bl), iStatee boards; A (f) Administrative units— districts, etc. ; B (a), Oeneral State finance and support; D (c), Schoolhouses, decoration, etc.; £ (b), General certifleates; 0 (c), Oountgr and local normal 4 A (d). DTEOnOT BOABDe A5D OmOSBB. H (f), Oompalsory tendance; J (a), Health* general; N unty boards; A (f), Administrative units— districts* etc.; B (e), State aid for ele- mentary education; C (b)* Local bonds and Indebtedness; H (g)* Child labor; J (c), Vaccination; 0(c), Trade sclioola Idaho: Board of district trustees shall consist of three members* qnallfled electors; term, three years, one retiring each year; elected by qualified voters at annual school meeting. School miietlng, except In independent districts, shall be on third Monday in April; clerk sh^ll post notice in three public places ; election of trustees shall be by ballot Annual meeting shali deter- mine If a special tax shall be levied not to exceed 5 mills on the dollar; amount of money to be raised shall be determined by ballot; only resident freeholders or heads of families shall vote on question of taxation; county commissioners shall levy a tax sufficient to raise amount determined by district meeting. Meeting shall determine length of school term, which shall not be less than five months In a district having less than 20 pupils of school age, less than six months In a district hovlng 20 to 76 pupils, less than nine months In a district having over 76 pupils; State funds withheld If term Is shorter than required by law. On failure of meeting to vote necessary tax, trustees may levy It. In addition to notice of meeting posted by clerk, county superintendent shall publish general notice In newspaper. Trustee shall qualify within 16 days after receiving notice of their election. Assessor shall assess and collect school taxes os other tuxes, but separate accounts Bholl be kept. Board of trustees shall hold regular meetings quarterly and may hold special meetings. Dvties of trustees: To employ teachers who shall hold valid certiflentes; allow and order paid teachers* salaries; fix compensation of clerk; determine nonresident tuition fees, but a graduate of the eighth grade may ottend any high school In the county and county super- intendent shall transfer such pupITs proportion of school fund ; may discharge a teacher for cause; may hot compel teacher to make up time spent attend- ing an institute; have charge of school property and hold real estate in trust; locate and build schoolhouse when directed by vote of the district No trustee shall be pecuniarily Interested In a contract made by the board. Trustees must fiWnlsh all necessaries, as fuel, Janitor service, apparatus, etc. least 3 per cent of moneys annually appropriated to district, other than Independ- ent district shall be applied to maintenance of a school library. Clerk of board shall Tceep record of transactions of district which 'shall be open to county superintendent; trustees shall report annually to county superintend-* ent; trustees shall determine case of disorderly pupil. Clerk thall eumnerate children between 6 and 21 years-old and report result to county superin- tendent. No trustee shall vote to elect a relative of his or his immediate family as a teacher. Trustees may employ an attorney. Trustees sboll pro- vide flagpole and United States flag; they may determine whether pupils out- side the county may attend school within their district; they shall make annual report, which shall be posted In three public places; In Independent districts report shall be published In nearest newspaper. Trustees may deslg* 124 nAT> iAW^cii::4Tnro TO vmtxo xotWAraoir. nate one of the!r ntunbw to attend a meeting called by county auperintendent and may pay ezpeneee of aach m^ber. See also A (bl). State boards; A (b2), State officers; A (c2),. County offlcera; A (f), Administrative units— districts, etc.; B (a), General State finance and support; F (a), Teachers’ contracts, duties, etc.; H (f), Coitipul- sory attendance; H (g), Child labor; J (a), Health, general ; L (a)* Course of study; M (b), Kindergartens; N (a). High schools; S (b), Publl(>8chool libraries Illinois: Trustees, — Bach congressional township Is created a township for school purposes; when a fraction of a congressional township contains fewer than 200 persons under 21 years old the school trustees, on petition of o. majority of the adult Inhabitants of said fractlou, may by figreemnt with the trustees of an*^djacent township consolidate the territory, fynds, and other property of said fraction with said adjacent township. The school business of a township shall be transacted by three trustees elected by the qualified voters; such township shall be a body corporate; where township contains three or more school districts no two trustees^ shall be elected from the same district; township treasurer shall give notice of election, or in case of his failure or the failure of the trustees county superintendent shall give such notice; judges of election shall send poll book and certificate of election to county superintendent; terms of trustees, three years, one being elected ea<;h year. Trustees shall elect one of their number president; regular meetings shall be held semiannually and special meetings may be held. At regular meetings trustees shgll apportion school funds to the several dis- tricts of the township in proportion to the number of persons under 21 years old. Trustees shall make an annual report to the county superintendent; any township from which such report is not made shall forfeit its portion of the distributive school fund for the next ensuing year; where township is divided by one or more county lines, separate statistical reports shall be made to superintendent of each county; at each semiannual meeting trustees shall examine the books and accounts of township treasurer or other township school officer; trustees may receive gifts for schools and libraries and shall be Invested with all school property; they may on petition of n majority of the voters of the district sell unnecessary or unsuitable school sites and buildings; they may purchase real estate in satisfaction of a judgment or other indebtedness and may sell such real estate in the manner prescribed for the sale of the sixteenth section. In a newly organized town- ship trustees shall divide the same into convenient distrlcta They may divide a district into two or more dlstricU when petitioned by a majority of the Voters of the district; they may consolidate two or more districts when petitioned by a majority of the voters of each ; they may detach terri- tory and add it to an adjoining district when petitioned by a majority of the voters of each or by two-thirds of those residing In the territory de- scribed In the "petition ; they may create a new district from parts of two or more districts when petitioned by a majority of the voters of each dis- trict affected or by two-thirds of those residing, within (he territory described ill the petition ; they may create a new district by dividing the territory of an fudging district when petitioned by two-thirds of the voters residing In the territory ^escribed In the petition. Changes may be made In boundaries of ffistclcts lying in two ot more townships by concurrent action of the several* iSoards ot tmst^ of townships in which such dl^rict or districts lie, acting (m petition as piesciibed In the foregoing section. In school dlstncta, whether operating^ tmdar this act or a special ohartef, the request for a change of A (d). DI6THI0T BOAB08 AHB OFFICBBS. 126 boundaries may be submitted to the trustees by vote of tbe people Instead of by petition. A majority of the voters of a district lying in two or more townships may secure the dissolution of such district by petition to the trustees of the several townships. If any school district dudl for two oon- secuUve years fall to irnlntaln a public school as retired by law, the trustees of the township or townships shall attach such difcfrict to one, or ipore ad- joining districts. Any dty, township, 6r district In which schools are man- aged under a special act may vote of the Qualified electors cease to operate under said special act and become a part of the township system ; on petition of 60 voters school board shall submit the question to an election and a majority vote shall determine; after such change an election «hnii t>e held to elect school directors or board of educaUon of said district; petitioners or legal voters who oppose the change of boundaries of a district may appeal from the decision of the township trusty to the county superintendent, whose decision shall be final ; if an appeal Is taken from a district lying In two or more counties, such appeal shall be filed with the superintendent of one of said counties and the superintendents of all counties concerned shall meet and determine appeal. In case any territory shall be set off from a district having a bonded debt, the change not being petitioned by a majority of the voters of the district, such original district shall be liable for said bonded debt as If not divided. When tbe trustees of schools shall organize a new district, the clerk of such trustees shall call an election in such dls- • trict to elect three school directors; term of directors three years, one being elected each year; said directors shall elect one of their number presi- dent and one of their number clerk. When a new district has b^ formed from a part of a district or parts of two or more districts, the trustees of the township or townships concerned shall make a distribution of tbe funds In the hands of the treasurer, so that the old and new districts shall receive parts of such funds in proportion to the amount of taxes collected next pre- cediog such division from the taxable property fn the territory composing the several districts. When a district Is formed the debts of the old districts shall first be deducted and the remaining property shall be appraised and each district concemea shall be entitled to its share of the value thereot Treasurer and clerk,— Board of township trustee shall biennially elect a township treasurer, who shall be ex officio clerk of the board; he shall keep a record of the proceedings of the board, which shall be open to Inspection ; he shall give bond In a sum equal to twice the amount of money and effecto to be handled ; he shall keep his accounts In the manner pi^ribed by the State superintendent, the county superintendent, or the township trustees; be shall be the only depository of township and district schoql funds and effects; be shall keep the principal of the township fund loaned at Interest of not less than 4 nor more than 7 per cent; he shall annually render to the county superintendent a statement of the condition of the township fund; he shall ^ semiannually submit a statement to the township trustees; he shall, In April and July, report to each district or part of district In the township the condi- tion of the finances of such district or part of dlstrld;; he shall pay out no funds of a district except on an order of the directors of said district Board of education, — In all school districts organised under any special laws and maintaining schools under any general school laws, where there Is no provision in said special laws for the election of boards of education, there shall be elected In each of said special school dlstricto a board of education to consist of seven members; said elecUon shall be held at the same time and In the same manner as now provided by general law for the elecUofi of boards 126 BTATB 1A.WB HBLATIN^ tO WBLIO BDUOaTION. Of education In other caeee ; said board shall have all the rights;' powers, and duties of boards of educatloxi In cities and towns of 1,000 to 100,000 population. Board of diredora. — In all districts having a population of less than 1,000 and not governed by special acts there shall be fleeted a board of directors to consist of three members ; any resident of the district over 21 years old able to read aud write hnd not a treasurer or a township trustee shaU be eligible to membership: term, three years, one being elected each year. Board shall elect one of Its members president aud one clerk ; It shrill hold regular meet- ings as It may determine, and special meetings may be held on the call of the president or two members. Clerk shall keep a record of pnx^edlngs, which shall be open to Inspection by townslifp treasurer. Duties of directors: To make at annual election and to township treasurer a statement of receipts and expenditures; report to county superintendent the names of teachers employed, with the beginning and end of their contracts; provide for necessary revenue: determine, In case of a district composed of parts of two or more townships, which townslilp treasurer shall receive the taxes of the district: adopt and enforce' rules for the government of the schools: visit and Inspect the schools; appoint teachers and fix their salaries: direct what branches of study shall be taught and what textbooks shall be used, but books shall not be changed oftener than once In four years: maintain for at least six months a sufficient number of schools to accommodate all persons in the district between 6 and 21 years old ; provide textbooks for children whose parents are unable to buy them ; deliver to township treasurer on or before July 7 all teachers* salary schedules: pay no public money to teacher not holding certificate or not having compiled with the law: have treasurer’s report enterefl upon Its records and post the same In public. Powers of hoard: To provide necessary records: fix the clerk’s compensation : dismiss a teacher for cause : assign pupils to schools and admit nonreddent pupils and fix their tuition fees: suspend or expel dis- orderly pupils; provide that children under 12 years old shall not be kept In school more than four hours dally: appropriate school funds for the purchase of libraries and apparatus: sell unneeded personal property: grant special holidays: have control of school property and grant the use of schoolhouses for community purposes : decide when a site or schoolhouse has become unsuit- able, unnecessary, or Inconvenient: borrow money and Issue bonds as pro* vlded by law; furnish each school with a United States flag; establish classes of not fewer than 15 pupils for crippled children between 3 and 21 years old ; establish kindergartens for children between 4 and 6 years old when author- ized by vote of the district, but teacher must have kindergarten certificate. When there Is no money In the treasury of the district to pay ordinary ex penses, directors may Issue warrants to extent of 75 per cent of taxes to be collected Ifter. Plrectors shall pay teachers monthly. It shall not be lawful for directors to purchase or locate a school site or to purchase, build, or move a schoolhouse or to le\T a tax to extend schools beyond nine months unless authorized by vote of the district. Boards of dlrect^yj^ shall have the right of eminent domain In securing a school site, but no tract of land outside of nn Incorporated city or village or within 40 rods of the owner’s residence shall be taken without the owner’s consent. W'lth written consent of a majority of the* directors of each district, pupllg^may be transferred from one district to anothtr ; when the number of pupils between 6 and 16 years old In a school becomes less than six the directors may transfer sneh pupils and pay for tramqportatlom Cities of 1,000 to 100,000 popuJation. — In all districts having a iwpnlatlon reen, 1,000 and 100,000 and not governed by special acts tb^re shall be A (d). DISTHibT BOARDS ANO OFFIOEIta 12V elected a board of education, to conalstj^ a pi^dent, all members, and three additional members for every addltmal 10,000 Inhabitants; but ho board Bhall consist of more than 16 members. Incorporated cities and villages, , I except such as have control of schools by special acts, shall remain parts of the townships In which they are situated'; president shall be elected an- nually, when other member^ are elected: the election of boards of education shall be governed by the provisions relating to the election of hoards of di- rectors In districts of less than 1.000 population; nominations for president and members of board shall be by petition of, not less than 10 nor more than 60 legal voters. Board of education shall have same powers and duties and be subject to same limitations as boards of directors, and shall have follow- ing additional powers and duties; To establish and support free schools for not less than 6 nor more than 10 months each year; repair and furnish schoolhouses: examine teachers suppleniental to other examinations and employ teachers and fix their salaries; establish schools of different grades; buy orjensc sites for schoolhouses, but such board may not purchase or locate a schoolhouse site or purchase or move a scboolbouse unless authorised to do BO by majority of votes cast at an election on such question, except that If no locality receive a majority, said board may so act ; levy a tax to ext^d schools beyond 10 months In each year when so petitioned by a majority of tho legal voters; employ a superintendent; divide the district Into subdls- trlcts; dismiss any teacher for cause; apportion pupils to the several schools; appoint a secretary; prepare and publish an annual report and program of- studles; request -township trustees to convey any real estate or interm therein used for school purposes. Cities of oter 100,000 popu/ation.— Boards of education In cities having over 100,000 population shall consist of 21 members, appointed by the mayor, with theconsent of the council ; term, three years, seven being appointed each year; board shall appoint one of Its members president, and shall appoint a secretary and other necessary employe^a Board shall have power, with the concurrence of the city council, to erect or purchase schoolhouses and keep the same In re- pair' buy or lease sites for schoolhouses and exercise the right of eminent domain ; Issue bonds for projfldlug sites, buildings, etc., and provide for the pay- ment of the same. Powers of board: To furnish schools with furniture, ap- paratus, etc. ; maintain schools and supply from taxes the Inadequacy of the school funds /or the salaries of teachers; hire buildings oV rooms; employ teachers and fix their sularios;. prescribe textbooks and the course of study; divide the city into school districts and generally to control the schools; expel pupils for misconduct; dlsmls a teacher for cause; apiwrtlon pupils to schools; lease school property and lend moneys belonging to the school fund; grant the use of schoolhouses for community purposes. Duties of ho^rd: To control aU the schools; examine and certificate teachers; visit the schools as often as once a month; make rules and regulations; determine how many and what class of teocbers shall be employed; have charge of school property; provide fuel and other necessaries for schools; establish and maintain vacation schools and playgrounds; Inquire Into the progress of pupils; report to the city council, with recommendations; prepare and publish an annpal report Nne of the powers herein conferred shall be exercised except at a regular meet- ing. AU real estate shall be held In trust by the city for tho schools, and no sale of the same shall be made except by the city council upon reqndst of the school board. All moneys raised by taxation for schools or received from the State school fund* or from any other source for school purposes, shall be held by the city treasurw for such subject to the order of 128 STATB LAWS BSLATIIirO TO FUBUO EDUCATION. # the board of education, upon warranU countenl^ed by the mayor and city comptroller or city clerk. Board shall not add to expenditures any amount In excess of lawful receipta * Common council. — In all cases where by a general or special act the nteni- bers of the common council of any city have been made ex officio ecbAOl directors or members of boards of education the wld directors or members of the school board shall hereafter be appoiuted by tlia mayor, wIUi the consent of the common council; s;tid mayor shall nominate to couucll one member from each ward and one ^rom the city at large, and when conflrmpU such persons appointed shall constitute the board of dineclors or board of education, as the case may be. Said hoard shall succeed to the rights, powers, and duties of the common council as ex officio board of education ; such school board shall certify to city couilcll the amount pf money neces- sary*, to he raised by taxation for school purposes, and said council shall cause the same to be levied and collected. • ' ^ Any woman over 21 years old, who Is otherwise qualified, may hold any office under the general or special school laws of this State. Any woman over 21 years old who Is otherwise qualified under the law may vote ab an election ' for school officers. ^ ^ See also A (b2). State officers; A (c2). County officers; B (b), State schooj . lands; C (h), Local bonds and indebtedness; C (c), Local taxation; F (c). Teachers* pensions; H (f), Compulsory attendance; II (g). Child labor; N (a). High Schools; TJ (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. , IndlaiiA: Totonship irusteea. — Every, township organized In' any county Is t declared to be a school township. wVmeu possessing qpallflcntlons presoribotl for men shell be eligible to any om^ upi^r the general or special sciiool laws. The election of township trusre^jfinV assessor shall be on Tuesday' • after the first Monday In November, 1014, and every four years thereafter: said election shall be by ballot, In boxes separate from those of general ekv- tlon. The common council of each city apd the board of trustees* of each Incorporated town shall at regular meetings elect three school trustees; term of trustees, three years, one being elected each year. One trustee shall bv ^ected president, one secretary, and one treasurer. Trustees shall Vecelvo such compensation as said council or board of trustees may fix. This ncr. relative to the appointment of school trustees, shall be mandatory upon those Incoporated towns wherein the school corporations have been abandoned ; it shall not apply to cities of over 50,000 Inhabitants. General dvUea: To have charge of schools of their respective townships, towns, and cities; employ teachers; eetabllsh a sufficient number of schools and provide necessary bnlldings, fomlture, etc. They may establish a graded high school or the trustees of two or more school corporations may unite and establish such a school; any school trustee may, in lieu of establishing a high school for hlM township, transfer hlgh-schooI pupils to another school corporation. When . the taxable property of any township not having a high school shall exceed 1000,000, and for two years (here have been, eight or more graduates of the elementary schools4^ said township, the trustee thereof may^establlsh a high school : when a majority of persons having charge of children of school age tn such a township shall so petition, said trustee must establish such a school. Trustees of school corpotatlons shall fiaalntaln school for at least six months in each year and shall authorize a tax levy for the same. Said trastee^t^^gll V have charge of all school property of the corporation except the congree^l^nul township school lands, which lands shall be under the control of the tmetecs of the civil township (distlngnlshed from school townidtlp). Each town- A (d). DIBTBICT BOABDS AKI> 0FFI0EB8. 129 ship and Incorporated city or. town Is declared a municipal corporation for school purposes, trustees shall keep a record of their proceedings and accounts of all school funds. dlsUngulshlng between “special school revenue" belonging to the township and "revenue for tuition." which is a r^ate fund and must be used for tuition only. Trustees of any. city or inco, orated town shall pay over to the council or trustees of said city or toVn any s. . plus special school revenue to be used In paying Indebtedness Incurred for build: -s and grounds. Trustees of Incorporated towns and cities may employ a sup r- Intendent of schools; they shall annually make to the county superintendent a statistical and financial report; on fallnre of any trustee or trustees to make statistical or financial report or report of enumeration, county sui)erlntendent shall notify auditor, who shall withhold |26 from the next apportionment to said con>oratlon. T^rustee neglecting duty may forfeit $10 and when refusing or falling to serve after election shall forfeit $5. Books and accounts of any trustees shall call an electlon to determine the question of establishing a Jo^it auditor, or county commissioners. School trustees of townships, towns, and cities shall ahnimlly take or cause to be taTcen an enuiueratlon of all unmar- ried per^s between 6 and 21 years old residing In^he township, town, or city, but such persons transferred to other con>oratI^ for school purposes shall not be enumerated and siK!h persons transferred from other corpora- tions shall be enumerated; enumeration shall be reported annually to county s6^>erlntendent. When 25 legal voters of a town or city of the fifth class and 25* such voters of the township but residing outside of said town or city shall petition the trustees of said town or city and the township trustee, said trustees shall cull an election to determine the question of establishing a Joint graded school or a joint high school. Admsory board. — At the time of the election uf township trustee the voters * of the township shall elect an advisory board to consist of three freeholders and qualified voters; term of members, four years. At Its annr . meeting said board shall consider the various estimates of township expenduures and may . reject any of U»e same. When estimates are aijproved said boafd shall deter- mine ami fix rates of taxation. Ck)ntract8 let for schoolhous^, etc., must have the approval of said board. > ^ Trustees in cities.— Any city having between 1,'kOOO and 55.000 Inhabitants Is declared a school corporation separate and 'distinct from the civil corpora- tion. and board of school trustees shall be vested with the control of the common schools. General school laws not inconsistent herewith shall apply to said city. Trustees may borrow money and issue bonds to buy grounds and erect buildings for a high school and a manual-training school ; bonds shall not exceed $125,000 In amount. Trustees shall levy a tax to create a sinking fund and pay Interest on said bonds, but tax levy for all purposes except for-tultlon, library, and compulsory-education purposes shall not exceed 50 cents on each $100 and a poll of $1. Trustees in cities.— The government of the common schools In cities of be- tween 55,000 and 03,000 Inhabitants shall be vested In a board of five school trustees; qualifications required of trustees similar to those of school com- .mlSBloners or cities of over 100,000 Inhabitants; compensation, $500 each per annum; elected from city at large by qnallfied voters; term, four years; each candidate shal} bd propo^ In writing by not fewer than 200 legal voters." . See also A (c2), County officers; 4 (e). School meetings, elections, etc. • A (f), AdmlnlstraUon unlts-dlstrict^, etc.; B (a). General State finance and support; C. (b), Local bonds and Indebtedness; D (a), Buildings and sitqs, general; D (e) United State? fiag In schools; F (a), Teachers’ contracts, 8066®-45 9 180 8TATB LAWS BBLATIKQ TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. dutte*, etc. ; F (c). Teachers’ pensions; H (e), OonsoltdaUon. of districts, etc.^ H (f), Compulsory attendance; J (b), Medical Inspection; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; M (d), Vacation ischoola, playjfrounds. etc. ; N (a), High schools; O (a), Industrial education, general; 8 (b). Public-school llbrnrles. Iowa: Board of directors shall meet annually und organize by electing one of its number president and a i>er8on not a member setretary. A treasurer shall be elected In like manner, except that In cities and towns treasurer shall be elected by vote of the people. Secretary and treasurer shall each give bond. Secretary shall keep a record of the pi'oceedlngs of the board and of roix>rts a^d shall countersign all warrants drawn by the president upon the county treasurer; he shall give notice of si>eclul mec^ngs of voters; he shall annually register the name, sex, and age of every i>orson between 5 and 21 years old residing In the corporallon and also the muno of the parent or guardian: he shall make an annual statistical report to the county suporlu-. tendent ; he shall certify to board of suiwrvlsors the amount fixcil by directors as needed for the contingent and teachers’ fund and amoiiwt of schoulhoust^ tax fixed by voters. The treasurer sliall receive all moneys belonging to the school corporation and shall pay the same out only on the order of the yresi dent countersigned by the secretary ; he shall keep a sepurute account of each fund and report to board when required. Vacancies In oftlcers or members of school board shall be filled by the board. The board shall proscribe a course of study, make rules for the government of the schools, and have the care of the school property. Board may fix sites for schoolhouscs, determine number of schools to bo conducted, and fix length of term beyond that re- quired by law. Every school shall he free to all residents of the con>orntIo:i who are between 5 and 21 years old and each school shall continue at least 24 weeks, unless county superintendent shall authorize n shorter term. Board may rcTIt a room and employ a teacher when there are 10 children for whos(» accommodation there Is no schoolhouse; when children reside at an unrea- sonable distance from their own school, board may contract with another corporation for their tuition; when there will be any saving of expense board may pay for the transportation of pui>ils. Instruction shall be given In physiology and hygiene with special reference to the effects of nlcohollo drinks and narcotics upon the human system. Board may establish high schools or union gradef annual meeting on matters subject to control of votors: It shall elect and contract with teachers, but may permit subdirector to employ teacher for his subdistrict. Board shall not erect a schoolhouse without first securing county superintendent’s approval of plans; It shall advertise for bldd for the construction of any building costing more than $300. Board shall audit all daims against the corporation before they are pnfd; it shall from time to time examine the books of the treasurer and shall report annually to the meeting of the voters showing r^eipts and expenditures; it shall publish prior to each annual meeting of voters a financial statement and estimate of onwunt of money ne^ed for ensuing year; it shall provide for visiting;, the schools by one or more of Its members. Board may dismiss a teacher or expel a pupil for cause; it may confer upon a teacher, principal, or super- intendent the authority to dismiss a pupil temporarily. The cdntlngent A (d). DISTBIOT BOABDS AND 0FFICKB8. J81 fund may be used for Insuring bulldlugs, apparatus, ordinary contingent expenses, and for free textbooks for Indigent pupils Board may authorise the director of eacb subdistrict to make coutriicts for the purchase of fuel, Uie repair and furulsblug of scboolbouses, and other matters necessary for the good of the schools, but such contracts must have the approval of the Ijrealdent of the board, ICach director shall annually make u list bf the heads of families and of the number and m>x of all ])erson.s of school age and slijill reiKirt the same to the .secretary of the sshm.l township. Board shall cause to be set out on each school site V2 or more shade tnvs If such trees arft not already growing. • Kvery teacher must have a certlllcato from an offlcer^ufhorlzed to Issue the sumo. liuh teacher must ki>ep a register of attendance of pupils and at the close of school must file the same lu the office of the stvretary. See also A (c2). f unty officers: A (f). Admlulstnitlve uults-djstrlcts. ( (b),-I,CKal bonds and Indobtc'dness : C (cl. Local tuxatb u; 11 (e). Con- wtlldutlon of districts, etc.; H (f), tlompnlsory atteudauee; I (e), School fraternities;; K (c), i:nlfonulty of textbooks; S (b). rubllc-school libraries- U (b), Wrongs to children, Kansas: The officers of a, school district shall be a director, clerk, and' treas- urer; term, three years, one being electe education, general. ■ Kentucky: Each city of the second ciX shall constltjite a single school dls- trlct and the government of school p^perty therein shall be vested In a board of five trustees, known as the bolfrd of education. They shall be a bodv’ coiTCrate and shall have corporate powers. (Their powers and duties are substantially the same as those given to the board of education of cities of the first class, changes being made here and there to adapt the law to the size- o( the city in which it Is to be executed, but the changes are changes In isi 8TATB LAWS KBLATIKO TO FUBLIO SDTTOATIOir. degree and not Id general character, and many paragraphs of the two lawti are the sama The more important changes are that In cities of the secontl class the business director performs also the duties of the secretary-treasurer : funds on deposit In one bank Instead of two; the tax rate Is fixed at 30 cents on the hundred dollars, which the general council mkjf raise to 40 cents; school Improvement bonds, not to exce^ $250,000, may be voted.) ^ Public schools in cities of the third class shall be mnlntaliieil for children 6 to 20 years old ynder control of a boanl of education consisting of two trustees from each ward; they shall have the same qualifications as council men; shall be a body pniltic and corporate with Uie usual powers; may sell school ppouerty and reinvest the same; select textbooks: prescribe coursi's of study; bold examinations and determine qualifications of ofilcers and teach- ers; establish high schools; fix grade of public schools and prescribe rules for transfer; establish kindergartens aud mnnual-trainlng schools; make rei>or(s; ascertain amount of money necessary to maintain schools, and general council shall make necessary levy not to exceed 50 cents on the hundreti dollars; shall provide separate schools for white and colored; no member shall be Intcrestwl in any contract or textbook; Uic board shall elect Its own treasurer: It^ shall control school funds of the city, which shall be paid only on order of the board; It shall have the i)ower to establish a public-school library out of any funds comlug Into its hands except those received from taxaMou; it shall have i>owor to purchase tf'xtbooks for Indigent children aud to admit non- resideut children to the schools ami collect tuition fees. There shall be luuimaiuetl lu cities of the fourth class a system of public schools for children between 0 and 20 ywirs old; rules and regulations gov- eruHug their eslahlishinent and conduct In cities of fourth class essentially some as in cities of third class, except Uiat In matters pertaining to real esUite board of education must have concurrence of the city council. Also, any city of the fourth clqM shall constitute one common-school district and tlie State superintendent shall pay every year to the white l>oard of «luca tiou the amount per capita for each white child of pupil age, and lu like man- ner to the colored board of education; any city of the fourth class may by ordnance separate its system of graded free schools Into a graded free whitr common ^hool and a graded fr.'e colored couimon school; each '^hall be main- tained by Its pro rata ; no taxes raised from property or poll of any white person or cotjmrutlon shall he used for supimrt of colored schools; L -r shall tax or poll of any colored person be used for white scbools; city shall fix maximum of tax and poll ; after systems have'^een established as here provided for they shall be maintained, managed, and controlled as provided for by gen- eral law; board of education for city shall convey property used for white pupils to board of trustees for graded free w'hite common* schools and'property of colored schools to board of colored trustees; either whites or |plored may then vote on proposition to abolish the white or colored graded common school therein existing, each race to vote on its own schools only; board of council of city shall have power to collect tax of not exceeding 50 cents for maintenance of public schools or erection of public-school buildings; this limitation shall not apply where a bonded Indebtedness has been Incurred for construction, Improvement, or acquisition of sohool buildings or property, and where such inUebtedness has been incurred ther} may be levied, in addition, u tax sutBclent to pay the interest and provide a sinking fund. See also A (b2), State ofilcers; A (c2). County officers; A (e) School meet- ings, elections, etc.; A (f). Administrative nnlts — districts, etc.; F (c). Teachers* pensions; H (f), Compulsory attendance; H (g), Child labor; E (c), Uniformity of textbooks; S (b^ Public-school libraries. ^ (^). oieftatyr ^abss anc offrjbm. 133 LonlRtua; Management of public achools of parish of Orleans, property textbooks to be used therein shall be vested In schtwl board of said iiarlsh, to consist of five members divided Into groui.s of three and two; one group elected every two years to serve four years- election of members shall be nonpartisan; membi'rs shall be elerteil at larg,-- hoard shall be a iHxiy corporate; vacancies for unexplrol term of one vear or es-8 shall l>e tlllcl by governor, others hy siwlal election; sev-retnrv shall not Is- member of board. Iloanl shall elect su,>erlntendent. term four years and ass stant supv‘rlntendents. afso other officers', clerks, and as.slslants; secretarv of board shall make annual report to State superintendent. Other poicers ihiliet, and right, of hoard; To fix salaries of officers, teachers, and other em- ployes; keep expenses within school Income; examine teachers; elecd teachers In order of merit; hold monthly meetings; declare imslilon of any member vacant for cause-; may maintain evening schools; u«y maintain one or more uormal schools; cxia;nd not less than 12.000 annually for sclnmlbooka for cw- tnln challdren; make enumeration of educable children. Teachers now em- ployed Khall.be permanent employees, unless dismissed for good cause- new teachers shall be elected annually for three years, after which they 'shall become permanent employees; certificates shall be vaUd for five years, but teac^rs In wrvlee shall not be required to take future ex..mlna(lonA Super- ntendept of said parish aid in organising schools therein. In Improving nstructlon. In examining teachers, In examination of pupils, and In other ways for we fare of schools; shall make monthly report to parish board, and annual’ prlnt^ reixrrt to governor. Slate boarvl. State supidutemlcnt. and to common cm.ncl of city of New Orleans. Treasurer of city of New Orleans shall ex officio be treasurer of parish boani ; shall give bond In sum of JS60.000- shall ^'Ive as school treasurer ?1.500 jicr year. Common council of city of New Orleans shall annually make up budget of school exixiuaea. Sceal^A (cl), County boards; D (a). Buildings and siics, general - F (c) Teachers pensions; II (g). child labor;. Q (f). other technical and'profes: slonal schools. . Maine: School comnWttce.-Every town shall at Its annual meeting elect hy ballot a superinlendliig school commlitee of thn-e memlmrs; no person is in- eligible on account of sex; term three years, one member retiring each yenr- by election by board vacancies may be filled until next annual meeting- uo member shall be a public-school teacher In euld town; ihe provisions of this s^-tlou relating to election of school committees shall not apply to si>eclnl- chartered cities nor to towns, cities, and Incoriioruted districts authorize)! hy law to choose boards otherw-lse; town fulling to elect committee shall forfeit not less than $30 nor more than $200; committee shall serve without pay unless otherwise voted hy town ; town shall fix salary of superintendent, which Shall not t • less than $2 per day. School committee.— Management of schools shall devolve upon school com- ^ttee, which shall annually elect a superintendent who shall not be a mem- ber of committee: superintendent may be dismissed for cause; provision ns to employment of superlntendeut shall not apply to cities nor i towns author- ixed by law to choose superintendents otherwise. Duties of committee: To direct general course of Instruction and select a uniform system of textbooks no selection to be made for less than five years except by vote of the town-' make provlalon for InstrucUon tn physiology and hygiene: dismiss teachers for Muse; expel disorderly pupil. If found necessary for “pence and useful- ness of school; exclude, U deemed expedient, persons not vaccinated- 184 BTATS LAWS BBLATINO TO PT7BUO EDTTOATION. prescribe tuition fees of persons in territory ceded to tlie Vnlted States: detertuine whic^j scliool each pupil sliall attend. Su/icriHl<^dr«t.— ;SuiK*rlntendeiit*s dulle^i; He sluiU be se<'retary of schcKtl commlllee; Usue voucbiTs ahowInK muilttc'i» : n'|>orl lumuaHy to onnmUUH* uniiieK and niiea of iwrson.s Ik'Iwwu Ti aud 21 years old; n^fHirt aimually to State Iniemlenl; have iirnend siiivrvislon of t lie public h^-IkkiIs. Any town fidllin; to make •eiHjrl to State snjteriiitendeiit may forfeit ]mrtlou of State fmida See Ills I A (b.M. Stale utlb'\‘rs; A (O. Atlinlulstrnilve units— dlsiriclK, etc I* (c). Care. KMfCltatioii. etc.. of SK.'hiH.01jouat^8 ; H (fl, CompuIsDry utit'iulniKv ; H tg), Chlltl lal»or; 1 (e), ScluHd fr.iteriilti*^; J (a), lleiilth, Keueral; J (hi. Medical inspection: \ tn). High Rhcnds: O (a)» Induatrlal iHlucatlun. gen erul. Maryland: Board of district achool trusit*e» shall Ih* of three ixe sons ; ahall 1m* tipiminitHl Iiy ('oiinty schtxd (N»mmtKsioner'< : shall organize, when they ap)H>lnt ri principal learher, he ah nil he ex ofllcio *aH’retary to the bonni of district triist*H*s. Board of district school trustees shall have cart‘ of all houses and Innda IntemhNl ftir sclu'sd pnrtv>S(*s. iVm fiirtiitnro. ai>p:i- ratua, aud other sclund property; tliey shall attend to oil rejvtlrs; empU>y a principal teacher, subject to approval of county boanl: eierj lse n general supervision over their respe<‘the s^dlo^lB: shall provide suitable and con- venient wnlor-^ losets. tiot less than two for each hcIkh*! when l><)th st'xcs rire in alteudnmv, with tw^piinite mejina of actvss for each; shall kiM*p Oiese ’ out houses In clean, comfortab’e. nnd healthful No sc'hiKdhou^^- shall he uw»s(» than ptihllc-school ]Mir]>os4*s nml stIomO district UKHMlngs unleKs by I'tmfteiit of county Inward: when citizens of tin* district petition, it may l>e inis^l for nonpnrtlsmi. civic. saV'ial. or n*cre.ation.'l activities; when clltsens of iNumnnnlty are organlzisi Into '* n nonpartisan, nonstvtnrinn. nonexclusive iiRsoclatjon." they may have uw of wliontaln less than HT> voters; If nmiubers of board negltvl of refus<* to net, their places shnlt bo divlnreil vnoanf. ' See (\h^ A (cl), romity Ixinnla; A (f), Compu'sory attendurKv; 11 (b). School /^nsus; 11 (g), Chtld btl»or; P (a). Higher InstltuHons. general. MassaeJauHeUs; Schoot fvmmittct'. — Th*» town shall at its nnnnat linnet ing or . at u meeting held in the Mwne month In which aimun) mtHMing (K'curs membera of the sclnH>I ('e years. If a town falls or neglects to choose such committee, hu election at a siib8e<^uent mooting shall be valid. Women ehall Ik* cHgilile ns overseers of ihe luior nnd members of whool committee; electlbn of school committee sh.all be by ballot; members of sjiitJ comlnlttee shall be sworn; in case of vacancy In schofd committee remKlnlng members, together With selectmen of the town, shall fill such vacancy by ballot, and the jierson so elected or aptK)inted shall serve until the next annual meeting or imtil another is chosen and qualified. Duties and powers of the school committee: To appoint a secretary, who ahall keep h record of the proceedings of said committee; have charge of all public 8(;{iool8; make regulations governing evening schools; select and contract with teachers; examine teachers or accept la lieu of such examina- tion diplomas of graduates of the State normal schools. A certificate bf qualification shall be filed by every public-school teaciier wUh^the proper A (d). distbict boards and officers. 185 official of a dty or to»m before aiich teacher shall receive any wages from such city or town. In every public school having an average of SO impiis one or more female assistants aluill be employed, unless the town votes otherwlw. The st-hool committee may dismiss any tesclier. and he shall receive no coni|«.ns«tlon for services rendered after such dlsmlaanl. Said .xuumlltee may e'«vt a teacher who has servevl In the public schools of its cliy or town for tiot leSa than a .vear to aerve ns such at the |.|«tsure of the .Mmmltl,>e. If there la no sni>.rlntendont of sch.mis. the acl.ool committee or one or more of Its members ahull visit all the public schools In Its town once during the opening week and onfe during the closrng two w.-eks of such »-lus.l8, and also once a mouth. The school cvimmlttee ahail preacrlbe books and onirses of study and eierclees for the public achtvola Such exercises may Include cnllaihcnlcA gymnastics, and military drill; hut no Inslructor* Ktinll Ik' employ, M ther,;for except by a two lhlnls vole of the oommln'ce- No pupil shall lie nspilnsl to lake jiart In any military exercliw when the same shall he opimstvl by the parents or gnardlrtn of such luipll or If Injurlons to the health of am-h impll ' The school committee shall, at the exivuse of the town, pim-huse lexjbooka and otiier school suppllt^ and lean the same free of charge to public school pupils Vpon vole of said committee pupils may purchase textlMxiks at cvisi and may. upon graduating from the grammar 8,-ho,.l ami uiioii appllialloi, to the m-hool commltuv, be iH>rmllled to acquire the ,a-rm«nenl ownership of siich levibooks A chauge of texiliooks mav bo made by a two-ihlrds voH> oi the whole school conmiltlee. due notice of such ImentRsl change h:Mng Ikxm. given In nnlon districts and towns which vote lo amborirc the s. li.s)l cmnnilticM> to re.'elve comiHMisatlon memls.rs of snob commlit,s.s shall rcvlte ia>r day for time acluull.V4.iH‘nt In performance of dull, a, and snob additional con.peii.-nllon as town may allow No nu-mber of a school cvimmltux- shall be eligible lo any supervisory or teach- Us poBltlo!! ovt^r wiilrh he as commit (eeiuan has control. bsj„>nnfcnd,-nf.--The school t'ommitice of a city or town which is not Wllhlti a nnlon for the etniiloyment of a stiiterlniendent shall, iit the expense of the city or town, eniplo/ „ suix.>rlmciidcnt of schools: comiamsatlon of sitl.l supcrlaiendcnl shall not be less Iban »1 rai f„r each dav of actual servb-e. Tw„ or more towns may. by a vote of each, form n district for pnriHisc of employing a siip»>rliitendenl ; such snixTlntendenl ahail tie annu- ally di.ixiim.sl by a Joint couiiniii.ie chairman and secre- tary of tho s,h.Kil .•ommlttcie of each of.rtwns In said .llstrlcl, who si, all determine the relative amount of service to Ih> )H>rform,sl by him In each town, fix his sttlary, np|x,rlJon the amount thereof to bo paid by the sev- eral towns, and certify same to each town treasurer. The school committees of two or more towns, the valuation of each of which is less than Fi.SOO.OOO. and the aggregate number of si-hools In all of which Is not more than 50 nor less than 2ft, and the school coniinitiees of four or more towns the valuation of each of which does not exceed 12,500.000, without reference to the minimum limit lu the aggregate number of schools afort'sald, shall form a union for purpmse of employing a superintendent of schools; the school committees of such towns shall be a Joint committee, but any committee consisting of more than three members shall be represented on the Joint committee by Its chairman and two members, chosen by said committee; Bald union aball not be dUaolved except by vote of majority of towns con- stituting the same and the consent of the SUte board, nor shall ft be dis- solved for the reason that the valuation of any one of the towns has In- creased so as to exceed 12.600.000. nor for the reason that the number of •chooU abaU have Increaaed beyond 80 or, In a union of leaa than lour Jt^O 8TA:I^ I^WBnBKbATlirO,.!A PUBOO' Xftt^llON. towns, sball have decreased below 25. The superintendent of a nnlbn shall be employed for a term of three years, and hiis* salary shall not be reduced during his term; said* superintendent must possess a certificate from the State board; said superintendent may be removed from office by a two- thirds vote of the full membership of the joint committee. When the chair- man and secretary of such Joint committee certify to the auditor of accounts under oath that a union has been effected, that the towns, in addition to an amount eQual to the average of the total amount paid or to the amount paid for each child by the several towns for schools during the three years th^ last preceding, unitedly have appropriated and raised by taxation not Ie» than $750 for the mtpport of a superintendent of schools, and that a snperlntendent has been' employed for one year, a warrant shall, , upon ap- proval of the certificate by the State board, be drawn upon the treasurer and receiver gaieral for the payment of $1,200, three-fifths of which shall be paid for salory of superintendent and two-fifths of w’hich shall be ap- portioned and distributed to the towns forming such union on * the basis of the amount appropriated and (Expended for a superintendent In such towns for the preceding year, and shall be paid for salaries of teachers employed in the public schools therein.; there shall be annually appropriated by the State an amount sufficient to carry out these provtslona Towns whose valuation exceeds $2,500,000 may participate in a union In the same manner as towns of less valuation, except that State aid to such union shall be paid only to the towns of such less valuation and then In propor- tion to the amonnUt'Such towns paid for support of a superintendent dur- ing the preceding year; If the valuation of a town In a union shall increase so as to exceed $3,500,000^ such increase shall have the snme effect as If TQlnation of said town had exceeded $2,500,000 at time of formation of such union. The State board may form or readjust unions to include a town which is otherwise nnnble to comply with luw; said board may allow the formation of union with less than 25 schools. The State board, In case of any union In which any port of superintendent’s salary is paid by the State, sball determine the qualiflcntiona, by examination or otherwise, of candidates for position of superint^dent of schools. Powers and dvtfes of superintendent o/. schools: To supervise public schools under direction of school committee; be executive ofllcer of school committee; Keep rwords and make reports; recommend teachers to school committee; recommend textbooks and courses of study to school committee. Reports,~-Tne conunlssloner of education . sball semi out school census forms, the school registers, forms for committee returns, the annual report of State board of education, and his own annnal preport os soon as they are ready for distribution, to the chairman of the school committee of every city ond town, who BhaU deliver them to the several proper offlclala,-and shall send to com- missioner Ust of private schools in the city or town and the names of their pcinclpalB; t)he State beard may annually expend for printing registers and forms sncb sums as shall be appropriated by the legislature, payable out of th0 State treasury. The school committee of each city and town shall annu- ally take a census of children between 5 and 7 years old, between 7 and 14 ryetrs oM, between l4 anc| 16 years old, and of all minors over 16 years old isho can not read and write simple Bnglish sentences; whoever, in control i^ iro.cb minor, wiUA informatiop from committee or makes a false state- nmt relative thereto shall be fined nbt less tiian $50. The chairman of each ..seboel committee tiiall annually transmit to the oommlsstoner of education a eertidcste ccHitalning the census^ number of persons In aversge attendance Iht yesy piecedlng;^ rsedpts and em7enditDxe%^ mm ^(tt)v-w«n^oT gOASpy ATOe OFyiiasM; ^ ^ .1 schools for proper length of time, «hd evidenee of thalhteimnce of high schools School committees shall cause school registers to he kept to all public schools; said committees shaU axmualJy publish* a report of their public Bchoola A town whose report does not reach the eommlssloper by August 16 shall forfeit 10 per cent of Income of school fund; if not by September 1. the town’s share of said income shall be added to the principal of the school fund; a town or city whose report does not reoch the commis- sioner by September 1 shall forfeit to school fund $20a A town which has forfeited any i>art of Income of school fund through failure of its school committee relative to reports may withhold the compensation of said com- mittee. The several teachers shall falthftilly keep registers and return same to the school committee; no teacher shall receive salary for the last two weeks of school until the register, properly kept, is so returned. The school committee of the city of Boston may appoint one or more per- sons to represent the dty at congresses, conventions, and at other meetings held to consider questions of concern to public schools; said committee may annually appropriate an amount not receding |l,00a for such purpose. See also A (bl), State boards; B (c),.. Permanent State school fnnds; C (c). Local taxation; D (a). Buildings and sites, general; D (eT, United » States flag in schools; F (a), Tenchenf contracts, duties, etc.; F (c), Tench^ , era’ pensions; H (f). Compulsory attendance; H (g). Child labor;' J (a), ' Health, general; L (a).* Course of Study; L (1), Other special subJecU; M (c). Evening schools; M (d). Vacation schools, playgrounds, etc.; N (a). High schools; O (a). Industrial education, general; O (c), Trade schods; O (d). Continuation schools; U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquenta Michigan: Diftrict board.— At the first meeting In each district there shall be elected a moderator for three years; a director for two years; and a treasurer for one year; thereafter each svf'h officer or his successor shall be elected for a term of three years. Bold offleera ahull constitute the district board.* Any qualified voter who owns property assessed In the district shall be eligible to hold any of said offices; no member of a district board ahall be agent for school books or apparatus; no member of^sald board shall be personally Interested, directly or Indirectly, in any contract with the district; within 10 days after election each officer shall file with the director his acceptance and a certificate that he Is qualified to hold such office. MeeUnga of the board may be held after 24 hours’ notice by either member. When directed by qualified voters, board shall provide sites and buildings and dispose of property. District board may vote necessary taxes for the regular running expenses of the school, which shall include furniahings. care of property, teachers' wages, water supply, premium of treasurer's bond, transportation of pupils, record bodies and blanks, and all necessary apparatus and ma- terials; taxes for sen'Ices of district officers In districts having fewer than 60 children shall not exceed $26 in amoupt; between 60 and 100 children, $66* ^ amount to be determined by. qualified voters. Board shall ahnually report to township derk amount of taxes voted by electors and levied by board. Beard shall apply all school moneys according to law ; ^lo part of the prlmary- schoefi fund (State fund) shall be used for any purpose except for teachers’ wages and the tuition and transportation of pupils; no school *mon0y shall be used for sectarian purpose Board shall make a financial report to each annual meeting. Board oheU hire and contract with teachers holding legal certificates, which contract shall require keeping of records of attendance, • etc. .Board ahall provide a. water supply for pupils and ahall have care of ' school property, except whei district votes custody of the same to dlw^s . {1^8 i*A» ^wt fmjLm^ «o ftrsu^ B&^ttozr. •ball imVlda books for Indigttit diUdron; absQ open f^hoolbousea lor public meeUnis tmleae otherwise directed by rote of the district In addition to other anbjecU required, pbytioogy and hygk^ with special reference to the effecU of narcotics and alcoholic drinks, shall be taoght in the public schools ; textbooks on puch subject must first have the jipprovol of the State board of educatl^ Textbooks adopted by any school board shall not be changed within five years except by consent of a majority of the qualified voters; district board may furnish textbooks to Indigent pupUa Boaid may expel disobedient pupils; misdemeanor to disturb a school. All persons resident In any school district and over 6 years old shall hove an equal right to at- tend school therein; no separate school or departmetot shall be kept for any persons on account of race or color. School board may admit nonresident pupils on payment of tuition not to exceed 16 per cent more than average cost per pupU; children cared for by county ahall be admitted to the nearest school on same terms as other nonresident puplla Dutlea of moderator: To preside at meetings of district and of board; countersign all orders and warrants drawn by the director; cause action to be brought on treasurer's bond In case of breach; perform other dntles required by law* Duties of iirector: To act as derk of district and hoard; give required notice of meet- ings; draw warrants on township treasurer for moneys due the district and orders for the disbursement of district funds; draw and sign contracts with teachers when directed by boprd; provide the necessary appendages for the schoolhdiuae and keep the same In'good condition; keep account of expenses Incurred by him, which account shall be audited by the moderator and treasurer; present at each annual meeting an eetimate of necessary expenses to be Incurred by himself; preserve and file copies of all reports; iwrform any other duties required by law. "It shall be the duty of school boards and b<»rds of ^ucatlon to cause to be made annually in their respective dls- * tricts or cities a census of all persons between 6 and 20 years old, except children In reformatories and prisons, children In charitable Institutions who do not regularly attend school, Indians who do not attend school, and orphans in charitable Institutions whose parents at the time of death did not reside in the city or district. Persons giving enumerators false Infor- mation or enumerator making a careless or false enumeration shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. The director shall onnually make and deliver to the town- riilp clerk to be delivered to the hoard of school Inspectors u statistical re- WTt Duties of treasurer: To give official bond in amount equal to money to <»me Into his hands, but If voters at annual meeting shall designate n bonk as depository, treasurer shall not be llabie for funds deposited In said bank ; pay lawful orders of the director; keep account of sources from which moneys are received and persons to whom paid,; report at the close of the year to district boards; appear In all suits for or against the district, except "jehen hq is Interested adversely to the district; settle with board at the dose of his term ; perform other duties required by law. Boards in cities.— The board of education of every city of 260,000 or more which comprises a single school district shall consist of seven school Inspec- tors elected at large by the qualified electors; term, six years, two or three •• the; case requires being elected every two years; names of nominees shall he placed on ballots sepante from those for other officers and no party 4fi^fttatiola Shall ^ used* The homlnBtlon and elocUop of inspectors shall he condudM as nearly as possible as now provided by law for the nomi- nation and election of city officers in sai^ citiea This act shall not Uke dfset ontU ajpprev^'hy a majority of the qualified elaotora voting" tbereom A (d).'lHBTBIOT BOyLSM AKD OmOBBS. m j rotrtMftip olerl^ — The townijhtp clerk shall rec^?e reports of school dliee- tors and shaU annually make a statistical report to the State supertotendent through county commissioners of schools'; where township is organised as a township district or a fractional township district the board of education N thereof shall, In August, make such report ; coun^ commissioner of schools shall annually transmit to township clerks and secretaries of boards of educa- tion a complete list of legally quallded teachers of the cohnty, and said clerks or secretaries shall compare the same with the list of the teachers em- ployed to ascertain If all employed are quallded; district employing a teacher not quollfl^ shaU receive no jn\rt of the State fund. Township clerk shaU make or cause ^to be made a map of his township, showing school-district boundaries Township clerk shall annually make end deliver to the super- visor of the township a certified copy of all statements jon file In his i fflce of moneys proposed to be raised In each district or township district for school purposea On receiving notice from the county treasurer of the amount of money apportioned to his township, clerk shall apportion the same to districts In accordance with the statement from the State superintendent; he shall also apportion to districts moneys raised by towaahlp tax. MwHnff of Bchool officera, — Each county commissioner of schools shall at least once a year call a meeting of the school ofllcers of his county; each director or secretory of each school board or board of education shall attend and other members of boards may attend. Each director, secretary, or one representative of the district shall receive |2 per day and actual traveling expenses while attehding. Meeting is In charge of superintendent of public Instruction or his representative. See also A (b2). State oiflcers; A . for labor or other expenditure shall be made by board for amounts over $600 without advertising for bids. Boards may arrange for transfer of pupils to other districta Boards of every common-school district shall submit to jj annual meeting an estiuiate of expenses for coming year for five months of ^ school, or increased term, and tax shall he levied for the same. Special duties of Independent district boards shall be to make rules for government of such boarCsand to provide tax levy for school purposes. Such boards may ' also establish and maintain evening schools for persons over 10 years old unable to attend day schools and receive State aid for same; establish kindergartens for children above 4 and under 6 years old; receive bequests for school purposes; remove for proper cause any member of board. The suf^rlntendent of schools In independent and special districts shall super- vise schools of such districts and make reports to State superintendent. Board shall fix compensation of school officials. Chairman of common-school ,, district boafd shall not receive more than $6 per year ; clerk shall Jceep full record of school affairs ; compensation of qlerk shall be 2 per cent of funds disbursed by him. not to exceed $6 per year, unless otherwise voted by electors of district, but not to exceed $60 per year. Treasurer in common district shall Issue interest-bearing orders ^for accounts, rate 6 per ceut,,for • which school funds shall be found Insufficient. Treasurer shall give bond in sum ^ual to twice the amount of money likely to pass through- his hands in any one year. Treasurer in common->8chool district shall receive as compen- ^ sation not more than $25 per year. In special districts board may appoint cleric, not a board member, and fix bis compensation. Sk6te"afh>roey general shall give opinions on school laws when requested by/8tate supkrlntendent School boards may select depositories for school fuiMs, but In^such cases treasurer of board shall not be liable In case of bankruptcy of such deposi- tories. All Interest on school funds deposited shall bec^e property of dis- trict. The county board of education for unorganized territory in each county shall provide educational facilities for children in such territory;' such board shall be composed of chairman of board of county commissioners, county superintendent of schools, and county treasurer, ex officio; board may authorize clerk to county superintendent at *$00 per month; chairman ^ of board may receive for actual services no more than $400 per year ; treas- urer shall receive 1§ per cent and clerk 1 per cent of cash disbursements; this section as to salaries shall not apply to counties having a population of more than 100,000; board shall meet at least once each month. Districts containing more than 10 townships shall publish proceedings of school ' boardN. The State public examiner shall, at least once a year, examine Accounts of districts containing 10 or more townships, districts paying cost of such examination. Each member of board in common-school districts having 10 or more townships shall rwelve as annual compensyiion $200 where $uch ’district contains 30 public Khools. $400 where districts contain 31 but less than 61 public schools, $600 where district contains 61 but less tium fll public schools, $800 for districts containing over ^l schools. In 1 ^Ustrlcts maintaining less than SO public schools and supporting a high school compensation of board members shaU be fixed at annual meeting. In addition to salaries board mbrnbers^shall be paid actual and necessary traveUng'expenses, but maximum abaU be $150 for 80 schools or less, $800 A (d), DISTKTOT BQADS AND omCBBa 141 for 80 to 00 schools, $400 for 60 t/oo schools, $500 for more thth 90 schools. A tax shall be levied, as other tskes are levied,^ for salaries and expenses of board members. / > * Board of trustees.— Any board member who shall make any discrimination whatever In the ca^ of any perbon entitled to admission to public schools on account of race, color, nationuIlA^, or social position shall forfeit to aggrevled person $50 for each offense. Muy treasurer who shall use money appllcab^ for teachers’ wages for othe/ pun>08es shall be personally liable to such teachers; any district rnnklny any discrimination In the claaslflcatlon of Its pupils on the basis of race, color, social position, or nationality shall forfeit Its share of apportioned school funds during the period of such discrimination. Any person accepting a positron as board member and neglecting or refuslng^ to serve shall forfeit for eaclf offense $10; any school clerk falUng to make any required report shall forfeit not less than $5 nor more than $50; any clerk who shall Illegally draw an order, any officer who shall attest the same, and any treasurer who shall knowingly pay the same shall each forfeit to the dlstriot twice the amount of such order; clerk falling to keep accounU properly shall forfeit $10 for ^ch offetise; any county auditor •falling to make apportionment report to State superintendent shall forfeit $50 to county school fund; any county superintendent who fafls to make reports to auditor and State sui>erlntendent shall forfeit for each offense $50. No person under IS years old, and no minor In any school, college, or university, shall u^ to- bacco In any form In any .public place; no person shall furnish tobacco to a minor, nor shall any persona aMow such minors to smoke In their pl/ices of business. Any person who sha II wl Ilf ully Inju re school property shu 1 1 be guilty of a misdemeanor, and In addition to penalty* of Imprisonment may be .required to pay treble damages for injury done. Any person who sha:i In- troduce upon, or have In bis possession upon, or In any school ground or school building any alcoholic liquor, except tor laboratory purposes, shall be guilty of a dlsdemeanor. The use of public drinking cups shall be un'awful. yiiceUaneoua.—rhe -public examiner shall, at the request of the county commissioners and nt least once In each year, examine the books and accounts of school officials, and report the same to the county nifdltor; county attorney shall examine such reports and take action against any officle's violating the law; the examiners may employ assistant examiners at $5 per day and ex- penses; all school officials shall deliver to examiner books and accounts upon request In any city of 20,000 or more Inhabitants, It shall be unlawful to use any basement for grade school purposes, but such bafement may be used for domestic science, manual training, or physical culture, 'See also A (b2), State officers; A (c2). County officers; A (e), School meet- ings, elections, etc,; B (e), State aid for elementary education; H (f). Com- pulsory attendance; K (c), Uniformity of texthooka Mississippi: There shall be three trustees for each school district chosen for three years, one being selected each year; they shall be elected by school patrons except In separate school districts on first Saturday In May; county superintendent shall fill vacancies by appointment; trustees shall organise and elect teachet on or before July 16; If trustees fall to elect or teacher falls to qualify, county superintendent shall appoint; trustees Aall scrutlnlxe list of edncable children who attend school to see t^lat no outsiders are In the U^; enumeration reported to be a guide In fixing teacher’s salary ; trustees may suspend or expel pupils; visit schools; arbitrate disputes; protect school property, \ i: 142 BTiTB Laws bslattho to pubuo ioucrATioN. Potoer* and duties of aoparote school district irustoes: To prescribe and enforce rules: manage and control acbool property: enforce course of study and use of textbooks; appoint llbmrinns knd govern scl)ool libraries; exclude from libraries publications sectarian, pa^Isan, denominational, or Inimorul In character; su^nd or expel pupils; vlsIVschools^and equalize terms; fumlsb furniture; elect superintendents and principals and prescribe powers ami duties; elect teachers, fix salaries, etc.; require records to I»o kept and make reports ; determine amounts required for support of public school and submit {o proper authorities careful estimate of whole amount to l>e re<‘elved from State and county and amount required from municipality for above purpose. Schools of such district shall be under five trustees to be elected I u April by mayor and aldermen or In manner prescribed by board of mayor and aldermen; term of oflice three years, two belug chosen each year for two years and one In third year; In unincorporated districts term of office shall be three years; all trustees have power to exclude children of filthy or vicious habits or, those suffering from contagious or Infectious diseases; trustees shall not vote for i>er8on3 as teachers who ore related by blood or marriapf' or who are de}fcndent on them. SeeolsoA (c2). County officers; A (f). Administrative tinlts—dlstrlctV etc.; F (a). Teachers* contracts, duties, etc.; H (c). School year, month, day, etc.; H (e). Consolidation of districts, etc.; K (a), Textbooks an<^^ supplies, gen- eral; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks. * ' ' u Missouri; The board of directors shall have the care of schoo^ property uud shall provide necessary apparatus and supplies; shall have Janitorial work done at tho expense of the district; shall not 'allow the s(rhoolhouse used ftn* religious, literary, or other purposes, or for the.- moctlFig of any farmer or labor orgauJzntlou, secret or otherwise, except when demanded by n majority of voters of the district. The board may make needful rules for the gmerii ment of 'schools; may suspend a pupil for cause and admit nonresident pupils and fix tuition fees, but orphans, children bound apprentices, chil- dren having only one living parent, and chfldren whose parents do not con- tribute to their support may attend In any district In which they may have a permanent or temporary home. Any nonreslc^nt paying n school tax In a district may send his children to school In sala district and shall receive on amount charged for tuition credit equal to tax paid. It shall be unlawful for any child to attend a public school while afflicted with, or likely to com- municate, a contagious or Infectious disease; teacher or board of directors may require any child to be examined by a physician. Board shall contract with teachers: certldcates of teachers shall be filed with the clerk of the district; neither party to such contract shall suspend or dismiss the school without the consent of the other party; the board shall have no power to dismiss a teacher, bull If teacher’s certificate be revoked contract Is annulled, or If teacher falls to comply with contract salary may be withheld. JThe board shall onnunlly cause to be. made an enumeration of all persons In the dis- trict between 0 and 20 years old; a census of blind and deaf children shall be taken separately ; any district falling to make such enumeration shall forfeit its portion of the public funds for the ensuing year; any city of over 60,000 population may make such enumeration oE^;e in every four years; county clerks shall certify, respectively, to the superlnteudepts of the school for the deaf and the school for the bUtid the names of deaf and blind persons enumerated. Board may provide gratuitous , education for persons between 6 and 6 and over 20 years old, but none of the State public fund may be used for such purpose. The board of directors of each district shall annually forward to the county clerk an estimate of the amount of fund» m A .(. State officers; A (c2). County officers; A (f), Adminis- trative units— districts, etc.; C (a), finance and support, general; C (b), Local ’ ’s and Indebtedness; H (e), Consolidation of districts, etc.; H (f). Compulsory attendance; H (g). Child labor; K (b),' Free textbooks; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; M (c), Evening schools; S (b), Public- school libraries. Montana: Trustee*.— Number of trustees in districts of first class, seven; sec- ond class, five; third class, three. Annual election of trustees on first Satur- day in April. In districts of second and third classes, nominations for trus- tee shall be filed with clerk five dhys before election, and trustees shall be chosen by ballot of qualified electors. In districts of first class nominations for trustee shall be made at public meeting held at least 10 days before Sec- tion and attended by at least 20 electors, and such nomination shall be,certi- i 144 STATS’ LAWS BStATHTa TO PUBUO KDtTOATION. 1 fled to dlitrict clerk at leart eight days before election; board of tmateea shall call election to be held at least 30 days before time and clerk ahall post notices at least 15 days beforehand. Term of office of .trustee shall be three years, except as otherwise provided by law ; county superintendent shall fill va- cancies until next election : trustee may be removed by court of competent Juris- diction. When office of clerk becomes vacant, trustees shall fill vacancy and no- j tlfy county superintendent. Trustees shall be so elected that termsof a majority shall not expire in kny one year. Ehcpenses of election shall be paid out of school funds of district Trustee of district of first class having iwpulntlon of 20.000 or more shall give bond for $10,000 and shall be entitled to $4 for each meet- .Ing attended, but not exceeding one meeting a week. Powers of fruslecs: To receive, hold, and convey property In the name of the district; establish a high school, employ principal and teachers therefor, etc.; close their school when for the best interests, and pay transportation and tuition fees of pupils to other districts; maintain schools outside of regular school hours; transfer school funds to pay tuition of pupils belonging In thei. district, but attending school In another; call special election to determine question of Issuing bonds. Dutiea of school boards: To prescribe rules not inconsistent with law or those prescribed by State superintendent; employ teachers and other employees and fix and order paid their wages; determine rate of tuition* of nonresident ^ pupils; enforce rules of State superintendent; provide schools with furniture and ^ulpment; acquire sites, build schoolhouses, etc., but In districts of third class such authority must be conferred by vote of district; suspend or expel disorderly pupils and exclude children under 6 years old when interest of school requires It: provide books, clothing, and medical aid for Indigent chil- dren; require pupils to be furnished with suitable books: make annual report to county superintondent ; rci>ort to State su()erinteudent wlien Instructed by him; determine what branches, In addition to those required by law, shalj be tapght, but county superintendent must approve In districts of third class; . visit each school at least once In a term; provide seimrnte and sanitary ^ privies or outhouses for different sexes; cause American flag to be displayed. No member of a board shall have pecuniary Interest In a contract made by board ; board shall advertise for bids on all contracts for $250 or more. Buperintendent. — In districts of first and second classes, trustees may appoint n sui^rlntendent of schools for term of not eiceedlug three years: salary fixed by trustees. After second successive employment, he shall bo deemed reemployert fiom ierm to term of three years, unless school board gives notice to contrary before February 1 of last year of employment. . Superintendents' must hold State certificate of highest grade from some State or be a graduate of a reputable university, college, or normal school and ahall have taught at least five yeara Clerk, — Duties of district clerk: To attend meetings of board and^^keep recorda Keep accounts of receipts and expenditures ; take annually a census of children between 6 and 21 years old and a separate census of. children under 6 years old; make annual financial report See also A (q2), County officers; A (f) Administrative units — districts, etc.; , .B (a), General State finance and support; 0 (b), Local bonds jand- Indebted- nese; F (a). Teachers' ooptracts, duties, etc.; G (d), ^chers' Institutes and summer schools; H (f), Compulsory attendance; I (e). School fraternities; K (c), Uniformity of text^ks; S (b), Publlc-sdiool libraries; U. (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Nebraska: District Ojtftcers.— Voters shall elect a moderator, a director, and a treasurer, in rotation; term, three years. When new district Is organized 145 ' * A (d). DISTBICT BOARDS AND OFFICER^, and officers elected at any other time than at an annual meeting. Intervening time until neat annual election ahnll constitute first year In term of such offlcera Within 10 thiys after their election, officers shaH fife'* written .ac- ceptan^ with the director. Every district shall be deemed duly orpmlaed when any two of the officers elected at first meeting shall have filed accept- ances. In case a district shall fiiU to orgaulie, county superintendent shall gli-e notice and proceed to call organization meeting. In cases when I'ounty sui>erlntendent shall form districts and where no election for schix)! officers . shall be held .county 8ui>erintendcut shall apiH>iut such officers, who shall file acceptant'es. Every district shali be couslderetl ou a ^tltion slgninl by two-thlrds of voters , of district; contract of such officer shall be made by the other twa In case of dl8puteerluteiident shall mljndlonte the I . same and shall apply to the courts If necessary. Distiict board, — Moderator, director, and tre;i surer shall constitute the district board, and two memberi^ shall constitute a quorum (or transaction of business; two members may call a meeting, but all meml>ers shidl ^ave due notice of the same. Iuimeerlutendent. who shall' direct tile collection of such tax levy. Board shnll have general care of a<*hools: ' k ' cause pupils to bo taught In ‘^ueb branches and classified In such gnides as have been adopted by board with conseut of county HU|>crlntendent ; caust^ a record of pupils' progress to be kept; attend jueetings calletl by ci»imty superloteodeuL Board may admit nonresident pupils, fix rate of tuition, and collect same In advance, but this does not apply to nonresident pupils specifically permitted to attend without charge; may susr>end or expel any pupil for Just cause, but suspension shall not extend beyond the close of the term. Board shall purchase or lease site for schoolhouse and shall build, hire, or purchase the schoolhouse out of funds provided "for such puriwse. and make sjile of school proi>erty when lawfully dlrectinl to do so. District shall not build a stone or brick scboolhouse upon any site without having first obtained a title In fee to the wime; and shnll not build a frauie exhoolhouse OD^any site for which they have not a title In fee without the privilege of moving the same when lawfully directed by the voters of the district Board shall apply all moneys In accordance with laws regulating the same, ns directed by district, but no money apportioned to n district shall be used for any other purpose than that of teachers' salaries; and no part thereof shall be paid to any teacher who shall not have received n teacher's certifi- cate prior to commencement of his or her school. Board shall have care and custody of school pri>perty, except so far ns the same shall be confided to custody of director; shall fill any vacancy occurring In their number, but in case of failure to so fill a vacancy, voters at a special meeting shall do so. When by division of a district only one board member Is left In the old , * . district, county superintendent shall fill vacant offices, ap^lntces to hold until their successors are elected. No school officer shall, be a party to any school contract except In his official capacity as board member Board shall maintain In sanitary manner at least two separate wnter-closetk or privies for each school. The school board or school trustees of every district may • set aside from general fmadB the sum of 10 cents for each census child, the 8066*— 16 ^10 ^ ■ 146 8TATB LAWS RBLAT(NQ TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. mme to be known as district llbrao fund, and aucli fund aball be ioreeted by board or trustees in suitable library books. Board or trustees ahatt pro- vide for the care of school libraries and prescribe rules therefor; but such provisions for library shall be inoperative if board or trusiees shall appro- priate $300 annually toward support of free public library. The moderator's (>owers and duties shall be to preside at nil nieetlnan: countersigti all onlers and warrants ; administer oath to director and treiis urer of district. In case niodemtor is absent from meet line electom may choose ,n temporary moderator. If anj^ person conducts himself In n dis- ordefly mauuor at n district meeting he shall be ejecteil from such meeting; « . t>erson so conducting himself and who refuses to leiiye meeting ut>ou Indiig so requested sliall, on conviction, l>e flnef funds received and dlsburset! nud all vouchers therefor: tn^nsurer shall appear for or against the district when any action Hliall be brotight by or u gainst the district, except when he is interested adversely, where Ui>on director shall ai>pear for district. The director shall be clerk of boanl; he shall keep n record of business of district: he shall, with consent ami advice of moe<'ify wages of such teachers: director shall make reimrts to county sui»erlnten^ent. Teachers’ ctnitraets made before the annual meeting In onler to l>e legal must l>e signed by two board luembers whose terms of offlt'e do not expire with the school year In which such i^ontraet is made: no nnitraet with a teacher shall Ih» valid unless agreed to by all members of board or by two meml>er8 who are not relatetl within the fourth degree to such teacher. Witliln 10 days previous to annual meeting director of eaoh district shall t4>ke a census of school children of his district : In cities of the first and second classes 30 days shall be allowed for taking census. Director shall, with concurrence of moderator and treasurer, or either, provide necessary appendages for schotdhouse and other hicidenUl expenses, and such accounts shall l>e audited by moderator and treasurer, and upon their order siime shall be paid; shall present at each niinunl meet- ing an estimate of amounts to be expended during emsulng year for school expenses and officers’ salaries, and submit a rei>ort of the previous year’s school business, not no tnx shall l>e voted at any sr*eclal meeting; director .shall give notice of jail ^hool meetings : shall draw and sign all school orders. Director shall annually report to county superintendent number of children between 5 and 21 years old, and shall file a reiwrt within 10 days after annual meeting with county superintendent showing all required facts con- cerning the school or schools of the district. Director shall furnish to the annual meetings statement of the aggregate ossessed valuation of all property in the district and the amount of taxes to be collected on such property. See also A (b2), State 'officera; A (e), School meetings, elections, etc.; A (f), Almlnlstrntive units— districts, etc.; C (b). Local bonds and Indebted- ness; H (f). Compulsory attendance; K (b). Free textbooks; N (a). High schools. NevAd»: Each board of trustees Is hereb^r created a body corporate. School districts having 1,500 or more census children shall have five trustees; other districts, three; for districts having 1,500 or .more census children, two trus- tees for four years and one for two years shall be elected every two years; In other distiictk, one for four years and one for two years; election inspectors *•1 1A (d), mSTBICT BOARDS AND OFFICERS. 147 dwll receive no comiKsnsaUon except that of «4 per day In dlatrlcU of llrat claae; only a resident of a district and one whose name appears u|K>n refristry list shall vote, but any dUsen of United States residing In State six months and school district 30 days may l>e registered for such election ; trustees may have voting list prepared at cost of R cents per name; candidates for trustee shall file nanice with county clerk ; si>eclal elections may be held to supply vacancies on boar.1 of trustees, otherwise deputy suiH>rlntendent shall supply vactinclea. Itoard of tnistees shall e1e*-t one member president and one sev-re- tarj- : secretiir)- In districts of 300 to 1.000 s.-1iert.v mx>n vote of ele<-tors of disfrirt. but In dlatrlcU of less than 10 electors deputy stiperlntend.uit shall first approve; build. e.iulp nnd repair schtmllmnses m>on vote of electors, but reiwlra In first-class dls^ tricts may be made without snch vote, and In other dlstrlcU without such vote when amount Is below $.500; submit all building plans to deputy superin- tendent, whose approval shall be obUlne.1 for the same; change location of schiHvIs, but In district.-; of lert.v. turning all school rimds Into county treasury to credit o/ their districts; cause to Is? ere<-tee and enforce rules : Insure scIkh.I i.mis-rtv ; employ and determine sidarles of teachers, but there shall tie no dls,-rlmlnatlon against female teachers; give onlera on county auditors for teachers’ salaries; pro- vide at least six months of free school; extend term to eight months where feasible; administer all oaths perUlnIng to teachers, census marshals, and school trustees for any district but city su|ierlntendents niav administer oath to teachers In first-class districts; classify sc-hools and to divide them Into snlUble departments; suspend or expel pupils with advk-e of teachers and deputy sufierlntendent ; enfon-e prescribed courses of study and textbooks; make, with approval of State superintendent, arranget: cuts for the transfer of pupils; visit every school In their district at least om-e in each term— this clause aiiplying to every member ; make annual report to deputy suiierlntendent • enforce neetlful sanitary regulations. No tnistee shall l* ,Kvunlarlly inter- ested.ln any contract made by board of trustees. County tioards In control of high schools shall have .same powers as are given to district school trustees. See also A (b2). State officers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc • G (c). County and local normal schools; H (b). School census; n (f). Copi- pulsory attendance; K tb). Free textbooks; N (a1. High schools. ^ New Hampshire: Disfrtcl board.— Board of every district shall provide schools that will give pupils as nearly equal advantages as may be practicable - a por- Uon of school money, not exceetllng 25 per cent, may be used for conveying pupils to nnd from school. Board shall employ teachers, provide fuel, and shall make repairs not to exceed 6 per cent of school money ; teachers may be ^smlssed for can*, but not until after a fair hearing; district shall be liable for full salary ^ any teacher dismissed contrary to law. Board may prescribe rules and regYatlons for conduct of schools; shall prescribe study of physiol- ogy and hygiene, humane treatment of lower animals. Constitution of the United States *td of State of New Hampshire, and may prescribe algebra, geometry, surveyli^, bookkeeping, philosophy, chemistry, natural history and other suitable studies. Board shall purchase textbooks and other supplies and - ^ ^ 148 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBUC EDUCATION. | loan tba aame fre« of charge to pupils; books may be eoM at coat to peraonR I desiring to purchase them; a United States flag, to cost no more than |10, | BhaU be purchased hy board for each school. No sectarian or political book shall be introduced Into the public srboola Every teacher ahnll be fumisbiMt j with a blimk register, and board Bhall visit each school In district at leant twice in each term. The State suiierinteudent shall cause to Ite held, at siirlt times and places ns be mny designate, examlnaUona for teachers; examina- tions ahnll test professional as well as scholastic ability; due notic'e shatl In* given of such examinations; a certtfleate shall be glveai to those (massing rpquiixnl exanilnatierma- neut, and shall Indicate grade of school in which bolder may teach; State superintendent may Issue without exayiduatlpn certlflcnte to any person wbt> has taught in the public si'hools of State for three years. A list of certlfitNl teachers shall t>e kci>t on file In office of State superintendent for iufbrmatlou of 8cht>ol commlUeos. A sum 'not eictrHJinK $300 may l>e annually eij>end<)l board ; $20 of teacher’s salary shall l>e nitliheld until register shall be thus returm^L Boanls shall submit annual reixirts to State HU|>erintendent ; full ure to ctnnj^y herewith shall Im* punishable by fine of not more ttmu $b0. If any public officer willfully neglects his duties, he shall forfeit suni-not exceo pay aiilarles of bmml and truant officers. Truant officers Khali enfone law relating to truants and children of schooUo^ not attending school and with out Inw^ful ociMipatlon ; shall hrfve authority to place In school children found employed contrary to law or violating lempulsory attendance lawa In nb aence of express contract, six hours ahall constitute school day, five days a week, and four weeks n school month. Truant offlc'ers or agents ahall ar- noally in Repteml>er lake full census of children Iclween r> and 10 years old and report same to stffiool lamnls. TeHchers may attend Institutes not exceee counted us servhe to district. . Thanksgiving Day and Fast Day, Labor Day, Washington’s Birthday, Memo 'rial Day, Independence Day, New Year’s Day, 12th day of October, and Christmas Day shall be legal holidays, and when falling on Sunday the fob lowing day shall be observed as a holiday. School board shall have same superintendence over evening schools over other schoolai Buperintendmt. — A school district may require the school board to appoint a superintendent of schools, may prescribe his duties, fix his compensation, and raise money to pay such compensation. Two or more districts may, by a vote of each, form a district for purposes of employing a superintendent therein; such But)erlntendent shall be appointed by a Joint committee com* posed of boards of such districts, who shall determine relative amount of service to be devoted to each district by superintendent, and fix part of his salary to be paid by each district. Any district which ^all unite with one J or more districts to form a supervisory district, which shall employ as super i ihtendent at an annnal salary a person bolding a perman^t State teachera’ certtfleate, when Same shall be certified to State fxeasnrer, shall receive one- half Its apportlorted share of said salary from State; this provision for State aid shall not apply to cities. Supervisory districts of less than three towns * ^ A (d). DIStBlOr BOAfi^e AKD OmCERB. 149 shall employ not fwror than 20 nor more than 60 teachers. Any district may withdraw from a joint supervisory district at the expiration of the contract made with the supertnteodeut of such joint district, • Bee also A (b2), State offleera; A (e), School meetings, elections, etc,; C (b), Ix)cal bonds and Indebtedness; C (c). I>x*n1 taxation; D (a), Build Inga and sites, general; H (f), Oompnlaory attendance; J (b>, ^ledlcal In- (qwtion; N (a>, High achtK»ls: V (e>. Bchoola for dejs^ndeiita and dellnqnenta. \ew Jersey: All boarda of (Hlucatiou of the various school districts of the State, shall constitute a " St.ite fwleratlon of dljitrlct U>anU of education”; each such board ghnll nunuuHy select a member of said hoard as n delegate to said fej)ropriiile iumually sum not exceeding $10 eitcli for dut^ to said feu. In each school district there shall be a custodian of school moneys. &ild custodian shall imy out such moneys only on orders signed by president and district clerk or seendary of district board; shall keep record of sums re- ceived and (IiRi>urs*Hl ; ahull make annual fiscal rei>ori to district board and to county 8U|>erIntendent, The custodian of D>milclpal fuud^ dr the (ollei^r when deslgiiatoil b^’ school board, aball bt? custodijin of sc'hool funds; when- ever dlalTlct slmll contain more than one mimlclpullty. sebot)! btmrd may appoint a J>er8cm as custm|xMisatiou of said Ciistodlnu; rtdU'ctor or tn^isurer of each munldividity aliall i>ay over to add custodian auioiuitH levltxl and colUvie^l for scli04)l purjxist^; when there are no funds in treasury to pay orders, such orders ahull besr legal rate of Interest until funds become available; said custodian shall forfeit $10 for each day’s delinquency In n>aking ri*qulred rejwrta. Any person in tiublic otiice'^ho shall solicit or receive anything of value for his vote, shall be guilty of a mlftlemeanor; any j)ersim officially connected with any Institutloji supported wholly or In imrt by public funds, and navlng an Interest In furnishing suintllee or in making contrncU for »uch inalitutlon. shall be guilty of a misdemeanor; any ta^rson who shall bribe a public officer shall be gtillty of a misdemeanor; any public official or, public lw>ard makluK disbursements or Incurring obligaLious In excess of appropriations shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. Emlnojt-es of boujtlB of wlucnUon receiving less Uian $I,1>00 iinaually sball be i'oiiij)ensated for Injuries received while In such service. See also A (b2). SUte officers; A (c2). County officers; a (f). Adminis- trative nulls— illstrlclB, etc.; B (d). State taintlon for school purposes; C (a). Local finance and support, Renernl; D (a). Buildings and sltee, gen- eral; D (e), i:uile*i States flag In schools; E (b), Teachers' certificates, gen- eral; F (a). Teachers' contracts, duties, etc.; F (;•), Teachers' pendous; G (b). SUtte normal schools; II (a), School. population and aiteudauce, gen- eral; U (b). School cenaua; H (d), School holidays; U (e). ConsolldaUon of districts, etc.; II (f). Oompulsory atteudanoe; J (b). Medical Inspection; K (b), Free textbooks; L (1), Manual and industrial education; M (b). Kindergartens; M (c). Evening schools; 0 (n). ludustrUl educaUon. general;’ U (e). Schools for dependents and delinquents. New M^co: Rurol-autrict hoorda.— Board of directors' In each rural district shall be composed of three members elected by legal voters, one elected each year; term, three years; gald board shall riect a chairman and a clerk from their own number; two directors shall constitute a quorum; in cahe of er|c ■ fl6jD STATE U^ EELAMKO TO POTUO BDVOATIOK. ' yacancy In board ot^trectong, the coiinty ^gpcrtotepdent Bball fill roch iwc^cy until tbe next election. Directors sbaU bave the care and keeping of school property, and are authorised to open the schoolhooaes tor the use ot rellgionR, political, literary* sdenUflc, mechanical, agricnitural, and Induetrlal sodettee. Duties: To issue no warrants or certificates of Indebtedness of the School dis- trict in excess of amoont of levy tor one year, bat any order when presented to and not paid by treasurer shall draw 6 per cent Interest per yea^; have general control of schools in their districts, subject to nupervision of conuty superintendent; annually make census of unmarried persons between 5 and 21 years old and forward same to county superintendent All resident un- married i)er8ons between 5 and 21 years old shall be entitled to attend the schools of their districts. The clerks of school boards shall annually make, full reports to county superintend^ts. Any director who shall willfully re- fuse or fall to make any required report or perform the duties of his office shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor. Clerk of said board shall receive 11.60 for each 100 names or fraction thereof of children enumerated; any enumerator making fake enumeration shall be fined not less thap |10 nor more than $60, such fine to be paid Into school-district fund. School directors and boards of education shall annually make an estimate of ^onnt of funds needed for their districts for ensuing year and certify the sai^ to the county commissioners of their respective counties ; said county commissioners shall levy a tax on the taxable property In each such district to produce the amount of the estimate; in case county copamlssloners dlsapprove'snld ^tlmate or directors fhll to make the same, the county commissioners shall levy such tax as they may deem necessary for school purposes, but. such levies In districts other than Incorporated cities, towns, and villages shall not exceed 20 mills ; , county commissioners shall annually levy a county tax of 8 mills for a general county school fund. Any surplus In the sinking fund of a district . may be need by the directors In building additional schoolhouses or enlarging present buildings. Directors shall have no Interest In any school contract. . Women possessing the qualifications required of male electors shall he eligible to hold office of school director. City hoorda.— The hoard of educatton In an Incorporated city- shall consist of five members elected at large, elected In groups of two andtoree In odd- numbered years. The election of sold board shall conformnfeie laws ap- plicable to election of officers of Incorporated cities, except that no registration., shall be required. Boards of education in Incorporated towns and villages* shall consist of five members elected at large from such town or village In groups of two and three in odd-numbered yeara hfanner of holding such election shall be the same as In Incorporated cities. Said board shall have control over schools and school property of said town or village, the terri- tory attached thereto for school purposes, and the school district of which said town or village kf^bre incorporation was a part Such board shall hake like powers and privileges and be subject to like duties and reqnlrements'as In- corporated dtles. No member of school board shall be a member of conhcil or town trustees; nor shall any member of council or town trustees be a member of the board of education. Board shall fill any vadancy which may ocottr in their body ; but any vacancy occulting more than 10 days prevlons to the annual election and having an tmexplred term of one year khaU be filled atthe first annual election thereafter. Dut4e$ of hoard: elect their own bffloers,* except the treasurer ; make their own rul^ and -regdlatiouB; organise and maintain a eysjem of graded schools; establish a high school When educational interests of dty demand the same; exercise sole control r over school* and school property. Ooerd ^ elect « derk. who ahall re- ceive such compeneatlon as said board ahaU determine. Treasurer oI dty Shan be ex offlclo treasurer of board of education. Said treasurer shaU glve bond and shall deposit school funds In some bank designated bjr boards' Such bank shall give bond and shall pay interest on monthly average bal- ancea Said treasurer shall attend board meetings when so required, shall prepare monthly reports for board, and shall pay out school moneys only upon a warrant signed by .president of board and countersigned by the clerk. Said treasurer shall receive from board for his services $SO per vear. ' No ' hoard member shall receive any compensation for his servlcea Clerk shall keep account of proceedings of board and shall give bond In sum of (1,000. Board of education shall annually levy a tax for support of schools not to exceed 6 uillls on the dollar of taxable property, which levy shall be ap- proved by the city council or town trustees; and when so approved the clerk of the board shall certify the same to the county clerk, who shall see to the collection of the same. Board shall hold moutUy meetings and may hold special meetings; shall make an annual report, which shnll be published and copifs thereof sent to county and State superintendenta No expendi- ture greater than $200 shall be made except by written contract, and no expenditure of ^ore than $600 for erecting buUdlngs or making Improvements shall bo made except by competitive bid. No sectarian doctrine «h»n be taught In the public schools. Public-school property shall be exempt from taxation. Board of education may Issue, upon a vote of the people, bonds to purchjse school sites or to erect school buildings or to fund any bonded indebtedness for school purposes of clt;j and town. Such bonds shall run for not less than 20 nor more than 30 years, bear Interest at rate of no more than 6 per cent per annum, and shall be sold at not less than par. Each such bond shall be for a sum not lees than $60. A tax levy shall be f<>r paying Interest on and creating a sinking fund tor such bonds; but there shall be no levy for sinking fund nntll'iayears aft* the Issue of such bonds If they be for 20 years and 20 years after the issue If they be for 80 years; and the levy In any one year shall not exceed O' mlUs on the dollar for such sinking fund, and the total levy In any one year shall not exceed 10 mills on the dollar for all purposes. The levy for Interest on such bonds shall not exceed In any one year ambuht required to pay annual Interest Such bonds shall constitute a lien against school property. Clerk of board shall register bonds. Board members shall take oath of affirmation. School property shall not be transferred by school boards except upon the peUtlon of a majority of electors of district ^e title of unsold public lands In dtles and towns shall be vested In the boards of education thereof and «K«n be need for public-school purposes. Such lands shall be sold at not lees than the Value set thereon by the board of appraisers appointed for the purpose. School bohrds shall be bodies corporate. Territory conUguous to a dty. or town may be attached thereto for school pnn)08eB upon a peUtlon of a majority of electors of such territory and the approval of said city or town. 8>ich at- tached^ territory shall be subject to taxation for school purposes ae la the dty or town, and said territory shall be entlUed to all of the school prlvUeges Of the dty or-town. No board member shall be Interested In any school.con- tract except la bis offldal capacity. District superintendents la districts consisting of Incorporated 'does or towns Stoill be employed, tor a term not to exceed two years. . • See also A (f). Administrative units— districts, etc.; 0 (b). Local bonds * and Indebtedness; C (c>, Ix)cnl taxation; D (e). United States flag In .IE.','' . Jri E It, Mf' |^.;,.|^gO;....;.^^-Ji ■dibitef'a («>, fQD«M; O ^^ not to exceed nine or decreased to not fewer thim three by a major- ity vote of the district, election for same to be called by board npon petition of at least*TL5 resident taxpayers; the number of board members In other union free districts may be Increased not to exceed nine or decreased to not fewer than three by a majority vote of electors present and voting at an annual meeting, but due notice of such proposition.^ shall be given, and board shall, np!te exceed raise taxee lor, for teacbers’ ; >.c liim)ectt^ ^ ac^^ ;Bbard of education of each Bcbobt city ma^;;iBaj|n^to ftite schools; may ■^'f.£t |ay;"iaKngbtf »iSA4rts-'i^''bfif^^^ *.-ft'W4WWil.«H!f proyld# free ModAiiimdi for iodidrea beihre^ a|^ of 4 imd 6 mm In any nnlon district liartng 5»000 popniatlon or more, board inay appolntf a aaportnteiidcnt of achools, prescribe his dutlc»B, and di Ida compensation. Sdd board stuin meet at least once in each qnarter; abali appoint one or more committees to visit and report on schools; all board meeting^ except execu- tive sessions^ shall be open to the public. No board shall incur a district liability in excess of district nuthorisatlon, except wb^ specially antiiorised * by law BO to da A separate account shall be kept of moneys paid into the treasory of any dty or vUlage for use of public schools of such city or union free district coterminous with such village; such moneys shall be paid only on drafts drawn by president of board, countersigned by secretsry or clerk, andisnch drafts must drst be aotooriaed by the board; school moneys In other nnlon free districts shall be paid to school treasurers thereof and paid out as In aforesaid union free dlstrlcta, Boanls shall have powers and privileges of trustees in common-school districts which are not specifically provided herein and not Inconatstent with provisions herein made. By a mpjority vote of electors a union free district may adopt an academy within district as the academic department of such district, if consult of trus- iKs of academy be gained ; property of such academy may be leased by dts- trict ; said board may, with approval of commissioner of education, contract with such academy for instruction of pupils of academic grade residing In district If In any dissolved district there shall exist an academy bo adopted, upon request of a majority of surviving resident former trost^ or stockholders of such academy, be transferred to said trustees or stockholdera The board of education shall keep record of Its proceedings, and shall annually, prior to annual meeting, publish the fiscal report of the district; said board shall ftiake reports, as required, to commissioner of educa- tion; said board shall present to annual meeting an estimate of expenses for schools for ensuing year. Board of education may. If Inhabitants shall neglect or refuse to levy taxes as estimated for salaries of teachers and for contingent expenses, levy a tax for some: any dispute a« to what shall constitute con- tingent expenses may be refen;pd to commlssiouer of education, whose deci- sion shall be final. The corporate authorities of any incorporated city or vU- large shall levy a tax to raise the estimated amount for teachers* salaries and contingent exi^nses as certified by the board of education, and shall levy such other taxes for school purposes as may be required by la w. I. rnwicea.— The sole trustee or the trustees of a school district shall con- stitute a corporate hoard; the sole trustee of a district shall have same powers and duties as a board of three trustees; vacancies shall be filled by vote of the district Poioera onJ duties of iruateeft: To call needed special meetings; give due notice of meetings; make out tax list of every school district tax; pprehase or lease school sites, and purchase, lease, or build schoolhouaes as a district meeting may authorixe; have the custody and anfekeeplng of school property ; insure scliool property ; employ teachers and other employees; establish rules for. schools; prescribe course of studies; coUect district taxes for echool purposes; keep school property In good con- dition; establish sufficient number of schools;' make full annual repoHTto commlsSKmer of eddeatioh and to the district Any trustee who Shall will- fully fan to make required reports iffiatf forfeit his office, Trustew Shall not draw ahy order, for sttiary hf ant t^ehsr In excess of funds belot^ng to district No trustee shatl be Interested In any contract which hS makes In behalf of the districts ^ v * foniier^ Embraced to the achool cotomto- diamct% oatHde titWirnd of dMxlcta of 5,000 popntatloo or»^- Iv .^-'0 ihiilfiiii'i iTifit VI 'ili-iiitf ‘ ‘ AM* W l«; w ■ ^*1 'JUSW »- i '.l‘ ) ! f)L» vp •: 1^ ; STATS, ;law« j^^ to; eubuo sduoation. wUch emidoj a Bnp^intendent of Khoola, aball be organised and dlvid^ into superrlaory districts; no town sball'be divided In the formation of such dlsMct; the territory of each such district shall be compact and con- tlgnons; such districts shall contain as nearly the same extent of territory and number of school districts as practicable. In counties containing two or 4 more supervisory districts, the school commissioners of commissioner districts • and the supervisors of towns are directed to meet and form said supervisory districts. Two school directors shall be elected for each town at general . Section, elected In rotation, to serve five years; each such director shall take oath of office, and shall receive $2 |^r day for each day’s service and traveling expenses to be paid by tbwn board. School directors of the towns composing a supervisory district, shall elect the superintendent therefor; result of such election shall be certified to commissioner of education by the county clerk. Xo be ellglb^ to ofllce of district superintendent a person must be at least 21 years old, a citizen of the United SWes, and a resident of the State, may or may not be a resident of the 7tT$mct, but must reside in the coimty containing such district aftei; his election, may be of either sex. shall possess a teaching certificate valid as a license to teach ln*the schools of the State, and slu^U pass an examination in supervision of courses in agriculture as prescribed by commissioner of education; said super' .intendent shall take oath of office; term of office, five years. Salary of dis- trict BU^rlntendent shall be $1,200 per year, payable by the commissioner of education, and may be Increased by vote of the supervisors of the towns composing such district, such increase to be raised by tax levy; the district superintendent shall be allowed expenses, not to exceed $300 per year on audit, paid by commissioner of education. For good cause, commissioner of education may remove any district superintendent. Said superintendent shall not be interested, except as author. In any book, or In any kind of school supplies, or in any school contract, or In any teachers’ agency; nor shall he receive any favor for his Influence. Said superintendent shall devote hla entire time to duties of his office. Powers and duties of district super- intendent: To see that boundaries of school districts are properly described in the oflSclal records; assemble teachers for conference; inspect and report on training classes; hold meetings of trustees and other school officers; direct trustees of any district to make needed alterations or repairs; examine and license teachers, and conduct such other examinations as com- xnlssloner of education may direct; revoke, for good cause, any teacher’s certificate; take affidavits and administer oaths; take and report to com- missioner of education under direction of said commissioner testimony In a case on appeal ; perform such other duties as may be required by com- , missioner of edu^tlosu In addition to duties hereinbefore provided., said superintendent shall be subject to all the duties and responsibilities with , which a school commissioner Is charged by law. Appeals from acts of dis- trict superintendent may be taken to the commissioner of education. The board of supervisors is authorized to pay expenses incurred for ^ Xurintlng and' office supplies of district superintendents, to be a county charge. ^7nisie0S,r-Bach school district shall have from one to three trustees, as the , dilstrict determines# a clerk, a cpUectoif# and. If the district so determine^ , a ./treasury; a nnipQ tree district shall have from three to nine trustees, as dls- td^ jihfdl 'detormtne; every, dlstzjlct^ officer must be able to read and write and ^ a voter of district; no sC^l cominisffioner or supervisor shall be eligible to office of trustee or memtter of board of education# and no trustee py member pf board of education and no trusted can hold office of district A (d), distbiot boabos and ofviobbs. 156 derk. ^collector, *treasiuer, or UbrariaiL; adj officer removed from office shall Hot be eligible for any other office within period of one year ; not mojre than one member of a family shall be member of same school board\ In districts hav- ' log three or more trustees, '‘term of office shall be three years; having one trustee, term one year; term of office of all other officers shall be ode year; all district officers shall be elected by ballot; district derk shall notify per-' sons of their election to school offices unless such persons are present at meeting; onld'ss within five days after receiving such notice a person shall refuse such office, he shall be deemed to have accepted the same; any trustee who absents himself from three successive nieetlngs of the board without good excuse thereby vacates his office. Any person elected to a school district office and being qualified for same who shall refuse to serve shall forfeit $5; any such person who shall refuse to serve after accepting the offlce-shall vacate such office and forfeit $10; the district superintendent may accept the resigna- tion ,of such officer, whereupon no penalty is Imposed ; forfeitures i^ll go to the school district. If a vacancy in office of trustee is not filled by election within 30 days, the district suinerintendent may fill the same; a vacancy In office of trustee of a union free district may be filled by special election calle^ by commissioner of education; vacancies filled by election shall be for re- mainder of term; If filled by appointment, for time until regular election; trustees may fill vacancies In offices of clerk, collector, or treasurer. Duties of district ctcrk: To record proceetllngs. of school meetings; give notice of all school meetings; notify school officers of their election; notify trustees of any resignations; attend meetings of trustee when notified. Duties of district treasurer: To be custodfan of school funds; give required bond; pay out money only on order of trustees. Collector shall give bond and shall disburse teachers’ fund when there is no treasurer. In every union free school district board of education may appoint one of their number, or some other qualified voter who is not a teaclier, to act ns clerk, at a salary fixed by annual meeting; board may fix such salary If meeting shall fall so to do; said board shall also appoint a treasurer and a collector In such districts where district Is not coterminous with an Incorporated village or city. The " collec^r shall forfeit to the district any moneys not collected when such failure shall be due to his neglect. Duties of town clerics: To keep records of common schools; record certifi- cates of apportionment of school moneys ; notify trustees of school districts of filing of such certificate; receive reports of schooUlIstrlct trustees and transmit such reports to commissioner of education ; furnish to the super- intendent of the supen lsory district names and addresses of the school-dis- trict officers as reported to him by district clerks; distribute to School trustees books, blanks, and circulars received froni commissioner of educa- tion or district sui>erlntendent : rticelve from the supervisor, and keep record of. account of receipts and disbursements of school moneys r.equlred to be submitted to town auditors, together with action of such auditors thereon, and send copy of same to commUuloner of education; record descriptions of school districts; act, when legally required, in erection or alteration ‘ of a school district; preserve records of dissolved districts; perform any other duty required under the Iftw. The nece9sary expenses of a town clerk shall be a town charge. 4tJ^uties of supervisors: To dUftiurse teachers^ fund upon order of trustees, but shall turn over such funds to the district treasurer when such official has been elected, or to bonded district collector when there ffiuiU be no treasurer; pay over school money to treasurer of union free district upon order of school board of such district ; k^p Account of all moneys received STATU TO dlBboned, and annually lay aaine befdm town board or board of town an^tbra; make fiscal report to town dark; gae for nnd recover an penalties and forfeitnres 'as required of him by law; ere(|^or alter a school district • when legally required; take and hold gospel and school lots of their respec- tive towns; seU such lots when authorised by the town; Invest proceeds of such sales In loans on unencmnbered property of the value of double the amount loaned; purchase property so mortgaged upon a foreclosure and hold or convey the same ; apply rents and profits of such ^property to sup- port of schools; render financial report of sales, loans, and rents of such lands to the town board annually. On division of any town, gospel and school . lands shall be sold and proceeds apportioned between towns interested therein; proceeds of snch sales shall be paid to supervisors of said towns; supervisors shall give bond in sum double amount of such moneys held; if supervisor shall refuse to give such bond he shall be» guilty of a mis- demeanor, and court may appoint some othel0|)erBon to keep such moneys in trust Bach Supervisor shall annually moke a report to the district super- intendent of schools of the supervisory district in which the town is situated. The supervisor of each town shall be paid a of 1 per cent on all school moneys paid out by bim.f^ See also A (b2), State officers; A (e), School meetings, elections, etc.; 'A (f), Administnotlve unlto^istrlcts, etc.; B (a), General State finance and support; C (a), Ix>cal fin^ce and support, general; C (b), Local bonds and V Indebtedness ; C (c). Local taxation; D (a). Buildings and sites, general; (e), United States flag' in ^hools ; E (b). Teachers' certificates, geuernl; F >c), Teachers' pensions; H (b), School census; H (f), Compulsory attend- ance (g), Child labor; H (h). Separation of the races; J (b), Medical InspectloA^J (c),' Vaccination : L (1), Other special subjects; O (a), Indus- trial educaubiL general ; S (b), Pablic-scbool libraries. North Caroling: Cbnqjy board of education shall appoint for^ch township a school committee of t^^etspersons ; term of members, three yea one l>eing appointed, each year; vacancies filled by county board; comx>en8atlon, $1 per day each for not exceeding four days per annum. In lieu of a township com- mittee, county, board may appoint a committee of three for each district school. Powers and duties of committee: To keep record of proceedings; have care and custody of school property, with power to control same for school purposes; report to county superintendent number and value of schoolhouses; furnish teacher at opening of school a copy of census furuished county sui>er- Intendent; report number of persons between 12 and 21 years old who can not read and write and also persons between 0 and 21 who are deaf or blind; report receipts and expenditures; purchase supplies to value of not exceeding $25 for each school, but with approval of county boa|dL Committee may con- tract with private schoof, conducted for at least ^Ix months and not sectarian or denominational, to give instruction in public-school studies to persons of school age, and may pay tuition out of public funds; teacher must have first- grade certificate and must make reports required of other teachers; all chil- dren between 6 and 21 shall be admitted free, but charge may be made for the higher branches not prescribe by law for the common schoola Women shall be eligible to serve on committees for rural and graded schools, boards of trustees of State dchoola and colleges for women, and subtextbook ^ eommlsslon. 1^ also A (b2), State officers; A (cl), County boards; C (a), Local finance . ami sopport, general; F (a), Teachers’ contracts, duties, etc.; H (f), Com- yptUspry attendance. jjf A (d). DIBTBICT BOARDS AND 0FFI0EB8. ' 157 North 0okoU; Three school directors shall be elected for each commoiMichool district; term, three years,* one being elected each year. Treasurer shall be elected for two yeara Ooonty superintendent shall give notice of and appoint election officers fbr first election in a new district All ouaUflert voters and all women over 21 yea» old who otherwise possess the qualifies- tlons of male voters, may vote at «hool elections and hold school offices, but county superintendent must possess educational qualifications required by If 'v. Clerk of the district shall notify officers elected and, within 10 days, shall l d names of officers to county superintendent School board shall annually elect one of 'ts members president and a i>eniou not q member clerk. Regular meetings In Janua^^Aprll, July, and October ; special meetings on call of president or two members; majority a quorum; each member shall receive $8 per annum, less $2 for each regular meeting which he falla to attend; In a district maintaining a graded school of three or more departments board shall mei*t monthly and each member shall receive $1 for each regular meeting. Clerk sliall receive not exceeding $50 per annum and additional pay for taking school census. District school treasurer shall give bond for at least twice the amount of funds to’ come Into his hands ; he shall pay no warrant unjees the same Is signed by the president and coun- tersigned by the clerk; he shall receive not less than $5 nor more than $25 per annum. Poicera and duties of common-school district boards: To have control and management of. schools and school property ; locate and maintain schools; make necessary repairs and furnish fuel and other supplies, which supplies must have approval of county superintendent; appropriate each year not less than $1Q nor more than $25 for a school library. Board shall have control and care of school library and may appoint a librarian. Board shall employ all teachers of the district, and may dismiss them for cause; teachers shall be holders of valid certificates* or permits to teach; holder of valid certificate shall receive not less than $45 per month. Board may admit pupils from other districts and from unorganized territory; It umy send pupils to other districts and pay for their tuition and transpcutatlon. It may suspend or expel Insubordinate or disobedient pupils. Subject to approval of coQUty superintendent, board may determine what branches shall be taught in addition to those required by law. Board may levy a tax for school pur- p<^ of not exceeding 30 mills on the dollar. It may permit schoolhouses to' be used for community purposes, but district shall be at no exi>en8e for the same, and no furniture fastened to the floor shall be removed. Board may, and when petitioned by one-third of the voters of the district shall, call an election to determine the question of selection, purchase, exchange, or sale of a school site or the erection, removal, or sale of « schoolhouse; a majority vote shall determine, but a two-thirds vote shall be necessary to remove a schoolho\ise. When It is proposed to erect a schoolhouse In a com- mon-school district, school board shall consult with county superintendent and superintendent of health as to plans; State superintendent shall furnli^ plans for schoolhouses of one and two rooms. District board may acquire a school site of not less than 2 nor more than 6 acres, and whea necessary nmy take the same by condemnation proceedings. On t>etition of parents or guardians of nine or more children residing 2} miles or more from a school, district board shall provide a school for such children; but this provision shall not apply to districts consolidated 1ft herein provided. District boards shall fix beginning and ending of school term, but no school shall bq taught less than seven months; when for 10 days average attendance Is less than four,, board may discontinue school. The district board may, and when petitioned by one-third of the Iqgal vot^s shall, call an election to determine ^ ‘ . I Ml , IJ III II 168 STATB UiWn HBLATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. the Question of paying transportation of poplls to ecLools already estab- lished, or. of consolidating two or more schools and transiting children to a central sdhool ; majority vote shall determine If a majority of the patrons of a school averaging eight or more pupils In dally attendance for three months Immediately preceding shall petition to amtlnoe school for an addi- tional time, board shall contlnoe snch school If funds are available. In any district containing four or more schools and having eo or more children of school age, board may^ and when "petitioned by 10 or more voters shall, call an election to determine the question of establishing a high school ; majority vote shall determine; voters shall also determine site and provide for building; term, not fees than four montha Two or moT^ districts may nnlte to estn^Ish a high school or graded school by vote of a majority of voters of each district; such school shall be controlled by the Joint boards of the districts and maintained by the districts In proportion to property ^ valuation. District board shall annually cause an enumeration to be made of all unmarried persons betwe^ 6 and 21 years old, and of all deaf, blind, and feeble-minded persons betw^n 6 and 26 years old , copies of enumeration of deaf, blind, and feeble-minded sliall be furnished by county superintendent to snperlntendents of schools for deaf, blind, and feeble-minded, respectively. District clerk shall report annually to county superintendent. School money shall not be expended- for the support of any school In which the Eiigllah language Is not the medium of Instruction. Fire' escapes shall be httached to each story above the first uf all scboolbouses ; school boartls' shall plant trees and shrubs on school grounds. Where stock Is permitted to run at large, a fence (not barbed wire) shall be built around the school grounds. ^ In ench city not organized under general law or under a 8i>ecla! act the board of education shall consist of seven members elected at large; term, three years. i See also A (b2), State officers; A (c2), County officers; A (f), Adminis- trative unite— , Oountj boerd^; A (e), School meet- inga, elecUooa, etc; A (f)» AdmlnlatraUre nnlta — districts, etc ; C (c), liocal tuation; D (a), Buildings and sites, geoeamX; E (b), Teachers' certidcates. geneml; F (c), Teachers' pensions; Q (b). State norsial schools; G (d). Teacher^ institute and summer schools; H (b). School cipsu^; H (f), Oom- pulsoty attendance; L (J), Agriculture; P (a). Higher Institutions, genera); S (b)t PubUcHSChool libraries; T (b). Schools for the deaf. Oklahoma: Dtstriot school board sball consist of a director, clerk, and member, elected nnnnlly In rotation, to serve three years; no person shall be eligible to serve on district board nnless he can read and write the English lau gunge and shall be a legal voter of district ;moard officers shall take oath; every person elected on school board who snail neglect or refuse, wltliout good cause/to qualify wlthtu 20 days, or neglects or refuses to perform his duty after qualifying, shall forfeit hl« office. Pi rector Bhall preside at meetings, sign orders drawn by clerk, and appear for district in suits of district unless otherwise ordered by voters. Clerk shall keep all records and post requlreil notices, shall draw and countersign all warrants. Board shall prepare and submit report to annual meeting. Clerk shall report to county clerk ami county assessor names of persons In district liable to pay taxes; shall report name and addrf»S8 of district officer elected at annual meeting to county mii)eflntendeiit. Reconls of board shall be oi>en to lqs(^tlon of county Biiperlnteiideiit and taxpayers of district Board shall build, rent, or pur- chase schoolhouses, and purchase or lease site for same, by onler of voters: shall have care of school proi^erty; may admit nonresident pupils under cer- tain conditions. Board slwill contract with teachers; such teachers shall not be related to offlt'ers of the boanl ; teachers must hold county oertlrtcates; teachers shall forfeit salaries when school house Is destroyed and quarters can not he secured. Board shall provide school supplies. School pro|>ert>* shall be exempt from taxation and forced sale. Teachers may susi>end pupils tor goml cntise, not to extend beyond current quarter of the term ; any pupil so suspended may ai^il to board. Board shall ftimlsh registers and reiwrt cnnls. Any member of board, or custodian of district funds, who shall violate any of provisions herein made, shall be guilty of a mlsilemeanor : any fines thereby collei’tei! shall he paid into county common-school fuml. Board shall levy a tax on district to pay any Judgment obtained against the district. Any schoolhouse located on the pn>i>erty of any settler may. be re- moved therefrom, but if settler shall convey 1 acre of, such land, upon which schoolhouse Is situated, to the district, said schoolhouse shall not he removed. Board may build, purchase, or rent school buildings by order of electors; a tax not to exceed 8 mills may be levied for rental ; an additional tax of 6 mills may be levied for building or purchase purposes If 8-mlll levy is not sufficient to pay fOr same within period of 10 years. No member of board shall he interested In any contracts of such board. County treasurer shall be custodian of district school funds; public funds of any district shall be disbursed only in payment of legal warrants or orders, bonds, and Interest coupons. Oohnty treasurer shall make annual report to district boards. S¥hen any district shall have outstanding warrants, and no fund to pay same, treasurer may pay same out of other district funds in amount not to exceed 60 per cent of total tax levy of district fOr fiscal year, but such warrants shall not be purchased for more than par and accrued Interest See also A (h2)l State officers; A (c2). County officers; A (f), Admlnls- r trattve units — dlst^cts, etc. ; C (a), Ix)cal finance and support general ; 0 (c), Local taxation; F (a), Teachers* contracts, duties, etc.; H (e), ConsolKUitlon A (d). DIBTBICT B0AB06 AND OFFICBBS. * 161 Of districts, etc.; H (h), Sepiirstlon of liie races; I (e). School fraternities* K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; M (b). Klnderjartens. Oregon: DUtrict board#,— a meeUng of a district school board may be called by one member serving at least 24 hours* notic-e on the other two members and the clerk. Outlet of board: To authorise, the clerk to call «i>eclnl meet* Ings; admit to school free all i^rsona l^etween 6 and 21 years old residing In the district and other persons on such terms as district may direct; visit schools from time to tJn>e, and may exptd refractory pupils; supprpw all secret societies In Uie wdiool ; audit clalmH agnlnst the district: furnish fuel, suppfles. and apparatus, hut not to ex<‘eeil ift cetit of the couiilv and Irredoclble school funds appmtloneetItlonee ne.*es«;»ry to remove u schoolhou^; when so authorlxed, Imanl shall provide site, building, fur- niture. and equipment, and when authorlxetl by district may levy a un of not over 6 i>er cent of the bixable proi^erty or Issue Umda as i>rovlded by law. When authorised by voters, txwrd may Issue evldtMices of Indebtedness of not over fS per cent of taxable i>roivrty and may levy tax to pay principal and Interest. No member of board shall have any iWunlnrv Interest In the erection of ftdioolhouses, or heiitliig. ventilating, furnishing, or reimlrlug the same. ^WarnintH shall be^ drawn only when autliori/^M l>y voce of tlie dis- trict: board may authorize the payment of teachers* salarh-s at Hie end of each month. Any duty lmi><)sedy must Ik* per- form(Hl at n regular or si^eclal meeting. Roanl shall not contract with teacher who Is related by hUvnl or marriage within the third degre<> to any member thereof, unless all members so vote. Roard shall have entire con- trol of the schmds. hut in districts of Rw*ond and third classes the course of study prescrihtHl by the State bonn! of ooks to IndlpHit pupils; or when not directed by district, board shall loan .said iKHiks to Imllgout laipils if dork ‘ reports that pnre-uts or guardians are unable to purchase such IBooks. *Any board may contract with the boanl of another district for the admission of pupils Into the schools of such other district Roard may dismiss a teacher only for good cause and the material reason shall be spread ui>on the minutes; teacher dismissed may appeal to county sui>erlntendent and thence to the State superintendent ; or for breach of C(nitnict cither teacher or board shall have the ordinary legal remedies. Board may prevent the a^ndance of any teacher or pupil on account of any contagious dlsen«e ahd may prohibit the attendance of any iinvncclnnted child who has not had smallpox; board may exclude any vermIn-lnfeotea or more from the achiid the school aud arrange with aiunher district for the Instruction of pniills ef such district and may ,iay for the irnnsiK.rtatlon of puiUls, Itoanl shall iirovl.lc each public scbcsillumse with a United .states ting. Tim dlr.'c tore of any district of the MX-ond class may provide contlnuatloa evening ijclioola ^ The dlstrlct-scbooj clerk shall give Iwnd for at buist double the amount of s.hool inoueys that shall I'oim* Into hla hands. He shall k.s'p a nx-ord of all pr.HVH>dlngs the district and the Is.ard .f dlrvvtors. Ue shall reivirt annually to the .llstrict. and a of such rvisui shall U> forward.sl to the cMunty suis-rlntendenL He shall take the annual .vnsus of imrsons be- twixa 4 and 20 years old. t.igether with names and address,.s of parents or guartllaus: Within 10 days after taking such ivnsns he shall re|iort the same to the county 8U|M>rlnteiuteiit, who umy make eornxtlens, sulijint to npis-al t.i the .xiuuty district houudary Iward; clerk shall nlso enumerate the name. age. and addresH of every deaf and hllnd |K>rson In the dlstrlet. Clerk shall rep.n annually (o county clerk and to counfy su|H'rliitendent the amount of fix levleil rors.luH.1 pur|K.s,-s In his district : he shall transmit to conntv snisxln tendent annually themames of district officers. He shall n>cclve the sitKHd nioiie.vs a,,,H,rtlou.xl to the dlstrl. L In first and sis-,;,,,! .-lass .llstrl. ts ebuks ^all rei-elve pay as flx.M by tbe lamr,! : In thlnl-ciass districts Irntween and $25 per amium. also A (1.2), .Stjite offl.'ers; A (c2,i. County offl.-ers; A (eU .sclux.l imxt lugs, cleitlons. etc.; A (fl. .Administrath e nnlts-dlstrl.-ts etc • It (e) state aid for elementary eilucatlon ; C Uxal Is.uds and Indebt.Mn.'ss i-'' (m Teachers’ certlfleates. general; K (c>. Teachers’ ivnslons; H (f). Compulsorv nttemlance; K (h). Knm t,>xtlMx.ks ; K (c). Unlforu.lty of t.^xtlsH.ks ; u. High shiHils; .S.(bl, I'nbllc-.Hd of procedure. Rchtwl director* shall serve without pay. except M otherwise provided, am! nball take oath of office. FHrecfora' — The school director*, lu every county having a county superintendent, shall he called together annually by county superin- tendent to consider *»ibjecta iH>rtatn(ng to the welfare of #H’booIs:_county com- missioner* aim II provide a suitable place for such c\>nv64ition. Kach school er day and mileage at rate of ‘A cents for attending such t'onvention, hnt not for more than two days. Convention sliall elect n itreslderrt. two vice presidents, a set'rt'tarj’, and a trensdrer, these oimstltutlng executive committee.. The wliool directors* ass(V'intl<»u shall elect one of the county institute auditors. It shall l>e the tiuly of the t'omity, dlst.-Ict. and assistant cotmty and district sn[>eiinteiident to attend said annual c'onventlens, and they shall l>e memhers ex tifficlo of the extH'tilive t'ommltt(*e, but shall have no vote In selecting assistant county stii>erintendejits. ('ounty tre.n surer shall laiy to tmistirer of the as«enso* of such ronveniloii, but total (Oudl nohenwil jK*r year. /N)icrra and Hoard of sc1uh>1 directors Khali ctitablish. equip, and maintain In their resiHH'tlve dUirlcIs a sufllclent mimN‘r of elementary public schools to etlucnte nil iH*rsima betwetm 0 and 21 years old; may establish, \ equip, and nmintnin following sddltloiml schools or deiairtntenta for the edu-\ cation and :'eatlon of jM^rsous residing In said districts, and such addi- tloual sc1hh)U sliall be n part of the pnbllc-Hi-h{>roprlatlon, i to estuhlish. enlarge, equip, furnish, and maintain scluwls or departments/ herein provldeii, or to iwiy wlKxd iirdebte«Ines.s. The afflnnaUve vote of a’ majority of all meml>er8 of board of dlroiMon* In c\ery dl.^trlct, duly re<'i>rtle»l, slutwliig how each member vottnl, shall l>e rwpilrtx! In order to take action on the following sul)jecl8; Fixing length of school terms; adopting textbooks; api>olnllng hr dismissing di'ttri^i .sui)erlntendenls, nsslstont district sui>erln- lendenis. associate aui>erintemlents, prlncii»nls. and teachers; npj>olntlng tax collectors and other aj){>olnt(K*s ; aK,offlcln is ate employed. In districts of flrrt class the school year shall begin on the 1st day of Janu- ary ; in all others on first Monday of July. In districts of first class directors shall elect president and vice president from their numl>er. and secretary who la not a member; shall elect city treasurer ns seboot treasurer. In districts of second class secretary and treasurer shall not be ntembers of boards in ■■ ■■ . ‘ •■■ ■■ -IJ it (d)/DnlXIOT B0AB08 tdl ? No {tenon eball be exehidei! from eebool on eccrfnnt of race or color, or ,.i for being over 15 yean old, nor except by force of eome gene^ legnli^titKi < ai^Ucable to all pereona alike. Any school officer irtio, violates any end or dlsmlag tuplls; call meetings of the qualified electors of tjie dls^ ^ trict; control and care for school property; Wslt schools from time to time. - See also A (cl), County boards; A (f). Administrative units— districts, etc.; B (e). State aid for elementary education; N(a), High schools. Soath Dakota: The district school board shall consist of a chairnmn, a clerk, apd a treasurer elected at the annual district meeting ; term, three years, one member being elected each year. Electors at annual meeting may instruct boahi as to branches to be Uught in addition to those required by law. time of holding school, amount of tax levy, the repair and furnishing of school- * house, the election or removal of a schoolbouse, or any other matter per- taining to the schools, and said board shall carry out such instructions, county superintend^t. He shall annually take and file with the county super- Treasurer and secretary shall give bond ; county superintendent shall institute suit for breach of the same. Board shall hold three* regular meetings each . year, and majority may call special iileetings. On petition of five legal voters clerk shall call a special meeting of voters. Clerk shall report annually to county superintendent He shaU annually take and file with the county super- intendent a census of all persons in his district between 6 and 21 years old ; said superintendent may order a new census when the census reported by clerk is found Insufficient, false, or fraudulent; said su[)erintendent shall annu- ally report the ceimus of each district in his county to the commissioner of school and public lands, who shall apportion the school funds thereon. Dis- trict treasurer shall pay no warrant except when signed by clerk and coun- tersigned by chairman; warrants presented for payment when there is no money in the treasury shaU bear 7 per cent interest until treasurer gives notice that he will pay the same. Comj>en9ation of ojflcers: Chairman, $6 per , annum; secretary, $6 for each schwf or department; treasurer, $5 for each school or department, but not exceeding |26 per annum. The school board shall hove^e general maiihgement of the schools and care and control of school property. On petition of persons in charge of seven or more children of school age residing not less than 8 miles from the nearest school, the school board shall provide a school fOr such children. ^ Parents of children residing miles or more from school shall receive for transportation of children a specified sum per day per pupil, said sum In- treasing as the dIsUnce Increases, but’ this provision shall be only for actual attendance, and no money shall be expended under this section for the transportation of pupils having finished the eighth grade; district shall ex- pend annually not exceeding |800 for this purpose. When children of school Age reside In unorganized territory the county commissioners shall provide school accommodations for such children by paying for transportation and tuition or may pay for such children's board. District school board shall make necessary repairs and furnish fuel and supplies, ghld board shall em- ploy teachers, and may dismiss a teacher for cause; in any sehool district contalnhig one or more townships, except in a city, town, or village of more than 50 inhabitants, when three-four^s of the parents or guardians of children of school age petition for the emplDymtent of a particular teacher the board shall employ said teacher, but not at an increased salary and not , unless teacher holds a valid certificate. Board may admit nonre«Udent pupils and Shan assign pnpUs within the district to schools. Board may close n school and combine It with another in the district, but three-fourths of the patrons thereof may appeal to county superintendent. Any party dissatisfied .u. ■ ”"; J ' '.'"V""." A (d). blSTHIOT BOARDS AKO OFlTtCKRS. 10t ^ 1 ■ i with Q decision of the school board may, on giving bond to cover st8, appeal to the circuit court, which shall adjudicate the cause, but appeal (diall lie to supreme court Board may make rules for the schools and suspend or expel a disorderly pupil. Said board may levy a tax of not exceeding 20 mills on the dollar. A schoolhouse may be removed by a majority vote of the district but In a district having only one schoolhouse a two-thirds majority shall be necessary, except to remove the house to the* center of the district If a district falls to levy a tax to run Its schools at least six months, the county commissioners shall levy a tax In said district for such puri^se. When directed by the voters, the board shall provide a site and schoolhouse or re- move or sell the some. A district may acquire a school site of not exceed- ing 2 acres; such site may be acquired by condemnation proceedings; State may sell n site from the comer of a subdivision of common-school or en- dowment lands. County commissioners shall levy n tax of $1 on each elecUir In the county, which shall be distributed to school corporations on the basis of school population. District treasurer shall matte annual settlement with* the school board and shall tninsmlt a statement to the county superintendent Misdemeanor for any clerk or treasurer to make a false report or to mutilate or destroy hls records or accounts; misdemeanor for any district officer to fail to make required report. The clerk shall before July 20 each year certify the tax levied In hls district to the county auditor. All moneys nn>ortloned to the district by county superintendent, and all moneys received frou» district tax for tuition puri>osc8, shall constitute the “tuition fund**; moneys received from other sources shall constitute the “general fund.*’ All reiMjrts and records of district officers and proceedings of the district meeting shall be subject to review by the county superintendent. All books, papers, etc., pertaining to the schools shall be oi>en to Inspection by the chairman of the board and by the State and county superintendents. District boards shall plant trees about the schoolhouse, and where stock runs at large n fence shall be built about the school grounds. See also A (b2). State officers; A (c2), County officers; A (f). Administra- tive units— districts, etc.; C (b). Ix)cal bonds and Indebteilness; H erintenUeDt shall serve for ode year; may removed for good cause. Duties: To visit sc-hools at least once eaeb term, note method, ef Instruction and government, and advlst^ with teachers; Inspect school proi)erty, supplies, apparatus, and books, and report condition of same to school board; may dismiss teachers for gooeu8es, so far us the siime are under the control of the district; (12) examine all claims against the district and pay the same when approved; (13) (lerform duties prescribed by the State board of e^yca- tlon; (141 reiiort on mutters required by the division superintendent and . make a annual report County, city, or district school boards may make nppn,,rlatlons^to nonsectarlun schools of manual. Industrial, or technical t-:,inlng or to any school owned or controlled by such county, city, town or district; said boards may provide for manual. Industrial, or other special training In the public schools. ~ See also A (hi). State boards; A (cl). County boards; A (c2). County officers; A (f). Administrative units— districts, etc.; B (a). General State finance and support; C (b). Local bonds and Indebtedness; D (a). Buildings and sites, general ; D (b). State aid, approval of plans; D (c). Care, sanita- tion, etc., of scboolhouses; F (c), fl’eachers’ lasnslons; G (b). State normal ^ schools; G (d). Teachers’ Instituted and summer schools; H (a). School population and attendance, general; H (b), .School census'; H (f). Compul- sory attendame; H (g). Child labor; J (a). Health, general; N (a). High schools; Q (b). Agricultural colleges; S (b). Public-school libraries. Washington: Directors of school districts shall be elected at regular annual eleatlons; no person shall be eligible who can not rend and write the English language. Poicrrg and duties of directors; To employ, for not more than one year, teachers, and fix, altdr, allow, and order paid their salaries; enforce rules and regulations of superintendent of public Instruction and State board of education; rent, repair, furnlsh,,and insure schoolhouses, and employ Janitors, laborers, and mechanics; see that schoolhouses and premises are kept In prqper condition; have control of school property: su.spend or expel pupils for enuRe; provide, when advisable, free textbooks and supplies to be loaned to pupils; require adopteou schoolhouses. Judgme^ against a school district shall be paid out of prbiter school funds' belonging to district. Directors of any district may admit adults and nonresident pupils to schools, an4 may charge tuition for such attendance. Directors may make by-laws not Inconplstent with provisions of law. Directors of each dl.strlct may buy ' or sell school property when directed by the district so to do; said directors. In name of the district, may transact all buslnes.s for maintaining school and protecting Interests of the district. DIrwtors shall have no pecuniary Interest In any contract of the’dlstrlct; shall not contract any Indebtedness In excess of Income of district, unless authorized by a vote of electors of district Directors shall take oatji of oflJee. District officers shaU place their signa- ' tures on file with county auditor. Directors may condemn land for school site, not to exceed 6 acres In area; shall In districts of tWrd class, submit plans and specifications of projwsed schoolhouses ^to county superintendent for his approval. 172 STAin LAWS BELAXINO TO PUBUO BDOOATIOK, « Board of directors In districts of first class (cities of first and second dasaes) ^all consist of five members, elected by qualified electors pif the dis- trict, to serve three years; persons elected directors shall take oath of office within 10 dayA o^erwise offices* shall be considered vacant; secretary of board of directors shall not be a member of said board; said board shall appoint and fix salary of secretary; a majority vote of entire board shall l>o required to elect superintendent, teachers, and other employees of district. Secretary shall kdpp records of board meetings; may bo directed to purchase school supplies and shall also act as sui)erlntendent of buildings; shall make such reporte as board may require. Board shall meet monthly and may hold special meetings; meetings shall be public unless otherwise specified. Board may fill vacancies in its liody, valid until next election. Board may compel attendance of Its members; any member absent from four consecutive regular meetings of board, without valid excuse, shall thereby vacate bis office. All school accounts shall be audited by auditing committee of l»oard: no ex- penditure greater than ^300 shall be made except ui>on written contract after inviting competitive bids. Powers of board in addition to pcneral powers dele- gated to all boards of directors: To employ city sui>erintendent for term not exceeding three years, fix his dutjps and compensation, Vmd dismiss him for cause : prescribe course of studies not Inconsistent with that prepared by State board, of. education ; make necessary by-laws; odoi)t rules and regulatjons. and establish and maintain such si)eclnl schools and departments as may be needed; employ, oqd for cause dismiss, teachers and janitors; determine time bver and above eight months that school shall be tought; employ all officers and employees needed In ndmj^tratlou of schools; employ and fix compensn- , tlon of one or more assIstnnTOty suiwrintendents and supervisors; mniutnhi shop and repair depuriment; provide free textbooks and supplies to pupils when so order^ by vote of electors, or if free textbooks are not voted, supply same to Indigent pupils; require pupils to be vaccinated, unless vaccination shall be Injurious to children; require bonds of district officers; prohibit secret paternities and sororities ambng students; api>oint a school physician. Said board shall annually cause a census to be taken of all i>erson8 between the ages of 5 and 21 years. Said board may sell any school proi>erty no longer . required for school purix)8es If same shall be less than $2,000 in value; if value exceeds $2,000, vote of district shall be required to make such sale. Board of directors shall annually submit to county commissioners an esti- mate, in addition to State and county.funds, of fuiuU to be raised by taxation for school purposes; such estimate shall Include amounts required for support of schools, purchase of sites, erection and furnishing of schoolhouses, payment of intei^est on bonds, and creation of sinking fund for imyment of Indebted- ness, If any;. county commissioners shall levy and collect necessary funds, but for purchase of sites and erection of schoolhouses in district of first class in cities having population of 50,000 or less, an amount not exceeding $f>0.000 may be so levied annually ; In cities having population ‘greater than 50.000 and less than 100,000, a sum not exc^lng $100,000 annually ; In cities of population of 100,000'to 200,000, a sum not exceeding $200,000 annually, and for every addi- tional 60,000 of population beyond 2(X),000 a further sum of $60,000 annually : when any greater expenditure Is required the question must be submitted to electors at election called for the ftrpose. The tax levied for school purposes in districts of first class shall not In any year exceed 1 per cent of assessed value of property, except by vote of the electors ; no levy'^irtiall exceed 2 per cent of assessed taxable property. ** I A (d). DISTHlCT BOARDS AND OFnCEBS. 173 Boards of directors of school districts of second class shall consist of three members, elected by ballot by electors; term, three years; racancles In such board shall be filled by Joint action of county superintendent and remaininK members of board until next election; person sr elected directors shall take ontb of office within l(X days after election, otherwise such offices shall be deemed vacant; clerk shall be elected by such board and may or may not be member of board. Re^rulnr meetliiffs of said board shall be held monthly; special meetings may be called by chairman or any two membera Potccrs on which no schoolhouse has been built, selecfed by such riiajorlty, shall he changed except by such two- thirds vote. Said board shall elect a sui>erlntendent or principal, who shall hold a valid certificate; term may be one or two years as determined by board. In districts of second class nilninnim school term slmll he six months. Boards of directors of districts of third class shall consist of three directors elected by ballot by electors of district: term, three years; county superin- tendent shall fill any vacancy on said board until next election; directors shall take oath of office within 10 days of election, otherwise office aball be deemed vacant; clerk of board shall be member thereof. Kogular meetings of board shall be held monthly, and special meetings may be called by chair- man or. any two meniters of board. In addition to general powers and du- ties said board shall purchase materials. sup])lies, apparatus, and'ubrariee ns may be required for schools and which may be approveensea to county commissioners, who shall levy and collect the same: such levy shall not exceeil 1 percent of taxable proi>erty of district, excei)t by vote of electors; no levy, however, shall exceed 2 per cent of such assessed valuation; where directors fall to submit such estimate, county superlnfendent shall sd do. Said board shall select sites and build school - houses when directed by vote of electors, but ‘no schoolhouse built on n site selected by majority of electors shall be removed without a two-tbirds vote of electors, and no site upon which no schoolhouse has been built, which has been selected by such majority, Shalt be changed except by such two-thirds vote. Said bdard shall submit plans and s{>ecificntions of buildings to county superintendent for approval before constructing such bulldUigaL * Appeals, — Appeals from 'decision or order, or from failure to decide or order, by a board of school directors shall be taken to county superintendent ; appeals frojn decision or order, or failure to ileclde or order, of a county superintendent shall, when relating to territory or boundaries of a district or to adjustment of assets and liabilities of a district, be taken to county consmlasioners, but In other naatters, to superintendent of public Instruction, f 174 STATS laws BELAXINQ TO PUBLIC EDUCATION, excopt In mattere of contract, which shall be taken to the proper court Basts of appeal ahall be an affidavit or affidavits of iwrty aggrieved. Interested parties shall be notified. A proper hearing shair be gl\-en to parties Inter- ested. In declslous of aiHteal by suiterlntendent of public Instruction and by board of county commissioners, the decision or order shall be final unless set aside by court of com|>etent jurisdiction, liecord shall be made of all apiteala. In decisions of apiteals relative to district boundaries, county auditors shall bt> notified. / Clerk.-^Duties of cletk: To keep records of board of directors* . keep accounts of receipts and exi>endltures of school money; take annuai census and making reiwts. and siK-b componsation for other eervl(>es as such ages, and of Indian children under white guardianship or who have severed tribal relationship; make annual reimrt to county suiierintendent • give notice of meetings and elections; rei>ort to cninty suis^rlutendent name of teacher and length of scdiool term; make fiscal rei>ort to county treasurer each month. Said clerk shall receive $S |>er day for time siwit In taking census and making reitoru, and such comiHmsatlon for other services a a directors may allow. SeealsoA (bl), State boards; A (c2). County officers ; A (c). School m«‘t Inga, elections, etc.; A (f). Administrative units— districts, etc.; 11 (a). Gen- eral State finance and support; H (e). State aid for elementary edm-atlon; O (b), Ix)cal bonds and Indebtedness; 1) (a). Hulldings and sites, general E (b). Teachers- terilflcates. general; G (d). TVacliers’ Institutes and summer schools; H (e), Consolidation of districts, etc.; 11 (f), Compulson- attend- ance; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; 1, (a). Course of study;' M (b). Kindergartens; U (e). Sch(a)ls for de|>emlents and delinquents. Went Virginia: Board »/ eduratioh.-lu each district there shall t>e u hoard of education consisting of a president and two commissioners elei'led by voters thereof; one commlpsloner shall tK> elecUd every even vear>nd president every four years. Any meml)er of such board who shall he employed to teach In his district shall vacate Ida office; vacancies In sjild board shall t>o fllleelonglng to any such board shall l«> exempt from Execution or other proces^nnd free from lien nr distress for taxes or county' levies. rroi>erty of every district shall he In.spected at least once each vrar by prosident of such Iward. w|o shall make report of same to hoard of tslucatlon • hoard of education, with consent of county superintendent, shall sell any school prop- erty not needed for school pnnHiscs to highest resitonsible bidder after due notice of such proi>osed sale has been given. Duties of board o/ education- To have general control and supervision of schools and school Interests, except as otherwise provided; determine location and number of schools; establish diarerent classes of schools as needed; determine miniber and boundaries of snbdlstrlcts. Any person aggrieved by action of sn. board relative to change of boundaries of or to Increasing or diminishing mimher of snbdlstrlcts may by petition signed by five other residents of snbdlstrlct. appeal from decision of such board to county superintendent; appeal may be made from decision of county superintendent to circuit court of county. Said board ahall provide . roltable schoolhouses, sites, fixtures, and aprwrntns for accommodation of poplla, but all apparatus must be purchased upon approval of county superin- tendent. location and plan of schoolhouses mu.st be submitted to and be approved by county superintendent; If board can not agree on such location A (d), dISTHICT B0AB08 AND 0KFICEB8. 176 and plana, county aiiiierintendent aball aelec| aucU location and plana. Said - board or county en(ortlonment Is made, total; ^ used not to exceed $7,1.000 In any one year; If sufficient nniiihcr of teacluTs nt infnlujimi Rjilary con not be seeured for dlRtrlot recelv- Ing such aid, .said sniH'rIntendent may raise the salary minimum; If the 12}-cent levy for building fund of a district or Independent district ig not sufficient for current expenses, exclusive of purchase of land or erection of school buildings. State superintendent shall make requisition upon the State auditor for a snffieleut sum out of general schcmi fund, not to exceed $15 000 In any one .vear. for supplementing building fund of such dlstrlcte. If maxi- mum levy herainbefore named Is not sufficient to cover exis-ndltures for cur- rent fiscal year In a school district, board of education may levy an additional tax, upon majority vote of electors, not to exceed 20 .cents on the $100; the mnilmim. ley may be voted by the electors for paying interest on and c’reat- hereafter for school purposes; a JI:, the- $100, may be levied by the board when additional levy ” can not conveniently be submitted to people to’ pay floating Indebtedness. No board of educ}}lon shall expend or Wract to ex^nd any money except ns anthorlxed bylaw or which can not be^ld out of curynt funds, tfor shall such board attempt to levy « tax at a greyer '8'^: vfolatlon'of nny of such provisions shiril be ment In Jail for not more than one year, or both ; board membera shall JolnOy 176 8TATB LAWS BXLAtXKO TO P0BUO EDUCATION; and Bev«ratij b« liable for any auch. lodebtedoeea unlawfuli;y Incurred. State tax ctHQmlaalouer shall prepare forms and InatnicUons fo|^nmktuit up school dUtrict tax levy statenieots. Boartl of educaUon of any district or ludc-^ pendent district may extend' term of w'bool beyond six months’ minimum or whan, upon petition of N) taxiwyers of district, submit qm^tlon of such exten- sion to the voters of the district; question shall curry by t\ majority vote of electors. Heffular niwtiiiKS of boards of eolut teachers for their st'hools, contract to be In writlii):. and U^achers to hold valid oertlficaiea* ; no teacher ahull be employed until he. has fllwl with the trustee a dtipllcnfe certificate of his qualifications: no trustee shall employ any |)er8on as teacher who Is related to him by blooe aIiowels ami Investipnte afTiilrs of the sjinie; may piirchaiK* suji plies for school and shall allow 00 cents per week for sweeping and making fires; may allow use of schoolhouse for public meetlugs, but sucli use slial) not Interfere with tlio public schools; ahull furnish board of ethictitloM an annual estimate of Improvements and reiwdrs nev*deort to sttid lH>urd; shall annually submit account of their neceaaary ei|>ense8 to secretary of said board, and same shall ,If correct, be paid out of building fund; truHtee's ahull t>e subjm to Inuird of t-Hlunitlou.- Pupils may, when found more convenient for them, be transferred to another sub- district or lndei>endeut district u|K>n approval of tru.stt*ea or Nuird of oduca tJon of district to which truuaferreu payment of tuition not to eiceen a petition of 10 per cent of electors, question of providing such activities shall be submitted at next election of any kind, and, if receiving a majority of votes cast, said school board shall provide such activities; estimates for such pur- poses shall be submitted to council of such city and tax levied for same, iu any one year not to exceed two-tenths of 1 mill on the dollar of taxable prop- erty of such city : such tax, before being levied, must be referred to electors for approvaL Said school boord may expend for such purposes any funds turned over to them by council for same. ^Boards of rural districts maintain- ing one or two departments may accept nonresident pupils at tuition raten^t to exceed $1 per month; In districts maintaining a State graded school and in ' districts maintaining a free hJ^h school, or equivalent, tuition shall not ex- ceed $1.75 per month for grades below high school. Such pupils shall not be received so as to cause enrollment In any one room fb exceed 66 pupils. If a school child shall live more than 2 miles from school of bis district and transportation Is not furnished, and school In adjoining district Is one-half tnlle or more nearer his home, he may attend nearer school, In which event district of his residence shall pay tuition. Board may purchase books for keeping r^rd of business, and for certain school equipment, as may be a]v proted by State or county superintendent, not to exce^ In cost $100 per year, and may furnish schoolbooks to indigent pupils. Every school board jshall purchase a United States flag for each school and cause s{^me to be properly dlaplayed. If ai^ district shall fail to vote a tax for school purposes, board shall cause such tax to be levied. All money received from scbool-fnnd Income shall be used exclusively for teachers* snlarlesi Board shall contract with law- fully qualified teachers. Board may make rules for schools; may suspend or expel pupils for sufficient cause. Butiee of district director: To countersign ail orders legally drawn by clerk fipon treasurer of district; appear for district in actions brought by and against it when no other directlpn has been lawfully given at district meet-** Ing; cause an action to be prosecuted In name bf district on treasurer’s bond in case of any breach of any condition theredf. District treasurer shalli-fil^ bond in sum of double the amount to be handled by him, Dvties of treasurer: To receive school funds and pay same out only on pMer of derk countersigned by director; keep record of fiscal business of district; present fiScnl report to annual meeting; recover by legal process any uebool funds in hands of town treasurer when such funds are withheld from . school district. , Duties of, distAet clerk: To report name and address of officers of district to town clerk and to town treasurer, or. If Joint district, to cler|L and 'treasurer of each town in which district Js located; record proceedings of^ district iw; tow orders on treasurer for lawful debts of district; make record of*^ bQ orders ^draTO* on treasurer; furnish, at expense of district, for . use of teiffietB, school registers, which must be returned to him at end of term; any iMrson of election or appointment to a district ofiCkse; take and ^ census for his district at the of the school yedr, Juaedfi. I I A (d). DI8THI04» BOABOg Aim OIWOBBS. ' Jmw» etet‘k'9 ditHet at to publio dnstnHOion: To report to coaaty M|wriii- tendent hie name arid address and names and addresses of district 'clerks; record description of school districts; keep map of town showing bonndarlesof districts; apportion school money. Town treaiurer’t duties: To apply for and receive school funds and pay same to district treasnrers; pay to district clWtB school-district taxes as levied and collected; annually report amount of funds to town clerk to be apportioned by said clerk ; annually certify to district clerks amounts paid to district treasurers; prosecute action on bond of county treasurer in case school funds are net properly paid over. Board of school directors In cities of first class of 100,000 population or more shall consist of 15 members elected from the city at large, 6 every two- years, to, serve six years. Vacancies In such board shall be filled by remain- ing members of board until next election. Candidates tor members of said board shaU be nominated at a primary election. 3ald board shali hold an- nual meetings. Any board meber may appoint a person to act In his place during bis absence or Inability. Majority of such members may a member for cause by a majority vote. A majority of members ahaH' consti- tute a quorum. Regular meetings shall'be held at Jeast once a month. Board shaU not Incur any expense In excess of school Income. Poioert of boaht: ■To erect, purchase, hire, or lease buildings. Improve or enlarge the same, and equip the same; advertise for bids for exiwndltures In exeess of fOOO;* establish and define district boundaries ; apiwlnt Janitors ; adopt textbooks, not to be changed within period of five years; regulate system of instruction; make necessary by-laws, rules, and regulations; elect a superintendent of schools for term of three years ; prescribe course of study ; appoint a eecre- taty of said board, to rqcelye priy as fixed by board. Secretary ofe board shall take census, make list of teachers, and make reports as required. Said board may provide for orgaulzatlon and maintenance of high schools. Said board slfall make annual fiscal report to common council ; shall report amounts needed for school purposes. Council may levy a tax on taxable property of the city not to exceed 2.7 riiills on the dollar for support of schools and three- tenths of a mill for upkeep of school property. Such tax shall be In addition to the 10-mill tax provided for other city purposes Said cities may, by vote of the people, borrow money and issue bonds for purpose of buUdlng new schoolhouses. Rate of interest on such bonds shall not exc^ 4 per cent per yeof, and bonds shall run for nc lunger than 20 years. Tax shall be levied to pay such interest and to. redeem bonds. Bonded school of such dty shall not at any time exceed 1 per cent of total assessed valuation of property subject to taxation In s.ich dty. Said board shaU be governed by school laws of the State except as modified by this act; «b«n ■««««! school report to the common council. Board members shall have no flnandal Interest In school transactions. Coundl may make a loan to create an In- surance fund. ..^ In any city of second, third, or fourth class organised and operating under special charter, upon petition of electors thereof equal to 80 per cent of num- ber voting for aU candidates for State superintendent at preceding election, commo^i conncll sb8)l call election to decide question of electing at large a ■ school board of seven members ; qneMon shall carry by majority vote. StiCb board of seven members shall be divided Into three groups, one group tfected. each year, to serve three years. ' , . Sol^l boar^ in aU dtles, etctpt oTflrst claaA may elect supetliidendent of schools for term not to exceed three years. Dlttiet of TO wxariiine and Ucenae teachers, supervise admlnlstraaon of ooarwe of • • ' ’ , * ' ; fi^Eiclr, li«v!0 9en«^ fapervlMpn jpcotailo^ work of artioolft, make re* ports and focanuoeiidatlfQitt to school" board, ^Said snperintaiidrat shall not: engage la anj otter baalness; may^be removed from ofl&ce iox oaose; must have qoaUflcatlona roQulred' of principals of foor-year free high high, schools; shall not be a member of school board, nor act chalnnim ttereof^, ahall attend annually one ccmventlon held for auperintendoota, ex- penses to be allowed by school t^rd. • - ^ MUoelUtn^our^Ajo^ person amoved by anything done by any ecbool officer or board may appeal to State superintendent, whose declalon ahall be . final until reversed. Every distrtet clerk who ahull willfully neglect to make annual report ahall pay to district* any loss sustained by such district os result of such neglect; .every town derk or county Superintendent who ahnU ^ neglect or refuse to make reports as required by law, shall pay loss and In- terest thereon resiritlng from such failure or neglect ; every taxable Inhabl tant receiving notice, and every chairman of first district meeting who ahall wUlfoUy neglect or refuse to perform duties as required by law, shall, respec- tively, fbrfdt^som of |0; every person elected board member who shall n^clect or refuse to accept, or to serve after having accepted office, shall for- feit |10; every district officer who shall neglect or refuse to turn over records - of ^office to.hls successor shaU forfeit not ezoeiAlng $50. No person con- nected oflldaUy with pubUc schools ahall act as agent or eoUcltor for sale of textbooks or school supplies; violation of this provision Is puniahable by fine of not leer than $b0 nor more than $200 for each offense. Every dis- trict derk who shaU dr^w an Illegal order, and every director who shall countersign such order, shall forfeit for each such order not less than $20 nor more than $100. Each member of any board refusing to carry into effect any declaiim State superintendent shall forfeit sum of $50; every person whose dutj^lt Is to recover any forfeiture shall, If ha neglects, or refuses so to do, forfeit $20. Any school district officer may be removed from office by the county judge for willful neglert of duty, upon application of majority of voters of district or of any person aggrieved by suclu neglect * Women, 21 y^rg old, or mor^ who have resided In any district, town, city, or county for one year preceding dectiop, are eligible to offices, of director, treasurer, and derk of such district member of board of education of such city, and county superintendent of such county. School boards may emi^oy persons to deliver lectures on educational subjects and to provide for further ednen- tioa of adult persons ; may purchaae books and other things necessary for ; mich lect^; no admission fees shall be charged at such lectures; said boeri^ may provide appropriation for such lectures. Whenever the town- * * ^shlp system shall be abolished In any town, town board of supervisors shall j meet for purpose of creating suitable Ind^vendent districts; no such district cootainl^ less than 15 children of school age shall be formed. The in - spector of rural* schools, the- Inspectors of State graded schools, and the Inspector of high schools shall also be made inspectors of pabllc-scbool r ^ ; buUdlnga, Sttool boards shall, separately or jointly, provide for.phyalca] .-education of puptls. Moral and humane instruction shall be given In all M I " pnWic scho^ School boqrd of any city having care or custody of sttool vi - ' Invest aU or part of same In United States bonds at their aiscal bonds and Indebtedness; N (n). High schools. * Colorado: School elections shall be held biennially m district of toe first class and annuaUy m districts of toe second and third classS on toe first Monday In May; in districts of toe first class r»olla shall be kept open trom 7 a. m. to 7 p. m. and In other districts not less than three hours. Every elector quall^ed to vote at a general election and residing In toe district shall be qualified to vote, but at elections held for voting on proposition to con* tract a debt for buildings or grounds only those who have paid u school tax the preceding year, shall be entitled to vote. ’ . ' See also A id). District boards and officers; A (fk Administrative units— districts, etc.; S (b), PubUc-school libraries. >># Oo^ecUcQt: The presiding officer of any to^ or i^oolmeeUng may have any disorderly person ejected from toe meeOng. Wqmen whose names appear on toe registry Hst of women volers shall be entitled to vote on school qaestlOQR Every woman over 21 yeafs old who Is a dtlzen of toe state, has resided In the State one year and in toe town six months, and M fond' toe'Engllrii language shall, when registered, be entitled to vote du matters' relatfo'g to public ^hools and IforWles. * Swalso A (d), District boards and officers; A (f>iWidmInl8tratIve unjte- dUstricts, etc.; 8 (b). Public-school llbrarlee, ^ i*' ■ ■ • ■ * ,, . * DeUware: See A (ol), County boards; 8 (b),lHkbHc-school llbmrles.* * * A (e)i BOHOOt MBSTIVaB> SLBOTXOK6, VOTBBS. . IgS FloiidAi flee A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. ; O (b), Local bends and Indebtednesa * ' ^ Georglat See A (cl), County boards. Idaho: A (f), AdmlnlstraUre units-^lstricts, etc.{ O (b). Local bonds aud indebtedness; N (n), Higli schoola Jllinois: ^ A (c2). County officers; A (d). District boards and officers; C (b), Local bonds and Indebterector shall have charge of school property; he aha 11 visit* the schools and may. subject to appeal to trustee, exclude a refractory dupU therefrom. ^ o . See also A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units— districts, eta; B (a), General S(ate finance and support; P (a), X^chers* contracts, duties, etc.; S (b), Public-school libraries. Iowa: See A (f). Administrative nnlts-dlstrlcts, etc.; O (b), Local bonds and Indebtedness; (e), Consolidation of dfstrlcts, etc.; K (c), TSlfofralty of textbooks. . ” ^ Kansas: See A (f), Administrative units— districts, ett.; C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness; K (c), T.'nifoniilty of textbooks; X (a), High schools, Kentncky: Women possessing “ the legal guallflcatlons required of male voters • In any common-school election who, In addlflon, are able to read and write " shall be qualified to vote for school trustees and school officers and are eligible to school offices; when reglstraUon of qualified voters is required women who are qualified under Uils act shall be' registered; 'separate ballots- containing only the names of scHool officers or (he questions relating to schools shaU be fumlabed women voters. See also. A (f), Adminlstrutlve units — districts, etc. Lottislaiia; See B (ft), General State finance and support Maine; See A (d), District boards and officers. MassachimeUs; See A "(d), District boards and offlcera Michigan: See A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units— districts, etc.; C (b), Ivocal bonds and InHebtedness; D*(a), Buildings and sites, general; K v Mexico; See A (d), District boards aud officers; C (b). I.ocai bonds and liKiebtedness; IX (n), Administrative unlU— districts, etc. New York: Whenever any school district shall be formed, or two or more (.■oiumou-school districts are consolidated, the district BUi>erlutendeht of schools sliall appoint ‘time and place for first district meeting and give notice of ' same to an Inhabitant of such district, who shall notlf.v other Inhabl'ants of district. Clerk of each commomschool district shall post notices of annual * meeting at five conaiilcuou.s places li district; clerk of each union free dls- irlct shall publish notice of such meeting In newspapers, but If there be no -iiewsiwper, shall .post notice In at least 20 public places. The nnual meet- ing of each school district shall be held on flrstVuesday In May, but lu union free-tilstrlcts not coterminous with an IncorpofSted city or village and con- talulng more than 300 chlldreu of school age such meeting may, by resolu- tion of board of education, be held on first Tuesday In AhgusL Whenever time for holding annual meeting shall pass without such meeting a siieclal meeting shall be culled by the trustees or clerk of district for transacting I.nslness of annual meeting; If trustees or clerk shnll fall to call such meet- ing, the district superintendent of supcrvl.sory district or commissioner of education may order some Inhabitant of district to give notice of such special meeting. Si»eclal meetings may be called lu common-school districts by trus- tees, but due notice of time and purposes of such meetings shall be given- speclflt meetings may be called In unlpn free districts by hoards of education for purposes rfhthorlzed by law; the dlstrfct superinteudeat may If there JJe u(^cl«rk or trustees In district, call special meetings. Any Inhnbltaut 'who shall neglect org;efu6e to serve notice of meeting when dlrcctefl so to do shall forfeit $5 to the district. It shall be the duty of qualified voters to attend district meetings. A person shall be eligible to vote at district meetings if (1) a cltixen of United States, (2) 21^ears old, (3) a resident of district for 30 days, and. possessing in addition flie of following four quallficntlons- (o) owns or hires real property taxable for school purposes, ‘(6) Is parent of child who has attended school for at least eight weeks during year preceding (c) has residing with lilm a child of school age as In “(6).” (- Any person who Bhall'wlllfully misrepresent him.self as a voter at any . schO^meeting, after being challenged, shall be deemed guilty of a mlsd^ meanbr; any person not qualified who shall vote nt'anv school meeting shall forfeit $10 to common schools of the toWm Legarvote'rs at district meetings may by a majority vote appoint a chairman; appoint clerk pro tempore If necessary; adjourn from time to time; elect trustees, clerk, collector and' treasurer; fix bonds of collector andt reasurer; d^lgnate sites for Khool purposes; vote taxes for school purpose; anthorixe trustees to Insure school property; vote taxes to replace school moneys lost 6r embeaxled- vote'taxds to satisfy judgments against district; provide transportation of pupils U^ns; ' 188 STATliKLiWS BStATINO TO FUBUO .BBITCATION, torred to 1^18 of anoUier district or city and pay for some out of district quota. In all proposlUons arlring at district meetings involving expenditure of monqy or levying of taxes, vote tbereon shall be by ballot or by ayes and noes properly recorded. .•if!? ^ District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative uirfta— JUstricta, etc.; D (a). Buildings and sites, general; K (b), TYee tejctbookjs; O (a). Indortrlal education, general; s (b). Publlcal bonds and Indebtedness; L (l), Manotl and Industrial education; N (a). High achools; S (h), Publlc^hool ll- bra r lea T.-nnps»e«: See A (cl), County boards: A (d), .District boards and offcenc Teias: See A (d), District boards and offlcera; A (f). Adnilnlstrstlve units— districts, etc.; C (b). Local bonds and Indebtedness; C (c), lyoesi |*xatlon. Uf*h: See A (d). District boards and ofBCCTs; A (f), AdmlnlstratlTe units— districts, etc.; C (b), Ixxml bonds and Indebtedness; N (a), Hlgl^ scboola Vermont: See A (f). Administrative units— districts, elc. \irKinia: See A (bl). State boards; A (f). Administrative units— districts, elc..; B,(a), C.eneral State finance and aiipport: C (b). Local bonds and In- debtedness; H (f), Compulaory attendance. Waahington; Election of district dlrectora ahall be hbid, except aa otherwise ppovldemi voters of district, call special meetings for transaction of certain district buslneas. Regular district election In^each district of first clfias shall be held upon first Saturday of Dumber of each year. Directors ahril^ give due notice of such election. All elections ahall be by official ballot Voters uiust register. Board of directors ahall cahvass returns. See also A (d), Dl^rlct boards and officers; C (hi, r>ociil bonds and Indebt- edness; N (a). High' schools. West VlMiarlrf: AU sii^lal school elections -shall conform as nearly aa pftictt- cable tl law as to ge sale of dchool proiwrty no longer neetlcil ; levy Uix to pay fee to landing I'tvin iwmy for indenmlf>hig ilistrict against loss; levy tax to discharge Indebtt'tl ness; vote annual tJix not oxceiMling ?75. for pUA'hnw of maps. bluckUianlK. and apparatus; vote a tax uot ex(H?edliig |ltX) annually for district library, except that district containing leas than 200 school children ahull vole not more than $50 for such puriwae, and no district conUinliig less than jHipu latlou ahull levy In uuy year u tux of more Uitui $500 for any j)uri>osea eitH^iJt for school sites, acUooIhousea, reivalrs, fuel, and apiiendages; autiiorixe distrirt board to borrow money hs provided hy law; uulhorlRe l>ounl to admit jiersonn to school over 21 years old, and to admit ponresideifts ; autliorlxt^ l>o;irinjH»nsate measurer ami dlrtH’tor; altar or modify prtK'eotlinga ud tKX'aslon may n^iuire, Klet'tors may at any meetiiu; authorise board to susiKmd 8cJux>l and pay tuititai of such piiplls at other schools; may aulhoriie Inxml to arrange for traijsiiortatlon of pupils. No contract or agreement sliall bo made under this act that shall Itind any district for more than three years. The toUil amount of school -district tax levlcil In any year In any 'district for building, hiring, or purchasing any school build- ing, and for maintenance of schools, including teachers’ srdariea and Inci- dental exiiensoB, shall not exceed‘2 per cent of toUil assossetl valuation of Uix- able property hi such district lu any district under suiiervlslon of county superintendent Iii^ which n high school or a graded school having more than two departmonts Is malntalnecal bonds and. indebtedness; H (e), Consolidation of districts, etc.; N (a), High schools: O (c). Trade schools, • » Wyoming? See A (d^ District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative Dzdts— districts, etc. ;x! (b), Ixjcal bonds and Indebtednees ; 0 (c), lyocal taxa- tion; N (a), High schoolsw A (f). ADBfflNISTRATIVE UKITS: DrSTMCYs, KTC. 191 A (f). AdmialitratiTe milta — OlBtrirta, Township*, MnniclpaUU«i, etc.: Formation; OlrUton; ConsolidatjQn. Set' iili*o H (e^. CoiifkiJldiilloii of districts. Alabamar School Toimty Ixvnnl of elli*ntlon niul after Riving due notice of.n bearing to be hold; i^mon or ikts^hib uutklng uppllciitlon must pay ooftt aratQ district^ change of county linos alniM not nflfet't district iKUindarlea; county 8ui>eriDtendentH Rhall t>ay over fuiKls due dlsirlcla to district trt'asurer. Tf/icfi^Aipa.— 'l\)\vuRhlp lines are nI>oilshtHl for bcIkh)! i>ur|H>8e8, but Uio inhiiblbuits of no totni^hlp yhall Ik* deprivtHl of the jinn'i'-'-is of sixteenth^v. tlon lands.r Townslilps are lncon>orateerty shall be held for tlje public schot)ls and no sale shall Ik' made except by i'»)uncil ; lH>anl umy puix'hafte funilttire. apparatus, supplies, etc., and expend money for reimlrs, etc., b<^;trd ntay envi buildings when sites are itrovldtHl Ity council; sebmd Naird shall estimate amount of uieney lusMetl lor (H'htK>u’nnd city council shall niijiropriato fi\>m Kcneral olTly ftimls, amount diH'nu'd proper; such appro- priation, with State fund, poll tuxes, proceeds of sale of pp6ji>erty and bouds, shall be held by city tre;isurer a.s sclH>i(i fund; warn'iita ngatnat school fund .Khali he drawn by the clerk and countersigned by the president of the board and the city eUwk.; l>onrd shall onh'r warrants by n>so1utIorL Potc^rs of honrft: To imve full control of sc'h.K.i.^^: ostahllsli, dlst'otitlmie, or cousolldaie schools ^tfesiTlbe Courses of study; employ and dismiss su]>erlutendent, t^cbefs, and other employees, and tlx siilarles; expel illfiobedlent pupils. ..Hoard shall cmise ft'nchers to l>e exniniiUHl and Khali grant certim'ates • grant diplomas to graduates of hlgb^ sc'htKds ; visit schmds as ^ often as once a month; enforce mu's and regulations; Inquire Into iH'rfonuauce of duUes by teachers and superintendent; reiwrt annually to city council. Boaijl shnll employ a 8U|M?rlntendent and fix hls term and s;»hirj*; superintendent aball give bond.; he he elected celrk of board; clerk shall keep accounts* of moneys received and eii»ended; aui)erIiUeudent $hnll see to taking of school census. •Sohc'ol Imards in cities and towns of 1.000 to G.OtXl impulntion, flve- members; elected every two years hy city council ; sball serve without com- pensation; one moinber shall In' olwled president and one secretary; board tSikW have same authority as boards lu cities of 0,000 i)opuIaUou or more School Imards hi towns of less tbtui 1,000 population : Five members elected by qualified voters; have same authority as city boarda v City districts shall receive their proportion of State funds; paid by State Bui>erintendent to city superintendent ^nd by him to city treasurer. TMf provisions of this chapter ^hall not apply to cities and towns In countfijs haWng a combined city and county school system, but any city may issue bonds for the purchase of sites and erection of schoolbouses ; city council » Appointed by commUiioBers In dtlee under commlMdiaa form at 182 ’ REAXB. lAWft :BBL/kinro TO PtTBUO BDX3[OATION, - ' . • " >■ thtU bj cnUnftaoe provide tor the lasoeace of bonds ; ^ proceeds shell be tamed over to school board and shall be administered under direction. Cities and towns may establlah libraries either separately or In connection with public schools. . See also A (d), County boards; A (d), District boards and officers; B (e). State aid for elementary education. ^ ' AHsona: On petition of parents or gnardlans of 10 children of school age, ' residents of the proposed dlstrictf a new school district may be formed ; on petition of 1C per cent of parents or guardians In a distrld having 250 school- census children or more, a new district may be formed from part of old dis- trict County superiutendent shall annually file wlth.board of supervisors a d^riptlqp of boundaries of districts; when 10 or more qualified school el^ora, resident of a district, petition county superintendent for a change of district boundaries, Such superintendent shall notify board of supervisors, whose decision in the jpatter shall be final,; on petition of a majority of the electors residing In a subdivision of a city or town, which subdivision Ilea outside of tb^ school district including such city or town, said subdivision shall be annexed to said district When 16 per cent of the electors of each of two or more districts petition county superintendent for the consolidation of said districts, said superintendent shall call an election In said districts, and n . - majority *Vote In each district ahall determine; If vote carries, county super- intendent shall call an election to elect three trustees; term of trustees, three years, one being elected’ each year. All property and funds of constituent districts shall accrue to new district, and indebtedness shall devolve upon new district No new district formed by subdivision of an old one shall be entitled to any share of the moneys belonging to old^dlstrlct until a school has actually been commenced In such new district; unless school Is started In new district within six months after Issuance of order creating such district said order shall be of no effect See also N (a), High schoola Arkansas: Oommofir^ohool districts.— Bach school district shall be a body cor- porate, The county court may form a new district on petition of a majority of the electors of the districts affected, but no new districts shall have fewer than 85 children of school age, and no old district shall be left with fewer than 86. Indebtedness or surplus funds of an old district shall be divided pro- portionately between old and new districts. ' ■ School directors of two or more districts may, and on petition of 10 per cent of the qualified Voters shall, submit to the qualified voters the question of consolidating said districts; majority of voters of district shall determine. Board of directors of consolidated district shall consist Of six members! elected by tiie qualified voters; term, three years, two being elected each yOar, Potoera of directora: To purchase or lease school sites; provide school- honses, furniture, and apparatus; make, necessary Improvements; insure school property; hire necessary teachers, offlews, and other employees ; pro- vide sufficient graded-school accommodations; determine bMches to be . taught and textbooks to be used ; atolt pupils from other dlso^^j procure for pupils Uvlng In the district the i>^vUege of attending scho^^ another district and pay the charges tberefojpg examine county treasurer’s accounts trith ^ district; appoint a oommlttee of three to visit schools; sell any proiK belongltig to the consolidattd district or to a district merged Into the ^[ii^oildated district OMtie to j)roperty of constitn^t districts shaU vest In < under eoutitnthm the Iw^ee of bonds must bs snthorlsed by popolsr vote. er|c A (f). AOMnOBTBATIVB T7KITS; DI8TEI0TB. BTO. . • » the comsolMated district, which shall he a body corporate; consolidated dis- trict shall pay the debts of constltnwit dlstrlcta Board of directors may, when authorised by a majority vote of the electors of the district, contract Indebtedness for a “ building fund ” and levy tax voted by electors to pay said Indebtedness. Funds, to the credit of constituent districts shall be trans- ferred to consolidated district, and Indebtedness of constituent districts shall be charged to consolidated district Board may provide transportation fon! pupils. When a majority of the electors of any number of contiguous dis- * tricts situated In two or more ^adjoining counties petition the county courts of said counties for the formation of a'commpn-scbool district, a consolidated / I district or a special or single school district, said courts shal^ order an elec- tion to determine the question; a majority vote In each district shaU carry the election, but any district voting against the proposition shall not be in- » , eluded In the new district; in the formdtion of such new district no district shall bq r^uced to fewer than 35 persons of school age. Boardd of directors sball»be elected according as the new district is a common school, consoli- dated, or specfal or single school district. For administration purposes the ^ new district shall be considered a part of the county from which the greater portion was taken. The athount and kind of tax voted In^id district shall ^ be reported to the county clerk of each County in which any part of said dis- trict is located. In order that said tax may be levied and collected In each county. School property situated in new district shall vest In said new dis- trict On petition of a majority of the electors of any school district such dis- trict may be dlssol^d by the county court. Common-school Jltrlcts shall each have a board of three directors, elected for a term of three years, one each year. Common-school districts shall have no authority to borrow money nor to maintain a school of higher grade than the common-school course. An annual school meeting is held each year on the third Saturday In May,j and the electors of the common-school district decide by - vote aU questions relating to change of school site, new school buildings, or 1he purchase or sale of school sites. Special school districts shall each have a board of six school directors, elected for a term of three years, two ^eleecial school district Special school dIsVicts may be formed In any territory not In a town or city by ' petition to ke county Judge who is authorized to call election for the forma- I (Ion of soy special district The board of six directors In special schopl dis- trictshj^ full charge of the school affairs ; may bu^ or sell schopl pfo^rty, iftwPtgffge the same, or Issue bonds for the purpose of erecting a new school building; may designale the branches to be taught. Including high-school subjects. - . Cities and totons.— Any incorporated city or to^ and the territory an- nexed thereto for school purposes may be organized Into a single school dls- > trict On petition of 20 or more voters of such city or town, the mayor shall call an election to determine question of organizing a single district and to elet six school directors; majority vote shall determine Annually on i the third Saturday In May thereafter an election shall be held to elect two ^ directors, who shall hold office for three yeara At hneh annual elecUon elec- tors shall vote “for tax” or “against tax” and indicate the rat6. The re^ turns of the election shall be certified to the county clerk, who shall deliver a . certificate of elecUon to directors elected. Said clerk shall also certify to ^ county court the tax voted. Board shall fill a vacancy In. Its membel^blp 80W— 13 18 11 iw " 0TAT® lAWS WiLAtWO TO PtTBUb RDtTOATlON. «ntll next annual election. Poirera of hoard: To provKle sites and building ,and fnrnl^ the same ; improve arounda, provide necessary conveniences, ami have property insured ; hire teachers a^d employ a superintendent ; provide books and apparatus for the school, books and stationery for the iDoard, and rasters and blanks for teachers; establish a sufficient number of primary, graded, and high schools ; determine branches to be taught and textbooks to' be used; admit nonresident pupils on terms to be agreed uiwn; appoint n board of three examiners to examine applicants to teach in the schools of the district, but said applicants must hold State or county certificates: examine books of the jeounty treasurer In so far as they rela"te to the funds of the dis- trict ;,sell or exchahgejreul and personal property. It shall be the duty of tho board to order warrants drawn on the county^.treasurer, and £he .presldant and the secretary shall sign the same. The secretary shall keep records. *i^make reports, enumerate children of school age, and perform such other duties as the board may direct A school district orguolz^ under this act shall be a body corporate. Said districts shall be entitled to their proportion of the general school fund. The people In territory outside ojf an lncori)orated city or town may organise under the provisions of the act relating to cities and towns, except that a map showing boundaries of proposed district shall' ac* company petition, and the county Judge shall perform the duties Imposed upon the mayor by this act Si>ecial free-school districts may borrow money ami issue evidence of Indebtedness for the purpose of providing sites and buildings. .See also A (c2). County officers'; A (e), School meetings, elections, etc. California; School districts. — Every district shall be designated by name of district and county; trustees may sue and be sued and hold and convey property. Every city ov Inconx>rated town, except those of -sixth class, shall be a separate school district governed by a b'onrd of education or board of trustees: when city or town Is Incorporated, county sui>er\iRors may annex for school purposes part or all of school district from which such city or town was organized, on petition of a majority of the heads of families residing therpln ; additional territory may be annexed on similar petition ; such an^ ’ nexed territory shall be a part of such city or town for 'school punwsea. for the levy and collection of school tuxes, the Issuance of school bonds, etc.; school board In such district, If It be also a high-school district and have an -average elementary-school attendance , of 800 or more, may employ a clerk at not exceeding |25 i>er month. Kew dlstrict^mny be formed only betwetm October 1 and February 10; formed pn petition, to county superintendent, of parents of at least it children 6 to ITVears old residing 2 miles or more from school ; requirement that petitioners reside 2 miles or more frOm school may be dispensed with If parents of 50 or more children .6 to 17 years old and residing In district having 200 or more In average attendance petition. ’ Except when corrected by county ' sui)ervlsor8, district boundaries shall be ^Changed only between O^pber 1 and Febrmrt'y 10, and on petition of 10 \eads of families In district affected; two or more elementary districts may be united at any time on petlltion of a majority of heads of families In each district affected. Joint districts (partly In one county and partiy In another) may irfjjormed, similarly to other new districts; petition required to super- intendent of each county affected. Children fn newly formed dirtrict may attend old school until foKowlng Jilly; Where district is united With an- other/funds shalfbe transferred on requisition of county superintendent tTlA>n receipt of n petition, county superintendent shall publish notice of proposed diange of boundaries and transmit petition with recommendation to r ‘A (£). ADMINIBTRATIVS UNITS: DIBTBIOTS, ETC. 195 board df enparviaors, wbo shall act on peUUon. A district divided by a new county ime shall b^orae a joint district Boanl of supervisors may, upon petition' and after notice given by clerk, change the name of n district; after new district Is ordered, school must be opened on or before the second Mon- day i» September. County superintendent shall apportion to folnt districts their proportlorib of school funds, based on average aftendanoc; teacher in such district shall report' to both county superlgtendents; textbooks nsetl and rules governing school shall be those'of the county In which schoolhouse ^ Is located ; district trustees shall report to both county su[>erintendentH. A , district, a portlou of which Is embraced In n city bf 3.500 iwpulatlon or more, which nrny under the constitution frame Its own charter, may by afflmmtlve vote of the i>c6ine be subject to control of such charter. Consolidations oi school districts herAofore jmrporting to be city districts are ratified. Union djitiriris.— Formation of ynion dUtrictft: Election called, by county 8ur>erUitendent on i>etit!on of a majority of the heads of families Ip two or more contiguous districts de.sired tp be united; result of 'election shall be re- ixirtM to county suiierlntendcMit within itve days. If a^ majority of voters in each dlsfrlct favor union, couiJty .superintendent shall direct district trus- tees to call meeting of voters to elecl representatives, one from each dlstrlpt; such rei»resent4itlves and county suiKfrlntend'ent shall select a site oi:;, falling to agree, shall call a meeting to determine ujwn n site or sites for union school or schboJs; a plurality vo]fre determines location. T'nion school distript not all In the same county shirtl he a joint union district; formed similarly to union districts, except that county *suT>erintendent of each county affected takes part. Union of districts shall not take place before July.l; proi>erty of original districts may be dls|K>sed of by iiew board of trustees; original trnstfH's become representatives of new joint union districts; represeut^itlves of miiou or Joint uni er of trustees, three, one elected each year In unions comiK)seti of three or more districts; c<*unty superintendent shatl fill vacancy until next annual election. In unions composed of two districts, old trustees ramnin. Buildings may he leased for three yenfs or may be erect eerviHing principal. On July 1 after formation of uulon, county super- intended shall transfer fundh due original districts to union district. A dis- trict may l)eadmltteetItion to board of super- visors of a majority of the heads of families of such district and by agree- ment between trustees of districts concerned; a part of a district may be* similarly admitted; a dibtricl may withdraw ^rom a union in a similar man- ner. A union or Joint union may be dissolved after three years on iJotlHon to county su^e^Intendent and after determination an election called by * him; If question curries by two-thirds majority, county supervisors shall dis- solve district If average attendance of a component district falls below five A)r a year,‘coiinty supervisors shall lapse or suspend such component district . See also C erlutendent a two-thirds majority shall be nece^try to effect organIzIi|^p ; no district shall be divided unless it con- tains more than d. Bi^uare n^es or has an assessed valuation of more thmi 120,000 and 40 persons of schpol age, nor shall a district be divided if by doing so the remainder of the district shall be found to contain less thau 2n persons of school nge; no city or town shall be divided and no distrlpt of the first class shall be divided except by a majority vote of the qualified electors thereof. 'Two or more contiguous districts may be unlt^ by a majority vote of the qualified electors of each, but when o^e or more of such districts shall hsve contracted bonded indebtedness said district' alone shall be resiwiisihlc therefor. On petition of a majority of the electors resideut therein a portion of unorganized territory may be attached to a district by county superin tendent;»In like.nianner a portion may be detached from one district and annexed to another. JoInt*dlstricts composeil of quirts of two or* more counties may be formed on petition to county superintendents of each comity "affected. When a new district Is formed Its orgnnlzutlou shall be void If school is not begun within six mouths, unless time is extended, to eight months by county sui>erintendnt. When a district falls to molntaln school ' and keep up Its, organization' for one year, county sui>eriutendeut may annul such district and aunex It to one or more adjoining districts. The sohoni boards of two or more adjoining districts may. mid on i>etition of one-fourth of the qualified electors thereof must, submit to voters th£ question of form- ing a con^lldated school district ; minority vote shall deteruilue. Such dis-- trict shall have three directors, viz, a president, a secretary, aud a treasurer; .term, three yearat oqe being elected each year. Board shall provide a site and building; they shall provide a graded course of study aud may Include a high-school course of not le^ than two years; they may provide transiwrtn- tion for pupils residing more than 1 mile from the schoolhonse. Any school district may exercise the right>f eminent domain iu taking property for school site, but amount thus taken shall not excee See also A (c2), County officers; A (d). District board?’ a n^ officers; N (a). High Bchoola Connecticut: Toton management of schools. — Every town shall after July 15. 1900, assume and maintain the control of all the public schools within its ITmits. Ail business concerning the public schools' shall be transacted In town meetings; the annual town meeting shall be the annual district meeting. At Its annual meeting every town which has a board of school visitors shall elect 8, 6, 9, or 12 residents as a school committee ; term, three years, one- third being elected each year; but if meeting shall decide upon only three members they shall all be elected annually. Said committee may rfll vacancies in its membership, until the next annual meeting. After the election of such school committee no more school visitors shall be elected And no more district V committees, except in districts organlz^ under special acts and In districts Iwhlch retain their organization as hereinafter provided. Any town may at any ’time vote to make the number of Its school committee either 3, 6, 9, or 12, and ele^t ^tobers accordingly, but in any town constituting a consolldatefl A (f). ADMIKTISTBATIVB units: DI8TBICT8, ETC. 197 •; , district the committee shall remain the same and be elected in the same man- ^ ‘ ner. Said committee shall In -general have all the powers and dutlea ef dis- trict committees and boards of school visitors, except when inconsistent with this net They shall maintain schools of the different grades at suCh places and times as they may deem best and as shall give nil the' children as nearly eqnni ndvantageH ns practicable; shoU hnve charge of schools heretofore • organised; shall appoint a chairman and secretary; shall appoint one or more acting visitors or superintendent; shall have the cure ami mnnnlknient of school property; shall determine conditions of admission to schools; sh^ll oinploy requisite qualified teachers, but shall make no contract for longer than 01^ year; shall assign pupils to schools and make provision for every cIiIM of school age to attend during the period reqnirei! by law; may provide -transportation wliei? the same seems reasonable: may arrange with an ad- joining town for'the Instruction of their pupils within such town; shall make financial report to the annual town meeting and Iso a repbrt of their doings and the condition of the schools. Town clerk and treasurer shall be clerk and treasurer of -the schools. All pro|>erty heretofore vesjpd In the school dis- tricts shall hereafter be vested In the town. All oblIg*UIons against districts sllnll reninlu In force against the town, except ns hereinafter provided. In fixing tax rate to pay Indebtedness of districts towns shall allow for property owned by each district and levy tax accordingly In said district. In the case of any school district the fmctfonal -parts of which belong to different towns the selectmen of sneb tbwns may by agreement appraise the property of said ' district and apportion the prpiierty and debts of said district betwwn the tovi'ps; when seUK’tinen shall fall to agree, either town or any taxpayer of the district may apply to\my judge of the superior court, who may appoint n committee to finally decide the matter. The provisions of this act shall not apply to any town which has within Its limits any city, borough, or district organized under special act of the legislature, unless said town shall vote to abolish nil districts,* ' School districts.— Et\ch town may form, unite, alter, and dissolve school districts and parts of districts within Its limits; two' or more to#ns msy form districts of adjoining portions of tlielr territory ; when a district is con^-. posed of parts 'Of j;wo or more towns, el i her of .said* towns may withdraw its part and unite It wjth hn adjoining district In said town. Every school dlHtrli't Rliall l>e a body corporate. Poiccrs: To build, purchase,* hire, and . n^palr school houses '’and equip and provide supplies for the same; establish schools of different grades; purchase school apparatus; establish and main- tain a school library; employ teachers, except for such time ns the town may direct the school visitors to employ them; pay the wages of teachers; levy taxes and ^borrow money fqr the foregoing purposes; make regulations not inconsistent with the regulations of the town. The^selectnpen of the town •shall settle boundary' lines of districts. When It Is proposed- to iorm, olter,^ unite, or dissolve any difrtrict or districts, notice of.the proposition shall be given before the town is colled upon to vote npon'the same; any district aggrieved by the action or neglect^of the town on the proposition may appeal to the superior court o/ the county, und'houndaries fixed by said court shall remain, unless the town shall thereafter abolish all districts wl'thln Its limits. A consolidate^ district shall owh all the school property of the dlrtrlcts con- solidated; when a district Is divided property shall be divided In proportion to the number of persons between 4 and 16 years old In tie new districts ; If after division districts can not agree upon a division of property Or debtq either may make complaint to the* superior court and snKt court shall / 198 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PtTBUO EDUCATION. ^ make division as it may think proper. The schools of every district formed from parts of two or more towns shall be under the direction of the town in which the schoolbouse is located, unless the towns sbail otherwise agriH\ When a district composed of parts of two or more towns shall become iadef)tctl by judgment the school committee or, if there be no committee, the seleotinon of the town. in which the schoolhouse Is located, shall levy u tax In said dis- trict to 'pay such Indebteduesa Every school district shall hold an annual ^meeting in June for the election of othcers and for other business and shall hold special meetings when duly called. Notice of the time, place, ami object of every district meeting ediull be given at least five days before said ' -meeting. The legal voters of a dlArlct shall be the legal voters of the town who have resided In the district for four months or longer. Whenever one-third of .the legal voters present at a meeting shall request that the* vote on any question be taken by ballot the chairman ahull cause vote to 1h> so taken. Upon the written request uf 20 or more legal voters setting fortli. a resolution to be voted on the school committee shall call a special meeting of the district to vote by ballot niH>u said resolution. Each school dlstrUl ahull, unless otherwise provided hy law, cUoosi^ hy ballot at the annual mcHM lug a committee of not more than three persons, u clerk, a treasurer, and n collector, who shall hold their olfices for a term of one year, district .^having 200 orluore children between 4 and 10 years old may at any annual meeting elect a school committee of thn.*e meuibers; term after first election, three years, one being eleotf^ each j*ear;*a viimuoy In such committee shall be filled hy remaining members until next auiuml imvtiog. Clerk of district shall forward list of n>€ml>ers elcvUnl to s^K'retary of the s<‘hool visitors of the town. Should a district meeting fall to elect all or any of its officers, or should a vacancy ^^enr, except In districts having over 2lK) children bctwet*n . '4 and 10 years old, the school visitors of the town . shall piake necessary appointment or fill vacancy, tdstrlct may require treasurer ami collector t(» give bonds. In case any district shall refuse or negU^t to employ^ teacher and keep open a school the school visitors of the tomi may do so. No dis- trict shall be entitled to receive any money from the State or town unless It has a schoolhouse and outbuildings stitlsfactory to the board of schtHd ’visitors. No d^trlct sclioolbouse ahull be built except according to a plan approved by' the board of sc’hool visitors and hy the building committee uf the district, nor at an exiHMise exceeding the sum which the djstrict may appropriate. Any schixd district, hy a two-thirds vote of those present and voting, may fix or change the site of a schoolhouse; If n two^hlrds vote can not be obtained the school visitors of an adjoining town may, when reque8tethe law. Such towns shall assume the property and be responsible for the debts of the districts ^thln their respective limits. When such town contains part of a ^strict lying In two or more towns, the selecting of the towns interested shall meet and apportion the property of 200 STATE LAWS BBLATINQ TO P0BUO EDUCATION. said district among several parts. an(^ oa the follure of anld selectmen to agroe. tbe sniue sluill be detcNninod by a ludge of the superior court. In cnse an.v district In a town iu which the districts have been cousolldut^d hiid a permanent fund, said fund Khali be kept by the Hohobl-fund treasurer itnd the town school committee Khali apply the sjime for the benefit of the schtH)l * or schools within or n^im*at to the limits of Uie said fonuer district, Kvery such town sbiill be entitled to rect'lve from the Slate for school libraries fl sum not exceeding the aggregate amount which the former districts of tbe town might have recelveil. When any part of a district lying In two or m^re towns shall bo abollsbiHl, the selectmen of the town in which sal^ part is located shall notify tJie selectmen of other town or to^is luterosied. Any abolished lystrlct may settle or close up Its nfTairs; If any such district shall have become Indebtetl. the solectnieji of the town shall, on reguest of said district. i¥iy the same ami charge the amount to the district, to be retmld by taxation in sidd district; seU\.*tmen shall collect all claims In favor of said* • district nud give it cnnlit for lh»' sjime. AVhen any town has voted to re- establish Us »cherty for school purposea Bee also A (d), District Uairds and olticcrs: 11 (a). Cioneral State tlnamc and support; B (c), Permanent Stite school funds; G (b), State normal schools: (» (c), County and local norunri tKliools; N (a),>!Iigh stdiools-; S epdenta and delluguentH. 1 Delaware: Tbe State board of education alia 11 select graded schools iti each County which children In tllstrU'ts not having gnulcd sclmols may atteml, and such gradtNl sc1m>o!s jihall then be frtH* to all >?l»lldreii of sobisd age of the comity or to such parts of tlie county as may l>e deslgnat*Hl by th<‘ State Iward; no gradee deslguiiTed school districts: districts levying a schottl tax shall beldftx ^hool districts. On i>etitlon of one-fourth of the resi- dent tax -paying voters of any city, IncoriK) rated town, community, or other subdivision of the county, tbe county board of education shall order an elec-' tloD to be held therein to dctcrnitne whether such subdivision shall become a special-tax district Said election sbajl determine (1) whether a tax shall be levied, (2) Who shall be trustees, (3) how many mills shall be levied; majority vote shhll determine, except that the three persons receiving the highest number of votes shall be trustees. County board of education may w y A (f)p ADMIKISTRAnVE UNITS: DISTRICTS, ETC. ' 201 clianEe boundhrieg dealicnnted In petition, but may not Include teiritory not included !n the *]>etit1on. All resident qualified voteys who pay taxes shall be entitled to vote at said eU'ctlon. Elections shall be held bienulally In / s;»ociaJ-tJix districts to choose trustees for ensulnft two yeairs and to fix num* bor of mills to l>e levlotl. Sc1uh)I supenlsor ahull be su;>er8eded by truste<'B» % whose ikowers ahull bo those of sui>ervlsion nn(\ not of control. Atiy trutee may for iiofflect of duty t>e removt^l by ctmnty board of education; anid county lH)urxl shall fill vacancy In the ollioe of district trusts. 'County lK>ard almll have rtuitrol oC sinvlal-niA dlstrlut ns other districts, except that teach- ers Kliull be cbosi'n on nomiimtlm: of district trusttH>s; but if the so^coud nom- ^ 1 lint Ion be rejeite^l by county board, said l>ojird may procwM on Its own mo- ^ tlou to select a teucber for-suid district; trustees sliall have the further right to sny what pmjVtrtion of tlie funds ralstsl In the district shall be used for buildings, for teachers’ wiiaries, etc.; trustees shall auuuuliy before June 1 make an estimate of money neiHled to supplement funds reoeivt^l from county, inrimliiig tborein the niillago levitxl liV the district, and shall file copy of such estimate with county gommiKsioners, witli State comptroller; nnd with county hoard of eilucatlon. but where there are no niilroads or telegraph lines In such dtstrict no copy nooil be flliNl^ with State comptroller. County assessor shall assess and collector slyill collect taxes In s;iUl district Cor the benefit of the schools thereof; ,«?tate conipiroller shall lolleci taxes on railroads nnd tele- graph llnw for !>enetit of schanl of neat Ion shall add amount of district funds st't apart for teachers’ scilarles to amount re- ceivtKi from St.ato ami county, ami shall then determine amount to be iiald . teacliers nnd leiigth of term. The amount of district funds set a)uirt for teach- ers hh lari os shall juH be subjivt iJ riNpilsltlon by trust for any other pur- " IK)S(»; amounts wn apart for ptherf puristsi's shall bt» i>ald out on warntnts of the county boanl. District trnsL^s shall l>e.a bomte and may hold i»roi>erty and i>erform other t\mK)rate fuucllons. but may not Incur Indelit- (Hlness without l^n^w‘n^^#-Cc^>hnly board. I»ujtlls residing outside of any BlKX'Ial-Uix district m/y attend s<'1kh)1 therein with the consent of trustees and county hoard. If share of cost is paid. Any KtxN'ial-tax district may be nlKklished or thjyi^s thenx>f extcndiHl or coninicteil by a majority vote at an eltx'tlon caUinTTor that by county^ board, but a district*" having t»ulstmullng Imlehlediiess may not be aboil sbtNl' until ibe payment of : such inss is itrovldetl for. tieorgia: The county tkoard^of wlucation of each county ghoH lay' off the I county into school dlstricis ami deline the iKtumlnrles thereof, but no district shall contain less than 10 sfjnnre miles, unless naturul bayriers make ncoes- • sary a smaller district, and no territory shnll be Included whose resldentn are more than 3 «iile»s from scdiool without \vrltteiKl>elltion of the qualiftetl electors therein. In c-punties having lncoriK)rnt(xl towiw levying a local school lax and oikerating their own school system under 8i>ecial charter or act. county board may, wMtii the exju-sent of Uie municipal auLhoritles of such ^ towns, add territory thereto for school purposes, but dIstricU thus created shall reqialn umler control of the school Iwara of the town. Within tX> days after county Is so laid off, wunty board shall order an election of trustees in eaih district; term of trustees, three years, one being elected each year; In Incorporated towns five trustees may be elected; term^ three years, one or two being* elected each year. Each trustee must have approval of county board; after such approval board shall meet and elect one of ito members president nnd one secretary and treasurer. County board may for cause re- move a trustee^ on complaint of a majority of voters of district aud cauae 203 A (f). ADMINISTRATIVE U NITS : DISTRICTS^ ETC. w - * A Joint h1gb-M'li6ol ilistrlot nmy sluillttrly fomuHl. i\)niiiy siij)ertiit4ttKletit ulwll.awwrtlun to oaoh uifw iJjKtrlcf iis Jut«t prof «>rt ion of fund. A diatrlot »han lapno If for n yoar i( fnlla to imilmain ktIkkiI four mouUis or If it has an avorajro ationdnm'o of loan (Imn tiro for tiin^' momha ' Ifutvprniicnt 1 »lsirlv't havliij: taxiiMo prj«iM»rty of |1.V).0(K> or iiioro may bovor>!aiilKtMl an ^mlo|K»ndont (frKirloi: iH ililon of ono tifth of votora^ twiard stiall. if a >:ro:Uor nmniK‘r of > <>lora d«> not o!*Je< t. ordor MU rhvlltm to ilotonniric qnostitm of or^rjinirlnjr IndoiHMn.ltMjl diairu-l ; majority volt* iletormlnoK, tiud NKini slial! ordor district if majority favora; tilvisloit t‘f all ludfiHMulont • iHstrirt may Iw :nvomplislH‘t| siiuliarly Ity a majority \i)ii*: votora sin.;! l>o 1k*;hIh t»f familios ami re«idi'ut taxi^iyera; when new tUsIriet ia creaita! jaxaliU* pmiK'rly t»f mV loss tliun hlmll remain in old district: no Incori'oraltsi city or town slia’iri.e dlxidml: no dlatrlcl hav* iii»: imlebtniliess fdiall Ih* <1»vide(l ;• liram h kv1JtriM la a bo.ly it^riHirate. Ht^mi of trnstiH‘8 hVall i'oukIki of MX menibers; (‘ounty i‘oinmlsslum;rH hlmll ti|i|Milm lirst board, two of wlukw* tt*rniM Klinll expire eat li yt*jir for tirrrt* years: ilu‘i;eaftt*r iwo ineiidK*rH e|iHt«Hl eaci^jiear by t|ua)ilUHl \oters: majority 4if btuinl slmll till a vacancy for uiiox- pinHl term. N\i irustm* shall have pet unlary ^Inteiesi In any contract of the *• I iKMird, Truslet's sliall tlx pay v»f c lerk, but no oUier tudlool o|lbvr Klmil reivAe eoinpeuKiitUin ; rp>:nlar iiUH*tini;s of tni-^tees slmll In? heUl monthly and »]UHial niecdliuis may im caul'll. ri,arrn and ^afn.t; I’o make by laws fur tbelr own Koxernuiyni ami yto ernmeiit of the st luM.ls; empi^v or dis hai\v teachers and • other einploytvs ; llx uonrcsidi in tulltou fet'st lc\*y a KjHsd.illax to suppiemeat namey apjKirtiomsl by » (an)iy hnpentiliMid^i for i iinuuu; st botds nine months in the year, the total bf Siiid lax noi to cXcchnI Id mills, exceld. when 4 ad«!i> lioiml mills may be leui'd for iraiisi»onatton of )mpilsf jinnide furniture. ♦ apparatmt, etc,: luovide am! insiiro schmdhonsi's and ao) shall run louiWT than nine nmnfljs, h*n^:th of sc hool day. tuc. ; mjuire implls to be iwovldeil ^ with proi>er books. t*ic ; exrlude M*t.-tar)an books from sclnsds and sihisd ^ llbraflf^ pri»te« t mi)rji]s am) h<*a)th , if ‘pupils.; provide jdayjrrounds and vyrnnasluilis. issue bonds for s;nae. ami le\y tax, wliit li, taken with all others, shall not eiiwl IX) mills. \Vlieu a dlsiriet employs L‘o or nion^eachers it sjnill ne iin iiide|H*ndent disfriei of class A. Itminl uf Kuch ifiMirict Hhatl I fnii^c uHilitionui pojrr/,%.- To adui»t a ouirsi* of study uthep than Slate ? coursi*; adt»pi textlMsiiis and .ii.ike ctmiracts wiili puhllshersr emidoy ii suiH'riirteiideni for a term ITT^H^.xcisNUn*: tin is* .M ars. Hoard of lrustiH*s aiay issue con p‘»n iKUids for jiayiiiK outstaiidiiii: maided ImiebUHlness : interest at. not exeisHiim; 0 jier cent; term of bonds. JO to io years; must not l>e 1^)ld » below par. Hoard of trustivs may l>y twd-tldrds -vote rail au ebnUlon to determine jpiesUon of issulip; bonds for KhiMillmuses. el<’ : majority of two- thirds of ekviors ntH.vssary to cany ; amount of bunds shall nuy Uinds witliln IJO years. See also A (c2|. County oflU-ers; N (a ), H!>:h sclmols. *# •• lilinois: If an> city, village, or incorporated town Imj annexed to another city, vniage, or lucorijoruteil town, the school proi>erty /tud Hahiilty for Indebted' nesa of any school district or township so amiext*d shall l>oth pass to the city, ^ village, or lucor])orated town to which such territory Is annexed. If a part of such city, village, or lncorporateolnt all janitors, engineers, or other employees about bulHUngs. Employees other than those appointed by the superin- tendent of schools, librarian, and superintendent of buildings shall be ap- pointed by the business director. All appointments or discharges of em- ployees shall be reported to board, and each discharge must have approval of a 'majority of board. The city comptroller shall be auditor of the board and idiall draw the warrants thereof when ordered. Officers hereinbefore ^tuuned Shan report to board aimuhlly and oftener if directed, Mayor shall anntully appoint oino or more expert acconntants to examine all school ' accoontaC All contracts for over $200 shall be executed In writing by the director and approved by the board; purchase of supplies or materials amounting to -over $200 shall be upon bids duly advertised for an^ accepted; A (f). ADJONIBTBATtVB US1X8: DBBTBI0T8, *T0. Improvement of a aehoolhouse ahall be upon bids adrertiaed and acc^;»ted when the coet of the same exceeds |G00i The board may Inoe bonds for not to exceed $800,000 to pay outstanding Indebtedness at the time of the pas- sage of this act; said bonds shall be Sbld at or above par, ahall bear not exceeding 4 i>er cent Interest^ and shall run for not exceeding 30 years from January 1, 1002. Board may levy annoally, in addition to other taxes authorized by law, a si>eclal tax of 5 cents on each $100 for the purchase of sites and the erection and Improvement of buildings; In addition to all other taxes authorized by law and in addition to its special fund, the board may levy a tax of 27 cents on each $100 for laying Interest and retiring out- standing Indebtedness, but the total levies for all purposes shall not exceed 67 cents on each $100 of taxable property. The general school laws, when not Inconsistent with this act, shall apply to the school system of said city. Hoard may issue bonds to provide sites and schoolbouses, said bonds not to bear. exceeding 4 per cent, to be sold at or above i>ar, and to mature as nearly as possible $60,000 each year beginning 32 years after; but amount of bonds issued In any. year shall not exceed amount of bonded indebtedness retired In said year. Board may acquire real estate by condemnation pro- ceedings. Board shall levy a tax as a part of the maximum levy allowed by law to raise amount sufficient to pay the principal of indebtedness required by law to he paid In any year. Board may establish a system of Industrial and manual training, and may levy a tax of not exceeding 6 cents on each $100 of taxable property to maintain the same. School taxes permitted by law ill said city: (1) not exceeding 4 cents on each $100 of taxable property for maintenance of llbi;aiies In connection with the public schools (‘'library fund ”) ; (2) not exceeding 5 cents on each $100 for maintenance of manual training or vocational Instruction (“manual-training fund”); (3) not exceeding 1 cent for maintenance of kindergarteua (“kindergarten fond”) ; (4) not exceeding 6 cents to be known as the “bulIUlng and grounds fund”; (5) not exceeding 1 cent to be paid to “teachers* pension fund,” (6) not exceeding ^l^jents to be known as the “ special fund *' for the paiyment of general expensea If levy of 6 cents known as “bulldlhg and grounds fund ” is Insufficient to provide necessary buildings and grounds, board may issue bonds not to exceed $75,000 In amount in any one year. Board may con- tract with any well-equipped art association locate In said city for the admission of teachers and pupils to instruction in fine and applied arts and may pay not exceeding $10,000 annually for such Instruction. Board ahall have all the powers of school boards under general laws and in addition thereto may establish and maintain public libraries and branches and own real estate therefor, provide for the examlnatlqn of all persons applying for positions as teachers and certificate those qualified; acquire grounds and erect buildings for schools, libraries, and school administration purposes; employ superintendents, librarians, teachers, and other employees and dis- burse all school funds of said city ; maintain night schools and admit thereto adults and children over 14 years old. Board shall appoint one or more physicians to m^kc medical Inspection of all persons attending or employed In or about all public, private, and parochial schools; visiting nurses may be employed; for the purpose of medical inspection a tax of one-half cmt on each $1(X> of taxable property may be levied. Whenever the school board & any city havlpg ever 200,000 inhabitants shall acquire by gift or dona- tions school property used for an Industrial or trade school, said hoard shaU maintain and operate said school and may levy a tax therefor of not exceed- ing 8 emits on each $100 taxable property. The school corporation In 206 STATB XAWB BIU^TiyO TO P0BUO EDUCATION. 44l>;ifilt7,of,OTer 100,000 inhabitants may Issue bonds for building and equip- ping libraries; aggregate amount of bonds shall not exceed $600,000, ahail not bear exceeding 41 per cent interest, and shall not run exceeding 40 years. Hie school authorities of any school corporation may transfer a pupil to another school corporation when such pupil mny be better accoinniodateetttioned by a majority of the voters of con- tiguous territory, said territory mny be added; directors shnll call an election to vote for or against proposed district, and voters residing In contiguous territory may vote separately. Bach school district shall be n body corporate. School corporations shall be “ school townsWps ” composed of subdistricts ; Independent school dis- ‘ trict^ of dty, towiC or village; ‘Mndependent-consolldated districts” ; *^ral Ix^ep^eipt school district” Bach corporation shall be controlled by a board ^dir^^; terra, three years lit Independent districts abd one year In sub- ^strlcto of townships. An annual nleetlng of the voters Of each corporation ' shall be held in March; secreta^ of the board shall give notice of said meet- ing; ^leclijflng thj number of director to be elected and other buslneM to be A (f). ADMTNIBTBATIVB UNITO; DISTBI0T8, BTO. ' 207 transacted. Voters must b<|ttliose quallfled to Tote at a general*electlor ’“'jt on question of Issuing bonds op increasing tax rate women may vote ; a school officer ormcanber of the board may be of either sex. The voters at an annual meeting may (1) direct a change of textbooks; (2) dl4x>se of school prop- erty; (8) determine added branches that shall be taught; (4) determine whether schoolhouses may be used for meetings of public Interest; (6> direct the transfer of STirplus In schoolhouse -fund to teachers* or contingent fund ; (6) authorise board to obtain roads for proper access to schoolhouses; (7) vote a tax of not exceeding 10 mills on the dollar for buildings, school libraries, and opening roads to schoolhouses. The directors mny, and on the request of five voters of any rural Independent district, or 10 voters of any school town- ship, or 26 voters of any city or town Independent district having 6,000 popo- Intlon or less, or W voters of any city or town independent district having more than 6.000 population, shall provide In the notice for annual meeting for the submission of any quesLlon thereto. Voters at annual meeting may also vote on question of uniformity of textbooks; authorize the board to pur- chase textbooks to be loaned to pupils; authorize the board to Issue school build- log bonds. Board may call a special meeting of the voters. Meetli^s In sub- districts shall not be held before 9 a.' m. and shall not adjouni before 12 m. The board of directors of a* school to^pushlp nball consist of one member from each eubdlstrlct, but where there Is an even number of subdistricts an addi- tional member shall be elected at large; when township Is not divided Into subdl strict 8| a board of three sh.all be elected at large. A subdl strict meeting may vote a schoolhouse ttxx In excess of that voted by the township, but total amount of such tax levied shall not exceed 15 mills on the dollar. In any Independent district being a city of the first class, the board shall consist of seven members; term, three years, two or three as the case requires being elected every year. In all other Independent city, town, or village dlMcts, and In all hiral Independent districts heretofore having six members, theward shall consist of five members; term, three years, two or one being elected ^ each year. In nil Independent city, town, or village districts heretofore hav- ing three members, the board shall consist of five members. In all other mral independent districts the board shall consist of three members. In Independ- ent city or town districts, candidates for school offices shkll be nominated by • \ petition of at least 30 qualified electors and election shall 'be nonpartisan. \ See also (fl). Buildings and sites, general; H (e), Consolidation of dla* jtrlcts, etc. ^ Kansas; School districts. — Each school district shall be a body , corporate, duperlntendents of counties In which territory lies may form joint districts of territory lying in two or more contiguous counties on apjillcatlon of five householders residing tliereln; such superintendents acting Jointly may fix the boundaries of such district or may alter boundaries, but appeal may be token to State Bupeiintendent on alteration of boundaries; superintendent In county having largest i>orUon of territory of Joint district shall have super- vision and control of such district. Annual district hieetlnj^ shall be held on the second Friday In April of each year ; special meetings may he called by district board or on petition by 10 ^qualified voters ; clerk shall give 10 days* notice of every annual ot special meeting; both male and female per- sons over the age of 21 years shall be entitled to vote. Pptoert of distri^ tneeiing: To elect chairman; adjourn from time to time; choose a director, clerk, and treasurer; designate site for schoolhouse; vote tax' levy not ex- ceeding the limit to conduct schools, purchase sites, build schoolhouses, make repairs, etc.; authorize sale of property; give direction to prosecution or \ T 2.08. mAXB .ixwa bblaxinq to pubuo hduoation. (UrfeMe of Bolto at law. Qualified voter* may levy a tai of not exceedlnr44 mlUa; hlslter levy may be made by threo-fourthe majority of thoae votlnir School district shall maintain school for a term of not less than seven months; In cities of first and second classes t^rra shall not be less than eight months When funds of district are InsuflSclent to run schools for 'seven months, State shall pay three-fourths of difference between all available funds of district and amount necessary to run schools seven months, and remaining one-fourth of such dlffer^e shall be a charge against the county but no aid shall be given a district until such district shall have raised an amount representing 4J mlUs on the dollar of property valuation; countv superintendents shall report to county comml^oners and to State supcrli). ' tendent amounts due each district undet this act; esUmated annual. expendi- tures of district receiving such aid shall not exceed $460; upon the failure of any district to provide a seven months’ term as required In this act ..■ounty superintendent shall make necessaiy tax levy and take other steps to provide a seven months’ term. No new dUlrlcf shall be formed with property v.nlun- Uon of less than $100,000, ai^ no territory shall be detached when old dis- trict would be left with vafuatlon less than $100,000. District having a school population of fewer than 15 shall receive no aid under this act unless such district shaU embrace 12 square miles or more; when school population of district having less than 12 square miles falls below 15 no school shall be malnUlned therein unless such district can run school for seven months without State or county aid; school board of district where school Is dlscon tinned shall send pupils to school In adjoining district and shall furnish transportation for those residing 2 miles or more from school; when dis- trict has Ievle4 4J mills and still has InsuflSclent funds to pay tuition and transportaUon of pupils It shall be entitled to State and county aid not to exceed $75; a district having less than 12 square miles and a school popula- tion of fewer than 16. and maintaining school for not less than seven months may receive not exceeding $50 State and county aid. In any district when number of pupils and distance of same from school warrants discontinu- ance of school, district may. with consent. of county superintendent, vote to discontinue school and send pupils elsewhere, but district shall not pay exceetling $45 per month foV expenses and tuition of all pupils so sent • school meeUng may vote to send any part of its pupils elsewhere and pay not exceeding $4 per month each for tuition and expenses; children of property owner In an adjoining district may attend school In such adjoin-* Ing district without extra expense or tuition when such school Is more convenient Wheye pupils reside 2 or 3 miles from school, school board may, and .where distance Is greater than 3 miles such, board shall allow parent or guardian not to exceed 16 cents a day for not exceeding 100 days la a year as compensation for conveying such pupils to and from school. District board may provide transportation for any pupil residing 2} miles or more from school. Two-thirds vote necessary to change school- house alto when value of house Is $400 or more; when value Is less than $400 majority vote Is suflSclent School district or- board of education of any city of the second class shall have right of eminent domain and ipay take prope^ for school sites; original selection for school site may be as much ag IJ acres; 2 tfcces of school lands ihay'bo purchased at $2 per acre for s^ool.alte. When all the territory of a school district Is annexed to a dty of flrht or second clash, school property of said district shaU be transferred to board of education of said city. 'When a portion of a district Is annexed to a dty of the first or second class, amount due district board or city board A *(f). ADMIKBTBATTVB TTNITB: DISTRICTS, *T0; 209 *of education as case xnay be shall be apportioned by' county ^i^rlntendent ; district ^ard or city board receiving the school property shall s^some the bonded indebtedness of the district District schools.— In every district school there shall be taught speUlng» reading, writing, English grammar, geography, arithmetic, physiology and hygiene, United States history, Kansas history, and such other branches av may be determined by district board: State^ board of education shall prepare u course of study for grades below high school ; governor shall appoint four l>cr8on8 (two county superintendents and two other competent persons) to assist State board In preparing course of study; this provision as to course of study shall not apj)l^ to clUes of ^hrst, s^ond, or third class, but other dis- tricts shall use such pourse. Qraduates of district schoojs or rural graded schools yvho have completed prescribed coprM of study shall, upon pa«nipg satisfactory examination, be granted a common-school diploma, which shall' entitle them to enter any hi^ school In the State. . No person afflicted with any infectious or contagious dlsew shaU he admii^ed to any public or private school. * . ' VnUm or graded dietrictB. — Upon wMttfeh application of five voters In each of two or more districts, clerks of such districts shall call a meeting "to deter- mine whether a union of such districts shall be effected for the purpose of establishing a graded school for Instruction In the higher branches; if n majority of voters of each district approve, such graded school district shall be established and board elected shall consist of director, cierk, and treasurer, bald union district may levy taxes, but shall be governed by law for levying and collecting district taxes ; bonds may be issued as provided by law for other districts. . A single district may establish and maintain graded schools. CitieB of firBt and second olasBes. — Board of education of each city of first or second class, except city having between 60,000 and 76,000 population In 1910, shall consist of six members elected by qi/a lifted voters of the city 'at large; term, four years, three being elected every tiVo years; no member shall be at the same time a city commissioner or councilman ; vocancles for one or more years shall be filled at next election, but board may fill vacancies for shorter term. In cities having commission form of government school board and city commlssloDers shall be elected us nearly as practicable In the same manner. Board ma^ remove its employees for cause. Fiscal year^all end June' 30. Clerk of board shall attend all meetings and keep recordVthereof and shall keep financial accounts. Board shall elect a superintendent for term of one or two years, who shall, subject to board, have charge and con- trol of schools; such superintendent shall be holder of at least a three-year State certificate or be graduate of an accredited normal school, college, or imlverslty. Board shall appoint two competent persons who, with city super- intendent, shall constitute a teachers* examining committee; such conjmlttee shall examine all persons applying to teach in said city and Issue certificates to those having required qualifications, but State three-ydiar and life certifi- cates and diplomas and normal-school diplomas shall be recognised. Board Is body corporate and shall have charge of school property ; they may open school boildlugs for evening schools and social and civic purx»08e8. . Cities of flrstt second, and third classes. — School bamphlet form. No 211 A (f). ADMIinSTHATIVS UHITB: DI8TBI0T8, *T0. contract in excess of $600 for buildings and improTemenU shall be let'except to lowest re^nslble bidder. No sectarian doctrine shall he taught, but Bible may be read. On reQuest of board of education mayor and city council shall order an election to determine question of Issuing bonds for sites, buUdlngs^ etc. Said bonds shall not sell at lower than par value, shall bear not exceed- lug 6 per cent Interest,- shall run not longer than 20 years, and In amount shall not exceed 21 per cent of property valuation. School board may, with- out vote of the people, Issue bonds to pay outstanding Indebtedness existing at time of passage of this act, but issuance of such bonds must have approval of State superintendent and amount shall not exceed $6,000, one-half of 1 per cent of property valuation. Board shall levy a tax sufficient tk pay interest and create a sinking fund. A city having a popuIaUon of between .1,500 and 15,000 may levy an additional tax of not exceeding 2 mills for not over four years to build schoolhouse or erect an addlUon or additions, but no such house or addition shnll cofet exceeding $70,000. Board may Expend not exceeding $2,000 1o buy additional school grounds. lYeasurer of the board of education In dtles of the second cla^ shall be elected by vote of the people for u term df two years, ; ^ at tea of the third Public schools In incorporated cities having a popnlatlon of between 280 hdiI 2,000, when not otherwise provided by law, Bhall be governed by the provUlona allying to district schools or union or graded schools. No jK)rfion of a city of the third class shall be detached for school purtK)ses. See also A (o2), County officers; A (d), District iwards and officers; O (a), I-ocal finance and support, general; H (et. Consolidation of .llstrlcta. etc • N (a), High schools. Kentacky: Countp ichool district. — Evei*y county shall compose one school district except where there Is a city or town which maintains a separate sys- tem, then the remainder of the county outside of such city shaU constitute a ' school district County superintendent of schools, county Judge, and connly attorney shall divide each county school dl, strict Into educational divisions as nearly equal as possible and shall subdivide these educaUonal dlvlaloiis Into school subdlatrlcta; any graded school district that may exist and fulfill cer- tain conditions may retain Its old boundariw; subdlatrlcts shall not contain leas than 25 white children ; per capita apportionment shall not be on basis of fewer than 60 white pupils, nor more than 100 such pupils for one teacher Trustee In each aubdlstrlci shall be elected by viva voce vote for two years. At same time and place election shnll be held l.t» aanje manner for visitor for colored schools of subdistrict; so far aa colored schools are concerned, duties of visitor same as those of Subdistrict trustee, but this visitor shall not be a member of the division board. County superintendent shall be member of divi- sion board, but shall vote only in case of Ue. County board of education may fill office of trustee temporarily. Duties of trustee; To personally supervise schools In hla snbdlatrict; report on their needs with reoommendaUon • make complete school census with a census of Illiterate children of those who have completed common-school course and those attending school outside of dis- trict County superintendent shnU report these things to 8Ute superin- tendent Snbdlstrlct trustees diall nominate and recommend teachers for each school to dlvlrton board; teachers shall be elected for one year; may be retnovdd ; contracts must be in writing. * The chaTmen of the several educstlanal division boards, together with county superintendent shall consOtate county board of education. It shaU ^bllah one or more hl|^ echtwle, provided no high schou of first doss 212 STATE LAWS RELATINO TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. already exlats; !t may contract with authorlUes of any city or town In estiib- lisbing high school for Joint use of city oir town and county ; contract shall Ik? writing and tho exiienses prorated; first county high school shall be estal»- Hshed at county seat, provided there Is no first-class high school there already; a flrsf-clnsa high sehotil shall maintain a foui^year course: second dass^ three-year; third class, two-year. Ck>unty board of education shall levy tax not exceeding 20 cents on hundred and $l on i>oll for school punwses; provided that no tax under this act sliall l>e levletl In cities or towns niulutaln- ing a first-class system of public schools. County 8ui>er!nteudent slialfnct as treasurer of county board of education and shall give bond; on i>etit!on of lo .legal voters division board of education shall submit Question whether In any snbdlstiict tax not to exceed 25 ceu^s on the hundred shall be levied for 8ch(M>! purposes. ^ County board of education may establish new sulHlistrlcta or change boundaries; it may buy. or sell school proi>erty of all kinds; is vested w.th titles; is empowered to assume old Indebtedness: it Shall l>e a iKMly politic and corporaft with i>en>^al succession. County sui)erlutendent shall keep nc count of receipts and dlshursMents and r^i>ort ammnlly to fiscal court County board of education shall employ and fix salaries of teachers In high schools, prescribe course of study not below standard fixed by State hoard of education; It shall meet on call, but ghall not imld for more than 12 days’ service in one year; It Is duty of each mcml>er to reiort In wiiMng exact statuk of affairs Of his educirtlouar division twlto each year. County Umrd has iK)wer to consolidate any twJ or more contiguous districts, white or col- ored. build schoolhoUses for such consolidated schools, and employ teachers U'\ same manner as for suUllstricts ; sybdlstrlcts may l>c In two counties; etninty board shall, when It deems wise, employ supervisors ^or rural schools, who shall assist In sujjervlslug, act us substltut^enchers and ns truant ottlf*ers; It ‘ shall have power to place In one fund State and county funds; school term shall be six months and State fund shall Ihj used for teachers’ salaries: iu>' salary shall be less than ^ hor more than $lrtatlon ; schoolhous<\s may be used when school is not in deseiou for luw'ful assemblies; county board shall assume legal indebtedness of old boarda Graded common .schools, — The county Judge, upon written petition of' 10 legal voters In the Justice’s distiict, towm, or city of fifth or sixth classes; shall make an order fixing boundary of any proposed graded common-school district as agreed on by the Judge and i>etitIoner8 ; sheriff shall then hold election to take sense of the white voters in the said graded tromiuon-school district whether they will vote an annual tax pf not more than 50 'cents the hundred dollars, or' 11:50 on the poll, or both, for mnlutalnlug a graded common school, erecting buildings, etc.; county board of education and county superintendent must approve proposed graded common-school dis- trict; boundaries may be changed on written petition; all«graded common schools shall havd authority to operate high school; graded common-school district may embrace parts of two counties ; If tax Is voted, coufity Judge shJall oertlflcste of examining board and names of ‘the ^flve trustees elected to be entered on his records and couhty superintendent and trustees shall ' organise a graded common school In the district In accord with the law “The graded common-school districts when organised as aforesaid, as [are?] her^y Incorporated management vested in five trustees, elected at A (f). iJ)Mlin8tBATWS tTjm*: fct6. Sift the time the tax Is voted ; trustees shall take oath of office, may adopt by- laws and rules for control and mennKoiuont of the graded common schools; they shall employ princlphl and teachers, snspend or dismiss them; pre- Bcrlbe branches of study other than those required by law and qualifications of superintendent, principal, and teachers; teachers In graded common schools, except in cities of first, second, third, and fourth classes, shall keep a ^ register; the secretary of the board of trustees in ct^s of the first, secondl^ third, and fourth classes slinll reix>rt nnnualiy tcS^^fate sui>crintem1ent ; nil white children within school age residing In any graded common-school district shall have right of free admission; realdent^of other districts and those over age may be admitted on payment of tuition : treasurer elected by trustees shall give bond ; wnuty superintendent shall pay the graded com- mon-school district Its pro rata o'f State and county ftmds after monthly and tt*rm reiwrts have I)een filed; trustees shall provide funds for pur- chasing grounds and buildings am* ore empowered to order an election to decide whether they shall issue bonds of the grndiHl coinmon-school district for pi^vidlng suitable grounds, buildings, etc.; a two-thirds vote In favor Is required; total tax rate for schools must not exceed 75 cents on. the hundred. All rights and ix)wers as to Issuing bonds and levying taxes to |>ny Interest and prlnciiml conferred by chapter 4. net of March 12. 18P6, uikoii all .graded common schools maintained by any city of the fl^ or siitb clnsH or any town or school district organised under a special act of legislature cH>ufcrred by this act; trustees sltnll ci»use tax to be levied, not greater than amount yotwl. on i>roperty owned by nt»y white perwn. company, or a)ri)oration ; or ih>11 U\x on white male citizens; out of these collections trustees shall pay Interest and provide sinking fund; after July 1, 1914. any graded common sclicx)! regularly voted and orgnulited shall have IM)wer to levy tax not exceeding 50 cents on the hundred and $1.50 on the poll; title of nil common-school oiid of all county seminary property In a graded oommon-sohool district shall be vested la Its tnrstee^ but when county seminary pn>i>erty is appropriated all pupils of county may attend at reducLHl rates; if vote Is against tax, question may be submitted again In two years: provisions of this act shall apply to such grndeeople. and such districtd and graded schools may be orgiyslzed by them, the word ** colored " being subHtituteard to surrender to the new board of education all school i)roi»erty. etc., provided that all rules and by-laws made by any ei^lating achooi board shall continue In force until repealed or altered. Bonn! of education shall, within 60 days after its organlBatlon, adopt rules ami by-Utwa; it ahall anwlnt a sui»erintendeut, a business dlre^'- tor, a secretary and treasurer, and -other officers, employees, and agents. ^ Board shall elect 8virH»rinteudent for one year, and If he is reelectetl it shall be for four 5*earBL Suia^rlntendent may eusi>end any teacher or truant officer; appointzuema and promotion shall be on the basis of merit; sui>eriateudent shall devote himself exclusively to duties of his office, e^xerclse n general supervision, keep himself Informed ns to the progress of education In other cities, and make rejwrtB. liutinets director: Elected for one year, may l>o reelffled for four years; he shall advertise for bids, purchase supplies, give bond for dlsc'hnrge o' his duties, ap]H>tnt Janitors and ^iiglneers. Board must advertise for supplies and awatxl contract to lowest bidder Board shall a i^ point a secretary and treasurer, who Kliall give bond; he shall exercise general 8Uj>ervl8lon over fiscal afTalrs of schools, the collection of funds, disbursements of revenues; reconl procewlings of the hoanl; at eiid of year make a fall and comprehensive report of its hmuiclal aHairs; Iw the custodian of all taecmities, documents, title pui>erH. btxtka of reconls, and other i>U(>erK. The iboard shall select two banks to receive st‘hoo'l deimsits and fiscal year shall end June 30. Board shall apportion Its revenue to the different departments; it may borrow money. The general council shall levy 36 cents on each hundred dollars of propeHy assessed for city purijoses; school funds coming to the city from the State shall also be apportioned : city escheats shall vest In Uie board. At end of fiscal year books of the seon^tary* treasurer, business director, and other de- partments of expenditure shall bo audltetl by exi>ert ac-counianis. Board shall have power to establish klmlergnrtens for children between 4 and 6 years old, high schools, manual-training schools, and a normal sfhool ; schools for white and o ’ored children shall be sei»arate; qualifications for admission to the schools shall be fixed by board; no formula or religious belief shall be taught; pupils from beyond city limjts shall pay tuition fees; board ahull make annual reports to State su])erlnteudeut and sliall, every third year, take a school. census: shall pullsh an aumml rei>ort; willful violations of this act punishable by fine and Imprisonment No money shall bo appropriated by the board except on affirmative vote of a majority of members; proceedings of the board shall be kept; bonr^ ahull prescribe branchegto be taught and text- books to be used, which shall not be changed except by unanimous cmisent until forma! notice, and then by two-thirds of members; no fees or perquisites shall be received by secretary; In Investlgatlons-agalnst officers and teachers board shall have power to summon witnesses and administer oaths; certlfl- « cates of teachers shall be void If holder receives no regular employment In five years; secretary of board shall employ census enumerators; their duties A (£). ADMINTSTRATTVI UNITS: DISTMCTS, STO. 816 minutely defined. School Improvement bonds, not to exceed fl,000,00ol Ithrarles. lioulslana; See A (cl). County boards; P (c), State universities and colleges. Maine; School dittrictn, — School districts In all towns are abolished,^ except that districts organised with special lowers by act of legislature shall retain such organisation; said district shall annually submit to town school com* mlttee eatlmato^of amount required for mnlntenaboe of schooU. other than high schools, and town committee shall allow itmoimt sufficient to maintain schools for perlotl equal to other schools of town. Any town at annual meet- ing or meeting called for that purix>Re may. on recommendation of school committee, determine number and location of schools; any school having too few pupils for *' profitable* maintenance*’ may be suspended by school com- mittee for one year and any school having average attendance of \ess than eight pupils shall be suspended unless town meeting votes to continue said school ; superintendent shall procure transportation of pupils when school committee decides that distance of pupils’ residence warrants, but committee may anthorlte i>ayment of pupils’ board Instead. Cities and towns may take real estate not to exceed 3 acres for school and playground purposes, but no real estate may be taken within 50 fet‘t of n dwelling house; owner may ap- peal to county commissioners, whose determination sliall l>e final; legality of a tax to build, rejialr. or move a scht>olhou«e shall not be nffected by any error In the designation or location thereof; plans of seboolhonse voted by town must have apprt>val of school committee, who shall have charge of erection. D«Mcj of foicfw.— Every town shall raise and expend -annually for common schools, exclusive of corporate school funds, State . funds, gifts, and for- feitures to use of schools, at least 80 cents for each Inhabitant; all towns In- corporated since I78S not formerly p,irts of other towns, which fall to sc- TOunt for'permanent fund arising from sale of school lands, shall annually raise and expend $45 In addition to other amount required by law; unex- pended balances shall be credlletl to resources of following year, but this provision shall not apply to cities. When the 'governor and council have rea- son to believe that a town has failed to comply with the law relating to public Bcbools they shall direct tJbe State treasurer to withhold from such town such amount as they may deem ’expedient. Term of all schools In town shall as nearly as practicable be of same length; every town shall maintain schools for at least 20 weeks; failure to do so shall debar town from SUte school moneys. Adjoining towns may maintain unlAn school; said school shall be , under the management of school committee where schoolhouse Is located. Towns shall expend State and town funds for teacher’s wages and board, fuel. Janitor’s services, conveyance and tulUon and board of pupiU. and shall provide school hooka, apparatus, etc., for schools. Including high schools; they shall pay for repairs of buildings, Insurance, maintenance of school yards and playgrounds out of sums raised In addition to amount required by law to be raised for common schools. Any parent or gfiardlan may procure textbooks' for exclusive use of hfs own children. When pupil loses, destroys, or Injures a l>ook parent shall be notified, and If he refuses to make good the loes the 816 STATE LAWS RKLATIHO Ta PUBUC SDUCATION* value of book eball be Included In bis toxeiL ~ Any city or (own mny lery ndt>rove uiilou lm\ ■ las fewer than 20 or n^ro Uian 50 schools ; when Unit fonittnl union luuKt continue three years unless dissolved by twodbJnls vote of joint ctiunnlt(t><\ but after expiration of three-year term any town may vote to wlilulmw School commlttiHMi of united towns ahall U* JiMnt committee of unU»n ; j»»int ^ committee shall determine division of superlntemlont’s llihc among towns and amount to t>e imid hy each town; such coimulUet* shull cboi>se t\ HU{X‘rintend enl f>»r term not cicwdliig five years and shall fix his i^liiry. Chairman and secretary of jolut ot)muilttee shall rt'iwri facts ndaiing to union, eloiMlnii superintendent, etc., to Slate siu^erlntendent ; on ap|>rovni of union, Smte shall p*iy for salary of suiterlnteudent twice aKKregato amount i>iild by u»wns. but not exceeding $S00 lo any union. 'JTo towns and cities bavlug over r»n schools State shall |iay three-fifths of ci>st of suivriuteiKtonce, hut not to cx cetd,$800 to ench town or city. Towns uniting to employ a sui)erintoiKlcnt shall ench pay for his services in pro|)(»rUon to amount (»f sen U'o rendert*d ii State suj^rliitcudeut shall ,minu.illy hold a I'onfereiuv of union hu|ht Intend ents for their Instruction; may l»e ustyi to uislal lu iMiyIng ei|>t*asi^ nf superlutemlents living at remote di8lftnc(‘K. rnlon su|>erlntem!ent» Khali hcM Slate certitk'ste of sur>erlntendeuoe grade; einmiiiMUon pn^mTiluHl by Stat,- superintendent; no town shall reielve aid under this net miless ita exivndl- ture shall be in udditlou to amount rtNiulnnl for a>nmion stduHd |>uriH>«^. Vnon^nUed terrt/orp.— Plant at ions have i«pme |K»wera tis towns for eUx't Ing school committees, sui)eriDtcudents, treHsurers, and colkvtors and for raising school money. Moneys due plantations from Slate for tkdiooU shall be paid under same conditions as in case of Iowuh aixl bhall l>e eii>emUd under same restrictions. State sui>eriutendent shail cause children In un organised iownshlpB to be eniunerated and Hhall provide for rtchoollug of said children l>y eKtiibllshlng school or sending tlieju to adjoining town. If available school fund of township Is Insufllclenl to run school 20 wtvks, state shall pay remainder, but iiiUnbitants must hare la^n taxinl at ioimt 40 cciuk per capita. State superintendent may apiwlnt agents for uuorgjuiixod town ships, who shall enumerate children, collect per caplin tax, employ teacher, etc. Said agents may act as truant officers. State Bui>erlutendent may au]» Idy schoolbooks for such schools See olso A (h2). State officers; A (d). District boards and offltvra; n (n). General State finance and support; H (f), Comimlaory nttendnnce. Maryland: See A (d). County boards BCassachn^etU: See A #^MTwi8raATrv* trum: distwots, *to. and maj regtiUte and altar the bonndariaa Uiereof; when anj board ahalt form a new district, the cleric of said board shall giro to a taxable In- habitant thereof a notice of such formation, deaciihlng the boondartee and Kiwlf^lng the time and plan of drat meeHna. and said Inhabitant ^11 no- il f>' every qtinllfled voter of auch district and make retnm thereof to the ^h^lrman of the meeilDK to be by him delivered to the dlrei'tor choaen at such ineellii^. \VV**never It shall be neceesury or convenient to form a dlstrt'^t frxun pnrta of two or more adjolnlnR townRhlpa, the townahlp boards or n majority of sMld bosnU may fonn such district; the nnnnal repi>rts of s\ioh dlairlct shall be made to the clerk of the township In which schoolnonse is situated. Any district shall be deenKv! duly orRanlrcHl when any two olH- cers eieoteil at Its first nieelliiR sliiill file lu't'eptam'e with the'dlrector. or dla-' trie! sh.all be (Wmed U*imlly onmnlEcal wh»Mi It shall have exercisid the franchlaes nud prlvlleRt*s of a district for two yeara Any district ahull lose itH» oi^inluition as fi>11owa! (1) When tliere are not fhn'e or more per* wMirt tlien>ln Qualified to huld district f2) wht*n stich district shall fall to pmvhle school privllegea for the time nvpiire^l by law for two con- secutive years; In either of said the township board, or Joint bonril If dUtrrcl be fractlonnf. sha:i declare such district dissolved, nttnch It to ad- JoInhiR district or districts, and make an equitable dtstributlon of Its property HiuonR the districts to which if Is attachtd. Ever/sclnvd district shall be a iMMly ct»n>orale; such district shall Ih» rtMtresentwi by (tmv oflWrs, namely, a i».Klt‘raror. diriM'tor. and assi>ssnr. Whenever the township |>oanl shall t^mtemplrtte an altendion of the Ujpudarles of n district, the township clerk shall ^rlve at U^tst 10 days* notUv. Tlie township btaird may detach the (irojH'riy of any i»erson or iM'Psona from 'one dlWrlct and attach It to another. , Init no land which has Imnmi taxensent of the owner; no district shall ite divided Into two or more districts without (he ctuimuit of the resident taxm^erg thereof; no fw'o or more districts shall Ih> *'oii8t>Ildsted witbotit such consent; wdu*n alterations of hoiindarle^ sbatl he made. towiiKliip clerk shall, within 10 days, give iiotke to directors of dla- (rlcts afTiH'UNl. When a tiew district Is fonmd In whole or In part from one or more districts j>ossess(Hl of n achoolhouse or other projK^rty. the township hoant shall make equitjible settlement of prejvrty ant8 between new' ^ district and old district ^>r districts from which fornuvl ; such settlement shall !>e made on the hanls of the taxable prnpt^rty of the several parts of the former district or districts. Except when otherwise provldtNl hy si>eclal eiiacuiient. the aimnnl meeting of a whool district sball l>e held on the second Monday in Jvdy. but auy district may vote to hold 'said meetlnR on the fourth .Monday hi July; sKclal nieqUupi may t>e crtUenrent or guardian of any child of school age In district, and who has resided In district for three . months,' BhAl] be a qunllfled voter; on the question of voting taxes, every citizen over 21 years old, male or female, who owns property assessed for school purposes In district and who has resided In district for thr^ months shall be a quali- fied voter. The presiding ofllcer of a meeting may order any disorderly per- son removed, and any person wtUfully disturbing a meeting shall, on convlc- 216 dTAtB LAWS SBLATXVO TO FITBLIO fiZ>UOATtOK« tlim;. be flneS not lM8 than |2xkor more thftnlGO, The a^uOlfled Toters at any annoal meeting or at an adjonrnment thereof, or at a special mating \A'w- foUy called, except aa hereinafter prorlded, shall have power (1) to appoint a chairman In the absence of 'the moderator and a temporary director in the absence of the director to keep a record of proceedlngB; (2) select dis- trict officers; (d) select or change sites for schoolhouses ; (4) direct the pur- chase, or lease of a site, the erection of a schoolhouse or enlarging the site; (6) vote tax for sites and boUdlngs, such tax not to exceed in the same year bonded Indebtedness is Incurred $260 in districts having fewer than 10 children of school age, nor $500 In districts having between 10 and 90 such children, nor $1,000 In districts having between 30 and 50 such children; (6) determine amount of tax to bp levied for all school purposes; (7) authorise the sale of school property no longer needed; (8) give directions r^;ardlug any suit in which the district may be Interested; (9) appoint a building committee; (10) determine, at first and annuar meeting only, the length of school term ; (11) vote to discontinue the school for the ensuing year and send the children elsewhere, In which case the board may provide for the payment , of tnitlon and transportation. In districts having 400 or more children of school age, school term shall not be less than nine months; between 30 and 400 such children, eight months; all other districts, not less than five months. Penalty for not maintaining school for required term, forfeiture of State funds. In any city school district the board of education may divide the dlatrlct into election precincts. Graded school districts, — Any school district containing more than 100 c^j^en between 5 and 20 years old may by a majority vote of the quallfieil voters present at any annual or special meeting, organize a graded-school district After such change shall have been voted, a board of education of five members shall be elected; term after first election, three ^ears, two or one as the case requires being elected every year. Within 10 days mem- bers elected shall file their acceptance accompanied by a certificate of their eligibility; vacancies shall be filled by remaining members »cept when three vacancies occur at t^e same time, in which case a special district meeting ahall be called to fill them ; board shall elect from* among Us number a president, a secretary, and a treasurer and these officers shall perform the duties prescribed by tbp' general law for the moderator, director, and treasurer of the former district, except as hereinafter provided. Duties of board: To determine course of study and departments to be taught; estab- Uah a high school when directed by vote of the district and fix qualifications for admission and tuition fees for nonresidents, but when students or parents or guardians pay taxes in such district such taxes ahall be deducted from their nonresident tuition clprges; audit and order paid the accounts of the aecretary, but said secretary ahall not expend exceeding $100 for repairs, appendages, etc., without the consent of the board; estimate and vote amount of tax necessary for teachers* wages, fuel, and Incidental expenses, and for salaries of officers and servants when the electors fall to vote, the • same; employ. In cities and villages having six or^more teachers, a super . hUeodent of schools, who shall hold at least a State life certificate or normal school diploma or have^ equivalent qualifications; employ and fix com* pensajdon of teachers on recommendation of superintendent, but such recom- mexUlatloa iaxhy be dlsre^rded; employ other necessary officers and servants •and fix their duties and compenaation ; perform duties required of district bocqrds. Duties of superiniendeHt: To recommend teachers and suspend any teacher for cause pending action by the board; classify and coatiol the , promotion of pupils; recommend arrangement of the course of study and A (f). AOMIHI8TB1TIVB UimS: DISTBI0T8/ KIO. SIJ'- i * I textbooks to bo Qoed ; re|K>rt to booxd ond to Steto ittperbotflodont onimoUy and oft^ If required: raperrlso and direct teachers; perform such odier duties as the board may direct No alteration shall be m the boundaries of any graded-school district without the consmt of a majority ^ of the trustees of nid district, but three or ‘more taxpaying electors haring childr^ between 6 and 12 years old and' residing 1| mUes or more from the schoolbouse may appeal from any action of the trustees with reference to the alteration of such district to the Judge of probate, who may amend or set aside the action of the trusteea Two or more contiguons districts together, having 100 or more chUdren between 6 and 20 years old, when separately voting to establish a graded district, may be qnlted Into such a dIsUlct by the township board. On petitleetlng; provide a site and scboolhouse; estimate amount necessary for site and buildings and report the same to the annual meeting; vote taxes for the running expenses of fete schools, excluding sites and buildings, and Including teachers* salaries; report annually to township clerk the taxes to be levied ; apply and pay school mon^s in accordance with the provlsloiv of the law ; have care and custody of school property and pro- vide suitable school QrivUeges; specify the studies to be pursued In the schools; ad<^ textbooks for the township for periods of five years; prescribe rules and regulations for the government of the schools and provide textbooks for Indigent pupUs ; admit nonresident pui^s and fix tuition fbes; make mks fi&d (UcAiita t^w« ftstjLnvd t6 iMnud teitffiAWur. ngardiHf the Bebool oeiunie; fix length of school tenn, which diaU not be less . than five months ; establish and maintain a district library ; establish and maintain a high school or pay tuition of pnpUs going to such school else- where; authorise secretary to provide Incidental apparatus for the schools; employ a snperlntendent of schools for the township when anthorised by the qnallfied veters; employ and contract vrith quallfled teachers; do all things necessary for the success of the scboola * D^tie9 of tuperif^tendeni: To rec- ommend teachers and suspend th^ until board may take action ; classify aiul control the promotion of pnpUs; recommend courses of study; report to board ^and State superintendent annually and oftener If required; supervise lhach- ers; perform such other duties os board may tequlrer Du$ie9 of secretary: To act as clerk of meoUnga of osed of pupils who have passed through grammar' grades and pareed an examination therein; four-, year course; may fix tuition fees for high school and may prescribe other studies; allowed to Introduce public-school music, drawing, and manual train- ing Into grammar-school grades; act of 1910 amends the code of 1906 so as to show the lands In separate school districts and toe ad valorem tax toeieon • to separate school districts having no municipal organteaUon, board of super’ riaors. on peUUon of majority of Axpayers, shall levy required tax; assessor shall make a separate assessment; when district is created after -a88essof*8 roll has been made out, taxes shall be based on previous assessment; county superintendent shall appoint trustees recommended by electors; if tbey fkU "T 224 STATKiAWS I^LAHNO to PUBUO'BDUCATION, on petition of majority of qualified electora, shall levy r^uired tax; when amount has been fixedj^ It shall remain the same for each successive year unless changed by petition of majority of electors; tax collector shall collect and d^?o8lt with county treasurer. Aldermen of any muuldpulity consti- tuting a separate school district may release such parts of the district as lie outside of the corporate limits on petition of a majority of (be resident free- holders of the terTltor'" to be released. * See also A (d). District boards opd officers; B (b), StJite school Inmls; H (e). Consolidation of districts, etc. Missouri: Cto^ai/foafion. — School districts having only three directors shall W known as “ common>school districts ; districts putstde of lncori)orated cities, towns, and villages and having six directors,'** consolidated school districts ” ; districts having six directors and including an Incorporated* town or village or city of the fourth class, town school districts " ; districts including a city of the first, second, or third class, “ city school districts.” ^ Oomm^n-iohool diatricts, — ^The common-school districts of each county shal) be numbered consecutively beginning at the northeast corner^ of said county and shall be bodies corporate under the numbers and designation given them by the county court; such court shall not renumber districts oftener than once In 10 yeara Unorganized territory containing 20 pupils or more or school age may be organized into a school district at a meeting called by three or more taxpayers and ut which a majority of the qualified voters of the district vote to so organize. The directors of each^cbmmoptschool dis- trict shall be three In number, elected at the annual .district meeting; term, three years, one being elected each year. Any unorganized territory Con- taining fewer than 20 pupils of school age may attached to an adjoining district on petition of n majority of the quallfi^ voters of such territory or part thereof wishing to be attached; on receipt of said petition, directors of such adjoining district. If a majority favor, shall attach such territory to their district. When It Is desired to form a m \v district of two or more entire districts or parts of the same, to divide one district to form* two new districts, to divide one district and attach the territory thereof to adJolrTlng districts, or to change the boundary lines of two or more districts, the clerk of each district affected shall, on petition of 10 qualified voters of any dlstrlcr affected, give notice of an election to determine the question ;jach district or part of a district affected shall vote separately, and a majority of the votes in each such unit shall be necessary to effect the proposed change;' if one or more districts vote In favor of the change and one or more vote adversely, the matter may be referred to the county superintendent, who shall appoint four disinterested men to act with himself as a board of arbitration; tho declsldn of said boaid shall be final ; If the districts affected He in different counties, the anperlntendents of such counties sbpli jointly appoint such boas^ of arbitration. No new district shall be formed and no old district shall be left so as to contain fewer than 20 pupils of school age, except that In naylgable streams may be organized with fewer than 20. Whenever a new district Bhall be formed which shall Include territory upon which taxes are levied to erect or aid In erecting buildings, or If there jte an accumulation of money or other property from taxes In said territory, twt^rds of directors, ' of districts affected shall meet and divide such money or property equitably; ,lf said boards can not agree, either district may appeal to the county miper- jptendfiut, who shall spiKlnt four persons to act with himself as a board of A (£).. AI>MimBTBATVm UNITS: DESTB43TB, BTG* * 826 arbltraUoti in the matter and amount awarded new d&trict shall be paid by old district or districts ; for such purpose old district or districts may lery a tax which shall be used by new district 'for building purposesL When any - district shaU Ue partly in two counties, petition of a majority of the qualified voters of either part to divide the district along u ' county line, an election shall be held in such part, and If a majority of the \ tes cast shaU favor division, the district shall be so divided and each patt shnll become a separate district; If the boards of directors can not agree upon a ilvlsion of assets of the old district, the same shaU be setUed by arbitration hereinbe- fore provided. Hereafter no district shall be formed of ports of two or more counties, unless the portion of the district sought to be joined aciuas thecounty line Is cut off from the district or districts In the same county by a running stream 'frhich can not easily be crossed by children. It shall be the duty of the voters of the newly created district to meet within 16 days after the for- mation of such district and organise as In the case of other new districts, but children thereof may attend old school until June 1 following. The an- nual meeting, of each school district shall be held on the first Tuesday in April of each year. Powert of annuai tricing: To organise by the election of n chairman and a ^retary; choose one director who shall serve fbr three years; flU vacancies tor unexplred terms; determine by baUot the length of school term in excess of eight months and the tax rate, if any, in excem of 40 cents on $160; determine by majority vote. whether the schoolhouse may be used during ensuing year for religious, literary, or other community pur- lH>8es; decide In favor or against any proposed change of boundaries; direct the sale of school property no longer needed for such purpose and d^rmlne the application of the proceeds; designate by baUot their choice of a person to fill the office of coimty superintendent of schools ; determine by ballot the rate to be levied to provide site and buUdlng; determine, where no school site has been selected, the location thereof; change ’^'cation of the school- house. but a majority vote of the resldatt taxpayert shall be neceesary to remove schoolhouse nearer to center of district and two-thirds inajorlty shaU be necessary to remove the same faithpr from the cedter. Board of directors of every district shall continue the public school eight months In each year, but when any district has levied for school purposes (teacher and inciden- tals) the maximum levy provided by law and the funds so derived, together with the money on hand and the amount received from public funds, are In- sufficient to maintain such school for such period, paying the teacher or teachers a maximum salary of $40 per month, such district shall receive from the State a sum sufficient to make up the deficit; $46 per month may , be paid second-grade teachers, and $60 first-grade teachers; no district shaU . receive more than $100 as such aid in any one year. Any district applying for such aid shall show that It has an assessed valuation x>f $50,000 or less; that It made a levy of 66 cents on $100, not more than 26 cents to be used for Incidentals; that It maintained an average attendance of 15 or more, or 60 per cent of Its last enumeration. Any district paying Its teacher a salary greater than the maximum herein specified shall forfeit Its right to any further State aid ; no district having less than 0 square miles of territory shall receive such aid uAder this act Beforenmaklng regulaf Apportionment State superintendent shall set aside from the public funds a sum snfilcleut to . make up deficits reported^to him. The government and control of comwn- I school district shall be composed of three cltisens of the United States, resl- deut taxpayers;, a qualified voter shall be any person allowed to vote for State and county officers and who' shaU have resided in the district for 80 8966*U16 16 . T .• i-,..: 8i6 BTATK LAWS BBLATIVO TO PUBUO BDtTOAIION. i Tb« boatd tball anndallj elect one pi ita namber preetdent and shall also elect a clerk, who shall rocelTe no oompenaatlcm untU all required re- ports are mad& Bemainlng directors tfhall flU a vacancy in the boa^1 until next annual district meeting, but abould they fail to agree or should more than one vacancy occur, the county auperintendent shall dll the sama When- ever any school district, as party of the first part, shall furnish a room or rooms suitable for a hlgb school and will agree to seat equip, heat, and keep In order said room or rooms, said district, together with three or more otbt»r districts as parties* of 'the second part may unite as a central hlgh'Scboo|^ district; the question of such union mtiy be submitted to the districts aeverally at their annual meetings; if a majority In each district shall favor, the central highnschool district shall be formed; the directors of the several dis- tricts composing the union ahajl have the mnnagemcut and control of the high school ; not more than 20 per cent of the teachers* fund of the composite districts shall be set aside to pay teacher or teachers in the high school ; such hl^-school teachers must be holders of first-grade county certlficiifo« or State certificates. Duties of district dcrlc; To keep records of district meetings and of proceedings of directors ; make copies pf papers resting to the business of the district; make annual financial and statistical report to county superintendent; procure necessary record books for hla office and registers for teacbers; post all notices required hy law or by the board. On the order of the board of directors the district clerk shall draw warrants on the county treasurer In favor of any party to whom the district has become legally indebted, whether for teachers' wages or for material or labor, and the mid treasurer shall j>ay the same out of appropriate funds belonging to the district, but no warrant shall bo drawn in favor of any teacher not hold- ing a lawful certificate or not having made required monthly and term reports, The county treasurer shall keep for each district a separate account for ‘‘teachers* fund," "incidental fund," and "building fund.** Directors may transfer from " Incidental fund *' amount necessary for ordinary repairs or from “ building fund ’* to "Incidental fund** any unexpended balance. Ou apiRlcatlon of the directors of any district having surplus school funds, the county court shall loan such fund for the b^eflt of such district, but no school tax. other than for Incidentals, shall be levied In such district during the time of. snch loan. City, ioton, and consolidated schools, — Any common-school district cou- talnlng a city, town, or village, the plot of which has been filed In tbe county recorder's ofllce, or any district having 200 or more children of scbool age, may be organised into a town or city school district and as such shall be a body corporate; every extension of tbe limits of such dty, town, or village* stMili have the effect of extmiding the 'Imits of tbe school district On peti- tion of 10 or more taxpaying voters the board of directors of a common- school district or consolidated district entitled to be organised under this act riiaU submit the proposition at an annual or speclar meeting after legal notice; majority of votes cast shall determine. Board of directors shall con- sist of six members elected by tbe qualified voters; term, three years, two being elected every year; a vacancy shall be filled by the remaining directors until the next anuua) meeting; within four days after election members shall meet end elect a preddent and a vice president, and shall annually elect a a sBcretary and treasurer. When the demands of the cUstrlct i^ulre more than one scboolhouse, the board sbali divide the district Into wards and provide a school for each; board may eetabllah schools of higher than ele mentary grade town, city, or coniioUdated district may be disorganised and bemme a oommon-scbool district by a two-thirds vote of qpallfled ele^rs A (f). ADKutiBTBATnri mriTs: oibtbsots, kto. ■ 827 TOtta* at a dnljr called meetlns. Mio board of edacatlon of any town. eUw or conaoUdated district ahall bare the dnUes of directors of common-scbool districts, and In addition tiiereto may establlrii separate libraries and parka and playgrounds for white and colored persona, and may annually expend the^or not exceeding |2,C00 In dtles baring 20.00& to 100,000 Inhabitants, not exceeding ' $000 In cities of 6^000 to 20,000, and not exceeding $200 In does of 1,000 to 6,000 ; board may acquire sites therefor by. purchase or condmnnaUon. Board ahall malnUln' school for not lees th»n g nor more than 10 months, except for physical training, when term may be 11 months; tax rata shall not exceed 40 cents on $100 unless voted by the quallfled electors. The treasurer shall give bond and shall be the clistodlan of moneys * raised by taxation in the district and of moneys collected for liquidating bonded indebtedness and Interest thereon; moneys reralved by any county or township treasurer for any town, city, or consolidated district ah.ii be paid over to the treasurer of such district; ti^snrer shall annually settle ^ .with the board, and when sncb sotUement Is approved by board he shall present the same to the clerk of the county court, whose certificate of cor- rectness ahall discharge said treasurer from liability. The quaUfled voters of such town, city, or consolidated (^Istrict shall vote by 'baUot on all qucs- Uons provided by law for submission to annual school meeUngs; polls shall be open from 7 a. m. to 6 p. m. ; In cities of l.OOP to 100,000 population the school election shall be held at the same time and places aa the election for municipal offlcera, but separate ballots shall be used. Cto i>etlUon of 10 voters of any district or part of a district adjoining a city, town, or village district an elecOon sban*be held lu such district to determine the question of annexing such district to said dty, town, or vlllage district, and a majority vote Bball determine; If board of city, town, or village district agrees, such adjoining district shall be annexed, but iwrtlon of district remaining must contain 30 children and $80,000 assessed valuaUon, or 30 children and 9 square miles of territory; If an entire district Is annexed, ita property shall pass to city, town, or riUage district; If only a part Is annexed, remaining district shall . retain all propert.v. Whenever by the extension of the limits of any dty, town, or vlllege a portion of an adjoining district has been In- dnded, the remaining part of sncb adjoining district may elect to become a part of sncb city, town, or riflage district, or may unite with an adjoining common-school district or part of a district. Three op more common-scbool districts, or a village district having fewer than 200 children, and two or more adjoining districts may consolidate for purposes of malnuining both primary schools and high schoola No member of any jiubllc-school board of any dty, town, or village having less than 28.000 population shall hold any olllce or employment of pfoflt while a member thereof, except the secretary and treasurer; secretary shall receive not exceeding $180 annually and treasnrer $60. -said boards and boards of districts having graded schools shall pnb- Ilah an annnal report, either In a newspaper of the district or by posting In five pnbllc places. All sebool districts organised under special charter may elect to be governed under the general laws The directors of any school district of any conpty baring township organisation may loan tbe alnklng fund of Buch dlatriot. Tbe board of Education of any city or town district liaring between 6,000 and 100,000 Inhabltanta may by a two-thlrda - vote acquire sites for scboolbouses, libraries, ofiAces, and public parka and play- gronnda, and may by same vote s^U scl^l property. See alao A (c2). County offlcera; K (c), UnlformUy of textbooka; N etition and they shall report their decision to county superintendent; if approved by trustees, county sui)erlU' taadent may divide district; three resident taxpayers in old- or new, district may appeal from decision 'of trustees to county superintendent and from such superintendent to county commissioners. After such dlvision.'^county commissioners shall apportion amount of indebtedness not covered by sinking fund between old and new districts in proportion to value of school proiwrty In each; trustees of new district shall issue warrants bearing interest at 0 per cent for its share of indebtedness and county commissioners sbaii levy tax in such district to pay such principal and Interest, or trustees of new disUict mny Issue bonds to pay such warrants. No territory included within limits of an incorporated city or town shall be included in any new district ^ provided for In this net Boundaries of n district m.'v not be changed, ex cept in forming new dist^ct unless majority of resident freeholders residing In territory which it is proposed to change petition county superintendent. On i>etUion of majority of resident freeholders of districts affected, county snperlntendent shall order an election to determine question of consolidation of such districta; majopity-vote determines; if vote carries, superintendent shall order formation of district and appoint three Itustees to bold until f rat Baturday In April; at regular election three trustees ^all be cbosen, one for one year, one for two years, one for three years ; property of original districts shall vest In consolidated district Indebtedness shall be assumed by such consolidated district Joint districts lying partly in one county and partly In another may be formed similarly to other district^ except that i>etltion8 shall be filed with superintendent of each county affected. Sc also A (c2), County officers; A (dh District boards and o^loers; N (a), High schools; U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. * tfebraska; ** School district*’ shall mean the territory under the jurisdiction of a single scho<^ board. Every district shall be a body corporate. Each county not alr^dy divided into school districts shall he divide by cotmty A (f). ADMXNIBTRATTVB UKITB: 1USTBICT&, BTO. S89 sapwlntendent New districts may be formed onder following cotM&itioiis only: County superintendent iflay create a new district from organised dis- tricts uiK)n petition by one-Lhlrd of voters of each district affected; coanty superintendent may change boundaries of any dlrirlct upon petition by one- half of voters of each district affected, and may ulao annex to any district any unorganised territory upon peUUons by one-half of voters of district and of territory affected : upon petition by any freeholder to a board consIsUng of connty superintendent, connty clerk, and county treasurer, the land of such freeholder may be set off from one district and attached to another. If It can be shown that a school child resides on such land, that such child la more than 2 miles from schoolhouse In his own district, and schoolhouae in adjoining district is one-half mile nearer; county superintendent shall not refuse to change boundary line of any district, or to organise a new distrlci. or to annex unorganlseil territory to an existing district, when petitioned to do so by two-thirds of voters of each district or territory affected ; changes afVecUng cities shall be made upon petition of board of education of district or districts affc^etl; two districts may be made from one upon petition by majority of voters In each, district proiK>sed; one district may be discon- tinued and Its territory attached to adjoining districts upon petition by one- half of voters in each district affected; “voters” shall mean those quallfled to vote for school offlcers; no now district shall he formed between first Tues- day of .April and first day of October. l»ut this does not. apply, to change of boundaries nor to consolidation; no new district shall contain less than four sections of land nor any district r«!uceorIntendent. , New districts shall be entitled to proportionate share of prtK'oeds of school prop- erty of old districts and shall share In the Indebtedneas of swh districts made prior to the formation of such new district. County superintendent shall notify county clerk and county treasurer of all district changes. Whenever a district is dissatisfied with the division of school property, as made by the county superintendent, the matter may be referred to three disinterested per- sons. -not residents of Interested districts, one to be chosen by school board -f each district and these to choose a third, and the decision of any two shall be final; each arbitrator shall receive |2 per day for time Urns employed, to be paid equally by districts. When persons living In two or more counties desire to form a district, the same may be authorised by superintendents of the affected counties. In case the number of vote s in any district becomes less than three the county superintendent shall act as the third officer of such district Any district having 1^ than two'voters may, upon petition of majority of adjoining districts, be annexed to such districts; any district which shall fail to maintain a school for two^. consecutive years be an- nexed to another district; connty superintendent shall adjust the affairs of such dissolved districts, giving bond for sa^e and flUng report of same .with court ; court nugr award to county superintendent compensation for soch work. er|c 980 atATB LAWS BBLATIKO TO FUBUO BD0CATIOH. Dtitrlcti oontftlQlng thrae or lew oacUons of Und may petitloo ooimtr aoper* iatandanti coonty derk, and county treaBurer to mako oeoeaMry boundary cbancm Any dlatrtct oontainlnff more tban lOO children between the iigee of 5 and 31 yean may elect a dlatHct board oonslsdny of ttx tmsteea, If ao determined by tbb majority of the Totera at an annual election; two trustees ahall be elected each year; term, three yeera. Within lO days after election tnisteeH ahall flla a ^written acceptance with director; tniateee shall annually elect from their number a moderator, a dlr^or, and a treasurer, and may fill any racancy In their nnmt>er; In case trnsteee fall to elect othcera, county super- Intendent shall appoint such officem from the members of board of trusteea. Board of trustees ahall have like powers and duties as district school boards: tai iery lor maintaining schools In such districts shall not exceed. In any one year. 85 mills on the dollar The territory embraced within the Incorporated limits of each Incorporated dty or vlllHSe hartnir a potmlatlon of nwre than 1.500 inbabttanta, Including such adjacent territory as may be attached for ariMx>l purpoaea, ahall con- atltute one school district; such district ahall be a corporate body; but any territory not Included tn the corporate limits of any village or dty and con- taining territory or children aufflclent to constitute a school elected each year, tei:m three years: In cities of first class having 5,000 to 40^000 inhabitants, boards may consist of nine members, three elected each year, term three years; for any city of 40.000 to 100.000 Inhabitants there ahall be a board of six members, two elected every two years, term six yeara. Ballots for school elections of every nature sliall be deiiosited In boxes specially prepared for that purpose and be received and returns made by the regular election board ; returns for election of members shall be canvassed In same manner as In case of city ofiloers; the returns for Issuance of boDds. purchase of sites, and erection of buildings shall be made to and cani'saseil by board of education. All persona elected board members shall take oath of office. Meeting shall be held monthly, but si>eclal meetlnitB may be held; meetings shall be open to public uulees otherwise ordered. Boards shall have power to elect own ofllcers and make their own rules, but no member, except secretary, shall receive compilation; secretary shall receive not more than 9720 per annum, but such limit shall not apply to cities of from 40,000 to 100,000 Inhabitants; board shall elect a superintendent for term not to exceeoney. Under following conditions school children may be transferred to an adjoin- ing district if such chlldrtMi reside more than IJ miles from (he seboedbouse In their own district and one-half mile nearer to uchoulbuuse In adjolniug district; AppUcation for transfer must be approved by county soperlnteodeut and board of adjoinlnR district; such children shall be enumerated fbr school purposes In suld adjoining district; school taxes, except those fbr paying bonds or Interest thereon, shall t»e paid to ad>olnlug district; land, not ex- ('ceding a quarter seiHion. belonging to tiarems of such children, shall be Ux(sl by adjoining district at same rare as other land therein. ChlMren may retransfer to home districts. Parents of puidls transferred to an adjoin- lug district may vote In such district on all matters except that of Issuing bonds Board of education of a city or trustees of a high-school district by a two-thirds vote of those present at any annual or special meeting, are em- '' powered to provide trsnsportJiUon of pupils to school when disUoce make attendance impracticnble otherwise. The trustees of a high-achool dis- trict or a diatrlct^-school board, when oulhorised by two-Lhlrds rote at any an- nual or special meeting, may coutract with board of neighboring district for iuBtructiou of transferred pupil aud provide trensportatlon for the same; dis- tricts providlug Instruction for their children, lu neighboring districts shall be conaUlered as malntalutng a school as required by law; teacher of such transferred pupils shall make a rei>ort of such children to the director of district from which transferred. Jt shall be unlawful for any public-school pupil to be a member of any school fraternity ; nor Khali any person enter' school grounds or schoolhouses for the purpose of soliciting pupils to become members of such fratemltJefl; a pupil may be exi>elU^ for being a member of such fraternity, and any person may be fined for soliciting members fox such organisations See also B (e), State aid for rfemenbiry education; N (a). High scho(>l8. Nevndm: Every vUlage, town, or Incorporated dty shall constitute but one school dlstriot; districts employing 10 or more teachers shall be known as first class; others, second class. Flrst-clasa districts may appoint city \tuper- Inteodents, term one year, except after one year's service In soch positiQn, when elec'tion may be made for fonr years ; city superintendent may be re- moved for omise. County commlssToners may create new school dlstrlcto upon petition of parents of five school children ; said petition shall describe boondaries of proposed district, to conform to government survey lines when prsctfcftble; said commisaJouers may create new districts feom other dis- tricts upon vote of three-fifths of electors of dl^lcts affected ; an act creating m fiftATfh MtWB< WL4!rtHo vo^Ftmuo mmcAtkosf* v« new dlftrioC tfun be rold If acbool ahaH sot cotsmence in the saibe within , ’ ^a2D d«r» aft«r net crentlsf names so dlntrict thnn created idmU exceed in size 16 mllM nasnra Only pcoTlnios dull be consolidated, and deputy saperlntendent shhU locate school in snch\ district No district shall receive county funds unless It contains at least live censoa children, and.no State funds unless three such children. .A ^int schoarial school district may be dissolved by a majority vote of electors •>pcei(tot and Voting at: a legal meeting; and be i^ted with the town district; h^aiittVdlitriet liha^ take potasarion of school property of dissolved district Shan tovy a tag'c^ to pay' for aamoMf diwolted district i^ld/fonncd of eoultable apportionment of its -^-aaacta ^’ahd liabilities ttisll' be madd by a Joint board of selectmen of towns T; iffsetsdr makes no ajiporttofluieat wltitifo days, any A (I). ABiamSTRATlVa UBrrS!.'inBTBlOTS,:VT0. taxpa^o’ witWn district may petttkm a jod^e of supreme coart- to appoint a rrferee for sodi pnrpose. TSm corpwate powers of a district sbaH r^n- tlnne for purpose of settins np Its affairs and of Mdlns, iwmiging and enjoying any property held by It in trust, notwlthstandinfr Its dlsscdntlon^ but school board of town district shaU act as agent In ezpoiding Income of such trust property devoted to support of public schools; such trust Income shall be used only to supplement the regular school funds; any Justice of the iieace may, upon application of three or more voters of dis- solved district, call a meeting thereof for transacting buslneas In ccnmec- tlon with trust funds. If any q>ecUl district shall vote to unite with town, and town shall vote to receive such district, the town riiaii support within such qieclal district a high school of not less than Si weeks p« year if such special district has maintained a hit* school for the five years preced- ing; said high school shaU be open to aU qualified scholars of town. When It Is desired to sev« a part of any town therefrom and annex It to another town, any person interested may preseAt a petition to the selectmen of the towns affected; to transfer such territory a majority pf each board- of selectmen shall vote therefor; upon prtqrnr proceedings such territory may be restored to town or district from which severed; annexaUon of territory under this act shall have same force and validity as If made by a qieclal act of the legislature. Upon petlUon to selectmen of a town, and due notice ^ven, parts of any district may be added to another district In same town upon majority vote of selectmen and of each of school boards Interested. Any offender against such by-laws may be sentenced to pay a fine and to be committed to the Industrial school; court or Justice may remit such line when offendor Is unable to pay It anA may discharge him from Industrial school If be has been committed there for nonpayment thereof; any such offender may give bond In sum of $26, conditioned to atfend regnlarly some school In district and comply with regulaUons thereot whereupon fine may be remitted. Any school district may, by vote or by law, establish and maintain a hl^ school In which higher Bbgllsh branches and the Latin, Qre^ and modem languages may be taught >Two or more adjoining dls- trlcu In the same or different to^ may Jointly establish and mnin»«ectlng residence required of male votm shall be eligible to vote at school dections on all questions except for members of board of education. A' member of a board of education Shan have been a dtlsen and resident of the district for at least three years immediately preceding his or her elecdon, shall be able to read and write, and shall not be Interested In any contract with nor dalm against said board. Bach board of education shall be a body corporate. The president or vice president of any such board who refuses to perform any duty imposed by law nuy be removed by a majority vote of all members of the board. Powers of hoord of education: To AH any vacancy in such board until next ele^on ; ^ employ and fix salaries of principals, teachers. Janitors, mechanics, and labor- ers; make by-laws not Inconsistent with provisions of law; purchase, sell, and Improve school grounds and erect; lease, enlarge, improve, repair, or furnish school buildings, and borrow money therefor; hut any such act must be authorised by a vote of legal voters of district^ take and condemn prop- erty; for school purposes when authorised by vote of the district ; Insure school property and bold property in trust for ben^t of schools ; enforce rules of State board of education; select textbooks; in connection with county super- intendent, prescribe course of study ; suspend or expel pupils from school ; provide textbooks and supplies; call meetings of voters when interests of schools shall demand; permit use of school property for educational meetings, public-library purposes, holding elections, and for social, civil, and recrea- 'r tlonal purposes; make annual report to county superintendent Said board may appoint and fix salary of a supervising principal, but such appointee diall h(^ either a State or first-grade county certificate; no such appointment . shall be made until authorized by county superintendent and approved by Oommiwdoner of education and State board of education ; salary of such super- visor Shan be at least $1,000 per year; boards of education of two or more districts may unite In employing such supervisor. No teacher shall be appointed, dismissed, or transferted, nor amount of his salary fixed, and no schopl term shall be determined, nor course of study adopted or altered, nor textbooks adopted, except by majority vote of whole number of members of such board. Said boaM shall meet at least cmce in two montha Said board shall^ by a majority vote of entire membership, appoint a district clerk, may be a nwbsr of said board, and shall fix bis salary. Such clerk shall execu^ a bond as required by board ; shall k^p a record of business of , Mid boib^ Any, t^rd member who shall toil to attend three consecutive znajr Jbe removed by «ald board. B^rde of edpcatioa each odunty meet imiaim and times designated by cer year ; bcmds shall be sold for not less than par ; such city shall levy a tax to pay such Inteies^Ji^ to create a sinking fund for redemption of bonds; each bonds sbaif^noteib^ In amount 8 per cent of taxable property of such city, excem with consent of common council or other I like body, whereupon such maximum amount may be Increased to 5 per cent of each property; these provMons shall not remove any restrictions Imposed upon any city by its charter.\ Whenever any township shall have aco^[>ted the provisions thU article the township copimlttee ^all be deemed to be a body to make appropriations of money raised by taxes, and the chairman of such committee ahall be the. executive officer of the town- diip; moneys raised by township for purposes herein provided nhall not exceed three-fourths of 1 per cc&it, exc^t with consent of such committee; money may be borrowed by such township and bonds Issued 'therefor; bonds Shall' run for no longer than fiO years, shall bear interest not to exceed 5 per OQQt per annum, and shall be sold not below par; a tax ahall be levied to pay interest on bonds and to redeem such bonds In every incorporated . town school district having population ot 10,000 or more which has not adopted provisions of this article, the mayor or other chief executive officer shall appoint a board of education of five members; one member appointed eadh year, to s^e flige years flea also 8 (b), l^lic-school libraries Helk IfiexlM: ^Skich school district shall be a body corporate. Wh^ a new ^^Ustrict formed ih any county, ^e county superintendent shall, within pcMri a notice and eaU a meeting within such of sc^i officen; In case mch officers are not elected, ; samh. Olie words district” or ' ” iMhdol ehall jbdnde Cld^ and vllla^ and dtatrlcts out- side of such ffitu^pallties The boundary lines of all dlkrlcts shall be located A (f)\ ADUiismrBArm xmnAt vtsiBicmf stc. m ' \ by the oonnty Borreyor of each ooonty at the requeat of Uie county anperln* teodent Any diatrlct may take and hold In ita corporate name ao much real eatate as may be neceeaary for the locatttiik and consbmmtion of a but such land when taken without the consent of the owner shall not aioeed 1 acre ; such site must be sitnated on some public thoronghfarai Wbenerer It Is desired to fom a new district, a petition and of facts signed by a majority of the legal electors residing within the proposed district shall be pteaexited to the county superintendent; said petition shall accurately describe the boundaries of such proposed district, and shall cemtaln names and ages of school children residing therein. No district shall be created or divided unless there be at least 25 school children In the new district and at least 25 school children remaining in the district or each of the districts from which such district Is taken, but a school board may maintain moro than one school In Its district Upon receipt of such petition and statement by the county superintendent he shall create such new district and shall appoint three persons as a board of directors, who shall serve until next regular Section. After dis- charging the Indebtedness of old district that is c^iargeable to common-school fund, If any balance remains the county superintendent shall divide the aame betwemi the old district and the new In proportion to school <^ldren lif eadi ; all other resources shall be divided by the county superintendent and couS^ commissioners between the old district and the new in proportion to the assessed taxable property In each. County' superintendent shaU consolidate districts on the presentation of separate petitions signed by the majority of the electors residing In the respective districts affected; he shall also attach territory to a district on the prfesentat|pn of separate petitions slgiled by the mojority of electors residing In the districts affected. The territory of no dis- trict shall be so reduced as to make Its bonded Indebtedness exceed 4 per cent of Its assessed valuation. Whenever the number of school children In a dis- trict has been reduced below 16 frbm causes over which the county sopeiW tendent has no ctmtrol, and such conditions seem likely to remain permanent, said superintendent may disorganise such district and attach the territory to the district or districts adjacent 'thereto ; such disorganised district shall remain responsible for any bonded indebtedness which It may have uwurred. Appeal may be made from the derision of the county saperint^dent^racern- Ing the organisation, disorganisation, or change of any boundary of a district to the board of county commissioners, and the decision of am boaid shall be final. The boundary lines and corners of all school dlstrici^ shall be accurately located by the county surveyor, the cost of such proceedings to be paid by the county at no more than |50 per school district See also 0 (b), Ix)cal bonds knd indebtedness; D (a), Buildings and sites, g^eraL New York; School dtetririr.— All schof^ districts fMined by special laws or by general provisions are hereby continued. A district superintendent may organize a new school district out of territory of one or more districts in his supervisoiy district; any outstanding indebtedness against any district so altered shaU remain a charge against the territory which composed such district regardless of such change. The ^strict suprirtntriMlents of any two op more adjoining supervisory dletricts may fonn joint districts jmt of , ad- joining parts of such supervisory di^cts. Sriiooi districts slmll be p^p^y recorded and number^ With the written cons^ of trpsteesy. or of iKMirdB of education and trustees, the district superintendent may alter the boundaries of such districts. If trustees of any district affected refuse to consent to er|c WWW » mi L IW' 1 1. II I flOCAia Um BBLIJIV X<^'F0BUO IDOCAXXOHw 1 .Wmtitm of btmUiOMXr Uimb» tti^ dlttrlct mperlntaMlMit maj file with tlie *onnty boards; A m another portion by natural obstacles, county commissioners may annex such portion to an adjoining district; whoever portions of a dis- trict lie In two or more civil townships, there may be created therefrom two or more school districts, following the boundary lines of congressional town- ahlps or lines of Qovemment survey. If a town or village not organized as a ^[lecial district Is divided by a township line or county Une. such town or village may be incorporated in a single district In any county, if a town- ship having less than 16 persons of school age, by reason of Irregular bound- ary lines, contains less than 12 square miles, It shall constitute a portion of an adjacent district. County commissioners and county superiutend^t may change boundaries of any district or consoMduted districts if petitioned by a majority of voters. County commissioners ami superintendent may organize a new district when petitioned by a majority of voters of districts affected and by three-fourths of voters in territory to be organized, but such new dia- trlot must have at least $20,000 of taxable property and contain at least 12 children of school age. When a district is proposed to be organized or changed county superintendent shall give 30 days* notice before action is taken on the same. When a .district lies In two, or more counties action takeu < thereon shall be concurrent action of commissioners of counties affected^ Independent districts, — Whenever one-eighth of the legal voters of any city organized for school purposes shall petition the mayor and council, said mayor and council shall submit to the legal voters of such city the question of constituting an independent district; a majority of votes cast shall determine. Board of education shall consist of one member from each ward and one additional member from Uie city at large when the number of wards Is even or two addiUoAal members when the number of wards U odd ; term, thred years; overlapping tenure. Board shall be a body cor|>orute; shall have control of school i^perty and the public schools; members sh:)ll receive no compensation. Regular monthly mootings shall be held; special meetings may be called. Duties of hoard: To maintain necessary schools; provide books for indigent pupils, supplies, and fuel ; see that ordinances of the city conacll relating to school proi>erty are observed; employ and pay i( suiwiinteudent and teachers for terms not exceeding three years ; make rules regnlatious for the government and instruction of pupils; suggest to city council ordinances and regulations for the protection of school property; certUy rate of district tax to county auditor ; determli^e how many bonds shall be Issued. Board shall levy a tax for sites, buildings, furniture, sup- plies, apparatus, Janitors' wages, expenses of board, and teachers' salaries. Board may admit nonresident pupils and fix terms of admission. The amount of tax for teachers' salaries and contingent exptmses shall be only such as is hecessary to supplement State and county funds; azt^unt for^gltes and build- ings shall not exceed 20 mills on the dollar in any’ one year. Board may Issue bonds not tb exceed in amount, including other Indebtedness, 6 per c^t of property valuation, t^ bear not exceeding 5 per cent Interest, and to nm not exceeding 26 years. Beard shall elect a secretary, who may or may not be a member of board ; city tre^urer shall be school district treasurer. Any sink- ing fond may be invested in State bonds or United States bonds, deposited In an aivroved bank, or used to buy and cancel outstanding bonds. Person .Aleetad member of iKWEd of ednoatlon shall forfeit $60 on refusing to aerva A (^)- ADJUNISTBATTVB UNITS: DISTRICTS, BTC, - 241 Special di*trtsU.—Any city or Incorporated or plotted town or Tlllaxa imiT be consotuted a special schotri district; any city already oiKanlaed for scbool •purpose by «)eclnl act may by majority vote of electors accept the provisions Of this article ; any such city, town, or village may alone consUtute a specUl district or may include contiguous territory; In case conUguoue territory U Included, on peUUon of a majority of voters In spch district, county superin- tendent shall call an elecUpn In territory proposed to be orgunlxed ; If proposal carries In both the city, town, or village and the territory outside thereof the special district shall be constituted and county superintendent ’shall call an election for the choice of officers of such special district Petition shall set forth the manner and terms of the division of property apd Indebtedneas between proposed new special district and the remainder of the old district from which a part Is to be taken, and when special district Is formed division shall be made accordingly; taxes shall be levied to pay bonded Indebtedness. Board of educaUon of a special district already orgunltcd may annex adja- cent territory on application a majority of the voters of said territory or on application of two-thlrda of such voters, If territory is more than 3 miles from-tte central school of special district; territory belonging to a roeclal district and more than 3 miles from the central school thereof may be de- tached therefrom by county conimlsslonerB on petition of three-fourths of the voters residing therein. Each special district shall be a body corporate’ school property of the district shall be vested In the board of education! When a petlUon signed by one-third of the voters of a city, Incorporated or plotted town or. village, or school district containing the same Is presented to the council, con. atcsion, or board of trustees asking that the same be organlKKl as a special school district, anld civil authority shall order an election to determine the question; majority of votes cast shall determine. Board of education, five members; term, three years, one or two as the case requires being elected each year; compensation, $1.B0 each for each meeting attended, but for not more than one meeting in Mch month. At the annual meeUug In July a president shall be elected; also, a clerk not a manber of the board. Powers and duties of board: To establish and maintain graded common schools for not less than 7 nor more than lo months; establish high schools and such other schools ns it may deem expedient; provide school sites and buddings; provide apparatus, textbooks for pupils, furniture ap- pendages, and fuel; have control of school proi>erty; employ teachers’ and dismiss them for cause; employ. In Its dlscreUon. a superintendent of schools for not exceeding three years; prescribe rules and regulations for the gorem- ment and InstrucUon of pupils; visit Individually each school at least twice a year; make Annual repart; admit. In Its dlscreUon. nonresident pupils tuition fees; cause to be made annually an enumeration of children of school age. If boundaries of city, town, or vUlage are same as boundaries of district, city treasurer shall be treasurer of board of educa- tion, otherwise a treasurer shall be elected by school district Board of education shall annually determine the amount of school tax to be levied, not exceeding 80 mills on Uie dollar, and countv auditor shall levy the same. A special district may become a part of the common-school district In which it Is situated by a majority vote of the dty, town, or village and of Uie common-schod district Board of education shall be elected from the district at large; a vacancy shall be flUed by the board nnUl next annual district meeting, a special district may Issue bonds .for the purpose of j>rovidlng sites and buildings or funding outstanding indebtedness; such bonds shaU bear not exceeding 6 per cent Interest and shaU not be sold below per; a majority of SOW— 15— 16 ’ 243 STATE LAWS BELATINQ TO PtTBUC EDUCATION. Totes cast at aii election shall determine whether bonds shall be tsBueort. " Ohio: Cia^ficatinn, — School districts sliall be styled, resiiectlvely, city schcNti dtstricta, rlllnge school districts, rural school dlntrlcts. and comity scho4>l districts. Each city, together with territory attached to It for school pur poses, and excluding territory within Its con^orute limits detached for schcHt! purposes, shall constitute a c^ty school district Each village, together with territory attached to It for school pnrixisea, and excluding the territory wdthia Us corjwrate limits detached for school purposes, and having in district thin formed not less than $500,000 tax valuation, shall constitute a village scluxtl district ; If a village shall have n lax valuation of less than $500,000, tlie sanu‘ shall not constitute a village school district, but the pro|>osItlon to cre-at** such territory a village school district may be submltleer .cent of electors thereof to the board of tHlucntlgn; a village district containing less than tl,5(X) i^opnlntl^m may vote to dlss^dve and j(Hn any t\niflguous rural district u|K>n the i>ellthn) of 25 i>er cent of electors thereof to village board or on motion of vUInpc board without such i^tltlon, when npprovcMl by the county board : the properly of such dissolved district shall become vesteoses, shall constitute a county district; any village or. rural district sltnnied in d^re than one county shall become a part of the county school district In which tlie greatest part of the territory of such district Is situated. The territory within n cIty,.vHInge, or rural district shall bo contiguous, except where an Island or Islands form an lulegrnl jmrt of the district. A‘j)on the creation of u village. It shall thereby become n village school district, and the territory of the rural district originally containing such village, outside of said village, shall attnohed to said village for school purposes, If such territory to be qllachcNl baa an area less than 10 square miles. The boanl of education of any village district containing a village of 3,000 more Inhabitants may by a majority vote of the full membership thereof vote not to become a part of the county district; such village district shall ,be exempt from the 8ui>cr\isltm of the county school board. The board of education of a village district shall utwn the petition of 100 or more electors of such district, or upon Us own motion^ may at anytime have a census taken of population of such district; said census shall be taken by n person or persons npi>ointed by the board, and such person or persons shall take oath; census returns shall be made to clerk of board and the county auditor and supeiintendent of public instruction ; If census shows population of 3,000 or more, and is approved by said superin- tendent, such district shaU be exempt from supervision of the county board. Village districts which are exempted from supervision of county board are rendered Ineligible to receive 6tate aid for purposes of supervision, teachers’ training courses, and for grading schoola The provisions of the law relating to settling the obligations of a village that has surrendered its corporate powers iibeU also apply to such village school district and board of education A (f). ApjfllTTSTEATIVB USTTS; DI8TBICT8, BTC, 248 Ujereof. When territory U nunexed to a city or vlllnge, bik* territory U>«r«by hecomea a part Of the city or village acbool dlatrlct. When territory located within the corporate llmlla of a t^lHage le attached for sch.tol piin»o»e8 to a district other than the village school district and the bonids of cdncatlon are unahle to agree^ os to the transfer of such territory, the board of education of the village dlatrlct mn)? flle a petition In the probate court for a settle- ment. Port of any county school district may be trnnsferitKl to any adjoining county school district or city or village school districts by the mutual con- iH-nt of the boards of education of districts affectcl; to make such transfer the majority of each board shall pass a resolution to that effect. When territory Is transferred from one school dlatrlct to another an equitable division of funds and Indebtedness sliall be made by the probate cotirt, SchooU and at tendance.— Each school txinnl shall establish a sufficient niiml>er of elemcnUry schools to provide free clucnUou of youth of school age within the dlatrlct under lu control at such places as vr;il la? moat convenient for attendance of the largest number thereof; every eleuienbiry day school sliall continue not less than 32 nor more than 40 wwks In each sclxiol year. The school board In any city district may establish siieclal elementary schools for school children afflicted with tulierculosls and may pay Uie transportation of such children to land from school out of school fonda Hoards shall pre- acrlbe course of study, subje<-t to approval of State suiieilntendent of public Instruction, In the following branches: Spelling, reading, writing, arithmetic, I'ngllah lauguage. Kngllah graunnar and composition, geography, history of the Hnlteit States (Including civil government), physiology and hygiene: In- structlqn ma.v lie given In vocal music, drawing, elementary algebra, elements of agriculture, and other branches. The school Imard In any city district may establish and maintain a normal school, and also may establish a^ maintain summer or vacation schools, school gardens, and playgrounds. ) A high school Is one of higher grade than an elementary schoo/ In which Instruction Is' given In the history of the rnlted States and oth^ cotintriea, composition, rhetoric. English and American literature, algebra^d geometry, iintural science. iKilltIcal or natural science, ancient or modtrn foreign lan- guages, or Iwgh. commercial imd In.lustrlal hr inches, or such of the branches named ns the length of Its curriculum makc.s possible, and such additional branches as bonnl may determine. High schools shall ls« classlfled ns schools ■of the first, second, and third grades; high school of first grade shall he one covering period of not less than four years, of not less than 32 weeks each, tn which not less than 16 courses shall I* required for graduation ; second grade not less than three years, of not less than 32 weeks each. 12 cotirses for grad- uation; third grade, two years, of not less than 28 weeks each, 8 courses for graduation: a course of study shall consist of not less than four recitations ^ |K>r week throughout school year. School boards which maintain first-grade high schools In village or rural districts may e.stnbllsh nnrnini departments In such schools for the training of teachers for village and rural schools; not more than three such normal schools shall be established In any one county Elstrict, and not more than one snch department shall be maintained In age or rural district; at! least one such school In each county sball be In a rural district or In a village with less than l.fiOO [lopnlaUon, and e than one such school abaU be located In a village having a popula^ L^OO.or more: schools desiring such a department shall make appllca- he State superintendent, who shall designate schools to maintain such enta. Each hlgh-school normal department shall offer at least a one- year course for training teachers'; entrance requirements shall be fixed by State auperintendtart; snch deportm^ta shall not offer summer coiiniee tmlehe 244 StATB uiws RSLATnia to pubuc education. i ' L practloe dtpittmeota are maiDtalned lo ctmoectlon therewith; each nonuul department aball employ a director and each other iDatnictom ea the Stntp soperlnteDdent may prescribe, to be emplojed on nomination of county aufvr Intendent ; no director or instructor In such department ohall be paid less thnn f75 per month; each normal department may maintain a practice dlvlaion; each approved normal deiuirtment shall receive an amount from tb< State, not to exceed ll.OOO |»er year, for maintaining such department There ahull lie established In the college of educntlou of !ho Ohio State mi ▼eraJty. and In each of the normal schools and colleges which are nuiliitainc*a Kach of the , State normal schools. Iocnteni •chools therein; each normal school complying with this provision shall, snb- Ject to approval of State superintendent, nwlve from the State $500 i>er year. Public schools of 1^ grade than high schools shall be denominated as ole mentary schools; course of study shall consist of not Less than four reclta tlona per week for entire school year, EA*ery one-room school In any runl school district where srhool buildlnga are kept clean and In proper repdr, yard clean, and seixirate screened privies msiiitalned for each sex. sliall \)q u rural elementary school of second grade. Each one-room rund school which shall fulftll following requlrentents ahah be of first grade: Clean buildings and yards; building In gooe within 2 feet of door; a s.vstoni of beating, with Tentllation— minimum, a Jucketeil stove; bulblings hereafter constructed to have at least 1 acre of Innd ft»r play: teacher with at leant i three-year certificate; agricultural apparatus worth at least $115. Each village or rural codsolldutetl school with following requirements shall l>e deemed ond grade: Clean building and yard; building in good re|>air; separate screened privies for each sex, or inside toilets;^ library of not less than loo volumes; 100 square feet of slate or composition blnckbonnl. lower margin of not less than 12 lineal feet of which lK>ard shall be within 2 feet of the tl^Hir system of heating, with ventilation — minimum, a Jacketed stove; Imlldings hereafter cpnstruct^ to have at least 2 acres of land for play and ngrlcui tural experiment; at least two rooms and two teachers on full time, one of whom must have at ledbt a three-year certificate; one teacher to be employeil 10 months each year, giving part time to agriculture or domestic science, or both; agricultural apparatus to value of at least $26; a case of not less than six mapsi» Including a map of Ohio. To be of first grade, wnsolldated \illage or rural school shall hove dean building and yard; building In good repair; separate screened privies for each sex, or inside toilets; a case of not less than six maps, Including a map of Ohio ; library of not less than 150 volnmes ; too square feet of slate or composltioa blackboard, the lower margin of not lees than |2 lineal feet of which board shall be within 2 feet of floor ; a ays tiffiD of heating, with ventilation— minimum, a jacketed stove; buildings here- nttet constructed to have at least 8 -acres of land In connection, one for agri- cid$iire and school-garden porposed ; three rooms and three or more teachers pn full time, one teacher to have at least a three-year certificate; a course In domestic science.; two teachers to be employed 10 months each each year, one ; tsschiny ggricidtoxti daring term and part of vacation, the other to teach darataa to value of at leaat $100/ Each dlatrlct In whiub anob echoola are located Ah«n receive for flrat-grade one-room rum! achool $25 \Kr jenr apeclal State aid; a second-grade consolldjited school. $50; o Arst-grade consolidated school, $100; If appropriation be Insufflcletit to meet these payments amount shall be pr'mted; to receive such aid the district shnll apply to county suivrintendent, who shall. If he approves application after lt)H|>ection of su'hool. I'ertify same to State suj>erlntendeut (imduates of Arst-Rnido one-n>oni schools and con- Rollilated schools shall l»e admftte<1 after September 1. i(M5, to any high school without examination. Sute su|)erlntondent shall furnish school boards metal plncarda Indicating grades of stich schools A diploma must be grante^I’by the school board to any |>erson completing the curriculum In any high school; a ct^rtlAcnte shall be Isaueeiintendent. S<*hoo! board may establish one or more high aclio^ds. nigh schools, when establisheii. shall sot be discontinued under thn^ 3’ears except by three- fourths vote of full membership of board. School l>oanl8 shall provide Rltbe, buildings, hnd equipment for auch high school; may establish admis- sion requirements for such high schools. The school bonnls of two or more adjoining districts may, by a majority vote of full membership of each board, unite for hIgh-school purposes; such joint high school shall be under control of a board consisting of two members from each school board creat- ing such joint district ; funds for maintenance of joint high school Shull be appropriated from the tuition or contingent ftmds. or both, of each district In proportion to the valuation of proi)erty In the reBi)octivo districts. School board of any district where U located a college or unlvcrsltj’ not ctuiducted for profit may levy a district tax for such institution not in excess of 2 mills I per year; In the event such levy is made nil holders of dlldomns grunted by high school of such district shall be entitled to attend such college or uni- versity two years, free of tuition. The school board of any district in which Is situated a children's home, orphans* asylum, or county Infirmary shall establish separate public schools in such Institutions; such schools shall be kept open for some length of time as public schools; if distributive share of public funds Is not sufliclent for such time, such homes and asylums or the county commissioners shall meet the deficiency; the board of education of district In which such institution la located shaU have charge of schools In such institution; the county commis- sloneta shall provide rooms, books, and other supplies for said schools out of funds of such institutions; the school board shall incur no expense in sup- porting such schools; teachers employed in soch schools must have a teacberis elem^tary certificate. Upon pedtiicm of parents or guardians of not lets than 20 school difidren who art prevented from attending day echool« the echool board in any diatrlet "O'- teaohera tor^^i^ch luuit Ik>]4 re^ boftrd may dls^ntlnimitiich -fchooV^^ ;AfW^ ktt^dance folto b^ow Ji2; any per^ ot^. 21. years old may be . Permitted to attend tbe ovening school.4iiS poynmot of tutUom Tbe ;SCbP<^ .of each district shall be to all youth between 6 aM 21 years of •• ape resident therein, and to, -children of same ape who 'are inmates of a chU- .dren's home therein; but any child living apart from his parents or guardians, and who is self-supporting, shaU be entIUed to attend school la district where working; each board may admit upon such tetms as It may preeciibe. When a youth of school age or his parent owns property in a school district -in which he does not reside, and he attends i«hool in such district, the tax paid such, property ^11 be credited on his tuition. School boards may assign - pupils to such ..schools in their districts as they may determine, ^o child shall be suspended from school by a superintendent or teacher except for •w* time as is necessary to convene the board, nor shall any child be expelled except by a twp-thirds vote of board and after the parent or guardian ha s been given a hearing; no expulsion or suspension shall extend beyond the current school year. The school board n^y make and enforce rult.'s . and regulations for the vaccination of schobh children. “ Teachers in the public schools may dismiss their jschools. without forfeiture of pay. on J^uary 1, February 22, May 30. July 4. first Monday in September. Decem- ber 26, and Thanksgiving Day. Arbor Day shall be observed in pubUc schoola School year shall begin on September 1 of each year; school week shaU con- sist of five days ; school month of four* school weeks. Potoers and duties of school Itoard: To manage and control all public schools; appoint schodl officers and teachers and fix their salaries. Teachers shall be paid for all tfme schools are closed on account jof an-epidemic or public calamity. No person shall be appointed teacher for a terin longer than four years; teachers in the actual employ of the board sball be copstdered before new teachers are chosen In their stead. Each and every board of education may appoint at least one school physician; districts inay unite and employ such physician; such' physician shall hold license to practice in thb State; school nurses may be employed by school boards ; school board delegate authority herein provided for to the board of health or health (mSer; school physicians moy, upon examlnaUon of pupils, teachers, or Jaaitors. and upon- finding them afflicted with a communicable disease, send them from school, to be returned to school upon recovery.- State superintendent and State board of health 8^11 Jointly pass rules for medical inspection of schools. School physicians appointed for one year; salary fixed by school board; no member of school . bourd 'Shall be eligible for school physician. A city school board may elect a director of schools. ^ serve two yi^rs ^ said director shall have such powers and duties as may be determined by the board; said director shall keep a record; of school businees and report to jK. board ; director shall receive for services not more than |6,^ per year. By ^ vote the board may, for good cauw, discharge the director, but - not .until be shall have been beard. Board may dismiss any* teacher or other .remittee for cause, but only bjra majority of theYuU bperd, and only after employee shall have been given a bearing^ Eacb.jrity s- i.iwipytojtspte pf -sohools tor g; term, npt tonger fiuwrint^tot mayi^ subject; to apptoml by" r opd inky sos^d any: tos tty vote. Poiceri and duties of district supe^tendent: To visit schools, direct ^d assist teachers ; classify and control promotions of pupils ; spend not less . than three*fourths of working time in actual. classroom supervision; report to county superintendent annually ; be executive officer of all school boards In bis district; teach la teachers’ training courses at the renuest of thp cuuht^i board, of education; assemble teachers for conferences; recommend textbooks and parses of study. The coimty Baperiutendeut shall cooperate with dis- trict superlntendmits in holding teachers’ meetings; shall- hold nKmtbly meet- ings with district superintendents; shall visit schools, and with advice of district Buperintradeot sbaU outline schedule of school visitation fof teachers of the county school dstrlct ; shall have direct supervision over teacher-traln- Ing courses, ^ shall personally teach not less than 100 nor more than 200 periods in any. one year ; make required reports, Any county or district super- intendent who shall become interested dnancially in any book company shall be removed from offlea Teachers most exercise reasonolde care in regard to school property, shall strive to guard health of pupUs, give sufficient instruc- tion, and maintain good discipline ; no teacher sliall be required to do janitor work, except as mutually agreed by special contract and for compdnsation for the same. Any publisher, before oflferlng for adoption or sale any textbook In the State, shall die sample and wholesale price' of such bo^ with the Stato superintendent A commission consisting of the governor, secretary of state, an^ superintendent of public lustrdhtlon shall 0x the maximum price at which textbooks shall be sold, which price must not exceed 75 per cent of the wholesale list price thereof; upon acc^tance of such price by the publisher, a contract may be entered into between the textbook commission and such pub- lisher to offer such book or books for sale for Ove years; said commission shall annoally furnish boards of education names and addressee of such pub- lishers and price lists of books; if any publisher fails to comply with bis con- tract he shall forfeit ^600 to the State, to be recovered In an action brought by the attorney general of the State. Each school board, by a majority vote of full membership thereof, shall determine courses of study and adopt t^t- books for ssch district, such books to be adopted from the textbook oommls- slon’s list ; the clerk of the school board shall order textbooks required by such board and pqy fol- same out of contingent funds; textbooks shall be fuml^ed school children at cost plus 10 per cent for handling same^ When pupils move from one district to another the board of education of. the district from which they remove, If requested, shall purchase at a fair price any usable ^textbooks then in the possession of such pupils. No superintendent, supervisor, or prin- cipal shall act as i^ales agent for any publisher. physical training shall be Included in branches tau^t in publtp schools of city districts and in all educs^onai InsUtotlons supported wholly or . In port by State funds; honphl schools shall give a regular course on physical edtt6a- tioUr Any school board may establl^ and'malntain manual training^, dotbesUe sclence,.and commercial departments; agriculture, lndustrlal,vvocstlodai:b^ trade Bcboels, also kindergartens, in connection with the pubUc-school gyiitiem, and Quy pay expenses of same out of publlc-sebool ftinda PhyMology^and hyglm, with qiedal attrition to the effects of aloohffiic drinks and nsroodcs f r oa ^ all ■dMOli raivortM wboUy or In part by pnblic foMa; In an~ tenchenf liiaUtatesi normal aeboolB, and teachem' training tfaa^ lAstmction In beat metboda of tencUng anch branch aball be given; M cc^catea aball be granted to any peraon to teach In any pobUc acbool or U any edncatlonal InadtnUon anpported by the State who doea not paaa exam- InaUon on anch anbject ; State anpotetendoit ahall aee that theae provlaions are enforced, and ahall make annnnl report of anch enforcmnent ; any school ' official or employee In any way concerned In the enforcemoit of theae pro- vlalona who wlUfolIy refnaea or ne«^ecta to enforce anch provlaiona ahall for- feit »26 to general connty-achool fond. Boards may provide for r«i»Mng the German language In the pnblic achoola as an anzlllary to the Bngllab lan- gnage; all common branches In the pnblic schools mnat be tangfat In the Bkigllah lama^ ’■The school bend In any village or mral district may suspend any of Its wbools, and lYsnch village district may provide and In snch mral district shall provide transportation for children attmidlng such schools to a public aehool in the same or another district; the boards of all village and mral ^ff^*^!****'' P”*''**^ tran^rtatlon for pupils who live more than^ ^es from school, and may provide transportation for those Uvlng less than ? miles from aehool; whai local boards refuse or neglect to provide such transportnUon. the county board of education shall provide the same and the cost thereof shall be charged against the local district The board of any dls-. trlct may contract with the board of another district for admission of ^ ^ pupils Into any school In such district, on terms agreed on by snch boards; expense so Incurred shall be paid by the district sending such puplla Pupils In grades below high school who live more than IJ miles from the school to which they are assigned, may attend a nearer school In such district or In another district; If such pupils^ attend school in another district, the district of their residence shall pay their tuition ; when the schools of a dis- trict are centralised or transportation provided, pupils shaU attend schools to whlrii assigned; a school averaging less than 12 pupUs ahall be sus- pended. Each board of education may furnish textbooks free to Indigent chlldrmi or to all school cbildrei), the cost thereof to be paid out of the contingent fund • •dch books shall be the property of the district The hlgbmchool tuition of any pupil who resides In a rural district which ^ 4oes not maintain a high school shall be- paid by such district; such tuition shall be computed by the month, and shall not exceed the per capita cost of educating pupils In such high school, such cost to exclude permanent Im- provements and repolr; district superintendents shall annually certify names of pupils prepared' for high school to the county superintendent and said county superintendent shall Issue certlflcates of promotion to such pupils- such certlflcates shall be furnished by the Stete superintendent A board of education providing a third-grade hl^ school shall pay tuition of graduates from such , school residing In the district at any first-grade high school two yeMp or at a. second-grade high school one year; should any student not prefer to attend such third-grade high school, the board shall pay his tuition flrto-grade high school foe four years, or at any second-grade high acbool - ^^tUBe ytors-a A board providing ■ - tnlUon of Its graduates residing In the , flrtograde hl|ffi school for one ytor, except to caste where said ■ Hboerd to lavjrthg a mai^lmnmf school tax and all funds accruing therefrom are suwloft Of sotools la such district Each board than pay jugh- Kb(Xri tnltion of any popli in its district Uvea more than 4 nBes 'lMA the high aclvx>l of such district when such pnpu attends high school in ^another district, or said board may In Heu thereof pay benqnrtatloh ' of such pnpU to the high school in district In which popU Uvea. The board of s rural district malntaiblng c^itralised elementary schools and providing transportation for pupils, shall also provide transportation for graduates of such schools who attend the high school of such district A board not main- taining a high school may enter Into an agreement with one or more boards maintaining such school for the schooling of Its high-schqol pupils ; such tui- tion shall be paid from either the tuition or contingent funds and board may levy, when necessary, a tax not to exceed 2 mills, In addition to all other school tax, for such purpose. The State superintendent shaU appoint two public hlgh-schpol inspectors, who are connected with no college or Anlveraity ^o such inspectors sdected from the faculty of the college of education of Ohio State University, and one such Inigiector from each of the tour State normal schools; Inspectors appointed from said Institutions shall be nomi- nated by the presidents of such 'Institutions; the two InqiectorB connected with no college or universltr shaH give their entire time to the inflection of pubUc high schools, and the other Inspectors ahan devote not more than half of their time to such inspection; all such Infiectors rtiall meet at the call of the SUte superintendent for the purpose of conference and directida The hlgh-school Inspectors giving full time shall be paid an annual salary to be fixed by the State superintendent with consent of the governor, and traveUng expenses shall be allowed not to exceed |800 per year for each; half-time inspectors sbaU receive a compensation, to be determined by the State super- Intoident, and each shall receive traveling expenses not to exceed $400 an- nuall#; said Inspectors shall make reports to State superintendent regarding schools Inspected, and to Institutions which said Inspectors represent. Rural schools.— In rural school districts, the board of education shall con- sist of five members elected at large at same time townfilp officers are elected, term four ^ears ; each member of such board, except In such district as contains lees than 16 square miles, shall receive as compensation f2 for each regular meeting attended, but for not more than five meetings In any year; such compensation shall be paid from the contingent fund. A rural board' may submit the question of centralization, and, upon the petition of not less than one-fourth of electors of such rural district, or upon order of county board of education, must submit such question to ejectors of the district at a general election or a special election called for the purpose; If election carries, district board shall proceed to centralize schools, and If necessary, purchase altm and erect buildings thereon; centralization ^11 not be discontinued within three years, and then only by petition and - electioa On petition of one-fourth of electors of a rural school district, or by vote of majority of board, said board shall call an election to determine question of dissolving such district; majority vote shall determine; property of dissolved district riiall vest In district to which annexed; dissolution shall not be complete until debts are provided for. F«Jo(7m.— In village school districts, school board shall conffist of live members elected at large at same time as municipal officers are elected to sem four years, Electors, residing in teititory attached to a vlHage for school purposes, may vote for all schoI8TBI0T9^ BXO. elected k>7 district at larse at mmp time and In same manner as school«di»- . Met officers. Oltles of over 00,000 population aball elect two board members from each ward,^lf number of wards does not exceed five ^ elected biennially In two groups 4n rotation, to Sjurve four years. Board of education may fill any vacancy in that body. Potcera of board: To ^ect Its own. officers, except treasurer; to make rules and regulations; organise and maintain a system of graded schools; establish a high school when needed; have sole control over schools and school property of city. Clerk shall keep all accounts; shall give bond in sum of ,|1,000. Treasurer shall make monthly reports to board, keep financial report, submit books to board for examination when required, and give bond In sum deslgdated by board. Board shall elect superintendent and teachers; by three>fourtha vote superintendent may be elected for period not to exceed tiiree years; superintendent and two other competent persons appointed by boord shall compose examining committee which shall pass .on credentials of teachers and conduct teachers' examinations. Begular board meetings shall be held monthly; q;»eclal meetings when required. Board shall make annual report to county superintendent. No expenditure in excess of $200 shall be made without written contract, and no expenditure for buildings or repairs shall be made except upon sealed proposals and to lowest responsible bidder. Board of education pf city of first class may, by vote of electorsy Issue bonds for purchasing school sites, or for erecting or purchasing and equipping school buildings,, or both, such bonds to be sold at par, bear no more than 5 per cent Interest per year, and to run no longer than 25 years; an annual tax shall be levied to pay Interest on such bonds and to create a sinking fund therefor, but bonded Indebtedness shall not In the aggregate exceed 5 per c^t of valuation of taxable property of such district * All persons, male or female, over age of 21 years, possessing other qualiacations required by election law of State, may vote for school officers in cities of the first class. Sinking fund for redemption of bonds shall be invested In Oklahoma or United States bonds, or may be used fur ^ redemption of district bonds when such may be purchased at of below par. School fund and property of district Is pledged to payment of interest and principal of bonda Union graded eckooU, — Tho Inhabitants of two or more districts may unite for purpose of establishing a union graded school in which instruction shall be given in higher bnincheB ; to form such union district, one-third of voters of each district affected shall apply to clerks of such disMcts, who shall call a meeting upon due notice of electors of such districts ; If measure /Shall carry, meeting shall elect a director, a clerk, and a member for board of auch union district; union district shoU receive support from districts composing said union district In {Hroportlon to number of pupils attending union graded school from the several districts.. Union district may levy taxes for school purposes. Clerk of union district shall report to county superintendent, whereupon county superintendent shall apportion funds to such district from the funds of districts 0'.>mpo8lng the same. Electors of a union district, by a majority vote, may locate schoolhouse In such district No expenditure over $200 shall be made except by written contract and no expenditure over $600 for building purposes, except by competitive blda See also A (c2), Ootmty officers; 0 (c^, I^ocal taxation; H fb), SejSaratlon of the racap. pregoni ) School di«iH^i^::^^-^sBSiflcatlon of districts: First class shall have 1,000 or more children of school age ; second class, 200 to 1,000 such children ; third dasi, fewer than 200. The county dlstrlot boundary board may» on'- . %V. f "V.; 1 i,v-K-nrr p^.-H. .' ■' ' 9 }w ^nm ^ mm ^jf ■" ■ ' V . ,. • ' * ' ■ ^ - ' . ' - fSS 8TAn tJk1N« SBIA^O TO l^UO S^ petition of tEree legal voters of a po^Kwed district, establish each district, oir, on petition of three Interested legal voters, may change or divide a die- , trtet; no district shall be formed unless it has 10 or more children of school age and no diatrict having fewer than six children shall continue to be legally organised. After the formation of any district tne directors of districts affected shall equitably divide assets and lla^lltles, and In case of their fail- ure to agree a board of arbitration chos^ by directors shall make such division ; said board shall consist of three members and the county superln- teodent kbail be ex offldo a member. All sdiool districts formed by the dis- trict boundary board s&all be of contiguous territory. A district may be formed ^ adjacent territory lying In two or ixh>i^ counties. When a district Is formM the qualified electors shall meet and elect a board of directors and a clerk and transact othtt business of a^latrlct All school districts shall be bodies corporate, l^o 9 more contiguous school districts may be con- solidated at their annual meetings after petition for a vote on the questlou In each ; such petition shall be signed in first class districts by at least 100 legal voters, in second class at least 60, and In third class at least 5; returns of election shall be forwarded to district boundary board which shall ascer- tain result ; if a majority of votes cast in each district are In favor of con- solidatton, bbuhdhry board shall consolidate the districts. If consolidated district shall contain enou^ school population to constitute a district of the first class, five directors shall be ^ected; term, five years, one retiring each year. If consolidated district Is of the second or third class, It shall hare three directors; term, three years, one retiring each year. The consolidated diatrict shall be subject to the same laws as other districts, except that for the first five years after consolidation the countr superintendent shall appor- tion annually to such district as many times $50 as there were districts con- solidated. Districts shall not he entitled to their proportion of the couuty school fut^ unless they report to county superintendent within 16 days after their annual meeting and shall have maintained school at least six months. IH^trict boundaries, — The county superintendent and the county court, or the board of commissioners where this board Is a separate body, shall con- \ stitute a board for laying off the county In convenient school diatrlcta Said board' shall make changes In district boundaries when petitioned to do so. In changing boundaries said board shall keep all the territory 6f an Incdr- porated city or village In one district, but territory outside of such Inror- . porated city or village may be Included therewith. Board shall take action when petitioned by three or more legal voters Interested In the proposed change. When any district falls to conduct a school according to law for two years; or for such period does not contain at least six children of school age, said board shall take charge of moneys and school property of such dis- trict for three years, and if such district shall during said three years main- tain a school and coqtaln at least six children of school oge, said board shall surrender moneys and property to the ^rectors thereof, otherwise such dis- trict Shan be treated as other unorganized territory; In such case the net proceeds of^ property shall be turned Itito the county school fund or paid to district or districts to which such disorganized territory may be annexed. On. request of tbe board ^of directors of any school district^ said boundary bOird may talm property for school purposes by condemnation proceedings and the cost of snOh property shall be paid by the district for Which it is acquired. , ZHMiricti of ftf$i the school population of any city or incor- .pofatad town shah exceed I,ectlon; testimony at hearings shall be given under oath. AU general laws relating to school districts shall apply to districts hereunder, except when In conflict herewith. Districts icith 20,000 children,— In every city having 20,000 or more chll- ' dren of school age the board of directors may establish and maintain ele- mentary, high, manual-training, v^atlonal, trades, and evening schools, and schools for deaf and backward children; may fix days and hours when w schools shall be in session ; may admit to schools, In addition to those prim Tided for by law, such other persons as they may deem advisable ; may pre- scribe textbooks and courses of study, but textbooks adopted shall not be changed wll^n fbur years. 8ald board may provide trade schools in in- dustrial arte for dependent girls and may jprovlde for the support, care, and maintenance of such girls for not exceeding two years; any girl between 14 nnd 18 years old who Is a dependent child within the meaning of the law ■hall be deemed a dependent girt for the porpose of tils act; In cases where hardship may be prevented bq^rd may admit girls under 14 and over 18 xears "T 254 BX&TB LAWS BBLATIKO TO. PUBUC KOTTOATIOH. oM; iMard ■faoll pnaerib« coone of itodj and rnlM and regnlatioiu ft»r such school Board- shaU appoint a committee of not fewer than three nor more than are persona to pass upon the qnaliacatlona of applicants for admission to SQch school but glrla may be admitted by authority of the Juvenile court. See also A. (cl), County boards; A (c2), County oafcers; H (f ), Compulsory attendance; N (a)* High schools. Pennsylvania: School dlafrlrta^— Bach dty, Incorporated town, borough, or tpwnshlp In the State, now existing or hereafter created, shall constftutc a aeparatn school district, and the several districts shall be, and hereby are. divided Into four classes, as follows : District having populaUon of B(K),000 • or more, drst class; 30,(X)0 to tS00,000, second class; 6,000 to 30,000, third class; less than 6,000, fourth class. The United States census shall be used ^ as population basis; after each United States census the State superintendent of public instruction shall canvass the saine as to population of the several districts and shall make such reclasslflcatlon of wld districts as population may warrant; State superintendent shall- issue 'certidcates to districts so reclassified. Any changes In a district or Its atfalrs shall take effect at the beginning of tl\e school year following such changes.. Where districts are divided or consoUdated, a proper adjustment of their assets and llnbllltles shall be made by the dlstrlcto resulting from such division or consolidation; such adjustment shall b? made by the hoards of school directors of Ihe districts affected; if boards of directors can not agree upon such adjustment i any one of said boards may appeal to court of common pleas, whereupon court shall appoint ttree disinterested taxpayers, who do not reside In ii fleeted districts, as a committee to adjust said affairs; said committee shall report its findings to court of common pleas; In case objection is made to the decision • of said commissioners, court shall settle the matter. Its decision being final. ^ In case a district so affected is situated in two or more counties, the court of the county containing the larger porUon of such district shall have exclusive Jurisdiction. Whenever a new district If created by the creation of a new city, ^ibrough, township, or Independent school district, the clerk of court or other proper persPn shaU make a certified copy, of decree or order for same and mall It to State superintendent The majority of the taxable’lnhabltants of any contiguous territory in any district or districts may present their peti- tion to the court of common pleas of county! wherein territory is situated, asking that such territory shall be established as an Independent school dis- trict ; in case parU of several districts are Interested In the creation of an independent district, the petIUon shall be signed by a majority of taxpayers in each such part Interested; court may grant such independent district; In such cases ciourt shall make necessary adjustment of assets and liabilities; new district shall pay court costs Incident .to its creation. Alt school dls^ tricts shall be and hereby are vested as bodies Incorporate; by a majority vote of school directors any district may adopt a seal Any school district may receive and hold any devise, bequest, grant, endowment, gift, or donation of any property, real, personal or mixed, made to such district ; the sgme may be properly invested for the use of the district Joint lohoolt. — Boards of directors of two or more adjoining districts may establish and maintain Joint schools of any kind provided in this act; such schools shall be controlled JolnUy by the districts ; written agreement of terms shall be entered into by districts fonnlng Joint districts, and no change in , such terms shall be made without the consent of dlatricts entering Into said I agreement; the several boards of directors shall meet Jointly at least once a t . ^ teachers aud a treasurer for Joint school. Treasurer shall re- ' ■ ■ ■ 256 A (f). ADMiNISTHATrVB TTVmi BI8TRI0TS, VTO. celve as compensation no more than 2 per cant of the fonda passing throngh his bands and shall glve'bond; the several districts maintaining a Joint school may appoint a Joint school committee to control the affairs of,snch school Distficts of first cloaa.— Board of school directors In districts of 'first class shall be known as ** Boards of public education.'* Every school district of first class shall be divided into ward districts, coextensive With municipal wards; In each ward'^distiict* seven school visitors shall be dected, four and three alternately, for term of four years; every resident of ward of good moral character and 21 years old shall be eligible for position of ward visitor; ward visitor shall take oath of oflSce; sold visitors shall receive uo compensation, but secretary of such board of visitors may be imld a moxlmum salary of $25 per year; board of visitors shall at least once In every three months Inspect elementary schools, making ' recommendations and reports to board of public education,' Board of education shall elect city controller as school controller; controller shall take oath of afllrmation. and shall furnish bond to extent of $25,000; * said controller shall be paid annual salary of $4,000 out of district school funds; clerks may be employed by the board of education to assist controller, and necessary supplies shall be furnished him; controller shall approve aH'Ochool orders on school treasurer; shall have access to all school records of the district All contracts made by school district of first class^shall state therein on what Item In ojinual eslrmate of school expenditures the same Is based; no contract exceeding Uem of expenditure on which It is based shall be certified by controller; only so much of a contract extending over ope year as ahull be due shall be charged by the controller against the Item In annual estimate of school expenditures; annual estimate of expenses shall be certified by- the secretary of the boord to tlie controller, who shall keep record of same; controller shall charge all orders against the proper Items of estimate, and shall not overdraw on any estlnuite; controller shall make monthly and annual reports to the board of education ; the annual report of controller may be published by the board. The board of public education shall annually appoint a super- intendent of schools, and may appoint a superintendent of buildings and a 8ui>erintendent of supplies, and fix their salaries; superintendent of schools may be elected for a term of four years; associate and assistant superin- tendents may be appointed by board upon the nomination of the sfiperlntend* ent of schools. Board of education shall prescribe qualifications of prin- cipals and teachers; list of eligible principals and teachers sliall be kept by the superintendent of schools ; except In the case of certain supervisory positions, or In the transfer from one position to another, no person shall be appointed to a ijoslllon In the public scljools of districts of the first class unless the name of such person shall appear, among the three highest on the eligible list The superintendent of buildings shall be an engineer or archi- tect of good standing In his profession, and shall give noedM security for the faithful performance of his duties; said superintendent may appoint assistants as the board may authorize; aU plans for construction or repairs must be approved by said superintendent before submlaslon of the same’ to ‘the board; janitors shall discharge their duties unfier the direction of said superintendent. Board of school vtsttors shall have the right to appoint Janitors for grammar and elementary schools. Superintendent of bnlldlngs may recommend appointment of Janitors for other scboolA Superintendent of Bupsdles may appoint such assistants as board of education may authorize. The finances of every school district. In every department thereof, together with accounts of school treasurers, school depositories,' teachws’ rctirem^t I! V . Ml- ' ^; V wp Ifl, w IIPJF "1 :456 0XATB. LAWQ ItKt^^TlKQ TO PUBUO ^SDUOAXIOXT; (tindSi Iziatitttte funds, and ail other fnnda belonging to or con* trolled by the district, ahaii be audited as followa: In districts of first closa, by school controller; In second and third class, by two school auditors appointed by county court of common pleas; In fourth class, by borough or township sudltora Teachers* institute sceonnts shall be audited by thrw gnditore, two ^ected by Institute and one by county directors* association for comity Instltutea and by board of school directors for district institutes. Accounts of directors* association shall be audited by county auditors or county controller. Auditors shall hare power to Issue subpoenas and comi>oh production of all school rec<^rds : to administer oatha See also B (e). State aid fbr elementary education; C (a). Local finance and support, general; O (d), Teachers* instltatea end summer schools; J (b). Medtenl Inspection; N (a); High schools; O (a), Industrial education, general Rhode Island: Kveiy town shall establish and maintain a sufflei^t number of public schools for at least 36 weeks each year, at convenient places, under control of school committee, subjeot-to supervision of commissioner of public schools. Any town mdy vote, In a meeting held for euch purpose, to provide Bchoolhouses and eQuIpment Jixeept when otherwise provided in si)eclal acta, the school committee of each town shall consist of threexr mow real dents of £he town; members of said committee shall be dlvlJfc into three classes, one class being elected for three years by town at annual meeting : town council shall fill any vacancy unUl next town meeting. School com* mlttee of each town.shall elect, prescribe duties of, and fix coropenaptlon of the superhitendeujt of public .echocls of the town; two or more school com ' mittees may, when aggregate number of schools slioll not exceed 60, unite for purpose of employing such superintendent ; such union shall not be dis solved because number of schools shall have increased beyond 60, nor, for j any reason, for period of three years fiom date of formation of such onion. ^ except by concurrent votes of committees of majority of towns constituting such union ; upon certification to commissioner of public schools, by proi>er ofllclals, of formation of such union, of salary of superintendent, and of proportionate part oLsoch salary paid by euch town, said commissioner shall draw order on State treasurer In favor of each town for payment of one- half of proportional anmunt so certified; amount so paid to any union shall not exceed |760 per year. Any town employing a superintendent at annual salary of $1,600 or more, shall receive $760 annually from State w part payment of such salary. Town superintendents must hold a certlfi&te of .Qualification from State board of education. Town treasurer alia 11 keep account of all school moneys, and pay same out on order of school committee ; said treasurer shall make annual report to school committee, and an annual financial report to commissioner of schools. He shall transfer iwU taxes and dog : taxes to school committee. Town clerk shall distribute school documents and bUnks to proper persons. School committee of eaph town or city shall annuaUy have census of children between ages of 6 and 15 years, inclusive, taken, and pay for such service out of public-school funds. Commissioner of public schools shall furnish census blanks. Any parent or guardian who Shall refuse to give cmisus information, or sball knowingly or willfully fUlsl^ such Inforjoiatlon, shall be fined not excee4ing $20. Towns may, at any legal meeting, grant and vote such sums of money as ttey shall judge necessary for support of public schools, purchase of rites tor the building and repair of achoolhouses, and tor establishing and , m^talnlng school Ubrarlea. Electors qualified to vote to Impose a tax In ~.-0^ towfi ^ city may, by a. majority vote at the .annual meeting, appro- / A (f). AOlCTinSTBAlIYlt uims: dibtbiotb, bic. 80 prlato a aum not exc«ed\ng 28 cents on each flOO of ratuble propertr of taOx city or town, for jear preceding, for foundation therein of a free pdblic library; by a majority vote of said Keeton, an amount not exceeding 30 cents on each $1,000 may be annult^y appropriated l>y aald city or town for support of said l]brnry. Bvery ftown not owning a free pnbUc library jaay, at tbe annual town meeting, vote not exceeding 90 cents on each $1,000 of taxable property for maintenance and increase of any free library therein. No town sbail, without special statutory authority therefor, Incur any debt in excess of 3 per cent of taxable property therein, including indebtedness of such town on April 10, 1878, bat giving of new note or bond for a pre-' existing debt, or for ^ money borrowed or applied to pi^jonent of any pre* existing debt, Is excepted from the provisions herein contained, and amount of any sinUng fund shall be deducted in computing such Indebtedness, No town shall assess its ratable ^ironert in any one year in excess of li per cent of its ratable value, except for. paying Indebtedness of such town or Interest thereon, or for sinking funds, or for extraordinary repairs. Poll taxiM shall be applied to support of public scboOla South Carolina: County booed of education shah divide county into conven- ient school districts of not lees than 9 nor more than 40 square miles each, and may rearrange boundaries from time to time, but no new district nor con- solidated district shall be formed except on petition of one-third of the voters thereof ; county boards of two or more adjoining counties may form a dis- trict of parts of said counties; a city of 10.000 population or more shall be exempt froin the limitation as to area. District shall be a body corporate. Districts are declared the dlvUlous of the counties for taxation for all «:hooi purposes. A school district may, by a majority vote of the taxpaying electors, levy a school tax of not exceeding 8 mills on the dollar. A capiutlon tak on dogs shall be levied for school ponx>sca Tbe superintendent of education of Charleston County shall have juris- diction over the schools and educational Interests only outside of the city of Charleston. The school board of such city shall consist of six commlsslonctrs elected at general election by qualified voters, two commissioners appointed by the governor on recommendation of the tnistees of the high school, and two appointed by the governor on recommendation of the trustees of the College of Charleston; term, two years. Potrrr* and duties 0/ said hoard: To discharge the same duties In the city which are reqplred of trustees in the counties; determine studies and textbooks to be used; cause examlna- tioh to be made of teachers; employ and dismiss teachers; fill vacancies occurring In Its membership; grant diplomas in the norninl department which shall entitle holders to teach In the public schools; report annually to the State superintendent ; have charge of school property. An annual school tax of 2 mills on the dollar shall be levied; tbe Charleston st'hool district shall also receive Its share of the constitutional school tax and of tbe poll tax. Said board shall select meritorloiB boys who are otherwise* unable to secure a liberal education and pay their tuition In the Charleston High School ; such pupils so admitted shall,, upon graduation, be ^titled to honorary scbolarsbips in the College of Charleston. For the further promotion of liberal education, sold board may appoint beneficiaries of gcholarshlpe in the State University. Said board may establish a public school teachers’ ment fund. See also N (a). High Schools 396e*~lji 17 868 rrATB laws bklatikq to pobuo xoucATioisr. 8o«th lMn>ta;, Cmmthftm^tcktfol dUiriot$i,~~Anf adiool district contalDlng ono or more acboois, except tboae governed by the provisions ot the artldea nv latlng to cities and towns organised as Ixklepeadent districts, shall be com- mon-ecbool dlatricta; such district may chooee a name and contract In and sue and be sued by such name. County commla^oners «h*ii divide each county into dlatricta. following boundary lines of congressional townahlpn; but two or more such townships may be united and each district must con- tain at least 10 children of school age. On petition of one-thlnl of tlit» qualified electors, the clerk of any district sbaU call an election to determine i the question of dividing said district Into two or more districts; If majority vote favors, county commissionera and county suj»erlDteadont ahall divide ' the district and api»ort1on property and Indebtedness among the new dl;^- trteta hut bonded Indebtedness shall be paid by taxes levied In the orlglnni district. Upon petition of a majority of voters of a civil township, tbe county commleslonerH and superintendent shall organise su^ township Into a school township district Upon petition of two-thlrtla of the voters of any vongreasional township comprising part of a district conululng more than one such congressioual lowuahip, the commissionera and superlnteudent slial) organiie such township into a separate school district, but no such dlstriot ahall be formed If remaining territory la left without reaaonablc school f:\- cllltlea. Commissioners mid su()erlntendent may. when petitioned by 10 legal voters affected, change the boundaries of a dlstricL The, superluiendout i*f the county wherelu the schoolhouse Is located shnU hove supervltUoii of a district lying In two or more counties Every school district shiill Ih^ m lx»dy corporate, A tax Is required to j>ay off any Judgment that may be obtuliiotl against a district l':nch county suiierlnteiideiit shall furnish the State su- perintendent a plat of his county showing bounaorleti and iiuuies of school district Public schoolhousee outside of cities and towns may be used ft>r public meetings and other community puri>08e8. but without expense to tin* district Ind^pendmt dUtr^ts. — Any city or town or uulucorpomted town or village baring 100 inhabitabta or more wUhUi a yadlus of 1 mile of the cetjler may be organised as an ludei>endeut school district On i>etltlou of a majorliy of the voters within protKxsed district county superintendent stiiill call an election therein to determine question of organising an Independe\it district ; majority of voters shall govern In said election. Whenever n new corporation la organised the county superintendent president of the board of educatlou thus organized, and chairman of the school district superseded shall con- stitute a committee for the purpose of adjusting proi)erty Interests, liabilities. bondSi or other forms <»f indebtedneas between the ilew corporation and thr district or districts superseded. Territory adjacent to an Independent school district may be attached thereto, and territory belongln? to an Independent district may be attached to an adjacent common-school district by a com mlttee composed of the county superintendent, the president of the board of education of the Independent district, and the chairman of^the school dlf- trJet upon petition of a majority of the electors In territory to be affected, but territory more, than 2 miles from the city or town limits not be nt tacbed, except upon unanimous petition of electors of such territory. If the remainder of the congressloiial township would be ImpracUcable or Incon* tehlent for school purposes after attachment of a part up to 2*111116 limit, then said committee may. on petition of two-thlrda of electors In townahlp and two-thirds in independent district, make the boundsri^ of Independent district conform to the boundaries of township; appeal may befaken from A (f). ADHIStHTSATITK umtS: DI8TBICTS; STC. the actioa of tlie oommittoe to tbo circuit court. Board of oducatiaii of aa in- dcpeodcot district shau be a body corporate. Schools onpinlaed under tlOa act shaJI be kept opeh not leas than 6 nor moie than 10 months^ In a year. The board of education ahaU coosiat of five members elected at large; term, three ycaiA one or two. as the caae requires, -being elected qacb year, A treasurer shall also be elected for a term of three years. School officers shall be elected ou petition of 20 or more electors: no partisan de&l|cnutloa ahall iippear on the certificate of nomlnatlop or on the ballot; vacancies shall be filled by the board. Board shall amq^lly elect a clerk, not A member of thh Itoard. Meetings shall be held monthly and special awtings may be held. Clerk Miall make an annual report and a copy theivof lOiuIl be forwarded to the county superintendent; treasurer shall report monthly ; board of edu- cation Hbitll publish Its anuual report In a newst)ui)er or by posting In three public places. Board may estnbllsh graded schools and a high school. Bosrd Bhall annually levy a inx of not esceoding 25 mllU on the dollar and certify the same to the county auditor, who aim 11 place the same on the tax roll for the district. Indei>eDdei»t dlstrlcfa. except dries of the first olawi. by a luajorlty vote of the electors, Issue bonds to bear nol exceeding 7 per cent interest, to run not longer than 20 years; and to amount. Including outstand- ing Iqslebtedneas. to not exceeding 6 per cent of proiwity valuation; board shall levy a tax. In addition to regular taxCs. to pay Iqterest create a sinking fund, hut such levy In any one year shall not exceed 15 per cent of the debt to he paid. No socurlan doctrine shall l»e taught io the public schools, hut the Bible may be read without comment In cities of the first and (KHWnd classes boar4l may elw-t a sujierlntendem. not a member of the board, to serve during the pleasure of the hoard. Said sui>erintendent and two con»i>etent persorm apiwlnted by the hoard shall conaUtute an examining committee; In cKIes of tl^ first class such committet*s may examine teachers for their own schools and ls.sue certificates valid therein. The superintend’* ent or princlp;tl In all Independent districts employing such officer, and In independent districts not employing such offlt'er. the couuty Superintendent shall examine all teachers employed except those holding a state cerUficate or diploma. Sui»erintendejit or prlncUwl must hold a first grade or State diploma. Examining convmittee in a city of the first class, or superintendent or principal In other Indcj^endeut district, may make additional requirements of teachers to test their ability to teach a particular grade or special subject. A teacher’s county certlfit^ate may Iw Indorsotl Spet‘iul acts relating to In- dependent districts are not repealed, but all IndeiKmdent districts organised by special act or charter and containing on Incoriwroted city. town, or village organised by special act. hr charter and eiibsequentiy organised under ihe general law for cities shall be reorganized under the general law for Inde- pendent districts. See also L (1). Sfanual and industrial education. ^ Tennessee: Nothing In this act shall be construed to Interfere with school systems already established In cities and Incorporated towns or to conflict w*lth chartered rights, but smrh clUes and towns sliail reoelvh their prb rata of school moneys. Said cities and Itovms may levy additional tag for sup- port of achaols. but shall not exceed their lawful limit in makifig sia^ addi- tional levy. Boards of mayor and aldermen In Incorporated cities and towns may establish high schools; for punwse of erecting and furnishing buildings such board may nse common-school fund; for estobUshing and mMnfiitntny such high school said board may levy an additional t4ix. but such spedul tax. together with other municipal taxes, shall not exceed rate of Uxatlcm for '::irKiK^ ^ 4t ftti^rftl jnihMWM by dmrter Jlmltntlt^' Mayor 0^ Aldermen jnay aiv ' pMt^ a board of edticatlon of not esoeedlnji^ a!x memb^ wMcb board ehall , la^ntral sebools, employ teachera, make roles and regulatlona etc. Term of 'members, three years two retiring each year. Separate achools Shall be pro- Tided for white and colored children. Board of commissioners of taxing dls- trlet of second class may establish and maintain public schools or such com- missioners may unite with school commissioners of civil district to maintain school In said taxing district See A (d). County boards; A (c2), County officers; A (d), District boards and officers; G (b), Local bonds and Indebtednesa Texas; C jJOoHiijrii^^ j Oomt^ne di»Mot$^^^oir\m\]Mfvavr^ eonttm d coontlefi alfocted loar flWtte cbmmoiMK^ool dUtrtcta to cdntato tenitoiy In two or more cotratiMt Mid courts flhall ddplgnate ctmmilSBtoners' co(iii?of some oue ot tlie ooonitles bariiis territory Included In tbe^dlstrlct to ttontrol pablie achoolB In sucb **eonuiMm coanty-llne scbool district '* ; sucb district shell not have area of less than 10 square miles; such districts shall bajire all the rights, powers, and pclTileges df \>ther common*8Choard of edncatlon for such district to hold until regular elections. Board of edncatlon shall consist of one member elected by qualified voters of Mch representative precinct; term of members, four years, those of odd-nnmbered precincts being elected at one biennial election and those of even nnmberea being elected at succeeding bleflnJal election; board shall fill vacancy in fta membership until next election. Board shall elect a president and a vice president, and ahall also elect a secretary and a treasurer from registered voters; they may elect such other officers as are necessary to carry odt the law. They shall elect for a term of two years a superintendent of schools, who shall holdr not lower than>a life diploma of grammar ^rade; Members ' shall each receive not exceeding $300 per annum and traveling expenses of not exceeding |100, such compensation to be fixed by board. Board sh^l appoint persons In each representative precinct annually to tnkq census of children between 6 and 18 years old; State superintendent shall apportion school funds to counties on basis of school population; auditor of county divided Into counjr districts of first class shall apportion cqunty funds to each districts and to cities of first class on basis of school population. Clerk of ^ard of education shall keep record of proceedings, account of moneys, etc., and shall report annually to board. Potoers of board; To have charge of school property, maintain klndergart^is, elementary schools, high schools, and industrial and manual-training schools, and school librarlea Board ahall supply and loan to all pupils, except In high schools, all textbooks and anp- pliea, and may sell at coat books and supplies to puplla School idtea or boildlnga may not be sold except by two-thirds majority of board, On the el^ion and qualification of a board of education of a connty district of the first class trusteqs of dli^lcts formerly existing shall convey all sdiiool prop- erty to such board Teachers In s«;h districts shall hoM certUtotes from State board of education and course of study proscribed by State board shall be us^ in such district Btoatd shall anhnaUy submit to county ofllrora charged with assessing and collecting taxes an estimate of funds needed for , s^ol purposes, and such officers shaU make sofflclait levy to prr^ce SQffi. ht:- .. ' / v *■ iii ' rli.} .■'hiiri.Mif.- .vi'/ iv - kiff ' ^ ^tB, boUaiim and maintenance yof sehooU: Dtetrl^ of ^ /’flOiOO^OQO or mom property Tainatlon, not exceeding KKmilla on the dollar; ^ |8j00Q,O0O to 1X0,000,000, not excelling 12 mills; $5,000,000 to $8,000^000, not m^Ceedlng 121 mills; less than $6^000,000, not exceeding 16 mills Board msy^sahmit to Toters Qoestlcm of levying a special tax to provide site and buildings, and majority may determine to levy for one or more years a tax of; not exceeding 2 per cent of property valnatloiL Board In its discretion may, and when petitioned by a majority of the resident taxpayers call an el^on In each precinct to determine whether bonds fbr providing site and buildings or refunding indebtedness ahaU be issued; voters at such elec- tion shaU be property taxpayers ; amount of -bonds, with existing Indebtedness, shaU not exceed 4 per cent of property valuation of district, and interest paid shall not exceed 6 per cent In Its annual estimate of tax needed, board shall Xi^ude an amount su^cient to poy interest and create a sinking fund. Bonds Issued shall be a lien on taxable property of the district Board of education of any county district of the first class, or two or more such dis- tricts uniting, may establish parental school; any resident child between 8 and 14 years ol^wbo is an habitual truant or who wanders about without lawful muploymAt may be committed to such school, and may be released in accordance with rules fixed by board of education ; neglected children and orphans under 16 years old may be committed, but when parent sh6ws evi- dence of reform child may be returned to parent ; district courts shall have Jurisdiction; parent or guardian may be required to pay cost of keeping child; children not residents of district may be admitted on payment of expenses. When county district is organized and county ^ntains only such district or districts and cities of first and second classes, former office of county^ superintendent is abolished. 5^ See glso A (c2). County officers; H (f), Gompulsory attendance. tmnqnti Tounuhips.—A towp shall constitute a district for school purposes. Town clerk, In case offices of clerk and prudential committee ore vacant in district, may call district mating; such clerk or one of selectmen shkll preside over meeting until moderator is elected. The voters In a specially Incorporated district shall not vote in town meetings on school matters, A town may vote to change time of holding annual school meeting, but same shall not be held prior to May l or later than June 30. The town shall provide and maintain suitable schoolbouses, and location and construction of same shall be under control of school directors. A town may raise tax Oil its grand list for purchase or rent of school sites or schoolbouses, or to bdild, repair, or furnish schoolhonsea In town districts of over 4,000 popu- lation school director^ shall be voted for upon a separate ballot d^sited In a sepapate ballot box. Women 21 years old shall* have equal rights with xhto to vote on all scho *T0. or sell bnUdlngB or aiteo, when aothoriced by rote of townt ehell «nwTiiy make report to town. Qompenaatlon of directors shall be determined b^ town. Said board shall appoint a clerk and ta his compomatlon ; in , absence of clerk, board sbaU perform bis dntlee; said clerk "Ihih keq> ' record of proceedings of board and shall make reports to snperintmtdent of education as required; said clerk shall annually make school census and shall receive therefor 4 cents for each chUd of school age. If any person In control of a child between ages of 6 and 18 years refuses to give age of chUd, or falsely states same, be shall be fined not less than $5 nor more than $20. Said clerk shall famish census list to school board, teachers, and to snperlntaidents of schools . The school board of a town »t<«ii submit fiscal report of preceding year to auditors of such town before such report Is submitted to the town clerk ; unless accounts are properly audited directors shall receive no compensation for their services. Incorporated' touma and The selectmen of a town, application of three voters in an adjoining unorganized town or gore, may divide such unorganized towh or gore Into school districts, and shall call meeting for organization of such districts; record of organization proceedings shall be filed with county clerk ; such districts shall be bodies corporate ; officers of such district shall be a moderator, clerk, collector, treasurer, one or three auditors, and prudential committee of one or three persons, all being elected at annual meeting from legal voters o^ district ; members of pruden- tial committee, when three In number, shall be elected for term of three years, one each year; district may vote to disc^tinue prudential comi^ttee. School law applicable to towns shall also apply In general to such districts Vacancies in district officers shall be filled by district at special meeting. The moderator at a school meeting, the clerk, and members of prudential committee shall determine eligibility of persons to vote^fit school meetings. A person who fails to call a district meeting when required so to do shall forfeit to district |20 for each 10 daytf neglect If pupils single school district There shall be but one superintwident of echools for each such dty and the county la which It Is located. The jKhool trustees of each city 'shall be a body coiporate. Said board ehall have control of all school property within the dty or town and of contiguous property ^thout the dty when the title to the same is vested either in said board or In the dty. Board shall elect a clerk, who may or may not be one of its membera No mayor, member of council, or treasurer of a dty may be division superintendent of schools thereof. The coimdl of each city shall appoint three trustees for eadi school district therein ; term, three years, one being appointed each year; duties as- signed by consolidated body. School board shall annually 'X>resent to coundl an estimate of money* needed to maintain schoola Coundl shaU J^vy not ,pxceedlng 00 cents on $100. State funds shall be apportioned to dties sep- arately from countiea City treasurer shall be custodian of schodl funds. Division suj)erintendent shall be paid from State funds, but dty coundl may supplement his salary. Pou)er$ and duties of city school hoard: To enforce the school. laws and make rules for the government of the schools; determine studies to be pursued, methods of teaching, and length of school term ; employ and dismiss for cause teachers, who shall hold valid certifl cates; suspend or expel pupils; decide what children are indigent and may receive free ^textbooks; establish high and normal schools; -see that school census Is taken; holdVegular meetings and determine when special’ meetings shall be held ; call meetings of people ; provide schoolhouses, equipment, etc., but all plans must have approval of division superintendent who may con- demn unfit buildings; visit schools from time to time; control the school funds of the clt:^ and provide for the expenses of conducting the schools; examine all claims against the board and pay the same when apiiroved ; submit to council a classified estimate of funds needed; perform such other dntleb as muy be prescijbed by the State board of education. The school boards of two adjacent dlstrlctB may, with the approval of the State board of education, establish joint schools. See also A (bl), Stale boards; B (a). General State finance and support; C (b). Local bonds and indebtedness; H (bK School census; H (f), Com- ' puisory attendance. ' » Washington: Kinds of difitricis.— Each county shall, for purposes of supervl. Sion and administration, constitute one county-school district. Apy school district containing a city of first or second class shall be, a district of the first class; any district containing a city of third or fourth class shall be a district of second class'; all other dlstrlcU shaH be of third class; any dls- trict formed by consolidation of two or more districts shall be a Consolidated district; any district composed of territory In two or more counties shaH" be a Joint district; any district established for purpose of maintaining a high school by union of two or n^ore contiguous disUicts in same county shall be a union high-school district A school district shall be a body cor- porate. Each incorporated city shall be comprised. In one school district and ahaU be under contnrt o“f one board of dlrectorsc* Any school district may . ' purchase a schoolhouse site or sites of not less than 8 nor more than lO ^ acres each of any school lands of the State. ^ 0/ dt«lHot«.---A new district may be formed on written petition - of five heads of families reridlng In proposed district; such petition shall describe boundaries of proposed district shall give names of schoohchljdreu •residing within such ^undnries, and shall'^ made to codnty superintendent who, upon benring the same, after due notice toSa^lM Interested, may. BT&TB ttBlAtitSrO to FtT&UO ttbtrOATtON. astabukh such new district. Mo new district formed by the subdivision of an cHi district shall receive any public money until school has been taught Uierein for at least on^ month; action making a new district shall be void If school is not opened in such district within eight months of such action. When a new district is formed from one or more old districts it shall receive its share of school money to the credit of the one or more old districts. Cotiuty superintendent shall, when a new distri^ is formed, make an equitable adjustment of all assets and liabilities of districts affected ; such decision shall be final, nnle^ appealed from to board of county commissioners, whose de- cision shall be final. When new district is formed, county commissioners shall make levy on property therein to satisfy Indebtedness that may exist against it County superintendent shall cert^ formation of new districts to county board of convnissioners. Joint dUtricU. — A Joint district may be formed of two or more contiguous districts lying in two or more counties; a petition shall be drawn as pre- scribed for formation of other districts and presented to county superin- tendents of counties affected; upon due notice said superintendents shall meet and act on su^h petition; said superintendents shall appoint directors for such Joint dlstAct to serve until next election, when sitid district , shall elect its directors. A vacancy in office of director of a Joint district shall be filled by county superintendent of county in which officer vacating reside<1 while serving. All transfers of territory to and from a joint district shall be made by mutual agreement and Joint action of superintendents of counties af- fected. Superii^lKdents affected by formation of a Joint district shall keep a transcript of bon^nries of such district A map of all joint districts shall be filed with superintendent of public instruction. For purpose of apportionment pf State fichix»l funds the joint district shall be considered as belonging to county in which schpolhouse is located; county treasurers of counties affecteerintendent of each county affected. Alteration of boundaries. — When It is desired to transfer territory from . one district to another or^to enlarge boundaries of a district, n petition signed by majority of heads of families of territory to he so transferred must be presented to county superintendent, or in case there he no family resident In such territory, by board of directors of one of districts affected, setting * forth boundaries of such territory, reason for transfer and number, of school eblldren. If any, residing therein; for making such transfer, notice shall be given and hearing and appeal shall be same as in formation of new district; county superintendent shall hear and adjust *assets and llabllitieB; appeal may be made from his decision to board of county commissioners, whose de- ddon shall be final: County commissioners shall make levies on property ot such territory to satisfy any Indebtedness of game. Jffaten*ion of city UffUts. — Whenever an incorporated dty shall extend its limits BO as to Include all or pairi of one or mora districts, county superin- tendent g^ll declare territory so added to be a part of the dty school dis- trict; If a echoolhouse is located in such added territory' and such schoolhouse. la most accessible schoolhouse for pupils' for part of district left outside of territory so annexei!^ county superintendent may annex all or any part of jracb district to city district. County superintendent shall, as in other cases wbeM district boundaries are iUtered, hear testimony, and adjust property 1 (f). ADMIlOBTltATIVB UmiS: DfsTTKIC^ and liabilities of districts alTected. Any district so altered shall tkaln Its corporate ex^tene® for the purpose of paying Its liabilities. Appeal may be made to board of county commissioners from decision of county supertn- tendent. i/{«ceitoneos«.~If a district shall contain less than five school children or shall not have maintained at least required minimum term of school during year preceding, or In case of territory not a part of a district, or In which there are no school children, the county superintendent may, without petition, annex such territory to a contiguous district; the property of any district so disorganised shall be holden for outstanding indebtedness of such district. In all cases of altera tibn of districts, county auditor shall certify the same to county assessor. No school district shall contain less than four sections of land, unless said district can support six months' school per year, but codnty superintendent may, upon petition of 80 \>er cent of all heads of families of a proposed district, and by and with consent of Buperinteddent-of public Instructlcm, establish a district containing less than folir sections of land. ' * - See also A (c2), County officers; A (d), District boards and officers; B (a), Ck^uind'Btate finance and support; B (e>, State aid for elementary edu- cation; ri (e), ^Consolidation of districts, etc.; K (c). Uniformity of text- books; N (a), High schools, " * West Virginia: Every magisterial district in each county shnll be a school district, which shall be divided into such number of subdlstricts as may be necessary for convenience of the free schools therein. See also B (a), General State finance and support; N (a), High schools. Wisconsin: Town board may alter or unite existing districts or form new districts; territory of a district shall be contiguous; no district having out- standing indebtedness shall be altered so as to l^ve such Indebtedness ex- ceeding 5 per cent of assessed valuation; town board. shall make a written order describing territory affected by alteration, union or formation of dl^ tricts and file same with town clerk, and shall in case of union or formation of districts direct some inhabitant of each such district to notify voters of time and place of district meeting ; if district is to be formed from adjoining towns,' boards of such towns shall make Joint written order ; a district shall be deemed legally organized when any two district officers elected at first meeting have filed acceptances of offices, or when district has exercised priv- ileges of a district for two years; school district shall be a body corporate. When alteration of a district is contediplated, town board shall notify district clerks of districts affected of time and place of hearing*; district clerks shall notify other members of boards; a district may be dissolved and its territory attached to other districts. In cases ot alteration of districts, town board shall file notice thereof with town clerk and with clerks of districts affected. The chairman of the town, mayor of the city, or president of board of trus- tees of the village, in which scboolhouse of a Joint district is situated, shall, upon application of at least two members of town board of town contain- ing part of Joint district, call Joint meeting of town and municipal boards In- terested to determine matter of alteration of such Joint district; any board may make aforesaid application when deemed advisable, and shall make such application upon petition fif one-third of voters of town, or of two-thirds of voters of part of town Included in such Joint district See also A (d). District boards and officers; B (e), State aid for eleifientary education; B orate. Qualified electors, when assembled, shall have power to apiX)iDt n clalrmau and n weretary; determine number of sctools and length of term; locate schools; vote such sum ns may be deemed sufficient for school puriwses; direct tlio sale or dlspoaltJon of any school property; vote not exceeding $100 In any one year for district library; delegate all powers mentioned above, eicepi voting, or raising money, to board of trustees, in voting mouov. meidiii;: , shall designate objects and amount to be raised for each obJecL Voters on questions of taxation and issuance of bonds shall be property owners. 'Hoard of trustees sbail make all contracts, etc., necessary to carry out vote of Un* district; members of board may administer oaQjs i)ertnlnlng to school busi- ness. board may admit pupils from other districts and charge for tuition. And may suspend or expel disorderly pupils, trustees shall advertise for bids on all contracts costing more than $200; they shall audit treasurer s accounts; they shall appoint a committee from their own number to visit schools of the district monthly; they shall, on request of five legal voters, •call a special district meeting; they shall fill vacancy on board until uoxt annual meeting. County superintendent and district trustees may dotermlnr whether a high school shall be established wlthlu the district, the number ,.f teachers to be employed, and course of study to be pursued; they may erect for the purpose one or more schoolhousea When conuty Hues are changeii. district separated from county to which it formerly belonged shall continue to belong to such county for school purposes until next school election. See also N (a). High schoola BL STATE FINANCE AND SUPPORT. (a) General. 8e^ also Appendix State conatltntlonal provisions relating to public education. Alabama; ApPf'opriaHons for public schools. — Six per cent Interest on the proceeds of the sale of school lands ; 4 per cent on United States Government ^poslt of June 23, 1836; proceeds of lands given for school purposes: sums Uiat may acefue to the State ns escheats; net amount ot PoU.tax that may B (a). QXNEBAL STATE FTKAHCB A>TD 8UPP0BT. 271 ' % be collected; proceeds of licensea required to be paid Into tbe a6bool fund; $500»000 annually, and an addiaonal $100,000 If in the Judgment of the governor the state of the treamxty will permit Arkanaaa; The common-school fund ahali consist of the inoceeds of lands granted by the United States; moneys and other property belonging to any fund for educational purposes; property accruing to the Sute by escheats, es trays, unclaimed dividends, or distributive shares of estates of deceased persons; 10 per cent of the net proceeds of the sale of State lands; grants, girts.-- and devises not otherwise appropriated by said grant, gift, or devise. .But the proceed^ of the sale of the sixteenth section of land shall not be ’ Included In the i'ommon-school fund. The principal arising from the sale of the sixteenth section shall never be apportioned or used, but tbe income therefrom, together with $1 per capita from every male inhabitant over 21 years old and so much of the annual State revenues os may be set apart, shall be appropriated for maintaining a system of free public schools. The per capita tax levied in any single or special school distrtct and tbe school tax levied by vote of the qualified electors of the district shall be coUectad by the .county collector at the same time and place that the State taxes are collected and shall be paid to the treasurer of said district See^also A (bl). Stetc boards; A'(b2), State officers. % California; Collafeml Inherltnnco fax collected ui> to $250,000 shall be paid Into State school fuiul. Colorado: Ocncral fund,--\x simll be unhiwful for any school board to use nny part of the genemi school fund for school buildings or sites unless a portion of said fund roniaina after all exi>ense8 are paid for running the schools 10 month.*!. A “permanent school emergency or call fund” is created and $20,000 Is set apart from- the general schwl income fund for said puriiose ; when on account of unavoidable misfortune a school district Is in financial distress and the special tax and apportionment of school funds are insufficient to provide proper school facilities in said district the State superintendent may give the necessary aid to Said' district from the “permanent school erAergeucy or call fund.” such aid to be approved by the governor and attorney general. Connecticut: The committee of each school district, or the clerk, shall onnu- nlly In September emimenite every person belonging to said district over 4 and under 10 years old, together with names of parents or guardians, and shall return the same to the school visitors of the town* before September 26; * returns shall show children in school and those not in school and the reasons for nonattendance; also the names of employers where children are em- ployee required to expend annually for school purposes a greater sum than would be raised by a tax of 1 mill pn the dollar, If said city la orgnnlxed Into one or more school dis- tricts by which a sum has been appropriated for the support of public schools daring the year In which such tax would be payable sufficient, with the In- come derived frbm other sources, to pay the wages of teachers, cost of fuel and Incidental expenses of the public schools of said district or districts for at least 86 we^a Every town which shall refuse or neglect to provide public schools shall forfeit to the State a sum equal to the amount which It la required to raise. When the number of pupils In any district shall be tm * smaU as to render the maintenance of a separate school in said district inex- pedient the board of scbool vlaltors may unite the school of such district wjtt the school of an adJolnln|: district and .hmy pay for the transportaUon of pupils out of the town treasury. School district shall pay expenditures Inrarred In addition to those provided for by the town. No district shall receive any money from the State or towrf unless said district ^11 report to vlaltors as required by law. In all cases* where a school h$a not. B (a). OCmiBAL STATS VtKAVCB ADD BUWOBT. 273 been kept ecconllng to law the aecretary of the State board of education ahaU be the Judge aa to whether forfeiture therefor ahaU be aet aalde. See alao A elaware: The money appropriated by the leglalature for the public whoola and the Income from the Inreetinent of the publlc-aohoul fund ahall conatl- tute the school fund for the year. The State treasurer shall, while In-^tfBce. be the trustee of the school fund and ahall apportion such fund to cmintles and distribute each couhty’s share to districts l6 proportion to number of teachers employed, but no discrimination ahall be made between districts for white schools and districts for colored schools; such hind shall be used for the payment of teachers’ salaries only, but no teacher nof In an IncoP. porated district shall receive eiceeding $40 iH>r month from the State fund. /No school district shall be entitled to any part of the State school fund, J unless such district shall levy the local tax required by law. The pro- visions of this act shall apply to Incorporated districts when not incon- sistent with the acts lucoriwratlug such dlsfrlcta; none of the provlalonB of this act shall affect the rights, privileges, and Immunities of the city of Wll- mlDgtOD. Georgia: The common-school fund shall consist of polj tax. special tax on shows and exhibitions, dividends on slotk of the State In the liank of Georgia and Goorgla Itallroad 4 Hanking Co., one half of the proceeds of the rental or annual net eamlugs of the Western A .Atlantic Railroad, gifts and bequests, proceeds of commutation tax for military services, taxes on domestic animals destructive to other pro]>erty, any e<1ucatlonal funds be- longing to the State (except university endowment), and such other funds as legislature itiay raise hy taxation for educational piirixises; said fund shall be kept eeparaU! from other funds and shall be used for school pur- lioses only. (In lieu of the above a direct State appropriation of 12.550,000 is made.) Idaho: School fund shall consist of proceeds of school lands, other grants to Slate for school purposes, and moneys accruing from estates of’ deceased iwrsons. I4nds acquired hy foreclosure on loans of school funds and those which escheat to the State shall he held as school landa Tax' for public schools In the several counties must be Icvletl by county commissioners and must be eolleoteorUon two-thlrda of whole amount on b&sls of school ' '-'"0*— 15- 18 / . , • "■.->!'IU i^J'i.y 1 1..I . .1 |,^J. I,J,_1 J.,!l. JW IWFIM iniM-l Ml - 0XA3S 'ZAinS R§LiXI{[Q 10 £|i;BUd>3B^OAttOir. 1 ..censoi, bat no district sbaU be considered a« baTlas lew than 25 ctaUdren; 6 p« cent of ranalnder shall be apporUoned to blj^i-scliOol districts and consolidated districts doing bigta-scbool wortc on basis of nnmber of teachers, bat amount' sball not exceed |300 annually for each teacher ; 60 pw cent of remainder shaU be ased for aiding weak districts to maintain dSfetnusi. term; balance of whole amount abaU be apportioned on basis of school oensas; no district which has not compiled with this act shall share In the dlstribnUoa County treasurer dmll keep a separate account with each dis- trict; superintendent shall notify treasurer of district’s failure to comply with law and treasurer shall withhold funds; funds flnaUy forfeited by district shall revert to county fund. Dutie* of ooiinty tuperlatendeni : To keep Berate accounts with each district, place to credit of each district • amount apportioned, countersign aU warrants and orders and enter the some on his books, collect from proper officers fines, etc., which belong to school fund. County auditor shall draw warrants on order of clerk of dis- trict whai such order Is countersigned by chairman of district board and - by county superintendent; In Indep^dent district clerk shail draw warrant, chairman shall countersl^ and district treasurer shall honor' It. Waiiant may be drawn when funds are not available for luunedlate payment, .but overdrafts. shall not exceed prosgtectlve income of district; holder of such warrant may file It and receive 7 per emit interest ; In Independent districts overdrafts shall not exceed 95 per emt of Income. llUnols: The State common-school fund shall consist of the proceeds of n 2-miU State tax ; the interest on the school fund proper, which fund Is 8 per cent upon the sale of public lands, onO-slxth part excepted; and the Interes’t on the surplus revenue distributed by act of Ck>ngress and made a part of the common-bchool fund by act of the legislature, March 4, 1837.'' The Interest on the school fund proper and the rarplus revenue shall be paid by the State an- nuaUy at the rate of 6 pfer cent The auditor of public accounts shall annually apportion the common-school fund to counties In proportion to the number of persons under 21 years old. County superintendent shall, under rules and regulattons prescribed by State superintmident apportion annuaUy the prin- cipal of the county fund to towi^lps and parts of townships on the basis of number of persons under 21 years old ; said principal of the county fund shall bo added to the principal of the township fund ; the Interest, rents. Issues, and profits arising from .the principal of the county fund shall be distributed to • the townships and parts of townships In the county as required by the provi- sions of this act ; the proceeds of tte sale of the sixteenth section or of the sale of any real ^te or other property taken on any Judgment or debt due to the principal of the township fund and all other funds made a part of the princi- pal of the township fund shall forever constitute the principal of the township fund tfnd no part thereof shall ever be distributed ; the Income of the town- ship fund shall be distributed as provided by this act Indian*: The surplus revenue fund, funds heretofore appropriated to the common schools, the saline fund, bank-tax fund, proceeds of sale of county seminaries, fines, forfeitures, estates which escheat to the Stata land* granted ■ to the State Wh^ no special object is expressed to the grant, pKk^s of sale .(Of. swamp lands; taxes oh corporations for s6bo'B!gPfOU^ ** * ' * ^ ^ taxM, Inooaie from Uqiwr llceiuna, and unclaimed tee« dull be caned the school re?«nue for tulUon." the whole of which la ai^prteted and afaaQ be. appUed exclusively to fumlahln* tnltkm In the common aduMla. Uoneya aria. In* fi^ tte sale of eetra:^ anlmala shall be tranaferred to the eommoiHdioat fund of the county. Connty commlsdonera AaU pay to the township from general county funds aU deficits In Interest on the common-school fund and the congressional township school fund Intrusted to their care. The connty auditor shall keep for each townfhip separate accounts of the • fund and the congressional township school fund. The curtody of congres- sional township school lands ahaU be with the trustee of the dvU towndtlp, who shall pay rents Into county treasury. When county line divides any oon- »*88lonal township, the proper ofllcer in the connty In whldi school i«ns. situated shaU control such lands and auditor of said county dull nuke Settle- ment of the proceeds thereof between the parts of said township on the bads of enumeration of children. On petition of five legal voters, trustee stuOl call an el^Uon In the.townahlp to, determine quesUon of aeUing schooMands and majority of votes cast shall determine the sale; such sala.slmll be nude by county auditor and county treasurer. When pni»*ha«er falls to pay Interest on deferred payments, lands shall be forfeited and may bb resold. At i»fvt one-fourth of purchase money shaU be paid at time of pnrcluiie and the re- ' malnder shall be paid within 10 years. An election to determine sale of shall be unnecessary where a majority of the legal voters of the township petition for such sale. The principal of common-sohoorfund or congressional township school fund when paid Into county treasury shall be loaned out at 6 per cent Interest County auditor shall advertise funds,pn hand and subject to loaiL Funds sbaU be loaned preferably In the county to wblch they belong but may be loaned elsewhere In the State. No loan shall be made for a longer term toan five years; amount loaned to any one person or company ahsU not exceed $4,000, nor 60 per cent of the value of security. When scboro mtii ghtWO^ ahnu file nld eatimate and appor- ttomneiit wUlk andltor and report to each county the amoont to which it 1b ebtiaed* If pro nta of any county la not called for aftw the second school year It'tfiMll he ^yered'-lnto the treaBury; Bubdl strict shall be entitled to cany Jbalanoe one year, to next State supointendait rtiall make out statement of sorplnB due* each county ; bond aurplns in State ti^sary shall ■bear Interest at 6 p» cent For each school year auditor shall distribute ^ school funds due to each county superintendent and to earfi city, town, or rtUage In a fixed propbrtion. When per capita distribution is between $4,76 and |(t85 schools shall be extended from six to seven months :«vrhen above ‘ fttSO term shall be eight months. Se alsoA (f), Administrative units — districts; etc. lionlalana; Current school fund shall be used for support of public schools; interest on^ United States deposit fond shall be used for support of public - schools, to he 128,795.14 annually; fines imposed by the several district courts, und amdunts collected on forfeited bonds in crlmihal cases, after deducting ■ commlsriohs, shall be applied to .public schools Parishes, wards, cities, • Tillages, school districts, drainage districts, road districts; and sob- dninage districts may levy special taxes and Inc^r debts and Issue bonds tterefor, parish of Orleans dnd city of New Orleans excepted ; election must be called for such purposes ; htdebtedness of any subdivision shall not exceed 10 per cent'Of assessed value of property ; such school bond elections shall be Iwld imder supervision and at expense of school boards ; a majority vote lu number of the property taxpayers shall be necessary to levy such tax or" r Incur any ’such debt ; the governing authority of any such division i^all levy * taxes and incur indebtedness when lawfully authorized to do so ; bonds shall ' aun for no longer than 40 years nor bear Interest to exceed 6 per c^t per -annum ; taxes shall be levied for purpose of paying Interest on bonds and creating sinking fund for redmoptlon thereof ; poll tax shall be used 'for ^school pfuiposes; lands appropriated by Congress for paWlc schools may be ^ sold upon a majority vote of electors of any township at an election held for ‘ such purpose; interest accruing from proceeds of sales of school lands may, by vote of electors, be paid annually to the township or district/ otherwise Interest Uhall bean accumulating fund to their credit until called for. Cer- tain lake beds shall be open to entry and sale for account of the State for school purposes; proceeds from such sales shall be placed to credit of general bdMX>l fandL Parish board mky, by vote of electors, lease oil and mineral fights sixteenth-section school lahda In all cases of lease of alxteenth- ‘ gebtioa school laiidp, or sole of timber thereon, or lease or sale of oil and mineral rUdita; cash payment, after paying expenses of election and making , of sale and leaeA shall be'credlted to acjcount of current scbodl fond of parish. liSassi or sales of timber, oU, and. mineral rights shall expire automatically ^ yearai Trespass, on slxtemth-aectlmi land shall be deemed a mls- M dsmuftor. Bchoo! indemnity lands, shall he sold by fegtater.of $tate land for not Jeta than |:^00 pef acre. Prlcb of aonlnary St |L25 per 1^, proceeds sH lands stented by State for uite,0f>4^p^ ^hUc adhoote six- / tewteWps of 9tate spectaUy. reserved by Ctongress iMds teky bo g^M^or <>bi!Wffe|Olsd spebifl^. pa^^ may:ite^^i4CK>i!Sd of cegd pf npt PWco^ trf sales (tf public le^ '■ :■*: /, , , .-.a;: -.r,. > " ■ ■ > . W‘ a <*)• wma. mikm'miuKm ^ mjmmA \ b«la by tbe State aa a loan, to nmaln 4 pofpatnal ftaoia by nane M ^ttm school fimd»” on which State shall pay an annual ftftorat of Sl^por offit; which Intai^ together with interest on United States deposit tend, wtth rwits Of pnsold lands^ except that of alx^th secthhM, ahaU be uvproptMM for support of pabUc scholia; donatkma for aapport of pnbUc achoola» and soma set aside by legtalature, ahaU form part of fund, and rtiall be a loan on which the State shall pay an Interest of 6 per cent per annum, f^ieclal sources of revenue are Besldue from sale of unclaimed mei^ndlae In wan- l^oases; residue from ude of unclaimed freight In railroad warebouafa; ceeds from sale of **lrtand oth« than marsh lands**; from **land gtants** other than sixteenth section; from sale of *Mnternaf^ improTemmit ** swamp Indemnity lands and cettlflcates; act 180 of 10O2;; aU fines and forfeited bonds ^ fines for violation of laws relative to inquests, etc. ; redilon of town' charters; donations; fees; inheritance tax; State *api^prlation for high and agricultural schools; special, school tax. ' Maine:. Proceeds ot lands aw>roprlated fw support schools or of notes taken therefor and of other moneys appropriated ^fdt the purpose shall by treasurer be k^)t separate and such sum shall constllxite k^permanwtt^ school fond ; a sum equal to 6 per cent of such fund, one*^half the re- ceived by* St^te from franchlBes of Mvlngs banks, and one-half the sum* assessed upon the deposits of trust and banking companies ■pnn^iij' appropriated to the* support of the common schools and aisportiouad to the several towns according to number of ihUdfen between 5 and 21 years old; immediately after apportionment trekirfarer shall notify each town of its proportion, which shall not be paid until returns are . made nor poffl town nays State tax assessed. A tax of li mlUs on the dollar aimuaUj be levied and shall be known as the mill tax for the suiu>oit of the common schools; this fund ahaU be appo^oned to cities, towns, and “pUnUtions " ac- . cording to number of scholars therein in the preceding year. Unexpended balance of mill fund at end of fiscal year UuOl be'added to permanegkt school . fund, ’ A tax of 11 miUs for common Stdiools shaU be levied and collected aa other State taxes. One-third of such fund shall be apportioned according to number of scholars durlny preceding jrear in cities, towns, and plantations; remsln- ing two-thirds shall be distributed according to valuatlrtiOQ . to popuhUlon 5 to ^ y^. On Januao^ 1, BlarCh 15, June 15, abd Oc^mt X of sr^o<4 tox received bir jtiessarer lA #hols UAumut appodrtlb^V he ttfeOl hottty 'i * 7M ■ T’.i ■^1 ■ ■*4 ^r t^Tfii bvaa xiwa «iujitiiro iO' ptmi^ ■^ ' • * ■ - ^>«opO^ Klml boards, and trea (rarer abaU pay wltUn 10 days; provided U In ^any oornty scboola shall have been kept open leas than nine months or any ^ i. white taaober has received less than $800, March instaUment shaU be wlth- hrfd; provided Garrett County ahaU be*obll«ed to keep Its schools open seven aitad one-haU months and pay its teachers a minimum of $250. ComptroUer ahaU eauallse as-far as possible sums lo be apportioned so as to distribute Mine amoimt on each day ;eclal tax needed and such commissioners shall levy such special district tax not to exceed 10 mills; In districts of prst and second classes trnsteies shaU..^8tlmate snfflclent amount W run Schools nine months; ap- portionmait of funds by county superintendent shall be based on number of chUdren 6 to 21 years old ; when not needed for road purposes road funds of a district may, on order of coilnty commissioners, be transferred to school fund; proceeds of sale of town lots sold under legislative acts relating to town Bites shaU be turned Into county treasury to be used for school-build- ing purposes In the district where such town site is located, unless otherwise ordered by vote of qnallfled electora DuHet of county treasurer To hold all s^l moneys and keep separate account for each district; render to district ^■Irnstees quarterly statanents of warrants paid and moneys received; notify county superintendent of amount of money subject to apportionment; pay all warrants when properly countersigned; moke anftnal report to county super- intendent County assessor shall annually notify county superintendent of ^ the assewed valuation of each district ; clerk of district court shall report ’ amount of fines to county superintendent; Justice of the peace shall report t» ooonty snperintendent whether he has Imposed any dtaes. - • ’ Nev^: AU moneys accfulng to this State ftoip the sale Of landa which have V^ffl-or SlTen for public-school purposes; afi fines collected under D^l taws; 2 per cent of gross pj^i^s of all toll roads and bridges, and ajlesta^ ttot m^ escheat to the shall conatltute the State permanent All moneys derived froib interest on permanent school fond, ^togoOior with State school tax, shall constitute the State distributive school fnn^ and shall be apportioned semiaimnally among the several school dls- County conufilssloners of each county shall levy annually ^ than 21 nor more than p mills on the doUar o' 21 ndlls on the dollar on taxable woj^strlci; by county commissioner a upon 1^- • what ftmds alrqajly apportioned shall be Insufficient advleablU^ of levying taxes for ■ tehool funds ffiay.be need do budd and pay teachers, or for contingent ex- V .5*^ a?OOMOt of state penqai^l Mffiool fqi^ B (eJ* 4BBSEAL BTATB 9TKAK0B AND SUFPOBT. m ■ "rs and «han make animal mport of aecoritles of such fund ta State boatd ; State comptroller ahaU make annual r^rt of State distributive fund to State super- intendent State treaeurer shall be legal custodian of permanent school fund securltiee. County treasurer shall receive and hold as deposit all school .funds; make semiannual report to State supcrlntendeDt ; pay out school moneys on warrant of county auditor by order of trustees, but for buildings and repairs no amount over |500 shall be disbursed except with approval of State superintendent; make full annual report to State superintendent, fail- ing to do which be shall foifelt to county schodl fond |100 of his salary. Only In cases of taxes collected Independently of regnlar taxes shall tax col- lector or treasurer receive any compensation for handling the same. County auditor shaU make an anndal report to Btate superintendent in reference to school funda Trustees may order the Issuance of interest-bearinli warrants for cuiTOTt exi^nses whenever school funds are Insufficient; interest on such warrants shall not exceed 7 per cent; said warrants shall not exceed ex- penses for current year, and county commissioners shall levy a tax sufficimit to pay the principal and Interest on same within three yeafa Every odh^r of Nevadk, /State, civil, and .mllltdVy, except commlsalonera of deeds and ***^^^®* shall upon Receipt of his commission pay thst. secretary of state |6, which, together with all other fees collected in the office of the secretary of state, shall constitute a part of 'the Ubrary fund-; aU money in excess of ^,000 of this fund shall be equally divided every year between the general, fund of the State treasury and the general State school fund. The grantee of every pqblic utility franchise shall annually pay Into the school fund of every county where operatiitg 2 per cent of the net profits of such public utility; the proceeds from the sale df any unclaimed animal shall bj placed In tbe county school treasury ; by a majority vote of taxpayers of i district the unexpended balance of road ^ond may be transferred to district school fund. \ See also K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; L (a), Course of study. New Hampshire: All taxes collected by the State upon the deposits, stocks, and attending accumulations of depositors and stockholders of banks and similar corporations, who do not inside In the,Stnte, or whose residence is unknown ^11 be known as the « literary fupd.» The State treasurer shall annually distribute the literary fund among the towns In proportion to number of pupUs not less thgB 5 years, of age who attended public schools not less than two weeks within that year; nb unincorporated place shall receive lU jw- Uon imtll a treasurer or school agent sball haVe been chosen therein. Liter- ary fund shall be assigned to districts as other school money, and shall be applied In, maintenance of public schools for current year; oi^flfth of same may be applied to purchase of supplies and apparatus;' enyi^son who shall apply such money to any other purpose shall refund to tbe State treasurer double the sum so misapplied. State aid, other than literary fund, shall not. be given to towns having an equalised valnatlofi of more than $9, GOO per popU of average attendance for tbe year preceding; or whose population by iMrt Federal census was more than 8,600 ; or whose schools have beei m^n- talned less than an average of 80 weeks 4or yeor next preceding; or whose tax rate Is less than^$3.40 on. |1,000 of equallssed valuation, liiere shall Muui^ be alpproprlate^ to ibwns liut excluded by foregoing , provisions State money as follows: To towns ha vihg equalized^ valuation per pupil of average attendance of less than $8.G00^e sum of $1.76 per school week^fbr pupUB ||r . major part thereof of average attendance dor year next towns baying ^oaliie^^aluation per pupil ctf. tiom |B,G06 to -880 0T4ll!B X^ws^ TO TV^UO ftOirCAttdK. $MK)(^.|t50; to^i^ haTliig equalUed valuation per pnpU of ^♦i.COa to 16,600, timna luvlng eanaUied Taluation per pupil of $6,600 to $7,006;* $1; towna bating eauallxed taluatioa per pupil of $7,000 to $9AK)," 76 cents! W1WH any district sball wnploy a graduate of a New HampaWre normal •cbool, or normal school of another State of same grade, or persons holdtag a permanent Hai^shire State teacher’s certificate, It sball receive fur- ther sum of $2 pe^ weSt for every teacher so employed: Funds for district supervision and high^school tpition, provided by law, shall be set aside from State-aid fond before other appropriations shall be mada The sum of .$»,100 shall. constitute the annual State-aid fund; if this amount shall prove insofflcl^it, then towns having th^ highest eaualised valuation per pupil shall be omitted In order from such distribution ; all auch money shall be expended under supervision of the governor and council. Towns whose rate of taia- rion for school purposes in any year is f3.60 or more on $1,000, and whose average ^te for all purposes for five years preceding is $16.60 or more on > $1,060, vsh^ll receive a part of high-school tuition rebate as follows: If tax rate is from $16.60 to $17.40, /^die-tenth of tuition paid;'^f from $17.60 to I1&40, two-tenths; if frJm $18,50 to $16.49, three-tenths; If from $19.60 to $20.49, four-tenths; if from $20.60 to $21.49, five-tenths; if from $21.60 to $22.40, six-tenths; If from $22.60^0 $23.49, seven-tenths; if from $23.60 to $24d9, eight-tmiths; t#from $24.M to $26.49, nine-tenths; over shall be annually apportioned from ^edme of school fund tof support of p^lic schools; if Income shall not equal said sum, deficit troiaa the ^tate treasury. Ife^.Metloor A nfalfonn of public schools sufiScienMor and open to all ^hildl^ of school* age shaH' be ^^llshed and malfitained. All fines and Ihrfritates wllected qhder general lawi^ the net proceeds of property that , tttay ,Come' to Qie State by escheat, fhe fentals of all school lands granted to wlfich la not otherwise prodded ^ hy the 'V ' ■ ■ i ■ BTAOTJ JWtWB MtATIirO TO PUBUO TOTTOATION. y Having ♦40,000 to fOO.OOO. and to|pch Indian w*ervaOon. for e^ toadier employed tonu least m (S) todncorporated orphan _ *!r ^ remaining districts «iKrx!ftIH (artwrUonment provided by Bubdiyiajons 2^ 3, 4 5 and 6 kiwwn as district quotas); (7) to each such dlstrlcrdty.'or orphan a^lnm for each additional qualified tendier and his successors, by whom schools are taught required time, $100, to be known ns teacher's quota- (8) to ^001 district maintaining school for less than 180 days, proportionate part nJ separate neighborhood, an amount upon basis -bv °°i’ omlS8lons<'ln apportionment shall he correcteti -ny naid commissioner of education, and contingent fund shall be drawn on for such ptoses. To each city nnd union free-school district for each gen- eral Industrial school, trade school, part-time or continuation school Ir even Ing TOcaOqnal school maintained therein for 36 weeks during the school year * employing one teacher whose work Is devoted exclusively to such school and ha^ an enrollment of at least 16 pupils and maintaining an organiza- tion and a course of stud/.'and whducted In a manner approved by said ^mmlsslo^ a sum equal to two-thirds of the salary paid to such teacher *2*^161^^ ^ SUPPOBT. 288 district shall contain at least 5,000 popnlatlon ; no district shall receive any portion ,6f school moneys unless during the preceding year a public school ahaU have been^aintalned therein far at least 180 days. Inclusive of legal hoUdays and exclMSiye of Saturd^s, and taught by a legally qualified teacher; no school shall be In se^ion on a legal holiday, except geheml Section day, Washington’s' Birthday, and Lincoln’s Birthday; a deficiency not exceeding six days caused by attendance of teacher at* teachers’ conferences shall be excused; in common-school distHcts school term shall begin on first Tuesday in«September of each year. At least one-half of moneys apportioned shall be paid on or tofore March 1, and remaining part on or before May 16 in eacli\ year. The district superintendent of schools shall, on or before February 16 \ In each year, apportion the supervision, district, and teachers’ quotas to the severni districts within his supervisory district, and shall credit to the dls- ** tricts moneys received from fines and penalties and other sources belonging to suchy districts; said f superintendent shall certify such apportionments to the county treasurer and to oommlasloner of education. The comptroller may withhold from any county its part of school fund until such county shall ' have raised by taxation all mon^s required by laW to he raised by such county. Every union free-school ^strict and every city having an organised city system, of schools shall, in all matters relating to school moneys be regarded ns a school district / ' ^ Appropriation for cities, academies, academic departments, and libraries* This apiK>rtlonuient shall also be made by commissioner of education; (1) To each city, union district, and nonsectirlan academy, an academic quota of $100 for each academic department nmUitalned therein ; (2) to each npnsecta- rian private academy an allowance equal to amount raised from local sources, but not In excess of $260 annually for approved books, reproductions of stan- j dard works of art, and apparatus; (3) to each city an allowance ^ual fo 1; amount raised from local sources ;iot to exceed $18 and $2 oddiUonal for each licensed teacher Cmplsyed, and $260 for each academic departmoit maintained by it for approved books, reproductions of yvdrks of art and apparatus; (4) to each union fiw district maintaining un acad«nlc depart- Hiftit an allowance equal to amount raised from local sources not to exceed $268 annually and $2 additional for each ^acher employed for books, repro- ductions of works of art and apparatus ;m) to all other districts an allow- ance equal to amount rai^ from local ^urces^ not to exceed $18 annually and $2 additionnl for each licensed teelher employed for approved books, reproductions ..of works of art and. appi|atus; (0) to each city and union district maintaining an academip department, $20 per year for at least 32 weeks’ Instruction or proportionate amount If for eight; weeks or more for each nonresident pupil attending such department from a district not main- taining such department; (7) after payment of allowances herein provided, any balance shall be apportioned to cities, districts, and academies main- taining academic departments on basis of aggregate days’ attendance of academic pupils therein; (8) before making such apportionments said com- missioner shall eet aside' sum to he devoted to purchaw of books and ajh paratus as her€^ provided, and pay out same from time to time as he may Bee fit; (9) any city or Institution shall, .before receiving a^ portion of^ funds herein provided, submit report for preceding yeay to commissioner of h edncatlom Funds herelnl^fdre proriOed diaU be paid to coqnty treairareri who shall pay the same td tjie proper officials of the city, -district, or academy; county treasurers shall makfe annual reports to commlBsloqer of education relative to such fondfli .When said conunfiBsloner makw any an- 8TA3nt tAWS ULUUrO TO FOBLIO BDTTOATIOH. ' &nil Of cctMftl ftpportl(M9]Mit be ehall certlty tbe same to the proper couq^, - city, and lichool offlcera ' AppropHoHon for traUUnp cUuM and rcbooU.— The commrnlotner of edu- cation ehall apportion to each academy and union free district \rblch haH noalntalned an approved training clai^e the sum o7 $700 annually ; the balance of. money appropriated for such purposes aball be apportioned among the bltiea maintaining training schools on basis of aggregate attendance In such ■choolSL ^-The ^yemor may receive for purposes of education In the State any gift of bond^ warrants, choses In action, or other obligations of any other State. The proceeda of all lands belong;lng to the State In the year 1823, except parts reserved or appropriated to public use. or ceded to the United States, shall belong to conimon-achool fund. In case of diminution of capital belonging to common-achool fund, United States deposit fund, or literature fund, sutB- clent funds shall be added to the capital thereof from the Income of such funds to presene the oipltal Inviolate; ^.000 shsll annually be added' to capital of common-school fund from Income of United States deposit fund. The comptroller shall imnuolly transfer to the general fund the remainder of l^k^ef of the commoonschool fund, United States fund, and literature fond, which, together with amounts raised by taxation or otherwise for edu- cational purposes, shall coustltute the education fund * North Dakota: The proceeds ariring from all fines and penalttea for violations df law. the Income from school lands, and the Infefest and Income from the permanent school fund shall constitute the State tuition fund, which shall he apportioned to counties according to number of persons of s manner; county auditor shall certify npporOoninent to each school district clerk In |(U county: amount received from the 8Ut^ common-school fund ami the common-school fund shall be designated the - tuition fund '■ and shall he appropriated only for payment of 'auperlntendeiits and teechera. Board of educaOon of any district shall provide for the de|iosIt of nioueys coming Into the hands of lu treasurer, but no bank shall receive a deimslt larger than Its capital stock and In no event to exceed $300,000; in districts conuinlng two or more banks such dejioslu shall be made In the bank or banks which oir. r highest rate of Interest, which must be at twist 2 i«r cent; such banks shall give ample bonds; In school dlstrlcU cootaluing less than two banks board^^ may , select other convenient banks as depesltorlcs. County commissioners are authorised to Supply the deflciency occurring under certain conditions in the contingent fund of a district; such expenditures shall be n charge agaliisi the school district for which mouey was paid. County auditor shall collect or cause to bo collected moneys for support of commou schools In his county ui.,| pay Uieni lo the couuty treasiirer In any district having a bonded Indejitedneas for the payment of which, with Interest, no special tax levy has been made board shall annually set aside from lU revenue not less than onk-forlleth of such Indebtedness wltli sum sufficient for Interest, Board of every dldtrlct ahall provide u slnkluc fund for extinguishment of Itonded Indebtedness which shall In? mndaged by a ^ hoard of five electors appointed by the commou picas court of the (xmnly, e\ cept that In city or village districts the school board ma# ts.* such oomuiliwlon such commission shall serve without conipeustitlon and shall give bond; o-oni mlasloners shall Invest sinking funds lu certain liomls; bonds imi.v l>e re funded, extended, or renewed. Board of cgnunisslouers of sinking fund abali make annual reports to acbool board. When a school board Issues bonds for any purpose auch Issue sball first be offere.1 -for sale lo the board of commN aloners of the sluklng fund, who may buy tlie same at par. When, after paytnent of claims and expenses, there remains a balance of rents of school lands the trustees shall annually meet and divide the same ahxmg the school districts within the original township; ou the basis of per ’teacher, and the balance according to average datly attendanc-e In the schools. The suniUis of sheeD-elalms ;,i,id not transfemM to any •‘soolely for the prevention of cruelty to clilldreii and animals" shalMre paid Into county board of ctlucation fund. * South Carolina; See A (b2K State offlccra Tennessee: Permanent , school, fund, $2;512.{>05,--6n which State shall pay Interest at '8 per cent; to permanent fufid shall be added proceeds of escheated property, of forfeitures to,^'te. of lands sold and bought in for taxes, of personal effects of Intestates dying without lawful heirs, and of doaatlona to State for pubHlT^schooIa unless otherwise directed by donors. Current acbool fund shall be Income -from permanent fund and such State apptt^rtaUons as may be made. Poll tax of $r shall be collected and re talned in county where collected ; a county school tax of IJ mUIs on the dollar shall be collected when State and countV funds are insufficient to run schools for five months; county court shall’ levy additional tax to run schools for such term, and said court may. when authorized by vote of the, peojde, levy tax toMtend term, but such tax shall not exceed State tax; ^Ool funds shartrBb kept separate from other State and county, funds! nnexi^ded In a district shairbe credited to such district for sue- ^fedlflf yeu. State funds shall be apportioned to counties and State and .life. JH. B (a), QBKK&ll. STATE FIHAKCB AST> 8XTPP0BT. 287 county fundB to dlstrlcte on tests of school population. County trurtee shall make settlement quarterly and also annually with county Judge or chair- man of county court. County superintendent shall report quarterly to State superintendent account of school funds. County trustee ahuU make annual financial statemeut to cotmty -suiwrlutendeuL • Ou notice by county super- lutendent. State superinteudeut. shall emidoy attorney to recover school moneys lost or mlsappropriaied. .MIs,lemeauor for ct)unty superintendent or i-ouuty trustee to f»ll or refuse to make reixirls reqjilred herelm A Kcneral educaUon fund Is creatixl, which fund shall consist of one-third of RToas revenu^f the State; 01 i»er cent of such fund shall be apportioned to counUes on 65hls of school population. Ten iwr cent of such fund shall l>e set aside for more nearly eqimliziug the common schools of the counties, for promoting Industrial training, and for encouraging the consolidation of si'htKds, with irausiHtrtaUon of imidls. l»efore*aiiy tx)unty may receive any lK)rtlou of this 10 i>er cent It must levy. Including school tax but excluding hlgh-8ihtx)l tax, a tax of 40 cents on $nit) of property and also a poll ui of t-2 and all privilege taxes; where county employs an elementary-school super- visor or su^rvlsor of Induatrinl work approved by Slate BuiwrintendMt, Stale board of education may pay half of salary of such suiiervisor; State boanl of edncutton may appropriate Jo aid In paying for transixirUllon of dilldreu residing more than 2i miles from school when such^school has three or more teachers and m>jirov«l building and equipment, hut uot more than one 'sihool.ln a county shall be Uiiis aided uutll all eouutles are aided; any por- tion of said 10 ix?r cent mjt otherwise dlsiK)sed of shall.be used to equalise Bch.)olB of the counties; before any of said Ifl per cent shall he appropriated motK), or so much as uiayibe nev'essarj-, shall be set aside to Increase county suix>rlnteiidenu' salaries, i)ut uol en>t>edlng frojh such fund shall bo allowed to any one 8u)x,>Hniendent ; uot more than one-half of the amount apixtrtloued to county under this section shall he iwid unUl required reports are^ade. KIght jwr rent of general education fund shall be used as a hlgh- , school fund to encourage i-omilles to esUibllsh and maintain county high sclux.ls. State lK>anl of (dncatlon shall grade nil high schools establlshe.1 under county hlgh-sclnx)! law, fix minimum course of study, and olassify ihtuu as first, second, and third class; no county ahall receive more than one* fiftieth of total mnoiml provldwl under this section, and no school shall re- ceive more than one-third as much as Is nx-elved from other sources* all teachers In high schools receiving aid under Jhls section shall be licensed under regnlnUons of State Ixinrd of etlucatlon; State board may employ a hlgh-school Inspector; unexi>endcd balance of said 8 per ?tent shall be ex- l>ended for Industrial Instruction ami for equalizing term of high schools. One per cent of the generab education fund shall be expended for establlsh- ■lent and maintenance of public-school libraries; when school patrons shall raise |10 or more for library, State sliall pay equal amount, but not to ex- ceed ?40 for any school; State board of education may employ a director of library extension, who-shall work under supervision of State superintendent.; State hoard of education shall prescribe rules for government 'of school libra- ries, furnish lists from which books shall be selected, etc. ; one-third of said 1 per cent shaU be used for maintaining circulating libraries mder direction of State Ubrary. Thlrtewi per cent of general educaUon fund may be ased for establishment and maintenance of normal schools; Uiree such schools for training of white teachers and one normal and Industrial school fcr training of colored persona shall be estobllahed; prinetpi8lpwnd Instmctora of white normal schools may be required to dsalgt is condocttna^teachers’ In* 288 SIATB LAWS KBLATIKG TO FT7BU0 EDUOATIOK. stitotefl; students storing must be at least 16 years old and bave completed el^entary school oouree; a certificate of graduatidb shall entitle holder to teach in public schools 4 years, and after having taught IS months and passed examination prescribed by State board, holder may be granted a permanent license; State board qf education shall locate and control normal schools; one-seventh of funds derived from said 13 i>er cent shall be used • for colored aormnl and industrldl schools and remaining six-sevenths shall be used for white normal schools. Seven per cent of general education fund Is appropriated to University of Tennessee; 10 per cent of this amount, but not less than $10,000 annually, ^hall be used for agricultural and horticul- tural experiment station and model farm In west Tennessee and not less thai^ $6,000 shall be used for agricultural experiments in middle Tennessee; not exceeding 6 per cent of said 7 per cent may be used to pay traveling r expen^ of students attending university ; tuition in academic, engineering, agricultural, ani educational departments of university shall be free,to resi- dents of Tennessee. Texas: One-fourth of occupation taxes and $1 poll tax, Interest on permanent school fbnd, proceeds of sale of laud set apart for permanent school fuinl, proceeds of lease of school lands, and State tax not to exceed 20 cents on $100 shall con^itute available State school fund, which shall be apportlonertioned among districts on basis of attendance and reumtir- der on basts of number of teachers for preceding school year, and- where a second or additional teacher is employed for less than eight months such district shall receive one-elghl^h of an apportionment for each teacher for each mouth she Is actually employed. The “school-district fund," together with apiwrtienment from “current State school fund” and “ county fund," shall consUtAite the “ general school fund " of each school district Moneys received from certain fines, sales, penalties, and forfeitures, except as other- wise provided, ^hall be paid into current State school fund. Any person offlclally in charge of any' examination questions who shall disclose the same shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable by fine of not less than $100 nor, more than $500, to be placed to credit of State current school fund If a county superintendent falls to make ref>orts to sui)erlutcn(l- ent of public Instruction, as required by law, he shall forfeit $50 from his ‘salary. 'Any officer or person collating or receiving ffnes, forfeitures, or other moneys belonging to school fund who fails to pay over sape, us required t>y law, shall forfeit double such amount aqd Interest thereon at . rate of 5 ikt cent per month for period siime has been withheld, to be paid Into State current school fund. Public funds shall be withheld from any district not complying with law as to teaching of physiology and hygiene; any county superintendent who shall fall h> cioforce* law as to teaching of physiology •and hygiene shall be liable to penalty of $100, to be p*»ld Into State current school fund. If district clerfr fails to make required reports, he shall forfeit $26 for every such failure; if ^Istrlct falls to receive its apportionment through neglect of said clerk, said clerk shall be liable for same, to be piiid Into general fund of district.* Any school officer who falls to tpm over records, papers, and balance of moneys to his successor shall be guilty of a ^rnlsde- m&mor, punishable by fine of not more than $100; any dlr^tor who shall be a par^ to employment of a teacher not holding a legal certificate shall be to district for any lose s«istalDed by district by such employment. Any teacher who willfully refuses or\^eglects to (enforce course of study as required by law shah gecelve no salary uaMl law Is complied with. Ahy teacher who shall maltreat- or abuse any pupil shall be guilty' of a misdemeanor, punish-^ ^ abl^ by fine of not more than $100, to be paid Into State current school fund- 0 B (a), qbjtsbai, state finanob a^d buppobt. 291 Any teacher who falls to attend Institutes, as r^ulred by law, unless for cause satisfactory to tiuperintendent of public Instruction, sball forfeit his cehlfl- Mte, but teacher sbaU be heard. Any person who shall insult or abuse a teacher In presence of his school or on school premises shall be guilty ot a nilsdemMuo^ punishable )>y fine of not less than $10 nor more than $100, to be paid lnto,gtate current school fund. Any person who shall willfully disturb a sch^I meeting shall .be guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable by fine not to exceed $!50, to be paid Into State current school'fund. Any teacher, principal or su])erintendent who shall knowingly make false report of attendance pf pupils, except when students are lawfully excused from attendance shall forfeit his certlflcate for at least on«year. Any pupil who shaU ^willfully Injure any. school property shall be liable to suspension and punishment; p:irents or guandlans shall.be Ilhble for such damages to be paid to school district. Any district using other than prescribed textbooks, or falling to' comply with prescribed course'of study, or Issuing warrants to teachers not ' legally qualified shall forfeit 28 per cent of their schbol fund for thatwr the subsequent .year, same to be paid Into State general school fund. Any person who fniudulently votes or 'fraudulently enables another to vote shaU be ffuUty of a felony. \ West Vii^nla: The proceeds of/capltatfon tax. income of school fund, net proceeds of fines and forfeitures, moneys arl.slng from sources provided In, the constitution, and mofleys paid Into treasury for school purposes not otherwise appropriated sball be set apart for support of public schools, to be known ns “the general school fund.” Said general fund shall be appor- tlont>d among the counties on basis of school census. The salaries of State , suiK'rIntendent. county superlntendenUv and such other expenditures as may be required by law shall be deducted, from such fund before same is appor- tioned, Board of public works shall transfer to such fund an amount from State fund Jp make same at least $760,000. said board may transfer such an amount ab will make general fund equal $1,000,000 If condition of State fuqd will Justify It. State auditor shall annually (jscertalnAmount of general school fund and shall certify same to State suiKsnlntendent, who shall notify auditor and each county superintendent of apporUonroent. County superin- tendent shall apportion such fund to each district and lndei«ndent school district according, to the school census. Said district apportionment shall not be drawn by any district until lawful levies have been made In such district. Apportionment is made In two Installments. Not less than 1 cent nor more than 10 cents on each $100 of taxable property shall be levied wnnually for State and State school purposes. Amount apportioned to distributable school fund from all sources shall not In any year be less 'than $760,000. See also E (b). Teachers’ certificates, general; G (d). Teachers’ Institutes and summer schools. * Wisconsin: gee B (e), State aid for elementary education. Wyoming: Public moneys shall be deposited in a bank or banks approved by proper governing board, and such bank slwll give bond or deiK)slt securities as guaranty of trust and shall pay not less than 2 nor more than 4 per cent Interest, aS fixed by governing board, on dally balances. Ooverning board for For State, governor, treasurer, and secretary of state; for county, . ^rd of commissioners; for city, mayor, and council; for school district board or trusteea m .1 I I 1 8TATB LAWS RBLATIKO TO PUBUC EDUCATION. B (b). State ScH^l Lands. See also Appendix A, State constitutional provisions relating to public edu- cation. Alabama: School lands are the sixteenth section In each township and other lands granted for school purposes; State sui>erlntendent is authorised to sell school lands; no lands, except Indemnity lands, shall bo sold except on petition of a majority ot the qualide<1 voters of the township or district ; notes for payments must be secured by mortgage amf kept by State suimt- Intendent until payment \fi due; sale may be either public or private, and not leas than one-fourth of the purchase price must be paid lu cash; State suix^r- intendent may reserve" ttmber lots; ]>er9ous cutting or Injuring trees sljnll pay . $10 for each, which amount shall be credited to township or district; sui>er Intendent may employ agents for surveying, mapping, or'plnttlng school lands; proceeds of sales shall be paid Into Stale treasury and the credit of the Stale Is pledged for the payment of Interest thereo'u to township or district ; euivr- jntendent may lease school lands; governor, sui>erintendent, and attorney general shall constitute a board for tlie examination of titles to school lands and of claims of the State against Illegal holders of such lands. ^ also A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; H (a), Oeuerul Suite finance and support. , Arlaona: Sections Id, 36, 2 and 32 of land In every townaliii) are rej^erviNl u/ act of Congress for the supiiort of the common .schools; where such stH-tions are fractional, deficit shall he made np with lands clsewliore. Kolimvlng me additional grants made by Congress; For university. 200.0(X) acres; for sclumi and asylums for the deaf, dumb, and blind. 100.000 acres; for normal schoi^ls.^ 200,000 acres; for charitable, penal, and reformatory Institutions, 100, un) acres; fbr agricultural and niet^hanlcal bollegcs, ir>0.000 acres; for millUiry , Institute 100,000 acres ; for the payment of bonds of certain counties, i.o6o,oih) acres, but any unused remainder of said 1.000.000 ncres sliali be usoenws of sale are deduct eil. shall he paid to the State to he use^ ns a permanent fund, the interest of- \yhlch shall be used for the support of the common schools. « ^ Arkansas: On petibon of a majority of the male|In habitants of n township) the school lands, Including the sixteentli section lan^s, 'thereof shail be sold ;j after appraisement by three disinterested parties, the county collector shall sell said lands to the highest bidder, but said lands shall not be sold for less than three-fourths of the appraised value nor for less than $1.25 j>er acre; the county oourt may reject any sale. The proceeds of the sale of the six- teenth section lands shall be paid Into the State treasury and shall by the State board of education be Invested in bonds of the United States or of the State of Arkansas; the Interest accruing on said rnvestment shall he dis- tributed to counties to which it Is due and county courts sbuil distribute die same to the proper townships. The county collector shall -annually lease cul- tivated school lands; county judge may lea^ for a term of five years ony wild and ODcleared sixteenth section landa | L See also B (a), General State flnonce and support. Oallfornla: See B (c), Permanent State school funda B (b); state school' laitdb. 288 ‘ Colorado: See B (c), Permanent State school funds. Florida: See A (bl), State boarda Idaho: See B (a), General State dnauce and support; O (b), State normal acliools; N (a), High schools; U (e), Schools for dependents and dellnauenta Illinois: Section 16 In every township and lands granted In lieu thereof shall be held ns conmion sch(x>l hinds; trustees of townships In which scl^l lands ' remain nnspld niiiy rent or lease the same and collect rent therefo^ut this wvtion shall not apply to cities having over 100,000 lohnbitahta. Person tak- ing or destroying any tree on school lands shall be liable to school fund for ^S far each such tree, ^hool lands may be sold on petlUon to county superin- tendent of two-thirds of the legal voters of Uie township, or. In township hav- ing 10,000 Inhabitants or more, on petition of one-tenth of the legal voters, an election shAlI be held and a two-thirds vote^shall det^^rmlne; township tnis- » i BlmU snbtilvide land and appraise the same and county superintendent ' shall make the sale to' highest bidder after advertising the same, but no lot, shall be soM ¥or a lower price than that fixed byAownshIp trusteOs. i>ur/ , chasers shall pay or secure the payment of purchase money. See also A rt. Indiana: See A (d). District boards and officers; B (a), General State finance and 8upiH)rt. Iowa: See B (c), Pernianeut State school funds. Kansas: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; G (b), State normal sclioofs; Q (b). Agricultural colleges. Louisiana: Se^ B (a), General State finance and support. Maine: See A (f), AdmInIstraUve units— districts, etc.; B (a). General SUte fliiunce and supiwrt ; B tc). I’ermanent State school funds.' Michigan: See A (bl). State boards. Mississippi: Board of supervisors of each county which has sixteenth section lands or lauds taken lu lieu thereof “ n?served. for' the supiwrt of township schools ’ shall employ ctmiiHifeut persons and Like such action as may Ik* nm'ssary to ascertain frue condition of Utle to each parcel. Bolird of super- visors Hlmll, In erery n>uuty where fuuds belonging to township have l>©en imld Into county treasury and mingled with other moneys, cause matter to be Investigated and fuuds to be pror>erly accredited to township; all such funds shall bear Interest at 6 per cent from January 1, 1892; county shall not be liable for funds stolen, embezzled, or burned; board of supervisors shall Institute necessary suits to establish oud confirm tttle to ^ch parcel and fix date of explnOlon ’of lease; If*any i)ersoDS claim land In fee simple or upon any terms save that of lease with absolute^ reversion to State, or If title rest In i>aroI, suit shall be instituted at once; y 1 verse possession for 26 years shall be prima facie evidence that law has been complied with ; none of such lands shall ever be sold, bi^t they shall be leftsed; those not lu citj, town, or village for not exceeding 16 years; those In city, town, or village for'not exceeding 26 years ; no 4ipaber shall be cut or used by lessee, except for fuel and necearory repairs and Improvements; counUes through boards of county supervleors, / under general supervision of land commissioner, shall have Jurisdiction * and control; all funds shall be paid into county treasury and credited td propdr township ; treasurers shall keep separate account with each ; such 294 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIO EDUCATION. 1 funds shall not be ex{)euded except for education In township or for bulldiofcs or improvements on the land ; whole of rents may be exi)eodeer8onally and on his bond; available township funds may l>p appropriated for building and repair of school houses, for furniture, supplies, other than books, for water, fuel, and salaries. Where children ht)m adjoin- ing townshIi)s having available funds ntteud same’ school claims shall bo apportioned according to the educable children; board of sui^ervlsors shall annually apix)lut three trustees for each township, and these trusted shall recommend the lawful puriK>se8 for which the available school funds ought to be appropriated and they shall be appropriated accordingly. County' superUi tendent nmy lease slxteeutb sections not In city, toviTi, or village, by public or private coutrntJt; he shall hike notes for rent and attend to their colUv- tlon; county shall biive the rights and remedies for collection of notes given to agricultuml landlords. Where such lands are In any city, town, or village, boanl of suiiervisors shall appoint three appraisers who sliail rer>ort actual rental value for 2b years; cTK^uIt court on npiieal may determine whether ai>- praisnl Is rensonable; It may hear proof and fix rental value by jury or otlier- wlse; the boilb fide leaseholder shall have preference to take land for 2.'> years at annual rental so fixed; If no iierson accept this lease wunty auiierintendent may lease for 1 year and renew from yearlo year up to 10 years; If iju i»er- son has then taken the lease like pnioeedlngB shnil he bad; all sixteenth sts*- tlon lauds are presumeil to l>e subject to lease imless the oonh-nry lie shown. Where a township is divided so that parts are situated In different counties, the county In which the sixteenth section lies shall have Jurisdiction; if the section Is in several count les each county has jurisdiction over the part lying in It or the counties may cooperate; funds shall be accounted for in each county according to nunilier of eiluonble children In the part of the town- ship In It; &hy county receiving or collecting funds lielonging to another shall pay them over to county entitled thereto. Cxmsent of inhabitants of a town- ship to the leasing of sixteenth sections shall be obtained ; If they do not con- sent lands shall not be leasecl for longer than one year. Lind commissioner shall oscerti n townships entitled to participate in distribution of the 30,829,lfi acres in Hancock County; he shall allot the lands ratably to the proiier town- ships and Uiey shall then he dealt with as oUier sixteenth sections; if any are found to be in Pearl hiver County they shall be likewise so allotted. Expenses shall be paid out of sixteenth section funds; if no funds, then out of county treasury. Any person by bill In chancery may have lease conflrme4 and quieted; should the "court he of opinion that the complainant is entitled to ' relief It shall decree confirmation of the lease, but complainant must pay any balance due; If it appears that the lease was lll^al, court yoay have an ac- count stated of amounts paid in for the lease by the complainant and nn account of the rents, issues, and profits arising from the land less the cost of any n^ssory permanent Improvement and decree any excess to the complain' ant ; such deoreeahall be a Uen until satisfied ; any excess in rents, lasoes, and B (C), PEBMANKNT STATE SCHOOL F0NM. 296 profits ahnll be decreed against complainant He shall In any cahe pay all court costs. [r Missouri; See C (a), Ixxml finance and support, general. Nevada: aScc H (a). Gonernl 'Sbitc finance and sup])ort Now Hampshire; See A (1)2), State omcera New Jersey: See B (a), Ooncrnl State finance and support. New Mexico: See A (d). District boards and officers; B (a), Oeneml Stale Mnantv’nml HUi>jM»rt ; II (r). School .year, month, day. etc. New York; See A (d), District iKMirds and officers; B (a). General State finance and 8npi>ort ; C (a). Tx>oal finance and support North Dakota; See A (b2). State officers; B (a). General Shite finance and siipI>ort Ohio: See B (n>. General State finance and support Oklahoma; See II (e). Consolidation of districts, etc. Or<«»m: 'See B (c), rernmiieiit Stete wli.M.t funds; (' (h), ixicnl bonds snd indehtednesa ' Texas: See C (a), I^ocal finam'e and supitort. jceneral. Vermont: See N (a). Hijrh stiioola \ trglnla; See B (a). General Shite finance and snpfwrt Washington: S(^ A (f), Adinini.Ktrjitive imits—^iistrirtA. etc.; B (a), Gejieral St-tte finance and sn])i>orl. Wyoming: See A (hi), state bctanlH; I* (c). Shite milversities nud collegea. s % B (c). Permanent State School Funds; Composition and InvestiDent. j Sec also Aj)i>eMlllx A: State i*onstltutlon>iI pn>vlslons relating to public tslucatloa. Alabama: Sin» It (b). State scland lands; B (e). State aid for elementary education. * ^ Arhsona: S«*e B (b), State lands. Arkansas; S(k* It (a). General Slate finance and siii)iwort Connecticut: Tlie money received from the United States pursuant to the act of Congress of Jund 23, 1836, shall remain on deposit with the several towns. When a new town shall be created said fund shall be divided according to population ^between It and the tpfwns from which It was formed. Rvery town i^all keep Its share as a trust for the State and shall expend the Income 296^ STATK LAWS BBLATINO TO PUBUO HDUCATION, thereof for the support of the public acUoola. The town treasurer or am h i person os the town max appoint ahaU hove the custody of the fund, and tiie management thereof shall be nuder such agenU as the town may appoint Florl^: See A (bl), Stateboards, ‘ Georgia. See B (a), Oenerol state flnnnoe and su|>]X)rt. Idaho: See B (a)f General State finance and snpitort. Illinois: See B (a). General State finance and siipiKjrt Indiana: Ser cent of Uie n^ pn< ceeds of the sale of the public lands of the SUte \niiich ahall be apix>rtlom^I ' to the couutlea,' taking Into oonsidenitiou the amount of |>ormnnei)t tx'hotil fund already In the haiids of each county ; jinx'iHHls of the sale of the acres of land granted by act of Congn»H.s ISepteinlH^r 4, 1S41 ; the jirooeeiis nf eatates encheated to the State; and the pnM*«*eds of tlie mU* of the Rlxttvmii Action of each townshi]) or htntls selected in lieu thereof. The iirot'eeda of the sale of all lands and of all sums due from escheats shall bt> paid Into the treasury of the county lu which the lands or escheateil estates are aiui* a ted or found. , See also C (c), I>ocal taxaMon. Kansas: State nnmial school fund shnil o^aisist of the inceri)etual st'hool. Tumi ; Statg trcasunr slia!) hold all sclUH)] funds, whether derived from i>eriH'tU)iI fund or from annual Lixcn. subject to onier of State sni>erluteiideut. Sbtte flui>erlnteudent, st'cretary of stale, nial atlonie.V pencniV shnil cousti tute a board of comiulsslouers for the nnir.ngeiueut tyhil Investment of the State permanent school, Stale normal s^'hool, and State university funds: secretary of state shall l>e president, mid su|>erlnteudent secretary. Itegulnr naontlily meetings shall be held and siieclal meetings may he called. Record of proceedings shall be kept; record of bonds purchawxl sluill be kejit The Bchool-fund commlsslouers shall Invent any iMfr^ys b<4onglnp to (lie i»er ronnent «chaid for want of funds , board shall not more than i>ni nor more than market value at time of purchase. Bonrd^all k^i> an accurate record of all funds In Its care, and such record shafbe kept in the offlt»eof the State suiierlnteiMlent and open to public lnsi>ectlon. State treasurer shall be treasurer of such funds and assetfl belonging thereto. Where money due any tum\ mentioned herein remains uniwld, attorney general shall pn.veed to collect the Rjime by civil action, Mnnlcliml officers shall first offer their bonds for twile to sjild bonnl of commissioners lionrd may purchase bonds nt par at a lower rate of In- terest than is stipulated thereon. Where person dies witliout heirs and Intes- tate, copnt^ superintendent may, after three years after Rdministrntlon of estate, petition probate court to order s,ale of real estate and. after a^r- talnlng the truth of the statement set forth In, said petition, said court Siall order such sale, and such proceeds, less costs, shall be applied to common-school fond; any rightful heir may redeem within 21 years; State superintendent and county superintendent, when they have knowledge of unclaimed estates, ahall give notice of same to county attorney where estate is located and to the attorney general, and county attorney shaU Investigate. State auditor B (C). PERMANENT STATE SCHOOL FUNDS. / 297 «hall prepare a reRlater of all bonds pi.n^haaed by the achooi-fund conunfa- Bi ori6r& See also A (b2). State officers; O (b), lx>cal bonds and liidebtedneaa. .Kentnrk,: t^e«l assembly shall prorlde for efficient ayste^ of corntnoV f. »1.3:W,000 and the »7».800 of stock In the Bank of Kentucky held by Uie iKMnI of education shall be held for pur,K>se of sustaining the common s<-h^ls; the interest and dividend of said fund shall be approprlaUM'to com- n„m m-hools; no.sum shall l,e collecte.1 for education other than In Uie common s.hool8 untl question has been submitted to Ie»fal voters; le«laiature shall !" .niET’Vf’^ payment of Interest the school fuiKl;.each couutv shall 1«‘ en IthHl to its pro rata; the st.n.lus now due the counties shall re^ln a of rac^. there shall be sr-ia, rate schools for each race; the .llrect tax receive,! from ( oiiKiess shall be a imrt of the school fund : no pan of the sch.ml fmal nor of any h.x shall 1h> used for nny chun:h or sectarl.m school ,.n.vlslons b X raJ f l,r r " «^'«tlons; - the . r o hl L T”'’’ taxing districts and other municipalities for other U.an school pus,x.se«. shall not at any time exceed " certain rates^ no csunity, city, town, taxing district, or other n.unlclpallty may 1„ any v“; exrecl the income and revenue provld«l except by absent of tw-vtl.l^a Jt yners thereof; no pr,.fereuUi>hh1. ^ also A (hl), state boan^, B (a). General state flnatue and support. Louisiana: See B (a), OeneriJ state fluanco and support. Msino: Money arising from iAe sale of Umber and grass or from treaittas on reserved lands sliall la-cpmq^mrt of ismumnent school fund. See also B (a), ^meral state llmince and support Maryland: B (A, Gouiral State flnuU and support M^sachusetta: sche made thereto ami Ihry^noney nwIv.M by the Stiite from the I’nltcl Stated .(oernment. the ,ilsiK>sltlon of which Is not otherwis,. provldermanent fund, to l>e calhsl the " Ma Aachus..tts *-h,«,l f„„d - • n prl-><-ll.al therwf slwril not la: dlmlnlshe,!. The .■onnnlssloner of .slneatlon and the treasurer and receiver general shall commlsslonera. who shall In- St and manage the fund and annually report to the legislature the condition u-clhig $.y).000 In any or* year, may be i»ld from the State treasury • all h yertineuta slmll l>e made with the approval of. the governor ami ZiJll. ti ***”*'’ " si>e< lllc appnq.riatlon. he distributed the public schools In following manner: Every town whose assessed vnlua- • ' receive $500. but If Its tax rate sltall be $ 8 or mor« on $1,000 It shall receive $75 additional ; every such town whose ya^tlon Is between $500,000 and $1,000,000 shall recel^ $300- be- Hcen $1,000,000 nnd $2,000,000, $150; between $2,000,000 and $2,500 000 ’ $76 $A0OO,^ valuaUon, and whose annual tax for the support of public achwls is no less than ont^slxth of their whole tax, as follows: Every tol“ wh(K)l tai Is not less than one-third of Its whole tax shall receive proportl^ of remainder expressed by on^thlrd; every town whose scli.ml tax is n^t I ' ■■ ■■ . 298 8TAT8 JLAW8 BSLATTKO Tb PUBKIC EDUCATION. UiAD OD«^fouiiii of Us whole tax, one-foarth ; every town whoee ecbool tnx Ik Dht lean than ooe-flfth, one^fiDh; ev^ry town wbo»i> m'hool tax l^not lem thun one>atxtli, one-«ixth. Money apprut>rtatei1 for other edtioattonnl puriK>H<*}<, unless otherwise provided for. ahnll be paid from the Stale treasury. Th«» income of the State fund shall be used only for tlie puriK>ae of tpalnttUnin^: the public schools, and school tretimirers slmll ^erp n se)ianitc account of tlu* same; schiol coumdttCH^s Khali make aunnnl rci»orts to tlie State Nmnl relathr to such moneys; if, In the opinion of the State 1 «ril. mich moneyn im* n«>t beliut expended acconlInK to law by any town, the commiKalonera of the school fund may withhold future nllowamvs of such towm No dlstrlbulloN of any part of the Income of the State fund alia II l>e made to a tofiii which has not mnlntalncd a public school of leiira] standnrtl. or which, if contalnln>; 600 families or hotwholdcrH;. Inw not maintained a hl«h sclu>ol for at U^bikI weeks during (he or which has not mode pn>iH*r rt*i)orta of compHe»1 with the laws relative to truancy; or which has ik»1 raised by taxation for the Bupitorl of the public schses by the UnlteRc of (Mlncjiflon except where tlie vested rights of townsli1i>ft. ctmnMos, cl!h»s. t»r Pi\ynK would be Infringed; the ne^ proceeds of the State tohact'o warehouKc: cscheatH and unclalinecnl finance and support. ' i North Carolina: Permanent school fund (“literary fund") cpnslsts of pro oeedB of (1) land grants from United StateH, (2) moneys, stocks, and bondH belonging to State school fund, (8) sale of swamp lands, (4) grants, gifts. ►or devisea State board of education may make loans from “literary fund " to county boards fbr building schoolhouses. Such loans ahall bear 4 per cent interest, aball constitute^ a lien on connty school funds, and shall t>e repaid In 10 equal annual installmenta. County board ahall set apart sufficient funds to B (c). PERUANBNT STATE SCHOOL FUNDS, 299 I*r annuBi aoBtallment interrat OoimtF board, fronunouey ao borrowed, niHy make loana to dlstrlcla. to bear Intereat at 4 per cent and to b« reiwld In 10 Inatallmenta. Air loana aball be made under rulea of State board. North Dakota; See B (a), (Senernl State finance and aufiport Ohio; See B (a), General Stale Dnanae and au]>|iort. <)re«on: Tbe Irreducible achool, fund almll conalal of the proeeeda of Ibe a^e of tbe allt.enlli and thirty aUth aevUoua of laud of every towunlilp: procv, «A Ilf i*i the State for public-school nurpoaea-, pro- i-eeila of grnnta to the .Slate when purpoae la not stated ; proceeds of tide and overflow lauds; proceeds o^ Bale of BOO.tW) ac-t* of land granted by Con- (treas Septoml)er 4. 1.S41 ; aU lands gnintod by Congress for caplfol building pun>oaea. Stale land iKMrd shall loan such fund at 6 tier cent Interest- If tlierg be a sun’lua over and above hams appUed for. said board may invest said surplus In school district bonds Said boiird shall apiwrtlon the Income of Uie Irreducible fund to cosutle* ou basl^ of number of |«rsons between ^ ^ niKl 20 yiNtrrt oltl. , . See al80 C (b), NmdR and indeb(ee eijiendod. The Slate board onaliicjitloii is aulhorlzial to use .such Interest artil rentals In itquHlUIng valii- catloiml advnnlagos In the Slate, In furthering lalucatlon In ||e conservation of tintural resotm-es, forestry, ngricullural. aiul other ImlusSrlal pursuits In pulille sehisils. The Slate treasurer shall reisirl to Ihe Stati^- lamrd of educa- tion. and said hoanl shall make to the governor and auditor general a. iletaiUsI annual reiKirt y^JJje ix-rmaneiit State school fund. ^ liliode Island:' State treasurer; with advice of the governor, Bhart>have power to regulate the cusf.sly of jiermnnent school ^mul, ami shall keep tfie same luvest.ll in the euplUl stock of resismslble hanks ot^^ In bonds of towns „i c.lles of the State; mouoy jmld Into State treasury by aoctloneera shall be a ld«l to |>eruiaueut fuud ; whenever any money u|i|iroprinted for aupiiort of laibllc achools In any town Is forfeited by said town, such money ahall be IMld Into said jg?rmanent fund. Income arising from |>onnanent ftiud'shall annually be njiproprlated foj aurawrt of public schools. Tennessee: See B (a). General State flnance and support. Texas: See A (bl), Siate boards; A (b2). State'offlcere ; C (a). Local flnance and snpf^rt, general ; C (b), Ixvcal bonds and Indebtedneaa. \ermont: See.C (c), Ixx^al taxation. 4 \ er|c i 800 STATS lAWS BBLATDTO TO 'PtTBUO BDUOATION. Vi»gtai»: See A (bl), State beanSs; B (a). General State finance and support* . O (b>, Local bondtf and Indebtedness. Waahlngion: See B (a). General State finance nnd supiwrt; P (h), Finance lands, support ' Virginias » The school fund of the State shall cousiat of annia nconied from sources eiumerated In fourth aection of the twelfth article of the con- stitution, not In excess of $1,000,000; fcovernor, Stnte^uperlnTendent of free schools, auditor, and treasurer shall be a corporation under name of “The board of school fund,*' and shall have manngementacontrol and Investment of said fund, as provided In constitution; majority 6f boiuti shall constitute a quorum; auditor, as secretary of said board, shall keep record of business of board, and Shall annually report same to governor and State superin- tendent ; meeting of said board may be held at any time upon call of any member thereof; attomey-^neral shall Institute and prosecute any acthm, when directed by board, for recovery of funds belonging to sidd fund; said board may appoint agents for collection of debts or claims. * Wisconsin: gee B (c). State aid for elementary education. Wyoming* Lond income funds, — “Deaf, dumb, and blind land income fund “ for the 8uiH>ort^and Plication of deaf, dumb, and blind persons; “university land Income fund’* for the supi>ort of the State University T^arnmle; the ’ “State charitable, educational, penal, and re^nnntory Institutions land in- come fund “ for the support of refornmtorj' Institutions. All funds belonging to the State for^ school purjwses, the Interest and In- come of which only may be used, shall be Invested only In school district bonds, registered county bonds, or sureties of this State or of the Uhltwl Statea artsona: There shall be annually levied a State tax sufficient to raise $500,000 for the support of the public schools. Trustees of each district shall annually make to county superintendent an estimate of amount of money needed for schools In their district and such s^periutendent shall transmit the same to county board of sui^ervlsors. County sui>erlntendent shall annually fur- nish to county supervisors an estimate of the amount of school funds needwl -In the copnty for the ensuing year; In making such estimate county super- intendent shall take Into consideration all moneys j»sked for by boards of trustees; he shall multiply the sum representing the average dally attendance for the county daring the previous yeay such sum as will produce the amount estimated, but In no case shall the -sum be less than $35 per pupil In average attendance the prevlous^year; superintendent shall add to above f Bum. a sufficlmit amount to produce for each district employing but one teacher not less than $850 and not more than $1,000; 10 per cent of the miperlntendent’s estimate shall he added thereto to form a reserve fund, and the aggregate ahall be the minimum amount required to maintain kin- education. Bt(d). State Taxation for School, Purposes. ♦ See also Appendix A: Stj*te constitutional provisions relating to public B (d). STATE TAXATION FOB SCHOOL PUBPOBXS. 801 dergartens aM common achoote. Oonnty snpendaora sbaU annually levy a county school tax which, taken with amount received from the State and other aonrcea, shall be not less than the minimum amount estimated to be additional amount has been asked for; county tax shall be paid into county Duties of county treasurer: To receive and hold all school moneya and keep a separate account with each district, notify county superintendent on receiving school funds amounting to »1,000 and subject to distribution pay out school moneys on order of coun^ superintendent, make annual report to State soperlntendeut. County superintendent shall apportion all moneys as follows: Not less than $35 per capita of average attendance, but amount apportioned to any district shaU not be less than |!8(50: when any dis- trict has maintained school for five months and has an average attaadance greater than during the preceding year, county superintendent shall ap- l«)rtIon to said district out of the reserve fund so much of such fund as said dlstrlci shall be entitled to under this chapter, but If resehe fund Is Insnf- llclent to meet the demands of all districts showing an Increased attendance such fund shall be aiiportioned pro rata among the several districts entitled thereto. No district, except a new one shall receive any of State and county apportionment unless such district shall have maintained school for at least seven montiis In the next preceding year, but If school la closed from unavoidable circumstances, district shall receive Its apportionment’ If a district has an average attendance of fewer than eight pupils between 6 and 21 years old for a itcrlod of three months, county sui«rli;tendeut may sus- IH-nd such district ami rciwrt the fact to board of supervisors who shall declare the district lapsed. Arkansas: A State tax of 3 mills on Uie. dollar shall be levied annually for common-school puri>oses. The legislature shall provide for the sup^rt of the common schools by taxes, which shall never exceed In any one year 3 mills on the dollar and by an annual per capita tax of |1. to be assessed on every male over a years old. Said legislature may authorise school districts to levy, by a vote of the qualified electors of such districts, a tax not to exceed 7 mills on the dollar. OaJifoniia: See P (cj. State unlversItieB and collegee. Florida: See A (b2)/ State officers. Illinois: See B (a), General State finance and support Indiana: There shall be levied annually a State tax of 7 emits on each $100 of taxable property, and 60 cents on each taxable poll, which shall be paid Into the general fund. There shall be levied annually a State tax of 10 centa on each ?100. to be known as the “ benevolent institution fund.” There shall be levied annually a tax of IJ centa on each $100, to be known as the “ State dew sinking fund." There shall be levied annually a tax of 7 centa on each ?100 for the State educational Instltntiona; two-flftha. of said fund aball be devoted to Indiana DnlVeralty, two-fifths to Purdue University, and one-fifth to the State Normal School. OTi^^ll be annually levied and collected a State tax of 18.6 centa on ^ch WOO of taxable property and 60 centa on each taxable poll, which shall be paid into the State treasury for a common-school tuition fund. Trustees of townships, town% and cttle may levy a special tax for schoolhonaea, equip- 8TA:te' MWS .BQLAIIKa TO; jpUBtlO BpUCATlO«. ' . ment, #uii|ili^, igad also £pr tMcben* saUries whenever the State toUion fund apportioned to each coiporatlon ahaJl have been exhausted, but said especial tax shall not Mceed 00 cents on each |100 and fl on each poll. .County andltor shall make assessments and county treasurer shall collect the same. Tmstees of townships, towns, and cIUm may levy 60 cents on each |100 and 26 cents on each taxable poll, aa a supplementary tuition fund to ^ extend the term of school after the State tuition revenues shall have been exhausted. There shall aunuolly be levied a State tax of 2| cents on each |100 for the benefit of the Indiana University, Purdue University, and the In^aua State Normal School; said fund shall be distributed fottr*elevenths , to Indiana University, fourelevenths to Purdue University, and three- ^evmtths to the Indiana State Normal School. See also B (a). General State finance and support; O (a), Industrial edu- catlou, general. Kansas; See A (b2), State ofiJcera. Kentucky: See B (a), General State finance and support; B (c), Permanent State school funda ^ Louisiana: Tax of 2 per cent shall be levied for school purpo^ses on nil inherit- ances, legacies, and other donations mortis, causa to or in favor of the direct descendants or ascendants or suryivlng wife or husband of the decedent ; on such inheritances or dispositions to or In favor of collateral relatives of deceased, or In favor of strangers, a tax of 6 per cent on amount of actual cash value thereof at time of death of decedent Elzemptions: (1) Amounts below $10,000; (2) on any such legacy or other donaUon In favor of any educational, religions, or charitable Institutions; (3) when such property has beme its just proportion of taxes prior to such donation, bequest, or Inheritance. Maine; See B (a), General State finance and support • Maryland; See B (a), General State finance and support Masaachnsetts ; See B (a), General State finance and support Michigan; Bee P (c). State unixfrsitles and colleges; Q (b), Agricultural colleges. BAInnesota; There shall be levied annually upon the taxable property of the State a tax of mills on the dollar, to Ibe known as the State schoi^ tax, of which 1 mill on the dollar shall be added to the general school fund, which then shall be known as the current school fund, and the remainder of such tax shall be added to the nnlvefrsity fund. County auditor shall levy oh tax lists of' county, In same manner as district school taxes are levied, a Ux of 1 mill on the dollar of taxable property In each district, to be known as oonnty school tax, and be credited to school district In which property taxed Is sltnated.. Tax levied by school districts shall be known as the district •dbool tax. Taxes voted by cities, vlUages, town®, and school districts shall be certified by proper authorities to county auditor on or before October 10 In each year. In common districts district school tax shall not exceed 16 ffllUs oh the dolUr jtor support of schools, or 10 mills for purchase of sites * and erection and equipment of schoolhonses ; but In such districts In which a ^ >10*inlU UX #m not prodnoe fOOO a greater Ux may be levied for school Mtes and buUdlngs, not to exceed 25 mills on thh dollar ^r $000 in amount; -s in ooinmon* districts havlhg less than 10 voters dlstr^ schoeclal class for Instrufetlon of bltad. d^f, or defecUve children; (c) sum of INOO for, each assistant super- intendent and supervisor (other than supervising principal) and permanent teacher In a high school or hIgh-school department having four-year approved course of study; (d) sum of $300 for each permanent teacher employed In three-year high school or hlgh-pchool department; (e) sum of $2W for each permanent teacher employed In an ungraded school, or In a klndergarKn, primary, or graiqgar department or In hlgh-school depart- ment having leas than three-year approved course; (f) sum of $80 for each temporary teacher employed for not less than four months; (g), sum of $80 . for each teacher employed In an evening school for full term of four months- (h) sum of $26 for each pupil who shall, have attended a high school or hlgh- *hMl department In district other than that of resldenw and for whom tuition *8 Pnid by board ; (1) sum of $6 for each pupU who shall have attended an ungraded school or a kindergarten, primary, or grammar school depart- ment In district other than that of residence and for whom tuition has' bctm paid by board; (k) 76 per cent of cost of transportaOon of pupils, if such transportation be approved by county superintendent; teachers In spy m^al-tralnlng school or department^ receiving special State aid who shall fevrte at leart one-half Ume to school work other than manual training shall be regarded as temporary teachSrs under provlslcnis qf this article: (2) counfr superintendent shaU apportion remainder of said' moneys on basis attendance of pupils; an attendance upon an evening school shall be counted as one-half day’d attendaiice for purpose of such apportion- ‘ $04 fkini uiwB mti.ttsa to poblio kbuoatiok. xmit : it A sebool la any district shall be closed fbr Rood reason, school shall be deemed to hfive been In session tor purpose of snch apportionment Bal> ance of any such moneys left in hands of \Ustrtct boards shall be returned to county collector tOt reapportionment by county superintendent, or same, wltli * consent of said superintendent may be used by boards for other .school expenses. See also B (a), General State finance and support. New Mexico; See B (a), General State finance and support ^ sKorth Oarolina; See H (c), School year, month, day, etc. North Dakota: See P (b), Finance, lands, snii^rt of higher Instltatlona ' .Ohio: See B (a), General State finance and support; P (c), State oniverBlUeR ^d colleges. PennsylTanla; All lands dasslfled as auxiliary forest reserves shall be sub- ject to S'n annual charge of 2 jcsnts per acre for the benefit of public schools and 2 cents per acre for roads, said charges payable by the State. The Statp forestry reservatien CQimnlsslou shall certify to the respective dls- tflcta and to State treasurer the number of acres taxable; the State treasurer shall pay to the several school and road dlstHcts the amounts due them from such source. The department of forestry may lease any portion of the State forest for a period not exceeding 10 years, 80 per cent of proceeds of such lease to constitute port of State school fund. South Caroli|ia; A State tax of 1 mill on the dollar ahnll be levied. Fifty per cent of the proceeds shall be retained In Gie county where collected, to be u^ by the county board of education for the aid of free schools. Remaining; 00\^r cent shall be exp^ded by the State board of education as follows: SlxtK, thousand dollars for hlgh-school aid ; $60,000 for extending term of pubuK^ools; $20,000 for consolidated schools; $5,000 for rural libraries; any bauce for lengthening school term. TennesseeX See B (a). General State finance and support Texas: See« (a). General l^tate finance and support Utah: See N (a), High schools; P (b), Finance, lands, support of higher institutions.' Vermont; See 0 (c), Local taxation. Virginia; A State school tax of 10 cents on each $100 of taxable property ab&ll be l^led. A poll tax of $1,50 on each male person over 21 years old, except , persons exempt^ for mllttary service, ^all be levied; $1 of said poll ta.x shall be for the public schools and 60 cents shall be returned to the treasury of the copnty where paid. School-tax accounts shall be kept separate from other ao^unts. See also B (a). General State finance and support ' Washington: See B (a), General State finance and support; P pulation of each district, and said County clerk shall lay the same before the county co?irt. See also A (bl), State bonrds; A (b2), State officers; B (a). General State finance and support; B (b). State school lands, California: Cx)ntrolIer shall keep a separate account of school funds and shall report In January and July to State superintendent thff amount In the treasury subject to apportionment; on the order of*^tlie superintendent he shall draw his warrant on the State treasurer In fnvoV of county treasurers for amounts apportioned. Controller shall transfer semfanmiRlly from gen- eral fund to State school fund such sums as shall be equivalent to |18 per . pupil in average attendance the previous term. ^ No assessor, collector, or county ‘treasurer shall receive any fees for handling school fnndji, but assessor or collector shall receive J5 per cent for collecting poll taxes. * County snperlntei^Jent shall apportion fm\d^ for ele- ^ mentary schools to districts on basis of ntt^ddnee the pr^ious year; 1 teacher shall be allowed for each 35 pupils In avera'fea attendance or fraction thereof not less than 10 ; 2 additional tebchers shall be avowed for an 8066*— Ifr— 20 ' ' • average attendance of .700; 1 additional teacher shall be allowed for 9 deaf pupils or fraction thereof greater than 6; $650 for enchvSS unita of average attendance and for each fraction thereof less than 10, $40 for each unit uf average ‘a.henda nee; s'!! moneya on hand after such ai)port!onment shall be*^ distributed to districts on basis of average attendance. County ^treasurer may transfer moneys from other funds to meet demands ngainsf school dis- tricts, and when collected for such districts such moneys shall be refunded. No school district, except newly formed, shall receive State and county funds unless school was maintained for 6 months or longer during previous year. Teachers must hold legal certlflcates and all State funds must be used for ^ teachers' salnrlea See also A (b2). State officers; A (c2), County officers; A ((T), Distrbt boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; C (c), Local taxation. Colorado: See A (b2). State officers; A (c2), County officers; B (a). General State finance and support; F (b). Teachers' Siilurles; H (c), School year, month, day, etc. Oonneettent: See A (d>. District boards and officers; A (f), Admlolstrative units — districts, etc.;.B (a), General Si te flqance and support; M (c), Evening schools; Q fay, Industrial education, general, llclaware: The State auditor shall annually report to the trustee of the school *' fund the uuexi>ended balunce In each district, the number of teachers em- ployed in each school, aud the number of days taught The trustee of the school fund, (State treasurer) shall apportion to each district in proportion to the number of teachers employed for at least 140 days; no apportionment shall be made to u district which has not levied the amount of local tax required by law ; districts employing additional teachers and levying an additional tax of $lQg^ a white district and $50 If a colored district may have additional s|^es apportioned to them, according to number of said additional teachers. The trustee of the school fund shall deduct from the apportionment to each district a sum equal to the unexpended balance of State fund and required local tax in said district; be shall also deduct the amount expended by him for textbooks in each district; if a district# fails to employ udUfMoual teacher for which additional apportionment is made, such additional amount apportioned shall be deducted. State appro- priation shall not be less than $132,000 per annum. See also A (cl). County boards; A (f). Administrative untta-^iatricts. etc.; B (a), General State finance and support; H (f), Compulsory attend- ance. * • Florida: See A (b2), State officers; H (c), School year, month, day etc, Georgia: The State superintendent of schools, copiptroller general, and treas- urer sbalLeach month determine anlount to be api>ortIoned to eacti* county on basis of last school census, but salaries of State school administrative officers shall first be deducted, ’ / ^ County superintendent of schools shall transmit to State superintendent of schools an itemized statement of the various sums due and unpaid by the county board of education on January 1 ,for any Item of expense properly chargeable to raid county board. When such s^ements are presented to the governor he shall Issue his warrants upon the treasurer for funds standing to the credit of each of the several counties or for part needed to pay in- debtedness of county boards. If mbneys thus paid Is not sufficient to pay in- debtedness, county superintendent shall prorate the amount available among the various Items; but expenses of administration shall be p^d in full. 807 B (e). STATE AID FOB BLSI^BKTABT EDXTOATIOH Contracts with teachers shall provide for monthly payment of salaries. School year shall coincide with calendar year, state superintendrat. State treasurer, and comptroller general shall, before first Tneaday in pecember Mch year, estimate amount of comtnon-school fund available for ensuing year and shall notify county superintendents of amounts due their respective counOea County boards of edncaUon shaU meet on first Tuesday In Janu- ary and make arrangements for placing the schools In operaUon.. Said boards may fix the salaries of teachera Where county has local school ^ws and maintains school five months by local taxation governor shall draw warrants In favor of said counties without requiring Itemized statement Who'e town or city malntilns schools by local taxation It shall be entitled to Its share of entire- county school fund In proportion to school iKjpulatln. When any county board or board of education of any city shall fall to maintain schooU as required said county or city shall forfeit its right to partlcli«tlon In the schodl fund for that year unless State board of education shall approve reason for failure to maintain schoola See also A (W), State boarda Idaho: See A (d), District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative unlts-r- ^ districts, etc.; B (a), General State finance and support Illinois: See A (b2), State officers; A (c2), County officers; A (d). District boards and officers; B (a), General State finance and support Indiana: State superintendent shall annually make two apportionments of the Khool revenue for tulUon, one In June and the other In January; county auditors shall In May and December report to said superintendent amounts of such revenue available In their respective connUea Said report shall show; (1) Amount of school tax coHected; (2) Interest collected on loans of common-school funds; (3) amount derived from liquor licenses and nn- clalniedrf^: (4) total amount of revenue thus collected and ready for ap- portionment; (5) Income from the congressional township school fund; (6) amount of said Income on hand for distribution In parts of the townships In the adjacent counties. State superlnteivlent shall have printed a statement showing (1) the enumeration of children In each county; (2) amount of school revenue ready In each county; (3) dJstrlbuUve share thereof appor- tioned to each county. The amount of State revenues accruing In each county In excess of amount apportioned to said county shall be paid Into the State treasury; State auditor shall draw his warrant for the amount of which any county may be entitled In excess of Uie. State revenues collected therein County auditor shall semiannually apportion to each township, incorporated town, or city, the school revenue to which his county Is entitled ; after ascer^ talnlng the amount of congressional township school revenue belonging to each corporation, said auditor shall apportion other revenue so as to equalize as nearly qs possible the amount of available school revenue for tuition to each coriioratlon according to the enumeration of children therein; If any corporaUon shall not expend for tuition purposes In any year an amount . equal to State tuition revenue apporUoned thereto, auditor shall at next apportionment deduct frond tuition revenue apportioned an amount equal to the difference between State revenue apportioned and the whole amount re- ported to have been expended for tuition purposes, but ;tods arising from local tuition tax shall not be considered in making such deduction. State superintendent shall apporUon any amount ready for ai>i»rtlonment, together with 94.8 per cent of sum collected by tax levy, to counties on basis of last enumeration of chUdroi therein ; remaining 6.2 per cent shall be apportioned w- 808 8TATB LIWS EKLATING TO PtTBUC BDUCATION. to corporatiopa onable to maintain school tor term required by lew after letylng maximum Bupplemeataiy tuition tnx allowed ; no corporation shall be entitled to receive such State aid unleae there has been levied therein a local ** tuition tax of at least 25 cents on each $100; a cori>oration maintaining school for seven mopths and having Inaufflcleut tuition revenue may receive such State aid If levying a local tuition tax of nut less than 40 cents on $100; amount so received s(iall be used only for teachers’ solaries. When dog Usj. not required to pay owners for live stock killed or maimed by dogs shall exceed $1(X) in any township, said tax ahull be imid into county treasury to be distributed to the public schoola of such township. See also A (C2), County officers; A (ci), District Iwards aud officers; M . (b)i Kindergartens. Iowa: See C (c), Local taxation ;*H (e), Consolidation of districts, etc. Kansas: See A (b2), State officer^; A (c2), County officers; U (c), remianent State school funda Kentncky: See A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units-Mistrlcta, etc.; B (a), General State finance and* support; H (c). School year, month, day, etc. Ifonisiana: See B (a), Oeneral State finance' aud 8upi>ort Blaine: State treasurer shall annually set aside from State school funds $40,000 OB a “school equalization /fund ’’ for aiding towns wherein a tax rate considerably In excess of the average for the State falls to produce sufficient revenue for efficient schools ; State Hn|)erlntendont shall investigate such towns and make recomtfiendatlou to governor and coiiiicll relative thereto; governor and council shall have authority to draw warrant in favor of town in accortlauee with su|>erlntendent’s recouinieiidatiou : 8ui)Crinteudent may exj>eud $2,000 for investigating such towms. * . See also A (b2), State officer^' A (d),^lstrict boards and officers; A (fY, Administrative units — districflC etc. ; B (a), General Suite finance and support; C (c), Local taxation; H (f). Compulsory attendance; O (aj, Industrial education, gener&l. «4faryland: See A (cl). County boards; B (a), General State finance and support; H (c), School year, month, day, etc.; H (h). Separation of the ^racea; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks: O (a), Industrial education, general. Massachusetts: See A (d). District boards and officers; B (o), Penuanent State school funds; O (a). Industrial education, general; O (d). Continua- tion schools. BUchiSAn; See A (b2). State officers; A (d), District boards and officers; C (c), Ix>cal taxation; T (b). Schools fof the deaf, Minnesota: All schools supported in w'hole or in part by State school funds shall be styled public schools, and ndmisslon p^ereto shall be free lo all per- sons betwedi the ages of 5 and 21 years, but the school board of any district may exclude all chijdren under 6 years old. District schools are divided into four classes: High schools, graded schools, semlgraded schools, and common schools. Each high school shall be in session at least nine months in the year; admit those passing a proper examination In arithmetic, spelling, Eng- lish grammar, reat^lng, writing, geography, and' United Statek history; have course prescribed by State high-school boaid requisite for admission to State university and an English bosineqs course in addition; be subject to rules of * hlffa-scbool board. Graded scbools include those below high schools whix;h ara ip sesaloD at least nine months In the year; are well organized, havliig at least four departments in charge of a principal holding a State professional B (e), 8TATP AID FOB El^MBKITABT EDUCATION ^ 809 certiflcate or graduate from the adranced course of a State normal school or reputalJie college; have suitable bundinga, equipment, and library; hare courses of study prescribed by hlgh-school board. A semigraded school la one which maintains school for at least eight months In the year; Is well organlaed, with at least two deiwirtmenu, one of whose teachers holds not less than a first grade certiflcate; has orderly course of study; has suitable school plant All other district schools are conimon^kchooU Schools shnll^ maintained not les.s than 5 nor more than 10 irfmuhs In the year, but this does not apply to evening schools or kindergartens; school month shall consist of four weeks; every Saturday shall he a school hi^lday; all legal holidays sliall be counted as part of school week. Holidays shall Include: New Year's Day, Lincoln's Birthday, Washington’s Birthday, Memorial Day, Independ- eiK'e Day, Ijibor Day, Election Day, Christmas Day, and Good Friday. In- struction shnllbe In Ihe English language, but teachers may use any other language in ex{>lnlning English words. Any high school, graded school, or consolldnteil school with pro|»er equipment may be designated by ptate hlgh- w'bqnl boanl ns scIkwIs where agriculture, manual training, and home eco- nomics may he tntight; trained Instructors shall he employed to teach those suhjet'ts; uonresideut pui>ils may be admitted to such schools upon payment of tuition by districts where such pupils reside; State hlgh-school board may establish rules for admission of nonresident pupils and fix tuition for the same; siKH’ial classi's may l>e forniwl for those attending only In the winter nmnths; ip^itruction .shall be of a practical nature; each of said schools ahall rfHvive mmnnlly from State $2.r»00, $150 for each association rural district, and $ir>0 for each rural KcluK>lJn the same district, but State aid for such sc'hools shall not exceed thirds of cost of maintenance of said agricultural and indnstrlal depurtments ; any ruriil school which*' shall become associated with .schools umintnining sjiid departments shall receive ns State aid $50 per y^r. Buml 8ch(K)I.s may InHome associated with schools maintaining agricultural and. Industrial departments: high or graded school shall'be known as cen- tral .school; no tuition shall he charged to any pupP residing In the Central school zone and for no nonresident below .seventh grade; current school fund shall he npportloiKMl to I'entral school district for pupils residing In asso- ciated districts and who attend said central school; there shall be annual •Joint nuH'tlngs of the trustees oA the various nssoclatetl districts at the cen- tral school for transacting business of (♦entrnl zone; board of each associated district shall elect one ower to designate high schools ft»r State aid; board shall apportion said State aid equally among the hlKli schools and the graded schools enUtler*iv>nment ; said aid to graded schwis shall not exceed one-half amount^lukHl by 8}>eclal taxes for current expenses; schools receiving State aid In accordance with these* provisions shall not by virtue of that fact be* denied the right of receiving State aid under other laws. Four-year high schools supixjrting normal In •trucUon In the common branches shall ticelve anjxunlly $1,000 for such instruction. EAch school designuted to mnlnUin an agricultural uud Indus trial department shall receive annually $2,600 Stete aid, and $150 for each rural district associated with such school, and may also receive $150 for each rural school in same district, but the total of such aid shall not exceexl twd-thirds of sum actually exjxended u|X)n such special departments. 'Any rural district which shall associate Itself with a State-aided schot)! sliall receive annually State aid of $50. Any high or graded school malnuilnliig prescribed courses in agriculture, and either in home et‘onoml(‘s or in manuiil training, shall receive aunually. In udditlou to other aid, $1,800; the provi alons for the association of rural schools with Suite-aided schools, as made in the foregoing act, shall apply in this act also ; this aid shall not be paid any school receiving Md for Industrial courses under any other -act, iSradctl schools maintaining courses equivalent to two years' high-sehpol work shol) receive State aid not in excess of $500 per year, B'or purpose of receiving State aid consolidated schools shall be classified as A, B, and C; A schools shall have at least four departments, B three, and C two; all pupils living more than 2 miles shall be transported free of charge to such schools. The principal of a class A school shall hold at least a diploma from the advanced course of a State normal school, and shall be able tm leach agriculture; such school shall include facilities for industrial work. Principal of B or C school shall hold at least a State first-giade certificate. Schools of not more than two rooms under certain conditions may recelvia State aid Class A schools shall receive annually Stote aid of $1,600, class B schools $1.000i and class C schools $760; said schools shall also receive an amount to aid in the oonstmetton of buildings equal to ^ per cent of cost of buildings, but no B (e). STATE AID FOB ELEVfBNTABY EDUGATIOK' $11 dlAtrict iih«ll Kcelre iDore Umui $1,600 for wch purpose. A common nchool employing a teacher holding at least a drat-gnide cert'lflcate and nmlntnlnlng at leatt eight months of school per year shall be known as class A; one em- ploying teacher holding second-gmde certJflcate. malnUluliig not leas than eight months of school, class B; one employing teacher bolding second-grade wrtdflcate, maintaining not leas than «ev.-n months of school ,.er yet.r. class Q. .Semlgrnded schools may m-elve auuiial Slate aid not to exceed $300- class A common. $150; class B common. $100; class C common. $7.5. See also A (b2), State officers; A (d). District boards and officers; U (f) CJompulaory .Mississippi; Act of 1012 sets aside $6,000. to be known ns a supplemental common-school fund; when common-school nioneir In any county U exhausted and Its schopls cun not run the constitutional iH'rlod of four months, county 8U|s>^endent shall n|)ply to .Stale board o^ec.l Uminee and sn|.,M>rl. g.-ueral. Montana: See A (b2). Stale officers; A (c2l. tV.unly officers; B (a) Oenernl .state finance and supiwrt ; H to, Sch.K.I year, month, day etc • O (a) In- dustrial education, peueral; S (l.l, I'ublle-scb(H..l libraries. Nebraska; The county treasun>r shall make semiannual reports of school fimuK^s to Stale auditor ami State treasurer. The State treasurer shall semiannually make a complete exhibit of all moneys Monglpg to the scbiKil fund of the State, wherenpou U.e State 8U|M>rlniendeut shall ap|H>rtlou Uie same to the s..veral counties according to the pro rata enumeration cf school children In Mid counties. The several county sutierlntendeuts shall upon the recel|.t of .such apportionment add thereto moneys derlv.sl from fines and licenses and sns.rtlon jjpne ns follows; Om-fonrlh to he distrlh.ited equally to the ses-eral district.s In the county and the remainder to Im« distrihnted to the districts pro r«ta according to Hchool tvnsns; no diKtrlct f;iiliii^[ to main* tain a school for the |>erl.Hl reortlon to tte number of acres of such land In the counties; Mid ftinds shall be used superintendents shall apportion follows: One-fifth to public-road fund; one-fifth equally to the three-fifths to districts according to number of school “'"“‘oln school for at least minimum term ritaU be allowed any part of such fund. County superintendent ahall 812 STATE LAWS EELaTINO TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. oerilty apportlonmeot of foreet-tvaen c fuad to county treasurer and to Um* oevoral district directors 8oe also A (U2). State otBcera: A (d), L^istrlct boards and offlcers; A (e). School meetlujbi. elections, etc. Nevads; See A (b2>. State officers; A (f), Admlulstratlve unlta—^llstrirtR, etc.; U (if), t^eneral State ftnaiK>> aiM snpjx^rt. New Hampalitre; See A (d), nistrlct IxHtrda and offlcerH; n (a), OiMieml State (liij)uoe aixl anpiwrt, . Now Jeraey; The State ntllroad tax Khali, after certain diMijitlona are made aa nxinired Iiy law. l>^j[ipjmrtloiuNl for iMiltlie-rti'lhxtl |a)r)X)S4'K iiuienc the se\ emi oomitlea on Imala of taxable it^fK^rty In ahU) (H>untles; the ronnty suix^r Intendent shall ap|x»rtlon siieh moneys In s;ime manner as other tx'hoe! moneyB ni>» ni>ix>niomsl hy him. Said moneys .shall be ustd exclusively for ^ snpfx>rt aiHl maintenantv of imblle K'h(X>lK. S<*e aim) A th2i. State otlb'<‘rs; \ te’Ji. olfl. Adminis tratl^e units iK>rt : H (d). State taxalio;! fer (' u\\, I^val Ihian.v and suitiH*n. (renentl; I) lal. Hulldin^rs and sit(»s. puieral ; II uM, OtnisoluiaiJon of dlstiiets. etc.; L (1), Manual and lihlustrjal isluoation : O taK Industrial wluoutlou, general. New Mexico: See A tb2l. State iiflloera; A te2t. ('omity oflieers: H un. (;en erai State llnamv amt supjKUt. New York: Kts» A tb21. State otlleers ; A . I>lstriet boanis and otheers ; A (f). Adniinistralive units- distrlels. ete,; It m). Cem-ni] State Iluamv and «iip|Kirt ; K (e). Teaeliers' iHuisitWis; U (fK Oompulst»ry attemlanoe; V (el.. Scboois for deiHMidents mid deliiHpientx NoHfi Carolina: St*e A (el), (\mnty Uwirds; C (a), I.iH'al ihiamv and (sUp]X)rt. general; H (o), Schooi year, mouth, day, etc. North Dakota: Any public scbool in a ounmon-m'liool dlstrlet, any ptiblir echool in n city, town, or vlllnpv or any eonseiidattM m'lnxd not entItUxI to aid flg a high school ami ^Nmiplying with the iirovisions i»f this act may recelve State aid as herein provbhHi. t;radol work as well ii.s a course* in dome»tle sclena» and either manual tniiniug or agrloullure. RiHpiirementH for second class: Same as for first class, ex<*t*pl that only two deiwirtmeiits are rels shall be of tirst or second class. lUxpilremcnts for first class: (1) Nine months' term; (2) teacher of autvesaful cxiH.*rienee and hohl I ng at lojtst a first-grade elementary certificate; (3) a suitable schoolhouse, equipment, etc.; (4) course of study B8 prescribed In State course for common schools. Including elementarj’ agriculture, Hequtrementa for second class: (i) I^lght mouths’ term; (2) teacher of successful experience and holding at least n second-grade ele- mentary certificate: other requirements same as for first class. Both classes shall comply with rules of SUte board. Application for aid to graded or rural schools shall be made to State superintendent through county super- inteadentf whose certificate (hat school has complied with requirements shall B (e). 8TATK AID FOB ELKMENTABV EDUCATION 3X8 be arched Uierefo. Before aid can be gmn(«l Inapectlon muat be made b, a State limpe.-! or of rural, grad«l. and ooii»<.lldat«l achoola, to be appointed S-HniT of aot: (iradtal district of Brat claaa. f- H>r aiimim: wannid .-lasa, Jirat; rural «-lua,l of flrat olasa. $i:ai; rural Kb.H>l of a.HH,ud Has*, JKH); If api^.prlailou Is lusulllHem lo i»«v such sums, b - of ra-.k of ^ra.l„t solua.l of ; • '■I'.ss on r.sH„im«-ndailou of the Slate Inspector 1'* lift luKtrd uf .sv also A UL'I. rouni.v oill.vrs: It la). ilon.ral Siaie rt.mnce and support. i!” . r*'' . ' (I'-l, Siaie olllia-rs: if I, Adniliilslratlvc mills — illslrlcl*. elc. • CO. (.1‘Urnil Sfat,. mcrntvs an,! ; 11 do. Srlitmi ,vuruh T d>)* >WmhiIk for Uio tlMaf. • O'O. Iln'cl’n"’ T. ■' 'rv ronsoll.lailon of dlstrlrlA etc, r. M .1 ‘ '•"I'”''"-"''"'-"' shall mako ,,, ap,..rlhannenl of lUe enllre ; . .m.„n ha,„, o„ ,h.. „.sl Monda.v In m-iohor of each ,ear, and . n,h olher l.mes a.s he ina.v ihlnk a.lvlsalde: the conniv soh.s.l Mnd derlre.1 • .^l^3 Khali IK. ap.H.rllomsl as follows: 0,.e Inindnsl dollars to loo. I I- f ^ teacher, and Ihe remainder on the basla of the • Is. of lersons heloisM, t and .cars oM ; of Joint districts •o nil "" '"’IS’nhmeil from the said . a n , s In in.is.nnn, to ,|„. n.nnhcr , f „.rso„s of*sclns,l In parts of final shall I,C apis.rti.ansi to the districts i„ pro|„,rii.,„ of ■-.aiinsi of any ,|is,ric, l.onrd make a partial a j.is.rtlotimcm lo such district a a ap,s,n m Ihe remainder a, Ihe nex, regular ap,s,rtlonment, hjt 7 cb ns-!. V I S "•“'■'-'•"■•—‘'■K ft ■•‘..Kt S,-. ,a.r cent of amount district clerks ''^“"nurer and s, !: ^ to. renn«ne„t l’<-nnsrlvanla: All moneys appropriat.M for pnhilc schools shall lie p,,|,| by ■Tdcr on Ihc .stale treasurer siy'm.,1 Py ,],e .state rtniendeni • said sniXT InteMdcal Shan first .l.lact all ite.as sisstlnsl In this act t^td n^nlr.^ t.I lie • folhns. Om-hnlf oa basis of number of paid teachers employed for full annual term ; one half on la, sis of of e^ilhlren tH.| wcvn bkoh of 0 and u. years ra>sldl„K In „,e s-veral sclns,! disirlJis of the isn.ntleA Any l77 am>e at end of year shall be ad.le.1 to the appropriation for the follo«-lnK year Annnal Slate .shall 1*, paid ,o the treasurers of the ^oend 7ens f Iri'^rT'-r";*' 7"." ■"^'■•''•'N'brouKh the ditve-tora e .sf. If boar.1 of school illn-cuois shall !,c comisdUHl lo close any ac-bool on account of conla.lotm disea.se, flre. or other catnse. the State su^ itndent may pay i„ such school any or all of Its share of State fnuda. See also A (h2), State offlws; It (c). I'ermnnent State school fund • H -(f) Compulsory attendance; O (a). Industrial educoUon. general. b“'‘‘ of oTper- iTubT ach^ r*’ 7'"" for support of lubllc schools on ortler of eouiuilssioner of public schools; said sum sball ^ apiHtrtloned among the several towns ns follows: One hundred dollars to each school, not to exceed 16 la any one town; remainder In i*oporUon to « 4P 814 \Wff !'w i«7 IL • V ' KTAOT LAWBrBBLAXma TO PUBUO K>UCAtlON. nonUker of diShlreii 5 to 16 years of see, inclsBlTe ; said sum shall be used ex- dnslTely for teachers' salaries ; no toryn shall receive any patt of su^ State appropriation unless It shaU raise by tax an equal simount for support of public schools; commissioner of public schools shall draw orders on State treasurer for State appropriations made to towns for public scboola Sum of 14,000 shall be annually appropriated for purchase of dictionaries, encyclo' pedlas, and other works of reference, maps, globes, and other apparatus for use of public schools; said sum shall be apportioned among towns making application for same, on basis of one-balf amount expended by town for such purposes, at rate of |10 per school, and not more than $200 per town ; In caqe demand ^ceeds appropriation, applications shall be filed and shall receive later apprc^prlatlons in their order. There shall be an annual appropriation for evening schools, to be apportioned among the towns by the Slate board of education. The sum of $6,000 is annually appropriated, to be apportioned by Stl^ board of education, for aid to towns In which the taxable property is n\ adequate, at the average rate of taxation throughout the State, to provide public schools of a high standard. See also A (b2), State officers; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), , Administrative units — districts, etc.; II (e). Consolidation of districts, etc.; J (b), Medlcarlnipection ; O (a), industrial education, g^eral. South OaroUna: Not lees than $16,000 annually shall be appropriated for the purpose of aiding rural schoola Any rural distdct levying a special school tax of not less than 4 mills, employing two certified teachers for. not less than ^^slx months, having not fewer than 50 pupils enrolled and not fewer than do in average attendance, and using a course of study approved by the State board of education, shall be entitled to State aid of $200 per year. A rural district meeting same conditions but employing three tench^ for not less than seven paonths, and having an enrollment of not fewer than 75 and an average attendance of not fewer than 40; shall be entitled to $300 per year. No district receiving high school aid or aid under tbe term-extension act. • or containing an Incorporated town of more than 300 populatton. shall receive aid under this act. State aid under this act may be used to pay for tbe transportation of pupils. State superintendent and State board of education shall prescribe rules^for tbe distribution of this fund. See also A (cl). County boards; A (c2), County officers; A (f). Adminis- trative units — districts, etc.; B' (d), Stute taxation for school purposes; H (c), School year, month, day, etc.; S (o). School libraries. South Dakota: The State appropriates annually $12,600 to aid districts having within their limits State indemnity and endowment lands, but such aid shall not exceed 5 cents per acre of said lands and shall not be used for the erection or purchase of buildings. See also A (c2). County oflOcers; A (d). District boards and officers. Tenn^essee: See A (f), Administrative units— districts, etc.; B (a), General State finance and support. Texas: See A (bl). State boards; A (b2), State officers; A (c2>, County officers; A .(d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc,; B (a). General State finance and support; F (b), Teachers' salaries; N (a), Hl$h scboolA DM: County soperlntendrat shall funds received from State to dtsj^cts in proportion to number of persons between 0 and 18 years of age; ; the alum apportion county fund in same manner, but after apportioning to B (e). BTATB ^ fOB BLBMSKTABT B00OimOH SIS ♦ x^ltles of first arid second classes and to county districts of tbs first daas bs shall set aside from county fond sofflclmit earn for bis own compensation and expenses and for expense of county Institute; otherwise no xkart of Btotse nod county funds shall be used .for other purpose than for teachers* salarlea. No funds shall be apportioned to district not bavinff maintained acbool for 20 weeks In year next preceding, and number of census children In such district shall be subtracted from total of county for pappose of State appor- tionment, but uncontrollable cause of cloeizig school shall not bar apportion- ment to district; county superintendmit may close school not maintaining an average attendance of 8 or more for 20 weeks. When county levies 4 mills and district levies 6 miUs and State, county, and district funds aie still Insufficient to conduct schools for at least 28 weeks and pay each teacher $b26 there shall be paid out of State treasury a sufficient amount to pay such sum, but no district recdvlng benefit of this provision shall employ more than one teacher except on recomm^datlon of county superlntendeht and with approval of Stat^ superintendent and concurrence of State board of education; such money shall be used exclusively for teachers' salaries. See also A (b2), State officers; A (f), Administrative unite— districts, etc. Vermont: See A (bl), State boards; A (d), District boards and ofRcers; (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; C (c), Local taxation; L (j), culture. Virginia; See A (bl), State boards: A (cl), County beards; A (f). Adminis- trative units— districts, etc.; B (n), General State finance and support; D (b). State aid, approval of plans; H (b). School census; N (a), High schools. Washington: Superintendent of public instruction shall make six apportion- ments each year of current State school funds. Apportionment shall be mads on basis of days’ attendance during preceding year, as shown by county super- intendents’ annual reports. Each school district sbnll be credited with at least 2,000 days’ attendance. If any pupil attends school outside of resldmit district up to ninth grade during time school of equal grade Is maintained In district of his residence, his attendance shall be credited to resident dis- trict unless mutually agreed otherwise by directors of the two dlstrlcta The principal or head of every private school shall annually report to district clerk the actual days’ attendance of pupils upon such prlva^ school. BV>r purposes of apiwrtlonment of current State school funds attendance of pupils in high ^hoolB shall be counted one and one-half times actual attendance, but to receive such apportionment such high school shall charge no tuition, regardless of where residence is In the State, If there be no high school In puptrs district For purposes of apportionment attendance in paraital schools where food and lodging are furnished th^ pupil shall be counted as three times actual attendance, and In schools for defectives five times such attendance. In night Schools attendance shall be counted as one-half actual attendance without maximum age limit. In addition to r^ular apportion- ments, each high school shall receive a bonus of $100 for’ each grade above grammar school If such school was main^aned during preceding year and maintained average dally attendance In each grade of at leant four studentsi County superintendent, upon receiving State apportionment khall apportion the same, together with county funds, among the districts. When schools of a district are closed for sufficient cause superintendent of public Instruction may allow such district full apiKiriionment but for no longer a period than 16 school daya . When a district shall fall to submit to county su^rintendent plans and specifications of proposed schoolhouSes as required by law said superintendent may withhold entire ^portiomueut aocmhig to such dlstHct»'' 816 8TATB LAWS SSLATtKO TO PUBUO BOUOAXIOK. See aleo B (a), Oeoeral State finance and Bupport; H (e), Oonsolidatlon of districts, etc. West l^rgtnlat See A (d), District boards and officers; B (a), General State finance and snpport Wlsconala; The school-fond Income shall be apportioned annually by State superintendent amouK the several counties, towns, villages, and cities accord- ing to number of children In each over nge of 4 and under age of 20 years. If any town, village, or city shall fall In nny year to raise by tax for support of common schools a sum equal to Its share of such school fund or other income, apportionment to such town, village, or city shall l>e withheld from i^xt suc- ceeding apportionment unless such deficit is applied by such town, village, or city; no apportionment shall he -made to any city, village, or town for any district therein for nny year during which school was not maintained for eight months, except for exiraordlnary cause, nor for nny district which has not made report ns required by law; nor to any city not Including census figures In Us report Raid superintendent shall certify apportionment to sec- retary of state, and shall give notice thereof to each county clerk and county treasurer; said secretary shall draw his warrant on State treasurer for such apportionments, and State treosurer shall pay same to county tfensurera at time State taxes are paid In. Each county treasurer shall notify the clerk and treasurer of each town, village, or city of api>ortlonment, and treasurer of such town, village, or city shall pay Sijme over to school treasurer. The town clerk shall apportion all school money received from the Sta/te and raised by the town among districts and parts of districts on basis of school population. No district shall receive State money unless such money l>e usetl exclusively for payment of salary of teacher, and school has been conducted at least eight months. There is annually appropr!aterovlded for at leost 32 weeks during school yeiir; (2) average dally attendance of such pupils shall be at least 80 per cent of number enrolled for such transportation and tuition; (8) con- tract shall be made for such transiwrtatlon ; (4) means of transportation Bhnll be satisfactory; (5) school attended shall be at least a flrst-dass rural school: (6) annual report relative to such transportation and tuition shall he annually made to State superintendent; (7) county superintendent shall annually make a like report. Notice of ptopoaed transportation and tntUon shnU be IncludtHl In notices of moetlnga. Districts so paying transportation iind tuition pupils shall also receive apportlonme'nt of usual school funds. See also A (b2), State officers; A (cl), County boards; a (d), District l)onrds and officers; A (o). School meetings, elections, etc.; F .(c), Teacher^ I»en8!on8: H (e). Consolidation of district^, etc.; O (a), Industrial educa- tlon* general; O (b), Agricultural schools; S (h)* Public schooMIhrgriesi T (b), Schools for the deaf. Wromingr: County superintendent shall apportion State achool-land Income fund to district on basis of school census, See also A (b2). State officers; A (c2), County officers; L (i), Course of study. T B (f), Special Stato Aid for Secondary EdncatiO] u • See also N (a). High schools. Alabama; See N (a), High schools; O (h), Agricultural schoola Arisona; See N (a), High schools. Arkansas; See N (a), High schools. California: See N (a), High achoola Colorado: See N (a). High schoola Connecticut: See G (c)* County and local normal schools; N (a), High schools. , ' Idaho: See B (a). General State finance and support. • I Illinois; See A (b2), State officers; B (a). General State finance and sapport : Indiana: See O (a). Industrial education* general. I Iowa: See G (c)* County and local normal schools. Kansas: See G (c), County and local normal schools. Maine; See A (f), AdmlnlstroUve Uhlta-Hlistrlcts. etc,; N (a), High schools* O ^a)i Industrial education* genial * ' ~ * 1 >TT^ m 8TATB LAWS B^LATTKO TO PUBUO SDUOATION, Mar^rlMd: See, K (a) » schools. MestsirihttsSI^ ; See N (a), High schools; O (a); Industrial education* gen- eml ; O (d) Continuation schools. Michigan; See 6 (c), County #nd local normal schools; O (b>* Agricultural schools. Minnesota; See B (e)* State aid for elementary education; N (a), High schools Misstsslpikl: See N (a), High schoola Mlssoiiii: See 6 (c)* County and local normal schools; H (e), Consolldatlou of districts, etc. ; N (a), High schools. Moataaf: See O (a), Industrial education, general. Nebraska: See O (c), County and local normal schools; N (a), high schoola Nevada; See N (a), High schoola New Hampshire; See B (a), Qeneral JState finance and support; N (a), Hlgb^ schoola New Jersoy: See O (a), Industrial education, general. New Mexico; See N (a), High sqhoola New York; See B (a), Qeneral Statd finance and support; O (a). Industrial education, general. North Carolina; See N (a), High schools; O (b), Agricultural schoola North Dakota; See L (j)t Agriculture; N (a), High schoola Ohio; See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Oregon; See N (a), High schoola Pennsylvania; See N (a), High schools; O (a)/lndustrlal education, g^eral. Rhode Island; See N (a), High schools; O (a), Industrial education, genenil. South CiMroUna; See B (d), State taxation for school purposes; B (e), State . aid for elementary education; N (a), High schools. Tennessee; See B (a), General State finance and support ' .Texas; See N (a). High schools. Utah; See N (a), High schoola Vermont; See O (c), County and local normal schools; L {J)| Agriculture Virginia; See N (a), High schools. Washington; See B (e), State aid for elementary education ; N (a), EUgh schoola West Virginia; 8e^ N (a), High schoola Wisconsin; See G (c), County and local normal schools; H (e), Consolidation of districta etc.; N (n), High schools; O (a), Industrial education, general; 0(b), Agricultural schoola C. LOCAL (COUNTY, DISTRICT, MUNICIPAL) FINANCE AND SUPPORT. I' (a) General. ^ See also Appendix A: State constitutlohal provisions relating to public education; O (c)* Local taxation. \ ^ AfkMisas: See B (a),. Qeneral State finance and support Caltfomla: See B (f)» Compulsory attendance, ^ „ 4’^ ^ C (a). LOCAL FINAKO* AHD 8UPPOET, CSNSBAL. 819 Colorado; Every Ju«ti» of the peace or other magistrate by whom any floe or penalty is Imposed shall make quarterly repbrt of the same to county commissioners; county treasurer shall certify quarterly to county superin- tendent amount of flnee collected ; all Apes shall be paid to school fund of the county. Connecticut: See B (c), Permanent State echbol fnnda Florida: See A (c2), County officers. • . Illinois; AU fines, forfeitures, and penalties Imposed or Incurred In any court of record or before any Justice of tlie j>eace, except fines, forfeitures, and penalties imposed in incorporated towns or citfee for violation of the ordi- nances thereof, shall be paid to the county superintendent for the benefit of tbe public schools. See also A (d). District boards and officers. Indiana: Surplus rood funds of a township may by unanimous vote of the uihlsory board be transferred to the special sdhool fund. See also A (d), District boards and oAcers. Kansas: County trensurer shall collect nil moneys due the county for schsol purposes from flues, forfeitures, or proceeds of sale of estrays and all moneys paid for exemption from military duty, and when county superin- tendent shall have apportioned school funds to district, he shall pay the sume to district treasurers; he shnll also collect delinquent taxes In each dlstrlvt and pay to treasurer ther^f ; each Justice of the peace shall twice a year report to county superintendent amount received by him from flnes and estrays and shall pay amount of same to county treasnrer. Cout^treasurer shall receive no compensation for handling State or county schod^neya See also A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Kentucky: See A (f). Administrative units— districts, etc. Louisiana: School funds shall be placed in lawfully designated banks; such banks. shall give ample security for and pay required Interest on said funds- funds shall be deposited with responsible banks making highest bid of interest thereon, such Interest to be not less thou 3 per cent per annum; such banks shall lend sTich sums to authorlUes so depositing funds ns may be requlred np to amount desired and at same rate as the deposit carries. See also A (c2). County officers; B (a), General State finance and support Maine: See C (c). Local taxaUon. Michigan: Surplus dog tax of any township or city amounting to flOO or more shall be apportioned for school purposes according to number of children of school age, but township board or common council of city may retain |d00 In which case the remainder shall be so apportioned. See also A (4)2), State offii^ers; A (f), Administrative' units — districts, etc. Minnesoto: See A (d). District boards and officers. Mississippi: See A (c2)t County officers; B (b), State school lands. . Missouri; The several county courts shall collect, preserve, and securely invest the proceeds of all moneys, stocks, bonds, and other property belonging to the county school fund; also the net proceeds from the sale of estrays; also the clear proceeds of all penalties and forfeitures and of all flnes collected for any bi^ch of the penal or military laws, and all moneys paid by persons for ’ exemption from military duty ehall be Invested and presented In the counties M a connty public-school fund, the Income of which shall be appropriated for estehll^lng and maintaining free public schools. No money belonging to the school fond sbaU he loaned to any county officer or hU deputy, nor riuOl such ' -|l IW« 1^' 820 ’ 8TATB LAWS BILATHTO TO. FUBUO BDUOATIOK. % ^ • oflicer or deputy be accepted as security. ► The coonty^coort shall have Jurls- dlctioa of county school fund azid e^ail be governed its care and Invest- ment by the same rules as govern Its actions In township funds. The county treasurer shall have custody of county school fund. The proceeds of the sixteenth section of land and all the public-school iponeys which shall be apportioned to any unorganized township arising from, dividends, proceeds, and profits of the public-school fund 'shall constitute the township schot)! fund; the county court shall have the care and management of the township school fund. School funds shall be loanpd nt not^ less than 4 n( more than 8 per cent Interest Loans Khali be m^de only to residents of th. county on unincumbered real estate of th^’value of twice the amount of the loan. The State superintendent slmll annually apportion the State school funds to counties as follows: Fifty dollars for eaoh teacher, principal, and super\*lsor actually employed during the entire terra, ^but an:^’ teacher employed for less than one-half of the day or for less than one-half of the term shall not be counted; for any teacher employed fot* more than oite-half. nud less than nine-tenths of the term $25 shall be apiwrtloned ; any district having an aver- age attendance of less than 15 shall receive oiily $26; he shall apportion $100 ^ for^ch teacher receiving more than $1,000 salary ; where only two teachers, ^ one white and one colored, are employed, he shall apportion $50 for each; no teacher, principal, or supervisor who is not paid from the phbllc-school funds of the district shall be counted. After such teacher api^jrbbnraent is made the remainder of the fund available shall be apportioned on the basis bf Uie total number of days attenda’nce of all pu^JlIs of eaoh district. County clerks shall annually distribute said State funds as apportioned by the State suikt- intendent, but no district, city, or town which has pot reporteortIoued to districts on tlib basis of the last enumeration on file In the county' clerk’s office. No district not levying 40 cents on $100 shall receive any part of the public-school moneys, unless a less amount, together with moneys received from ih&t public funds, shall amount to $350. No district not maintaining school fpr eight months shall receive npy, portion of the public-school fund for the following year, ' unless a tax of 40 cents on $100, together with public funds, will not maintain the same. Errors In apportionment by State sui>erlntendent may be correct otl by said superintendent In the succeeding year. Whenever any congressional township shall lie In two or more counties the township school fund of such ' township shall be divided among the aforesaid counties in proportion to the amount of territory in the fractional township included In each county. On receipt of the estimates of the various disttlcts the county clerk aliall proceed to assess in such districts the amount of tax so estimated. Dlstrkrt tax lira-' its: For building purposes, ^wn districts, 1 j)er cent of property valuation. * and In other districts 65 cents on $100; for school purixjses, town districts, 1 per cent, and In other districts 65 cents on |l00; for sinking fiind, 40 cents on $100 and a sufficient amount to pay Interest on bonds. County dork shall ^nnually report taxes assessed to State superintendent The county treasurer %all be custodian of all district school 'moneys, except In counties having adopted township organization. In which counties the township trustee shall be the cnstodlan of the township funds. Montana: See B (a), General State finance and snnnart. ^ Nebraska: It shall be the duty of treasurers to take up warrants, when ether funds shall not be avaUable for the same, with any sinking funds which they nisy ^ve on has^ and $hall bold such warrants for the sinking fund. 0 (a), local finance and buppobt, obnbbal. • 321 Coonty board may purctaaae registered warrants out of sinking funds, but not more than 60 per cent of such sinking fund shaU be Invested in warrants at any one Ume, and when practicable, warrants shall be provided for out of sinking funds belonging to organliaUon issuing such warrants. The council of any dty may make similar provision for taking up warrants >it of sink- ing funds in bands of city treasurer, but warrants so purchased ahi, ’ be lim- ited to th<^ of Its own issue or to those of any school district eltuated mainly within such city. School board of any district may direct cub . Hllan of sinking funds to invest the same in warrants of said district All warrants upon any treasurer shall be paid in the order of presenta- tion; every treasurer in the State shall keep a warrant register, which shall show the facts concenlng each warrant handled; account books and vouchers shttJl be oi>eh to InspecUon of any person In whose name any warrants ore registered and unjtald ; any treasurer who shall, for n period of 0ve days after moneys sufBclent to pay registered warrant have been received, fall to maU notice to such person, shall forfeit 10 per cent on the amount of such w^ rant and 10 per cent for eVery 30 days thereafter during which such failure shall conUnue; any treasurer who shall faU to register any warrant In order of presentation, or shall fall to pay the same in order of its registration, shall be liable in the aum of $500. Nevada; See 8 (b), Public-school libraries. New Jersey; If board of education of any school district shall use school money received by It, except that raised within the district, for any purpose other tiian for tejichers’ salaries, fuel bills, transirartatlon of piiptisr and tuition of pupils attending school in adjoining districts, county superintendent shall withhold from such district twice amount so used, but commissioner of education may remit such penalty. Counties shaii appropriate the Interest of the surplus revenue to support of the public schools. Whenever an execu- tion shall be Issued against a board of education, and there no school prop- erty to satisfy the judgment, a tax shall be levied on taxabii* property of the* district to satisfy the same. School ye*ir shall begin on July l and «id on June 30. No money shall be paid from Suite treasury for any purpose named In this act unless appropriated by the legislature. The commanding officer of any regiment having charge of an armory may, with approval of the military board, permit use of such armory by pupils of schools for athletic purposes. In cities having a board of etlucation w_hose members are ap- IH)Inted by the mayor, siild mayor may appoint members regardless of places of residence In such city. Provi^ons of civil service commission act shall apply to school districts when adopted by qualifled voters of^ any such dl^ trict School board shall make rules relative to employment, discharge, management, and control of janitors. ^ See also A (d). District boards and officers. New Mexico: CJounty commissioners shall annually levy a general county school tat of 3 mills on the dollar upon taxable property of county, the proceeds of sucji levy to be placed to the credit of the general county-school fund. One-ha.lf of the forest-reserve fund of each county shall be placed to the credit of the general county-school fund. The sheriffs of the. several ^ counties shall be the collectors of all liquor and gaming licenses, and shall retain out of proceeds of the same 4 per cent as compensation f6r their services as collectors^, county treasurer shall distribste the proceeds of such licenses, two-thirds thereof to the credit of the school district wherein such license was paid and one-third thereof to the general connty-school fond. See also A (h2), State offlcefs; H (f), Qompnlsory attoodanoe. SOW— 15^ — 21 322 STATB UIW8 BBLATINO T6 PtTBUO EDUCATION. "1 New Torkt Real and peraonal eetate may be granteo, conveyed, devised, beqaeathed, and given In trust and In perpetuity or otherwise to the scbooi authorities of the State for use of the common schools; the legislature may control nud regulate the execution of all suCh trusts; the proper authorities shall make reports relative to such tnists to commissioner of education. Every supervisor of a town shall re()ort to the commissioner of education facts relative to gospel or school Iota lu such town; said supervisor shall apportion proceeds arising from sale of such lands among the school districta of the town; such apportionment shall be made under authorlzjitlon of the town board If amount Is |600 or loss, by the voters at annual meeting lf%ver ^ $500; when such apportionment Is authorl2e\j$ald supervisor shall ]my to thv collector, or If district has a treasurer to the treasurer, of the several dlstrlotH their pro rata share on Ivnsls of aggregate school attendance: a collector or treasurer receiving such funds shall give bond lu the sum of twlctj amouiii of such fund; Buch funds shall be used as the annual or a si>eclul meetiug aball direct. Whenever, by any statute, a fine la lniiH>sed for benefit of common schools, and not eil)rejwiy for such schools of n town or district, the Siime shall be paid Into county-school fund. Every district attorney shall report, annually, to board of supervisors fines Imposed; fines collected shall be paid Into county treasury; fines collected for schools of a city shall be paid Into city- treiisury ; fines collected for any district which lies In two or more towns or counties shall be paid to the town or county containing the schoolhouse of such dis- trict, on the schoolhouse longest owned or held by such district. It slmll be a misdemeanor for any -person Interested In the stile or manufacture of school books or supplies of any character whatever to falsely represent to any teacher or school officer that he has any ofliclal connection with the educa- tional system of the State. Whenever any school moneys shall be foWelttnl , by a town or district In consequence of peglect by any sc'hool officer, such officer shall forfeit to such town or district the full amount of such loss with interest thereon. Whenever nuy. school officer shall fall to sue for any penalty Incurred for the benefit of public schools. If It be his duty so to do, be shall forfeit amount of same to such schools. In any action against a school official, no costs shall be allowed to plalntllS^ where It. shall be shown that de- fendant acted In good faith; this provision shall not extend to suits for penalties, nor to suits or pn>oeedlng8 to enforce decisions of commissioner of education. Whenever school district officers are Instnu*tee08e8, and may levy a tax for same; this provision shall not extend to sntts for penalties; nor to suits or proceedings to enforce decisions of comiulasloner of education ; if district shall refuse to reimburse such officials, such officials may appeal to*" county court; a refusal of trustees to levy tax for payment of expeases In- curred In an action of Interest to district shall he subject to an appeal to commissioner of education. See also A.(d), District boards and officers; B (a), General State finance and support North Carolina: County educations^ fund sbaU include moneys, stocks, and bonds belonging to school fund; proc^ls of sales of estrays; fines, ^naltles. C (a). LOCAL FINANCE AND 80PP0BT, GENEBAL. 828 and forfeitures; llqoor license taxes and auctioneers' license taxes; the pro- ceeds of at least three-fourths of the general poll tax, the maximum’ of which Is $2 on all males between 21 and 80 years old; the proceetls of a 20-cent tax on each $100 valuaOon of real and personal property. County board of edu- cation shall annually ascertain amount of money needed to maintain schools for four months and, after deducUng sums available from other sources, shall rcjiort to county coinmlasloners amount necewinry to tw raised by sjieclnl ■•((diool tax In order to maintain schools four months; said taiard shall Include an llemlzed statement showing amounts needful for sui>ervlalon. administra- tion. buildings and repairs, siilaries of teachers, and other lawful expenses, and shall also show number of teachers employed And salary paid each; county commissioners sliall levy tax snfflclent to supply deficiency, but no county shall l)c ctiru|)elled to levy exceeding 18 cent's on $100 and a i>oll tax of 48 rents for said puriwsc; no county shall receive any imrtlon of State «N|ii,illzlng school fund undl It shall have [evlal the spe-lnl tax herein re- (pilred to maintain schools four months. On pedllon of one-fourth of the fnvholdcrs of any towiushlp, approved hy county board of education, county conimisslouers sliall hold an election In such township on question of le\-ylng a tax of not less than 10 nor more than .W cents om^lOO of property and a IKill tax of not less than 30 nor more than 00 cents mr pur|>ose of establlablug and mnlntiilnlng a high school; If majority of votes favor, such school shall la> under control of thn>e trustees apiKiInteil by county Ikiard of education; where other funds are sutllciciit high school may be eetanlished without levy- ing siieclal tax ; high school subjwls may b.- taught In any school haring more than one teacher. sORjet-t to apiiroval of State sujierlntendent. In every In- .’orisirated city or town not now levying special school tax. on peUtlon of om- fourth of freeholders, board of aldermen, or town commissioners, shall ' at regular muuli;liinl election submit 1 1 voters question of levying a special school tax of not exceeding 30 centa on $100 and 00 cents on each poll- majority shall determine ; funda so raised shall be placed to credit of town- school committee of not less than five nor more tlinn seven members appointed l>y board of aldermen, and there shall Ik> but one school district In said cliy or town. On petition of on<-foiirth of the freeholders within a proposed BiKH-lal school district. Indorsed hy county board of education, countv commis- sioners shall hold an election . In such territory to determine question 'of e.stahllshlng special school district ami levying tax of not exceeding 30 cents on $100 and ik>II tax of not exceeding 90 cents; such bix. when voted and col- lected. shall bo placed to credit of scdiwl Committee apixOntpd hy county board of education; on request of majority of committee or tiastues. county board may enlarge boundaries of special Ux district; on petition of two-thirds of qualified voters county commissioners shall hold election In said district to determine que.stlon of revoking such tax and majority of voters voting sljall decide, hut no such election shall l)c held within two years of election at which such tax was voted or at which previous proposal to revoke was rejected. County hoard of education shall apportion school fund to districts so ns to give each school of same race the same length of term; a sufllclent sum shall be reserved to pay county superintendent and contingent exitenses of county board : a further' sum of from 7| to 20 per cent, according to itmount-of school funds of county, the larger the funds the smaller being the percentage maj^ be reserved for school building, repairs, and equipment; after providing a six months’ term, county board may pay not exceeding one-half of salary of county health ofilcer for securing medical Inspection of schoolsi Ohio: See B (a),* General State finance and supporL 824 8TATH LAWS BELATIKQ TO PUBUC EDUCATION. OAUhoma: All public funds of any county or sutHltrtBion thereof shnll l»e j disbursed only in paym^it of letwl warrants, bonds, and interest t'oniNniH. j School -district officers shall keep a record of such warrants, bonds, and in- 1 terest coupons. Kach warrant or c^lflcate of indebtedness must i>o dniwn j against a specific fund; warrantA when issued, sbal! be sent to county : treasurer for lustration. Treasurer shali reprlstor warrants and r^um thtfin to clerk of district; warnints shall bear legal rate of lntert*st fn»ni ilme of registration if there are no funds tx> crwllt of siH'ciflc fund against which warrant is drawn. No ofllcer shall Issue, approve, sign, attest, efori» the proj'er offlrlal an action in assumpsit for the collection of mi|mid taxes, and to any Jiidi: meat obtained fOr such taxes there shall be added a |>enalty of 10 int cent, together with costs of suit, and upon which judgment extx*utlon may W Issued without any stay, and no defendant sliall have the right to any eiein)»' tlOD. Directors may create lnd(4)tedne88 and Issue bonds for school pun><^st^ not to exceeii 7 ix'r oxMit of asmiwcti value of taxable pro|>erty for fkho.tl imny>8es within their resi^llvx* districts; no larndn jxball l>e IssiuhI for ;t l>erlod longer thau 90 years. Any district having no lndchteer cent of taiahle projK^rty for school imri>osc:4 therein, may. In addition to any boiidexi lndel>tXMlness. incur a tem|»orary d<‘hi : such debt In districts of first and second classes shall not ext'eeer cent and In districts of third and fourth class one-halfiif 1 ]K*r er8 of board ; ami shall not be extendexl or n'- newed. The total Indebtedness of any district shall hot eiceetl 2 fter cent of total valuation of taxable pro|>orty at any time. Directors may deslgimi»^ certain banks as deix>sitor!ee for school funds, requiring Imnd of same; IH)sitoriea shall make monthly reiwrts to school trensnrer, bonrtls of school directors, snd to school controller, if any. No school order sI.mII N» authorirt*tl unless Hiitfiolent funds to cover the same are In the treasury; no order shall bear Interest, or be made payable at any time in the future: a separate order shall be dmwn for each account, except In the case of salaries of employiH's. which may be drawn ns one order. In case any judgment against a school district is not paid plaintiff may px^titlon court of x'ommon pleas, which then 'shall Issue a mandamus writ against dlrectiTs and treasurer commnndluu' payment out of unappropriated funds; obedience to such writ rany he enforced by attachment. Any district may eatuhllsh a sinking fund for liquidating Indebtedness; sinking fund shall be under the control of a com- uilttee composed of the president, treasurer, and one additional memt>er board of school directors; sinking fund shall be placed In the deriosltory offering best rate of Interest, security, and safety, or may be Invested In cer- tain authorised bonds. The total annual school-tax levy In any district of the first clnas shall not be less than {> nor more than 0 mills on the dollar for all taxable property therelh; school-tax receiver shall furnish bond, shall receive compensation as determined by school board, and shall make monthly and annual reports to the board. ^ Unpaid school taxes shall be Hens on property. 1 0 (b). LOCAL BOXD8 AND INDEBTRDNE88. J26 Annnsl Mttmate of expeniies shall be made by boaixL Each school order shall state oa Its face Uie particular Hem of the annual school estimate 111*011 which the same la drawn ; annual estimate shall be certlfic«} to school .•ontroller; total Indebte^lneas of district of flrst class shall not exceed 2 per .-ent of value of h>tal taxable proi*eny. In districts of seciud clnas. school taxes shall not exceed 20 milla on the dollar, and In districts of third and fourth classes 20 mills, hut such districts shall also collect occupation tax fnun every male over 21 years old: such .svuimUon tax shall be at least |l, ami may be <>>Ilecten out of wnjros due. See A (f), Administrative unlts--dlstrlcta etc. : I. (m). .Sectarian Instmc- Mon, BJble tn W'hoola; Texas: a>mmlasll puriK)ses; prt*ceod8 of ai\li»8. of oinnty sohtsil lands shall ls> Invested In State, or I’ulted States booda 0. Ill bonds of lndei>endpiit or coninioii m'lnvd districts, and sliall lie held IS n trust for free schools, and only Interest thereon shall be expended .'mnually: proc-eds of lea si ns and nmlliiK s,-|i,h>I lands shall be applied by commissioners' court only to (slncntloiinl pnoKises, Wnahln«ton: See A (c2). County ofticers: B (a). Oenorai state finance and siiiiiHirl. West VIntinIa: See A (c2). Comity olflcers. Wyonilnjc: Klnes, |H.nallles. and forfcltiir.'o collected under school laws In cmmllcs or disiricia sbsll scli.sils of such counties or tiistrictrt. Stv H (a), G^'iierul Slate flnmuv ttml 8U|>ix)rt. C (b). Local (County, lllstrirt, Mnnirlpal) Bonds and Indebtedness. SiH' also Apiiendix ; .state consillmlonal provtslons relulinB to public nhinillon; C (c). Ixx-ul taxation; I). BulldliiBs and sites. Alabama: See A (fl, Adnilnistrative units — districts, etc. Arlxona: Any comity, school district, city, town, or other municipal, corpora- tion may Increase Its U.ndevl or other liidcblwlness bi'yond 4 ix>r cent of H.S proi>erty valnatlon by a majority vote of the property taiiinyers who lire qnallfleil electors; election may lie called by Rovemlng body of anch cor- lK>ratlon mid must be called on is'tltlon of in i>er cent of the property tax- isiyers who are qualified electors residing inerein ; tax shall be levied to pay Interest and provide for the iwyment of ih^ prlncliwl of such Indebtedneas ; no- such liidebledness shall bear a rate of Interest Hi excess of C (ler cent ludebit.lupKR not In excess of 4 jier ivnt of property valuation may be incnrrea two stories hlch or higher shall la> provkhsl with lire e«-s|H>s. Honda of Joint districts mav be Issued similarly to thc«s> of other districts, ei.vpt that cs.ucurnmt action of ,x.unty sniK>rv1.sors of the two or mon- c-omith-a iu which the district Is locntetl sliall be rcpilrid. Homls may be either couiH.n or rt>glslere,l or Iwth; couimu bonds may by owner be taken to c-ouuty tn^asurer aud rjgis- teredv School iKtnrd lu auj clly of fifth class may m Its dl8.-retlou, „ud must when requesle.1 by b.aml of triists of such clly, call an cl.vilou ou the lssu *o. of •.-h.s.l iKUids; notice shall ht> iK.sle,! |„ tlmt- public places ami pul.llsb.al hiwe weeks in a iiews)m|s‘r; ehs tlon shall be held as nearly as iiraclloihle In wnfornilly wllh general el.Mlon law; If eUsHon carries, schis.l laaml Shull BO i-erllfy to county supervisors, who shall Issue Umds; total amount of bonds shall not cxanvl tier mit of i>roivrty valnalbai of district; honds shall not run longer than -lo years nor iwir more' than S |K>r wnt Interest ^ alao A (f). Admlnlstnitlve uults-dlst riels, etc.; .N (a). High schools; 8 (0), BcIichU Hl)rarU*s. _ Colorado: Board of directors of any school district may snhmlt at any regular or 8|ss:lal elri-tlon to qualified elecb.rs who arc **7h)1 taxpayers il.o question of coiitraclliig bonded Indebte.lmsw to acquire s<-h.x.llious.‘s and gnMiiids- amouut of boudwf liKlehUsliiess sball uot excc«e,l 5 i>er evut of iiroix>rty vahia- tlou tu districts of the first und second classes and :ii is>r cent lu districts of Uie third class; naijorlty vote shall determine; Interest shall not exceed S per cent iu districts of the third class nor 0 iicr cent lu drstricls of the first and s^nd elnases; bonds may be redoeiuetl at any time l>etweeu 10 aud 20 years after date of issue, t.nd must he jmid within 40 years; county commissioners shall levy a lax In said district to pay Interest aud to provide for the ptiy- ment of the principal. District directors may. If dlrecttsl by the quallOtsl voters of the district, Issue bonds for refunding ontsiauding Imudwl ludehteib No ehiinge lu district houudaries shiill release the tuxttble real esUite of the district from nasessiueiit. ^ also A (fK Administrative unlls-dlstrlcts, etc.; C (c), Ixx-al taxation; > (a), Hl^b schools. Csnnectlcut: See A (f). Administrative units— -districts, etc, DelAwara; On peOtlon of 10 taxpayers of a dlatrlct, school board, or acho*,! committee shall call an election to determine quesUon of contracting Indebted- ^ for providing a achoolhouse or making additions or.reitalrs thereto; ma- jority of votes of quaUfled voters shall determine, If vote carries, school board or school committee shall Issue the bonds of the district, but the amount of f 0 (b), local bonds and indebtedness. #327 i lUe same sball not the HOHMiat unnied in the i^etitlon. An additlonHt tax aball bo levied to iMiy IntorVHt uml erento n alnkinx fund. Soo aliw S (b), l*nbllc Hrboo) librarlesL Florida; TJje board of county couinilmloDOn» upon the ro^noat of Ibo county iHuinl of oduciitloiK after nu attirumtive vote of the qualifM tax imyiufc \ttlerK, may ntmci dW>t« to pn)vlde achiMd Mltt^ and buildliifca mid may l»M.v »uch dtdtu out of curn*ni fumU or funds of Kiu'tviHttng yennt; they may lHtrri)w 'immey to dlK<'barict* any debt inrurn>l by the luirchiitte of real entiite. When Uu‘rt» l|i no money fu the trenaiiry to jmy outstnmllng warrauta, • tHiunty Uninl of edtienllou luiiy Iwrntw money ut not oicetHllng N per cent luteroKt to imy the SHine, A tsiieclal tax Hohool district may. Issue Iwnds for i>rovldiujc school bundiHES and fcrtiunds; on iK^titiou of li5 |K'r t-ent t>f resident gualilied voters of such dlstricL t'ourity tMumt of tH^ucation shall determine what amount of bonds la ' nsiuirisl. rule of interi^t to be paid thereon* and time wIkui priucliMil and liitert*st shutl lKH>»nie due; said iKwird shall nlstt onler an eUvUou In such dla> trict ; If u majority of the duly t|ualltle«l eUvtors of surli district who are frwholders vote 'for iKinds/' said evunty Isatcd sliall Issue the «auH>; bonds sUhH 1m? Ht)ld to hiKlusit Iddder; the pnKXHHla thert'of sliall bo ex|»endcd by said county board for Uie puri»oae for which tlio district voted bonds. If lH>tsU afe for huUdluK. tx>unty tamril shall, on n\x>unuendntiuu of the trustees of thedlstrh i. |irt*iiHix» plun> for bulldiiiir and uwanl (xuitruct fi>r constructing the /oiint*. Citunty ncla: On |¥MUlon lK>mls for not to cxmHl -1 jvr cent of pro|n*riy valuation and not to bear cxcHxsllng 0 ia*r ti*nt Intcrt*si to hulM sch8ed sale of iKinds shall be pul>llslu*fl four consecutive wivks In a mewainiiier ; bondB shall not be sold for less than jair value. Trnsiot's shall annually levy a tax snmclent to jaiy Interest and eremite u sinking fuml; sinking fund may be loaned at 7 |x*r (x*nt. When sum In sinking fund wpials or extxxnls nny Iwmd then due, caymeut and luter^st shall cease after 30 days, but treasurer shail thereafter be ready to redeem the bond. County treasurer shall pay Interest out of any moneys belonging to district See also A (f), Administrative unlts—districts, etc.; N (a), High schoola. JUlnols: Any school district existing under any special charter and Including an Incorporated city, town, or village may. when ahthoriaed by a majority of the votes cast at an election for that pur|x>»e, Issue bonds for the purixise of building or repairing schoolbouses or buying or improving school sites; said 3 ttNt . 8lAn UW9^%^ ¥0 Kmuo AirCATIOK. lioiidB thtU nm ftr not coccoedl^ 20 yenra, a2ia]l bear not exceeding 6 per <^t Inteieet and in amount, togetber with outstanding Indebtedness, shall nbt exceed 6 per cent of the property valuation of the dikrict J^r building or repairing schoolhouses or purchasing or improving school • sites the directors of any school district may, whoi authorised by a majority . of the votes cast at an election, borrow money and issue bonds to bear interent at not exceeding 7 per cent Outstanding indebtedness may be refunded by the issuance of new bonds or evidences of indebtedness See also A (d), District boards and ofilcera; A (f). Administrative units districts^ etc. Indlmis: ‘ Any city or incorporated town may, on recommendation of tbe school trustees and on the passage of an ordinance authorising the same by the common council of said dty or board of trustees of said town, issue bonds not tb exceed $60,000 In amount and not to run long^ than 20 years to pay for groonds and buUdings for school purposes ; proceeds of bonds shall be turned ovw to school trustees, who shall give bond for the same. Q7ax*levying au- thorities shall levy a ^)ecial tax to pay principal and interest on said bonds. School trustees must have the approval of the common council of the city or board of trustees of the town before they may contract for bulidlngs'or grounds. , Surplus special school revenue (local fund) not necessary for meeting current expoises shall be applied to the payment of the principal or interest of the In- debtedness provided fbr herein. Bonds may be issued to refund Indebtedness Incurred prior to the passage of this act, a^ trustees may levy a tax to pay Interest and create a sinking fund. In cities except those of the first and second classes and In Incorporated towis, school trustees may issue bonds, not to bear exceeding 6 per cent Interest, not to run longer than 10 years, and,’ Including existing indebtedness, not to exceed in amount 2 per cent of property ▼aluation, and may levy a tax to pay the same; after such bonds are issued, additUmal bonds to the amount of 2 per cent of property valuation may be Issued. The school trustees of any city of the second Clara Inay issue bonds for sites, buildings, and equipment; such bonds ahail not bear exceeding 4 i>er cent interest and, including outstanding Indebtedness, ahaii not exceed In amount 2 per cent of property valuation; bonds shall not run exceeding 20 years ; tax of not exceeding 18 cents on $100 mayd>e levied to pay bondsL In any Incorporated ^own or city having between 1,000 and ^000 inhabitants, on lecommmidaOon of school trustees and on approval of trustees of incorporated town or council of city, bonds to the amount of $40,000 may be Issued ; interest, not more than 6 per cent; term, 10 to 24 years; tax of dot to exceed 60 cents on HOO shall be levied to pay bonds. An Incorporated town having not more than 2,000 habitants may issue bonds in amount not exceeding $6,Q00, not to bear exceeding 6 per cent interest and not to run longer than 16 years; a tax shall be levied to pay such bonds, incorporated towns having not exceeding 1,000 inhabitants may issue bonds for $2,600 to bear interest at not exceeding 6 per cent and to run not exceeding 20 years; a tax of not Receding 2 per emit of property valuation may be levied to pay bonds. Any toy^p having outstanding Indebtednera may issue bemds to pay the same, .amount not to exceed ind^tedness; term, not to exceed 16 years; Interest not \ exc^,6 per cent ^ offleer*: A (f), AdmlnlrtraUve nnlte- And sites, general; H (e), Consolidation of S (b)> l^blic-school libraHea of. any school corporation may without vote of m P$01^, issue bonds to pay any Judgment against said corporation or to sifllB iin'V -T— . (■.. ,f . ,mf «^^p- -••>> PI I II III IWP M,IMI II «p II II I p II II •0 (b). LOCAL BOKt^ AND INDDBTBDNBSS. jMy bondB prevtooBly lasned acconUng to tew. Wh® authorlaed by rote of ' tee quallfled electors, board of directors of any school corporation may Issue school bnlldlng bonds- to provide sites and boUdlngs and fnrnltare eqolp. ment. and repairs therefm-. Bonds shall run not exceeding 10 years, eicept districts having outstanding Indebtedness of not less than $^,000. bonds In excess of said amount may run for not exceeding 20 years; they shall bear not exceeding 6 per cent Interest. School b- irds may Issue refunding bonds In exchange tor outstanding bonds “ par tor par ” The board of each school corporation shall annually fli the amount of the tax nec^ry to pay Interest and principal becoming due. Any Independent dls- trict containing, or contained In, any cits. town, or village, or any consolidated indecent district may become Indebted tor buildings, furnishings, and sites or admUons to sites In an amount, including aU other indebtedness, not to exce^ 6 per cent of the taxable property of such corporaUon, but Indebted- n^ In excess of IJ per cent of property valuation can not be Incurred exc^ when voted at an election called by the board after peUtlon by at least 26 per c«»t of those voting at last school election. See also A (f), Administrative units — districts, eta ' Kai^: On petition of not leas than one-third of the Qualllled voters any schwl district having not fewer than 16 persons between 6 and 21 yenrs old, s^l board shaU order an election to determine question of Issuing bonds for ^ erecting or purchasing schoolhouses; amount of bonds shall not exceed 1} per cent of property valuation, but on petition of local school board, accompanied by Indor^ent of not less than one-half of the qualified voters of the district. State board of school-fund commissioners may allow an additional - iMue of 60 per cent of the amount of bonds that may be voted. Majority Of qualified voters shall determine; principal shall be paid within 16 years- Interest shall not exceed 6 per cent; bonds shall not, be sold at less tatfn 06 per cent of par valua County commissioners shall levy tax In district to pay Inter^ and create a sinking fund. AU school bonds must first be offered to so^l-fund commissioners, who may purchase same at not more than par. Every county, dty of the first, second, or third class, township, and school dlrtrlct may l^e bonds to refund bonded Indebtedness, Including coupons and judgments. Such bonds shall be sold at not less than par, shall run not ex- c^lng 80 years, shall not exceed amount of outstanding Indebtedn^s, and ^all not bear exceeding 6 per cent Interest Outstanding warrants of district Issu^ prior to passage of this act (1918) may be refunded by Issuance-of “ P®*" PwPerty valuation of such district When refund Is made at a rate not to exceed 66 per cent upon amount of Indebtedness and bondsf are Issued therefor under this act authori- ties hhall never Increase Indebtedness beyond amount of refundnig bonds until the same are paid. Proper officers shall levey tax to pay interest and create a sinking fond. See also A (o2), County officers; A (f), Administrative nnfts-dlstricts, etc.; B (c), Permanent State kchool funds; N (a), High scbeols. appUcatlon of 280 Householders, county Judge shall appoint a ^tiding school commission of four members; for four years or less; dis- trict of this commlsdon shall be whole county or such parts as lie outside ***ii«”’*^”'**** tos^ with whool taxation. Commission shall be a body P^tlc; shall submit Its plans to county board of educaUom; acquire prorf: ' erty, construct and furnish public schoolhouses; contracts shall be let to lowj^ reiqjpnslble bidder. To secure money for tills work the fiscal court . of the county may submit to voters the question whether bonds of the dte- I ' . ■I.i.s. ..i ' i. ' i , i' i _!_Jl u i , . / . 1 trict Aall be lesoed ; twcKthlrds rote reaolred ; no bonds Rbstl be sold at leM than par and any jj^emins shall go into the sinking fund ; all diabnrse- ments of conunlasloa shall be from proceeds of bonds; fiscal court shall levy tax enough to pay interest and provide sinking fund ; title of property shall be rested In county board of edi^tion. ^ See also A (d)« District boards and pfficers; A Admlnlstratlre units— districts^ etc, lionislana: See A (cl), CJoonty boards; B (a)^ General State finance and support. Michigan: Any school district may by a majority vote of the qualified electors voting at a legal meeting, borrow money and Issue bonds therefor to pay for a iKhoolhonse site or sites and erect and furbish a building; amount of bonds Bhall not exceed 10 per cent of assessed valuation of district, and bonds shall not run longer than 16 years; when bonds are voted, district board shall Issue the same In sums not less than $60 and to bear Interest at not exceeding 7 per cent. District may vote a tax to pay interest and principal. When the same can be done advantageously any district may borrow money and Issue bondd to pay off bonded Indebtedness. Sto also A (f), Administrative unite— districts, etc. ; C (c), Local taxation; N (a), High schools; 0(b), Agricultural schoola Bflunesota: The trustees of any district whatsoever may Issue orders or bonds In such amounts and at such times as they may be directed by a vote of the majority of legal voters present and voting at an annual meeting, or at a special meeting called for the purpose; said orders or bonds slial! not run over 16 years, nor bear a fate higher than 7 per cent. The proceeds of bonds shall be used for purchasing school sites and repairing, building, and equipping schoolhooses. Districts may borrow money from the State, Issuing bonds therefor. School treasurers may Invest sinking funds In certain bonds, except bonds for railroad construction, but at rate not less than per cent, and only when authorized by trustees of districts; when so authorized, said treasurer shall not be liable for any loss by reason of Issuance of such bonds. See also P (c). State universities and colleges. Bflssissippi: County board of supervisors are authorized “to Issue bonds of the county, a supervisor’s district, or a school district containing not less I than 16 square miles, excluding In each case the territory embraced within separate school districts,” for erecting, repairing, and equliii>lng school buildings; when majority of resident taxpayers shall petition, bonds shall be issued not to exceed 6 per cent of assessed taxable property of county or district; bonds ahall be issued as Is done by municipalities. Board of supervisors shall levy tax to meet Interest and provide sinking fund ; bogrd may also levy tax to provide fuel and incidental exi)ensea Oh petition of iuajority of electors of a rural separate, consolidated, or other school dis- trict having territory lying in two or more counties, hoard of supervisors of the several counties may is^e bonds for erection, repair, and equipment Of school buildings; county superlnt^ent and trustees of each district . C^fy to l^rd of supervisors “ the propo^ohate amount of the bond to be Jtonto by eabh based on the proportionate amount of ■ ^ touhty lying; wito^^ the said school districts;” board of shall- then pro^^' to issne bonds oh that imrt of the territory ^ ^ lying In'lts county ; majoriity of “qmtllfied electprs of the entire scbpol dls- njgardl^ pf pouzdy lines ” required. ERIC 0 (b). LOCAL BOKBS ABD'HrDBBTSlDNBSS. 8$1 Co»ntv ogrUmitural high «kooJ,.-Connty school board in each connty ^powered to eatahUsh two agricultural high schools, one for whites, one for Mlored; Instruction shall be In hIghHKhool branches, theoretical ud practical agriculture, domestic science, etc.; \>oard ot superrlsors shall levy tax on property for support of said sclMxd; in case there are two such schools in the county, board shall levy separate tax for support of each; taxes shnU be used only for support of school for which levied; It shall not Mceed 2 mills for each school established; 20 electors may poUOon that tax for either or both schools be not levied; quesUon shall then be ^ to voters; they may vote against tax for either or both schoola Wh«i the majority of votes be for the tax levied In support of either or both schools, Tjf. estabUshed and tax levied without an election, then another * ^°“/**“ ^ Punxwe of voting against the tax levied within four yeara Control of connty agricultural high school shall be vest^ In five trustees; two shall be elected by board of supervisors, two by county school board, and connty superintendent shall be the fifth ; trustees shall control property, elect teachers, fix salaries In the agricultural' depart- ment. and have full power to do all things necessary to the successful op«a»- Oon of said school.” When common school Is taught with agricultural high school, teachers In that department shall be elected by common-school trustees. . Two adjacent counties may uqlte to estabUsh one school or two schools, one for each race; such school shall have 11 trustees, 6 from each wunty “nil 1 chosen by these 10; In levying taxes each county shall act independently; If one refuse to levy tax, the county levying tax may pro- ^ Independently. When State superintendent receives report of organlsa- Uon of county agricultural high school he shall visit and report on the same, and If It appears to the Interest of the State, State board of education shall not- more than »l,600; in case of Joint school, not more than 13,000: ProtMea, That If the boarding students shall exceed 80 the school shall receive $2,000, and If 40. |2J500; appropriation shaU be' made annually; trustees shall report annually and shaU be Judges of eligibility of all applicants for admission ; county school board. In locating schools nnSAr this act, shall locate first school In county at point where school was located under act of 1008; all funds derived from taxes under act of 1908 shall be expended as If collected under act of 1910. Board of supervisors of any county which has determined to accept terms of the law relative to agri- cultural high schools may Issue bonds to aid In building and equipping the schools to an amount which, when added to aU the bonded Indebtedness of the county, ShaU not exceed 10 per cent on assessed value; bonds to run 26 years and pay 6 per cent; board sbaU levy, annually special tax to pay Interest and provide sinking fund; on petlUon of 10 per cent property holders, question of bond Issue must be submitted to electors; majority vote required. Act of 1914 requires that teachers In these schools “ pass an examination In the free-school studies, and In addition thereto an examination on the subjMts they are required to teach In said schools.” Any munlclpallfy consUtutlng a separate school district whether composed ^lone of the corporate Umits of the municipality or with added territory Is authorised to Issue, for erecting, repairing, and maintaining school buildings and schools, bonds “of such soparnte school district in the manner provided by the diapter on munlclpallUes”; 'such monlclpality”ls authorised to levy ^annual tax on aU taxable property In the district for the necessary ex- Ijwses of the schools, to run tlm sdiools after the explraUon of the four months prpylded ^ Ute or,.to,|nip(rianent ,tte Stato.funds; g tax In ^ceas of 8. mins shall not be IotI^ wiShout ooa^«t of ' ' ' ' ' $82 STATB LAWB BELAtlNC} TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. See fUeo A (f), AdmiiUstpaUve unite— dlrtrlcts, etc.; F (b), Teachers' sala rles; H (e), Oonsolldatlon of districts, etc.; N (a), High schools. MIssoBri:. At an annual meeting or meeting held ^or that purpose any district may vote to issue bonds for acquiring sites and erecUug scboolhouses and library buildings and furnishing the same; two-thlrds of votes cast shall be necessary to authorise Issuance; the net proceeds of bonds shall be at least 90 per cent of the face value. Bonds shall not run longer^ than 20 years and, Including ontstnudlng Indebtedness, shall not exceed 6 per cent of the property valuation of the district Tax shall be levied to pay luterestand create a sinking fund. Bonds to pay off outstanding bonds may be Issued to run not less than 6 nor more than 80 years atni to bear Interest at not exceeding 8 per cent ; renewal bonds issued to redeem outstanding bonds shall not be sold for less than 90 per cent of their ^ce value. School boards may make an estimate for the levy of a tax of not exceeding two-fifths of 1 per cent of the taxable property of the district to create a sinking fund ; a tax may be levied to pay interest and for the printing or engraving of bonds. School authorities may issue bonds to fund existing bonded indebtedness, but such bonds must not be sold below par, must not bear Interest In excess of Interest on old Indebtedness, and must mature within 6 to 30 years; such bonds may be Issued Without vote of the, people when a lower rate of Interest may be secured. See also H (e), Oonsolldatlon of districts, etc. Montana: When a majority so decides, trustees shall submit^ to voters question of issuing’ bonds for buildings and sites pr for refunding Indebtedness; amount not to exceed 8 per cent of property valuation at Interest not to exceed 6 per cent; majority vote of people shall determine. Trustees shall give notice of bonds for sale. Conulf'cohrsdssloners shall levy a tax in the district of sufficient amount to pay^e lntere\ and provide a sinking fund. See also A (f), Administrative tnits— dlstncts, etc.; N (a). High schools. Nebraska: The district officers of auF school district may issue bonds for pur- chasing school sites, erecting and fygulshlng school buildings uix>n the vote of two-thirds of the electors present and voting at p meeting called for the purpose; no vote shall be ordered upon the Issuance of such bonds unless a petition signed by one-third of the voters of such district shall have been submitted to the board thereof, but the board of education of a city may call such an election without a petition therefor. No bonds shall be Issued In the aggregate amount to exceed 5 i>er cent (excepting in districts having over 100 school children) of the assessment of the taxable property of the district, nor shall any district issue bonds unless at least 12 school children reside therein. Amount of bonds shall not exceed |600 in those districts having less than 26 and not less than 12 school children; In districts of from 25 to 60 school children, not more than $2,000; In districts of from 60 to 100 school children, not more than $5,000; In districts of 100 or more school cblldjren such amount as may be agreed upon, not to exceed 12 per cent of assessed valuation of property. A completf^ statement of all facts connected wltii the proceedings relative to the issuance of bonds shall be made to the auditor of public accoonts by the proper district officials b^ore.sqcb bonds shall be Issued ; upon the approval of such bonds by auditor of public accounts and secretary of state, the same may be Issued. Bonds may be Imed for the » redemption of other bonds, but no bonds shall be redeemed oJ purchased for more than the face value thereof. AH warrants or orders issued by the proiwr authorities of any school dis- trict, except school districts in metropolitan cities and cities of the first 838 0 (b), LOCAL BONDS AND rNDEBTBDNESS. class, BhaU draw Interest from^and after date of presentation for payment, at the rate of 7 per cent^per annum; warrants or orders issued within a met- ropolitan city or a city of the first class shall dniw Interest at rate of 6 per cent per aunuip ; no bonds of any kind shall draw interest at a rate exceed- ing 6 per cent per annum. Whenever the board in control of any school district shaU be petlUoned by one-third of the resident freeholders of any such district to compromise the obligations of snch district, the board shall enter Into negotiations with the owners of such obllgaUons for the purpose of scaling, discounting, or com- l)romlsing the same. The school board shall, uj)on two-thirds vote of the free- holders of a district, issue bonds to satisfy such indebtedness; such bonds shall mature In no later than 20 years, and before 20 yearsLot option of board, and shall bear Interest not to exceed 6 per cent per aimum; tax shall be levied to pay Interest and principal of said bonda See also A (f), Administrative units— districts, etc.; O (a). Local finance and support, genen*!; N (a), High schools. Nevada: School districts may Issue negotlabje coupon bonds for purchasing sites, erecting, equipping, and maintaining" school buildings, or for refunding bonds; such action shall *be taken on vote of electors of district ;T>ond8 shall run no longer tiian 20 years, at Interest not exceeding 6 per cent ; bonds shall be registered. A district may levy taxes to pay Interest on said bonda and to create a sinking fund for redemption of the same. Any part of a bonded district taken away from such district by ch^ge of boundary lines shall continue to bear Its proportionate part of such bondeil Indebtedness, and any territory added to a bonded district shall share In the taxes for such bonded lndet)tednes8. Bonds may be Issued by any school district for maintaining instruction In Industrial training, manual training, domestic science, and agri- culture. . County commissioners shallt when funds for county high school buildings and dormitories shall be needed, submit to electors at the next general elec- tion. or at a special election, the question of bonding the county; such bnnds shall run no longer than 20 yenfS, nor at a higher annual rate of interest than 0 per cent; such bonds shall be registered; county commisslonirs shall an- nually levy a tax to pay Interest on such bonds and to create a iSinklng fund for redemption of bonds. The maximum bonding limit for couiawhigh school puriwses of counties having total assessed valuation of |2,OTu,000 or less shall be 24 j>er cent of such valuation; for counties having a^ssed valua- tion of from 12,500,00 to $5,000,000. 2 per cent; for counties between $5,000.- 000 and $10,000,000, 1| per cent; for counties having assessed, valuation of $10,000,00 or over, 1 per cent Any part of bonded county taken away from such county by the change of boundary lines shall continue to be sub- ject to taxes for such bonds, and any territory added to a bonded county shall be subject to such taiea New Hampshire: School districts may borrow money for building or repairing schoolhonses and for procuring and grading lots for the same ui>on the promissory notes or bonds of the district Such notes shall be signed by district treasurer and school board. All bondg shall be issued in accordance with * municipal J)ond8 act” of the State. Any city,, town, prednet school, or village district ipay exempt from taxation apy Issue of Its bonda when held by citteena thereof. Any school district may. at any legal meeting by a majority of the legal voters present and voting, authdrlse Its board to borrow money of individuals living in the town in which district is located at an Interest rate not to exceed 5 per cent per anniun and exempt such loans freon 884 STlTB LAWS BBLAHKO TO PUBUO BDUGATION. taxatl equipment, and «npplie& ' New Jersej: See A»iCfy. Administrative units— districts, etc.; B (a), General ^ State finance and support; F (c), Teachers’ pensions; H (e), Gonaolidatton of districts, etc.; O (a), Industrial education, general. New Mexico: No school district shall borrow money exc^t for school bulldogs and grounds and only when approved by n^ajority voting Tit election. county BuperiotenUent for each county may, upop a ])etitiom signed uHBf residents of any district being each the head of a family and having chlldSI of school age In the family, order the school directors of such district to sub- mit the question of Issuing bonds of such district for the purix>se of building a schooibouse. In case such question shall fall to carry the county suiierlu- tendent may set aside not lees than ou^fifth of school fund of said district yearly until a sum sufficient to build th^required schooibouse shall have beeit accumulated. Directors may issue bonds for ere<\tlng and completing school- bouses, said bonds to run not less than 20 nor more than 30 years and at a rate of interest not to exceed 6 per cent per annum. Indebtedness of dis- trict shall not exceed 6 per cent of Its aasessed taxable property. Upon due notice the question of Issuing bonds may be voted upon. A mifjorlty vote of electors shall be necessary for the same to carry. Bonds shall* be issued in denominations of not less than $26 nor more than $600 and redeemable at option of district at any time after 10 ycitrs from date of Issue. No such bonds shall be sold for less thau OO-Cents ou the dollar. No board of trustees shall contract any debt*durlng any current year which ^ can not be paid out of the receipts for such current year. lu-cuse such re- ceipts shall be insufficient to meet the current expenses of the district such obligations ahnll be setUed by a proiwVtlonate part iwyment. It shall be un- lawful for town or city officials to buy, sell, or speculate In towu or city evi- dences of Indebtedness, unless the same is for salary of or supplies furnished by such town or city official. See also A (d), District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units— Districts, etc.; D (a), Buildings and sites, general; N (a). High schools. New Tork; When authorized by a vote of tte electors, trustees or boards of education shall issue bonds for school purposes and levy a ta^ for redemption of same; bonds shall bear not more than 6 i>er cent Interest and shall not be sold below par. Bonds issued by common-school districts shall not run longer than 20 years s See also A (d), District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units— Districts, etc. ^ ^ North OaroUna: See B (c), Permanent State school fuuds; O (b). Agricul- tural schools. North Dakota: Any district not a special or independent district may by a majority vote of qualified electors present and voting determine to Issue the bonds of the district for providing site and haPdlng or ref urging outstanding indebtedness; no su^electloii shali be called except urx>n i^ltlon of one-third ^ 0# the qualified voters; amount of bonds shall not exceed, Including oqtstand- log Indebtedness, 5 per cent of property valuaBon, and Interest thereon shall not exceed 'fi per cent per annum. In addition to other taxes, board shall levy a special tax to pay Interest on bonds and cfeate a fluking fund. Bonds' AbXI not be effid below par. Sm idsp a (f), AdmlniiitiattTe tmits — districts, etc. C (b). LOCAL BONDS AND ’'INDEBTEDNESS, 835 Ohio: See B (a), General State finance and aupport; 0 (c), Local taxation: ’ D (a), Buildings and sites, general; P (a). Higher Institutions, general, Oklahoma; See A (c2), County officers ; A (f ), Admlnlstratlre unlts-^strlcts, etc.; C (a). Local finance and support, general; H (c), ConsolIdaUon of dls- tricts, etc. • Oregon: Any school district may amtmct bonded Indebtedness to acquire school sites, provide schoolhouses, or refund outsUiuding Indebte<^8S. Board of directors may, and when petitioned by at least 10 legal voters shajl, call an election, and a majority of the votes cast In the district shall deter- mine the question. Said bonds shall not bear exceeding 0 per cent interest, shall be payable 20 years from date, shall not exceed In amount 5 per, cent of the property valuaUon of the district, and shall not be sold at less than par. County treasnrer shall register each bond. Board of directors shall ^ annually, In nddlrton to all other taxes, levy a tax to pay Interest and create a sinking fund; If board shall fail or refuse to levy said tax, county court ami county commissioners shall levy the same In such district Notice of the ls.suai»ce of bonds by any district shall be given to the State land board, and said land board shall have the preferenUal right to purcham* said bonds out of the Trreiluclble school fund, the unlversltififund, the agricultural college ^ fund, or other funds In its hands. Sec also A (d), District iKiards and officers; N (a), High schools. Pennsylvania; See C (a), T»cal finance and sui>i>ort, general. Rhode Is^nd; See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (c), Pema- nont State school funds. * ^ South Carolina; A school district nmy issue bonds for not to exceed In amount 4 i>er cent of the proi»erty valuation of the district and to bear not exceeding 0 per cent Interest; election on bond issue shall be held on petition of one- third of the qualified- electors and a like proportion of the resident free- holders; majority of votes cast shall determine; bonds shall run no longer than 20 years. County officers charged with assessing taxes shall levy a tax In such district to pay Interest and create a sinking fund. See also N (a ),^ High schools. South Dakota: On petition of one-tbtrd of the voters of a school district the district l)oard shall 'tmbinlt to the 'qualified electors the question of Issuing bonds to build and furnish a sohoolliouse ynd purchn.se a site or to fund outstanding Indebteilness ; majority of votes cast shall determine. Interest shall not exceeerty valuation; but where a district votes to con- solidate t T more schools the amount may l>e ns much ns $4,000 for cen- tral schoolhouse* District board shall. In addition to regular taxes, levy'a tax to pay Interest and create a sinking fund, but such levy shall not be greater Uian 15 i>er cent In any one year of the debt to be paid. Bonds shall be sold for not less than i>ar. Boards of education of Independent districts In all cities of the first class and In cities under commission having over 10,000 population may Issue bonds to refund bond^ Indebtedness, fund outstanding warrants, purchase real prop- erty for school and athletic purposes, erect schoolhouses and additions thereto; board shall submit question of Issulpg bonds to qualified electors; majority of votes cast shall deternilue. Bonds shall run not exceeding 20 years and shall not be sold below par; Interest shall not exceed C per cent; amount, together er|c ✓ . u S36 . ' " ■ • w StATB LAWS KELATINO TO PUBLIC 'bPUCATION. with oatstandlng Indebtedness, shall not exceed 0 per cent of property valu- ation, Board shall levy a tax to pay Interest and create a jinking fund. Independent school districts oVganixed under si>eclal acta may Issue bonds for not to exceed, Including outstanding Indebtedness, 6 per cent of property valu- ation. See also A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc. tTennessee: Except In counties having 100,000 population or more, quarterly . county court may Issue ^'hool bonds for not exceeding $1(K\000, at not ex- ceeding 6 per cent interest and not to run longer than 25 years; said bonds shall be f»ld at not less than par; In counties having lndei>endent city systems said city shall be entitled to same ratio of proceeds of bonds as number of children of school age in city bears to total number in county. County court shall annually levy a tax to pay Interest and create a sinking fumL Proceeds of such bonds shall be used exclusively, to purcbat^ proi)erty for school pur- poses. to purchase slt^^s for school bufldlngs, to erect or repair school build- ings. and to fnmlsh and equip such building See also G (b), State normal schools. Texas: On petition of 20 or more or a majority of tax-pnying voters of any district county Judge shall order an election to determine question of Issu ' ance of bonds for acquiring site and building schoolhouse In such district ; such bonds shall not bear exceeding 6 per cent Interest and may run not exceeding 40 years, but where house Is l^llt qf wood they may not run exceeiling 20 years; they may not be sold*below par, and State board of edu- cation sliall have the right to buy them or county commissioners may pur- chase them with county i>ermanent school fund. Majority vote shall deter- mine whether bonds shall be Issued and tax levied to pay luterest and create a sinking fund; combIne«l local tax to malnUdn scfiools and to pay bonds shall not exceed 50 cents on $100; boud tax can not be discontinued until bonds are paid. See also A (bl), State bonnls; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; C (a), Ix>cal finance and support, general; C (c), Local taxation. Utah: Board of education of a school district may call an election to determine question of Issuing bonds for providing school site, building, and fiimitnrc, or for refunding Ind^tedness; majority of qualified electors who pay proj)- erty tax shall determine; bonds shall with existing Indebtedness not exceed In amount 4 per cent of proi>erty valuation and shall not bear more than 5 per cent Interest Statement showing character of bondsi, steiw taken to Issue them, etc., shall be filed with county clerk. Board of education shalj. In addi- tion to other taxes authorized by law, levy a tux of not exceeding 21 mills on the dollar to pay Interest on bonds and create^ a sinking fund. A school district or city of the first or second clasfr may, for maintenance of schools, Incur Indebtedness in excess of taxes for current school year when authorized by majority vote of qualified electors who pay property tax. See also A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; N (a). High schools. Vermont: See C (c), Local taxation. Virginia: When the school bOard of any district shall determine to borrow money to build schoolhonses and furnish the same and the statement of facts ' contained In the resolution therefor shall be approved by the county board of supervisors, said school board may, with the approval of a majority of the qualified electors voting at an election, Issue the bonds of the district payable in not longer Uian 30 years and bearing not over 6 per cent Interest; said bonds shall be sold at not less than par value and, Inclodlng outstanding In- C (b). LOCAL B0KD8 AND INDBBTSDNBSS^ 8B7 debtedness, ahall not exceed In amount 17 per cent of the property Taloation of the district There shall be a lien on the eohool pr<^>ert7 the district ^ for the payment of principal and Interest Proceeds of sale shall be used fbr no other pon)oae than providing buildings and fumlahlng the same. When the resolutions of the school board and board of supervisors are certified to the circuit court said court shall order an election In the school district to deter- mine the matter of Issuing bonds; expenses of such election shall be paid by the county; all registered voters aha U be qualified to vote. A tax to pay interest and create a sinking fund shall be levied. ^ Any town may Issue bonds for public improvementa, Including school- houses; amount shall not exceed 18 per cent of taxable real estate; Interest at not exceeding 0 per cent; term of bonds, not exceeding S6 years. Town couucil shall make provUion for the payment of Interest and the creating of a sinking fund. The county school board of any county having funds derived by gift or . devise may loan said funds to an amount' not exceeding |1,000 to any school district for the purpose of building schoolhouses. State board of education may loan to districts and cities money belonging to the Uterary fund (State liermaneut school fund) for the purpose of building schoolhonses. AppU> cation fof loan shall show amount desired, plans of building, and fiicta regarding the advisability of erecting the same; If ‘State superintendent approves plans, location, etc.. State board may make a loan of not exceeding $10,000 and not exceeding 50 per cent of cost of building.. AU i«.n. not exceeding $3,000 shall bear Interest at the rate of 3 per cent per annum • and the prlncipol thereof shall be paid in 15 annual Installmenta. Proper authorities of district or city shaU levy a tax anfflcient to pay Interest and meet each annual Imitallment Before making loan State board shall satisfy Itself as to the sulflcieucy of title to real estate on which echooliionas in to be built and as to Its freedom from Incumbrance ; said board shall provide for an equitable distribution of the funds loaned among the several sections of the State. Loans In excess of $3,000 shall bear intwost at the , rate of 4 l>er cent All loans shall be secured by bonds and a Uen on the property. V?ashlngton: Board of directors of any school district may borrow money and Issue negotiable bonds therefor to. any amount not to exceed 5 per cent of taxable proi>erty of district; such bonds shall bear Interest not to exceed 6 per cent, and shall run for no longer than 20 years. Question of Issuance of bonds shall be determined at election called for purpose; bonds curry by majority vote at such election, but If amount of such bonds, together with outstanding Indebtedness of district, exceeds 11 per cent of taxable proi)erty of district, a taree-fifths .vote shall be necessary to Issue Directors shall advertise sale of such bonds ; bonds shall be In denominations of not less than $100 nor more than $1,000 ; bonds shall not be aold below |»r; unsold bonds may be exchanged for unpaid warrants; for purposes of this chapter, a joint district shall be deemed as belonging to county In which schoolhouse of such district Is located. County commissioners shall levy annually a tax to pay Interest on any bonds Issued, and at explra^on of one-half of time bonds are to run and anhUhUy thereafter, ^ah.ii lory n tax to create a sinking fund for redemption of bonds; county treasurer, upon outborication by directors, may Invest such sinking fund, or may use such fund to buy and. redeem any of outstanding bonds of such district School districts may refund bonds, at rate of Interest not to exceed rate borne by original bonds, par for par, without any further vote of the district ^ When any bonds remain unpaid at maturity, directors may fund same by if—lig 8866'— 15 22 ERIC 888 STATE LAWS BSLATINQ TO PUBUO EDUCATION. coupon bonds end exchsn«i^ sumo par for per, fdr outstanding bonds m eftoreaald, without further vote of the district, but such bonds shall be redeemable within 30 years from date of Issue, and shall draw IntereM not to exceed 6 per cent per anuum. If any Incldontal exjjenses. costs, or charges arise relntlre to bonds, county treasurer shall present his claim fbr same to the district Issuing such bond«. Any school district may validate and ratify Indebtedness of such district. Incurred for sche by ballot; directors, when in- debtodness Is validnteil, may borrow money for same, and issue cou]>on bonds ; bearing not more than 0 per cent Interest per year, and to run not longer than 30 years; persons bidding for such bonds, except the State of Wash- ington. may be requirwl to deposit 1 per cent of par value of bonds bid for. which amount shall be forfeited If person falls to purchase bonds as agreiHl. finch bonds, if unsold, may be exchanged for unpaid warrants of district If such indebtedness Is not extinguished by exchange of bonds for warrants or by proceeds of sale of bonds, directors of district shall certify such lndebtese. If any district which has Incurred school Indel>tee taken In the district so annexed for , purpose of validating such Indebtetlness ; district of first class shall certify amount of such Indebtedness to county commissioner, who shall make special levy for same, hut district of first class may pay part, or all, of such validating indebtedness or by Issuing bonds therefor under certain conditions. All county, city, town, and school warrants, and all warrants or other evidences of Indebtedness, drawn upon or poyahle from any public funds, I shall bear rate of Interest not greater than 8 j>er cent per year. See also A (d), District boards and oflfleers; A (f). Administrative nnlts- districts, etc. Wert Virginia: Bonrd of education In nny district or Independent district ^ may issue bonds for bulldinK. completinp, enlnrginir, ropnlrlnR, or furnishing schoolbouws ; said bonds shall bear Interest not to exceed 0 per cent jw . year, and shall run for no ^onger than 34 years nor less than JO years; total school bonded Indebtedness of.any district shall not exceed 2i per ent of value of taxable property therein; a tax aball bo levied to poy Interert on such bonds and to create a sinking fund for redemption of same; said bonds shall not be Issued except upon a tbree-flfths vote of electors at an election . called for the purpose. See also A (d), District boards and officers. WlKMiiBiii! Whenever upon any unnsual exigency any school district shall, before annual meeting, vote a special tax to be collected with next levy, district may borrow amount of such tax for period not exceeding one year. Any Khool district anay at any lawful meeting borrow money for period not exceeding six months for paying teachers’ salaries and current expenses, same not to exceed tax voted' for such purposes; such loans shall not draw more than 7 per cent interest Any district may at any ndnual of special meeting calJed. for purpose authorize school board to borrow money for aiding 4n C (c). LOCAL TAXATION. 839 erectfon of a scho ywixa, and of sueb amount aa. logetber wltb all other Indel.tedneaa of such district, ahull not exceed 5 i>er cent of aaaeeaed valuation In dlalrlct, not leas IJian two-tbirds of which valuation shall he on real estate and not exceeding J2r.,000 : Interest.shall ho at rate of 4 per cent. Said loan ahall be made only uiwn vote of electors of district HIgh-school districts may borrow money for school pun>o8C8. All cities of third and fourth classes oiieratlug under a siieclal or general charter may annually levy a special Ux of not exceeding .•t| mills on dollar for school purposes, to bo In addition to total tax author- Ixod to be lev!eeHnteudgpt*a estimate. To determine minimum rate, aupenlsors ahall deerty and the amount required to be raised divtd^ by the remaludor of value of assessed pro()erty is minimum rate to be levied. A portion of the 8cbses; county superintendent shall certify to commissioDers the amount of money needed per capita to enable each district to maintain schools for four months; he shall use as a basis for his estimate $40 per month for each teacher*a salary; all other expenses of the schools must be provided for by board of directors by special tax ; county tax shall not exceed 5 mills. For each year taxing bodies shall be so limited as to prohibit the levying of a greater amount of revenue than was levied the preceding year plus 5 per cent; tf any tax-levying authority Is qf the opinion that the amount of tax limited by this act will be Inmi^- deai for the needs of such taxing district, the question of an Increased levy may be submitted to the Colorado Tax Oommlsslou, who may order an ex- cess levy of not exceeding 6 mills on the dollar; If said tax commission shall 0 (c)* LOCAL TAXATIOK. 4 341 fill or rafuM to r^maiid ad iDcreaMd levy, mieta toxlng district msy. by 8 three^foortbs TOta» make mcb iDcresse* This llmltnUoo shsll not apply to i*' lery to pey bonded debts or OQtstsDdlnr wsrrsDtA F^llare tp levy the 2-mlU coQoty tax shall cooatltote a TloUtlon of the law. and perecm'^or persooe so falling shall forfeit |100 each. School board In each district shall annually certify to county commlasloucra amount of s|w<'lal district tax neceaaary; said commlasloners shall levy Ux as ccrllfliHl. but within the limits preacrlbed by law. In dlstiicta of the thlrtl class aald special tax ahal] uot exceed 20 nillla on the dollhr School board In any dtstrtct may Ipclude Ju iheir certlOed statement an Item for the purchase of books for a library. See also A (d). l>lsWct boards and officers ; I* (a). General Sute ftnauce and support: C cnl bonds and Indebtedneas; T (b), Teachers' tol*. aries; M (b). Kindergartens; N la). High achoola ConnecUcnt; All taxes levied by any school district shall be levletl on the real estate situated therein, the ratable personal property of persons belonging to dlrtrtct at time of levy, any manufacturing or mechanical estobllshment subject to taxation which la carried on In said district, and any merrontlle business carried on In said district by any person or (wraona not residents of the town; neither reSl estate nor business ao taxed aball be taxed In any other district. A town slnisbouse and farm In any school district shall be Rubjeii to taxation for.lhe pur}»o8e of building or retvalrlng a schoolbouee of said district See also A (f). Administrative unite— dlstrlctA etc,; B (a). General State flnnuee and supiwrt ; S cal botxls and Indebtedness; S (b), Public-school libraries. . Florid.: Hoe X (cJ^ County bonrdg; A (f>. Admlnlstnitlre unlts-dlutrict., etc.; C pgl.: S«e A (f), Admlnlstratiro uulta — district., etq.; B-(e), St&io aid ft>r elemaitary education ; C (li). I>ocnl bonds and ludebledoess. Idaho: See A (d). District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative unit.— districts, etc.; 3 (a). General State fluance and .uptmrt; C (b), lx>cl bonds and indebtedneas; N (a), HIgb schools; 8 (b). rubllcHichool libraries. Illinois: For suptiortlnK the free schools for not less than six nor teore than nine niontha And for reiMlrinu schoolhouses and procurln*: furniture, fuel, llbrarlea. and nmMratua, and other incidental expenses In each district, ril- ince. or dty. the directors or board of education may levy a tax annually of not exceeding 16 mills on the dollar for educational and not exceeding 16 mills for bnUdlng purposes, but In districts having a population of between 1 000 and 100,000 school board may. when anthorlaed by vote of the people. levy as much as 20 mllla for educational pnrpoaea. If combined levy for educational and building purposes does not exceed 30 mills; “incidental expenses" shall be psid from levy for building purposes. Directors or board of education ahnU certify annually to township treasurer the amount of money necessary to be raised for educational and for building purposes and said treaanrer shall return such certificate to the county derk ; where a district lies in two or more cDontiea retama khnU be made to clerk of each coanty affected; clerk ^all ascertain the rate required to produce tte amount cerUfied by achool board and Buch rate shall be levied. ' , ^ also A (d). District boards and officers; O (c). County and local normal ' schools; N (a). High scboola tH/rum. ■VJ'IIJIIWU Si^TB tAW8^ W^TVStB to PITBU0 BDUOATIQlSr. i ■ ’ lAdlMA: 8«0 c{4K. l>liMct bdftrda ^uid oiOcenyuA (f), AdmlniatratlTe • mUte-rdlifii'IctA 6t<^ ; (a), Ctaeral State fluance and mpport; B (4), State taxation ior acbool porpoeea; B (e)*. State ^ald tot elementary edncation; €f.(b), IxKsal bonds aod Indebtedness; D , ;^|Lss^^ ipwiciiNa Odbm lAiali aimnalljr c«rtl^. to State sopoln- by,, town for scbools, (g) funonnt recelv^ from Siiafo diitW preceding year, (8) amonnt actually expended for sdbools, (4) 9t *»cal year, (6) answers to other Inanlrles by nvmtotendent 0 (C).. LOCAL TASAllbN.' ■ ■■ Sefrajio A (f), AdmlniatmUve unit*— dlstrictu, etc.; B (e), State aid tor elemeatarr educaOon; N (a), High acboola; O (a). iBdaii^rlal edocatton. i(6DO]r&l4 f \ ® certiacatea. general; S (b), PubllC'Bchool libraries. MaaaMhaseto; Towns shall raise by taxatlbn money necessary tor the aup- twrt of public Bchools; a town which refuses or neglects to raise money fof the snp^rt of schools shall forfeit an amount equal to twice the highest snm ever before voted for the supixut of schools therein; a town which refuses or n^^ects to choose a school committee shall forfeit to the county not less than ^ nor more than fl.OOO; three-fourths of such forfeitures shall be paid to toe school committee, If any, otherwise to the selectmen of the town from Which recovered, who shall use the same for support ot schools of such town. School c^mlttees may appropriate money for conveying pupUs to and from education Is authorlaed to provide transportation to a^ from school of school children living on Islands within the State not provided ^th schools. In cases where the city or town in which such Islands are situated Is not required By law to provide such transportation. The rates of tore cha^ by street or elevated raUway companies for the transporta- tion of pupils of public day schools or public evening schools dr Industrial day or evening schools or private schools to and from school, on school days, sha 1 not exceed one-half the regular fare chargid -by such railway com- panies; Uckets for the transportation of such children shall bd sold by said <«mpanles In lots of 15 each; a railway company vlolaUng these provisions shall foi/elt $25 for each offence. ~ ^ also A (d) District boards and officers; B (a), (Jeneral State finance and support; B (c), Permanent §(ate school funds; D (a), Bu'udings and R tea, N (a), High schoolp; O (a),^dustrlul education, general; 0(d), Con- tinuation schools. Bflchlgan; It shall be the doty of the supervisor of the township to assess the taxes voted by every district of the township and all other taxes provided for in this act, chargeable against such district or township, and the same shall be collected and returned by the township treasurer. The supervisor shall also assess a tax of 1 mill on Uie dollar throughout the townahlp, un- less a district shall have a balance, exclusive of building fujids, equal to or exceeding the amount paid to teachers In said district, during the preceding year. In which case the said tax shall not, be levied In such district- all money raised by said l-mlll tax shall he apportioned to the district In which It was. raised. Me amount to be assessed upon the taxable property of any school district retaining the schoolhouse or other property,, on the division of a district, shall be assessed by the supervisor In the same maoner as If . the same had been authorized by a vote of .such district. The full amount of all taxes to be levied In a fractional district composed of parts of two or more townships shall be certlded by the clerk of the district board to the ^ township clerk of each township in which such district Is sittmted and the townahlp supervisors thereof shall assess such taxes in their retqiectlve p«Ha of the district Supervisor of the township shall deUver to ttfwuship trees- urer a statement of all school and library taxes to be collected. Townrtilp treasnrer shall, after deducting township expenses, hold tnxM collected by him subject to the orders of the districte; he shall from time to time apply to county tifiMuror for moneys due to Uie townshlxMi • '■«44 ' I I . ■ tt** V^.^9 ^ iK 1 1 I . ^ lUJ JI [J I -l"l . SUlS LlWB^^'BU^Itira^T^ PUBttO HDUOATION, ^ Sm Also A (d>; DlAtrict bonds and ^rfBcors; A (f)^ Admlnlsttttlve tmltfi— " districts, etc,? 0 tb). Local bonds and' lndri>todnes8; K « exempt from exeention In suits tor conectlOT of poU taxes; members of mUitla and flie eompanlM may be exrapt from payment of -poll taxes. So execution sheU be Isen^d against any school district or board of edn- ^n; or against any officer of any acbool dlrirlct or board of edneatton npon any Jttdgment against Urn bis offidai capadty and tor wl^ ^ 7- 3#ift BIATB I^WBva>l*A?WQ IQ, PT«UP aptJOAyiON. N ' -fflcl^ of edacatlQii U$ lUble, but tbe same «hfli^ be paJtl but of the proceeds of a tax levy. Board gf county commissioners of each county sbeU aDmoaUy levy and coUeot a tax of one-hajf of 1 mUl on the dollar iqwn all taxable property In the county for the maintenance of the public schools: the Stete treasurer shall anau^Uy credit one-half of the current school fund to a 8^>arate fund known as the reserve fund, which shall be used tor main- taining schools for five months. See also A (d)» District boards and officers; B (a), General State finance and support; O (a), ^ocal finance and support, general; C (b), Local bonds and ihdebtedn^; H (c). School year, month, day. etc.; N (a). High schools New Yorkr Trustees shaU assess taxes, make out tax list therefor, and annex their warrant thereto for collection ; tiyc list shall show different Items for whitdi taxes are levied. School-district taxes shall be apportioned by trustees upcm all reel estate within district not exempt from taxation, except as her^ inafter provided; upon all personal estate therein liable to taxation. Land lying In a body and occupl^ by .the same person shall be taxed In the district ^ where such person resits ; ihls rule shall not apply to unoccupied real estate. Vsluatians shaU be based upon preceding assessment roll ; no claim for re^vic- Uon ShaU be considered after tax list shaU be made out When a district Indudes parts of two or mere tovms, trustees pr three taxpayers may call the supervisors of such towns together to equitably adjust .the valuation of real estate contained In said district; If such supervisors shall disagree, they shall summon a supervisor from some adjoining town to assist in adjusting such matter; each supervisor shall receive $3 per day while so employed, to be u charge against the town. Vacant land shall be assessed at same value as of preceding year. Any person working land under a contract for a share of produce shaU be deemed the possessor and shaU be liable for taxes thereon.^ Every person owning or holding real property within any district, who shall' improve and occupy the same by bis agent or servant, shall be considefed a taxable Inhabitant of such district. Any taxpayer of a district who shaU have been within four years set off from any other district without his consent and ShaU have paid a tax for buUdlng a schoolhonse, shall be exempted from iwy- Ing a tax for building a schoolhouqp in district where he fesldea Any person who shall be a tenant at will, or for three years or less, may charge any tax levied for , school sites, purchasing or altering schoolhouses and equipment and fuel to the o^er of such real estate. Upon the warrant of the trustees of a district the collector shall collect taxes as specified. The collector to whom any tax list and warrant may be delivered for collection may execute , the same In any other district or town of same county, or in another county In case of a Joint district Trustees may, when there shall be an error in a tax Ust, correct the same when approved by commissioner of education. Col- lector ifhaU give due notice to taxpayers of taxes due; shall receive fee of 1 per cent on taxes coUected, but on certain delinquent taxes 6 per cent ; ahull be aUowed 10 cents mileage when making a levy and sale of property for tax^ Taxes of certain corporations may be paid to county treasurers, who ShaU pay tbe same to collectors. : Trustees may sue for certain taxes when no . gCK^ or chattels can be found whereon to levy the tax. Collectors shall aoeponts to trustees, who rimU after approval certify toe same to ^r^msurer. County trsasurer shaU pay to the districts out of con- ttogent fond toe amount of unpaid taxe& County treasurer shaU certify unp^d„la:ito* to board of supervisors, who shaU levy the same, with 7 per cent la ad(Utl(m thereto, upon toe lands upon which toe same were to- ahoU. .lUe report of ooUector with town derk. FoUowlng , o (c).;tOOAL TASUTION. ' 847 property rtieU be eiempt from taxation : -Propertjr of United SUtea; property of tbie State other than wUd or foreht landa In the foreat preaerre; property of a mualelpal corporation held for pnbUc nee; all property ^empt by law from execution, other than an exempt horaeatead. bot property pnrchaaed with proceeds of a United States pension is subject to taxation; real property of a corporation or association organised for leUglous, educational, benevo- lent charitable, sclenOflc, patriotic, historical, cemetery purposes, or for the enforcement of laws relating to children or anlmaU; real property of an Incorporate association of firemen, not exceeding $16,000; dwelling houses ' and loU of religious corporations, not to exceed $2,000; real property of an - agricultural society used for exhibition purposes; real properly of a priest * or minister of the not to exceed $1,600. See also A (d). District boards and officers; A (e). School meetinge, elec- tions, etc.; A (f). Administrative units— districts, etc.; B (a). General finance and support; D (a). Buildings and sites, general; O (a), Indnstrlal education,, general. North Carolina: County commission's may, on petition of county board of education, order an elecUon to determine question of levying a special tax of not exceeding 30 cents bn $100 and 00 cente on each pbU to snpplemmit the county school fund; majority of vefee sbaU determine; If tax Is voted, county commissioners shall, on petition of school trustees or committee, reduce tax In spwlal-tax districts by an amount not exceeding special levy for county- majority fail to vote for county tax, county commlaBioners may order an- other election In a oubsequent year. See alro A (cl). County boards; C (a). Local finance and support, general; H (c), School year, month, day, etc.; O (b), Agricultural schoolo. North Dakota: Bach school board sbaU annuaUy levy for school purposes a to of not exceeding 30 mills on the dollar of taxable property of the district • clerk shall notify county auditor of amount of levy and said auditor shall e^ such tax and county treasurer shall coUect the same; any tax to pay a Judgme^ against the district shaU be In addition to regular tax and shaH not exce^ 20 mills; auditor shaU also levy a poll tax of $1 on each elector In the county and 2 mills on each dollar of taxable property therein, and county superintendent shall apportion such county tulUon fund as State tulUon fund I* district for any reason Ig without a school board and Is li^ebted, the county superintendent county auditor, and county treasurer ShaU levy not exceeding 20 miUs In said district to pay such Indebtedness. (d). District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units- dUtrlcts, etc.; B (a). General State finance and support; C.(b), Local bonds and Indebtedness; M (b). Kindergartens; O (b) Agricultural schools 1“ «"‘*«>rtty shall, wlthm the llmltauon. fixed by law, levy a tax for sinking fund and interest for bonds Issued by ^1^'oftef'if tax to be placed before and In preference to to,^^r»t provided, the aggregate amount of citv vJfif taxable property In any county, township, Uxlng district, ShaU not In any year addition necessary to W ^e sinking . fund and Interest on. Indebtedness Incurred by vote of the prior to June 1, IMI. Taxing bodies shall annually year; such budgets shall be passed upon by the coMty budget commission; county auditor shall levy taxes as certified by said 848 STATE LAWS RSLATINQ TO P0BUC EDUOATIOIT, j badget commfawlon ; no funds raised by. taxatlcm sbal) be used for any other purpose than that set forth In the budget Irreepectlve of tax Ilmltatlous her^ set, taxing authorities of a school district niay Issue bonds to r^uild or repair a school building destroyed by Are or otherwise If no funds are arallable for the purpose. Any board of education may, by a majority vote . of tfitlre naembershlp, declare by resolptlon that taxes levied at maximum rate will be Inanfflclent and that it ^ expedient to levy additional taxes; such propoaltlon shall be submitted to electors, and shall be accepted when receiving a majority vote, but the m^mum lor all taxes shall not excecil 15 mills on the dollar. Whenever two or more taxing districts are cou- soUdated, the aggregate amount of taxes shall not exceed the sum of the aggregate amount which would have been authorised for such district* acting separately. « See also A (f). Adm||jBtrative units— districts, etc.; B (a), General State finance and support; D (a), Buildings and sites, general; Q (b),. State normal schools; P (a), Higher institutions, general; S (b), Public-school libraries; U (c). Juvenile court*. Oklahoma: Directors of each school district shall annually meet to prepare a financial statement of school afiairs of such district and to prepare an esti- mate o^' moneys needed; such statement and estimate shall be publl8heay Interest and create sinUng fund. Bonds shall not be Issued until authorized by majority of taxpaying voteto at election called by trustees. Majority of trustees of Independent district may elect to have their taxes assessed and collated by county assessor and collector ; such taxes shall be paid over to district treasurer. Trustees of town or village Incorporated for school purposes only may. without vote or the people, issue bonds to refund outstanding bonds. of the qualified property taxpaying voters voting t election In a district, county commissioners shall levy a tax in snch dls- rict of not exceeding .50 cents on $100 for the maintenance of schools and the erecUon of schoolhouses ; election to be held on petlUon of 20 or more or a majori^ of taii»ylng voters; only property taxpaying voters may vote and mjority determlnea. At any time after two yeare after the levy of ZIJ ^ be abrogated. Increased, or tox.^!3n 0“ PetWbn of 20 or more or a majority of property laying yoters. County commlsslonerB shaU levy rate of tax voted by^ trict, or If vote was for not exceeding 60 cents on $1,06, commissioner^ shall 869 8TATB LAWS MLATINO TO KTBUO EDUCATION. leTy «och rate within eoch limit aa may be determined by tmrteea of district and county superlntmident See al0O A (d), District boards and officers ; A (f). Administrative units— districts, etc.; C (b) Local bonds and Indebtedness; F (b), Teachers’ snl- aries; M (b), Kindergartens. Utah: When It Is necessary to raise funds for school purposes a tax not to exceed 1 per cent of all taxable property may be voted at a meeting called for that purpose; See also A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units— districts, etc.; B ermnnent school fund. A consolidation of receipts from the 8 per cent State tax, of the revenue Aqm the Interest on the permanent school' fund, and of $60,000 hereby annually apprqprlated Is fofmed for apportionment and dis- tribution among the various towns, unorganized towns, and gores for purposes of public education* Grand list of a w*hoi>I district sliall be made up of the ratable polls and real and personal estate therein. A district may by vote raise a tax for support of schools therein ; prudenUal committee shall assess such tax. A district may, by a two-thirds vote, direct prudenUal committee to omit from tax list names of persons unable to pay their proporUon of the tax; by a like vote district may remit or make abatement of a tax to an amount not eTcaadinp 6 per cent of such tax. PrudenUal committee of a district shall levy a tax for payment of any execution against such district A district may raise a tax and may appoint a committee to purchase or rent school sites or school- houses, and to build, repair, or famish scboolhouses ; district may locate a sohoolhouse, otherwise selectmen shill make such locaUon. See also A (f). Administrative units— districts, eta Virginia: See A (cl), (lounty boards; A (c2), (lonnty officers; A (d) District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units— districts, etc.; B (a). Gen- eral State finance and support; C (b), Lhcal bonds and Indebt^ess. Washl^n: See A ^d). District boards and dfflcers; A (f). AdmlnlstraUve un 8 dls ricts, eta; B (a), General State finance-and support- 0 (b) Local bonds and Indebtedness; S (b).PubUc-echooI libraries. ' ’ West Vlrglnl'a: See A (d). District boards and officers finance and support; N (a). High achoola. : B (a). General State ||S8 8TAIB LAWS BJMATfKG TO PUBUC BD0OAT1OH, WiMoiisiB; School district taxes, tinlsts otherwise provided, iihan be assessed ^oee8 shall not exceed 12 mills on the dollar; In' addition, a poll tax of $2 on each i)er8on between 21 and 60 years old shall be levied. County tax shall be held by county treasurer, subject to draft of county superintendent District tax shall be paid directly to district treasurer. See also A (d), District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units— districts, etc.; B (a), General State finance and support; 0 (b), Local bonds and indebtedness; M (b), Kindergartens; N (a), High schools; B (b), PubliC'Bcbool libraries. flee also Appcmdlx A: Btate constitutional provisions relating to public edu- toon. [lalmmA; See B (a), General State finance and support; B (e), Btate akt fbr ^ementary educatloa C (d). PoU Taxes, etc. / / 0 (d), POLL TAXES^ ETC, ' 868 ^ ® Genemi Staie finance and support; B (d). state taxa- tion for aciiool purposea *“ yenn, Old, If not a pauiier. insane, or mi lnol fund. . offl^ra“‘*“ ^ A (Cl). County boarda; A (G2). Ooont, “*•' '“habitant between 21 and 00 yeara old for educational purimses: such tax shall not be levied upon » blind persons or any iierson who lost a lln.l. In the Confeilerate Army. \ Indiima: See A (d). District tuiards and officers; H (a), 0-nieral State finance ’ ami support: H (d). State taxation for school purposes; U (e). State aW for elementary education. w? «*u Kt'ntucfcy;: See A (d), Dlatrlct bourda and offloera; iiulU--dl8trlctH, etc. A tf). Administrative Louisiana: vSee B (a); General Stale finance and support. ‘***"^'’ I-”'*"*; llhrarlee or .Mississippi: See C (c), Ix>cal taxation. •\e« Hanipsliire: See C (c), l.ooal taxation. New Mexico: See C (c). Ixical bixatlon. North Carolina: Sc> C (a), Ix)cal finance and support, general ; n (c). School year, month, day. etc. , • • » «crai . (ci, school Rht^e Island: Poll taxes, levied. upon every male person who If registered might be qnalifiml to vote and uimu resident aliens, are applied toX sup- j)ort of public 8c*liooIa ^ OutMialf of fines rreelved on aceonnt of violations of dog‘-tax law shall bo puui into Ibo sclns,. fund of the town; the balance l,f anj damages f^ J^ •rrscr; ?^ud.'"" -<* 8ee also A (f), Adudnlstrntlvo units— illstrIcU. etc. SoMth Carolina: A ,s,U t„.v of $1 shall he levlevl uimn each male between 21 an eo years old who Is capable of earning a living; said tax shall be levied wLrSe!!tT H returfied to district See also A (c2) , County officers ; A (f ) , Administrative unltm-dlstrlcts, etc. outh Dakota; See A (c2), Countj- officers: A (d), District boards and offlcera Tcnnesseer See B (a), General State finance and support Texas: B (a), General State finance and support. Vermont: See C (c). Ix)cal taxation. ” Wyoming: See 0 (c), Ixx»l taxation. -16 23 tii^ ,864 8TATB LAWS CiBLATTKO TO PTTBUC SDUOATIOIT, D. BUILDINGS AND SITBS. <•) Grneral. AUh>m«: See D (b). State aid, approval of plaua, etc. AjHsona: Bonrtla of tniateee in acbool dlatrlcta and blgh-ecfaool dUtrlcta* In Incorporated cltlw and town® may Improve prot»erO% atreeta, etc,, adJoliiinK' acbool property; question of levying tax to make imoh ImprovementK «b«ll •obmltted to vote of thq people and ahal! be determined by a majority of tliv qualified electora a See aUo A (c2). County officers; A (d), District boards and officers. Arkanaat! 1^ A (d). District boards and officers; A (f), Admlnlwtrathe unlta — dJatrtcta, etc. Oaliforsla: A civic center not to Interfere with n^nlar school work sb«l! be establlsbed nt every public scboolbouse; school board shall fum|sh heat, light, janitor service, and a supervisor when needed; when charge is made for admission, trustees may charge for use of schoolUouse ; school bo4ird shall control center. See also A (d), District boards ami offlwni; A (f>. Administrative units— districts, etc.; O (b), Local bonds and indebtedness; N (a). High schools. ' Ooloredo: See A (d), District bottrds and offict^rs: A (f). AdmliiUtmtlve units— districts, etc.; B (aL General State fliwnce and supiwrt ; N (a), High achdols. Oonnecticat: See A ff), Administrative units'— dlKtrlots, etc.; I) (c). Care, suoltstiou, etc., of seboolhouseM. Delaware: An annusl State appropriation of ■41.OOO Is made for the ertnilon and repair of achoolhouses for colored j>ersons. See also A (cl). County boariU; C (b), liocal bonds and Indebtedness, Florida: Whoever without cause Injures any proi^erty used for edueattomi) purposes or appurtenances belonging thereto shall tie punlahetl .by imprison pent of not exceeding one year or flnexif not exceeding $500 ; ml^emeanor to ^Boe gny obscene word, Image, or device on school property. See also A (cl), County boards: A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; C (b), Local bonds and Indebtedness. Georgia: See A (cl), County boarda; A (f). Administrative units-^llstrlcls. etc.; C (b), Local bonds and ludehtMhess. Idaho: See A (c2), County officers;’ A (d), District boards and officers: A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; C (bj, Ixx'al bonds amldndebted nees; H (c). School year, month, day, etc.; N d. When temtory la an- uexed u) ^ Incorporated town or dty OUe to property uaed for achool pnr- K? eb«U veat to aald Incorporated town or city: if ac^l townahlp la Indebted for any property uaed for achool pnrpoaea In eald town or city ahall pay auch Indebtedneaa On petition of ” ^ townahlp trnatee may toane bonda for not eiceedtoa- $16,000, and to bear intereat at not ezceedtox 7 per cent, for conditions of any gift or beqnaat “ achoolhouae. bnt bonda riu.il not be eold "" atwU he made until proc^lng «ue to redeemed. School eorporaUona may accept glfu LT be uaed or dlspoaed of to accoida^ with tte vTtT.r'T*^. donor; where no tenna are Imposed Inoonalrient h««- txith the principal ahall remain Inriolate and the Income tbereffom shall be la'^but adcQuately provided for by law. but the prlnclpel may be .laed In prodding a building to be devoted to tToro?^ r educatloual or library character. Wbe/^ot In dota^ trori^?he,^7“., ‘PPo^ a trnatee or truateea thereof; the Identity of the principal of any gift ripill not be loet W hen any pereon or persona ahall don.lc to any county aT bulWlu^ ^ K-Tounda of not leas than mooo In value In a county having on or leas, sud In couiitl.'s having a la.pulatlon lu eiceea of 28.000. $30^ for fte p.n)ose of maintaining a county high achool. county oommlealonera Bh.ill aco^t auch donation. County board of educaUon and county comnila- trustees for said school; term ^trustees throe years. ‘■one belW elected each year. D^tie, of tr^ices: -fo ^y^ take control of all property belonging to the aame; aigwlnt teachera and adopt a c^me of study ; admit free of tulUon all pupils of the county who nonresident pupllf The I S site? »«• any .township trustee may take a achwl site by condemnation proceevllnga to the circuit court. All commou- lu lea and liabilities lu re«K-ct to mmilcliwl asseaameuta for the cost of P M e Improvements altev-tlng -their real eaUte that private ownere S ^sta$e |:K)siteB8 or «re subject to. All public buildings, except one-slory cburcbes and schoolhouaea. shall H. fo^tmeted so font all doors shall awing outwaid. Sites V ^ taliroad, livery stable. ^ h^e a brlTltir'^’*^' Brick buildings ahall e a brick, atone, or concrete foundation; all buildings of two stories or more a^ll have basements and all ground floors shairbe «riea« 1 ft^ Ct !f^r““^l‘rl,' ‘’“'’.I' '«■« 226 cubic 171 LZZ 7 ^ one 'side only - wlntlow eo shall ^ equal to at least o'ne-alxth of the floor area and the windows sha 1 extend from at least 4 feet above the floor to !rithto 1 f^uTZ - rolling; at least 20 per cent of desks shall be adjustable- walls shaU be of Cloak rooms'orritnltaryioJLj nhall be provided for each study room. Drinking' water ahall comlTZl or^L7ZlZ King cups shaU be used; proper drains shaU be provided to cany awayj ?'*'• '';'5ii9;' saMJi;^ ;i4,^a ^BtiijiainTQ aw^^t^JMEio mdvoj^xsots. ' ^ ■V ■ ■ '• ‘ ’ ■' ' ■-,... ; ■ , ‘ wattt<. BMh «otfeO(d rtmm tfUiU l» im Hoe Boffident to witlidrftw cubic feet per hour for ev^ 220 cubic feet In eaid room ; I ^lieating apperatu shall be sutBclent to ooslntaln a temperature of 70 degrees BUirenhelt and a relattre humidity of not less than 40per cent School cor- porations may establldi open-air school^ In which case the provisions osf this < act relating to heating and ventilation shall not apply. Water-closets and outhouaea shall he efficient and sanitary In every particular. School corpora- tions in cities and towns may tear dowir old and insufficient bnlldfrigs and eject new buildings in their place, or said corporations may sell said buildings. Township trustee may accept a achool bnUdlng located in any Incorporated town frwn a private owner and use the' same for public-school purposes. Every buUdliig used In whole or In part as a public building, every place where peraons are employed above the second story, and every building where persons reside or lodge above the second floor shall be provided with proper and sufficient means of escape In case of^flre; all outside doors of such bolldlnga BhaU operi outward and no chairs or seats shaU be allowed in the passageways; all such balldlngs of more than two stories shall be provided with outside Are escapes, unless the Are chief shall deem such Are escapee to be unnecessary. In aU cases where there is no Are chief the trustee of the . township shaU perform the dotlee requ^ In this act See also A (d), District boards and officers; A (el, School meetings, elec- tions, etc.; A (f), Administrative units— districts, etc.; O (b), Local bonds . and Indebtedness; H (e), ConsoUdation of districts, etc.; M (d), Vacation ' schools, playgrounds, etc. Iowa: Any achool corporation may take and hold not exceeding i acre as a school site, except In a city, town, or village, where said corporation may take one block for school site and not exceeding 6 acres for school playground or other purposes; In consolidated districts and townships having not exceeding ^ two sites, 4 acres may be acquired. If owner falls to convey property desired for a school site or a road leading thereto, or Is unknown or can not be found, county superintendent shall, on application of either party, appoint three referees to appraise the same, and it shall become the property of the school corporation on deposit by said corporation of the amount Axed by^%ld referees, hot either party may appeal to the district court from assessment made by referees; If appeal la not taken, ass^ment shall be Anal, a school site not used for two years for school purposes shall revert to the owner of the ^ct to wWch It originally belonged on payment of the purchase price without Interest and of the value of Improvementis. The board of school directors of any school district containing or contained in cities of the flrst or second class, cities under special charter, and cities under commlsrion form of government may estoblish and maintain la public echoolhouses and o<^hool grounds public recreation places and playgrounds. Said board may, and on petition of not less than 26 per cent of the. number ToUng at the last preceding sdiool election shall, submit to quaUfled electors the question of levying a tax for said purpose; if a majority of votes cast ^ ^ fevor sal^ tax, a levy of not exceed^g 2 mills on the dollar shall be made. ^ See also A (d), District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units— dfktrictei etc.; O (b), lK)cal bonds and Indebtedness; U (e), Consolidation of ;; districted etc ; N (u), High scbodls. J oliicers; A (d). District boards and officers; i V A (f)/ Admlhlstotlve iralts--dlstricte, etc. ; C (b), Local bonds and Ind^bted- (a), fiUgb schools. ^ 'Jiwjvr 1 i < I I j, 1 1^1 1 jj ^ I y 1 1 «i y M V!/^l a D (a).'BtttLsnrd8 A?iri> Btrts, obkxbai^ J m Kentnoky: Sm A (d), datrict bouds and officers^ A . (f ), Admlnlatratlre nnltg— dlgtrlctt. etc.; C (b); Log^ bonda and ItulwhfawlntwHi LonUriaii*; District board of achool dlrdctors may omdatm property for * school purposes; aterleved persons may, when priachool property, the sdiool committee of any dty or town may conduct such activities In or upon school property under its control, and shall allow the use thereof by IndlvidualH and associations, subject to such regulations as said committee shall establish, for such educational, recreation, social, dvlc, philanthropic, and similar pur poses as said committee may deem to be of Interest to the community, but such use shall not interfere with the use of such property for school purposes. This act shall not apply to the dty of Boston. The school committee of the city of Boston may use Its school property for the aforesaid purposes, but no ad- mission fee shall be charged. ' Every town having a population of more than 5,000 which shall acc^ the provisions of this act shall provide and maintain at least one public play- ground for^e recreation and physical education of the minors of the town ; towns may appoint and determine the compensation of a qunllfled director of each playground ; towns shall Imve the right of eminent domain In secur- ing land for aforesaid purpose'; towns may raise money to purchase lands fOr such playgrounds, and lands owned by towns may be set aside by selectmen for such use. See also N (a)^^gh schools. Michigan: ^e quallfled voters of a district may, when lawfully assembled and wbp notice thereof has-been given In the call for the meeting, determine the number, and location of school sites; on their failure the Inspectors of the township i^all fix site which shall remain the same, subject to alteration afterwards by two-thirds of the quallfled voters. District boards and boards of education In cities fbay acquire school altea by condemnatloD proceedings before a court of competent jurisdiction. See alTO A (d), District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units— districts, etc.; 0 (b), Local bon*te and indebtedness; N (n), High schools. Mtmeaoia: See A (b2). State officers; A (d). District. boards and officers; B (d), State taxation for school purposes. Bllaalsslppl: Pupil who injures school property Is liable to suspension or expulsion and the parents shall be liable for all damage. , See also A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units— ^ iffis^ipts, etc. ; 0 (b), Local bonds and indebtedness. MlMonHt Any person wilfully destroying or injuring school property shall ; . be fined twice the amoQi\t of^ damage d- . ekfy duU be fined not lesrtban |10 nor more than $60. ':r-^ 14 a misdemeanor to destroy, injure, or deface school property or tres- , vpass upem school grounds. . ; ^ ^ See also A (d>^ District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units— - disMcta, etc.; O (b), Local bonds and indebtedness; H (e), CousolidatioD of dlitrictflr'Sto» D {&).-‘Bxiiu)!nira6 avdibitib, gbvbbjlL.' "»w' ’■' ' - Moateiw: Tnutees may and when petitioned by. one-thlid of TOtwa dull cell a meeting to rote upon qneetlon of eelection, purchaae, «T»h»i.g» or aale alte; majority of votee determlnea In districts of first and second dUiases Bite diall be not be less than ncord or to the Union School District In city of Keene, When shade trees are presented to selectmen they may have same planted at expease of town. Outer doors of public buildings shall be made. to open outward. Schoolhouses three or more stories high shall be equipped with Are escapes, unless fireproof. No barbed-wire fences shall be built bordering on school property. No person shall maintain any business of an offensive nature near any schoolhouse. No license shall be granted for traffic In liquor In any building which shall be on the same street within 200 feet of a church or schoolhouse, but this provision shall not apply to hotels or drug stores used as such on the first day of January, 1903. New Jersey: Each school district shall provide suitable faculties for education of children of school age residing In such district ; State school funds shall be withheld from any district falling to provide such facilities. Each school board shall provide at least two separate outhouses or water-closets for each ^oolhcruse; a tax shall be levied for such purpose, not to be subipltted to vote of the district Commissioner of charities and correcUons shall, upon request pf commissioner of education, cause sUndard plans and spedflcatlons for certain schoolhouses to be prepared ; such plans and specifications shall be furnished any district upon request; said commissioner of charities shall, upon request of commissioner of education, cause schoolhouses to be exam- ined; commiBsjoner of education may direct abandonment or repair of school- houses; no contract for erection of a school buUdIng or any part thereof shall be made until plana and specifications of some have been approved by State, l^ijl of education ; doors in schoolhou^s of two or more stories In height Shan open outwardly; all swing doors shall have plate-glass windows Insurance money received by school district may be used for repairing or roconatructlng school buildings, but such money shall not be used for erecting building on a new . site without authority of appropriating power. State superintendent of public InstrucUon shall procure plans and speclfica- ri(^B,for school buildings; such plans and st)eclficatlon8 must be approved by ^ State board of education, IJght shall be admitted from the left and t equal at least 20 per cent of floor ,clai^m shall have at least 13 square feet of floor space and thhh .200 cubic feet of air space per pupil ; dassrooms-Sust be nrolshed fresh air at rate of not less than 80 cubic feet per minute for Ail ceUlngs shall be at least 12 feet In height. Schoolhouses must ainpl^ and suitable ^irwayk D (a). BUILDINGS AND STTEB, QBNBBAL. 3gl In any dty where n mnnlclpnl inaumnce fund Is cstibllshwl, board of educa- tion may Insure school property In such fund ; commissioners of such Ihsup- ance fund shall fix rates of premium for such Insurance ; said commissioners may, when expedient, place Inpurance on school property with authorized Insurance companies. Any lands acquired by any city board of education and found to be unde- slrabie for school purposes may be conveyed to said city, without any com- I>ensatlon therefor, for use as a public park or playground. In any borough or other municipality board of education may. I)y vote of electors, transfer unused school property to said borough or municipality for public purposes for a nominal consideration ; said board In any township may transfer such property for municipal purposes. Any person who shall Injure school property shall be adjndjced a disorderly person. _ See also A (bl), State ^ards; A(f), Admlnlstratlre uAlts — illstrlcts. etc.* H (e), Consolidation of districts, etc. New Mexico: Every school district may borrow money for the purpose of erecting and furnishing school buildings and purchasing school grounds, but such power shall exist only when the proposition of creating a debt shall have been submitted to the qualified electors of the district and approved by a majority of those voting thereon; no district shall have an outstanding Indebt- edness in excess of 6 i>er cent of the assesskl valuation of the taxable property of said district. Whenever there shall remain In Uie trea.sury of nnv district (outside of Incorporated towns-and cities) an amount not less than |2(X) after all school expenses have been paid, and a petition signed by one-half the voters of such district shall have been submitted to the county snperintendent ask- ing that such funds be used" for purchasing a site and erecting a building thereon, or for repairing school buildings, such fulfils may be used by the school directors for such purpose. School directors may use district funds In insuring school property. Sw also A (d), District boards and ofiicers; A (f). Administrative. units— Qlstricts, etc.; B (a), General State fliinuce and RUpport. New York: No Rchoolhouae shall be built on the division line of any two towns. No achoolhouse shall be ere<-ted or altered In any city of third class or In a school district, at expense to excoeil fcoo. until plans and siieclfiea- Uons for same shall have been approveil by commissioner of educaUon Plans and specifications shall show In detail the ventilation, heating, and lighting of such buildings; shall provide at least 16 square feet of fiobr space and 200 Cubic feet of air space for each pupil In study or recitation room at iMSt 80 cubic feet of pure air every ndnute per piijdl, aijd means for ex- hausting vitiated air shall be Indejiendont of atmosiiherlc cluinges. No tax voted by a city or district. In excess of $500, for achoolhouse building or alteration purposes shall be levied, until plans and srieclflcatloua hnveheen approved by commissioner of education. All passageways, exits, and all lighting and heating appliances shall be arranged to facilitate egress and aff^ protection In cakes of^flre and accident; all 'exit doors shall open out- wan^ stairways shall have straight runs with platforms. Ail Khoqlhonsea, exM^ in city of New York, more than two stories high shall have adequate ^rlor fire escapes and exits; funds for purpose shall be a charge upon the city 9r district Use of a school building shall be granted for teachers’ ex- amlMtlons^ Institutes for Inddental expenses in connection with use of bulldtags. Trustees or boards of edneaUon may grant use of schoi^ moperty outside of school hours for following; Meetings for edncational purposes; J r862 8!C&n lAWd BStATEHG TO FXTBilO: BDUOATIOK. M»»>UO‘Ubrary poipoees; social* clrlc. and recreational meetings; meeting*, entertainments, and occaalona where fees are charged, when proceeds are to be expended for a nonpartisan or nonaectarlan educational or char- Itoble pnipoae; polling places and toHtical meetings when authorised by Tote of district A school commissioner ,»ay condemn a schoolhouae which W milt for use and not worth repairing; Aid commissioner shaU deliver such order to a trustee of district and to commissioner of education ; trustees ahall call special meeting of dl9trict to determine character of needed schowi- • house and to vote a tax for the same, but such meeting shall not reduce estimate of cost of such building as made by commissioner more than 26 per cent; If tax for snch building shall not be voted within 30 days from date of meeting, trustees shall contract for such building and levy tax for name. Trustees and boards of education ahall provide at least two water, closets or privies for each school, entirely separated each from the other' such closets shall bfe kept sanitary; cost of same rtinll be a charge against the dlstria or cl^; school boards or trustees who fall to comply with this provlsfbn may be renaoved from office; and public funds may be withheld from cities and districts so falling. A board of education Jn a union free district having C*000 population or more may, without a vote of the people, designate ftites or additions to schoolhouses. No schoolhouae site shall be changed ex- cepj^by h majority vote of legal voters present and voting at n district meet- ing; whenever school site Is clumged, voters of district, by a majority vote, may direct the sale of the former site; proceeds of sale of fomfer site shall be applied to expenses of securing new site and construction and equipment of buUdlngs .thereon. Real property may be acquired In any district or city except In cities of first and second class, for school purposes by gift, grant devise, purchase, or imrehnse by coudemnatlon : Iq cities and villages not lees than the whole of ti lot may be acquired bj^^ condemnntlon. Following property can not be acquired without consent of owner: A homestead occu- pied by owner, except such portion ns Is unnecessary for use of homestead: a garden, orchard, or any part thereof, not within a city, which, has existed for one year prior to pr. ceedlngH ; a yard or Inclosure; fixtures or erec- tions for t-ade or -manufacture of one yeijr’s standing. Boards of education In cities of third class are clothed wjth all the powers of trustees and" the' title to school property. A majority of the voters of any school district, at an annual or special meeting, may vote to \Ny taxes for’ making additions, alterations, repairs, or Improvements to school buildiiiiA or sites, for pur- chasing sites, erecting buildings, buying ^ulpment. or for paying salaries of teachers and expenses of school, and for other purposes relative to suii- port and welfare of the school as they, by ^solution, may approve; In a union free-school district due notice shall bo^ given of proposed expenditures prior to district meeting; in a couinion-scbool district due notice sbull he given of proposed expenditures prior to holding of any ^>eclal meeting M such purpose. No vote to ralA money shall be rescinded nor amount thereof reduced at any subsequent meeting, unless It be at an adjourned meeting or meeting called by regula/ and legal notice. See also A (d). District boards and officers; A (e). School meetings, eJec* tidns, etc.; 0»(c), ^al taxatioa OiwdUiiai 8ee\ (b2), State officers; A (cl), ^County boards; A (d)„ Diftrict hojsiids and ofllcers; B (c). Permanent State school fund; 0 {a)] Local fiiimiice and support, general; O (b). Agricultural schools. . Novth Dakotot Any school b^rd may, and when petitioned by one-third of 1^0 q^l^ y shall* submH to qoaUfled electdrs the question; of the AND SITES, asNBBAr. 863 purchase of a site and the erection, remoiral, or sale of a adioolhotiae ; majority rote aball detaimine, except that in case of remoral ot schoolhouee a two-thirda rote shall be necessary. No achoolhouae shall be erected until the plans therefor are^ submitted to the State superintendent; no plana shall be approved by said superintendent unless they comply with the provisions of this act All schoolhonses of more than one story shall be provided with fire escapes. See also A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Ohio: The school board of a district may purchase or lease and improve school sites, bnlld, repair, and fumlah schoolhouseA" and purchase school sur ;ie& All school board^ shall display the United States fla^ upon all sr^lioolhonws under their control In fair weather, and on Inside of schoolhouse on other days. The school board may authorlee the us^ of scbwlhouses for public meetings, but such use shall not interfere with the public schools. The school board shall, except In cases of urgent necessity, nak for competitive bids on every cbntracfe In excess of $1,600, In city districts, and In excess of $500 In other dlstiicta School boards shall have the right of eminent do- main. A municipal corporation may convey any municipal property to the school board for school nse. When the school board" determines that ft is necessary to purchase sites, build, repair, or famish achoplhousea, said board shall prepare an estimate of the cost of the same, njad submit the question of Issuing bonds for the same'to the electors of the district; bond Issue shall carry on a majority vote of the electors voting. Bonds shall bear a rate of Interest not to exceed 6 per cent per year payable semiannually, and said bonds shall not nm for over 40 years; bonds shall not be sold below par. When bonds are issued by a district, the school board of such district shall annually certify to county auditor a tax levj sufficient to pay such bonded Indebtedness as It falls due together with accrued Interest thereon ; such levy shall be in addition to thb maximum fevy for school punwsea The school board at a^regulnr meeting., and by a two-tblrds vote of full member- ship, may Issue bonds for school purposes at the rate and for the time above specified, but no greater amount of such bonds ^all be issued in any one year than would equal the aggregate of n tax at rate of 2 mills, for year next precjMilng such Issue. If a schoolhouse is wholly or partly dMtroyed by fire or other casualty, or Is condemned, the school board may, when authorized by a vote of the electors, issue bonds for replacing such schoolhouse, and levy a tax for the redemption of the s:ime ; such emergency tax shall be levied only when It is ndt practicable to secure sufficient funds within the limits of taxation already provided for school districts. ^ / Grade A school buildings are those used for primary, grammar, or high - schools, including all rooms used for eehool purposes by pupils 18 ye^rs old or less. Grade B buildings are those used for all other classes of edncatlonal Institutions. No grade A building shall be more than three stories high; such building, If over two stories high, shall be of fireproof construction; If less tha.A two, stories, fireproof or composite construction. Grade B buildings shall not exceed five ci:orles in height Grade A add B buildings one story high and without basements may be of frame construction, but must be erected 30 fteet away ^m any other building and 2fKt feet beyond fire lilnlts; all hniidings ^all have sufficient light and air exposure; no inner or recess court hhall be covered by any instruction; fire walls shall be built between subdivisions; all beateV rooms shall * have standard self-closing fire doors; no boUer or famace shall be located^ojoder ^y lobby/ exit etainyay, or cor- mwr STAZB BXLATIJirO TO FOBLIO EDTTQATIOK. lidor; no caat-iron Ixdla: cariTliig over 10 pounds pressure, or steel boiler OTer 86 pounds, shell bo located withiA walls of any school building. No basement rooms shaU b« used for any school purposes, except for domestic science, manual training, and recrentlon, and then shuU be properly lighted, heated, and Tmtllated. Minimum floor siiace for primary pupil shall be 10 square fhet, for grammar-grade pupU 18 square feet, for hlgh-School pupil . 20 square feet; all other schools 24 square feet i>er person. Primary pn|p|l shall be allowed 200 cubic feet of air space, grammar-grade pupil 226 cubic feet, high-school pupil 250 cubic feet, grade B buildings 300 cubic feet i>er person. Toilet and recreation rooms shall have celling height not less than 8 feet; other rooms, minimum helg^^of 10 feet Grade A buildings contiln. Ing four and less than eight rooms shall be provided with, one rest room; over eight rooms, with two rest rooms. No assembly hall in grade A building shall be located above second story in one of fireproof construction, nor abo^e first floor In one of composite construction. Sejtts In rooms seating more 0»an 16 persons shall.be fastened to floor; class and school rooms shall have aisles on all wall sides. There shall be 1 square foot of window glass to each 6 square feet of floor space In eat* class, study, recitation, and hlgh- school roomed laboratory ; 1 square foot to every 10 square feet of floor space In other rooms; light shall come from the left or from the left rear of pupils when seated. Means of egress shall be fire escapes or Inclo-sed stair- ways; word “exit” shaU be placed over each exit door. Inclosed stairways ahall be of fireproof construction, having self-cloalng fire doors. Halls ami paasagewaya^nll be designed and proportioned to prevent congestion and confuslon.^Mlevatora shall be Inclosed In standard fire walls and have Are doora Every building exceeding 26 feet In height shall have a metal-coverml bulkhead with ladder leading thereto. Toilet rooms shall have waterpro.>f floora Entire building shall be made sanitary. Floor and roof loads shall be amply taken care of. Proper toilet facilities ahall be provided for all achoola All gas and electric lighting fixtures shall be proiterly Installed. Ample flre-bxtlngulahlng apparatus shall be provided. Upon application of any responsible organliatlon or of a group of at least seven clUzene aU school property shall be available for u.se ns social centers- , such occupaOOn shall not Infringe upon original and necesmiry uaes of such property; school board shaU prescribe regulations for such use; i^rsons so, uring school property shall pay for any damage done, and shall, if required, pny expenses incurred inoident to such use. Boards of county commlssluners may provide civic and social centers, employ an expert director for the same, and levy a tax for such purposes. Any municipality already carrying on thU work shall be exempt from this act County commissioners may at their option, or shall, upon petition of 10 per cent of electors of county, refer to saw electors question of providing social, educational, or recreational work. See also A (d). District boards and officers. MOahoma: See A (d). District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative unlts-^Istricts, etc.; H (h). Separation of the races. Oregon: See A (d), District boards and officers; a (f), Administrative ^ts— districts, .etc.; N (a), High schools. 0^ school directors shall provide grounds and buildings to accommodate all pe^ns In their dlstrjcts between 0 and 21 years old.; said directors may acquire, hold, Md convey property; they may acquire Jiroperty for school purposes by condemnation proc^ings In court of common , ptoa, No school building In gny district of the second, third, or fourth class •toU be constructed until plans of same shaU have been submitted to the D (a). BUILMK08 AND BTT^, OBNBBau 866 State board of educaUon for approval. BaUdinaa afford .ample llgbt area, floor apace, ventilation. Are protection, and aanltatlon. School baildlnga may be used for social and other purpoeea when permitted by the directors. In each district dlrectora shall provide and have displayed a United States flag on or near.each. public-school building. See also A (f), Administrative units— districts, etc.; L (m). Sectarian In- struction, Bible. Rhode Island: Any town may take lands by process of condemnation for location of schoolhouses, the enlargement of school lots, and for school pur- poses, not to exceed i acre In amount at any one taking. The ov^er of snch land shall be given due notice. In case of disagreement between owner of such land and the school committee as to value of such land, case may be laid . before a Jury In the county superior court for settlement Every person \%ho shall willfully Injure any public property shall be fined not lees than twice the amount of Such damage, unless such damage shall ex- cetHl 120, In which case such i»er8on shall be Imprisoned not exceeding one year. Every \^QTSon who shall willfully Interrupt any lawful meeting shall be Imprisoned not exceeding one year or be fined not exceeding $600. See ab^ (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units— dlstirletsT^.j D (c). Care, sanitation, etc., of scboolbouses. South Carolina: The county board of education shall annually set aside 6 per cent of all school funds of the county to aid In building seho^nteuses; when any district shall raise funds for such purpose county board shall tore over, VO such district $50 for every $100 so raised, but no one school ^11 receive more than $300, except con^lldated districts, which may receive $50 addi- tional; not more than one school In any district shall receive aid In any one year. Plans for such schoolhouses must have approval ot gute board of t;itlvK‘atlon. See also A (d). District boards and officers. South Dakota: See A (d). District boards and offlcers; A (f). AdmlnlstratlTe units— districts, etc. Tennessee: See A (cl), County boards; A (f), AdmlnlstraUve unlts-dla- tricts, etc. Texas: Common school district trustees shall contract for schoolhouaes and superintend construction of same; contract shall stipulate that no mechanic’s lien Shull hold iigulnst schpol property.' On order of CQmmIsslonera court trustees may sell school property: trustees shall control school property. Misdemeanor to loaf on school property while school Is In session after being warned to leave by person In charge. See also C (c), Local taxation; D (c), Care, sanitation, etc., of school- houses. Utah: See A (d), District boards and officers; a (f), AdmlnlstraUve units— districts, etc.; N (a). High schools. ' ■ . Vermont: When land has been selected as site for schoolUoose or for exten- sion of eilsOng school site, and owner of such land shalUrefuse to sell to town for a reasonable sum, the selectmen of town, or selectmen of a town adjoining an unorganized town or gore In which district Is located, shall, upon due notice, take such land and pay for some; Ume shall be allowed for owner of property to remove any movable property from such land ; If ovyner of land shall Refuse sum tendered for land, matter may be referred to one or more disinterested persons for settlement; Owner of land. If disaatlsfled with offer of selectmen, may peutlon county court ; said court idiaii appoint ! STAXli LAWB KB^iATHrU. TO PUBLIC KDU04XI0K« three 41«t&ttfested o^mtssiooen to l&veetii:ate claim and report to court. Title to sucli lands ebaH^^ in the town or district tor purposes atoresald. See also A (f), Admlnistrattve units — districts, etc. VlrslMla: The district school board shall be a body corporate and the title to all property of the district shall vest In said board. When It shall be neces- wry tor^llstriot school trustees to acquire real estate for school purposes, It shaU be n^ssary to secure the approval of the title thereto by the circuit court or Jucjfce In vacaUon, but appeal may be taken to the supreme court, A school board may acquire property for school purposes ‘by condemnaUon proceedings, when equitable arrangements for punrhase can not be made with the owner^ but not exceeding 1 acre in a town or 6 acres In the country shall be thus taken, and no dwelling, yard, garden, or orchard shall be Invaded, Any school truatee may allow the use of the achoelhouse for community purposes: upon his refusal and upon demand of hve freeholders school boartl shall take acUon.and may or may not allow such use; an upj)eal slmll Ue from district board to county school trustee electoral board, whose decision shall he final. Any person who wlllfnlly Ipjures or defaces public property may, on con- viction, be fined not exceeding $800. See also C (b). Local bonds and indebtedness; D (b), Statfe aid, approval of plana ' WMhingtOB: School district mny take land needed for schoolhouse sites or for additions to such sites. Whenever owners of such IntHl refuse a reaion able frlce for the some, board of directors shall present a petition to the superior court setting forth the facts la the case. Duo notice of such peUflon shall be given. Said court shnll determine value of such land, OosW shall he paid by the school district. Ajtpeal may be mode from dhclsiOB of 8U|)erlor court to State supreme court. School districts of first class may. though their directors, create and malnUln a permanent Insurance fund for said districts; said directors may Instruct county treasurer to invest such fund. School boards In each district of the second or third class mny provide for the use of school property for community puritoses Said boards may provide suitable dwellings and accommodations for teachers, sui)ervl8or8, and assistants. Each district of second or third class, by itself or in combina- tion with other districts, mny erect communal assembly places. All plans for carrying out powers granted by this act shall be aubmltted to and approved by bonrd of supervisors composed of seven members, as follows: State superintendent of public Instruction ; head of extension department of Washlngtou State College ; heed of extension department of University of Washington; county superintendent of county where district is located; these four to choose a fifth member from county, and a sixth and seventh member from the district See also A (d). District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units— aiatricta, etc. ; B (a), Qeneral State finance and eupport. wm Virginia: See A (c2). County officers; A (d). District boards and mBcers; H (f), Compulsory attendance; N (a). High schools. WlscoBsint Whenever a district shall have designated a scboojbouse site, or an addlttoii thereto, at a lawful meeting, and such property, for certain hM8on% can 091 be secured from the owner therwf, school board shall, when directed by the district, apply to town board or supervisors of town or towtis Interested, to acquire such site dr addlUon by condemnaUon; schooi ■ ■ ■ . . ... ' I-.'' . .. ,' D'(b). BTAIS Am~AP|>S<)VAL or PLAK& ‘86T Bites, must sbtit on.a pabllc blgfawsy; wbenerer site sought lies In an In- corporated tlllafe application tor condonation aball be made to vUlage board. Lawful notice shalKbe-glven to owners of land sought as school sltee.. Town board shall locate and establish such site, fix and award com- pensation for same, and register deeds of same. Any person aggrieved at , such action of n towu board may appeal to circuit court No site hhnll contain nmre than 4 acres unless with consent of owner, except In counties Uhving 150.000 population or more^ land Uken against will of owner, when no longer used for school purposes, sbnU revert to such owner. Oircult or county court may outborUe parent or guardian of an Infant who owns such property to execute lease for use of property as schobl site. All boards of education and school districts may mutually organise Insurance comivanles for Insurance of public-school building and their con- tents; any number of such boards and districts, not leas than 25, may form coriwratlon for such {>ur|>6se. See also A fc2). County officers: A^(d), District boards and offlccm; A (e), School meetings, elections, etc,; C (b). Local bonds and Indebted- ness; H (e). Consolidation of districts, eta; N (a). High schools; O (a), imlustrlal education, general. Wyoming: See A (d). District Iwards and officers; A (f). Administrative units districts, etc.; C (b), I»cnl bonds and Indebtedness. D (b) . State Aid; Approval of Plans. Alabama: Annual appropriation, $67,000 for aiding la erection and repair of rural school houses ; not exceeding $1,000 annually aball he expended In one County ; trustees of di^rlcts outside of Incorporated municipalities having raised $100 by donation iml subscribtlon may apply for aid; county board of education shall consider all applications; county board shall record approved appllcntlona, amount In hands of district trustee and amount recommended : to he allowed district; amount PeconmieudeorIntendent ; on request of supeiin- tendeut, State auditor shall draw warrant for amounts allowed; when county superintendent ascertains that required amount Is raised by district and deed Is made to State, warrant shall be delivered to district trustees; State superintendent shall keep account with each county; forfeited warrants Shull be, returned to SUte superintendent; unexi)end(Hl balance of appropria- tion of $67,000 carried forward: this fund^shall not be used for other pur- poses than the erection and repair of schoolhou^. Arkansas: See A (c2). County offlcera* California: See A (c2), County oncers. Connecticut: See D (c). Care, satiHatlon, etc., of schoolhonses. Delaware: See A (hi). State boards; D (a), Buildings and sites, general, Indiana: ^ D (a), Bulldlngs\nd sites, general. . Iowa! See A (b2). State officers; A (d). District boards*and officers. Kansas: See D (o'), Care, sanitation, etc., of scboolhousea LouisiaiiA; See D (c>. Care, sanitation, etc., of scboolhousea. 868 STATE LAWS BELATTNO TO PUBLIC EOUOATtON, BCftlae; Bee D (a), BnUdiUE* end altee^^etterul. lieuecfaiiM«fta: Bee D (a). Bulldinffs eltee. fceneraJ. IfiliiBWote: Bee A (b2), Btnte offlcers: A (f). Administrative onlt»— dis- tricts, etc.: B (e). Rtate aid for elementary education. MoBiAna: Bee P (a), nulldln^s and fdtee, (fenoral. Nevada: Bee A (d), District l>oarda nod offlcera. New Jersey t See D (a), Bundlnge nud sites, genera 1. New Mexico: See B tn), (5t*ueral Stale flnnuoe and sui)|>orL New York: See D (a), Buildings and sites, general. NoKh Carottna: See A (cl). County boards. NoKh Dakota: See A (d). District Inninls and offli'ers: D (nl, Buildings nod aitea, general. Ohio: See D (a). BuildiiigR and sites, genera t Cfresgoa: See A (c2). Comity officers. Peitiiaylvania: See A (b2>. State officers; D (a). Buildings and ^t(^ general. South Carolina: See D (n). Buildings and sites, general. South pakota^ No selioolboust* abnll be ere<‘teeen approved by lb** State au|H»rlntendent of publle instrurtlon. « Texas: See A (c2). County officers; D (c), Care, sanliatton, eta, of scho^d- houses. Utah: See A (d), District boards and officers. Vlrfclnls: No seboolhouse ahull 1h* ortvted until the lot*atlon, plana, and ^ledftcatlons Uiereftir have luvn «pprm*(sl ity the division snjH*rlntendent of schools, who is reqnlriHl to make s|kvIu1 reiairt on saine to snjicrintendent of public Instruction. Bald Hti(><*rinteiident may condemn an unfit seboolhouM'. and school ahall not l»e tanglit therein until iietHltHl improvements are made. State board of isiiectors of public buildings shall not approve the plans of any seboolhouse nnlexs the same shall provide at least 15 sttuare feet of floor 8|iQce and 200 cable feet of nlr spaiM? for each pupil in each study or recitation riHim. Provision must made for- furnishing, at least 30 cubic feet of pure air for each pupil every minute. Ceilings must l>e at least 12 feet high. ArrartgeinentH Kball Ik? so ns to facilitate egress in case of fire or accidents. Light iimst l»e adiiiltled from the left or left and rear of pnpils. Two suitable and spj.arate outhouses or wnterKdosets shall be pro- vided. The Stale board of health may make rules and regnlatlons provld iDg fbr the Hnnltatlon and dislnfeetlou of public bulldliigs and may provide for the segregation and care' of iiersons having or 8ust>ected of haring a comnitmic*abJe disease; misdemeanor to violate rules of Slate board of health. No district Shull receive any county or State funds until proper acboolbouses are provided. See also A (f), Adminiptrative units — districts, eta; C (b), Local bonds and indebtedness. Washington: Bee A (c2). County officers; A (d), District boards and offlcera; B (e). State aid for elementary education. •West Virginia: See A (d), PiStrict boards and offlcera. WUoonaln: See H (e), Consolidation of districts, etc. P («y. aunTATIOH, Bto., OF SOHOiOLHOUSBS. 869 D (e). Deooratloa, Oare, Saaitatton: laapectioa; Flr« 8ee also J (b). Medical las|)eeUocu i ArkansM; See A (^bl). State boord& ConnecUcat: E^ery hundinir used as a scboolbouse which la two or more t«toriea la Uelght and in wbJcU any story actually used or occupied by pupils 18 10 or more feet above the adjoining ground ahall bo provided with at least one lire eecfli»o for each 250 pupils or fractloual i«rt thereof; but this sec- tion shall not apply to two-story buildings hjivlng fireproof halls and two or more exits on the ground floor opening out Chief of fire department of.any cliy or borough and Stale board of education shall enforce the provlalona of tills act. Chief of fire dejiartiiient or principal or superintendent of a school may. with approval of any agent of the State board of education, evempt from the provisions of this act any scboolhouse which baa two or more ways of ogress on the Inside, l^ee also J (a)> Health, general IVlaware; See A (cl), County boards. Florida: All public school buildings of two or more stories tn height ahall lx» provided by cimiity lioard of education with adequate stairways or fire escapes for use In case of fire. State sii|ierlnteudeht ahall formulate and presi'ril>e ta^'ti*^ of Instruction for fire drills, and each teacher shall Instruct pupils In such drills. Idaho: Sec A (hi). State lioards; A (c2), County officers. Illinois: Sw A (d). District Invards and offiiH*rs, Indiana: See b (a). Buildings and slten, gtmeral; J (a). Health, general; J (b). Meilital lns)>eotiou. Kansas; In all public and private scboolhouaes of more than one story doors Klmll oi>en outwanl. In such schllion»tw having two or more stories every Hlory above first sliall be pro\1ded with two or more exits set >a rate from thorn of lower floor or with fire est'ai>e8. In all such schoolhouses furnaces shall be covert with aslyestos or masonry, riniis of schoolhouses of two or more Ktorles must have npi>rovaI of ShiU* architect Cuunty su[»eribtendenf shall nnnuall^^ lnsi>e<*t wluH>lhouii*CH under his 8Ui>ervlslon. Mayor or Are marshal Khali lnsi>ect public and i»r1vnte schoolhouses In cities of second class;, and fire infirshnl shall Insi^ett such buildings In cities of the first clnsa Monthly fire drills shall be held In public and private schools of over 100 pupils, lioolsiana; All doors for ingress and egress to public schoolhouses and of all Other buildings of public resort whatever shall be swung so as to open outward. All plans for schoolhouses must have approval 6lt pariah (county) supeiioteodeut and State ^perlntendent See also J (a), Health, general Maine: Schoolhouses shall be provided with proper egresses or means of escape from fire; eocli boUdIng with more than one story shall be provided with at least two separjite means of egress by Inside or outside . stairway ; Rories above first shall be supplied with means of extinguishing fire; speclfl- cbtlons herein named shall be met ]t)y munldpal offioerei Doors shall open outward.' Hjxrjlaiid; See A (d). District boaids and oflicera. Bfassachnaetits: See D (a), BuUdlngs and sites, general; J (b). Medical Inspection, .8OS0*— 15 2i / Ptmud^io>0OAiroN. Miohlpini ,.JRaetov7 IxupectontL my: oondemn imgaf^ AclioollkOiwGiit tbof maj require that achoolhouaes two or more stories high be provided with fire escai>e& * « Minnesota; See A (c2), County officers; A (a), Buildings and sites, general.' Oklahoma: Every school building three or more stories hljd^ shall have one o^ more metallic Are escapes; the number, character, and location of such fire escapes shall be determined by tbe proper authorities In city or town where such buildings are located; all buildings used for dormitories, schools, . or seminaries over tWo stories high shall have one Are escape for every thirty persons for whom sleeping or living accommodations are provided above the second stories of Mid buildings. Any violation of this a'ct shall constitute a mlsdeineandr. PennsylTania: See A (bl), StateTKmrds; D (a), BnUdtogs and sites, goieral; J (b), Medical Inspection. Rhode Island: Every bnilding three or more stories In height, used for edu- cational, factory, or hotel purposes, shall be provided with adequate metallic Are escapes or Incumbustible stairs and with proper exits to such escapes or I • stairs ; no obstnictien of hny kind shall be placed In any pastageway leading | to any exit or Are escape; all exit doors and windows shall open outward; ! exit doors and windows shall not be locked duripk working hours. The proper <^dal tihall be admitted to any of said buildings at any to . that these provisions are carried pot See also J (b). Medical Inspection. South OaroUna: See J aii provide for each schoolhouse a United States flag, and said flag shall be displayed on 'the schoolhouse or grounds every day when the weather permits and on the Inside of tile schoolhouse on othen daya BQclilgaa: School boards ibaU provide a United States fiafr and cause the same to be displayed ), State boards; A (c2), County officers; B (b), Teachers' certificates, general. , Arkansas: See A (b2). State officers; A (c2), County officers; A (fK,* mlnlstratlTe units— districts, etc.; B (e), Recognition of normal and opl] ^f^iplomaa . - ' , . California: In erery city of first, second, or third cUs«, and In er^ dty and county there may be a« board of examiners; such shall be composqil of Bup^ntendent and four ejn>erlenced teachers elected by.board of Question and*holdlng <^Bc^ fOQr;yean;. me^ngs held annna^ ^ at tlm call of • gaperinteDdent , Pwoerg and own Koyemment ; ^mlne apifil^ts aiid amt grammr ^ooi c^^t^ and kpi^ai i^oke (pcant out in same as, t^oniy^ bf ^ly and cbohty certificates ihaR ^ - which certificate is granted, and who: eieotad shaU lib ilsnd^^-^ 8T41»4 i»4W8 iSBi^ijss j»4 yimuo , BPiro4iieriiiteDdeiita elected fay school boards «hall be elected for four years, and each boards may flx salaries of all employees Holdbrs of special certiflcates shiUl teach special branches mentioned In their certificates. Board of education shall fix compensation of exa mining board. See also'A (bl), State boards; A (cl), County boards; A (c2), County .offi- cers; F (a), Teachers' contract duties, etc.; Q (d), Teachers’ Institutes khd. summer schools; L (a), Course of study. Colorado; See A (bl), tele boards; A (b2), State officers; B (b), Teachers’ certificates, general; O (b^, Normal schools; G (d), Teachers' institutes and summo* schools. Connecticut: See A (hi), State boards; B (b). Teachers’ certiflcates, general. nciawar^: See A (bl), State boards; A (c2), County officers. Florida; See A (b2), State offlcere; Q (d), Teadl]|^’ Institutes and summ^ schools Georigla; See A (bl), State boards; A (b2), State officers. Idaho: See A (bl), State boards; A (c2), County officers; B (b), Teachers’ certificate general. ^ Illinois: See A (b2). State officers; A (c2), County officers; A (d)/ District boards and officers; B (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Indiana: Si« A (bl,) State boards; A (t). Administrative units — districts, etc. ; B (b) , Teacheris^ certificates, general, lowh: See A (b2), State officers; B (b). Teachers* certificate general; F (b). Teachers’ salaries; 0(c), County and local normal schools. Kansas; See A (c2). County officers; A (f). Administrative units — districts. etc.; E (b), Teachers’ certi^cate general; G (b), State normal schools. Kentucky; See A (b2), State officers; A (c2). County officers ; A (d). District boards and officers; B (b), Teachers' certificate general; G (b). State nor- mal schools; P (c), State universities and colleges. lionUtnna; See A (d), District boards and officers; B (b), Teachers* cer- tificates, general. Hnine: See A (f), Administrative units— ^SlBtrlcts, etc.; B (b). Teachers* certificate general. , Bfaryland; Bee B (b), Teachers^ certificate general. / MassiKJhasette; See A (d), District boards and oC^cers; N (a), High schools. Michigan: See G (c), County and local normal schools; G (d). Teachers’ Institutes and summer schoola " i ' V . Iftnaeotat . See A fttlcte, etc.; B (e), tificate g^eraL Mississippi; SeA * offlceys; B (b), Teacher^ c^flete generjtl; F (b). Teachers* salarle; G ^ • W, State normal school}^ G (d), Teachers* Institutes and summer schools; '* N (a), High schbols^ (c2), County officers; A (f), Administrative units — di^ State alcUCoiwemeDtary eduetion; B (b). Teachers^ cer- ;bl), state boards; A (b2). State officers; A (c2), County MIm 1^ A (b2), lltote officers;, B (b)/Teacbers’ certiflcates, goieral; ^^o .lfb),' iStete nOmal so^^s; 0 (c), Ciounty and local normal sc&oolA State bMur^; A (b2), State officers; A (c2), *County , office; B (b), Teachers' certlflcatesr I etc.; G (d)\/reacbm’ institates 1^: ‘ ^ ® (b), Teachertf' cwtiflcatas^ generai B («). IBiiOHBBS' QUAUFIOATIOHB, QKNBBAL. "^6 Nerad*t Bee A (b2). State officen; B. (b), Teacbera’ certlflcatee, general; O (c), OonnJy and local normal echoola; P (c), State nnlversltlee and col- legea T i New Hunpehlre: See A (d), District boards and officers. New Jeneji See A (bl), State boarda New Mexico; See A (bl)^ State boards; B (b), Teachers’ certificates, general. New rork:. See A (d)» District boards and officers; E (b), Teachers; cer- tificates, general. North Carolina: See B (b), Teachers' certifl'cates, general; O (b),,Agi?^ cultural schools. North Dakota: Seb A (bl), State boards; A . (c2), County/ officers ; fe (b), '^eachera* certificates, general; G (d), Teachers’ Institutes and suinmer schools; O (b). Agricultural schools. ^ Ohio: See H (b). Teachers’ certificates, general. Oklahoma: ^ A (bl). State boards; A (f). Administrative nnltsr-districts, etc.; B (b). Tochers’ certificates, genera'l; G (b). State normal schools; G (d), ’tochers* Institutes and sufiimer schools; L (J), Agriculture. ^regon: See A (6l), Stat^ boards; A (cl), County boaids; JE (b). Teachers’ k certificates, general. ^ ^ PennsylTaikla; S^ A (f). Administrative units— districts, etc.; E (h), Teachers’ cerUflcates, general; F (a), Teachers’ contracts, duties, etc.‘ Rhode Island: H (b), Teadiers’ certificates, general. South Carolina: See. A (bl), State boards; A (cl), County boards; A (d), District boards and officers. • ; ^uth DakoU: See A (b2), State officers; A (c2). County officers; A^) Administrative units — districts, etc. Tennessw: See A (b2). State offlcers\ B (a). General State finance- and, support; H (b). Teachers’ certificates, general; F (a), Teachers’ contracts, duties, etc.; N (a), High schools. . Texas: See B (b), TeacHerri^ certificates, general; F (b). Teachers* salaries. Utah: See A (If), Administrative units— districts, etc.; E (b). Teachers’ cer- tificates, general. Vermont: See A^(d), District boards and officers ; E (b) , Teachers’ certificates, general; L (a), Course df stpdy. Virginia: See A (bl), State boards. Washington: All certificates In for^ at time this act goes Into effect shall continue In force as If these provisions had not been enactet^ All certificates and diplomas, except temporary certificates, and sperialj^Ificates, shall be Issued or countersigned tty the superintendent of public Instruction. The fee for any certificate or renewal of certificate, or any life diploma, or other Instrument giving authority to a person to tench in public schools, ahnll be $1, to be placed ta credit of Institute fund. No t>erson less than 18 years old sliall recelye any certificate to teaeli In public schoola, and no terain leas than 18 years old shall recede any aertlficate other than a temporary, a ttaM gtad^ or a second grade. Before registering any certificate, county* mpertatendent, aaUafy hlmaellVthat holder la of good nwral character ai^ personal fitnea*. Any person who receives 90 per cent or over on any abject or anbjects at any regular .^amlnaHon shall not again be rtdfaired tff.take examlnaOon in such aubj^t or subjects so long m he Is actively eogag^ In Vocational worlt;^ie bolder of any common-achoOl corttflcate -ytM write w aofrcor moiw eobjecti at any examination tbr* parpoae of eecn^ liV credit^Aod wbea aoIBcieiit credits bave been earned the pit^MT certificate liball be Isened. Sta£e board of education shall prepare a- list of optional subjects for each grade of certificate aboye the second Credits of 90 per colt or over on a valid certificate issued another State may be exited by State board of education of Washington. Every certificate Issued by State shall show'bubjotts and standings in »ch. All certificates issued by super- intendent of public instruction shall be valid in any county of th'b State. Temporary certificates shall be issued In accordance with rules and regula* • tions,of State board of education. See also' A (bl), State boards; A (b2)^ State officers; A (c2), County offi- cers; B (a), General State ffinance and sui^rt; E (b), Teachers* certificates, gweral; G (b), State normal school;.G (d)» Teachers* Institutes and summer schoola West Virginia: See A (bl), State boards; E (b), Teachers* certificates, gen- * oral; G (d), Tmehers* institutes and summer schools; F (c)» State universi- ties and conegea; Q (b), Agricultural colleges. ^ Wisconsin: See E tb)» Teachers* certificates, general. Wyoming: See E (b), Teachers* cerflficates, general. E (b). Teachers* Examinations and Certificates, General. AUbama: State board of exaiplners: State superintendent who shall be presi- dent, and two competent teachers appointed by him ; questions prepared by ■ board of examiners and sent sealed tp person appointed to hold lamination ; a misdemeanor to buy, steal> elc., examination questions; examinations, third Mondays In April, July, and December, and may continue three days. -Board of examiners may issue temporary certificates good In county where desired and until flnSl report of results of next regnlav examination. Examination Conducted by county superintAident or by appointee of State board; begins at 11 a. m.; questiong opened by examiner in presence of applicants; fees third grade, |1; ^nd gJ^, $>.60; first grade, $2; life certificate, $3; fees paid into general eduoatlo^und. Salary of secretary of board, $2,400 ; 6ther splinted members, $1,200 each. County superintendent shall' receive $10 for holding eramlnatibn; assistants, $6 each. Teachers shjill^rec^ve no assist- * ance on examinations; each applicant shall sign a statement that no asslst- ^ ' ance has bemi received; persons admitted to examination shall be of good moral character. Certificates shall be life, and first, second, and third .grades;, grade of lees than 60 per cent irf any subject a failure; a general stmugeof 76 pw cent in all subjects must ‘be made; subjects required for each grade of Certificate prescribed by law ; answers td questions forwarded ' by e^mlner to State board; State beard shall examine and grafle papers; • secr^ry of bo^rd Miall Issne certificates to successfnl applicants; papess* shaU be kept State superintendent for six njontha /Israfionv'^hird: gi^de, two years; second grade, four years ; first grade,, six years. Lffb certificates -granted to proficimit teachers of five years* experience while holding first / gnda \Sliute superintendent may revoke certificate for chuse. Secretary of examinefa; shall i. keep register of llcamed teacben^; aerate dis- , qbatlfiktldiiA glte instruction as to nature of alcohol, tobacco, Instruct b agrlcdtture shall be given in all Mobile st^oeds; teaebdr ihall .lKeep .•register ef atteiidjinee; -teacher shall make monthly report to county jwper- ERIC , t8ft<±iiig; If bt^ieant ii to in a sctiool of hlgti grade, the axamlnatloyftalAiiciQde each additional hrancbe^ of study as are to be taughi in roch^hool. \If satlafled of apptlcaht*B competency to teach and of _ hla moral. cluiiWter, lii^rlatesident ahall iaeae a certiflcate to said applicant . He may in CTergency indorse and make valid a county ^rtlflcate issued in this or another State; such indorsement shall be good until the next regular examinatioiL . Oertiflcates issued by county superintendeut shall' be first-grade, valid for three years and may be renewed by such superintendent; second gradd, valid for 18 months; third grade, valid for dine months. Grade of certificate de- . termlned by grade made on examlnatloii. Not more .than two third'-grade certificates shall be issued to the person. County superintendent may issue a first-grade nonreuewable certificate to the b(Hder of j^cM* a oertlfl- «cate secured by examination in another county; -he may revoke any ceftiflcates for cause. County superintendent shall hold examinations -with guestlops prepared b^ the State superintendent In case a certificate is re- , yoked or refused by the dthmty superintendent aggrieved applicant or teacher r paay appeal to the State board of education. In a school district of' the first ^ class, the examination may be ccmducted by the school board and certificates valid in said district may be Issued by said board. ^ £A.ch publiC'Scbool teacher must have a license to teach issued by proper antborlty, but a certificate shall not be required of teachers of music, draw- i teach in the public schools, and grant* certificates lo those of approved char ' acter w^o are qnalifl^ to teach reading, writing, arithmetic, grammar, geography, history, and the rudiments ^ drawing if required ; such certifi- cate shall authorize holder to teach In any public school of the town or dis- trict so long as 4^1^ .without further examination unless specially orderedT such certiflcate m^y limit the authority to teach to a specified tln^ dr a ' spedfled school. Certificates for grades above the third shall cover physi- ^ ology and hygiene. If a pers9n is found qualified to teach any subject other ^ than, those required, euch «subject shall be named in the certificate. Board may revoke certificate for cause. The State board, of education may, upon public examination in such branches and upon such terms as It may prescribe, grant a to teach in any public school in the State and may revoke the Mme. No teacher shall be employed In any school receiving any portion of the public money unless such teacher shall hold a A State bbar^; A (cl), Conhty l^rdfi; A *(c2), County I Tbeye shall be held tn each county two eKaminations each year of i ^ tei^ ; mch exaininaUons shall begin on Tbesday ^r first ‘ ^lioikla|^ In Jane and September and may continue longer than, one day; only ERIC B (b), TBAOHB^' OBBTIFIOAXBS, GEVXBU. 879 one ahaW be hrid in a coontr It two be toond onneceaaary ; at leant one «h«ii be held at the county seat; State fnperintendoit may order eccanilnationa on days other thM thoae prescribed above Oandldatea ftw third, — and first ipade*^rtlflcatB8 ahall be examined by county anperlntmident with qneatfona ^idpered by State superintendent ; seal on queadona miall be broken on morning of examlnaUon In presence of applicants. iCTHiniti«r alkali dealg- nnte each paper turned In by a number and shall deliver all papers to a grading committee. No person shaU be permitted to teach In the public ^ schools who does not hold a certificate granted under this act, but county superintendent may hold a qiecUl examlBJth».aadgrant temporary ^gVO- cate valid until iftit regular examination, if ai^l^taiKmves satiafactarr' reason for not attoidlng last regular examination, but a wcoBnn^por^ certificate ahall not be leaned to same person. Oeiftficates ahall be of seven grades, namely, third grade, second grade, first grade, primary, qieclal. State, and life? Bach applicant shall presait evidence of good moral characs ter and Mall pay a fee of |1 to be placed to credit of county school' fund. Brancheg required in examination for third grade; Spelling, reading, geog- . raphy, arithmetic, English grammar. United States history, physiology, theory and practice of teaching, conteoaltion, agriculture, and civics; no grade shall be below 40 per cent, and aferage grade made shall be 60 or more; valid for two yeara Requiremenit for second grade: Satisfactory ^mlnaOon in branches required for third grade, with no grade below 00, ^ an average grade of 76 or more ; valid for four years. Branches reqviredji^rst grade ■ Same as required for third grade* and. In addition, algebra di^hyslcai geography; no grade shall be below 60. and a general average of Sfilr more must be made; valid for five years. Primary certificate; Appllcam must make a general average of at least 86 per cent In oral and written Amlna- tlon on primary studies and methods as State superintendent may p^ribe; valid for four years In first, second, and third grades of schook A sKe^ certificate may be l^ed^by State supetlntendMt to applicant showing fitness for teaching any one or more branches not Included Jta requirements for second-grade certificate and making a grade of not less than 90 on branches prescribed by State superintendent; valid for five years for teaching branches for which Issued. Jt State certificate may be Issued to applicant who shall have taught 24 mon^ 8 under a first-grade certificate. In Florida, and who shall have passed m examination conducted by the State superintendent on geometry, trigonomftry, physics, botany, woology, Latin, rhetoric, English literature, psychology, and general history,- and shaU have made an average grade tof 86, with a grade In no branch below 60; vaUd for five years throuM- out the State. A life certificate valid throughout the State may without exam- ination be Issued by& State superintendent to applicant holding a State cer- tificate who hag done hlgh-school or college teaching In the State for 18 months, and who has shown eminent ability In teaching. A first, second, or third grade certificate may be Indorsed by county superintendent and made valid for unexpIred term In county of said superintendent. When the bolder of a first-jrade certificate ahall present evidence of having taught 20 years In the State, 9, of which shall have been since January 1, 1894^ and shku iweeait evidence of good character apd sucoeas in teaching, coui^y guperintendmit ^y Indorse said certificate and fpve It perpetual vaUdlty In county where l^rsed; when teac^.has taught six yeara under first-grade certificates, the average grade of sucl) rertlflcates being not less Muut '90 per cent. Issued since January 1, 1894, coonty superipfimdwrt may issue to said teacher a first- grade certifidte good thronrfhout the State and ojf perpetual validity in the 880 STATB LAWS EBIAHKG TO PUBUC KDUGAT|OK. eonnty where iaraed* When holder of a primary certificate aball present erklenoe to State anperlntendent of having taught four years under snch cer- tificatev said aoperlntendent^ may indorse said certificate, making it valid during the life of the holder* Certificate of any grade may he revoked for cause by authority issuing the same or hy State soperlntendent County hoard of education aball before each examination np|K)lnt three teachers hold- ing the highest grade certificates in the county ns a grading committee to grade examination palmers; after papers are graded county sui>eriutendent ahall for first time make known to grading committee the name correspond- ing to number on papers of each person examined^ Questions and answers shall be filed in county snperlntendeut's office for at least one year; any applicant disaatlafied with Riding may op|>enl to State sui)eriutendeut Com mlttee ahall each receive $2 j)er er mile tmveUM (one trip), bat for not exceeding five days. It le unlawful for any echool officer to divulge examination Qfiestions, or for applicant to gain iKmsession of the same, or for any person to have questions in bis possession except a^ prp vlded in this act. All graduates of the normal or college departments of tho University of Florida hnd (College for Women and of any other college or ^onlv^rsity In the State that will submit to such ins|>ectlon and regulation as die Stata board of education and State board of coiitrot may prescribe art' granted a State certificate, but one-fifth of time of college dgivirtments mu at be devoted to professional training, and Ih examinations taken by- api)licant at doee of junior and senior years a grade of at least 86 t>er cqnt must W made. ® ' See also A (b2), Btato officers; G (d), Teachers' Institutes and sOmmor schools. ^ " Georgia: The county superintendent of schools shall examine all api)llcants for teachers' licenses. AppliennU for license to*tet»ch*in the common schtxjls aball. be examined in spelling, reading, writing,’ English grammar, geog- ^ • raphy, arithmetic, theory and practice of teaeWng, and physiology and hy- giena State syperlntendept shall fix date of examination to be held through out the State; ‘he shall prepare questions, and county superintendent aba'll grade papers under instruction of State ifuperlntendent. No examination shall be held at other time thifh that designated by State sui)erluteudcnt. unless county board of education shall declare an emergency; for such special examination county -^superintendent sh^ll prepare questions; license khall be valid ou^ until next regular examination and In county where issueth Cfcunty superintendent shall grade papers and submit his gradings to count^^ board of eduction, who shall issne licenses of first, second, or third grade, according to qualifications of applicants; eagh applicant shall attain at leasl the lowest grade fixed by the State superintendent of schools. Duration of licenses: First grade, three years; second grade, two years; third grade, one year. License issued u[>on regular examination may be valid In another county ny indorsement of the superintendent thereof. All students or grad nates of any school, college, or other institution of learning aball be required . to stand examination provided by law before being i>ermittc^ to teach in the comipon or public schools; laws authoiiaing such students or graduates to ' teach'* without examination are repealed - i^unty superintendent may for eaute revoke any Hermes Issued by himself or his predecessors; appeal from such action may be taken to county board of educotlon, whose dedslon shall be final. Whoever shall forge or co?uiterffelt a teacher’s license ahall be gnllty of a felony. Teachers In mupicipnl schools or other local systems pro- vided by law shall i^nd examinations under regulations of State superln- | E (b), TEACHBBS’ OBHTmOATBS, OBNEBAL. 881 I teodent nhrt State board of edcioation, bnt where municipal ayntem maintaiQB atendards of quallflcatlonB approved by State board said board may delegate to said municipal system authority to examine and certlflcate Its own teaoberai (State board of eduontlon \n nuUmrlzed to provide a system of certlflcatJon of teachers. The following certificates are provided for under regulationa of snld board: rrimnry, general elementary, professional elementary, profes- fesalonal pecondary, and apeoln 1-subject certificates.) ' ' ‘ See also A (bl). “State lioardii; A (b2). State officers. Idaho: Holder of a certificate must be a cltlaen of (the Hnlted ' States, or muat have declared Intention to become one. EinmInAtlons for State and State life certlflcatoa shall be held on fourth Thursday of February and August; county suiierlntendent shall hold examination ; <2fi^tlons shall be such only )i8 are sent under seal of Statp board of education; county superintendent sliall return pai>er8 to State superintendent for grading. State certificates Kliall bo State certlflcntea and Bpeclnllsts' State certificates, valid for eight years, and life certificates ; State board of education may Issue State certlflcates to grnduntea of npi>roved normal schools, colleges, nnd unlversttles and to holders of State certificates In other States, but appllcanta must have taught wlthlu Inrt two years, must have had 18 mouths* experience In teachltig, and niuat stand examination In Slate school law. constitution, and manual of counse of study. State board may Issue specialists’ State certificates fb teachers of special subjects, ns manual training, etc., but applicant must have completed at least a two-year course In bis specialty and most have acadenfic /m*pnratlon equal or supt^rlor to graduation from an approved high school. Cmdiiate of approved college or university of the State who holds certificate that be has completed required course In department Of education or has taught two years In a public school of the State may be granted a State eer-* tificate. State l>onrd may Issue life certificate to holder of lift certWcnte of another State If nppllomt has taught five yelrs. two In Idaho, and stands examination In State school law, constitution, and manual of course pf study. State board shall Issue a State certificate to applicant passing eocnmlaatlon In branches i>resoriber)roved colleges who have had one year post-graerlence, State high school five-year certificates may be Issued to grad- Uiita«t^f approved colleges whose course Included 16 semester hours In educa- tloh nnd one-half year practice ter8 shall be forwarded to board for grading; grades shall be returned to county super- intendent, who shall Issue certificates; all except third-grade certificates may , be validated In any county other than that of Issue when Indorsed by super- intendent thereof. Applicant for a county certificate shall pay a fee of |1, and every such certificate shall be registered annually and a fee of $1 paid therefor. County superintendent or State sui>erintendent may suspend any certificate for cause. State superintendent may indorse and make valid a certlfidato from another State. See also A (b2), State ^^cere ; A (c2), County officers; A (d). District boards and ofiScers. Indiana; Under direction of State board of education county superintmdont shall examine, with questions furnished by said bonnl, all applicants for licenses to teach In the State; said applicants may elect to have their luanu- scrl^ sent to the State superintendent for grading and shall pay a fee of |1 therefor; license Issued shall entitle holder to teach anywhere within the State. County superintendent shall send with manuscribt teacher’s grade of schoolroom success, as made by himself or by city or town sui>erintendent ; the average of schoolroom success and of grade made on examlogitlon shall . constitute teacber*s general average. Examination shall be In spelling, read- ing, writing, geography, English grammar, physiology, United States history, Brientlfic temperance and literature, *school government, and school theory ; if applicant passes' examination satisfactorily, State sxmerintendent shall ' Issue a license valid for 12, 24, or 36 months, and In ^ above branches only, the duration of said license to depend upon grade fll||^by applicant A blgh-schom license valid for 60 months may be granted l^^Appllcant pai^S' ' . ing mcceMfuIly In the addltioAl branches prescribed by State board of j ^ edilcatlOD, which license shall be valid in noncommlsrioned high schools. Otassifleation of lioensea provided for herein: Life license, first grade; profes- sional license, second grade; high srhool, third grade; dO-month license, - B (b)* TEAOBMBB^ Om^mCArEB, GBXTBR&L. , S85 foa^ grade; 24-month 4cenae, fifth grade; 12-m(mth Uceneev eixdi grade, aty, tpwn, and counly sin^eriiitendentfl ahaU vlait schools under thelf super- vision and grade teachers upon their classroom success; but appeal may be . taken from grading of county superintendent to State supwlntendent ^ county •superintendwit shaU hold ope pubUc exai^tioa of tbachers, beginnlhg on the last Saturday of January, February,. March, April, May, ' June, July, and August of each year; questions shall be furnished by the State board of education. Examination shall be In spelling, reading, writing, arithmetic, geography, English grammar, physiology. United Slates history, scientific temperance and literature, school management, and the science of teaching; county superintendent ^shnll Issue license valid for 12, 24, or 36 months, according to the ratio of correct answers and other evidences of qualifications given on said examination, the standards of which shall he fixed by the county superintendent; a 6- months ’Ucense shall be proba- tlouary, and no person receiving the same ahan thereafter be Ucensed from said county unless be obtains a grade sufficient to entitle, him to at least ' a, 12 months* license. 4 pefson holding two successive 86-month licenses shall be entlUed at the expiration thereot to an 8-yeor professional license, on passing an etamlnatlon prescribed by the State board of educa- tion, and said license ^aball entitle 'bolder to teach in any of the schools of the State. Any person who ha a taught « for six consecutive years and who holds a three-year li enee, or who has heretofore been exempted, shall forever be exempted from examination so long as he shall teach in the common schools of the county where three-year license was issued, but If be ceases to t(ih:h one year, his exemption shall cease; If such person shall seek to teerlntendent the names of those whose licenses be revokes. See also A (bl), State boards ; A (f), Admiuistrativb units — districts, etc' Iowa: The board of educational examiners shall consist of the superintendent of public Instruction, president of the nnlver^ty, president of the State teachers* college, and two persons appointed by the governor, one of whom v ^lall be a woman, appolnteee to hold office four years. Said board shall ^ annually bold nt least two public examinations of teachera and may grant State certificates and diplomas. Examination for certificate shall be In spiling, reading, writing, arithmetic, geography, English grammar, bookkeeping,* p^lolo^. United States history, algebra, botany, iilatural phHoeophy, draw- ing, cIvlcA constitution and laws of the State, and didactics. Examination for diploma shall be In subjects required for certificates, axi9 ia addition 8W6*--16 ^25 ^ t86 . * •SIAnt LAWS BBLATIKO TO FOBUG SDTTOATION. thereto Keometi?* trigonometry, chemistry, ecology, geology, astronomy, politi- cal economy, rh^rlc, EngMsh literature, general history, and such other sub- jects as the hoard may require. Bald board may issue cerdflcates for special rabjecta, as music, drawing^ etc., or to any primary teacher, said certificates ^ to be valid only for teaching subjecta for which Issued. Said board may vaJldate certificates laaaed by other States when requirements on which* sucli certificates were Issued are equivalent tothoee of Iowa; said certificatee shall he good for five years. State certificates shall be valid for five years; ^diplomas for life. Any certificate or diploma may be revoked by board for cause. Foes; For certificate, $2; diploma, $6. Members of board shall receive expen^ and those not receiving salaries from the State or any Institution thereof shall receive |3 per day. Board may appoint persons at not exceed- 60 cents per hour to assist In examlnations^oi; grading papeiA Board may acc^t* graduation from the regular and collegiate course's In the State university, State teachers* college, State normal schools, and the State col- lege of agriculture and mechanic arts, and other Institutions of higher learn- ing In the State and approved colleges In other States, and may grant thei'eon a State certificate valid for five yeara All State certificates may be renewed for life upon the payment of $6 and proof of at least five years* succesafnl experience in teaching, thVee of which shall have been during the time said certificate has been In force. The county superintendent, who may be of either sex, shall be the holder of a first-grade certificate, a Statg certificate, or n life diploma. County superintendent shall hold quarterly examinations of applicants for teachers’ , certificates; questions used shall be famished by the State board of examiners. Examination fbr first-grade certificate shall be In spelling, reading, writing, arithmetic, geography, grammar, United States history, didactics, physiology, pnd* hygiene, and the elements of civics, algebra, economics, physics, and vocal music. Special certificates may be Issued to teachers , of special subjects; such certificates shall be valid for three years and may be renewed as other wrtiflcate& Appllcanfh wbo have taught for at least 36 weeks and who are entitled to a first-grade certificate shall receive the same for three years; ^d certificate may be renewed without examination on proof that an ap- proved course of professional reading has been followed. For n second-grade certificate ^pP^cant must stand examination In subjects ‘required for first grade, except civics, economics, algebra, and physics; said certificate shall be valid for two years and shall be renewed as first-grade certificates arc renewed; holder- may at any examination be examined In any subject re- quired for first grade or In a third-grade subject to raise his per cent obtalne<] ^«eln; when all first-grade subjects are thus passed a first-grade certificate ehall be granted. First grade and specla] certificates shall be renewed for life upon proof that holder has had five years of successtful experience in teaching, that he made a generanaverage of 86 per cent o» more, and not less than 80 per cent bn any. one subject lij examination for said certificate, ^ and that required professional study has been pursued. Applicant for third- grade certificate shall be examined in subjects requIree ladd. actual exi)en8e8 for attepdlng meetings. State board may also Issue cer- tificates,of two grnde^ne for three years and' one for five years-whlch shall sui^rsede necessity of further examination and shall Ik: valid throughout the State. Any educational Institution of the State which requires a four- year blgh-school course as a condition of admission, whose c-ourse of study is i apiwoved by the State board, and which malntnlns an onitrovell department of eduMtlon may apply to the State board and be placed on the " accnKllted 1st ; such Institution shall Ik; subject at any tline to examination by State ^ard ; to graduates of accredltee api>ointed by county commissioners on fiomlnatlon by superintendent and who shall receive $3 per day for not exceeding 24 days in any year; In January* Oc-tober. and nt close of county normal institute examiners shall hold quarterly examinations of all iwrsons proposing to teach In the county, except in cities of the first and second class, and shall Issue certificates to those who i>ass; a student of the State university, agricultural college, or State normal school or Its auxiliaries -may be ex- amined by presiding officer tliereof, and papers, together with fee of |1. shall be sent to county examiners for grading and Issuance of certificate At the time of closing normal institute county superintendent may hold special examination with questions furnl8he^ one year. Qualifications required for third grade: Applicant must be over 18 years old, must make average of 75 i>er cent wIUi no grade below dO per cent, must not have held 4)revlously more than one third-grade certificate if he has taught thmi months, and must iwss examination in spoiling, rending, writing, English grammar and com- position, geography, arithmetic, United States history, Kansas history, civics, physiology and hygiene, elements of agriculture, principles of teaohlrig. and . elementary science, Including at leujst an elementary knowledge of physical geography and botany. Qualifications for seamd grade: Applicant must be over 38 years old and have taught three months, must make ayerage of 80 per cent or more with no grade below 00 per cent, and in addition to sub- jects required for third grade must pass examKatlon in music and English literature. Qualifications for first grade: Applicant must be over 20 years, bid and have taught^ least 12 months, must make average of 90 pe/ cent With no grade below 75 per cent, and In addition to subjects required for second grade must pass examination In algebra, ancient and modem history, bookkeeping, and elementary science, Includ^g an elementary knowledge of physical geography, botany, and physics; holder of second-grade certificate K (b). TEACHBas" CEBTIPICATB8, OBNBBAL, 889 may, fbr securing first grade, retain credit fo^ two years on subjects In which a grade of 90 per cent was previously made; first-grade certificates may be renewed when holders have attended at least 90 per cent of one county Institute or six weeks at app^ved training school and when their professional work has approval of county superintendent Additional /icaiions for ffrat and second (fradr: Applicant for first grade shall have nr least two years’ credit In a high school or the equivalent thereof ns shown by examination prescrlbeetent persons who with the 8ui)erluteudent shall constitute an exndilning committee for such dis- trict in lieu of State and county certificates. See iileo-A (c2), County officers, A (f). Administrative unite— district^, etc.; (i (b), Stole normal acbools; G (c), County nnd local normal achools; N (a), High schools. Kentucky: Ooimty HUi>erIntendent shall apjwlnt two moral and well-educated - l>erson8 holding touchers’ certificates or diplomaH. who. together with him* stdf, shall constitute n county board of examiners. Three grades of teachers’ (‘eptificatea shall be Issued : (1) State teacher’s diploma; (2) State teacher’s certificate; (3) county certificate, which may l)e first or second- class ; one of these certificates necessary to teach. State Imnrd of examiners shall prepare three sets of questions for white teachers and sjime numberffor ct>loreerIntendeiU Vnd one examiner shnll conduct examination. State dlifiomns. may be issuetl by State bdartL of examiners after |>ersonnl examlnntlou In cnpitol In July on snbje<‘t8 of common-school course and on science and art of teaching, psychology, bbiglish Ilierature, algebra, higher arithmetic, geoiiietry, physics, and elementary tin; applicant must average 90 j)er cent; State diploma good In all public or part*publlc schools till revoketl or holder fails to engage in school work for five years; qualifies holder for office of county superIn- ’ tendent; may be revoked by county superintendent within hla county. State teachec’s certificate mf\y be granted by State board of examiners after written examination in county or personal examination beforcT board In capItoI; grade required. 90 i>et cent, based on common-school. course nnd upon English literature, Elementary algebra, blahep arithmetic, and science and art of teaching; applicant must be 21 years old and have tanght two years; examinations held In all couutles In June and September on questions for- warde^l by State b^ard of examhaerg; applicants must b^ examined at same time as those for county certificates ; entitles holder to teach anywhere In State; Is good for eight years, unless revoked or holder leaves school work for two years ; may be renewed once ; county superintendent may revdke, as . far as his county goes, for cause. County certificates shall be first and second class, good for four and two years, ^ respe^vely; valid only In coupty of 890 STATB LAWS KK^htHNO TO PUBLIC BDUCATION. ^ lasoe, but may be validated In abotber county for one year; first ciaas sball require 86 per cent ; second class, 76 per cent ; eounty superintendent may ' revoke; applicant must be 18; this law repeals all laws on minimum salarlea. State board of examiners may vallAte SUte diplomas and State certificates of otber States. Selling certificates to teach by eounty superintendent or county examiner made a mledemeanor. punishable by fine; selling examina- tion questions by any person made a felony, punishable by Imprisonment^ applicant must make oath that he has no rK^rsonal knowledge of such mat ters. Teachers of common sehobls shall keep register, which shall be s>H' temutically graded for at least four years’ work, ^tale sni>erlntendent shall furnish teticbers blank monthly and term reimrts, which Uiey shall carefully fill out and return. Teachers aha 11 enforce course of study, use textbooks , adopted; division board may dismiss teiicher if he neglects or refuw^s; teacher *'is authorized and directed to hold each pupil to a strict accountability 4or disorderly conduct on the playground or during any intermission or recess, or on the road to and from school"; he may suspend* pupils ; shall not be required or under obligations to teach any other than the common-Hchoi>I brunches prescribeil by the State board of education, unless so S{)ecified In written contract with the division boartj. State board of education shall have power to determine qualifications of teachers In high schools; Issue certificates to teach through State board of examiners on such examinations as. may be held; State 8n;M^rintendent may * validate sufb high-school t'ertiflcaics during- good l>ehnvIor on certain oondl- dltions; he may also revoke. State board of education may. on application. Insi)ect institntlons of higher learning not conducted fi>r private gain, Investb gate their work and Rtandards. and grant certificates to their students; no such certificates shall be granted for.lnwer grade of work than tlmt“demandtHl by State boardAof oxiiminers. or granttnl to students of State t;niversity of Kentucky and State normal schools of KenUicky; state board of eerlntcndent ami county board of oerintendent ; sttld committee shall . grade papers and Issue certificates to those making standard set by State board. Examination fees shall be: Graduates of colleges and ijOTmal schools of other States, $6; high-school certificates and first-grade certificates, $2: second grade, |1.60; third grade, $1. Suci fees shall be used In paying salaries ^ expenses of examlnera state board shall detennlne number of examihationa Said committee may issue proTislonai certlfii^tes to appli- cants, valid unUl papers can be graded. State board may renew fltst-grade certiflcatee, and aecoud-grade certlficatea held by teachers who have taught continuously for five years, upon request from pariah boards and pariah superintendents. Certificates now valid shall not be affec‘ted by this act Tochers must make written contracts, and must hold certificates sufflcleoUy high to meet requirements of schools. Certificates are revocable for cause. Before receiving any pay as publlo-scluH)! teach such leacher shall file cer- tificate tx> the effect that he 1ms wnii»Il«l wIUi t lie law. tj rad nates of m'cred- Ited higher iustitvitious of the State shall 1h^ exempt from exauiluacion. except lu tlieory and art of teaching, history of tHlucatitUi, iwyoliology, and school adminlstnuion. Diifiomns conferred upmi graduates of Pealnxly normal school locattHl at Nashville, Teim., Stale normal sihtHil. Natchitoches, Im., city normal s^'hot)!. New. Orleans, Ui., dciwrtment of i)hlU>Sophy and educa- tion of lAmlsianu State Oiiiverslty and AgrlciilturaUuul Mtshanlcal College, teachers’ college of Tuiane University, teachers’ tmiuing department of all BohoolH, or InsUtutionij nuthorixed to grant diplomas that will establish a teachers’ tniinftig de|)artmeut approved by State hoard shall entitle holders to a first-grade ^Ttlfloate, valid anywhere in State for \ierh>d of four years, and renewable. Parish sui)erlmeiKlenLs and public-school teachers shall keep school records prior to receiving monthly salary; lach principal shall make monthly re[>ort to parish HUi>orIu ten dent, othenvlse shall forfeit $2. The • teacher slull enfort'e I'onrse of study aud regulutions; may sus|>end pupils for gooil cause: dec-jslon of parish Huperlnteudcut shall be final as to such sus- pensfon. Dliilomas coiiferreil for fnil two years’ course In the H. Sophie Newcomb Memorial C-ollege, Tulaiie I’nlverslty, shall entitle holders to teach anywhere in SUite for four years, (vrtlficati^s being renewable. T See also A (d), District hoards and olHcers: (J (h), state normal schools. Maine; Slate superintendent shall cause to be held at U*Qst once a year at times and places designated by him.’ examinations of candidates for teachers’ ^ positions; he shall designate examiners. Certificates shall be granted to \)ehonB over years old and graduates qf standard high schools or acad- emies who imss aitlsfactory examination In branches n^quired by law to hi taught; such certificate shall be either probationary or [>erinan^nt and shall indicate the grade of school which holder may tench: certificate may be grauteil without exnmlnatiou to graduate of coliege, ‘or Maine Normal School, or of other normal st‘hool having two-year course above high school, or to teacher having had two years’ scr^’ice and shown satisfactory fitness. Cer- tificates grautetl by other States may be recognleed by State sui>erlntendent. Certificate may be revoked fo\ cause. No teacher shall be employed who does not hold State. cerMfleate. but temporary nonrenewable teaching permits may be Issued for one yea'r by local 8U[)erintendent after examination. From money raised for the common w'hools $1,000 may be exi>emUHl for carrying out this act. See also A (f). Administrative units — distrh'ts, etc. i Maryland: person shall be employ^ as a teacher unfess such x>er8on holds (a) fl c^flcnte of qualificathnj Issued by county sui>erlntendent ; (b) dl- plomh oWa State normal school of Maryland or of normal department of Washington College; (e) diploma of a standard normal school of another State Indorsed by State superlntdlident; (d) diploma of reputable college or university maintaining n department of pedagogy approv^ by State superintendent; (e) in case of high-school teachers a diploma of standard /college satisfactory to State superintendent; (f) certificate of State board \ ^ ^ 892 ■ STATE LAWS EBfll^NO TO PtTBUC ElJUCATION. of odocatioo, and aftor June 1, 1915* do person wbo haa not been prevloosly resnlarly employed aa a teacher aba 11 be appointed aa a teacher without hav- fM had apodal pedagojclc training of at least five weeks. ' Any grduate of department of petiaROfcy of any reputable college or university approved by State ho ird of edncntion shall be entitled to teach In public elementary or/ - I high school without examination; principal teachers shall be appointed by district board subject to confinimtlon by I'onnty board ; may be renioveil ; shall make aocumte reports of attendance* textbooks, and other Blatlstlt's; teocher not entltlcHl to imy till rei>orts are retvlved; ctinnty l>oanl shall o\ amine charges agntnat teachers. IVrsoiis with first-class teacher’s certiflcatr or diploma of reputable <'oI1ege or State normal school after t^ichlug seven years, five in Maryland, may apply to State Nnml of education for life cer- tificate. * Salaries shall be flxetl by county lK>ard: no white teacher shall have less than 1300 per school year. All teachers regularly employed and holding first-class certificates* having taught three yeai's. shall rtvelve not \ofv flntn $350; for five years, $400; for eight years, $450; for 9eeond*ciHRs Certificate and eight years of work, $360. ‘ The county commissioners of each comity shall levy a sufficient amount to meet the IncreuHe of snlsries providetl for In this act.” Any white teacher bolding a diploma from n standard normal •chool or department of education of ir'ataudanl college or university ap- proved by State superintendent or with sufficient creer annum . after Ihri'e years’ teaching “ in any of the publb’^’hool.s of the State,” $450: after j|ve years, $500; after , eight years, $550. liy Octolw*r 1 county Hujierlutendetit Hhall subinK to couniy board of school comnilssUiners list of all teachers employed classified as lo (a) scholarship, (hi executive ability, (c) iK^rsonnllty. and (d) teaching power. >. /’e»w(otw. When any jieraon has taught in the public or normal schools of the State^or 26 years and has reachetl 00 years of age without reproach by reason of physical or mental disability being unable to teach longer and with out means of support he may ^ay bis case^fore State boanl of education with recommendation of board of county ^;hool commissinera, and If facts are found as stated teacher shall l>e placed on the “ teachers' retired list " and entitled to an annual i>enstDn of $200; State hoard may waive age limit: $34,000 appropriated annually to carry out this act. (Ry-luws of State board exiilaiu more in detail duties of twiohers; they provide that teacdiers aha 11 b^allowed not more Uiiin 20 days for actual sick- ness during the school for siich days lost they shall be paid not less than one-half of their reg^ar salary; time lost by teacher from any cause shall not be made up by teaching on Saturdays or legal holidays or extra hours; teachers made responsible for textbooks and must furnish Inventory of books and stationery' at end of year; contracts shall be In writing; 30 days’ notice roqulre\ township, city, or district Said regents may give credit for work done in other Instltutlous tn the Hidenoe and art of teaching If the same Ih „ CHpiIvrtlent to the work d«>ne In the rnlveralty of Mlchljcan, The Stnti' boanl of educjitlon may grunt leacher'a certificate without examination to miy iierson who Ima reIlege year of five and one-half hours a wei‘k : such ajHH'ial coursi» u)u«t Inive the ap|>roval of the stAte Isuml of education, such ('ertllH*ate shall valid ftjr life when holder 1ms bjul three years of sut'censful exi>erience: It may be revoketl only by Hie state Uaml of eilucatlon. The Slate Uvani of agriculture may graut to graduates of the four-year ('ourae in agrlculturo-ln the Michigan Agricultural College who have taken n course In i>etlftgi>gica of at least a half yearr’s Ri>eclal Instruction a teacher's eertlflcnte to tejich agriculture for three ' years : said certificate slnill l»e aimulletl only by ksUI State Inaird, Si^e also A (bit, St4ite lK)ardH; A [v2k County ollh-ers; !»d-gmde or lim- ited certificate, must have coijpUjUHl a professional otmrae of training for teaching, but not to excetMl yftO weeks, may Ik? requln^rby State sujK?rin- tendent; training courses in /he .state university, In St4ite normal schoidHi. or In ee accepte«l ns meeting these requirements. For the «|»e<’hn training teachers for the public si'hools there are estale * llsheer- Intendent shall pn)vid^^fm/ institutes and training schools In the several ('oun- tles; Institutes shall conTinue for at least four days, and each training hcIkwI not less than four nor more than six we«*ks: county suj»orIfiteudent shall take part. In Institutes; schoolhouses may Ik* used for institutes ami training sc*hool8 If such use shall not Interfere with the sessions of the sc1mh>I ; schools may l»e closed to allow teachers to attend Institutes; for the support of Insti- tutes and training schools the sun; of |27.0(X> Is anmialjy appropriated out of the revenue fund. County surH?rintendenU shall hold teachers* examinations at lea,st twice a year In each ('oiinty and at the sjune time; fees for teachers’ (‘ortlflcntes or rene,wals shall Ik* 60 c*ents ; fee for indorsement of normal-school diploma and for professional certificate, $1; fee for i>ennaneut professional certificate, $6; all such fees shall be remitted to State sui)erintendent ; local expenses of examinations fUiall I>e laihl by t-ouiity; the exiK*nse luciirrad by State superintendent in connection therewith, not to exceed $2,600 pef year. ^11 be paid out of teachers’ Institute fund. Branches for examination for cAtlflcates shall be reading, spelling. wrlUng. arithmetic, grammar, United States history, composlUon, geography, physiology, civil government, and practlcaUiyglene, Applicants for a first-grade certificate shall also be exam- ined In elementary algebra, plane geometry, physical geography, and physics, but the State superintendent may designate other branches that may be taken 3M STATB LAW8 RBLATTl^O TO PUBUC RnUCATION, - In Ileo of pl>y«lCAl Roogmpliy, phyedco, nm1 plHiie (twmrtry* at the oi>t*on of fh© appUcant Applicants any grnfle, at their option, nay be cTamlned in maale, drawing, and such languages ht* may be preat^rlbed by the Vt ate f*ti|ier Inteodeiit Applicants for speclftl- certi flea tea aluill l>e examined In all bnuirhi*»< t>M|ulr©d for aeoond-gmde certldcatea, and In aueh other branolieH as they wlah to be siwclnlly authorised to teaoh ; teechers taking examinations nmy* dlHnilKK Ibelr aeh()ols for not to extx*ed two daya In emh without lofGi of pay Rxaniluatlon i^i^era shall l»e gnulcyl by State stiller. atemlent ; jnarklmrs fnr profesaloiial rend grade, first grade, aeix>iH] grafesslonnl. and first gnule jirofesslonal. 8hito superintendent may Issue certiflenfos of (]im II float ion without exa ml na- tion lo i»ersoii8 who have taught flve or more y*»«rM In the State. l.linItiNl third-grade oertificates, good for one year, may he given to iH*r?4(Mis wUlnau ex|>erlen('e, not under 17 years oltl. who have i*aswN! nNpilr»\l examination. Second-grade certificates shall he given to p«>rsf. First grade cert ifl<*a ten shall be Isaued to Iversons otherwise tpmlifltM amt of at letiat eight months' anccessfnl exi>ertenre In teaching, tlie same valid for five years In any t.\mnfy of State. Stjite Mi|H«rintem1ent may Issue a st'SH'lal «'ertl!leato lo a graduate of a standard and approval t-ollegt* or State normal selustl and to anyone Qualified' tt or Indorse tvrtlllcnlts* from other Siatt*?;, also r professional certificatea shall be held I»y State sniKTlntendent or by a cointnittiv of thr^i* appointed by biw. Examiiiatbaw fir i)rofes8lonuI (Y**ilfl psycljology, (:ji geiiernl pedagogy, and (4) school orgaiiiwttlon and law; mathematics. Including (1) higher algebra, (2) solid geometry, and (3) trigonometry, plune and spheri- cal; English, includliQt (I) EngllJVh and <2) American literature, and (3) rhetoric: history*. (1) ancient, (2) mwiieval, (3) IChglish, and H) American; aelenee, Including botany, chemistry, physics, geology and physiography, astron- omy, aoology, and political science. A secx>nd-grade itrofessUmal certificate may be granted to any teacher who imsses In nil branches of snlKllvisIon 1 In foregoing list and in sLx branches in other aulxliv^ions. A first-grade profeeslonai certificate shall be Issued to nuy teacher passing. In the fore- going Hat, In all brauchea of subdivision 1, in two of these., in each of subdlvisionB 2 and 3, and In three of those in each of the other subdivisions. . or who furnishes evidence of quallficatloa equivalent to such examination. superintendent may grant to teachers lacking not mor« than three Ranches for professional certificate professional permits good for one y/aar. A first-grade certificate and diploma from the academic department of a standard college, with proof of one year's successful teaching^ shall be ac* • * ✓ B (b). TEACHfcHs’ CKRTmCATBS, GENERAL. ' 396 ^ 11^ eiaiulmyion. Ortifli-atm of KniduMtIon from tho Rtate unlvenrify tegue-eam- experience under such certlflcnte holder may be Rrauted a Vrmanem profetwlonal cenifloate. niplomaa laaued to (traduatea of State normal achoola shall Im. valid aa Aral ^'rado «-nlflcal.>a rttr two yoara. ami may l« made, after sms'esafnl eiiwrleiKv of hohler. iwmatiem . first emde cerllflcntea Normal si lKsil eleim'iitary dlplonms shall ts> valid aa ttrst-irrade certlfienlea for thns* .\eura and ahull md he iviiewahle; said eertifieiite may (a* ext(-nde ytNira uism comidetlon by the holder of one year's work nt a Minnesota State normal -whool. Holders of oertlil.-ates from State normal *-hm*;i.s. abowInK li e .s.midellon of Iwo y.mra' work ihervdn. ahall ls> enlltl.xl to have the same liulors.sl hy State su|)erlmemlent as se<-ond-|n-a.le eertlfleales. tVrllfloau>s may Iv or n*\ok(Hl for Ju«t chwm*, Sr'h.ij.1 hoanls shall emi.loy leaehera ami fix their salaries; contract ahall l>e writlen; no teacher rclate.1 hy hloo.1 or marrh.po to a iniatee ahull keep full seh.a>l records; ahall ana ke reports to county sni>erlnten<\eni A S^e teacheiW employment bureau, la ^established ; anv le«tllr qualified tcilther may becrtme a member of said hun*au ma.n i*ymenl of annual fbe. of K; the pur,H,se of aald bureau slmll be toTundsh the a<-veral schools will, lufomiatlon relRlIve to teachers and to furnish mcmta.ra lufornmilon relative to vai'anclea In s.lioOI istslilons, but said bnrenn shall not Ik; nndersusal to* voneh for t.>aehers nor to KUaninl.e is.sIKons to leacherK. Slate teuderd ahall «p,adnt the dlre.-lor of the ptate teachers', emplovnmnt h.ir^u and h s assistants; said dltwlor shall ,«,y all f.vs r.svive,l to state treasim-r ulul hIihU iflvc Imitii.t Rcalso A (c2.. ('o.miy o|fi,«ers; A (f). .Administrative nnlta-vllat riels, etc. HUmlMlppI; Two flrst ffrade teachers. apix.lnled annually by comity superlif. temlepi. ahall with Him olfleor ('ousllliile an exaniliiliiK board for that counlv • \ they shall examine ...ichera and aa a boanl review and grade papers; tenchera on board alull rei'elve $l>rs> iH>r day laich and 2.". eeiita each for Rn.dluc IMip^a. i.nl.1 out of achmil fund: they ahall lake oath: eiamlm.tlons ahall lie hehrlntendenl ; shall relate only to iraiiehea re«inlred In ]mhlle schools and which constitute Iheil^currlculiiDi' mihiwfnl to e.,nlracf with fencher without valid lloenae ; evldmice of nioral character and ahlllty to govern aclnsd reiiulred. Flrst-gralle llcmae re- quires examlnnllon In s,«.lllnK. reading, practical and menial arithmetic, goography. h^ngliah gramimws^nd coniiKisIlloii. I'nitisl Stales nnd'MIsalBalppI hlafory-, elemeula of agrlcnltuiv. civil govcmnient. and elcnienla of j.hyslology and >yglenc, with siavlnl reference to alcohol and mirvollca on M''atem Seeopd-gn.de license requires sm-lllng. reading, practical and mental arllh- me».;c. elementary geography, and English gn.mmar and con.iKwltloD pri- mary United Stales history, iirinmry i.hyslology with reference to effccta of nloohol anti imrcotlcs, but a teucl«»r otborwtae quallrtMl shall not be refused certlfi^atc to teach for. want of knowlclge of phyalology. For third-grade llcenae applicant ^muat be examined on aame-subjec'le aa for second grade, and mast make 00 )ier cent or more; if applicant receives «id on examination he shall be denied license and pot permitted to tench for two years; person who sells examination questions or answers, guilty of misdemeanor and liable to fine and impriaonment ; license granted on gen- eral overage of 76 per cent; second and third grade good for one year; first S96 STATE 'I-AW8 HKLATIKQ TO F0BUO EDUCATION. grade, general average 85 per cent, good for two years; with general average of 90 per cent, good for three years; second three-years’ license renewable In county as long as holder conttnnes'to teach ; any teacher who has taught under first-grade llc^se for five years consecutively shall be ex^pt from farther ^camlnatloD; teachers must be 17 years of age or older, nor shall license for more than one year be Issued to applicant who has had less than six months' experience; board may grant special examinations, with « charge of $2 or |2.ES0, and good till %fect*TiegnniT examination; State iwara of examiners may transfer llCMise from one county to another. , Any teacher wishing to secure a professional llflense” shall pass Batisfa(‘ tory examination before agents of State boanf of examiners: ‘Algebra, geometry, rhetoric, Blnglish literature, science of teaching, civil government, Csesar. and Virgil, and ** on such other subjects as the StJite board of ex- aminers may add." Any teacher may secure a “State license” by passing' satisfactory examtnntlon on si>einng, reading, practical and mental arith- metic. geography, Englt^ grammar and composition. United States and , Mississippi history, elements of agriculture, civil government, elements of physiology and hygiene, with special reference to alcohol and narcotics, provided applicants shall have their papers forwarded t%.and graded by Stote board ~of examiners, who may grant lleense of lower grade than that asked for; said board shall indicate percentage made by applicant; State license valid for one, two, or three years, according to value of applicant’s ropers; applicant receiving the second three-year license ‘exempt from fur- ther examination; State license valid In whole State; all teachers exempt from further examination may have State licenses Issued In lieu of county license. State board of examiners may Issue professional licenses to teachers of recognised ability, moral character, and scholarly attainments on iiasa- Ing examination In algebra, geometry, physics, rhetoric, English llterattiro. elements of botany and chemistry, science of teaching, civil government, and Latin through Caesar and Virgil. Act of 1912 provides that “a diploma held by either a collegiate or a normal graduate of the Mississippi Industrial -In- stitute and College shall be so rt^pognlxed as to warrant the granting of n teacher’s professIonaMlcense ” by State board of examiners; act to apply only to'those graduates who have taken not less than* nine hours of college work in teachers’ professional courses and who obligate themselves to teach thret* years In public schools of State Any teacher heretofore exempt from ex- amination may forward his license to the State board of eaamipers with proof that his examination papers w^ere destroyed In burning of courthouse or otherwise, and on payment of fee have State license issued In lieu of county license. See also A (bl), State boards; A (b2), State officers; A (c2). County officers; F (b), Teachers* salaries; G (b), State normal schools; G (d). Teachers’ Institutes and summer schools; N (a). High schools." Mlssotfii: Each county superintendent shall hold, or cause to be held, an examination of applicants for certlflcntes In March, June, and August of ea?li year; certificates Issued by said superintendent shall be third grade valid fbr one year and second grade valid for two years In county where Issued and first grade valid for three years in the State. Questions shaU be pre- pared by State snperlntendenf. Xhcamlnation for third grade shall be In > kpeUtng, reading, wHttng, language lesaons, geography, arithmetic, English grammar, United States history, dvics, physiology and hygiene, agriculture, and pedagogy, Seoand prade: Branches required for third grade and algd>rn ‘ and Uteratura Firti prode; Branches required for second grade and ancloit, ■B (b). TBAOHBBb' OBBTHIOATBS, OBKEBAL. 897 medlttTal, modem, or BngUflli history, and one branch of ectence, either physical geography, physics, or elementary biology. In addition to the fore- going, each applicant who has had four HMUthS* experience shall be graded by the county superintendent on teaching and management, and each appli- cant for renewal or for a new certificate shall be so graded; person receiving* first-grade certificate must have had eight months’ experience and must have made an average of 00 per cent on examination on both scholastic and professional requirements; second grade must have made 85 per cent; and third grade, 80 per cent; but no grade for gny certificate fall below 60 per cent in any one subject County superintendent may prepare ques- tions, hold examination, grade papens, and issue certificate to any applicant who for good reason could not attend the last regular examination; such certificate shall be good only until the end of the school year. County superintendent shall give each applicant a number and within three days after examinatlbu shall forward, all papers olr apifilcant for first' grade! and other lepers when requested by appUcunts, to State superintendent, who shall grade the same and certify grades to county superintendent; papers shall be returned to county superintendent for preservation. After September 1, 1912, applicants for first and second grade certificates must have com{^eted the first year’s work of an accredited high school or its equivalent; after September 1, 1914, such applicants must have completed two years of such work or equivalent; after September 1, 1916, such applicants must have com- pleted three years or equivalent; after September 1, 1918, sucb applicants must have comi>leted four years or equivalent; this section shall not" apply to holders of certificates at the time of the passage of this act. A third- grade certificate may be granted to any one person In but four consecutive years; a second grade shall be renewed without examination once; a first grade an unlimited number of times. If the holder has done ^fesslonal work prescribed by State superintendent; any teacher of five years’ experience and who is employed at the time of the ^ssage of this act may have county certificate renewed an unlimited number of tftnes, if teacher continues in the same position. The county superintendent shall pass upon the moral charac- ter and requirements, other than schoUstic, of all applicants; he keep a record of gradings certified to him by State superintendent and of certificates granted, renewed, or revoked. Any applicant may raise the grade of his certificate by meeting additional requirements. County superintendent may Indorse a second-grade certificate from an adjoining county. Each applicant shall pay a fee of $3, which shall entitle him to attend all examinations during the calMdar year and which shall be used to pay expenses of teachers* ^ associations and meetings and of the State superintendent's office foj* grading ^ papers; applicant for renewal shall pay |1.50; county superintendent may revoke a county certificate for cause; a certificate issued by the State Buperjnteiident, the board of curators of the State university, or the regents of any normal school may be revoked for cause by the authority Issuing the same. The State board of education shall prepare, or cause to l>e prepared, outlines of work for colored teachers* institutes and for approved summer schools in Slate educational institutions; it shall establish 10 or more Insti- tutes for colored teachers; grades made on subjects. covered by teachers In 4iaJd institutes shall be credited on examination by county superintendent; gfades made in summer schools of State educational Institutions itjhall he credited for subjects covered by State superintendent. Grades made on any examination under tWs act shall be good throughout the State when papers have been graded by State sup^intendent and certified to county soperln- ®98 SXATB XJIIVS SBUTIFO^ ^ PUBLIO IDUO&TION. : ^ teQ^mt; grades made shall become void aftw two years of eessation from school work. It la a mlsdemeiiDor to gmnt compUmeDtary oertlllCAtea TIiIm met shall not api^ to cities having a popnlatUm of 75.000 or moro^ The normal dli^oma, conferred npon completlerson ahnll have examination under State board of education In English literature, history of education, and general history and shall have furtrlshed evidence of having taught 86 months; such certificate shall be renewed If applicant has taught 27 months during the life of said certificate. State certificates may bt^ granted to graduates of higher educational Institutions and to holders of State certificates, within or without the State, upon conditions established by State board of education. Idfe diplomas may be granted under sjinie con- ditions as State oertlflcntee. except that In addition applicants must pass examination In subjects prescribed by State board and nmst have taught successfully nt^least 70 months. Graduate of the State normal college shall bi* entitled to touch without further exnmlimtlon for six years, and every graduate of the three-year course shall, after proof to State Ixmrd of having taught 27 months, be entitled to a life diploma ; every graduate of four-year course shall be entitled to life diploma after 18 months of teaching. A graduate of the State university with certificate of qualification to teach slmlt be en- titled to tench In high schools six years without further exan^fnatlon, and after having taught 27 months shall be entitled to a life diploma. Life diplomas may be granted to graduates of higher educational Institutions main- taining the, same standards as the University of Moniann and the State normal college, and to holders of State certificates wlthlu or without tlie State upon conditions eaUblMied by State board of education. State and life certificates, before valid In any county, shall be roglaterod by county superintendent State* superintendent may revoke State or life cerllflcnte for cause, but holder shall be served wltli written charges and shall have opix)r- tunlty for defensd before State board. -Examinations of applicants to teach shall be held In Febninry. April, Au- gust and October by county board of educational exnmiuera; questions prepared by State superlnt^ent shjJHJnpflJT sealed by county snpt^rin- tendout until day of examination; applicant must make average of 80 |>er CMit with not less than 70 In any one branch; examination In bmuchert required, by law to be taught In public schools. Board of county examiners Shall consist of county superintendent and two, teachers of 18 months* ex|>erl- enw appointed by county commissioners; such examiners shall l)e holders of professional county certificate or certificates or diplomas of higher grade i kuch examiners shall bold examinations of teachers and grade papers; they shall also, when requesUid by State board of education, hold examinations of eighth tn^ade pupils apd may grant eighth grade dlplomaa Oompensatlon ^ examiners, actual expenses and such per diem as^ay be fixed by county ^mmlsstoners. Applicants for seoond-grade certificates must pass examina- tion In fbllowlng brancbM and such additional branches as State board may , OBNBRAL. S09 prescribe: Reading, writing, arithmetic, spelling, grammar, geography, phyat* ology and hygiene, Ui^ed States history, civics, and theoj^ «nd practice of teaching. This certificate shall be good for 18 montha; valid In any part of State when Indorsed by county superintendent Applicant for • firk-grnde certificate must have^ taught 12 months and must, lir addition to branches re- quired for second grade, puss examination In American literature, physical geography, elementary algebra through quadratics, and school management, or such othw branches as may be i>rescrlbed by State l>onrd. This wtificate shall be kwhI for tlireo years; valid In any part of State when Indorsed by county 8U|;>erlutendent. Applicant for a professional certificate must have taught 18 months and must, Iti addition to branches required for first grade, pass examination In physics, plane geometry, and elementary psychology. This certificate shall bo good for four years, valid In any part of State when Indorsed by county suiwrintendent. Temporary certificate, valid until next examination, may be granted by county sui>erlntendent to former holder of certificate aiiplylng at other time than at regular examination. Persons pass- ing at examination above 70 i>er cent but not making 80 per cent may, If otherwise fltteerlnteiident, who shall reexamine the i>ai>ers and may instruct county iHiard to Issue certificate*; foe for appeal, |2. County superlntendwit may revoke county certificates for cause.. County examiners sliall renew professional or first-grade eertlflcate If holder has taught a't least 12 montlis during Its life. Holder of unexplred first-grade or secODd-grade certificate on applying for a higher grade shall md be nnjulred to pass examination In those subjects tu which he jtrcvlously passed at 80 i»er cent or higher. Montana State normal school credits shall be recognised by county oxnm- Inerc. Holder of une.vplred first-grade, second-grade, or. thlrd-gr^e certlfl- ciite desiring a higher grade, and who has taught at least one yefl? ahull be entitled to j^rcentages made on last exanUnntlon. No person* shall be em- ployed to teach In a high school or as prlncli^al of school of more than three deiairtniqnts who Is not holder of professional county certificate or State or life certlflc*ate, or Is not graduate of some reputable university, coUego, or normal school. , see also A (bl). State boards; A (b2). State ofljcers; A (c2), County Nebraska: Certificates shall be: State, county, and city. State certificates shall consist of three classes— professional State certificate, valid fOr life, entitling holder to teach In any public school In State; but such certificate shall be v.old If holder shnl) i>erniit three years to elapse without following some ednontlonnl pursuit unless certificate bo Indorsed by State superln- teudent; first-grade State certificate, valid for three years, which becomes valid for life after three years of snccessfiil teaching; elementary State cer- tlflt»8te, valid for from one to three years. i>er1od of validity to be determined by <*t)imty superintendent of county where holder shall teach.* County cer- tificates ahnll consist of three grades— first grade, valid for from two to three years, as shall be determined by county snpeiiotendent of county where Issued; second grade, valid for from one to two years, as shall be determined by superintendent of county Issuing the same; third grade, valid tor no longer than (me year In county whore Issued; but no pe'lwon sball bo entitled tu receive more than one third-grade county certificate. . City certificates shall grouted under rules vt State superintendent, and shall be of six officers. ERIC 400 STATB LAWS BSLATTKO TO FUBtIO HDUOATION. classes — klnderKarteii, primary, grammar, high school, special snperrlsor, and raperlntendeat ; but aoch certificates for' teaching in the grades shall not be below a second-grade county certificate, and for hig^-school teaching and for supervising city schools must not be below first-grade State certifl- , eatCf-' The professional state certificate niay be granted to any person of approved learning and character possessing ability In school management, , with one year’s successful experience as teacher in public schools of State, who holds first-grade county certificate and who shall. Mn addition, pass ex- aminanoD conducted by State superiutendent. or of committee of thrw per- sons appointed by State superintendent, in chemistry, English literature, general history, geology, physical geography., plane trigonometry, psychology, rhetoric, and zoology. A professional State certificate may also be granttMl to a graduate of a college or university of good standing of this oir any other State after three years’ successful teaching in public schools of State and who holds a first-grade county certificate of Nebraska; may also be granted to a graduate of State ^prmal school of another State who holds life certificate thereby; may also be'granted' to holder of professional State certificate from another St^te. All professional certificates shall be granted by State superintendent First-grade county certificates may be granted to any person of approved learning, character, and ability who shall pass an examination In all subjects, for second-gritde county certificate, and in alge- bra, botany, geometry, and physics; but no person shall be granted such certificate who hns not had at least 12 weeks’ norinni training In ah ai> proved school. However, one or more years of successful experience may be considered equivalent to such normal training. The second-grade county certificate may be granted to any person of approved learning and character who shall pass an examination In civil government, bookkeeping, blackboard ' drawing, theory and art of teaching, elements of agriculture, together with examination In county third-grade subjects; but such person shall have had at least eight weeks’ normal training in an approved school or at least one year’s successful' experience In teaching. The third-grade county certificate may be granted to any' person of approved character who shall pass an ex- amination In orthography, reading, penmanship, geography, arithmetic, physi- ology and hygiene, English composition, English grammar, and United States history, ’rhe State sui>erintendent shall prepare all teachers’ examination questions, prescribe rules and regulations for holding such examinations, , grade and file answer papers, or have the same done by a coumiittee ap- pointed by him ; but he may require county siii>erluten(leuts to assist In the prei>aratlon of examination questions for county certificates. The county superintend^ts shall conduct teachers’ examinations according to rules of State superintendent, and shall transmit papers to State sui>erintendent for luarkinif and filing. Sate superintendent shall notify county, sui>eriiitendeutH . of results of examinations, and county sui)erinteiidents shall issue certificates accordingly. County 6iii)eriutendents may Issue temiwrury permits to teach- ers applying at a time other than at regular examination or to teachers awaiting results of examination ; but such permit shall not be granted twice to the same person in any county. In emergencies arising from a scarcity of teachers State superintendent may issue teaching permits upon the rec- onuuendation of the county ’superintendent County superlntkkdent may grant a first-grade county certificate to a graduate of an approved school without examiimtion, subj^t to rulra. of State superintendent ' The first- grade State certificate and the dty State certificate may be reissued nnder rules of State saperinteadent First and second grade county certificates may be relasued by county superintendent under rules of State superin- B (b). OBETIFICiCTS, GBKSE^L. 401 tendent. Certi flea tea Issued by x»unty superiuteudeuts shall be valid only In the county where Issued. Any certificate may be revoked for cause and upon due notice. Each applicant for a county certificate* shall pay a tee of $l.rS0'to county superintendent, |1 of which shall go to the county Institute fund and 50 c^ts to the State superintendent for examining-committee fund. Each applicant for a professional State certificate shall i>ay |1 to State superintendent, which shall go to exa mining-committee fund. Each holder of an elementary or second-grade certificate or a first-grade State certificate or a professional State certificate good for life shall pay, regis- tration fee of $1 to superintendent of county where teaching, the anme to go to Institute fund of county. State superintendent shall return to counties pro rata part of any* excess after paying expenses of examining committee, ^e same to go to Institute fund of counties, and shall make semUnnual report to governor of examlnlng-commlttee funds. No i>eraon shall be eligible , to teich In the hlgh-school department of any high school who Is not a gri^duate of an approved college or normal school or who does not hold a prote'sslonal State certificate. No person shall tet^hj^jhe grades below the hlgtescbool dei^^ient In any hlgh-school or cSys^ool district who does not hbld at least a second-grade county certificate. . Nevada: Cfeitlficates and life diplomas shall be granted by State board of education ; deputy superintendents may Issue temporary certificates subject to regulations of State board ; renewal . of grammar-grade certificates shall be made by granting elementary certificates of first grade therefor. Examinations for certificates shall be held in the several counties In June and December of each year; examltmtlons shall continue for no longer than four days, and shall be conducted by deputy examiners,' act- ing under authority of State board. Deputy examiners shall send examina- tion papers, without grading them, to state superintendent Deputy superin- tendents shall act as deputy examiners in counties designated by State superintendent and &ffll appoint examiners for other counties, but thefe shall be no more than two deputy examiners to any one county ; deputy examiners shall receive $5 per day, paid out of State general fund. State board shall prepare examination questions, prepare rules for examinations, and require nnlformlty In conducting same. Immediately before date of examination, State superintendent shall forward to deputy examiners examination ques- tlons, under seal of- State board, each subject being under a separate seal. No questions shall be opened until the day and hour set for ^h examina- tion, which time Is specified under each seal. It shall be unlawful to buy or sell, offer to buy or sell, to distribute, or to possess any questions pre- pared for teachers*- examinations or for stud^ts* final school examinations prior to time of examination, but State printer shall have custody of snch questions during the printing thereof. The grtides of teachers* certificates shall be: High school, elemental^, special, and temporary. HIgb-school certificates, valid for five years, shall be issued on examination in: (a) En^ah grammar, spelling, arithmetic, geography, Emfllsh literature, general history, history of the United States, civil government, current events, algebra, plane geometry, physics, and history and methods of teaching; (b) * any one of these 'foreign languages— Latin, French, German, Spanish; (c) and any three of these subjects— rhetoric, English history, solid geometry, physical geography, chemistry, botany, and Boology; bnt no high-school cer- tificate shall be issu^ on an average standing of less than 90 p^r-cent, nor ' to any person less than 21 yearn old. Credit ipay be allowed for any snbject In foregoing hlgh-school Hat satisfactorily completed in a standard college, 8066*— 16 ^26 \ ^ 4f)i BTATB LAWS SmATtKO TO PTJBUO feXTOATIOK. *1 or to applicants holding flr^-grade elementary certl flea tee of Nevada for standing of 90 per cent or more In any such subject Klementary school certificates, first grade, shall be valid for three years; Issued upon examina- tion inN^pelllng, reading, writing, Bn^Ish grammar, mental arithmetic, written arithmetic, physiology , and hygiene, history of the TJnlted States, geography, general history, drawing, mus^c, business forms, er cent and not leas than il6 per cent In any one subject; applicant shall be at least 20 years of age, and shall have had no leas than 16 months of successful experience In teaching; said certificate may l>e re- newed; persons receiving 86 per cent or more In any subject at a regular examination, or who shall have done satisfactory work at a standard summer school, shall have the same credited toward a first-grade elemeutapr certificate. Elementary certificates, second grade, valid for two years, «ru granted on same subjects as first-grade elementary certificate, shall not be Issued to any applicant whose general average Is less than 76 per cent or whose grade In any one subject Is less than 60 per cent; second-grade elementary oeftlficntes shall not be renewed. County normal elementary certificates shall be Issued to graduates of, county normal tralnlug schools without examination. • State board may Issue third-grade elementary cer- Ufleatee to appUennta who shall have taken the December examination, and who are actively engaged In teaching, but hhall be valid only In schools where teachers were engaged Just prior to December examination, and only for time until next regular examination; only one of sjild certificates shal) be granted to the same person. State board may grant a life diploma to any perso'n who shall- have taught successfully and continuously for 72 months, 24 of which shall have been In Nevada ; said diploma shall be of same grade as certificate held by applicant, but no life diploma shall 1h? Issued on a nonrenew^e certificate. HIgh-school certlfiwSs, good for five years, shall be Issu^ to graduates of Nevada State Normal School, advanced course, and first-grade elementary certificates, good for five years, to graduates of elementary course; holders of said certificates shall be granted life diplomas, of the respective grades, upon completing 45 months of successful teaching. Graduates of unlvec^ ties, colleges, and ^jormal schoojs, supported by State appropriations, approved by State board, may present their credentials In lieu of examina- tion, but no elementary cerpfiente shall be thus granted upon any credentials not equivalent to Nevada State Normal School diploma, and no hlgh-schooI certificate upon credentials not equivalent to a diploma of graduation from science or liberal arts course of Nevada University, together with required tralnlhg In education subjects. State hoard may grant certificates to holders of life cerUficates from other States. State board shall grant special cer- tificates, valid for two years, for teaching music, drawing, maiu^al training, penmanship, commercial subjects, kindergarten work, or any specified foreign language, upon prop^r^ qualification of applicants. Deputy superintendents may Issue temporary certificates In accordance Nvlth regulations of State hoard without examination upon request of district trustees, hut these shall be valid only In districts where Issuede and until next regular examination, and shall be issued to no relative of any member of hoard so requesting; only one such certificate shall be issued tq same person. No certificate of any kind shall be issued to ady person under 18 years of age. See also O (c), County and loc^l normal schools; P , State universities ' and coUegea B (b). TBAOHBBS^ CEBTIFZQATIi&y OBKHBAL. m New Hampahire: See A (d), District boards and ofl9cers. New Jersey; The Stste board of examiners shail consist of commissioner of education, the principals of the State normal schools, and of a county suiier* Intendent and a city superintendent apiwinted by SUte board of edtjcatlou to serve one year; each appointive member shall receive traveling expensed and cumpensntJon not to exceed flO for each meeting; sliid board shall examine ^ and certify teacliers. under rules of State board of eoIntIve members shall hold a Shite or a first-grade c'ounty ci»r tifleate; said board shall examine and certify teachers under rules of SUte boaro of education ; appointive members shall, In addition to traveling ex- ix'nses, be allowed comi>ensatlon, as fired by State board of education, not to exceed |25 eoch for each regular examination, to be jmld by county collector. Thefe may bo a board of examiners In each city school district, to consist of city superintendent and such iiersons as school board shall appoint; any ])erson so appointed shall hold a State certificate or highest grade ct*rtlflcate issued In said district, or shall be graduate of a c*oHege or university; said board ^11, under ryles of State board of eerlntendent,‘hel(I within 12 months, or has approved excuse for nouatteudance; or one who holds a legal i»ermlt to teach In Uie State. Tlie State bonad of education may Issue three grades of county teachers’ ^certificates, first grade, second grade, and third grade; said certificates shall he Issued ujwn cxa'minatlou In such subjects ns State board may select, or ui)on grades receive*! by appileanu from any erintendent for graSrng;"SUtq sui>erlntendent may employ assIsUnts for grading examination papera Holdera of county certificates may teach in any school distfict. Independent district, Incorporated town, city, or village of tlVe State. A third-grade certificate shall be valid for one y«r; second grade, two years; first grade, three years, (bounty superlnUndenU may renew first-grade certificate once only without a formal examloaUon if evidence is shown, of successful experience In teaching and faithful attend- ance to duty, but no such renewal shall be made without consent of SUte superintendent. Boards of education of Inconwrated cities may issue cer- tificates to teachers, valid only In the city whose boatd Issues them. The State board of education may issue State teachers* professional certificates to persons qualified by reason of moral character, academic* scholarship, knowl- edge of the theory and art of teaching and actual practice In teaching; said board may indorse teachers’_cerUficateB granted In other Stetee, and grant certificates of the first, second, and third grade to persons who have com- I 401 8TAT» LAWS BBLATINO TO PUBUO EDUCATION. pleted approved specified coiywes in New Mexico educattonal InsHtutlona or other schools designated by said board; the holder of diploma froh) the full coiiree of study given at St, Michael's College shall be enUtled to a county first-grade certificate. The State superintendent may issue, i>ending the regu lar examination of teachers, ])ermlts to teach In the public Evhools, to properly qualified pewons, and such j>ermlt8 shall be valid only until tlie first day nf next examination of teachers; county superintendents shall have like authority in their re«i>ectlve eounilee, but certificates so Issued shall be valid only in the county where Issued, and shall not be Issued twice In succession u> Siimc l>erson, and shall expire at next tejichers' examination. No teachers of Uir first and second grades shall be granted a certificate to teach by the State bofmt unless said teacher shall have passed an examination In the history and civics of the United States and of New Mexico ; Instructiou In the said subjects shall be glVen in the iftibllc schools; said history and civics of New Mexico shall be prejiared by a known historian of the State and shall be sold at a price fixed by the State board not to exceed H volume. Physiology and hygiene, with si>eclal reference to the effects of alcoholic drinks and nar- coUct shall be taught, us other subjects are taught, In all of the publli- school; Instruction In said hj^ch of study shall l>e given in the State etiuca- tional Institytlons, In the New Mexico Uefform Sschool. and In all teachers’ Institutes; competent lecturers for said subject shall be secured for teachers’ Institutes; any school offlct»r or teacher who shall refuse or neglect or fail tn make provisions for such Instruction shall be reinoveer record, and at tlie eml of oach tenn shall make a full re\yort to Uu‘ county 8ui>erlntcmlent ; for failure to make such report teacher may l>o fined not more than $50; no teacher’ shall be i»aid for tea qh lug in the public schools until an order Is presented, slgneer8ou shall be employed as a teacher, Instructor, or professor In stild schools he shall file with the gov- erning authorities thereof a certificate from n iffiysician who shall b- provod hIgh-school courfce of not less than four years, a ud lu addition an ap- proved professional course of not less than two years. Commissioner of edu- cation shall, subject to approval by the regents, prescribe regulations for ex- amination and certification of teachers employed In all public schools; may la^e life Stiite certificates, other cerlifleutes pi*e#k'rlbed by regefits. and teui- IK)rary licenses lluiltotl to u school district; may ludorst? diplomas and certifi- cates from other States. A district sui>erlntendent, a city superintendent of schools, or such other legally authorlseil city otficlal may Issue certificates us outhoriseeen heard; said superintendent shall rei>ort such rev(x?a- tlon to oommlsaloner of education. Employment of nn unquallfietl teacher slinli constitute :i misdemeanor; fines so Imiwsed shall go Into school fund of district. Teachers shall keep school nn'ords and deliver sjjme at close of schiK)l to district clerk; teachers shall verify such records'; hist month’s* wii- nry shall not be pnM until such re<*ortlH are verlfleil ; contracts with teachers shall be In writing, and shall he for no longer than oJie year nor leas than 10 weeks, unless for puri>oee of filling out au unoxplred term.; failure to abide hy contract, without gi>od eauw, shall be sufflclent ground for' revocation of a teacher's certificate. No teacher related by blood or marriage to a trustee shall be empioywl excei>t with'approvul of two-thirds of voters of such dis trlct; no such teacher shall be employetl by’any board of education except by two-thlnla vote of such bo^rd. No teacher shall be removed from ofibn? ' een Xo residents of the district between 5‘ond 21 years of age free of tulilon charges; nonresidents may be adniltfed to public schools upon terms pre- scribed by school authorities of district so admitting them. • See alito A (d), district boards and officers. North Carolina ; County superintendent shall In July and October pubildy examine all applicants for teachers’ certificates on subjects required to be taught In public schools and on theory and practice of teaching; with ap- y ppoval of county board of education he may hold public examinations at two' otheV times; on presenting reasonable excuse and payment of $3, applicant " may be examined privately. General average of 90 per cent or more entitles applicant to first-grade certi^te; 80 to 90 per cent, secofid grade; 70 to 80 per cent, third grade; c^rtificatesivnlld in county where Issued; first grade valid for two years, other grades valid for one year and may not be renewed ' except upon examination. On request of State superintendent county super- intendent Shan 8«id papets, gradation, and questions to Stete superin- , tendent; In Uen of county system of examination, State superintendent may k ^ _L ^ ^ 406 8TATB LAWS BBLATINO TO PCBUO BDUCATION. preocribe a uniform system. A State certitlcate valid In any county and jrood for five years may be icranted by State emperintendent and boani of eiamloer^ to holder of flrHt-jfmdo wunly certificate who has tiiu^ht one year; queetlmi'; ' ahall be fumlRheil by Sinte l>oanl of exfinjlnent and imi>crg Rball bo retunuNl to such board for grading; general average of 00 per cent or more muKt Ix- made; mlulnium salary of holder ahall |»o i*er month; examiners rIihH also examine aiqdlcaiits to State superintendent for hlKh-schooI teocherK* certificate®. Said board shall consist of not lesif than three nor more than fi\i* pmctlml teachers npiwlDtetl hy State boani of eilucatlon; term, four yojirs; compeusjitlon, $4 i>er tiuy and oxjienses. No ]>erH4)n not having cerlltlctuc shall l»o employed as pnbllclst'hcHd ton: third gnide not more Umn $JO in^r month. Thlnl-grtulr certificate shall not Im> renewe<1 and no holder of third grade shall be cm ploytHl except as assistant teacher. School mouth shall Ih» 20 days of frtoi) > alx to seven hours, , See nlso N (a). High'schoola North Dakota: The State board of etamlnera shall consist of the State boani of education. Said lH«rd shall prepare all questions for examination of a'.l applicants for teachers" certificates; shall catist» all ans>rer pa])erH to hr jpaded, and shall Issue all certificates to teach In the public schtx>Is. Cer- tificates shall be sei'ond-grace elementarj', first-grade clemeuta y, (svond-grjulr profesHlonai, first-grade professional. ' SiibjtH'ts requlrisl for second-gnnlr elementary : Heading, arithmetic, langmige and grafnnmr, geography, UnltiNl States history, physiology and hygiene, civics. j>ehy. botauy, elmnents of agriculture, nature study, mannal Irulniiig. domestic »oicnc<^, nud American literature; such certlflciite shull l>e valid for thrw years. Ip any county wlmn registered by HUp(>rlntendoDt thereof and shall qualify the holder to teach In the eight elementary grades nud the ninth grade of scJiooIs doing only one year of hlgh-scrhool work./ 1 ther a first-grade or a set‘oiid-grade elenieutary certifi- cate may be renewed by the county superintendent The second-grade prv feesJonal certificate shall bo Issued to person having taught nt least nluc months and who show's proficiency In the ftdlowlag advanced Bubjects In addition to those required for first-grade elementary: Psychology; history of education; principles of education: school ndmlnistratlou; methods; rhetoric and composition ; American or English literature; aucieut English, or Ameri- can history; one natural science; higher algebra,- solid geometry; manual training or domestic science; said certificate shall be valid for five years and shall entitle the holder to^ teach in any common or high school, except In high schools doing l^ur years" work. The first-grade professional certificate aball be granted to those who have the equivalent of a college education and have tanght at least 18 months; they shall have qualifications required for second-grade professional and, in addition, shall be found proficient in the 407 B (b). XBAOHBBS' CBBTIFICATBS, OENEBAU ft>llowlns: A foreign language; one natural acience; etliica, logic, or aoclology political acieuoe, economlca. or domestic science; anj two subjects of college grade not previously iireaented; first-grade professional shall be valid for five years or for life und shall entitle the holder to teach In any elementary or high school. I$|M^ial ivrtifioates to teach lu auy elementary or high school music, dniwing, kindergarten or primary auhjivta may ho granted to teachers holding at least a second-grade elementar}- i'i»rtlficate, Siavlnl <'ertiflcntea to teach agriculture, tKiinmercla I subjects, domestic aclemv, or nvanual training 111 the elementary or high sk'hools may be granttnl to tenchera having quali- fications equivalent to those retjulrod for a set'<)iid-gnide professional ; aindl- cant must satlafy board of ability to tench sjiet-lal suhjwt. Accredited di- plomas: Diploma from four-year curriculum of teachers' college of State university 'aliall l>e accredited as a first-grade pnifetuional (vrllficate for two years and t^iereafter such (X*rllflcate may be renewed for life; diploma from flve-ywir curriculum of State normal schoola or the two-yeat* curriculum for hlgh s(*hool graduates shall be accredited as a second-grade professional for two years and thereafter may tK» renewi*d for life; diploma from the four- j*ear curriculum of the State normal schools or the luie-yi^ir curriculum for high-Hohooi graduales sliall be iiocrodiUHl aa a sei'ond-gvade professional for two years and thereafter may be renewed for five years; certincate of comple- tion of the 10| months* curriculum of the State normal schools shall entitle holder to a stHNuul-grade elemeutarr certificate. Dlplomns from Institutions within or wilhnut the Smte ahail be aOLTwlIted by pn>fesslonal cerll fit's tea . Issueil themm as follows: (1) A lischeloris diploma from a rei'ognised (ollegc shiill Ik* nrcriHlitetl as a first-grade professional, If It Implies ut least 16 semester hours of professional study for teju-hing or If holder has tanglit suc- cessfully for at least thriv years, and such diploma may l»e valid for five years after nine months and for life after five years of exi>erlence: (2) di- ploma from an institution whose course Is equivalent to the four-j'ear or five- year curriculum of the State normal schools shall be valid for two years as a pecond-grnde professional If holder has had IG stmiester hours of profes- sional study or has taught smvessfully for three years, and after nine mouths of ex|>erlence such diploma may be valid for five years or for life. A permit to teach may he grantetl to a college graduate for six months. In which time such graduate sliall prepare for examination in iirofesi^jonal subjects ;-a per- mit may Ik* granted to an npjdlcnnt until next regular exumluatlou. Diploma from year covering p.sychologj*, iKHlagogj', and two senior review subjects sliall entitle holder to a second-grade elementary ceriJflcnte; after holder has had eight months of successful exi>erleiu'e he shall he entitled to a first- grade elementary certificate. County super! n^mdent shall conduct examina- tions In February, May. August, and November nnd shall forward answer paiiers to board of exnmlnera. No person not homing a State certificate shall be employed as a public-school 'teacher, except In districts organized under special laws or ns Independent -districts. Roard of examiners may revoke any certificate for cause, Fees; First-grade professional, $6; second-grade pro- fesaiunal or special certificate, |3; for renewal of professional or special cer- tificates same fee as for Issuance; for elementary certificates, a fee of $2 for Issuance and |1 foy renewal. See also A (bl), State boards; A (c2), County officers; 0 (d), Teechensf Institutes and summer schools; O (b), Agricultural schools; P (c), State universities and colleges. Ohio: There shnll be a State board of school examiners, consisting of five persons, residents of State, appointed by State superintendent; no more than three of them shall belong to same political party; term of office, five years; 408 STATE LAWS BELATmO TO PUBUO EDUCATION. «tamlner» appolnr«! one year each. Said board may Iwne three Rfadee of life rertlflcatea to periaona poeseaalnA raqulalte acholarahlp, jtood character, and pmfesaional experience and ability; clerk of boanl ahall keep record of auch certlflcafea and report same annually to State «np('rintendent. Appli cants for life certlflcatea shall possess prt^fesslonnl training os follows: (11 After Jawiary 1. 1015, a one-year course or Its equivalent In Institution uf college or normal srhwl rank, or a year’s course In an approved, arte college : (2) after Januaity 1, 1020, two years of such work, not lew than one-fonrtli of which «hall be In educational subjei'ta; If not a graduate of Institution of college or nominl-scl^l nmk or ltt>eral arts <'ollege, applicant shall hnw* ho. I at least 50 months o/^ucce«sful teiiching ex|>erlenleteerlntendent and iKiyment of f(*e of |1. bo grantcnl. without exninlnatlou. n provlalonal elementary I'ortlfic.ite valid for four years, if such Institution has been approved by Slate sui»erlntPtident ; such graduate who has Ciunitlet»sl ft>ur yearn* course shall receive a provisional hlgh-school certlfli'Hle volld for ft>ur years; a graduate from such Institution who has completed a siH'olal* two-year ci>urse, with training In a sisvlal aubject, and who i>oKse«s<*s a first grade hlgh schtsd dlidomn. or Us cqtilvaleiit, shall receive provisional k|kvI;i1 ivrIlflcHte valid for four yoars. State lk>ard of examiners hIihII Issue without eiaijilnaihm to any hoUler of n Stale provisional certificate, a life (K*rtlflcatr of Kimllar kind after 24 months of sutxeasfu^ leaching undt'r provisional cerllflctile; said lK>anl shulI Issue without examination a Slate life high school cerilflcnie to a holder i>f degree fn>m :.ny normal solund. t('nchcr^' college, or nnlversUy epproviKl by Slate suiK?rliilendeul uihmi (N)mpleilon of 50 months of successful leaching; all (vrilfloates hendnbefore enumemti*^! shall be countersigned by Stale sujvrlnlendeni ntul shall l>e valid in any school district, unless revokeil fpr t'ac^te. ' Each mendn'r of iKUtrd shall i>*- celve $5 ijer day and eiismses while (Mtgagt'd in official wtvUv. to Ih* imld out of Slate in*asury; auitplles nmletl by s^tld board shall l>e ftinilsluKl hy secretory of State. There shall be n county bonni of examiners for each county, consleilng of county su|»erlnlendeni, one district siii>erlntendent. and one other oomisMem teacher; latter two opjtointed by county l>oard of educniloti; the teacher si> npitolnted must have had at le^st two yenra' experleuce as teacher or super iDtendent, not! be actively engaged In county in educational work; no ex amlner shall be connected in any way with ony school not supported In whole or In part by State, or be employed as luiid Instructor In any teachers* instl tute, or be interested In any publishing baainesfir; term of office shall be twt. yea pa. one apiK>lntepolDUuent of examiner may be revoked lor cauae. County superintendent shall be clerk of board. Each board shall hold eight public meetings each year for examination of applicants for county teachers’ certlflcotea; said board shall hold no private examination or ante date any certificate. A majority of said board may examine applicants and grant certificates. Applicants may, If they so-elect, take one-hnlf of subjects on one day and remaining half on next; If applteant ahaU receive a grade of leas than 75 per cent on any subject on first day, he moy elect to be reex- amined the following day. Each applicant shall pay fee of 60 cents for use of county board of education fund; If examination be taken on two days, ap- plicant BhaU pay 60 cenU fbe for each day. Questions for county examlna- 8 (b). TEACHBBS’ CBBTIHCATES, OKNSRAU 409 tion flhall be prepared and printed under direction of State auperliitendent and dlatiibuted under seal to clerka of county boardH of examfneni, aiich wal to be broken !n preaence of appHcanta and a majority of examlnlnfc board- Clerk abnl) make report of examinations t4) f of sticivasful teaching by holders; each ti{iT)h<^tlon for renewal shall be accomratnled by fiv of *V> cents. All two-year mu! thn^e year primary, otenientjiry, and htgtusrluvd cer1in('fl'Tes now granted shall ('ontliuio in force and be renewed by roof of five ytvirs' am'ressft*! teaching experience. Appll<’nnts for a one-y»^r or a throe.y- 1. llMd, li waeks; after January 1, 1017,18 weeks; after Janunry 1, 1018, 24 weeks; after January 1, lOlO, »> weeks; after Janu- ary 1, 10I?0. one year. Aj^dlcants for a ;bi|e-yotir or a three^jvar elementary certlflciite sliall have had at least one yt^r's training in approved high sch(M>|, and nfter January 1. J020, two years of Hindi I mining. Applicants for a one-yen r or a thrtHvyenr hIg!i-soh»mi or sisvlnl certificate shall bare had at h\nst two years* training in appyovt'^l high sch(»ol ; after January 1, 1020, eer tifleates (*f gnidmitlon fmin a flrs^-gmde high »*ho,.1, (Viinty 'eiamlners may Issue certificates without examlnntb\|j to holders of certificates from other county and cUy Istards of ox a miners. Every ajipllcmit for a tencfier’a certificate slnill l»e given a practical test in actual Iwiching. Uetween regular examlnHilons county examiners nnfit’ Issue temimniry certlflnues valid only until next regular exanilnathip. No certificates shall l>e lssuee suiierlntefident In such district, who does not posseiss cert I flea to of good mom! diameter ; that he or slie Is quallflwl to to«ch six liranches or more sra. pliysh's, and rhetoric) : IJteratun*; geneml history; algebra; physics; physiology. Including narcotics; I^tln; Oermnn; rhob^rlr; civil governmom; geometry; physical geeolnl branebea, and possesses adequate knowledge of theory and practice of teaching. A “teacberis emergency certiflea te.*» valid for one year In any village or rural district, may be granted by county examiners, with approval of State super- Intendent, to npplleahta of one yearis experience teaching In public schools whenever there, la a shortage of teachers In any, district - County examiners moy grout one-yenr certificates to teachers who have completed a one-year norfiial course approved by Slate superintendent. Such oerUflestea may be renewed for one or three years without examination. Said examiners shall grant one-year certificates to graduates of first-grade high schools who have ’ completed a ooe^ear profeealonal coarse approved by State sapertnteDdent. / Ex peases Incurred in conducting examinations, sbali be paid out of county treasury. Oierk shall make annual report to State auperlntendeiit relating to work of county board of examiners. County superintendent shall receive no additional compensation for serving as clerk of board of examiners. There shall be a city board of examiners for each city district, composed of city Buperintradent and two teachers serving in schools of district, to bo * appointed by city school board, term two years, one appointed each year. Each dty board of examiners shall determine qualia^tion of teachers; may employ special examiners; shall hold not less than two examlnaUons each year; at least two examiners Hhall be present at each examination. Encii board of city examiners may grant certificates for one year and three years, each renewable twlce^ Five-year and eight-year certificates now granted shall continue In force, and may be renewed by State superintendent upon proof of successful teaching by holders thereof; renewal fee shall be 00 cents. AH two-year and three-year primary, elementary, and high school certificates now granted shall continue In force, and may be renewed by city examiners upon proof of five years' successful teaching experiwice. County and city examiners may issue certificates without examination to holders of certifi- cates from other cities and counties. City examiners may grant certificates evlthout examination, except In theory and practice of teaching and In sdeiico of education, to graduates of teacher training 'schools, having two-years* course of study in addltlou to graduation from a first-grade high school, ami of colleges or universities, having four-years’ course of study In addition to graduation from first-grade high school ; said examiners may issue temporary ^Ujpertificatee valid until following regular exafailnation. No person under age of 18 years shall be granted a certificate. Any certificate may be revokeerson. All county certificates may be renewed by county superintendent when holder has attended 75 per cent of normal Institutes or teachers* training courses held In county where he has taught, or has taken at least 10 weeks’ training In any of State normal schools, and has attended 50 per cent of county teachers' associations of • county where teaching, and hos been contlnuoui^y engaged In teaching. First-grade county certificates shall be valid in any county of State; second- grade, In counties adjoining county Issuing such certificate; third-grade,* only in county where Issued. By paying additional fee of $2, applicants for first- grade certlficote may have county 8ui>erlntendent forward papers to superintendent for grading, and may be grtmted a State first-grade certiflkite: State superintendent shall use fees so collected In paying assistants to exam- ine such pai)er8. State superintendents may renew first-grade certificates* fbr period of four years on like conditions as prescribed for renewal of county first-gfade certificates, except that alternative of normal-school attendance shall be 20 w^s. No grades shall be carried from a lower to a higher certificate, but credits secured within three years from ony of State normal schools, the State university, and the ngrlcultural ami mechanical college may be substituted In lieu of an examination on subjects so credited, and such credits may be carried from a lower to a higher certificate. County superintendents may Issue tem|x>rary certificates, vaUd In a designated dis- trict until following examination, but not twice to same perdon; no person who fails in a regular examination shall be granted such certificate. The violation of any provision of this act' shall constitute a misdemeanor. Any person who shall offer to sell, barter, or give away what purports to be copies of questions of future examinations shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and be forever barred from teaching in public schools; any priuter or other custodian of examination questions who shall wlllltilly i>ermlt such questions to fall into the hands of any nnauthorleed ^rson shall be guilty of a misde- meanor. Examination questions gball be prepared under direction of State saperintendent and sent to county snperlntendents upon reqnlslUon; ques- tions shall be placed under seal, and opened.by examiner in presence of appli- cants; any violaUon of this provision shall^'constitute a misdemeanor, ; Any person who offers to give or receive aid on examination shall be barred from certificate for one year. After January 1, 1916, no person shall reoelTe third- . ^ grade certificate who bus not bad academic training equivalent to one year in an approved high school, or at least 10 weeks in an approved professional . school of this or another State ; no second-grade certificate unless two yean of hlgh-Bchool training or 20 weeks of professional training; no flr^grade ictfi fliiall* zji^»BilA{nNo to tvwuo TBrnbi^noK, . eartlflcftte onlMa tliwe yean at lilgh4Kliool training or 86 weeks of profes- ? rioial tVAlniog. Any tierti flea te may be refvoked for proper cause. See also A (bl). Stace boards; A (f)» AdmliUstratlve units— diBtricta, etc. : ■O (b)j State normal acboola; G (d), Teachers’ institutes and summer Bc2K>ola; It (J), Agrlcnltura Oregon: AH teachers* certlflcates, except temporary county cerUfleates and certlflcates Issued In cities having over ;100,000 Inhabitants, shall be Issued by the State superintendent. ma»9iflcation: (l) rife State certificates, five-yejir State certificates, primary five-year State certificates, one-year State eertifl- catee, Q)ecla1 certificates; (2) temporary county cmificfltes; (3) special dis ‘trict certlflcatea Fees required: Life certificate, $6; five-year sdite, $4; primary five-year, one-yrur, $2; special, $8; temporary county, |2.50. Renewal of five-year or five-year primary, |4 ; of one-year, |2. Such fees shall be transmltt^ to the State superintendent and by him paid to the State treasurer for a ** State board of examiners* fund.** State board of examiners shall consist of nine professional teachers appointed by State superlntendeni to prepare qnestlons and necessary number of professional teachers appolnteerieDce holder of said certificate may be granted, a five-year cer* tlflcate valid in same schools; after 30 months* e^qperlence holfiisr of five- year certificate may be granted a life certificate valid In same schools, but he may receive a certificate valid in all schools after completion of two afidl- tlonnl years In a standard college or university; the holder of certificates granted under this section is authorised to act as a, city superintendent of schools. On evidence of applicant’s fitness, State superintendent may issue n c^lficate to teach a special subject, as music, manual training, etc. Any teacher employed in a four-year high school must, except as otherwise pro- vided Jn this act, be a graduate of a standard collie or university, or the holder of a life certificate or State diploma, but graduates of standaid normal colleges may teach in training classes In high schools. In case of necessity, county superintendent may Issue a temporary county certlflcato valid until next examipptioi^ to holder of certificate from another State or to any person passing examination required tor one-year State certificate, except in school law. Tlie school board in districts having more than 100,000 population may create a board of examiners tor the purpose of issuing certificates valid In said city. State certificates shall be valid In any county, but must be regis- tered with the county superintendent; before registration, teacher must have completed reading-circle work prescribed by State superintendent. No person under 18 years old shall receive a teacher's certificate; applicant must give evidence of good moral character. No person shall be admitted to the ele- mentary-teachers' training course who shall not have completed tlie second hlgh-school year or Ite equivalent;. no certificate to teach in any elementary school unless soch person has completed an elementary-teachers' training course or equivalent, but this section shall not apply to teachers having had six months' experience. Any certificate may be revoked for canse by the authority issuing the same after hearing granted to the teacher; appeal may be taken from county superintendent to State superintendent or-from State superintendent to State board of education. Examinations shall be iJeld at county seats on the third Wednesdays in June snd Dec^ber and shall con- tlnne three days; they shall be held by county superintendents under rules Prescribed by the State superintendent; all papers wrtttwi In examination shall be transmit^ to the State snperintendent On certificate of county superintendent, State superintendent in computing grades may add 10 credits Credits secured , upon exatnl- each in two Bupjecta for snooessful experlenoe. 41#< BTAia LMn»' BILAXIIR} 10 PUBUO aDUOATION. nfttlo& hy aothorities l!rom oUier St&^ Bhall be accepted by State anperlntetidKit* when secnred by examination for the corresponding grade of certlllcate, bat standing ahall be accepted snbject for subject, and the passing standing shall not be lees than per cent In an^ one subject; credit for BQCcessfal teaching may be all^w^. ^ See also A (bl), State boards; A (cl), County* boards; A (c2), County officers. PennaylTanla; Every public-school teacher shall hold a provisional, pr^fes- slonal, or State certificate; any county or district superintendent may Issue provisional certificates to iiersous who pass satisfactory examinations in ^wil- ing, reading, writing,' physiology end hygiene, geography, English grammar, arithmetic, elementary algebra, history of the United States and of Pennsyl- vania, civil government (including State and local government), school man- agement, and methods of toncblng, valid for one yea rounder the Bupervlelon of the superintendent Issnlng the same. Public-school teaghers having taught successfully two full terms under the supervision of any county or district superintendent, and having passed examlnatloua In any two of the following subjects, in addition to provisional certificate subjects : Vocal music, drawing, English literature, plane geometry, general history, physical geography, ele- mentary botany, elementary zoology, or elementary physics, and having read Intelligently two books on pedagogy, shall receive professional certificates valid for three years; examination pai»er8 for professional certificates sholl be kept on file for nt least three years; professional certificates nioy be re- newed by passing in two additional subjects required for professional certifi- cates and by rending two additional books on pedagogy, but no professional certificate shall be renewed more than three times; any county or district superintendent in districts of second and third ctnsa may Indorse professional certlflcnteB issued by other superintendents. State certificates shall include the following: Permanent State certificates, State normal-school certificates, State normal-school diplomas, provisional college certificates, nn(J permanent coll^ certificates. The State superintendent shall select places and times for holding examinations for such certificates and shall appoint examining boards of superintendents or teachers holding State certificates; members of examin- ing boards shall be reimbursed by the State for necessary expenses. Teochera of two years’ successful experience, holding provisional certlflcotes, are eligi- ble for permanent State certificates Examining boards shall hold one or more examinations each year, on subjects hereinbefore enumerated; candi- dates must have Intelligently read four books on pedagogy approved by the State superintendent; results of examinations shall be certified to the suld State soperiniendent and lamination papers shall be filed for one year. State normal-school certificates shall be issued for two terms; diplomas shall be permanent The State superintendent may gront provI^onal certiflcoteB to graduates of colleges or universities, whfch have been approved by the State college and university councllj^hen candidates shall have completed at least 200 hours of work in pedagogical studlea; such certificates shall be volld fbr three school terms. Provisional college certificates shall become perma- nent afto three years of successful teaching. State superintendent may valfdilte certificates" issued by oiher States; shall provide special examina- tion and certificates for teachers of special subjects. No teachers’ certificate^ Shan'^bfi ig^nted to any' person who does not present a certificate from a lej^ly (ihallfled physician, to the effect that the candidate is mentally and pbiyiAMty capable of performing such duties. CJertlflcates may be annulled liKompetancSf cruelty t negligence, Immorality, or intemperance. Every B (b). tkAOHBRB^ CMTmOATBS, CffiBEBAL, 41 j[ county and district superintendent ahaU keep a record of all certlflcatea Isaued; teachers shalTregister certificates with proper soperlntaidait when entering upon work, ^ Rhode Island : No person shall be employed to teach, as principal or asalstant, In any public school who does not possess a certiticate from the State board of education. Said board shall hold examinatioDB for certification of teoch> era; may grant certificates without examinution to proprely qualified persons; imiy annul any certificate for cause. School committee may dlwharge any teacher tor cause after teacher has been heard. Every teacher sh^ll keep complete school record. No member of any school committee ahull be prin- cipal or teacher In any public school under bis control. Every, teacher ^all aim to Implant In minds of children the prhiclples of morality and virtue. Every perpon In charge of a public or private school of more than 26 pijplls shall Instruct such chlldten In fire drills at least once a month; fallqre so to do shall cousUtute a misdemeanor; commissioner of public schools shall formulate a uniform fire code for schools ; colleges, universities, and evening schools shall be exempt from provisions* us to flre'drllls. Schoolmasters are exempt from Jury duty. South CaroUna: See A (bl), State boards; A (cl), County boards; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), AdmlnlstraUve units— districts, etc. South Dakota; The superintendent of public InstrucUon may issue two pro- fessional certificates— the State certificate and the life diploma. A life diploma, valid during good behavior, shall entitle holder to teach In any imbllc school. Applicants for life diploma must show’ proficiency in reading, ai)elllng, writing, arithmetic, grammar, composition, geography, T|^ed States history. Including South Dakota history, civics, and physiology H^ygiene. and must imss examination In physical geography, physics, algebrf^|bmetry, general history, English language and rhetoric, English and American literature, either economics or sociology; aay two of botany, Boology, physi- ology, physics, chemistry, T^tln, German, geology and mineralogy, astronomy, algebra and trigonometry, all of college grade; and pedagogy, psychology! and history of etlucatlon; a diploma from the State university or from any ai>proved College may be accepted In lieu of examination In the subjfects named If applicant has in college pursued a teacher’s professional course of at least one-fourth work during at lenjt 18 mouths; a diploma from n State normal school having at least two years’ work above a four-year high- school course, or from any other normal school having a course of study of the same grade may be accepted In lieu of examination In the subjects named; any applicant for a life diploma must present evidence of at least 40 months successful experience In teaching, A State certificate shall entitle holder to tench In any public school for five years; applicant must show proficiency in si>elllng, rending, writing, arithmetic, geography, English grammar, physiology and hygiene, United States history, and shall pass examination In civics, American literature, drawing, algebra, plane. geometry, physical geography, physics or botany, general history, pedagogy, and English language, composition, and rhetoric; he must also present evidence of 24 months' successful experience; a diploma from a State qpmal school having a course of at least two years' work above a four-year high school, or from any school of same grade, mnj be received In Hen of examination In the sab- ’ Jects named; appllcaut presenting evidence of such graduation shall also present evidence of having taught 18 months; State superintendait may grant a provisional certificate to graduate not having taught 18 months. State superintendent may renew State, first grade, and primary certificates within 416 ^TArB UIWS BSLATIHO TO PT7BUO ^UOATION. one year of Uielr expiration; he may validate certificates of other States of the value of life diploma, State certificate, or first-^de or second-grade certificate; he may revoke life dlploiha or State certlfidhte for cause. Pcca: life diploma, |10; State certificate, $5; provisional, f2; such fees shaU be paid to State general fund. The State superintendent may Issiie the following teachers’ certificates; First grade, valid for not exceeding thyee years; second grade, for not ex- ceeding two years; third grade, for not exceeding one year; primary teacher's, for not exceeding five years. Gradings for acholasUc (qualifications shall be given under the direction of liie State, superintendent ; gnidlngs for profes- sional attainments^ teaching skljl, and moral character shall be given by county superintendent; both subh gradifiga are required for all grades of certificates. A diploma from a State normal school, or other 'school having two years' work beyond (,Jie approved eighth-grade course of the public schools and which shall Include professional instruction and practice teach- ing equal to one hour a week for two years, may be accepted by the State superintendent In lieu of an examination for the second-grade certificate; the courses of study pursued for a certificate under the provisions of this sec- tion shall Include all those branches required In the examination for first and secoiid grade certificates, respectively. A first-grade certificate shall be valid In all public schools of the State below the high school. Brofichci required for firet qrade: Spelling, rending, writing, arithmetic, geography, physical geography, Eugllfipi grammar, physi- ology and hygiene. United States historj’, civics, South Dakota history, cur- rent events, American llternture, didactics, and drawing. A second-grade certificate shall be valid lu the county where examination Is held for all schools below the high school and may be validated in any other co»mty by Indorsement of the superlnteiulcnt thereof- Branches re- quired for 8e<^oud grade: Same ns for first grade, ex(?ept physl -is or com- municable disease shall be employed, and school board may requin teacher to submit to ithyslcal examination. Teacher shall keep prescribed i glster and delivet It to county sui>erlntendent at end of term; principal te. ilier may suspend i)upll for cause, but report shall be made immediately to co Mty board of etlucatlon. Teacher shall attend county Institute, or in lieu thereof may attend summer school. Ilequlrements to teach In public schools of State shall I>e uniform In all counties, and every certificate shall be Issued by State ( superintendent. Except In case of professional certificates granted to grnd- uabes of approved normal schools and colleges, applicant to teach in ele- mentary schools shall pass examination in subjects prescribed for elementary schools and in principles and practice of teaching and school management, and ai)pUcant to teacTa lu high school shall pass examination In history of secondary eiluaitlou, i)rlnciple8 and practice of teaching, school nnuiagement, English languau'c and literature, and other subjects mimed on certificate; standards for examinations shall be determined by State superintendent. Cer- tificates shall be elementary of first or second grade or high school of first or second grade; first grade shall be valid for five years, second grade for two years; certificates grant wl under supenislon of county examiners shall be valid only in county where Issued, and those granted under supervision of State board of examiners shall be valid in any county. Applicant for first grade must be 19 years old, have had at least eight months’ experience in teaching, and must make general average of B5 per cent on all subjects and not loss than 70 i>er cent on any one subject; an applicant making first-grade average shall be granted first-grade certificate after acquiring required expe- rieut'c. When supply of teachers is iusufficient, State 8u..crintendeut may issue temiwrary certificates. Pro/ssaionui certificates granted tcithout ewami- nation: (1) Elementary certificate of first grade to graduates of academic course of State normal schools; (2) certIflcAte good in all schools, except high schools of first class, to gradual^ of normal course of State normal schools; (3) high-school certificate of,flrst grade to graduate of State university hav- ing completed six half-year courses offered by university In j^sychology, history of education, principles of teaching, and school pmnng'enient ; (4) certificates to graduates of other Institutions whose standards are not lower than those of State normal schoolk and State university. State superintendent may revoke certificate for cause. Said superintendent shall, with help of State board of examiners, announce courses of study for holders of certificates, elementary and high school, of first grade, and such holders on passing ^ examination on subjects embraced In such course shall be granted permanent certificates, but permanent certificate shall be revoked if holder discontinues school work for more than three successive years or fails to attend Instltut^'' State board of educatoln and State superintendent shall constitute State board ( of examiners; normal-school presidents, high-school inspector, and elementary- • school inspector may be required to assist in conducting examinations ; superintendent -may employ assistants to grade paperg^apd otheiVtse help * carry out provisions of this act. County superintendent; chairman of county board of educaUon, and a person designated by State superintendent shall constitute county b?»rd of examiners, who shall hold examinations at county seat on dates prescribed by State superintendent; county examiners shall . 39e6’-^15 27 418 STATS IJIWB BKI^msa TO PUBUC EDUCATIOK. condoct examination according to law and rules prescg^be'i by State super- intendent and State board of education, and shall forward examination papers of all applicants to State superintendent', misdemeanor to furnish examina- tion pniwrs to applicants except as provided by law. Fee for examination for elementary-school license, $2.C0; for hlgh-school license, $3.60; for license on credential In lieu of examination, $2.50. Provisions of this act shaU apply to all public-school teachers except those employed by cities of more than 7,000 populntlon. See nl»t> A (bl ), SUte boanls; A (b2). State officers; B (a), General Statr- fiimnce and supporb; F (a), Teachers’ contracts^ duties, etc.* N (a) Hleii 9ch<>ola, ' • ^ ^ A 1 Texas; County superlutendent^all appoint twa persons, holders of flrst-fcrade certificate or higher, to be county board of einn^ners to hold office at pleasure of sni)erlntcmlent ; such examiners shall. If necessary, hold asumlnntlons Id June, July, Aufnist. September. Di'ccniber. and when re«crlbed by State deportment and iwpers of appllcnnis retumeil to be graded by SUite board of examiners, but county eniiiTtners may grant county second-grade certificates not to l»e renewed to same iiersoii. Examination fee, |2; applicant must ]iresent from three reputable citlxens certificate as to hU good moral character. Certificates shal] l>e first grade temporary, second grade temporary, State permanent, and State i>ermanem primary. Appllcunt for second grade shall be examined In s|>elUng, reading, writing, arithmetic, English grammar, gt^ogrnphy, Texas history, e)ementar>' physiology and hygience. school management and methtala of teaching. United Scutes history, and elementary ngrirultnre. Appllniiit for first grnd,^ shall be examined in same subjects and In English comixiHltlon. civil govern*, ment, algebra, jihyslcnl geography, elements of geometry, and general history first and second grade certificates shall be valid for four years, if am>llcani makes general average of 75 per cent and not less tlmii 50 la^r cent In any one subject; valid for six years. If applicant makes general average of 85 per cent and not less than 50 per cent In any one subjwt. Applicant for State permanent primary certificate shall be ein mined- In subjects for second grade and. In addition, dvll govenmient, English composition, physical geograi)by. history of education, elementary psychology, ^nd English and American liter* nture; holder of State permanent primary ct^rtlficnte nmy. during first six years of Its validity, build to State permanent by standing exandnatlou in additional subjoits of algebra, pliyslcs, elementary g permanent primary by standing examination In additional subjects of history of eeclal distrtcts, conducting schools for nine months and employing a fci sniK'rlntendent, such su|)erlntendent and t^o teachers appointed by him shall constitute board of examiners; certificates valid only In city where Issuetl. Kinds of rer ii float cjt: Temporary second grade, first-grade, and high scliool and permanent primary, first grade, and high school; requirements shall not be below requirements for same grade of State or county certificate. Teachers of siwlal .brauches may l>e employed. Oraduate of College of Industrial Arts at Denton having compIettHl two full courses in education shall be entitled to SUile first-grade certificate valid for sD years, and after having Uinght three years may revive a State lermannit certificate. Holder of diploma from n State normal college or of a life certificate from another State may rtH*( ive a State i>ermanent certlflcnte on recommendation of Suite board of examiners. Diploma from a Texas State educational InatUntton shall en-' lltle holder who has had two years of kindergarten training in addition to regular course to n SUite kindergarten certificate \alld for four years; after three years of teaching such certificate may be made permanent. All cer- tificates must be recorded by county sui^erlntendent Misdemeanor to traffic In examination questlona State superintendent may apiMilnt o State board of examiners to consists of not fe^yer than three competent teachers, and he may Increase the number as conditions require. Certificate may be canceled f »r cause by authority Issuing It, but holder may apiieal to SUUe board of education. Alteration of teacber^s certificate shalDconstltute forgery. See also A (c2). County officers; F (y, Teachers* salaries. Utah: State board of education may grant diplomas of two grades, State high't school and State grammar; five-year SUte certificates of one grade. State grammar; and temporary high-school certificates valid for one year. State diplomas and certificates shall be issued only to professional teachers over 20 years old of good moral character and good health who have taught suceess- fully two years in the State and who pass examination In required subjecta. Validiip: In any county, city, town, or school district; hlgh-school diplomas In any department of the public schools; grammar-grade dlplonyi. In grammar and primary departments; State certlflcatesi. In grammar and primary grades. Subjects 'Required for examination for professional bigb-school diploma, or In which a high degree of scholarship must otherwise be shown : Arithmetic, United States history, reading and elocution, spelling, English grammar, political and physical geography, physiology, algebra, physics, rhetoric, draw- ing, plane and solid geometry, botany, English literature, general history and science of education, and peychology; ales any tht^ of following: 420 ST^TB LAWS B&L4TIN0 TO l*UBUO BDUOAHON, A OhemlWry. geology. French, Gemum. LeUn. Greek, trigonometry, •oology, blidogy, and mineralogy. Subjects required for examination for professibnnl grammar-grade dljdoma or In which other evidence of proficiency must l>e shown: Arithmetic. Cnlted States history, reading and elocution, spelllnp. Bngltsh grammar, political and |>hyslc|l geography, physiology, nature atudles, ulgelim, physics, rhetoric, drawing, plane geometry, botany, fhigllah lltern- tnre, general blstur}-, clvlci history and science of education, and psychology. Normal oertIUcates or diplomas iasued by the loilveralty of Utah shall hiue the force of state certificates, and after teaching successfully for two years holders shall be entitled to hlgh-schi>ol diplomas Holdera of normal cer- tificates of the University of Utah, holders of hlgb-scbool certificates Issueil in cltlti of first and second classes, and holders of territorial certificates and State diplomas and certificates now in force may, at discretion of State boar.1 of education, be exempt from examlmitlon lu subjects which were requited in the examination for such certificates ijfe diploma issued In other States when of equal rank with those of t.tah, may l>e couuteralgner- Intendent nud Itecome valid as Ufo diploma lu tills State after two years teaching by holder. Professional diploma becomes invalid If holder allows five years to elai>se without engaging lu some edncntionnl imrault. Stale board of education may ammlut assistants to conduct examination and pay exitenses of such examinations out of State school fund. State Imard may revoke for cause 'diplomas and certificates issued under provisions of this - ebaptt^r. StMto board of cducntlou shall authorise the superintendent of erhoola in etich comity to conduct exanilimtious at such tlmea and phuvs and under Aicli regulations ns board may direct; qnesthma shall be prepared by State board and paiiers of aiipllcants shall 1h> fonvanleil to It for grading. Board shall determine grades to 1« made. Two grades of county certificates ; County gmmmar and county primary, which shall bo valid for one year.llut may 1h> renewed from year to year. Qualifications reqiiireil ; Proficiency In laslagogy and ability to teach reading, writing, siieillug. English gnnmimr. geography. United States history, arithmetic, physiology and hygiene, nature studies, and drawing, and In ndditlon (after lini l applicnut must file with State lionrd evidence of having had at least a four-year hIgh-school i-onrs.> and must pa-.-, examination In psychology ami Uie history of wlucatlon. but (ids requirement shall not apply to those having taught successfully for three yeara State board may grant nonreuewable temporary cerUtioates valid until next regular examination. Speclg^l certificates may be granted to teachers of spec'lal ^ branches. County Huperlnteudeut or district board may employ temporarily a teacher who has made apiillcatlon to State board for certificate. State board may grant to graduates of normal training, schools of hlgh standanl certificates valid for two years. Holder of counte certificate shall be over is yeare old, and certificate shall be valid throug*)ut the State. State iward shatl revoke certraentes for cause. Person disclosing questions for examina- tion may bo fined between flOO nud |500. State board may employ assistants to prepare questions and grade papers. See also A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Vermont: Supw-lntendent of educaUon shall provide for examination and , certification **f 'teacberS) and shall have questlona for examination printed ; shall make regulations for such exo-fiolnatlon and certification; under direc- tion of said superintendent the superintendent of a union shall conduct such examinations, aind shall rate applicants in certain designated subjects ; expenses Of examinations aball be met by Joint committee of the unlom Superintend- 1 B (b)* TEACHBRS' CERTtnCATES, OKJTBRAl^ 421 wt Of education ufaj- bold ^)colul examlDatloim ; i^enwns appointed to con- duct auch exainlnatUins abuH receive $3 per day and expenaea, to be a cbnrgo H^lnat tbe State, A flrat-ifn^de ceriirioate may be reiiewed without exami- nation if bolder baa tauaht In the State pO weeka Neceiwary clerical aaalst- ance nhall be jtiven Hiiiierlntendent of tHlui*ation for piiriHia^^ of tliia chapter, to l>e a State charpe. No i»ersi)n Klmlt trttrli In jnibUr w1kv>Ih without baling a ('ertiacate or a pt'rnilt to teach; no i*eriM»n under 17 yeara old abalt teuch in public aclua»l«. K\ery teacher ahall. before HClnvtr l>eginA notify town HuiH'rlntendent of date and grade of t^riiantte hHd, and, niam n»que«t. aball Kubnilt certlfttnite to aaid Btu.erlntendent, A gnUluate fn>m a lower courae of n norrani achool in tbla state may. u|h>ii nsHunuiendation of State boant of etlucatlon, retelve a certificate without exnmiinitlon valid for five years and renewable for same pc^rltKl without examination if holder baa taught IW weeks In the State; a gradimte of the higlier ctnirae of such normal m*h«x>l may recehe auch tx^nincate. valid for 10 years, and may be reuewtxl to wntlniiP in force during pleasure of State snivrtntendeut. If holder baa taught .» weeks in the State. A gradtmte of u normal 8< ht on Mle hy wild KiiisTintmidcnt ; a is*rson wlio falls to pass Rh;\ have no otlier examination within thnv nmuths; ix'rtitlcntes Khali 1m^ of thr^^ideo- ilrst, scsxmd, and third; first-grade (ertiflcnte. valid for the yeara. Rhallt>e awanled to iH‘nxui whos<* paixTs n*a. h nsinfriHl stamlard and who has tmigiit -10 weeks and la of g(MHl rnontl character ami Is able to govern; a cvriifltnite of first grade may Ih' Isstusl. without examination, to graduate of a cxdloge approved by Rjiid sniK'rintendent, renewalde If api)llennt Inis tji tight -10 wtvks. A second-grade orson who has passixl examimillon in the hranehes rmpilnsl by law to l>e taught in public schools, whose |taiHM-s reach nxiulnxl standard and who Is of gtxsl moral chamcier and is able to govern, A first or second grade certificate Issued on exfuntnntlon, held by teacher einphtyml coiUlmunisly In the same town, shall remain In fonv during stich emjiloyinent. A certificate of third grade may he Issneil for a time not exceorson wlio has pns.see eligible to ^ receive sncli certificate. Kui>orintcn(1em 'of (shication may Isane special * (‘ertificafes, without examination, to former holders of first and second grades certlflnites or for si)oclnl training for teaching: such certificates shall be license to tench special hlgh-echo^l branches, music, drawing, physical cniture, or Industrial arts or sciences; such certifleatOH shall Iw* valid for five or two years, according to certificate formerly field by such person : and In case of special training during pleasure of said superintendent, A 8i>ecla1 thlnl- grade certificate, valid for one year, may l>e Issued without examination to * person who has taught 50 we^s In ppbllc schools, or who has held a second- grade certificate or its equivalent, and has taught 20 weeks In public schools; a second special third-grade t'ertlftcate sliall not he isaiieerfion until he has received a second or first grade oi-tlflcate on examination. A cerUfi- 9 422 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBUC EDUCATION. cate Valid until revnked by auperintendcot of education ahull be iamted to futluwlug: A i^rtuti who haa taiinbt in the public arhoola 5«.)U weokK; a irniduate of a college who haa devoted at leaat eight yermit to tench' in a partlctilar schm>l for term not to exce.rinteiid<-m of eeruiita to applicauts; not more than one jM-r mil sliaU be grantwl a i«i*rai*u l»efore he has riH'elv«l a ctn-tiflcate on piiMic j examination; not iium* tJxau one-third of the terms of a sx^hool ytatr, and ! not excxHi'diug five terms, khail be taught under |)ermits in a town. Any (‘eiiiflaile may l>e revoked for piuse. A |»er8on who has bt'eh taught in public schtMils of State or has served ns union superintendent for 2tm da.vs and has held first-grade erinteudent of »h1uo«(1ou, jnvnrd high-sclu^d lertlflivdes valid 5>r five year*. li^‘ also A (d). District iKuirds and ottWrs; <1 (b). State uornml sclumls; tJ 4c), County and lonil normal »'htH>ls. ! Virf^nla: Se three grade* of cii.v certificates — high scheclal certificates. An examination for certification of teachers of the'f^tate for third, ee<'ond, first grade primary and first-grade certJflcatce shall be held at each ceuiity seat by county sujerintendent under rules 'of State Ixmrd of education oa second Thursday of May and December and on last Thursday of August ; examiuutlon shall last three days; for professional and life certificates «m above-named days of May and August only. Comity sujerlntendent sliall transmit to State superintendent, who shall keep same on file for at least (10 days. Applicant for third-grade common-school certificates shall pass on e.\- amlnation In reading, grammar, penmanahip and punctuation, history of United States, geography, arithmetic, physiology and hygiene, theory and art of teaching, orthography, and Wasbiogtoo State manual; mid certificate valid for two years; If bolder of such certificate attend an accredltcil .Institution of higher education for one year, he shall, upon appllcatloni re- ceive a 'Second-grade certificate.. Applicant for second-grade certificate shall have credits In same subjects as for third-gratle certificate and shall take B (b). TEACHERS* ClRTIPICATER, GEKRIUL. » f 42S cxiunlfifitloii in niURlc; wld cprtlflcHt® iititill be valM for two ^-onrK nncl lua)^* t>e miewed If holder Imh ntteuded an tnatltiiMuii of. htiHier eal jrwKraphy : hut State Noml of clucatlon may acc*>i>t other snhj.r an inst itution of hlRher educjitlon for one year or haa tuiiKht for not than 24 niouths untier such i)rinuir>' t‘t‘rtlflcate. Apjilloant for flrst’trrade (vrtlfti'ate must have taujtht at- least nine mouths and .shall have eretlHs in same sub.itvts ns for second-arade . alp^ira, and phystcid ite<*>rraphy •; Htaie lw>nrd of (*tlutntlon may actvpt otlier suhjtvts In lieu of two of these Ufsin rts|uest of n|)plicant . applicant must secure sauii' uiiudHT of cretilts as for a flrst-trratle primary certlflcnte: such tx*rt!tlcate. valid for five ywirs. may l*e renewwl in same manner and on atune (Xtuditlons as flrst-trratie primary certifleate. Applicant for itrofesslonal tvrtillcate shall nieet all nsjulrtunenta for a llrst- ■ prntU* ot'rtlflcivt^?, hut nmst have tnuirht sutxvssftilly 24 months, at lestsi elifht months ,.f wldch shall have Ishuj in this State, and simll rmss examination in plane tn>ometr.v. »feol<»»:y. Ixttany. Rotdoio'. «»d civil BovtTnmeut, hut State lK»anl t>f txiucatlou may. u|huj rtxpu*st of a]>|)licaut, artiflt*ale shall be Issmxl of same itnide jts (hat held by applicant, valid for life, unless revoke«l for trood cause. Applicant for life sy- •'ho^ogy. history of **okk<:x*plng, (Y>ni|'H>Ki(ion. general historv, hut Slate iMiard of wlucatlon may acot*pt other subjoins In lieu thereof uiion n*quest of applicant ; such ci*rtificnte may be revokixl for ipkhI cause.” * In any city employing 100 or mon» U*aehers board of direllcants to teach such branches. Applicant for city hlgh-achool certificate shaU pass 1^ subjects required foe grammar certlflcatea Md also In civil government, iriiyslcal geography, elementary phyricA algebra botany, and snch otl^er subjects as directors may prescribe See also B (a), Gertlflchtlon of teachers, generaL Virginia: All matters relative to examination and certification of teachers shaU be under control of superintendent of free schools- teachers’ examinations shall be held simultaneously at such places In the counties ns may be designated ’by county superintendents, subject to approval of State TOperlntendent Sum of $8,000 Is annually appropriated from general school fund to meet expenses of such examlnatlona Applicants for teachers’ certlfl- ca^ must pass examination In orthography, reading, penmanship, arith- metic, English grammar and language, physiology and hygiene, United States history, State history, geography, civil government, agriculture, and theory and art of teaching; and applicants for cerUfleates good In advanced grades or In high schools must, In addition to the foregoing, pass examlnadona In general history and single-entry bookkeeping; applicants for hIgh-school and primary certificates shall pass examination In such other branches as State board of education may prescribe ; applicants having passed one examination may take a part of the branches, not exceeding one-half. In a second or third examination of same year, upon payment of one-half of fee, and State superintendent may allow such applicant benefit of his highest grade In each such branch. State superintendent shall prepare and send examination ques- tions under seal to county superintendents; said county superintendents shall conduct examlnaUons under rules of State superintendent, shall break seals In presence of applicants, and shall return manuscripts mlder seal to State superintendent; appUednts shall be of good moral character and shall not be under 17 years old. Manuscripts shall be examined by State superintendent and his assistants, who shall be actively engaged In school work. Applicants • receiving average of 90 per emit and not lower than 75 per cent on any branch shall receive first-grade certificates; average of 80 per ednt and not lower than 66 per cent on any branch, second grade ; average of 70 per cent and not lower than 60 per cent on any branch, third grade; no certificate shall be granted to ap applicant until State superintendent la satisfied as to identity of applicant Certificates shall be signed by -State superintendent, sent to county superintendent and countersigned by county superintendent. Certificates may be revoked for cause. -Certificates shall be valid In %ny district or independent district except in independent districts authorized by law to issue certificates, and In such Indt^iendent districts at option of board of education thereof. Flyst-grade certificate idiall be valid for five. years ; may be renewed for five years If holder has taught three years under original first-grade certificate and has passed examination In elementary agriculture ; second or ttlrd renewal for five years may be had If holder has taught three years under first renewal and has passed examlna.tlbit In two of books of State reading circle coarse, pt has done nine weeks of work at approved normal schdoi or other approyfed school, or has done work of equal value; at termination of tUrd renewal itedder may be awarded first-grade life certificate, if he has taught at least three jreanT of the last five and has msintainas active interest ]h eaticattonal work. Beeoud-grade oertifleates shall be valid for » (b). T*ACH«H8' OSEMFIOATBS, munati,!., thiree years and third grade for one year ; third-grade cerdflcatea shall not be* Issoed to same applicant more than two years In succesalon; no moie than one certificate of «ime grade shaU be Issued 19 an applicant In a achool year. If any county superintendent or assistant shall Intentionally vlolatfe any provision of this act, he shall be fined not less than $25 nor more than #200 and confined In Jail not less than 00 days nor more than one year. Any person who Intentionally breaks or attempts to break the seal on examination ones- tlons unlawfuUy, or who unlawfully has such questions in his possession, or who alters manuscripts, or personates another, or gives or receives aid on such examinations, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable by fine not to exceed $60 and confined in Jail not less than 10 dnya County superintetidenta shaU report any Immorality of holders of certificates to State superintendent County superintendent may, If there are fewer, than 80 appUcants, employ one assistant examiner, If more than 80 applicants, t^o such assistants, each to receive $6 for two days employed ; State superintendent may send a ^leclal examiner to conduct any examination. AppUcanU shall each pay fee of |1 JSO ; expenses of examination shall be deducted from aggregate of such fees and balance shall be sent to State auditor to be placed, to credit of general scbool fund; county superintendent shall make reports to State superlntendmit relative to examinations. State superintendent shall Issue first-grade cer- tificates, upon application, to graduates of West Virginia University, who have taken at least six courses In education ; to graduates of normal d^rt- * ment of State normal school and Its branches; to graduates of approved normal departments In other schools of State; to graduates of normal depart- ment of West Virginia Colored Institute. State superintendent may, upon request of county superintendent. Issue emergency ce^rtlficates ,to persons unable to take regular examinations; fee for such certificate shall be $1JS0; such certificate shall be valid only In county where Issued and shall not be issued to same person twice. Primary teachers* ^certificates, valid through- out State for teachers of primary grades, shaU be Issued upon examination* In branches announced by State superintendent, but only to applicants who have taught at least two years under a first or second grado certificate. High- school certificates shall be Issued on examination In subjects selected and published by State superintendent, valid throughout State, and renewable on condition that bolder sludl pass examination in certain bther subjects. In payment of salaries and renewal of certificates primary teachers* cerUflfiptes and hIgh-school certificates shall be considered as first-grade cwtlflcates. Ail certificates Issued prior to 1908 shall remain In force for time issued and may be renewed as provided by law. Minimum salary of teachers having certificates of grade of No, 1 sbaU be $40 per month ; of No. 2. $86 ner mexith: of ^o. 8, $90 per month. > See also A (bl). State boards. Wisconsin; Any person to be eligible ns teacher In common schools shall hold n certificate issued by proper examining officer; no certificate sl^ll have forde except In district of offlder by whom Issued. Certificates ^all be of three grades— firs^ second, and third. No county superintendent shall In- dorse a certificate issued by any other county superintendent or extend life of any certificate beyond limits fixed by law. In atiy examinatioh: for a second-grade certificate, when applicant has taught for one year, examining sttperlntendent may accept standings made In preceding examlnatira In Man of reexamination, but in not to exceed five subjects, Thb holder of an nn- explred tidrd-grade certificate or county trnlnlng-sahool certlfl<»te may write on two or more of addiUoiial subjects required fSor second gradfe ; If holder Shall 426 STAn LAWS BSLAHKO TO PUBUO SDUOATIOI7. 0MB iQ two «ud> Bubjects he ahnU receive a now third-grade certificate: tf holder shaU pass la all second-grade subjects before expiration of new third grade certificate, be ahall receire a second-grade certlflcata If holder of unexpired second-grade certificate ahall pass In all additional subjects re- quired for first grade be shall receive first-grade certificate Bve^ county snperlntendent shall keep on file examination papers, both questions «ml answers, during Ufe of certificates. If holder of any certificate shall desire to teach In a county or superintendent district other thnn one In which ot r- tificate was Issued, examination papers shall be transferred to superintendent of such county or superint^i^dent district ; superintendent receiving siu-h papers may, upon examination of same, grant certificate of like or lowt^r grade valid In his county or district On and after July 1, 1916, no person who shall not have taught In a publl? school for at least one year ahull Ih‘ granted a county or city teachers* certificate, unless, In addiUon to passiiig subjects required by law for such certificate, he shall have completed Staio common-school course of study, or its equivalent or first eight grades of graded schools, or equivalent and shall have had two additional years of Instruction In training, one year of which, .or Its equivalent, shall have Ikhmi devoted to teachers* professional studies, H>ut graduates of four-year high schools not maintaining training courses for teachers shall be r^nlred to have only one adlUonal year of training In professional studies; such two years of ndtUUonal training may be obtalnetl at a State normal schot)!, a county training school, or at n free high school haring approved courso of study for training teachers, but such high school must have at least three teachers, Including prlncli^al, and teacher of professlonni studies must be a graduate of advanceerlntendeut, a standard of attalument In each brunch of ritudy; such standard shall be uniform In the county orr superintendent dis- trict and no certificates shall be issued until such standard Is established; the stiuidard In branches common to second grade and third grade certificates simll bo higher for second grade than for third grade; standard In branches couiuion to second grade and first grade certificates shall bo higher for first grade then for second grade; county superintendent may demand examination In such additional branches as apidlcant may he requlreil to teach; teachers may bo reexamined for purpose of ascertalDlug qualifications to coutlnue as such teacher. Any applicant refused a certificate may apply to State siiperin* tcndeut for reexamination; If such oppllcsot is found to be legally qualified, State superintendent may issue certificate to such ai^llcant; State superln- tendent.may at any^time demand examination papers filed with au examining superintendent, and upon examination of same may annul certificates Issued thereon If basis Is Insufficient. Each graduate of a four-year high school shall receive n.certiflcute of his standing; If such graduate receives a first-grade certificate from any county superintendent, and shall have taught at least ^ one year under such certificate, such county superintendent may countersign his certificate of graduation or diploma at any time before expiration of first- grade certificate, making such certificate or diploma of same force as a ' first-grade certificate, valid for five years from date when countersigned; more than one such superintendent may countersign such certificate or di- ploma, but same shall be valid only for five years from date of first counter- Blgnaturo. An examining superintendent may accept standing of applicants made at normal schools of the State In lien of examination at any time within three years from time such standings were made. Superintendent shall renew no certificate If said certificate shall at the time be in force and effect for a period of more than six months Any certificate may be refbked .by the proper superintendent for good cause, but not until holder thereof has been heard. ** State supeiintendent shall annually appoint a board of three members to constitute board of examiners for Issuing state cortiflcates ; said soperinteiul- 488 STAT9 LAWS BSUTIHO TO W»UO BDUOATIOK. «Bt may MUimliM princIpaJi ot lUgb nchooU and of free bi|^ achoolt who aUall htktfy boon elected superlatendenU of elty ocboolo contalnlug such high acbooU ; a Uiultod Stato certlflcftto aUaU be Isaued to appllcAUts who have paaaed ex- amination In aubiecu required for flnt-gnde coonty cerUllcate and» In addi- tion, in menUl phlioeop^^ and £ngllab literature; an unlimited State cor- tlflcate to applloanta who liave pamed in aforemtld braiicbea and In any otbera ezamlnem may preecrlbe; appllcauta for State certiflcatea must satisfy examiners as to ^jlmracter/auccees, and experlenoe in tetK«lilug; limited stHt(> certiflcatea sball be valid for five years, unlimited State cortlflcates until an- nulled; State superintendent shall (lie liapers of applicants Tor State ccr- Uflcates; any State certlflcate may be revoked for cause, but not until holder has been heard. Upon certain conditions State superintendent nmy, upon recommendation of State boanl of examiners, grant unlimited State oertlH- cetes to holders of unlimited certlflcates granhMl In other States; State suiter- Intendent may grant to holders of such certiflcatea from oUier States, when conditions do not warrant issuance of ‘ersltles whose courses are equivalent to thoke of State university, or of normal m'hoola whone courses are equivalent to those of noniial schools of Uils Stnte. may after two years of teaching following graduation, upon rocommendathm of board of ex- amlners, receive unlimited State certtflbates ; the holder of n diploma gtanteil upon completiou of such course, upon which State ceYtlllcnta has not.botMi Issued, may. upon' recommendation of examining board, receive from State superintendent a license valid for one year, If holder bus taught one year, and rsnefwable for one year. Graduates of colleges and uulversitlea, In order to have diplomas auUiorlasd for teaching, shall have had preparation In paychob ogy and pedagogy equJval^t to that required- In Wisconsin for cmiOidates for a life certificate. State superintendent may countersign diplomas or grant State certlflcates to pubUc>scbool supervisors or teachers in colleges or nor- mal schools otherwise legally qualified, ''or who are recommended by board of earamlnora' Stata superintendwt may lasuo special licenses, good only until next meetly of bboard exathiners. to appllcanta whose qualifications and credenUals^ahall prove miUsfkctory to said board, to be Issued only In urgent easeei said auperlnteiKleiit may upon recommendation of said board Issue 489 B (b). TSAOHBSB' OBBTmOATBS, OBNBBU^ •pedal certiflcatee to teacben of •pedal aubjects; aald ■uperlntendent may upon like recommendation laape a limited ^;>eclal certlOcate to teacbers of •ome one apeda) branch valid In a particular school or district The bolder of a diploma from a manual training school or domestic science school, upon completion of a training course for teachers In same subjects prescribed by retnmts of normal schools, and after two years* experience tii teaching either of such subjects, as case may be, ahall, ui¥>n recomiueudatlou by board of oxamiuers, be eutIUed to ah unlimited certificate to teooh lii sneb subject; Huch holder who falls to receive such certificate ttmy, uiwii recommendation of bitattl of examiners, be granted a special license in such subject, valid for two years. City 8U|>orlDtendeDt8 inxlties of third and fourth classes shall lloanse teach- ers; may Issue certificates to teachers of fq>ectnl branches after examination in such hnmehes as may be provided by school board and approved by State MU|>erlutem1ont. The holder of a diploma Issued by ii kindergarten training Hchool whose in>ur8e is e<]uivnleiit to that of normal schools of Wlsccmain, who shall have taught fur two 3*eara In kindergarten or primary grades of Wls- coitslii after receiving such diploma, may, upon recommendation of board of examiners, reiwU*e an unlimited certificate to tench in ouch grades; tf holder of such diploma ahall fall to receive such certificate, he may, upon recom* mendation of aald board, receive s|>ecla] license, valid for one year, to teach In such grades. An unlimited State certificate shall, ui>on recommendatlou of Itoanl of examiners, be lssueonrd may presc|lhe. In addition to foregoing there almll l>e tlm'e grades of kindergarten oertifleates — first, second, and thtnl; for thirti grade, examlnatio|i shall be In orthoepy, orthography, reading, writing, arithmetic, Kngttsh grammar, lUiyslology and hygiene, drawing, nuistc. juvenile literature, and theory and art of kindergarten tcMichliig; for second grade, In all the foregoing nud In general literature and the elementaof Imtany; for first grade, In nl^the foregoing and In history of educ^itlon bear- ing ou kindergarten development and In elements of aoology ; said third-grade t'ertlficate shall l>e ralld for one year, second for two years, and first fbr lour years In the towi^or city where Issued; If holder of such llt'ense shall desire to teach In another district* his examination papers may l»e tyansferred to mii>erlntendent of such district nod used as basts for certlflcate\lu such dis- trict No person shall be a 'legally qualified kindergarten teacher who does not hold a certificate Issued by proper authority; provisions city supers Intendenta* special certificates, unlimited State kindergarten cj^ifleates, and first, second, and third grade kindergarten eertifleates shall not apply to cities of first class. See also A (d), Dlittrlct boards and officers; Q (b), State normal schools; N'(a), rflgh Bchoola Wyoming: State superintendent shall appoint three persons from the prin- cipals of high schools, city and county superintendents, and fa/*ulty of the State university as n State board of examiners; compensation of examiners, |5 per Clay and actnal expenses. Examiners shall prepare questions to be used by county superintendents in bolding examinations at least twice a 'year, and shall grade papers when retnrped by county superintend^ts, ThM-daai corti/lcoie; Applicant shall pans examination in spelUug, reading, Writing, arithmetic. English graimnar, geography,, United States history, civil goveriiment, physiology and hygl^e, and agrlcnlture; general average of 70 per cent and not 1m than 60 per cent In any ope branch la required. 9eoos4-oloss oorfi/loafe; Applicant shall pass examination In subjects required *480 BT4T» LAWS BBUmNQ TO PUBUO KDX70AT10K. tor third cUas and in rhetoric and theory and practice of teaching; general average of 804>er cent and not leaa than 60 per cent In any one branch le required: oerN/looie; Applicant shall pass examination In subjects required for second class and In elementary algebra* KngllsB and American lltemture^ element^^ peychology* physical geography, and any two of fol- , lowing; Plane geometiy, botany, ioology, chemistry, general history. Latin. Germq^^ political economy, bookkeeping, shorthand; gep^:iil average of )>er cent and nut Im than 60 per cent In any one branch ip required. Pro- fMional aeoond-oht<« ceril/loaie; Applicant shall pass examination In suUJmiL^ required for first class, with at least two additional electives, and In mamig^ent pedagogy, methods, and history of eduction; general « of 80 per cent and not less than 60 per cent In any one branch is requii^. Prof€$Honal firaMa$a oerH/tcate: Applicant must have taught siKceasfull.v three years, must bold a professional second class, and pass examination In advanced psychology and school supervldon. Bxamluers shall recommend to State superintendent the Issoance of certificates without examination as follows: Third class: To graduates of iMlverslty preparatory school and four- year high schools. Scoaycho]ogy and pedagogy or who pass examination on professional subjet'ts required for a professional second-class certificate, and who binre taught two years. Duration of certificates: Th^rd class, one year; second class, two years; first class, lour years; professional certificates, fur life. Applicant must not be under 17 years old and certificates may be revoked by State Buperlutendent for can^ Third and second class certificates shall be valid for all grades up to the glgfath; first class, for all grades up to the eighth, for hlgh-sohool subjects covered by examination, and for principals or super- intendents of schools not having hlgh-scfaool grades ; professional second class, for all public schools and for principals or superlntendeuts of schools not having more than a two-year hlgh-scfaool .coufse; professional first class, for all public schools and for principals or superintendents of schools of any grade. State superintendent on recommendation of examiners may grant special certificates as follows; Temporary certificate until next regular exam- ination ; certificates to graduates of State normal school and of College of Liberal Arts of State University during interim while experience required for life certificate la acquired; special primary certificate; special technical cer- tificate valid for four, years to applicant passing examination In special pranch to be taught Examiners may Indorse as valid certificates of other States; they may extend first and second class certificates of applicants hav- ing completed course of study In State reading clrds. Certificates shall bo r^^tet^ In office of superintendent of county where school is taught. Fees : ^N^porary TO ^ cenU; second and third classes and special, |1; (bnt; class and profSsslonal, llfiO. County superintendent Wy Issue permit ' . (o troch to applicant until next examination. See .algo A (C2)t Oounty officers; L (d). Physiology and hygiene k: . ■ >l(c). 8PBCLOJ 0B&XIFI0ATB8. 4S1 B (o). TMchers’ BxamaatioM and OertlflcatM, 8p«d«l. v^Ubama: See A (f), Administrative nulta — districts, etc.; B (b), Teochere' '^rtiflcatee, general. Arlsona: See E (b), Teachers’ certlflcates* general; L (I), Manual and Indus- . trial educHthm. Ariansaa: See A (c2). County officers. California: See A (bl), State boards; A (cl), County boards; E (n), Qi^li- tloation of teachers, general. * % ('olorado: See B (b), Teachers’ certificates, general; M (b), Klndergnrtena ^ CuiinecUrut: See A (d), District boards and officers: N (a). High schoola 1»claware: See A (cl), County boards. Florida: See E (b), Teachers’ certlflcutes, general. •^(tcorgla: See E (b). Teachers’ certlflcates. general. Idaho: See K (b), Twicbcrs’ certlflcates^ general; M (b), Kindergnrtena Illinois: See A (d), District boiirds and offlc*ers; E (b). Teachers’ certincatea, general. Indiana: ,8ee E (b). Teachers’ eertidcates, general. Iowa: See A (d). District boards and officers; E (b), Teacht^rs’ eertidcates, general. Kansas: See M (b). Kindergartens; O (a), Imlustrlni (Hlucntlun, general. Fouisiana: See E (b). Teachers’ certifleate^ general. MiissachusetU: See A (d). District boards and offleera .MIrhiffan: See M (b). Kindergartens; O (b), Agricultural schoola .Minnesota: See E (b). Teachers’ eertidcates, general. .Missouri: See E (b). Teachers’ eertidcates, general. Montana: See B (b), ’renchers’ wrtificates, general; F (a). Teachers’ con* tracts, duties, etc.; H (c). School year, month, day, etc.; O (a). Industrial e^lucatlon, general. Nebraska: See K (b). Teachers’ eertidcates, general. Nevada: See E (b)* Teachers* eertidcates, gononil.^ New Jersey: See E (^), Teachers’ eertidcates, general; L (d). Physiology iiud hygiene; M (b), Kludergarteiia; M (c), Evening schools. New Mexico: See E (b), Teachers’ eertidcates, general. New York: See O (a),. Industrial educutJbn, general. North DakoU: See E (b). Teachers’ certificates, general; M (b). Kinder- gartens. Ohio: See E Tochers’ certificates, general. Oklahoma: See E id|cont8 who sliow by exnnitnaflon o*r otherwise fitness to tench specinl subjects, such ns music, foreign langnages, art, mnimal tnilnlng, )»euninnRbIi>. kindergarten, doiueHtlc science, typewriting, stenograidiy, physical culture, etc.; such certlflcatos shall l>e valid where * issued so long as bolder ^aches, unless revoked, See also E (b). Teachers’ certificates, general; M (b), Kindergartens. Wert Virginia: See E (b), Teachers’ certificates, general; M (b)', Kinder^ gnrtens, Wisconsin: See E (b), Teachers’ cortiflcntes, general, Wyoming: See E (b), Teachers’ c'ertlficatcs, geueral ; M (It), Kindergartens. E (d). Teachers’ Certificates: Validity, indorsement, Ki^glstration, Revocation. • Alabama: See E (b). Teachers’ certiflentbs, gencnil ; O (d), Teachers’ Instl- tntes and summer schools. Arizona: See E (b), Teachers’ ceriiflentes. general; V (a). Teachers' contracts, duties, etc. Arkansas: See A (bl), Stiite boanls; A (c2), County officers. California: See A (bl). State boanls; A (cl), County lK)nrds. Colorado: See A (bl), Stiite boards ; E (b). Teachers’ tt^rtifleates, general, Connecticut: See E (b), Teachers’ certificates, general. Delaware: See A (c2), County offic^MC Florida: See A (c2), County officers; E (b), Teachers’ certificates, general. Georgia: See E (b), Teachers’ certificates, general, Idaho: See E (b), Teachers’ certificates, general. Illinois: See A (b2), State officers; A (c2). County offlt*ers; E (b), Teachers’ certlflcates, general. w Indiana: See A (b2), State officers; E (h), Teachers’ ceHIfiojites, general, Iowa: See E (b), Teachers’ certificates, general. Kansaa: See A (c2), County officers; E (b). Teachers’ certificates, general. Kentucky: See E (b), Teachers’ certificates, general; G (rt). Teachers’ Insti- tutes and summer schools; P (c), State universities and collegea Looisliuia: See E (b), Teachers’ certificates, geneSDl. Blaine: See E (b). Teachers’ certificates, general. Btaryland: See A (b2), State officers; E (b), Teachers’ certificates, general, Massachnserts: See A crlntendent after bolder has been hoard. AVhen certificate U revoked, holder shall not receive nuotber cer- tlftcate within 12 mnnths. Any teacher whoso certificate has been revoked may npi>enl to superintendent of public Instruction when oertlfioato li.*»8 been revoked by eouuly su|H»rlntendor|t : to State board of education when c'ertlfl- ente has been revoked by BU|»erlntendent of public Instruction or by faculty of State university, State college, or the normal schoola See also A (bl), State boards; K.(b), Teachers' certlflcates. general. West Virginia: See A (bl), SUte boards; B (b). Teachers’ cerUfleatea, general. Wisconsin: See K (b). Teachers’ certificates, general. Wyoming: See E (b), Teachers’ certificates, general; O (d). Teachers’ Insti- tutes and summer schools. E (e) . Teachers* CerUncates: Recognition of Normal School and College or University Diplomas. I See also O (b), Normal schools; P (c), SU^ unjversltles and colleges. I Arizona: See E (b), Teachers’ cortldcates, general. I Arkansas: A diploma from the teachers’ .tralnlng'dopartment of the University of Arkansas shall be equivalent to a teacher’s professional license, valid In ^ any public school In the State for six years, and after the expiration of said 3066°— IS — -28 ’ ^ ^ 484 8TATB LAWS BSI^TINO TO PimUC ^DUOATION. period may be converted into i li^ certificate. A diploma from the State Normal School, Oonway, Ark., ahall be equivalent to a teacher's professional license^ valid In any public school In the State for six years, and after ex idration of said jwrlod may be wnyerted Into u life eertlflcjite,* See also A (bl), State boards. California; See A (bt), State boards; A (cl), t\miily lK>anls: C (h), Statp normal schools. Colorado: See A (bt), State bt>anls ; 0 (b). Slate normal Kidu>ols. Delaware: See A (o2), ('‘ounty otRcera Florida: See E (b), Teacbora’ wrtlficates, aonenil. Georgia: Set» E (h), Teachers’ certificates, gimersl. Idaho: See K (h). Teachers’ ^certificates, geueral ; t: (b), state normal schmils. Illinois; StMJ K (bl, Teachers’ certificates, geneml. Indiana; See G (b), State normal scluxils. Iowa; Graduates of colleKoa outside the State, bnvlnjr courses of equal rank with the accrwlltiM t^illep's and K'lnnds of Iowa, may 1h» Kiven nvoKuttlon ns Kradmites of Iowa colleges ui>on filinic with the State boai\I of examiners cvidemv of at least two years of successful exi>erlence. f!et' also E (b). Teachers’ certlflcntea, Kcneral; G (e), County and Uva! normal scluxils. Kansas: See E (bl, Teacberi? certlrientes, Kenernl : G (rl. t’oumy and ItH-uj normal schmds: N (nl, HlKh w'hwls. Kentucky: Siv E (lil. Teachers’ ivnifleates. puieral ; (1 (M. Slate lairnial HC’hools; r (c), State universit ies am! I'nlle^es. lionlslana: See E (b). Teachers’ certificates, pmertil; (J iltl. Stale m^rnml schools. Malife: See E (b), Teachers’ certificates, general. Maryland; StM> E (b). Tencbers’ certificates, jrenera!. Massachusetts; See A (d). District boanls and officers. Michigan; Set* A (bl). State lamnds; E (b). Teachers’ eertificalea, gmieral:' G (c), County and h>cal normal schools. Minnesaia; See E (b), Teachers’ certificates, general. Mississippi; Se<* E (b), Teachers* certificates, general; G (!i). stale rntmiai schools. Missonri; See E (b). Teachers’ certificates, general; G (b). State imrnml schools; G (c), County and local noriunl schools Montana; See A (bl), State boards; A (d). District boards and officers; E (b). Teachers’ certificates, general. Nebraska; See E (b). Teachers* t'ertlficntes, general; G (dl. Teachers’ insti tutes and summer, si'hools. Nevada;' See E (b). Teochers’ certificates, general; G (c). County and Ux*at nom.rtl schools; P (c), State universities and colleges. New Hampshire: See B (a), General State finance and 8UpiH)rt. New Jersey: See E (b), Teachers’ certificates, general, New Mexico: See E C^)» Teachers’ certificates, general; G (b). State normal schoola New York: See E (b>, Tochers' certificates, general. B (f). TRACHBBS’ ASSOOlATtOKB — BKilDINQ CtROLBS. 485 North Dakota: See B (b). Teachers* cerUOcates, ireneral; P (c). Sthts tml- versltles and colleger Ohio: See E (b), Teachers' certldcates, general. Oklahoma: See A (bl), State boards; B (b), Teachers* certiflcntea* general; 0 (1>), State normal sohoole; P (c), State universities and CDlleges, t)ro|fon: See E (b), Teachers’ certlflcatea. general. Pt^nnsylvanla: See E (b), Teachers’ certlflcatea, general. South q^rollna: See A (cl), County boards; A (f). .\dniinistratlve unita— aisirlct.'i. etc.: P (c>, State universities and colleges; Q (f), Other leclmlcal Mild ])rofeHslonnl scboola South Dakota: See K (b), Teachers* certlflcatea;, getiernl. Tenneased: See A (bl), State boards; B (a), General State flnancr* and suiv ]K»rt: K (b). Teachers* certlflcatea, general. Tt*Kaa; See K (b). Teachers* certlflcatea, general. It All: See A (f). Administrative units— districts, etc,; E (l>), Temhers' cer- tiflciUea, gene ml : P (c), State universities and colleger Xcrn^ont: See E (b), Teachera’ certlflcatea. general; G (b), SUde normal schixils: G (c). County and local normal scboola. Virginia: Stx* A (bl), §tate boards. Washington: Ccrtiflodes and dli>lomasof the uonual scliotilH, of state College of WuRblngton, and of Cniversity of Washington ahall be gninliHl ua i)rovIdwl by law. (SiV raivorslty. Slate College, Normal S (a), High schools; p (c). State universities and colleges. Wyoming: See E (b). Teachers’ certificates, general*; P (c), State uuiversltlee and (x>llcges. K (f). Teachers* Associatlona; Reading Circles. See also 0 (d), Teachera' institutes and summer schools. Arkansas: See N (a). High schools. CaJIfomia: See G (d), Teacbera’ Institutes and summer schools. (ieorgia; See G (d). Teachers’ institutes and summer schools. Iowa: See K (b), Teachers’ certificates, general. liOuisiana: See 0 (d), Teachers’ Institutes and summer schools Maine: See A (b2), State officers; G (d), Teachera* Institutes and summer schools. IH^ryland: District., county, and Stata teachers' associations recommended; ^ county superintendent shall aid In organliing, encourage attendance, secure lectures; they may occupy any achool^ouse. ' See also G (d). Teachers* institutes and summer schools, t^chlgan:' See 0 (d), Teachers' Institutes and summer schools. Jersey: See 8 (b). Public school Ubrartee. OUAhoma: See A (bl). State bearda. Or«ifO!'r See E (b), Teacbers’ certifloatea, geueml. South DakoU: The teticbers' readlug circle board of maaageni ahall conslM of the president of the State (HluiftUoual aiiiioclation, tlie State auperln teiuient, ami a nieiiibor electisl by (ho tvunty ani^erlnteiuteutit Said bt^anl Khali D)ooi Hiinually to uelwt the booka to be uaed lu the tenebi*ra’ readtii^ cl rcle. West VlrflflnU: Siv E (b). TenchcrH* oortllicatoK, m>ucntl ; it tiU, Ttiuhcr!*' luHtltutea and aummer acboola. F. TEACHERS: EMPLOYMENT; CONTRACT; APPOINTMENT; DISMISSAL (a) tJeneral; Tenure; DaUt^a, etc, Alabama; See A : mol rloaio); scbtH)! ; enfortv coitrae of atiidy. mloptml tcxtlMHika, jmrinclpul tlils authority sh:ill -he venti*,! in him; ktvp wlontl . reKlater; report nniuuilly to ctmnty au|»er!nten(lent, as pn^'rlUnl by State board of <»e employed, and. when required by schtml Imanl, such person shall submit to luedlcal tixamluaUon at least twKv a ywir / See also A (d). District IstanlK ai»1 t>rlleer,'i. Arkansas; See A (d), District boards and offleers; A (f), Administrate e * units — districts, t^c. ' California; DuUcs of tefloAcr#, — To file certlflcate with Bui>erlntcndetit before assuming charge of a 8chiK>l; notify county t'Ui>erlnteudeut before o|>euIug school and one week before closing; enforce the course of study, rules and regulations, and Uke of prest'ribed u*xtbooks; susi)end for cause a pupil and rejKjrt tlio same to school board; kwp a State sch(K)l register; lenve report at close of school showing program of recitations, classification, and grading of all pupils (salary withheld until such report la made) ; make annual statistical report to county sui>erinteudenL Principal of school having more than one teacher shall combine reports Into one to couuty Buj>eriutendeut. Average attendance shall by county su[)ertatendeot be credited to districts In which childr^ reside. Teachers shall make such other rei>ort8 us may be required by State superintendent, county sut)erlntendeut, or school board. In case of destruction of records teacher shall make certificate aa to facts, , except average attendance, which shall be computed on basis of previous * years. School month Is 20 days. On being dismissed, teacher may appeal to county superintendent A teacher whose salary Is withheld may appeal F (a). TKACHtKBS' C0HTEACT8, DUTIBS, ET^. 487 to SUto sgperlnteudeot, whoae ()ecl«lon shall be llniil. If teacher leaves school before eiplwUon of contract, cerUticate sholl be suspentletl for one year. No warrant shall be drawn lu favsr at a teacher imlesa such teacher holds a proiM?r certltlciite ; teacbem shall Inculcate morality ami »roe imbllc schm.ls shall annually make a statlsDcaV tviwrt to the State boanl of .Miicatlon, aud a copy of the same suiili be forwunled to the couu!>* «u{K>rlnieutI«'iit- Sw n\tio A (cl ), Couuty Injimls. Florida; Kvery teacher shall (1) labor fnlthfe'.y to advance pupils In their hImllrH and mornl dovelopiiuMa ; (2) rtHjuire ]mi)>1)k u» kt^'p fUNiti, t>b(H*rve K.skI manners, and refrain from bad habits; Cl) see that schmtibouse and proisTty are not unuecessarliy lujurt*tj ; (l) enforce neetlful restrictions upon conduct of pupils In schoolhouse or on Khttiinds; (P) sns|.end pupils for cause. glvIiiK notice to luirents .and to suiH'rvIsor; (tD hold a jtuUlc eiumlnn- tlon at close ,.f each term; (7) deliver keys to sum.rvlsor at close of schmd Teacher may ts* teniiH)rarll.t absem from scbrnd for not exctssllng lhrt*e days ami may provide a snbsiltnie tvllli an.roval of eomilv suis*rinteudent ini-stees. or sniHTvIstvr ; tvben teacher Is absent eicetNiIng ihrtv dsvs, tern' iwrory vacancy sliall be lIlUsl by ivunty tsoml of isliicallon. county super- intendent. or board of trustees. T.*acber shall make montnly rei>ort lH*fore wnrrHDt for «aln^' shall l>e lirawp. Ki*« also A (cl ). Oot-nty boards: A (fl. Administrative unlls-dlstrlcts. etc. fJeoiTtla; See A (cl). Comity iKiards; A (f). Administrative hnllA-dls- trlctw. etc. Idaho; Trnsttvs sliall furnish teacher with r,*Blster, In wbleh teacher shall k.ep record of nitemlaiK'e. elo., and whhh must Is* n*tnrmsl to Irnstees- teacher shall til! blank n*|s,rt funilslnsl and s,*ml i„ ,ouniy 8niH*rlntcndent ; for fallun* to make such reis>rt teacher may forfeit lO per win of salary Teacher may snsiend a pupil for cause and tvisnl the ter to trustees who shHll determine the mailer, hut tem hermay apjeal toeonntv su,K*rlntend- ent. Taicher sliall make reipilre.! re|Kirts. use. te.Mlssiks provl.hsl enforce ootirse of study »ml rules and r,*Bulmloiis prescrilityl hy Slate suimrlnteudent Toju'her must hoU! n vnlld cvrtlflCMt*'. See also A (d). District boards and oftk-ers; A (f). .Vdnilnlstnitlve units- districts, etc.; U (f), Compulsory altoudmia^ N (a). Xlli^h schools. Illinois: See A (d), District Ixtards aud officers, IntUnn^ No teacher shall he employed who does not hold a license Issued by proper Sute or county anthorlly, but teacher may finish a achool term If license expires within said term; trustees shall not employ any teacher whom a majority of those entitled to vote at school meetlnK have decided at a regular meeting they do not wish employed. No trustee shaU contract with a teacher whose term of service Is to begin after the expiration of said trurtees term of office; contracto shall be in writing on uniform blanks pre- scribed by State superintendent. At the end of school term teacher shall make a sUtlsUcal repvrt to Uurtee or trustees; not exceeding 76 per cent 438; SXAXB LAWS BSLATEBIO >X0 P0BUO SK70AT10H. it tea I .District boards and officers. Ne^ .iTmrk: See A District boards and officers; B (b). Teachers* cer- i itficateA' general, f rT ,F <^). TBAOHBBfl' OOHTBL&OTa, DTJOTS, BtO. - 44i ■ Noitb OftroUnA: Tbe school committee of each townablp or district may em- ploy and dismiss^ teachers, bnt no teacher shall he dismissed except npoii charyea med with county superintendent and after a tearing before the committee; no election of a teacher shall be valid until approved by county superintendent At end of term teacher or principal shall report attendance statistics to com- mittee. ' Monthly reports shall also be made to committee axMl county super- intendent and superintendent may require weekly reports^ Where monthly or weekly report of district haring fewer than 160 children shows average attendance of less than one-fifth of school census, committee may, with approval of county superintendent, close school. County boards are directed to provide for paying teachers monthly. See also A (cl), CJounty boards. North Dakota: See A (c2), CJounty officers; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Ohio: See A (d). District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc. Oklahoma: No school trustee shall appoint any person, related to him or any other trustee by affinity or consangutnity within the third degree, to any , position over which such trustee has control. See also A (d), District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; H (h). Separation of the races. Or^on: Duties of teachers. — To maintain order in school; commence school lit 9 a. m. and close at 4 p. m., allowing recess of one hour at noontime, unless directors order a less number of hours ; promote knowledge, politeness, clean- liness, morality, and Include physiology and hygiene; keep a register of pupils nnd file the same at close of school term with the district clerk; give atten- tion to temperature and ventilation and see that chlldrwi have proper exer- cise and ploy. Teacher may dismiss pupils under 8 years old after a session of four hours. Board may reduce noon recess In rainy season to 30 minutes nnd dismiss pupils at 3.30. Pupils shall comply with regulations established lu pursuance of law and shall submit to the authority of teach^s^ Every teacher leaving a school before end of term shall make to county superintend- ent a report of time taught No teacher shall receive any salary from the public-school fund until his certificate is registered and Indorsed by county superintendent Teacher must follow course of study prescribed by the State board of education. Any teacher quitting a school before the expira- - tlon of bis contract without giving 30 days’ written notice shall have bis cer- tificate revoked, except Ih case of sickness or unavoidable circumstances, Init the school board may release a teacher from a contract. Every person In charge of a public or private school tmvhig an average attendance of 60 or more shall hold fire drills at least onerintendent at , close of term; county board shall contract with teachers on form prescribed by State superintendent; a principal teacher may suspend pupil subject to action of county board; teacher shall attend institute yearly, or, in lieu thereof, may attend summer school. See also A (cl), County boards; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Texas: See A (d). District boards and ofilcers; F (h), Teachers salaries. Utah: Teacher shall report time of opening school and probable time of closing to county superintendent Every teacher shall^ follow course of study pre- scribed. Teacher shall attend institute held while school is in session, and shall receive regular pay for same. State board of education may revoke certificate for nonattendance. Teacher paay suspend disorderly pupil for not exceeding five days! No atheistic, sectarian, religious, or denominational doctrine shall be taught Moral and patriotic Instruction shall be given.- Teacher shall exclude from school any pupil in whose family is a contagious or infectious disease and for two weeks after recovery, death, or removal of sick person. See also A (d). District hoards and officers; A (f). Administrative units— districts, etc. ^ ^ Vermont: See A (d),’ District boards and ofilcers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Virginia; Every pui^llc-sohool teacher shall hold a valid certificate Issued by the State hoard of examiners and inspectors. The pay of a teacher shall not I>e governed by the average daily attendance, but such attendance must ex- ' ceetl 10. Teacher shall keep a daily register as prescribed' by State super- intendent Contracts with teachers must be written. A teacher may sus- l»en(l a pupil pending action by scl^ool board. See also A (d). District boorda and officers; A erintendent at close of session. Salary for last month shall not be imld qntll such report Is made. Superintendent or principal sh*rtl make such report for teachers • working under their dlrectloD. Every teacher shall keep a school register; shall enforce course of study and prescribed regulations. No teacher shall be employed except by written order of a majority of directors. No teacher shall be required to teach on Saturdays, T^bor Day, Thanksgiving Day and day Immediately following Thunksglvlng Day, Christmas, New Tears, Wash- ington's Birthday, Memorial Day, or Fourth of July, and no reduction of salary shall be made for failure of teacher to teach on such days. Teacher may Bnsi)end any pupil from school for good cause, and shall report such action to board of directors. Teachers -must teach morality and patriotism. See also A (d). District boards ctod officers; B (a), General state finance and support West Virginia: ^ A (d). District boards and officers; I (a). Discipline, general. 144 ^ StJLTI laws BBIAXING TO PUBtlO BDUCATION. « Wisconsin: See A (d)» District boards and officers; O (a), Industrial tlon, general. Wjromlng: No discrimination shall be made in the matter of pay pn account of sex nor in the matter of employment on account of reilgious belief of teachers. . Teacher shall make to district clerk at end of term a report of registrn- ttdn and attendance, distingtdshing between sexes and giving name of each pupil and number of days attended, teitbooks used, branches taught, and number pursuing each branch. Salary may be withheld for failure to make such report Bee also A (c2), County officers. P Teachers’ Salaries. Arkansas: See N (a), High schoola Oailfomia: See C (c), Local taxaUon; I (a). Discipline, general. Colorado: School board of each district shall annually certify td county com- missioners amount of special tox In such district not to exceed 10 mills, which, togetlter with State and county apportionment, shall be necessary to pay each teacher $50 per mouth for not less than 0 months, and said commis- sioners shall make such levy, but school districts of 8,000 or inore feet altitude may limit 'their school term to not less than 4 months. If any district la unable to comply with this act, county and State aid shall be granted. ' See also 0 (c), I>ocal taxation. ConnecUcnt: See B (a), General State finance and support Delaware: See B (a), General State pnance and support Florida: -See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Oeor^a: See A (f), Administrative units-^distrlcts, etc.; B (e), SUte aid for elementary education; C (b). Local bonds and indebtedness. Illinois: See A (d), District boards and officers; F (c), Teachers’ pensions. Indiana: For beginning teachers al must be of first grade. County superintendent shall make contracts In form prescribed by State Iward of education, and they shall be signed In duplicate; lawful for county 8Ui)eriDteudents to have schools taught without contracts under certain con- ditions; educable children. may attend high school or college In their county, and be paid for as resident pupils of district; tuition may be charged all pupils who study beyond the public-school curriculum; county school hoard may locate one or more schools exclusively for Indians. Prlncli)al shall keep daily record, moke monthly and term reports; enumerate school children In district; on presentation of pay certificate, clerk of board of supervisors or of the municipality, being a separate schooj district, shall Issue warrant on the treasury. Act of 1914 authorizes county supervlsora to borrow money to pay teachers during fall session ; Interest on this shall be paid out of gen- eral county fund or out of funds of separate school districts; principal shall be paid out of same funds after distribution by State. See also A (d), District boards and officera Missouri: See A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; C (a), Ix>cal finance and support, general; N (a), Hl^ schoola Nebraska: See A (d), District boards and officers. Nevada: &ee L (a), Course of study. , New Jersey: Teachers employed in any graded school supported wholly ^r/m part by public funds shall receive salaries proportioned to experience an^nrac- cess in district where employed, to be not less per annum than provided In following 8cheerieuce, $700, and for each year’s experience thereafter at an additional salary of $100 i»er annum to not less than sum of $1,200; (8) vice prlnclivals of high schools, less than 1 year’s experience, $2,000, and for each year’s experience there- after at an Additional salary of $100 per annum to not less than $2,500; (9)" principals of high schools, less t^an 1 year’s experience, $2,500; 1 to 2 years, $2,000 ; 2 to 3 years, $2,700; 3 to 4 years, $2,800; "4 to 6 years, $2,900 ; 5 years and upward, $3,000; (-10) model teachers in model. dejmrtrnents of traUrihK schools for teachers, In addition to salaries herein provIdeeu- sions, NefW Mexico: See B (b), Teachers’ certificates, g^eral, New York: See F (c), Teachers’ pensions. North Carolina; See C (a), Local finance and support, general; B (b). Teachers’ certificates, general; H (c), School year, month, day. etc,; N (a), High schools. North Dakota; See A (d), District boards and oflacers; A (f), Administrativo anils— districts, etc, Ohio; See A (f), Administrative units— districts, etc,; B (a). General State finance and support; F (c), Teachers'* pensions. Qregoh: See A (d), District boards and oflUcers; B (e). State aid for ele- mentary education. Fennsylvania; See B (e), State aid for elementary education; F (a),' Teachers’ contracts, duties, etc. r (O), TBAOHBBS’ PBNBIONS. 447 Rhode Island! The annual salary of any teacher regularly employed shall not be leBs than $400. ^ See also B (e), State aid for elementarj education. Tennessee: See A (cl), CSounty boarda Texas: No teacher who does not hold valid certificate ahnll receive any com- r)cnaatIon from pdbllc-BchfKiI fund; mlsdemennor for county or city super- intendent or board of trustees to approve contract wlth^teacher not having valid certificate. Satortes of feocAers: First-grade certificate, not exceeding $2.50 i»or month for each itorson of school ape : sewnd-gmde certificate, not ex- ceellug $2 pt»r month; third-gmde certificate, not exceeding $1.60 per month, Holder of permanent cerUflcate shall receive not exceeding $85 per montk; first-grade certificate,, not exceeding $76 per month; s^nd grade, not ex- ceeding $00; third grade, not exceeding $40, but this restriction shall not opi>ly to districts levying a special local Ux. Schodl month, 20 days; week, 6 days of not less than 7 hours each; s(;bool8 not closed on legal holidays un- less ordered by trustees. Teachers shall keep records and shall make monthly reports ns prescribed by State superintendent or county suiwrintendent, and shall report at end of term as prescribed by State superintendent See also A (c2), ('ounty officer; A (d). District boards and officers. l^tah: Women teachers shall receive same compensation as men for like services and when holding same gmermaneDt fund to retirement salary fund, but there must be an annual nccui^ulntlon of $10,000 to permanent fund. Deductions from teacher’s twiary, $1 per month; paid into permanent fund. At time of retirement, teacher must have contributed as mucl, as $360, or balance due may be with- held from annuity. State board of education ahnll control funds. Powers and duties of board: To allow retirement to teachers entitled to it; audit claims; require reports from those having duUes connected with teachers’ contributions; Invest the moneys In the permanent fund; prescribe duties of secretary and other officers of board; Investigate all matters relating to the operation of the act Meeting of board shall be held at leaat oaoe to 448 "1 STATS LAWS BBLATINQ TO PUBUO SDUOAXIOIT. three months; board ehall keep a retirement-salary record, which ahall be open to public; board shall miike rules and re^lnt^ns for the admlnUtration of the act; district and county BU{)erlnteDdents shall' report to State superln- tendent amounts needed, and, after allowance by board, a sufficient amount ahaii be transferred from permanent fund to retirement-salary fund. Teacher may be retired after 30 years of servii'e, 15 of which, Including the last 10, shall have been In the State; amount uf annuity, $500. If lucapadtited. teacher having taught 15 years shall receive snaually such fraction of $500 as time taught is of 30 years;, normal-echool teachers with or without n certificate may bo retired; beard shall determine what constitutes a year of service. Act is optional with teachers already in service; act is binding on teachers entertnV service after its approval. On being reemployed bene- ficiary ceases to draw annuity. Existing annuity fuud In any city, county’, or city and county shall be turned Into State ijermauent fund, Colorado: In every school district of the first class there may be established a public-Bcbool teachers’ retirement fund, which rIimI! l>e coutmlM by the board of school dlrectora Said board may iiay not exceedjng||40 j)cr month to any man teacher over 00 years old or to any woman tencner over 60 ye^rs old who has taught 25 years, 15 of which must have been in the district Teachers who have become incapacitated and who have tauejd in the district at least 10 years may he retired on iiensioo. Special tax W one- tenth mill may be levied to [my such uuuulties. Connecticat: Special laws i)rovlde for the retirement of teachers In New Haven and New Loudon. Delaware: A sixjciol law provldt^i for the ndireinent of teachers In Wil- mington. Illinois: In every city having over 100.000 inhat itants there shall be elect^I 7 a board of nine trustees to have control of the public school teachers’ pen- sion and retirement fund; board shall be com]>os(Hl pf chairman of finance committee of the »tdu>ol board and tw^o other members elected from school board and six members electt^ from contributing teachers by vote of such teachers; term of contributing niemt>ers, three years, two being elected each year Said trustees shall have control of retirement fuud and may Invest the same as township school funds are invested trustees may em- ploy necessary assistants. Said fund shall consist of contributions of teachers, of gifts and bequests, and of moneys paid into said fuud i»ur- suant t6 law. Any publIc-3<’hool Iteacher shall be entitle*! to the. benefits of this act and for such puriwse teiichers shall be divided Into four classes: (1) Those having taught 5 years of less; (2) those, 6 to 10 years; (3) those, 10 to 15 years; (4-) those over 15 years. Contributions by teachers: While In first class, 50 cents for each month of service; second class, $1; third class, $1.50; fourth class. $3; which sums shall be deer cent of the amount of lax le\*y for school purposes. The board of etlucatlou In any. city having a i>opulatton of over 100.000 shall annually set aside a sum wblcU, taken together with the moneys derived from the interest on school funds, shall constitute an amount equal to the sum contributed by teachers; the said board may annually set aside twice such amount. The board of education In a school district itaving between UOOO and 1(K).000 may establish and maintain n, teachers' ]>eDMlon and retirement fund; u hoard of management of said fund to consist of Uiret' or nine members, as school board may determine, shall be elected ; one-third of such managers shall be u uiombor or members of th'b school board and two-Uilrds shall be members of the active teaching force who are contributors to the fund, said members to be elected by said contributors. Said fund shall consist of con- tributions by teachers desiring Its benefits, of moneys received from gifts and bequests, and of moneys i>aid into said fund in pursfiance of any law. Board of education shall have charge of said fund afid shall invest the stime as township funds are required by law to be Invested and shall make rules for its management. Any teacher In the public .schools shall be entitled to the benefits of this net, and such teachers shall be divided into the following classes: (1) those having taught five years or less, <2) those five to 10 years, (3) those 10 to 15 years, (4) those over 15 years. Annual contributions by teachers: While in first class, $5; second class. $10; third class, $15; fourth $30; which amounts shall be deducted by the board of education from teach- era' salaries; i>er8ons who were teaching In the public schools prior to the passage of this act may be entitled to count such senlce by paying amoants which would have been paid had the act been in force, together with 4 ^r cent interest thereon. Board of management shall by reeolutlon declare teachers entitled to retirement with the benefits of this act as follows: (1) Wh^ any person shall have taught in the public schools within the meln- Ing of this act for 25 years; (2) when any contribator shall have taugbtU years and shall have become permanently disabled, as certified by thrw 3066*’— 15- ^29 450 8TATX LAWS BSLATUrO TO P0BUC 4j>OCATIOK. phyvIciauA, , In aU cases three-fifths oi the time taught must have bew In the dl^rlct .^ch teacher retired after 2B years shall be entitled to an ananlty of not exceeding $400; each disabled teacher shall receive such proportion of $400 as the sum contributed bears to the total contrlbutlims required ter the full annuity. Teacher willing to continue, but not reemidoyed, ahall be re- funded the amount contributed; teacher retiring voluntarily before entering the fourth claaa ahall be refunded one-balf of the amount contributed. Art persons employed as teachers ahall acivpt the provlsloua of this act by virtue of snob employment. All i>enslons and annul ties shall be exempt from legal process for the payment of debta clsluie. damagi*s, etc,; pensduue*- may not sMign bis annuity. District trwmurer shall set aside Interest ou district funds for the benefit of the retirement fund. In n dlstrlit where there Is not sufficient revenue to maintain a retirement fund such district may bv a majority vote estabilah n fund for retirement of jk ^ns over hO years old whn have taught 26 years; annuity shall not exceiHl one- ha If of salary at time of retirement iiml shall not be over $400. In school districts .having a iwpalaUon of between lO.iXX) ond lOtXOtXi and governed l.y special acts, and In other dlatricts hereafter found to hoi-e between 30.000 and 100,000 ixipulatJon and govemoil by special acts, the governing body of the schooU may esUbliab a teachers* pension and retirement fund. Indiana; There Is established In every city having over 100.000 Inhabitants n teachers pension fund, which shall be governer cent of aalnrv. but not to excveil $20 annually. Every teacher receiving $460 or more shall pay such sssessmenf and on becoming a teacher he or she shall be deemed to agree to pay the same. Trustees shall determine what i>art of said fund shall be safely In- vested and what part shall be retained for lmmeercentage of $600 * as time taught bears to 40 years;M2) disabled teachers having taught in the public schools of the city for 15 years or long^ may, after medical ex- amination. be retired during disability ; (3). any teacher having taught In . the public schools of the dty for not less than 26 years may be i^lred for lift, but such pensioner shall have paid Into fund not less ^an one-thlid of amou^ to which he or she shall be eiJtltled per annumi or such sum may be deducted from the annuity of the first two yearn In oqmpnUng yeara of s^Iw required, trustees may Include flvb years renderf^ outside of said dty. but teacher must pay assessments for such period of service, etoewhere; er|c 1 r (C), TBAGHKBS^ PBN6I0N8. 45^ anj tucbar maj be given leave of abeenoe of one irear for profeaslonal atudy* but ahall pay aaDoamuent for such year Any teacher penalooed for diaahuity may be reexamined at any time to determine physical condlUon; superintendent may require soch pensioner to report to him for other regular duty. Teachers retired by reason of length of service shall be pen- aloned without medical examlnaUon and shall be required to do no further .service. Tnisteee may make rules not IncousIsCent with law: they may HHluce the amount of any pension when circumstances make such reduction advisable, Teacber ceaatng to teach In siUd city shall be refunded one-half of amount contributed by said teacher, but without Interest; heirs or estate of teacher dying before retirement ahall receive one-hslf of amount wntributed. If funds are Insutncleot to pay full pensions due, amount n^-allabie shall be prorated. Pensions shall bo exempt from selxure by legal process; they are not trsDafCnible. On cooTtctton of a felony or Imprisonment for misdemeanor or failure to reiwrt for duty as required, pensioner shall cease to draw pen- Klon, This net shall apply to assistant sniierlntemlents, prlucljuilB, nssUtaot Hui)erTlsi>r8, persona In charge of si>eclal departments, and any teacher or Instructor regularly employed by eebtad boanl. ^ See also A (f). Admin I str.i five imlts-^lstrlcta. etc. ■ KansM; Board of educsOon In any city of the first class may esUbllsh a puMIc-schoo' teachers' retirement fund, to be under control said board, Sonn'es of such fund: (1) Not loss thnti 1 i*er cent 6or mure than ii per cent of teachers' aalnries; (L>) an amount act aside from the school fund of not leas than one and one-balf times the aniotmt of salary assessments and not less than what Is necessary to niake i>i»ynicnl8 herein provided; (3) gifts am! l+^uestB. Teacher having had 30 years' ex|H*rlence, 15 of which shall have l>een In the public sohm.Is of the city, shall l»e entitled to receive $500 per annum, but no one shall receive such petislon without paying into the fund, by assessmetlt or ctherwlse, not 1^ than one-half of the hyst annual sum to which he Is entitled. Teacher having had 25 years’ exi»erlence, 15 of which shall have been In the city, and having beix)me Incapacitated Bball be entitled to receive, during disability, such proi>ortlon of $500 as time taught Is to 30 years; but any teacher so retired when Incapacity ct^ases may be rednstated. In which case pension shall cease; when such teacher shall again be retired, yetirs of previous rtdlremcipt shall be counted as service. If at any time a teacher who Is willing to cmitlnue should not Ik* rei*mi>loyed before entitled to a pension, such teacher shall be paid hack amount contributed; any teacher retiring voluntarily shall be entitled to a refund of one-half the amount contributed; should a tejtchcr die without re- ceiving any benefits provided by this act, his heirs or estate shall be entlUed to ohe-bnlf the amount contributed by such teacher. The word ‘’teac'hef** shall Include superintendent, assistants Jo superintendent. 6ui»ervlsors, prin- cipals, ami teachers, city treasurer shall be treasurer of retirement fund. On written request of any teacher fil^ with board of education, such teacher shall be exempt from the oiJeratlon of this act I Kentucky: In every city of first dass there shall be created a teacher^ annuity fund, which shall be governed by a board of trustees of teacberk' annuity fund, a body corporate, with corporate powers; It shall have seven members; treasurer of board of education shall be Its treasurer and shall account for all funds coming Into bis handa Its funds shall be derived from gifts and from assessment of teachers: One per cent lier annum, but not more * I than $10, on those who have taught less than 16 years; 2 per cent, not to exceed $20 In all, on those who have bught longer than 16 years j every ' ''f^. ''KC^^'’IAWS'flI4J|]t0.lt»^^ WceltUig HfiO or more: idmll .par tbls Antaity foiidfl may ^ Innsatetl in .boiuUi mort|afe% or as hitw«Ht4Mariiif depbalta ; trnitees ^ Attif aato]^^ a<^8ttiklng fanO, to credit of wiach siiaU be pbieed aU gifu ^ unexpended balancea Maytmum annuity shall' be $400, based on 40 years* setrice; any aged, infirm, diseaaed, or disabled teacher of not leas than ^ years* srarlce shall be enUUed to a disability annuity ; any teacher of not iesa than 80 years* service may be granted an annuity on. application ; In compndng service rendered board shall nQi; Include service rendered outside of the city ; board may discontinue any annuity granted by reason of injury, disability, or disease; any teacher receiving annuity shall report to ctty •isaperintendent, who may assign him to such duties as aro within his power to perform ; teacher applying for annuity by reason of length of service may retij^ without examination and without rendering farther service ; in com- puting time under this act such time shall include service rendered before as.- well as after temporary retirement; trustees may make by-laws; If teacher ceases to teoch or dies before receiving any benefit from the fund, one-lmlf the amount paid In shall be returned, without interest; annuities shall be paid by tredmirer of board of education, but shall not begin prior to October 1. 1915. Annuities are not subject to procedh ; they may be discon- tinued for certain causes; term ** teacher** as used in this act includes principal, assistant principal, supervisor, assistant supervisor, person in charge of any special department'of Instruction, and any teacher or Instructor regularly employed; annuities may be applied for under this act on or after December 1, 191Z The general care and management of the Insurance and annuity fund of teachers In cities of the second class shall be vested in a committee of seven school officers and teachers. Treasurer of board of education shall receive ^d hold all fonda Source^ of insurance and annuity /and: One thousand dollars or more provld^ by board of education, a fund provided by board of dty commissioners by levying l cent on $100 worth of proi>erty; 1 per cent of salaries of all teachers who have taught for 10 years of less, 2 per cent of salary of teachers teaching over 10 years, but total sum thus withheld shah not exceed $40 annually ; If teacher shall resign or die before ent^^ad to an annuity, three-fourths of the sum paid In shall be refunded; mo^s recelvi^ from donations and 10 per cent of all pther receipts shaU constitute a sinking fond. A board of medical examiners' shall be appointed,* who shall make examinations and report findings. On their recommendation the board of Insurance and anuptty shall place on disability list any teacher who has taught, 15 years In public schools of Kentucky; any teacher who has taught th public schools of Kentucky for 15 years may ask to be placed on the dis- ability Ust ; by vote disability of a teacher, may be ended Upon Tetlrement under the dlsabfllt^act teacher ahall be entitled to receive an annuity that may for 25 years* wrvlce an^ount to $000 ; no annuity shall be paid unless fairing teacher shall have flr^ paid In such sums as shall make his total payments equal the amount of the annuity paid the first year ; If annuity fund is found insufficient It shall be prerated ; annuities shall be exempt from attachment; tehn ‘teacher^ as here used dhall mean superlntendesit, as- stotfint snpeiintendtot. pHhclpal. assistant principal, person In charge .of uuy special d^itmeut of instruction, and any teacher or Instnu^ rei^arly ^pl0!]i^ in the pubtic schools or public klnde^rtens of cities of the second Lbitteiaiia: trustees of ^Cheri* retiremesit fund ot pariiSi of Orlciahs shall insist of niim memliers, to kerve ^thout compeosutlon; said I • si 'v'-. '^.v: Ji bermanent fond, and only Income of such fund shall' be used, but one-balf of amount added to such fund In any one year may be used during following year. Any teap retired and SUte shaU pay anmnU « 1 eiClin l4Wft B3BLA9tisrO TO PTTBUO BDUOATIOK. pouloa of |2S(K Penon 60 yws old who luui taogbt 80 years as above ahall jreceive penalon of $200. Perstm 60 years old wbo bas taught 25 years as above i4>aii receive pensloB of fl60. Teachers retired prior to S^tember 30. 1814, wbo are otherwise aualiaed as above* may receive oae-balf of regular pension. Sum of $26,000 appropriated annually. State superintendent shall make rules for carrying out this act All pensions granted under this act e shall be exempt from levy and sale or other process for the collection of d^ta . Maryland: See B (b), Teachers' certlflcates, g^eral. / Massachusetts: "Hetirement system” “annuities,” “pensions.” “teacher,” “public school” “ regular Interest ” “retirement board,” “retirement nsso- dationy “ expense fund,” “annuity fund,” “pension fund,” “school year " and “assessments” are defined. A teacher's retirement system is estab- lished. A teachers* retirement association shall be organised ns follows: (1) All teachers, except certain ones in the city of Boston, who enter the service of the public schools on or after July 1, 1914, shall become members of the association; (2) all teachers, except those of dty of Boston, who shall hnvc entered service of public schools prior to June 30, 19J14, may at any time between July 1, 1914, and September 80, 1914, upon application to the com- missioner of education, become members of said association; any teacher falling to do so may thereafter become a member of the retirement associa- tion by paying an amount eer8on: upon a plan approved by aforesaid commissioners the members of the retirement asso- ciation shall annually elect, one of their number for term of three years to serve on entd board; the seventh member of said board shall be annually chosen by remaining membe^ of the board to serve one year; vacancies shall be filled In same manner as members of board are chosen. Members of said board shall receive no compensation, but shall be reimbursed for expenses and loss of wages Incident to serving on said board when the same Is approved by the governor and council. Duties and powers of retirement board: To make by-laws and regulations; employ secretary, who shall give bond, and clerical and other assistance, and fix salaries of same with approval of the governor and council; pay retirement allowances and other expenditures; adopt one or more mortality tables, and determine rates of Interest In con- nection with such tables; perform such other functions as may be required. The funds of the retirement system shall consist of an expense fund, an annuity fund and a pension fund. Expense fond shall consist of St5te appro- priations for administration expenses alone of said system. The 'Annuity fund shall consist of assessment paid by members, and Interest derived from Investment of the annuity fund; each member shall annually pay from his salary not less than 3 per cent nor more than 7 per cent of the same, as shall be determined by tbe said board, but no member shall pay more than $100 nor less than $85 each year to such fond ; assessments are payable In mon^y installments by deduction from salaries; any member after paying ^auch assessments for 80 years ^all be exempt from further assessments, but such member may* ff he'so elects, continue to pay his assessments to the fund : no member so Meeting shall pay further assessments after the total sum of assessments paid by him shall have amounted, with regular Interest, to a sum sufficient to purchase an Simalty of $500 at age of 00 ; and Interest there- • F (O), TBAOHBBS' WtWaiOKg. , 466 after accmli^ sball be paid to the member at the time of his retlr^nent. The pensloD fund shall consl^ of such amounts as shall be appn^rlated by the legislature. Any member of retirement association may retire from serv- ice at age of 60 years, or at any time thereafter; If unable to render satis- factory ser\'lce as a teacher, may be retired by school committee with ap- proval of retirement board; any member on reaching 70 years of age shall be retired. The retiring allowance consists of an annuity derived from a member's own contributions, including accumulated interest, and a pension, eQual In amount, derived from Rtate appropriations; the State also grants an additional pension In case of members who were in service prior to July 1, 1914, and in these cases the minimum retiring allowance shall be $800 per year. Any member withdrawing from the association before becoming eligible for retirement shall receive froin annuity fund all amounts contributed as assessments, together with regular interest tbereon; if any member shall die before retirement, his contributions to the annuity fund with regular Interest shall be paid to his legal represwitatlves. Annuity or pension funds shall not be taxed or attached; no assi^ment of such funds sball be valid. The State treasurer shall receive, Invest, and disburse retirement funds. No person required to become a member of the State retirement association shall be a member of any other such association supported wholly or In part by taxation. In certain cases cities or towns pensioning teachers shall be reim- bursed for such expenditures. The superior court shall have Jurisdiction over cases arising under this act Michigan: Tjiw providing for the retirement of teachers applies to city of Detroit only. MlnnesoU: In every city having population of more than 10,000, the teaching body may, with consent of common or city council In said city, establish a. “Teachers’ Retirement Fund Association”; such association shall be a cor- |)orHtion; funds of said association shall consist of contributions from teachers, and may be increased by taxation of property of said city, but said tax shall not exceed one-tenth of a mill ; heneflclarles of such fund shall In- clude superintendents. su[>ervisors, principals, and InstiPuctors. Nebraska: In every school district In a city of the metropolitan class there" shall be created a puWIc-school teachers* retirement fund, which shall be under the control of the board of education. Source* of fun4: Not less than 1 per cent and not more than li per cent of teachers’ sninrles; an amount from general district fund equal to not less than U times amount of salary assessments; gifts and bequests. Teacher credited with 35 years of service may be retired; credited with 40 years of service, shall be retired; at least 20 years of such sendee shall have been In the district; annuity shall be $500. Disabled teacher having taught 26 years, 20 of which must have been in the district, may be retired; annuity shall be such proportion of $600 as time taught bears to 85 years; when disability is removed teacher may be reinstated. Discharge of any teacher, other than for disability or length of service, shall forfeit any right of such teacher to benefits of this act “ Teacher ” shall Include members of the teaching, staff, supervisors, a^rist- ants to superintendent, and prlnclpala New /ersey; Board of trustees of the teachers* retirement fund shall consist of the commissioner of education, three persons not teachers and not rtigible to membership in said fund to be appointed by the governor, and five per- sons members of said Tund, nominated at convention of 'said fund and ap- pointed by the governor; appointive members shall serve four yeark 'An 456 STATE LAWS SSLATnUO T6 PUBUO EDUCATION. aimtiftl conreiitloa of teachenf retirement fond sball be held; eaid conTmi- don ihflll be compoeed of delegatee elected by membera of eald ftmd. 6ne delegate to each 100 teacbera or fraction orer GO, bat each county ehalt have at least one delegate. Officers of said t>oard shall be a president and vice president, to be members of board, and a secretary appointed by said board ; •aid board shall administer said fund. Said fund may be Invested in follow- ing securities: In stocks, bonds or interest-bearing notes of United States; In bonds of this State; In bonds of any State that has not, within 10 years pre- ceding, defaulted in the payment of any lawful del)t; in bonds of certain comities, townships, municipalities or school districts of this State; in bonds of certain cities or counties of other States; in bonds secured by mortgages whch shall be a first lien on reel estate situate In this State, worth double amount of loan, but not more than 00 per cent of permanent prlncipnl shall be BO invested, and if any loan is made on unimproved or unproductive real estate, sach loan shall ^not exceed 90 per cent of value thereof; real estate purchased by fund at sales upon foreclosure of mortgages owned by the fund. All moneys so invested shall be part of permanent principal of said fund, and income arising from moneys so Invested, together with moneys received by donation, gift legacy, bequest devise, or otherwise, and not specifically directed to be made pert of permanent fund, shall be available for payment of annui- ties. Said board shall make annual report to governor and State board of education. State treasurer shall be, ex officio, treasurer of said fund; shall make annual report to said board. Whenever any member of said retire- 'inent fund sball have taught 20 years in schools in this State supi>orted wholly or In part by public funds, and shnll, in the judgment of said board, have become incapacitated for further service In such schoctls, such peraon shall, at bis request, be retired, and shall receive an annuity equal to slx- tenths of average salary for the five years Immediately preceding retirement ; no such annuity sball be less than $2G0 nor more than $05(1; in caae amount paid to fund by any applicant shall not equal annuity for one year, such appU- cant shall make good such deficiency, or annuity shall be withheld until It shall amount to sum equal to such annuity; such annuity shall cease Upon re^ employment, but payment of same shall be resumed upon second retirement Said retirement fond shall consist of: (1) 2 per cent of salaries of members of fund employed 10 years or less at time of becoming members of the fund ; 2i per cent of salaries of members employed from 10 to 16 years at time of becoming members; 8 per cent of salaries of members employed 15 years or more at time of becoming members; no deductions from salary of any teacher shall exceed $50 in any one year, and total deductions shall not exceed $1,(XX>; the district school boards ahall make aforesaid deductions, and custodian of school funds shall forward amounts so deducted to State treasurer; (2) all moneys received by donation, gift, legacy, beer annum; board shall receive only necessary ex- penses In attending nieetings; It shall have chiy^ of the fund. Each school board shall retain on every pay day from the salary of each teacher the amount herein provided. Every teacher Joining the ^fund shall be assessed for 25 years as follows; First :0 years, 1 j>er cent, but not over $20 per annum; next 15 years, 2 per cent, but not over $40 per annum; totaj amount Contributed 'shall be based on 25 years of service, but such amount shall not be leas than first year's annuity. All teachers beginning employment after January 1, 1914, shall be deemed as joining the fund; those employed prior to that date may elect to become members, but may not be compelled to do so, Schdol boards shall annually forward statements and amounts retained from teachers* snlarleB to county treasurer, who shall forward such amounts to the State treasurer and certify the same to the trustees of the retirement fund.' Each colmty treasurer shall anpually set aside from the county tuition fund 10 cents for each child of school age In the county and shall forward the same to the State treaeurer; the funds thus received by the State treasurer, to- gether with gifts and bequests, shall constitute the “teachers' Insurance and retirement fund.” Any teacher coming from schools not Included under the provisions of this act shall pay assessments for years ot seiwlce In suclt schools based on first year’s salary received In the public school. If teacher has made required payments, he may be retired after 26 years of service, df which 18 years, Including the last five, shall have been In North Dakotai or after 16 years of wrvlce In the State he may be retired for permanent mental or physical disability ; person desiring to retire shall apply to the board of trusteeii. Annuity shall be one-flftleth of the average annual salary for last five years multiplied by the number of years of service; when funds «re lh- sufflclent, trustees may ratably reduce annuities.. Teacher withdrawing from service may within six months receive back one-half of amount contributed. Annuities shall be paid quarterly; they shall cease on the resumption of teacalng. Word “teacher*’ shall Include superintendents and assistants. In- cluding county superintendents, principals, supervisors, and teacbera. * Ohio! Board of education of any district may, by a majority vote of meihbers thereof, create a teachers* pension fund, to be under management of a board know n as “ the board of trustees of* the school-teachers* pension fund ** ; such hoard shall be composed of noteless than three nor more than seven members as determined by board of education ; If composed of less than five members, board of education shall appoint oi and teachers remaining mem* k I L 480 STAtB LAWd tauatm to Ptreuo sduoatiok. ben; If compoMd of five or more members, board of edncation shall appoint two membera When one^thlrd of public-school teachers hare accepted i^o- Tialons of this chapter, superliiteQdent of district shall call meeting of said - teachers to elect m^bers of pension board; each member shall serve not lata than three years, to be determined by board of education ; pension board shall serve without compensation. Two dollars shall be deducted each month from, the salary of each teacher who has accepted provisions of this Wt, and same shall be deducted from salary of each new teacher, to be paid Into pHislon fund. All funds received by gift or from any other source, shall also be paid Into such fund, or Into a permanent fund : If paid into permanent fund, only Interest shall be used. Pension board may Invest pen* aton fend in certain bonds. Board of education may on account of mental or physical disability retire any teacher of public schools If such teacher shall have taught 20 years, 10 years In district or county and 10 years in the State or elsewhere. Term “teacher** shall Include all tenoliers employed In pnbllc day schools, superintendent of schools, superlnteudeuts of Instruction, principals, and special . teachera Any teacher may retire and be«.'onie a beneflclary who has taught for 30 years; one-half of such service shall have been rendered In pnbllc or high schools of district or of county containing such dlatriet, gnd remaining one-half in public schools of the State or else- where. Each teacher so retired or retiring shall ret'cive an annual pension of $12.60 for eiich year served as teacher, the total In any yoiir not to exceed $460; if pension fund be insufficient to meet pensions in full, amount available shalL be prorateen8ion fund. Treasurer of school district shall he custiKiiim of pension fund and shall furnish bond in sum required by pension board; said treasurer shall receive as compensation nn amount not exceeding 1 per cent annually of amount paid into fund during the year. A teacher who resigns shall, upon application, receive one-half of total amount paid by such teacher into such fund; any teacher willing to continue in service, who Is not re- employed or is discharged before he has served 20 years, shall be paid back all money be or she has paid into pension fund, hut If such teacher has 'served 20 years, he or she shall be entitleensiou; in ease of death of teacher, his heiro shall be entitled to receive half of total amount • paid into fund bysuch teacher. All deductions from salaries of teachers on account of tardiness or absence shall be paid into pension fund. Board of education in any district maintaining a pension fund shall pay from con- tingent fund Into such fpnd, semiannually, not less’ than 1 nor more than 2 per cent of gross receipts of the board raised by taxation. Any tochers- pension fund heretofore created shall be transferred to the pension board created in any district under this act Oregon; In every school district having 10*000 or more children of school age. the teachers employed in such district may, with approval of school directors. Incorporate as the “tochers’ retirement fund association.** Such teachers, if desiring to Incorporate, shall formulate a plan and submit the same to the l^ard of directors for approval, and when approved and Incorporated said association receive, hold, Invest loan, or disburse funds. When plan is approved directors shall call a meeting of teacl^ers to elect three persons to act as Incorporators and trustees u^l the assc^iatjon Is fully organized; * such trustees shall receive applications until 300 teachers have become members. After said 800 teachers have been elected, they shall me^ add i F (C)* TKACnZBB* FBKBIONa 401 elect trosteee to succeed the said Incorporators. No aasodatioD shall be In- corporated or commence to collect and disburse funds until a majority of the teachers of the district have approved the plan. After incorporation aU teachers employed the first Ume for one year or more shall be deemed to have applied for membershlp*ln the assaclatlon. There aball be turned over to said assocUtUon 3 per cent of the amount received by said district from county tax uud also nil flues, , penalties, and forfeitures collected from teachers for violation of re#?ulationa If funds available are Insufflcleut to iwy uimuitles due, the amount available shall be prorated among those eutitleil to receive the same. The word “teachers’* In this act shall Include suiierinteudents, sui)ervi8ora, and principals, as well as Instructors. Any annuity payable to a member shall be exempt from attachment 'garnishment, or execution. Pennsylvania: Board of school directors of any district Is hereby enipowered to establish, contribute to, and .administer a tepcbors* retirement fund; such fund, In addition to amounts so contributed, shall Include funds donated or benueatbed from other sour«». together with reasonable contributions from teachers; but no person shall ,l>e required to contribute any part of bis salary unless so provided for ip his contract. Contributors shall be repre- sentedjnmoklng regulations governing such fund; every teacher, principal, . or o^rri’sj^ig official retiring In accordance with such regulations shall be entitled to an annuity. Hhode Island; Any i>epson of either sex who shall have engaged in teaching 3f) years. 25 of which years, Inciudiug J5 years immediately prec(*ding retirement, shall have been in public schools of this State, nmy, ninm voimi- tary retirement or retirement by employer, iwelve an annnar i>en«lon from the State equal to one-hnif average salary for five years pnn’ediug retirement, but such pension shall not exceed $500 per year; any teacher who shall have .tiiugbt for at least 20 yejirs In public schools of State, and is Inca pacitji ted mentally or physically for such work, may retire or be retired, and slmll rec'eive i>en8ion in proportion time of service bt^ars to 35 years. State Jtwnrd of education shall pass on applications for said i>en8lona. South Carolina: See A (f). Administrative unita-dlstricts, etc. Utah: On request of a majority of teachers employed in u city of the flrst class or in the Shite at large outside of cities of the flrst class, the board of e<1uoation In any such city, or the State boartl’of education, Bhnll authorize the orgnnlnztion of a public school teachers* retirement commission. In cities of flrst class commission shall consist of seven members, viz, three eiect<^ from membership of association by memb?rB thereof, su))erlntendent of schools. Clerk of school board, and two members elected by school board. In State at large commission shall consist of 15 members, viz. State auditor, treasurer, 8Ui>erlntendeut, attoniey general, and 11 members elected by asso^ elation from membership thereof. C'ommlsslon shall meet at least once each year and shall make an annual financial report, ^^md8 shall l>e of two classes— permanent and current When a retirement commission is duly organized, city superintendent or State superintendent, as case may be, shall notify teoebers In service, and such teachers fiiay elect to become members of association ; teachers coming into the sendee for the flrst time shall sign contract agreeing to become members of association. Source of income: (1) Deductlop of 1 per cent of teachers* salaries, but not to exceed 1 per cent of salary of $1,200, annually; (2) deduction from teachers* sfilarlea on account of absence through sickness, but not to exceed five days in any one year for a teacher; (8) all moneys received from gifts, bequests, etc. 462 8TAT8 LAWS KklATXNQ TO PTTBUC KDUOATIOK. First two of tlM6e sources shall consUtute current fund; last mentioned Shall constate permanoit fond unless otherwise Indicated by dendent relatives before retirement, such member's estate shall l>e entitled to refund , of all moneys paid In by said member. If funds are sumclent to pay annuities due, amount available shall be prorated "Teacher,” as useenses. Said board shall keep separate account of funds received from various sources; shall report annually to auditor of accounts funds received from said association. State treasurer shall be custodian of retirement fund, and said fund shall be Invested only in those securities in which savings banks Invest their funds. Income of such fund shall be paid to beneheiaries under rules of said board. *Said board shall ma'ke hieiiuiul report to legislature. A teacher who has taught In public schools of the State not less than 25 years of at least 23 weeks of 5 days each shall ui>od retirement receive from Income of retirement fund an amount equal, to one-half of average salary of said teacher for last five years of service, not to exceed $600 ari- ' nually. A teacher who has taught In public schools 30 yrars. 20 years of which shall have been In this State, and of equal length as-herelnbefore pro- vided, shall be entitled to an annuity not to exceed amount hereinbefore pro- vided. Any public-school teacher Incapacitated for further school work shall' y (C). TdACHEBS^ PSKStONS* „ 4Q3 receive from mid Income an amount determined by aald boa'rd» bat not to exceed annuity hereinbefore^ provided. Principals and union snperintendcnU and normal-school teachers shall be entitled to eald anmiltlee.' To receive such annuity a teacher shall pre*»nt proof (1) as to age. length of eervlce, or InflrmlUea. (2) of largest salary received. (3) that be has retired from paid work in public school^ (4) that he has coutrlbnted to said retirement fund a SUIT equal, to 40 i>er cent of annuity to which be la entitled! No tt^cher entitled to such benedts on reaching age of 00 years shall thereafter receive such benefits unless he reUres from paid work a> teacher on reach- ing said age. Until Income from said fund shall be sufficient to pay all aunultles said board may divide such Income proportionately among bene» ficlarles or pay annuities In order of perlods^of service to the State, or may withhold same and add to principal of fund until lucome shall become suffi- cient to meet any or all annuities. Teachers may be i>en6loned from moneys/ raised by towns or lucort^rated districts for school purposea A teacher who has taught In a public school 30 yeers is eligible to receive a peuslon. No |H*usloii voted by towu or lucoriK>rup*d dfstrlet shall exceed one-half average salary received by teacher for last five years of service. A pension may be voted by town or Incorporated district uiwn recommends Hoh of directors or prudential committee at annual or at special meeting called for such purpose. Virginia: Persons who mcy be rcUrcd,— Oass A slmn Include every person who has taught in the public schools of the State an aggregate of nt least 20 >ears; with a good record, and who Is mentally or physically Incapable of rendering effldent service: class B shall Include every person who has taught iu the public schools of the State an aggregate of at least 30 years, with a good record, aud has reached the age of 58 years If a man or 50 years If a woman. The State board of education shall place such |>ersons on the “retired teachers’ list,” but division superintendents shall not be placed on such list. The State board of education or the State Iwurd of health may at any time and ah'all once every three years require persons retired under class A to be examined by a physician, and if disability no longer exists ^Stiite board of education shall remove the said person from the retired list; any person removed from such list sbull be restortHl to the same rights regard- ing certificates as he possessed at the time of application for retirement; any person so removed may be restore^l to list at any time when eligible:' any retired teacher who shall engage In tenchlng in a public school shall be removed from said list; any uumarrled woman on the retired lUt who has taught leas than 30 years or who Is les$ than 50 years old shaU be removed from said list If she marries; when any person is removed from list he shall receive hack amount paid Into fund with 6 per cent Interest. less any.amounts paid to him out of retired teachers* fund,*> Any person In either class shall have deducted from the first year’s pension ai\ amount equal to 30 per cent of the average anuual salary earned during the last five years, less the amounts already contributed to pension fund by said person ; such deduction shall be used to create a permaji^nt endowment Sources of fund: (i) One per cent of each teacher’s salary? (2) State appropriation pf $6,000 per an- num; (3) gifts and bequeste. State board of education shall Invest the fund : only the Income shall A used In paying pensions. Amount of pension: A sum paid quarterly equal to one-elgbth of the average annual salary during last five years, but not exceeding $400 per annum, except that a person whose average salary during last five years vras $1,000 or more, may be paid $000 per annum. No pemn shall be placed on the penislon list after January 1, 8T4n 1AW8 VEUlXDSQ TO F1JBUO VDUOATIOK. 1914* unleM nch perm etuiU have taught at leaat five eeaalone since Jalj 1« 1908. State hoard of ediioatlop ah^ puhUah awnnaiiy a ust of naimw on the retired teacham' ilat; said board shall mahe roles and regulations carry out the provisions of this act WIeeonaiB: Board of tinistees of teachers* Insoranoe and rettrement fond shall consist of live members. Including State treasurer and SUte sui»eriniendeDt of public Instruction, ex oard meeting; said board may elect a secretary; State treasurer shall be ex officio treasurer of said fund; said board shall meet annually, and may adopt rules retattve tt> business of said fund; members of said board shall receive *n> psy exceiH expenses Incurred, but secretary may receive annunl salary not to excei'tl 91,200, to be paid out of said fund. Said board shall have control of said fund, and shall Invest same under same oondltfoua as trust funds of the State an* ln\'eBted; said board shall make annual n*|wrf to members of said fund and to State superintendent; said board shall not be a ci>n>orntlon. but may sue' and be sued; all actions by or against board shall be prosecuted or defendee less than annuity to be received. Each of said school boards hereinbefore named shall annually report amonnts so deducted from teachers’ salaries to treasurer of town, village, or city In which selKMlbouse of said teacber I.h located, and shall report such other facts relative to teachers and schools as may be required by law; said school board shall make a like report to super- intendent of the county, district, or city in which schoolhouse la located: said superintendent shall tninsinlt such report annually to board of said fund; said board of said fund, each of said school boards, and each of said superintendents shall keep complete records of data contained In iwild reports. Each town, village^ and city treasurer shall annually forward amounts so. rec^ved from school boards to Uie county treasurer; county trensiirer shall annually transmit such amounts to State treasurer. No city, village, town, or school district shall share In the seven-tenths mill-tax apportionment for any year unless said report has been made and said amoants have been paid to State treasurer. State treasurer shall annually set side from seven-tenths mill tax levied for common schools 30 cents for each person of school age In the State, which, together with donations or legacies therefor, or moneys received from any legal source of Increment, shall constitute the “teachers* inBurance and retirement fund/* To retire and receive an annuity the teacher shaU have taught 20 years, 18 of which ahall have been in public schools of Wisconsin;, such teacher shall pay amount as la necessary to make total Of aseewBrnwiU equal such annuity. A teacbeg* after 18 years of ^chlng in public schools of tbs State, srhOn m^tally or physically incapacitated tor farther service, may retire and rec^ve an* annuity; such teacher, shall {lay Ogeh amovit as Is neoesdary to make total of assessments equal to annuity xsoe^veit JSseb teacher so retiring ahall receive annuity of for each 464 465 O (b). STATE NORMAL SCllOOUa year of aervlce, not to exceed $4S0 In any one year; l>oard of truateea may * nitably retJuce annulllea when condition of fund ahal) require sucU reduction* *\ny teacher who nliaU ceuae to leach In public achools may, upon application to lK>anl of truHtees. receive one-half of amount ])aid into fuoil by aald it>acher; If said teacher ahall return to service, he ahiill return amount ao rtwlvetl. with Klmi»Ie Interest on so me not to oxeeiNl 4 imt ivnt on aiimunt for time ilniw'n out. Pa y men t a fnmi fund hIuiII be nuide from Income .^thereof, and In addition, when m^vsKiry. from |.rin. i|..a of tvruiin inomys ns pn»vhtiHj hy law. One year’s h»ave or leaves of abs^uHv h^olly jcnnitetl to teachera shall be c'ouii>ute«l ns pjiri of irr> yt^rn of servkv, if teacljer simll pay nuMit, for such tiUK», Any t earlier nilrlUK under provisions of this act may af:atn enter uiwn work of tt^ chins, hut aim 1 1 receive no annully while teach- in>r. Kuch annuities Khali !k» exempt from UyhI pnx't^ and limlienahle. t>tti(*e of Invjnl of tniKte<‘s slial! Ire in the caitliol. Term "teacher" shall iiichide teiuiiers, KnixTlntendeiits and nsKlKtant su)vrinttualents of achools, suix>rvlaoP8 <'f liistnailoti, primijmlH. ami nsslKtHUt primiimlH. and s|iecial teacbent Cities of first class are eipnipt1uca4pn. See G (b). State normal erhools; V (c). State unIverKitles and colleger O tb). State Normal Schools. Alabama: Board of controi of normal scAoo/s ' for irAf/e penrons, Governor, State 8U|)erIutemIent. and six memlK^rs npiMilntwl by the governor; one of xix Hjnxdntlve meml>er8 ainxintwl each year. of hoard: to visit and intq^ect each sehmd ot least once n yvar; nniulre. as far ns piiictlcnhle, the same (^rtirse of study; require pn^sldenta of tw'hools to prepore course of study: el(H't presidents, teachers, and (dher offleers, mid fix their salaries; make rules and repulatlons for tlie Kovemment of such sclunds; six a|h imlntlve meml>er8 shall re|K»rt to legislature; board shall meet on rail of chMirAian ; bi>anl slinll jirovlde summer t ra tiling (Murses ; no (*oini>ensa tlon, except tnivellng ex]»onses. See also H |>oInle ■ ''*ltiM''lAWi“l^iEffOT !.i!Uli;?wjp.' ei«. 4 practice at^odl m$!f be estabUi^ed In cdimectioii with a nonnal echoor each aohool aiiall be a part of the publlc-scbool arateni and shall be main- tabed joiatly by normal school board and the district school board. Tray^lng: . expenim of board m^bers shall be paid and each one, except the State snper- Intendttit, shall be paid |4 per day for attending meetings. Boap^ shall re- lK>it annoally to governor. Bach board shall annually appoint V committee ; of three visitors to visit and examine nonnal schooL See also A *y* WbRlULt SOkOOlA V ; ' I "?5^iPS as other nortaal schoola A State normal acbooMi* eetabllahed In^Fieano CJoonty fpr training teacbera In the art of Instmcting and governing In the public echooU; the course of study ahall include agriculture and manual training; controlled as other normal achoola A similar normal school and similarly controlled i^ established In Humboldt County. Colorado; The State normal sdiool at Greeley shall also be known as the State Teachers College. Board of trustees shall consist of the State super* Intendent, ex officio, and six members appointed by the governor; term of appointive members, six yeaiw, two being appointed dtery two years; trustees shall be a body con)orate. The State normal school ahall stand upon the «ame basis as to apportionment of State school funds as union high schools. Powers of irt^tees: To have general supervision and control of said schools; appoint and remove principal and teachers and fix their salaries; prescribe, with advice of faculty, the books to be used and ^urse of study ; mke need- ful rules and regulations. Course of study shall cover a period, of not lees than three years. Trustees shall prescribe qualifications for admission of students; eveiy student shall sign a declaration of Intention to te».ch in ttie public schools of the' State; schpol ahall be open to aU qualified residents of the State who are over 16 years old; other persons may be admitted on pay- ment of a tuition fee fixed by board, and such persons shall not be required to sign declaraUon of Intention to teach In the public schools. ' The normal school may grant diplomas to graduates of the full course ; said diploma shall be a license to teach In the public schools of the State, but State superin- tendent may annul such license. The board of trustees shall report annually to the suite board of education. A normal school Is established at Gunnison ; said school shall be contrend any money for a school hereafter established until the town, cify, or city-school district shall have provided a school for practice In connection with said normal school. Board shall make rules, governing admission of students; tuldon shall be free to those admitted, but applicants must file declaration of intention to teach in the public schools of the State. School officers shall annually forward to board the names of | soluble persons to be received as students. SUte board shall expend the funds provided; appoint and remove teachers; file semiannually with the controller a statement of receipts and expenditures; report annually to the governor. Said aboard may establish model schools in connection with normal schools. Said board may grant scholarships to one** student from each town having a valuation of less th^n $1,600,000, said scholarefalp not to. exceed $160. . • . ' ' ■■'''■ Delaware! Elach county school commlsslQn may annuaDy expend not exceed- ing $1,600 for aldihg students designated by them to attend normal schools; ^ such aid ahall not exceed $2.60 per ^eek for each ^rson'; every petson , receiving tsoch aid shall enter Into an obligation to attend school as desig- nated by the county school commission tmd to ‘teach in the counU for at ' least two years. (Since the opening of women’s cdUege, students desirlnie »'^'' ;^i^‘^ swra ^liTO:.^i|Ura^ ^ 4t for toftchliiig i^re mt to the tralntng de^mrtknent of that Inadtatlon JortBed pfntQ norpoal sehools oatshle of the State.) . * alao Q en ti> hlgh-sc^ool graduates, the completion of wbich will be accepted in lieu of a Mcense. and will entitle the holder to teach In the district schools an^ the- grades in small towns for three years. Two years after graduation and after giving evidence of professional ability, graduates of any accredited hchool or depnrt^nt shall tjp entitled to diplomas Issued by said school, stating the amount and cbaracter of work copspleted. See also X (hi), State boards; A (c2). County officers; B (d), State taxa- tion for school purposes; O (a), Industrial education, general; P (c), State ^ universities and collegea Iowa: The school for the training of teachers at Cedar Falls Is decla Iowa State Teachers’ College. Said school shgll be under the contL management of the State board of education. Board may con tract directors of a’ school township or IndepeudeVit district In which siiA set^ Is situated and those contiguous thereto to receive pupils thereof qnd give them Instruction. . Tultibn therefor shall not exceed 50 cents per week per See also A (hi), State boards; E (b), Teachers’, certificates, genend. Kuumt 0S»ere aball be located ia ^porl« a State normal acbool ter the Inatractlon of persona, male and female, In .the art of teaching. . All aectlona of land on which salt apringa are located and which were granted by Oongreaa to the State and one additional section are set apart as a perpetual endow - ment of the said normal school Potcert of board of adminUtratton: To ap^ point pifaldait and /acuity and remove ,tlH§i ter cauie; preacrlbe hooka tfo itifiii‘Jriiai’1 '' ' . II i'll, ii Jt'i ■ , .fi .470 i'i,i i^v^i.^" iw' • *'7 » 6tAXZ LAWS BEIAUKO TO PUBUC EDUCATION.' be owd; ll*,«>.trance reiinlreinente; estabUsb a pracOcc^^hool ; require tui- tion fee* of those qot entitled by law to free tuition. Every representative district (representative In legislature) In the State shail be entitled to one pupil, tuition free, who shall enter . Teachers certificates, general; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks; M (bf; Kindergartens. Kentncky: State Is dl^ded Into two qormal-sohool districts, called eastern and western. There shall be established the EasteAi Kentncky State Normal School at Blchmond and the Western Kentucky State Normal School at Bowl- ing Green. Objects of these schools shall be to more fully carry Into effect section 188 of the constitution by giving teachers of the Commonwealth train- ing In the common-school branches in the science and art of teaching. There Is created a board of regents for each of sold normal schools, with perpetual succession and the powers of a body itolltic and corporate. This board is composed of five members, including the State superintendent, who shall be a member and chairman of each board. The governor sliall .appoint four members for each school, and they shall serve four years. Not more than three shall be members of the same polltlca^jmrty. and no two shall be resi- dents of the same county. Each board shall organize and hold quarterly meetings. Powers and duties: Each board shall have general control and management of Its normal school ; shall adoi>t rules and regulations, enforce obedience, appoint or dismiss officers and teacber|). appoint treasurer, > and fix bond. The State superintendent and the head of each normal schwl shall constitute a normql executive, council, wlw shall nrt&crlbe course of study to -be taught and educational qualifications fbr adnifcslon and graduation. Each board shall confer ^^Mcntes as follows: Elementary certificate for one yearis work which shallsRtltle holder to teach In any' public school ,two years; Intermediate cjrtlflcat^or two years' Work shall entitle to teach four years; advanced certificate for three years’ work shall entlUe holder' to teach three years aft* which It may be extended for life.' Any certificate may be revoked for cause «y board of regents or State superintendent; any county superintendent may revoke In hts county. . Board shall have power to appoint and remove ^cers and teachers and fix their pay •{ no officer ' br tekcher tdiail be renlwr^ except for Incdmpetency. neglect or refusal to perform Us duty, or for ImmoraL oonducL Board shall draw no salary but shallte paid mileage; no officer, teacher, regent, or member of normal' executive council shall be^terested In any 'coatract ; IHe president shall make a arritten report to l^ents; treasurer shall give bond, receive and • (b}. STATB NOKBtLL SCHOOLS; 4TI dtotorai moneys, and make quarterly .reports; secretary shall keep all record Begenfs shall provide for payment of Indebtedness by setting aside tuition and other fees; all appropriations, grants, or gifts for specified uses shall be so applied. Bach county shall. appoint one pupil to free tuition In the normal school for each (SOO, dr fraction over 250, of white school children for the full term of the prescribed course of stndy in the school; county superintendent shall select such appointees by competitive' examinaUom Regents, may maintain a model and practice school In each; |10,0Q0 to >e equally divided between the two for equipment and $40,000 granted annnS' to be divided equally for salaries and other ‘expensea Deeds are to be iiraae to the State and regenU may purchase or condemn real estate. Bach board may erect a library and erect or lease any qecessary buildings or grounds; students may take examinations for county certlficatea It shall be illegal ‘ for any officer or regent to contract obligations when there fk no money with which to pay ; board moy sell such real estate as Is not needed by school and It may also borrow money. state normnl school for colored persons, established In 1886, shall be under conlro^l of board of trustees, composed of Sta’te superintendent and "thtee Intelligent and discreet" residents of Franklin County, who are con- ^ ' s^tuted a body corporiite with the usual powers. Trustees shall hold offic4 three years and be appointed by governor. „There shall be maintained In said Institution a department for education of colored students in agri- culture and tlie mechanic arts and the board shall be entitled to receive on equitable division of moneys arising under act of July 2, 1862. Board shall ‘ prescribe course of stu.ly, select Instructors and Hx salaries, determine con- ditions of admission; tuition sbnil be free to all colored residents of Ken- tucky who fuimi the conditions. Boftrd shall visit school once each Mslon and shall make an afinual report to the governor and a biennial r^lft to the legislature ; $3,000 annually appropriated for expenses. Board Is author- ized to grant certificates of proficiency and such teachers as have completed prescribed course In normal department shaU be entlUed to a diploma and to tench In any of the colored common schools of the State. Name of Stated Normal School for Colored Persons changed to the Kentucky Normal and IndUBtrlal Institute. See also P (c), State universities and colleges. Louisiana: The State normal school shall be under control of board of ndmlnlstratofs consIsUng of six members, appointed by governor, one from ’ town of Natchitoches nnrf one from 'each of the first five circuits of court of appeals; two appoints every two years to serve six years; governor shall be ex officio presklent of board. Board shall be body corporate; shall elect and fix pompensatlon of teachers; shall hold annua/ meetings and may hold s))eclal meetings; shall during meetings rewlve^tf^ellng expenses and per diem same as legislators; president of said school shall be ex officio • member of board. Said school shall be open to white persona proparly quali- fied; shall contain normal department and practice school; course of study ’ of nornial department, to extend over period of four years, shall, embrace Instruction and tralnlhg In history and science of education^ thW and practice of teaching, organization aiM government of schools, and such other' ^objects as may^be' deemed necessary. Practice school' shall consist of such grades, with such course of stiky, as said board may prescribe. Appll- " eUtlve examinations from among needy persona Board may grant diplomas to graduates; diploma shall entitle holder of first-grade teacher^s oerUflcate without examination, valid for four years and renewable; diploma shall enUtle holder to preference in public- school positions. as may be determined by State board of education. See also A (b2), State officers; Q (6), Agricultural colleges. Maine: Normal schools are estnblldied at Farmington. Castlne, Gorham. ^ Machlas, and Presque Isle. Course of study shall Include common English branches In review and higher profesalminl subjects with special reference - to school management and methods of Inhtructlon; schools shall be free from denominational teachings. Principals shall keep i^ecords of enrollment, at- tendance. textbooks used, etc., and shall report ahnually to State superin- tendent Course shall df two years duration; trustees may arrange a course for three or fbur years for students desiring such. Student oompletltfg course shall rettive a dlploJha. Applicants for admission shall be 16 years ol«l if females, 17 If males, and shall signify their Intention ^to teach. Board of trustees for such schools shall be Stare superintendent* and four members ^ appointed by govemor, oneJ>elng appointed each year. Trustees shall have ’ charge of the general interests of the schools; they shall reiwrt annually* to governor and council. They shall maintain at Fort Kent for not less than eight months each year the Madawasgn Training School for training teachers la **Madawaska district.*' For support of five normal schools anci Madawaaka school $86,000 Is annually appropriated from common school fund. Two thousand five hundred dollars Is annually appropriated to defray ex- penses of at least four summbr schools* for teachers, such schools to be con- ducted under direction of State«8ilperintendent. , - See also O (a). Industi^ education, general. Ma^land: Three schools itall be located in vicinity of Baltimore, Froslburg. and Bowie for Instruction and practice of teachers In science of e<)uratl(>n. - art of teaching, and mode of governing schools; under-cootrol of State Iward ^ of education; faculty shall, consist of principal and necessary teachers; there ^nll be maintained in each a two years* normal course with emphaKls oi» ^ professional subjects, Including history of education, school organlantloii. and methods of teaching; for males and^femnles; State board shall nrrang«» and prescribe qualifications and scholastic attainments; students npportlone«I to counties In proportion to representation In general assemblv; students ^ BhaU be selected by county boards for scholarships; alternates shall l)o «i)- ^ ' polAted ; free textbooks ; tmy pupils may also be admitted ; State board shnir prescribe course which shall be uniform ns fkr ns possible; th^w shail super- vise schools; provide practice teaching and organize mwlel stfiools; $50, (XX) annuaUy for Baltimore to begin August 1. 1915 1 $10,000 for Frostburg; $7,000 for.Bowle: to bo for all necessary expenses and shall be paid out of public school tax; donjons fqr any normal school shall be^ held by State board. Annual report shall bo made to gove**noi* by State board, and Itshed. State normal school for instrurtlon apd practice of colored tochers In science of eduoattcm, art of teaching, and mode of govwnlng schools ; under T O (b). BTATK NOBMAL SCHOOLS. 478 j . ^ • J Control State board of education, who shall appoint principal and assist- a'iits, prescribe curricnlnni, which shall Include toachinfr elements of rncric«l- ture and . mechanic arts, provide supplies, fix quallflcatlons, salaried , etc., of Instructors; located at ^owle. \ ' See also A (bl). State boards; J on payment of tuition fees The cities of North Adams. Fitch- bnrg. and Ixiwell, and the town of Barnstable shall-each agre»iu writing with the ^tate board to provide buildings and model and practice schools In con- nection witlf normal schools therein. The State board is nuthorlw^ to pro- vide ngricultural education In the North Adams normal sohooWf said city shall contribute free use for 10 years of lan^ for the purpose. • ^ The trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural College ore nuthoriied to establish a normal department for purbose of giving Instnictlmi ih the ele- ments of agriculture to persons desiring to teach the same«n the public schools If the cost of said department shall not excwl $6,000 l^nn^ one yeor. and at least 16 candidates present themselws for such Instni^on. • The State board of e*. for the taking or purchase of a new site for said school. ’ , The State boanl of education is authorized to establish and maintain clfTsses for the punwse of training teachers for vocational and continuirtlon schools. Any city or town, or district composetl of cities and towns, may. with the approval of the Stat^ board, establish and mn Inti In classes for training teachefs for continuation and vocational schools. See also A (bl). State boards; B (c), Permanent State school funds; J (b), Medical Inspeetlon. y * 'f ’ Michigan: The school UoiJwh^Centrar Ml^^^^ Normal School located at Mount IJleasant Is contimieTfor the purpose of thilnlng teachers for the rural schools and primary departments of graded 'schools; State board of educa- tlon shall ai'qu^re title to proi>erty In fee. Said school shall be subject to the control of the State boanl ^ education. The nn^e of the Michigan state Normal School, at TiKsIlnntfTls changed to the Mlrhlgun State Normal Col- lege. A Shite normal schhol Is located at Afhrquette; It shall be under the control of the State board of education; It shall be known as the Northern State Normal School. The Shite board of education shall designate a place in the western part of the State at whl(* shall be located the Western. State Normal School for the purpose of training teachers for the mml' district schools and primary departinents of graded schoMs. Physical training shall he included in the branches to*be .taught In the pnbllc schools of any dty having a population of more $hnn 10.000 and In the State normal schoola See also A (bl), State hoards; G (c), County and local normal schools, tthmeapta: Thei« ai^ five Shite ■normat^pchools Ih the State. Management of said schools shall be 'tested In hoprd of eight directors, who. with State superintendent,' shall constitute normal-school bonfd; said dlrectorg shall *l>e appointed by governor, ‘subject to confirmation by the senate, for term of ... * 474 BTAT^ LAWS BEI^TIKO TO PUBliO EDUCATTON. ft>nr yeftni; there abell be one director In ^ch county In which a normal echool Is lo^tedp. and no two shall he resides of same county. Powers of wUd boofTdflto courol normnl schools and property thereof; appoint teachers — employee^ anf fix their salaries; prescribe courses of study, conditions of admission, and confer diplomas ; thoroughly inspect^^Huch schools at least once In each year; report to governor on same In every even*numbered year. Directors shall be reimbursed for actual expenses In connectlpri with normal schools out of funds of said schoola Normal-school board shall elect one of Its members porchaslng agent for said schools, whose salary shall* be fixed by board and , paid pro rata by normal schools ; executive head of each nornfal school shall quarterly present estimates of succeeding expenses to purchasing agent. There shall be held In each noVmal school a suniniGr - session of 12 weeks. There shall be no tuition or other rfiojge for any normal-school student who flies with the president n declaration of Intention to teach In the public schools of the State for at leiist two years after leav- ing school.: board shall fix tuition charges, for other students and for" pupils in model schools. Normal-school board may organise mo^el schools In con- nection, with normal sohoola for lllustratiug methods and school government only. Presidents of normal schools shall make annual reports to State superintendent '• ^ ^lee also E^b), Teachers’ certificates, general; N (a), High schools; P (c), Sfete universities and colleges. Mlssisslwl: A body politic and corporate la created by name of Mississippi NormnlT^ollege; cost llml^ to llOO.OOO; applicants for admission must have completed course of the m^llc schools, and course In said normnl school shall be confined to “a strictly normnl or professional coiicse for training teachers In the public schools; " government vested In trustees. nprx>lnted hy governor, one from each congressional district with governor and State superintendent as meiribers ex officio ? governor to be psesldent of board ; length of service, six years, fbur being oppolnted every three years; governor shall fill vacancies; trustees shall elect one of their members as secretary and a treasurer, who shall give bond; no member, officer, or agent of the board sfinll be lnte^stee settled annually with auditor; bo?td shall moke reports to legislature through governor; board sfhnll receive proposjds for location of Institution ;^ul>on selection of land for f^lte Iward shall contract for building, which shall be of- sufficient capacity to nocommodate the number of students to be apportloneerpetual*ucceselon ; It shall con- • sist, for each school, of seven members, six of Jvhom shall reside in the dis- trict for which they are appointed, and the State sui»erlntendent shall ^ ex officio n memtter of each board ; the governor shall, during each biennial k slou of the legislature, appoint, with the consent o/ the Senate, two regents for each school, to bold office for six years; governor shall fill vacancies for unexplred terms; not more than four regents of any school, Including State* . superintendent, shnAl be of the same political party. A majority shall consti- tute a quorum, -but a vote of the majority of all members shall be necessary ' to appropriate money or employ or dismiss teachers. Powers of each hoard: To adopt and enforce needful rides and regulations; authorize faculty to suspend or expel stndenU foiJcnuBe, but such student may appeal to board; api>olnt and dismiss officers and teachers; direct course of Instruction; desig- nate textbooks to be used; npi>oint a treasurer and fix his bond; fix quallflba- tions for admission: confer degrees usually conferred by normal schools: The normal diploma conferred upon completion of the “advanced course" shall entitle the bolder to teach In the public schools without furttfbr examt- naUon, unless such diidmnn shall pe revokeon completion of the elementary course” shall be entitled to teach subjects named In said certificate; this section shall apply also to the^normal department of the university and to Lincoln- Insti- tute. Each applicant for admission shall pass prescribed examination and ^ file declaration of mteiUion to follow the business of teaching in the State. Bojird shall hold a regular meeting annually, and special meetings may be held; each member shall rfecelve 6 cents per mile traveled each way and ^ other necessary ev^nses In attending meetings. The president of each board shall reiwrt annually to the Suite superintendent Montana: A State normal school Is established at Dillon: school shall ^ lie ujfider control and stiiervlslon of State lioprd of education ; said board shall elect president^ teachers, and other employees of siich school. United States grant of 11)0,000 acres of land In 1880 for the esUbllshment and maintenance of a State normal school. . See also A (hi), gtate boards; E (b), Teachers’ certlflcates. general; P (c), State universities and colleges. Nebraska: All State normal schools shall be under control of , board of seven members, five appointeil by the governor for term of five years each, and State treasurer and State superintendent ex officio; members shall annually elect president and secretary from atoong their own members and State treasurer shall be tr^surer of board. Secretary shall make annual report to ‘governor of business of board. Bonrdshaljappolnt princlpnlsand teachei^ and fl5 their pensotion and prescribe tbelr duties. B6ard shall receive no compensation, but shall be reimbursed for actual expenses Incident- to their duties as .board members; shall hoid'annpal meetings and may hold special meetings. Watch- ful guardianship shall be taken of morals of pupils, but* no religious or sectarian test shall he adopted in the scbools. All, lands zemalnlng fif the 20 -V.'- P' u Jim II ui|iji I STATE LAWS BELATIKO TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. ' « ' 1 ■eetlons appropriated for the State normal schools and nil funds derive from aale of same shall conttnae to be need for normal schools. Students entering any normal echoed for first time shall pay a mntriculalljon fee of $6, to be paid into the library fund* of ndrmal schools; all moneys received for use of rooms In dormitories of normal schools shall be expended in repairing and furnish- ing such dormitories. The exclusive pur|x>se of normal schools is the tratu Ing in the arts of teaching and managing schools and In the principle and practice of the various branches of learning taught In the public schools No person shall be admitted to normal schools who does not iwssess at least two years of hlgh-schooI training, but mature pupils lun^ be admitted to prepara- tory department; and foregoing provisions shall not apply to the Junior normals or to attendai^ce at the summer term of the normals. There nre eadabUabed not less than five nor more than eight junior normal schools; the terms of such schools shall be not less than six nor more than eight wes'ks annually; at places where junior normals are held the entire publlc-soIaH)! plant and equipment shall be placed, at U»e service of the State for saldjior- mals without expense; not less than three-fourths of the InsUtute ‘fund of counties where salderluteudeut In a noigh- boring county may designate one week of the Junior school as Institute w*vk for his county. State superintendent shalh organize junior normal schools •* and appoint instructors therefor. Course of study at junior normals shall l»e same as elementary course at State normal school!^ and gracjnatlou therefrom shall, carry with it all of the privileges of graduation from the same course in State normal schools. ^ also A (c2), County officers; N (a). High schools; P (c). State uni- yerslUes and colleges. , * » * vNeT«dm: See P (c), State universities and colleges. New Hampshire: The New Hampshire State Normal School at Plymouth is continued; Inatructlon shall be confined to such subjects as will si>ecIficMlly pr^)are the pupils to teach Is public schools and to other branches usually taught lo normal schools; school shall run at least 20 weeks In each year. Management shall be vested In board composed of governor, State snpor- • intendent, and five persons appointed by governor, with advice of council, one ' appointed each year; term, five years. Board shall elect president and tnry from memb^ and may choose treasurer who Is not a member ; shall meet at least once a year, receive no compensation, but shall be paid traveling expenses: shall elect principal, who shall/wlthtadvlce of board, selei't assist- anta Board, with the principal, shall arrange courses of study; board aial prlnctp^.l shall prescribe entrance and graduation examinations and grant certificates to graduates. Tuition and graduation shall be free to those ngrcHh ing to teach In the public schools for period equal to length of course;* $26,500 shall he annually appropriated for ‘school. Principal and teachers shall asaist at teachers* Institutes, as far as is practicable, receiving no com- pentttkm, except for necessary expenses thereby Incurred. State superln- • ^tendent sh$U incorporate report of normal school in his annual* report. Normal school at Keene shall be under control of same board as that in con- trtfi of New Hampshire Normal School at Plymouth. Like provisions shall be tn force for normal school at Keene as at Plymouth. Norqaal schools may eontw^ with towns in ttoe ridnlty for maintenance of practice schools. 0 (b) . STATB NOBMAL 80HOOUS. 477 See also A (b2)V State officers; B (s). General Sta^e finance and support; J (b). Medical Inspection. New Jersey: State normal schools shall be under control of the State board of education: object of said schools shall be to train and educate persons In the aolent'e of education and art of toiichlnpr; tuition shall be free. DuUvm of t^taic board rrlniive to normal $chool»: To have care and control of pro|>* crty : appoint and fix sjilarles of princlivals, teachers, and other employees; funiiah textbooks aud aupplles,for use of pupils: pr^rllH> courses of study: make rules for their mann^ment and prant diplomas; apix>lnt and fix salary of treasurer. of each such school. State board may maintain motlel schools I lu connection with normal schools; moneys collecf^ for tuition fees from the nHKlel school aud for lK>anl at the Ikmrdlnp halls of nonnal schools shall used for su]iport of such model schiwl and boardlUK halls; Rtate board may purchase supplies for b« in any school district located In a county of the first class shall offer a Imildlnp sultijble for nornml-school purposes State board shall establish tliVre a normal school. Knch (‘ounty shall be entitled to at least six times as ’many pupils In such schools as It has representatives lu the leplslature; pnplls must apree to tench In public schools for two years Upon graduation,* unless tennH>rarny excused by State Iward, and shall, If they do not so teach, refund to the State the cost of their eminent Ion. . See also A (bl), State bonnls; K (b), Teachers’ certificates, general: , ,\i‘w Mexico: The State normal school and the normal university shall be each uialer the control of a Imanl of repents consist Inp of five members appointed by the governor, by and with the advice of the senate, term four years; not more than three of whom shall belonp to the same ivolltloal party at the time • of their np|>olntnient. Knob such Iward shall be a laxly corporate. The secre- tary and treasurer of each such board shall give bbnd In the sum of $20,000. • I'Ztich of said boards shall hold quarterly meetings, but may, when ^^med necessary, hold gpecinl meetings; three member^a quorum. Duties of each board: To emploj-" a superintendent and teachers for said Institution and . fix their <^mi>enaj)rion ; prescribe rules and regulations for conduct of said instittitlon; determine branches to be taught; determine conditions upon wldcli pupils shall l>e ndmitttxl, hut no pupils who are not residents of New Mexico shall l>e admitted except ujwu payment of tuition. President of each sm-lNboard shall sign all orders directed by the board to Iw* drawn on the ^^^mfsnrer. Secretary of each such board shall keep the records of the board, and! the treasurer of each such board shall submit financial report at ea<5h nu'cjtlng of said Ixgml. The members of said boards shalk receive $2- per day for pue siH?nt at im^etlnps and 5 cents mileage each way; the secretary and tren|Burer shall receive $3 per day for such time and 5 cents mileage each wn>> Diplomas Issued to graduates of normal schools shall be eonsldered ns firstklnss teachers’ certificates, provldfxl holders thereof khall have taken full iprofesslonnl course. A ^hool of ^finnoal training Is hereby established at the New Mexico Normal University, the object of w’hlch shall be to qualify teuf^ers to tencht manual training in the public schools; and also a Wnder- gar^ training school for teachers. The normal schools shall forever be nonitecUrian. No pupils under 12 years old shall be admitted to said Inst!- . tutlons who have not compiled with the regulations of the State board of education In reference to the completion of work above the sixth grade. Pre- paratory training departments shall be established at each of ‘said Instltn- tlonk with not more than 12 pupils In each class. Each of said boards of regejate ahaU annually set aside $lt500 for the payment of railroad fare of 1 ( I T 478 8#ATB LAWS BSLATtIrO TO JTJBUO EDDCATtOK. ^naSu over end ebore 75 mILee eecb wey ; the mme shall- be imld only om^o In each year, and only, to thoee students who are residents of the State artd who intend teschtng In the State. Boards shall keep ac^curate record of all fands; shall insure school property for three-fourtlu estimated value. The Spanlsh-Amerlcan Noripal School Is hereby established for the pur- pose of educating SpsDlsh-^^ea^ng oaUves of New Mexico for the vocation of teachers in the public schools of the counties and districts wi)ere ‘tlu» Spanish language Is prevalent Said Inatltutlou shall bo under the couin>l of a board of regeuta coustsUug of five u>eu)t>era apitolnted by the govenmr, by and with the advice of the senate, term four years, and not more than Uiret* of whom shall belong to the same ixdtUcal imrty at the time of apiMintmeiit. The courses of tnstruetJoa at said seboui shall be particularly arranged for iho training of teachers to give InstrucUon'ln li^glUh In the rural schools, e«i)c- dally In those schools where the greater iw»rt of the implla belong to Spanish speaking Camilles. Every student admitte* vaonuoy lit any of said boards ahull be filled by said commissioner. Powers of ioi-ai boards: To have immediate supervision and management of said schools under general Supervision of commissioner of education; establish rulee and regu latlODS; make annual re})oyt to legislature through t^e commlssloDer of edu- cation. Treasurers of said boards shall give bond; aggregate salaries of the secretary and the treasurer shall not exceed flOO |>er year. Commlasloaer of education shuU prescribe courses of study for nonmd w^hools; shall deter- mine number* of teachers and, their Claries, and employment «of teachers shall be subject to hU approval; shall discharge any duty of said boapd^ , when*1)oara shall neglect or refuse to perform the same; shall prepar^Mllplo mas fbr graduates of norma 1' schoola Nonresident students at any normal school shall pjiy tuition; no studeatshall be receivetl in the gcademic depart meat of any normal school except upon pledge to c\>mi>let^ the regular nor- mal course; no charges shall be made fo students i>Tliormal departmeut of any such school for tuition or student policemen for protection of proi locutesuppIemont the Insurance on normal-school property. The board of any>«t)rmal and training school may accept any gift, grant, devise;, or bequest^ property for said schotd, u|>ou approval of com- missioner of ^ucAtlon. Commissioner of education shall select certain Indian youth for education at normal schools, expenses of such youth to be paid by * the.Eflate; jBtich youth shall not be under 16 years old and' shall be supported and educated at said schools not to exceed three years; local boards shall be guardians of said youth ; said Indian yot^th shall enjoy equal privileges with other studei^ Including traveling expenses, not excc^ng |10 to each pupIL The normal school at Albany shall be known as the State College for TMch- m; board oHhisteea of said coUegu shall consist of the commissioner of edu- may be dismissed for (muse. special 0(b). STATE NOBUAL SCHOOLS. 479 cfltloD aDd four members appointed by said oommlnioDer wltb approval of the regents. « See also A (bl ), State boards; E (b)., Teachers* certificates, general ; F (c), Teacbers* pensions; L id), Flo'slology and hygiene; O (a). Industrial edocs' Cion, general. North Carolina: The truHteee of the Hast Cnrollna Teachers* Training School - are constltnied a btnly con»oniie; bonnl sliall consist of State sni)orlntetident anil nine members npixiliited by State b ml t»f education; term, six years. I'uriwse of scdiooK to train yomig white men and \|tomeD to teach. lioanl may prescribe courae of study. Tuition frtH* to those signifying their Intention to teach. Board may grant diplomas of graduation. Annual State appropriation for maintenance. Board of tnistees of the Appalachian, Trnhting School for Teachers shall ctmstltute a Inxly oon'omte; 21 niemlK»rH. inclihllng Stite stipe rlnteodenl; members named In art estalillshlng si'bttol and Initml authoriced to fill racan* cles. School shall be for tratniug white teachers, and tuition shall be.free to those signing pledgi* to twich at leaat two years In public scboola of the Stat& Annual State appropriation is made for maintenance, .Trustee^ of Oroatan Normal School named In chapter 400. Public I^aws of 1887, and their sutvessors shall ciuistltute n cori>omtlon for educational pnr- !*osi‘s; trustees slmll fill vacancies, ^ Pur[Kise of si'bool, to train teachers for Indians of the Ci»atnn nuv. Bmird shall contn)l m’hooj, emidoy teachers, etc. Perstins of the ('naitan ract» not under 13 years old and those of same nuv not under 11 years old who stMid examination lu sjvMlng, reading, wiib ing. primary geogm|tIiy, mimI the fundamental rules of arithmetic may be ad- mitted on obliging themselves to teach the Oroatan race. Annual State appro- priation made for malutt;nauce. , The Cullowhee Normal and Induatrlal Scliool for/t raining young men and women to teach Is estiiblished near Painter, Jackson County. Board of trua- lees shall be a self-peri>etuatlng body; one-third of members aball be elected by^^ard each year. Annual State appropriation for mnlntenance. Bonn! of directors of Slate Normal and Industrial College at Greensboro Is • tMmKtlluted a body coriH>rate. State board of education shall appoint board (tf directors conalating of ^0 meml>er8: term, alx years; State superdotendent simll be ex officio a member and president. Board shnll report biennially to go\ emor. Courw kIuiII such as to fit women for teaching and for commer- cial and Industrial arts. Tuition fret? to those signifying Intention to teach. Board shall make rules for government of institution and for admission of* students; each county shall have representation In proportion to school popu- lation. Board of directors and faculty may grant certiflcates of proficiency. State board of education mas'^ establish normal schools for colored race at such places as It deems proper, either lu connection with a colored school of high gnide or otherwise. Persons trained In such schools shall be expected to teach in public schools of Stite for at least three years. State board of edu- cation shall ap]X)iDt a board of six dl lectors for eoch normal acbool thua establlabed. State fipproprlations are made North Dakota: The normal schools at Valley pity, Mayvlll^, and Mlaot shall be the normal schools lOf the State. The proceeds of the^sale or rental of lands granted by the State to normal schools are pledget^ for the establish- mmt and maintenance of such schoola State board ''of normal-school trustees aball consist of State superiutendent, one resident member for each normal school, and three members from the State at large; all, except State Boperlntendexkt, appoint by govamor, with consent oRhe a^te ; term, four Q (b). BTATB KOBMAL 60H00L& 481 exunioAtlon abaU held for first, second, and third grade certificates under dlrecMon of State hoard ; county certlflcateA valid In county of tesidence, , shall be-granted to successful applicants; each appUcant shaU pay examlna- i tlon fee of |2, to be paid into Institute fund of county of his residence. Graduates of normal schools shall receive dlplombs, which shall be lUe cer- tificates, valid anywhere In the State. Similar annual examinations shall be given at normal department of the colored agricultural and normal university. See also A (bl). State boards; L (j). Agriculture; P (c). State universi- ties and colleges; Q (b), Agricultural colleges. Oregon; The normal schooCs at Monmouth, Ashland, end Weston are declared * State normal schoola Boar4 of normal-school regents shall consist of nine members; State board of edncatloh shall be ex officio members, and slx^ other persons shall be appointed by the governor with tbe consent of the ^ senate : term of appointive members six years, one retiring each year. Sald^ board may purchase and hold property for the benefit of normal schools, but shall not convey real estate or borrow money without the consent of the legislature. Proceeds of tbe sale of any real or personal ‘estate and all tuition fees rallected shalPconstitute the Normal school fund.” A regular meeting shall be held annually, and a-special meeting may be called by the governor or president; i^ajority, a Quorum. Potoers of board: To make rules and regulations for normal schools; ai^ipolnt a president, teachers, and other employees for each school, and fix compenfiatton and duties; remove any em- ployee at its discretion: provide apparatus, supplies, etc.; prepare a uniform * course of study; pn^scrlbe rules of admission of studente; require applicants for admission to file declaration of Intention to teach In the common schools; fix tuition feek;gonfer upon presidents of schools the right to susi)end or expel pupils; ^hfer diplomas upon persons recommended by faculty. A board of three visitors appointed by the governor shall annually visit and In- spect ^ch nonpai school. See also G (d), Teachers’ Institutes and summer schoola Pennsylvania: There shall be 13 normal school dlstrlcta, as now provided. ' and one State normal school In each district; said schools shall be part of the public-school system, and their purpose that of educating and training teachers. The affairs of each normal school shall be managed by a board of 18 mem^rs, 0 elected by the stockholders of the normal schools -and 9 appointed by the State luperlntendent The trustees, on part of stock- holders, shall be elected from their own number, three each year, to serve three years. Stockholders shall nominate to the St4ite superintendent twice as many persons ns are to be appointed on part of the State, from whom if satisfactory to State snperlntendent. State superintendent shall/appoint required number to serve for three years; If nominations shall be nnsaOs- ‘ factory to State superintendent he shall, with advlje of governor, choose others. The board 6f trustees of each normal school shall have' a president and a hecretary,- who shall be members, and a treasurer who shall not be a member of said board; shall hold meetings every. three months; sevM mem- ber a quorum; no member, except secreteir, shall receive compenWition for Mrrices, but members may receive $3 and actual expenses incurred In at- tendlng meetings. In case' the rqal estate of anf normal school, upon which ^ «Poaed to sale by Jodlclal process, the State board ot education may bid In said property at an amount not to ei- ot liens, together with prior liens. If such exist; Jn case such real Mtate is struck down on bid of State board of education, returns of such acth^shall be made’ to the auditor general, who, upon approving the ^me, ““6 — 15 — *-31 483 ST^TE fcAWS RBLATIKG TO PUBUO BOTK3ATION. ' shall fcivcr n cartlhcate of the fact and amount' iMyahle oat of appn>prlatlOQ for aoch purpose. Trustees may receive any gift or eudowment not Incon- ^ sistent with the purposes of normal school. Trustees shall annually make r^rt to the State sui>erintendent The normal schools shall be open to Inspection by the State superintendent and to superintendents of public schools within normal-school dlstrlcta Trustees 'shall appoint all teachers, offlc^rs, and employees of normal schools; no. religious test or qualification shall be required to entitle anyone to become connected lu any capacity with a State normal school. Each Such school shall have one or more model schools with no less thaulOO pupils; it shall be lawful for the trustees of any normaLschool and board of directors of any district to enter into an agree- ment bj} wljlch pupils niay be instructed In aald model schools. Meetings of principals of State normal schools for the purpose of making courses of^study and arranging other matters of common interest shafl be culled by State superintendent whenever deemed necessary by sold superintendent, or ui>on request made by the prlnoir>aIs of three such schools. The textbooks of each normal school shall be selected by the principal hnd teachers thereof. Cost o^ board and tuition in said schools shall be fixed by the trustees of the several normal schools, the same to be approved by the State .superintendent; tuition of students not less than 17 years old who shall agree to teach two years In - the imbllc schools and are pursuing rJfeular courses In pedagogy shall be paid by the State. The State board of normal-school examiners at a State normal school Hhall consist of the following: State supei^ntendent, two principals of normal nohools, one of v^hom shall be'prliicliml of the normal school where studeuts are to be examlue<1. and a sufficient number of county, district, or 'assistant couuty-nml district superintendents; all such members shall be ap- pointed by the^tate superintendent. Every normal school shall have the right of eminent domain, but must give bond conditioned for payment of all dam- ages arising therefrom. Ail moneys, received from any lasurance policy fipon bnlldlngs of any State normal school shall be held In trust by tiie State treasurer fpr the puriwse, of replacing such buildings. The State l>oard of , education may purchase the property of any normal school, provided no more shall be paid therefor than the amount originally paid for stock of such , school; for the purchase of such schools there shall be approi>r|atod not less than $200,000 annually; proi>erly executed deeerty to the State, such school shall be managed by a board of nine trustee.^ who sliall be residents of such normal-school district and who shall be appointed by the State board of education, three each yeai*, each member to serve three yeara Rhode Island: The State normal school shall be under control of State board of education and commissioner of phbllc schools ns board of trustees stu- , dents shall be admitted uiK>n examination and certificate *from approved ^secondary, schools and tuitibn shall be free t(/ those who agree to teach for •Sat least two years after leaving said school ; any tuition fees received sb^l he paid to State treasurer. Graduates of said pchool shall receive diplomas. Board of trustees may pay traveling expenses of each student, residing In the StatenBot to exceed >25 for each t^uarter year, but aggregate of same shall not exceed $4,000 In any one year; pa^Tnents of such sum shall be ma'de to stu- , dents in proportion to distance traveled, Skttrance requirements are based on the Qompletlon of a four-year blgb-school course. The State cooperates with Brqwn University In maintaining a graduate department In education. 1^ also A (hi). State boards.*^ 0(b). STATE NORMAL, SCHOOLS. ' 488' ' ' , ' ' ! Sonth OaroUna: See A (bl), State bonrda; M (b).- Kindergartens; Q ersonB may be ad- mitted without signing such declarntlon In the dlscreMon of the board; each county shall be entitled to send pupils In itroportlon to the number of repre- sentatives in the legislature. Board of regents ^liall make regulations govern- ing said schools and principals , shall fxercise Immetllate sujiorvlslt^Q over them. - The Northern Normal and Industrial School at Al>er(leeu shall be under ^ the control of the regents. .Board of regents and department of public In- struction approve courses of study leading to various grades of certificates. Tennessee: Any municipality may Issue ^100.000 of bonds, or less amount, to ^ l>ear Interest at not oveeJU^r cent for^)uriH)se of punchasing site' and erect- ing and eqiripplug buildings' for ^State normal school; ^^ny county Any Issue same amount of bonds at same Interest for same purjwse; such bonds Wall run not longer tlum 26 years; sa\d municipality or county shall levy a tax to pay Interest on such bonds andjto create a sinking fund to retire them nt maturity. . See also A (bl), State boards; A (b2). State offl<*ers ; B (n), (lenernl State ' finance and supi>ort; Q (b>, Agricultural colleges. Texas: With advice and consent of senate, governor shall upi>oint five persons of good education and high moral character who shall constitute a'^bourd of regents for the government of the Sta^^ormul schools for white persons; — t^rm, two years. Such board -shull have general control of said normal ' schools; may provide bulidlugs and equipment and employ principals, teach- ers, and other employees, and fix their salaries. Board ahull visit each normal school at least once a year and shall determine whut departments shall be established, but only as appropriated for by legislature. The West Texas StJite Normal College for trailing white teachers is es-^ tabllsbed at Canyon, Tex.; controlled by the State normal school boaixl of regents. Board has power to make rules, admit pupils, prescribe courses of study, elect teachers, erect buildings, and Is charged with the general man- agement and su{)ervi8ion of all Stale normal schools for white teachers. (Other normal schools are north Texas, at Denton;, southwest Texas, at San Marcos; Sam Houston State Normal Institute, at Huutaville ) / The Prairie View State Normal and Industrial College fo^\ralhlng colored ^ persons shall be under the control and supervision -of the board of directors of the Agricultural and Mechanical College: said directors shall admit one student from each senatorial district and one from each reiiresentatJve dis- trict, but such students must be colored persons not less than 16 years old; board shall appoint principal, teachers, and other necessary officers; shall regulate the course of study; shall provide for board, lodging, and Instruc- tion of students, but students shall pay <^e-thlrd of cost of same; $6,000 annually appropriated from Interest on university ^md. State board of . education is authorlxed , and instructed to requlri cotton classification in State normal schools, industrial . schools, summer^ norqjal schools, teachers* Institutes, and public schoola Utah: See O (d). Teachers’ institutes and summer schools; P (c). State uDlverslties^and colleges. ^ ^ -7 I 8TATB LAWS BELATINO TO PUBUO BDT70ATI0N. 4S4 Vermont: Normal schools at Johnson and Castleton are continued until 1020. The State board of education shall have control and management of uoriUHl schools and df any State home or State domestic science school that may be established. Said hoard shall establish regulatlonsi establish coih^s of study, dx entrance and graduation requirements, issue certificates to graduates, employ teachers, and make biennial report to legislature. Treasurer of said board shall receive and disburse moneys approprintet} for said schools, by order of said board. Said board niny establish practice deiwrtments for said schools, and make arrangements with local school boards relative to same. Tuition in said schools shall be free to students who agree to tench for two years In the Stntd^ujwn graduation ; said board shall fix fees of other studeins. Sum of $10,000 shall be appropriated annually for support of each school hereinbefore provided. See also B (h). Teachers* certificates, general. - Vir^dnia: A State normal school board is created. (Composition: Twelve members (one from each congressional district and two from the State at large), appointed by the governor; term, four years, one-halMndug apixtliitwl every two years. State superintendent shall be ex officio n member, and govenior In his discretion may exercise right of membership; said b^ard shall be a body corjwrate and shall succeed to all the property, property rlgbls, powers and duties of the boards of trustees of the State normal schools for whl^e women at Farm vl lie,* Fredericksburg, Harrisonburg, and Had ford, n»- ^ spectively. Powers and duties: To siifeguard funds of such schools and dis- tribute State appropriations thereto; employ officers and teachers and dismiss ' them for cause; prevent unnecessary -duplication mid correlate work; fix en- trance requirements and prescribe courses of study ; prepare all budgets to be presented to legislature. Board may grant certificates of graduation; may appoint the presidents of the sevei;al schools as an advisory committee. The several boards of trustees of thp normal school aforesaid are abollHheor- tioned in the same manner, to be over 16 years old and to be selectey governor, by and 485 0(b). STATE NOBMAL SCHOOLS. ' with advice and consent of senate; one appointed every two years to serve six years; secretary of board qiay not be a member thereof. Said board may adopt rules and reKulatlons and prescribe duties of its officers and employees; majority of board shall constitute a quorum. Pov'crs and duiien of each hoard of trustees: To elect prlncli>al* teachers, and other employees for a period- not exceedlnR four years; dlscharjre teachers and employ(»es for gooi>erty Of school ; audit accounts ajcalnst school, and certify bills to State auditor; purchase supplies for school; do otficr things nfeessnry for welfare of school. Each board may establish and maintain dormitories In connection with school. Eiich board shall hold two stated meetings each year.^nd Ht>eclal meetings on call of chairman of board or majority of board. rriucli>nl of each school shajl make annual report to board; shall, when re- quired by boa^, attend educational meetings; shall be allowed traveling ex- l>enses. A moJlel school or training depnrtmqnt shall tie provided for each nornnu sc head ; each student, before gniduotlon, shall have at least IS. weeks of practice teaching; a' manual training deimrtment shall established in each school.’ Every diploma or certificate issued by-^ normal school shall l>e .signed by president of board of trustees, by principal of said si'hool, and by State superintendent, and shall show time same is valid as a certificate to teach. Tuition in said schools shall be free; any student may be dismissed for cause. State board shall prescribe courses for («Ud schools ns follows : (1 ) elementary course of two years; (2) 900t)mlary course of t\vt> years; (3) ndva*hced courses of two and three years; (4) complete coarse of five years; (b) advanced course of one year for graduates of cstllegps and 'universities. There shall be granted uiK)n completion of courw* (1) an elementary normal- schoorcertlflcate, valid for two years of teaching In elementary schools; upon completion of course (2). a secondary normal-school certificate, valid for teach- ing three years in common schools; upon completion of any advanced course, a normal school diploma, valid for teaching five years in common schools, life diploma to be granted to such f)er8on upon completing three years of success- ful teaching. iJixin completion of work of junior years any student may be grnntetl a secondary noruml certificate by vote of the faculty,* but such n student shall be at least 19 years old, shall have attended some normal school for one full year of 30 weeks, and shall have had not less tluin 1ft weeks of practice, teaching In training department. State board of edi^cation shall prescribe uniform ^nHiulroments for adniissiou to and graduation Jroin normal schools. Board qf trustees may provide textbooks and supplies; each student may, upon fadmlsslon, be required to pay $10 into library fund, one-half of same for benefit of library, and remainder as Indemnity for loss or damage of iKwks, No male under 10 years old and no female under 15 years old shall he admitted to any normal school. Principals of normjd schools shall meet anunnlly to consider matters of common Interest. Each normal school board shall biennially, prior to meeting of legislature, make report to governor.* No normal school trustee shall have any ocnnlnry Interest In any contract of such school; violation Is punishable by fine not exceeding $500. See also A (bl). State boards: . ^ West Virginia; The rfnanclal affairs of the State normal school shall be under control of State board of control and educational affairs unartment ahnU receive dlploama cQuivalent to first-grade certificates, valid for five years. Regents may, when conditions warrant, establish a iiay depjirluieut in said school for students who may or may not desire to become tearimrs ; may pre- scribe branches to be Uught In such deportment Said st'luH>l shall continuo to be called and known by name of Mursball ColIe»»e. Said board of coatrol and board of regents shall have control and management of affairs of branches of the State normal school located at West Uberty, C.Iemillo, Shephenlstown, Fairmont, and Athens. Principals of Stale noru)nI school and Its branches shall make monthly and annual reports to board of regents. State siu^eriu- tendeut of free schools shall make arrangements for edutnitlon ami normal- school training of c‘oloretl teachers In projwrtlon to colored iwpulatloij of the .State which non [laying white students bear to white i^opolatron of the State, and proportionate and etiullablc amouut shall Iw paid for sin'h lustnictioa. ' See also A (bl). State boards; E (b). Teachers’ certificates, general; 0 (a). Industrial education, general, Wisconsin: The State uonunl schools shall be under control «f a board of 11 regents, composed of State superintendent, ex offlelo. and 10 reRenta. two ap- pointed each year to serve five’ years; governor shall dll auy vacancy for , remainder of ^erm ; board of regents shall be ^ body con'orafe. Kiwiits shall not dispose of any normal-school pro|>erty nor borrow money wltiiont authority of legislature; shall incur no liabilities In excess of Income; shall isiy pro- ceeds of any side of pro|)erty Into treasury to become a part of Income of normal-school fmid. State treasurer shall be, ex offlelo, treasurer of th<> boanl. Said boai^ shall meet annually, and may hold special meetings when called by go\ernor or chairman of board on petition of three regents; ma- jority a quorum; meetings and records of board ihaH be oi>en to public, but executive sessions ipay be helil, records of same to be open to public; any re- ^t may be removed from office for cause and upon notice by a vote of twp- thlrds of all the regents; no regent shall he employed In any connection ns agent of any author, publisher, or dealer In schoolbooks or school supplies. Board of regeuts may ratabllsh other nornuil schools; shall bieunitilly have • aewunts of normal scho<4B audited by an audit company, which shall rei>ort flndluga to governor and h^flalature. The obJeersons. both male and female. In thwry-aiid art of teaching. Ill common-school branches, and In cltlaeushlp. Said board shall sstabllah 'motlel schools In connection with normal schools. Puwert of re- gent); To make rnles, regulations, and by-laws; appoint and prescribe duties of principals, , !lcers, teachers, ami employees; purchase equipment and sup- plica; prescrllje cotiraes of study and btaiks; prescribe rules for ndmiasion of students; require tuition fees of students. who do not agree to follow business of teaching; cpnfer U|ion presidents the right to suspend or cxi>el students for cause; grant diplomas to graduates. Normal diploma, after holder has taught one year, shall have value of an unlimited State certificate; a limited State certificate may be awarded to holder of elementary course certificate of a not*- , mal school upon I'ompletlon of one year’s teaching; any student, upon com- pletlon of country-school course at a normal school, may receive certificate equivalent of county training-school certlficeta. A tax of one-sixth of one mill on the dollar of taxable property of the State shall be* annually levied aud added to normal-school fund Income for use of current and t.'mlnlstratlon expenditures and for Increase ami Improvement of normiil-school facilities. O (c). OOUKTY Ain> LOCAL KORMAL SCHOOLB. 48T subject to direction of legislatpre. Plans of proposed buildings must be sp-^ proved by governor. Board of regents may extend normal ‘School course -to Include equivalent of first two years of a college course, but ifb further with, out consent of legislature. Normabscbool fund Income shall be Bi>i>Iied under direction of board of regents, biit moneys from said fund shall l>e available only as. expressly appropriated therefrom by the legislature, rresideui of board of regents shall make a biennial reiH)tt to gt)vemor relative to nOTnlrs of normal schools. The State' hoard of indust rial education shall alst> constitute a body cor- porate under name of v Hoard of Trustees of tJie Stout Institute’*; State treasurer ahnll be ex officio treasurer of the board. Objects of said Institu- tion shall be to Instruct youpg persons In Industrial arts ami occuiwtlons and the theory and art of teaching such, to give instructiou leading to kuowletige of liberal arts, to develop appreciation of nobility and dignity of labor, and In general to promote dillgeiice, economy, efflcleucy, boiyr, and gmal oitl7AmsliIi>. Powers of board: To make rules and regulations; apiwlnt, prest'rilx* duth*s, and fix comivuKjitlon of officers, teachers, assistant'!, and other eniploye<‘R ; purcha.se supplies; prewrlbe entrance requirements. cernto nltli other Insti- tutions of like aims. See also E (b), Teachers’ certificates, general; G (c). County and lend nor- mal schools; G (d), Teachers’ institutes and' summer s<’bopls: 1* (i ), state ^ uiilversitles and colleges; T (b). Schools for the deaf. Wyoming: St‘e E^ (b). Teachers' oertlflcaleM. general. G (c). County and l7ocaI Xormal and Training Schools. Arkansas: StM? N (a). High schools. ^Connecticut: One school in each town having 2® teachers or less may be organised into a moilel school for obsenution and instruction of training classes conducteit by the supenisor; State board of eilncation may make apjdication to comptroller for State aid to extent of i>er week for each te^K'her in said model school, but no such State aid shall Ite gi^anted unless such teacher shall receive at least $10 per week fronj the town. Georgia: See A (bl), State boards. Illinois: In each county adopting township organization the board of sup(»r- visors, and In other counties the county court, may establish a county normal whool for training^ teachers and may appropriate money or le\'y taxes to suiv port said schools and provide buildings, but In counties not under township organization the question^hall be submitted to n vote of the i^eople and a majority of qualified electors voting shall determine whether said Bchoo\ shall be established. 8uch school shall be under the control of a county board of education of not less thpn five nor more than eight member?^ of which the county sunprlntendent and the chairman of the l>onrd of sui>ervIsors or judge of the («nty courf^all be ex officio members; other members shall l»e chosen Iv the supervisors or county court for terms of three years. Said board shall elect teachers and otherwise govern the school. Two or more counties may unite ^nd establish such school. Iowa: Provision Is made for normal instruction In such four-year high st^hoolt as the superintendent of public instruction may designate; such schools shall 488 STATE LAWS RELATtKQ TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. be diBtrlbuteil with a view to trainiUK tcot'hera for runiJ echoolaJ PrlvHto and deuomlaationAl schools are ellxlble to the provisions of this act except as to recpivtfg state aftl. high school*approved under t^ls act ahall re- ceive State aid to the amount of |750, but no school shall receive such sum onleas n class of 10 Is maintained therein In the tn»lnlng dciwrtuient Th<* appropriation provided by this act may l>e used In jiart t.* pay for the In- ^>ectton of anld normal coursee; State au|>eriiitendeMt nmy i)p|)oInt an InsjUM* tor of normal training at a salary of $2,000. In Kehrtiary. Mtfy. and July of each y«ir an examination for graduation fnmi the normal training c<>'> nnmially shall be allowed to each school deslguntwl. but If more than one high a<*hool shall be dealgnateil In u county, such tniunty shall not nHvive exrwHlIng |1.(XX): In order to receive SUite iiid high k-IukvI must have In Its nonmtl- truining c'ourse at least 10 students. Normal training shall Ik» as itPesscrtrHHl hy suite iioard of tMueatloii. |>o eatitUHl to teachers' certificates valid for two years ami nmewahle niuler n^gnlatloiis of State boanl; such ei^mlnatlou shall 1h* t'tmdnctiMl Ity two t'omix*tent p«»r- sona iipi>oiutera tlou of this act. excejit ns to receiving state aid. No high sidustl situattHi In- a city having a State normal school shall retvlve State aid under this ml. Such high schools as shall alst) malutain aiurs«^s In agrict/fliiUf ami douleatlc science may nn'elve $500 from the state aummlly, If a|t]»rovLMl by the Stale board of education. Kentucky; See A (f), Administrative imits-Hllstrlcts, etc. Louislnns; See A (d), District boards and oltfvrs. Maine; See N (a), High schools, Marjlnnd; See N (a), Illgh schools. .pwAlasMchuseits; See G (b). State normal schools, Michigan; The State su|>erintendent may grant to any county not haring n State normal school within lta.^>rdet^ peinilssion to e^itahlisli ami inajniain a county normal-training elajp^or teachers, but uot more tlmn 10 sui'h clas.';4‘s ahall be established in the iiate In any one year. The State suiKTlntemlent, the county commissioner of schools, and the superintendent of the diatrict where training class Is esUhllsIud shall a)nstUiite the comity nornm-1 board. Duties of board: To detenulne gimllhcutloiiH for admission; establlsli u one •- year course of study; grant certificates of graduullon to such persona ns finish the course of study. Such certificates shall entitle (he holder to tentli for three years In the county In any school employing not more than two teachers, eftid may be Indorsed In another county; such certificate may be renewed or revoked by the county normal board. For the purpose of un4lu Ulning inch classes It is provided: (1) That district permitted to establish the same shall provide teachers and facilities approved by State superintend- ent; (2) that the State shall pay such diatrict $500 for each teacher, but not exceeding $1,000 in all ; (3) that the board of education of such district shall ammany deduct Slate arproprlaUon from cost of Instruction of such class 0 (c). COtTKTY AND LOCAl. NORMAL SCHOOLS. 489 And Hhall report the balttiice to the county clerk; (4) *thnt the (/mnty bonni of 8UpervInor« shall jM*y one-hslf of auch balance out of the general fund, but not to exceed one-half the amount paid by State. ^ See also A (b2). State omcer*. MInncaoia: See B (e), State aid for elementnrj* education. ' r Missouri; For training tOflcbera for piemen La ry nml rural acblA, proWaloi^ In umde for te^lohe^tn^lnIng couraen In the cleventii autl twelfth grades of such tlnU-cluRs high acbtwla iia the State 8UiH*rinlemlent ni:iy ilcKlguate; pri- vate and deiionilnutlonal sch(H)ls Hlmll Ik‘ eligible to the prttvlsloiiH of HiIh act, except aa to ’State aid. luu'h auch ai>proved high m h(H>l tihnll rinvlve State aid to amount of |7fl0 annunlly after Kn|H*rlntendent ther(M)f hUK made a fmtlsfnctory report to State 8iu>erlnteiulent ; If more than oite high school ta nppro^’wl in any county. g;ild county shall not rtH.tdve more than no State aid Khali l>e gntntH unlCRs a class of 10 la malmalmNl. A |wrt of the appropriation provldiMl by this act may be used for Insixvtiou uf such k<'1uh)1h, and for su('h puri>ost‘ State sui>erlnteudent may apiHtlnt an Instn'^tor (»f Poacher training: aald 8Ui>erinten(1eut shall prescrllH* the t'ouditionti of adinls- slon, oouracH of Instruction, etc. An examluatlou for grnduatlon from ^ teacher tralnlng eourses sbuH l>e held under rules prescribed by Stale 8uj>er- Intendent : applicant for eeVtlflcate of gradimtlon kIhiII pay a fi^e of Such (vrtitiente Khali entitle holder to tench in any pnbfic elementary or riiral of the State fi>r a i>erl(Hl of two ye.Mrs: nftor 32 \ve<*ks’ exivrhMire and one term’8 Rm’(TSKfnI work In n State nornml school. State tmlverslty. or Ktjindanl allege or university .holder of such ivrtlflcate shall riM^-lve a first - gradi* (‘omity ivrtlflcate. Xebras^A: The State PU^rliUeni^nt shall - na may l>e, having n»ference to the num- l>er of rt»pr>*a<.Mita fives In each yfiul to the bH'utbm and character of the schools 8t»Iected : state ku pt*rln ti?ii d en/ shall pn*scribe admission rtHpilrements, course of instnictlon, and j^lea nml regulations. In npproviug such high schools. State Kni>erintendenA shall. ^ govenunl by the following: Such st'h'ool must be one nccre^litwi toW diversity of Nebraska; at least two teachers, ex- cluslre of city superluftMMWtnt, shall give entire time to hlgh-sohot)! branches: normal training Rhnil be given In the eleventh and twelfth grades, and cretllt for BHOh training shali^tJe given uiM>n comi)letion of 4ralning tMiirs<» and hlgh- pohool course ; course In normal training shall be elective, and atml) consist of the. three following lines of study: (a) A review for at least nine weeks In each reading, grammar, arithmetic, and geography to !>e given not earlier than elevontli grade; (b) study of Amerk*an history for at V^ast one nemester In the eleventh or twelfth grndi*s: to) at least 22 jkerlmls of professional tmfn- Ing, to Include a study of metholft, achmd management., observation work, et(*.. to be given id the senior year by the city Buin^rlntendent or by j^ers^m appointed by him; slmll have profeRRionni reference library; elementary agriculture shall be required ; the normal-training class shall contain at ImhI 10 students, and to be counted In such class each student shall attetkd not le^ Uian 18 weeks. The sum of ^00 shall be biennially appropriated for enfh normal-training class. The State superintendent shall Inspect normal- training classes, and expenses ibr same shall be paid. The secretary of the board of Mch school district supporting a normal-training class shall make an annual roport to the State superlhteodent setting forth nil required facta relating thereto. See also G (b), State normal schools; N (a), High schools. 490 STATE LAWS RBI^TINQ ^ PUBUO BDUCATTON. | Ne«MU: Upon noUflckUon by tbe countyv^ board In counties haring county I high sehoolA or of Uusteep’of school dlaUicu conUinJng county aeau of I counties not having county high schoola, Uiat the said county board of edii cation or board trustees and iKwird of county comnilBaloners Ziave decided I by a majority rote of each of said boards, and ih^t there n>o at Iwist five bona Ode applicants for a normal training courae In such ikhool, the State board of education aball grant permlsalon to establish such normal^tralnliiK * coursea, but no such normnl-trnlnlng «ch(K»i ah M be CKtabllshtHl In any county containing a State normal school: only one' such sthiMl gball he eatabllahed in any one county. State board shall constitute normal-training Bchool board. Duties of normahtraimng scAoo/ b*> Hlmlenis. for at least 3d wtvks; said a>m- mlsaloner abnll prescVlbe iHunimonfl of admission to such <»urse of ' inatructlon, and rules and n^gulatlons for ^me ; Instrurtlon In sliid classes a'lall be free: the district supt»rlntendcnt shall sui>ervlHt* such class (*r clash's. School authorities of any city of school district having iMpulntJon of 5.000 or more and employing a sui>erlntendeiit of schools may maintain classes for.' training teachers for not less than two years. See also B (a), Gen^-ral State finance and suiijwrt ^ Ohio: See A (b2), State oOlcers: A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Oregon: Teacher-training courses may be* establla^ied in fouryetir liigh BCboola. In such achiH)i at least one teacher, a gniduat© of a standard uur ‘ ^ mal school or equivalent, aball devote not leas than four hours a day to instruction In such course; at least two teacherh shall give their entire time " to InstrucUon in subjects above grammar grades; training course sliall be given In tenth to twelfth grades; such t*ouree shall consist of at least a nine- ■weeks’ review in reading, grammar, arithmetic, and geography, a study of American history, and at least 20 periods of professional training. Schools otferlng this course shall have a professional reference library of at least three volumes. Elementary agriculture sbaU be included lu either the n‘gti- lar course or training course. No training class shall be org^uilxed in any school with fewer than eight pupils, and every pupil aha 11 continue under Instruction not less than 32 weeks; class shall spend at least one hour a day for 16 weeks In observation and practice; State Butwrlnlendent may prescribe other work, but not more than 3 units out of 16 shall be given in the training course. See also 0 (d^ Teachers* tnstltntes and tommer schools. 8^^ Oarolina; See A (f), Administrative units— districts, etc. Vmnont; The school board of a town maintaining a high school of first class, or board of trustees of an academy of first class, may establish and maintain ♦ ✓ ■ — 0 (c). COUNTY AND LOCAL NOBMaL SCHOOLS.' 491 teacher training couree in connecUon witli said achoot or academy; such course shall under direction and approval gf State board of education; said dtate board ahall ap(>oint teachers for aucb courses; no approval of such course shall be given unless at least two graded elementary schools are sTaliabte for practice and observation; for punx>aea of Uils act An iucon>o* rated district or a city shall be considered a town, and a Stale agriVultunil school or State donieatlo SLieutV m bikol Khali be an aciKleniy. A graduate of an approved high scIukiI or academy of the first chuni, or |H.^rHou of eQulvaleni , training, may be-aduiltted to training course for a one-year course; lultlou of nonresidents shall bt‘ luild by towus where siudeuis reside, A graduate from such course may receive from su})erinteudent of education, ou recom- meuilatloD of union sujterintendent. a certificate to teach in pubV^ schools for four yean*. If siK'h student was a senior In high school or ai^deiny at time of taking such course; such i>ersun. If a graduate of high si'hool or academ>' of first class, or of equivalent training, b^all, u|H>n C4tm{»letion of such course. re<'elv6» such certificate valid so long as holder leaches continuously tu sau>e town ; such tvriificste may be renewed If holder has taught .V) wtM^ks lu^ public schools. ' Town msintaiutug sudi course shall, if ooutributiug $:X)0^ townrt /S^ury of teacher of such cours(\ and class In such course shdll contain at * least eight students, receive $H00 from the State for such course; If class, I Bhall contain less than eight students, and town ivntributes said |200" and ' amount t^jual.to us nuiny times |1(K1 as number in such class was less than eighn »ild towu t^iall n'ceive from the State an aumunt equal to $100 for" each yeiul>er of such diiss. A person who has completed two years of four- j"ear ^njurse of high schtK>l or academy of first class, and. has taught 50 weeks ^ in public schiAds. may Ik» adnilitiHl to n training course or to a j>ne-year (X)urse in a norniMl school, and ui>oti completion of same, on recommendation of teacher of course or prlncUml of normal s^'bool, shall re<'eive a <>?rUfloate to teach In public st'lMxd, valid for two years; or. if such person ahall com- plete two-y<»ar ci>u*.H? In normal school, be shall, tm recvmmendutlon of prin- cti>ol, rtHxdve auch certlflcnte, valid for four years. A i>er80u who has not t'ompleteil three years In an approved high school or academy, but who has receivee admlttetl to training course, iiu(J^TTpou completion therwf, with npiirovnl of i^ion KtiiH^rlntondent, may nx:eive Ift'ense to teach four years in ]>ul>lle schools of the State, Virginia; Set* A (f), Administrative uulta— districts, etc.; ^ (a/, High schools. * Wisconslii: County board of any eouncy not containing a normal school may organise, equip, and maintain a county tralhlng school for teachers of com- mon echoola Board of control for each such school shall constat of the^unty superintendent and two i>ersim8 apiH>lnted by county board : nppoInUVe mem- bers shall take oath of office and file boud. State superintendent shair assist In organisation and maintenance of such schools; sboi^ prescribe course of study; shall sui^ervlse and Inspect Uie same; guch schools, not to exceed 30 in number, uiwn approval by State superintendent, may be placed upon ap- proved list; secretary of each county training-school board shall annually make report to State suiwlute^ent; such school sball, U conducted for not less than 10 months in the year, receive from State an amount equal to that paid for salaries of teachers, such amount not to exceed $8,000 per year for two-teacher school, and $3.50Q for school with three or more teachera Per- sons completing course In speh school shall receive certificates signed by principal of school and menders of training-school board; such certtfle^tes Shan be valid for three years In county where issued, but holder ahall not. STATE LAWS BBLATIHQ TO I*UBUC EDUCATION. imJeas baying bad one year’s experience In teaching, net an principal of a second-ciass graded. school, nor shall be eligible to teach In any position for Vhich State certificate diall be reiqnlred by law. and without such one year’s experience such certificate shall be valid for one- year only until holder has taught such one year ; a holder of such certificate who has completed a four- year hIgh'Sehool course and has taught for one year, shall be entitled to teach five years under such certificate in any department of any State graded school, except In principalshlp of flrst-class State graded schyl ; any school anperintendent or other officer authorised to grant <4rtlficntes may accept^ standings of applicants mode In such school in lieu of examination. No member of a county training-school board shall durlqg term of office teach in » such school; teachers in such schools must hold some form of State license or certificate; principals of such schools must have qualifications required of principals of four-year high schools (unlimited State certificate). County boards of two or more adjoining counties may unite to establish and maintain county training schools; may borrow not to exceed |12,()00 from Shite trust funds, payable In 10 years, at rate not to exceed 3i per cent, for purpose of procuring sfte and constructing building for such school ; tax levy shall bo « made for (Stablisblng and maintaining such Joint training school ; joint ‘ county training-school board shall elect one of Its members treasurer, who shall file bond In sum of not less than ^15,000. Board of any county training school may charge tuition fee for any nonresident student, not to exceed 7I> cents per week; county board of supervisors of county where such student resides shall levy tax to pay such tuition fee. See also A (b2). State officers; E (b), Teachers’ certificates, general; N (a), High schools. G ( d) Teachers^ Instltates and Saromer Schools. Alabama: Five thousand dollars appropriated for Institutes for white teachers and $1,500 for colorenie void If not indorsed each y^r for five consecutive years. State superintendent may revoke the license of a county examiner not complying with the law. ' See also A (c2), County officers; A (d), IHstrlct boards and officers; California: Superintendent of county having 20 or more districts, and of every city and county and city district having 70 or more teachers, shall hold at least one teachers’ institute in u year ; every public-school teacher shall attend and shall receive regular salary; joint institutes may be held, In which case expense shall be borne proportionally by counties *or districts uniting; county suiwrlntendent failing to hold Institute shall forfeit the last month’s salary; In lieu of annual institute, three or more local day or evening Institutes niay be held ; or superintendent may combine annual ins£itute plan wltli focal InsUtute plan; In county havlnft fewer than 20 districte superin- tendent may hold institute, but county board may direct him to hold one. Institute shall continue not less than three noriTnore than five days. Super- intendents shall keep account of expenses, which shall be paid out of school fund: expenses limited by law. Every applicant for a teacher’s certificate, eicei>t temporary, shall pay a fee of $2; one-halif of moneys thus received shall be credited by county treasurer to teachers’ Institute fund and one-half to teachers library fund; institute fund may be expended for instructors, library fund, for a teachers' library ; county superintendent may be librarian, but where there is a county library such library may administer teachers* library. Superintendent in county of 20 or more districts may hold district trustees* meeting once a year. See also A (c2), County officers. eolorado: The State Is divided Into 13 institute districts, certain counties being designated as belonging to eacii; a normal institute may be betid annually in each such district for a term or not less than two weeks; county superintendents of each district shall designate three of their number as an executive committee, who, with the advice of th^ State suporlntendent and the presldAit of the State normal school, shall designate Uie time and place of holding the Institute. Each person attending shall pay a fee of $1 ; county commissioners shall appropriate |2 for each person attending from their respecUve counties; executive committee sbaU designate some county treasurer as custodian of the institute fund, which shall be paid out only m the order of said committee. No person may be employed ^* a wndoctor STATE LAWS RELAItNTO TO PITBUIO EDUOATIONT. or ittBtmctor wlw does not bold a certiflcato granted bj State board of ednca^am applicant for a teacher*a certldcate aball pay a fee of which ahall be forwarded to State auperlntendent and deposited In the treaonry as teachers' Institute, to continue In session one week In such month, aa said the normal Institute districts of the State. See also A (c2). County officers. ‘ Ooniiocticiit;.See A (bl). State boards. l>eUware: See A (c2), County officers. Florida: There are established three summer schools for teachers, one at the l?niveralty of Florida, one at the State CoUege for Women, and one at the Agricultural and Mechanical College for Negroes; said schools shall be under the control of the State board of education; session of not less than elg^it weeks; credit toward a degree shall be allowed for work completed, and teachers whoee work entitles them to credit shall be entIUed to have their certificates extended one year. State super! ntwident, prudent of university, and president of State College for Women shall constitute a board for the selection of Instructors. See also A (b2). State officers; F (rfl. Higher Institutions, general. Georgia: State superlnt^dent of schools shan organise in each county a teachers' Institute, to continue In session one week In such month, as said superintendent may designate; said superintendent may combine two or more counties for Institute purposes; be shall prepare a program and regu- lations and require county superintendent to iisslRt: teachers shall attend, or for nonattendance fines may be collected by county superintendent and county board of educaUon; fines collected shall be used In purchasing county teachers' libraries; separate Institutes sball be held for white and colored teachers; not eic^lng $25 may be paid from county school fond for employing an instructor to be* appointed by county superlntenloit and county board. There may be awwlnted by State superlntendetft three school supervisors, one of whose duties shall be to conduct teachers' Institutes See also A (bl). State boards; A (b2). State officers; A (c2). County officers; P (c). State universities and colleges. Idaho: County Buperlutendent mgst hold annually a teachers’ InsUtnte to continue 6 to 16 days; two or more counties may unite; teachers and holders of certificates shall attend at- least five days and, if teaching, shall be given same pay. County anperlntwident shall secure conductors, building. Janitor servlM, etc., expenses not to exceed »160, exclusive of fees from applicants for certificates; In Joint Institutes expenses shall be borne eqnaUy by counties uniting. See also A (bl). State boards; A (c2). County officers; A (d). District boards and officers. ^ nUaoia: The county superintendent shall hold an annual teachers’ Institute of not fewM than five days; with approval of Stete superintendent he may employ assistants; two or more adjoining counties may unite In holding an Institute; perwns desiring to attend and not holding a certificate, or not having paid an examination fee, ahall pay a registration fee of $1. Such examination and registration fees shall constitute an Instltuet fund, gchool . dlatriot shall pay salary of teacher for five days’ attendance at an Institute, fitee also A'(c2), Connty officers. ' Indiana: At leaM one Saturday In each month riiall be devoted to a township ufiA dty Institute and all teachers of tbe'towntiilp anct4lty sball attend, nn- 0 (d). TEJiCHKBS’ iNSTTrUTl BUMBfBB SOHOOl^. 495 Ie» eicnaed for good cause, sod ahi e ooe day’s salary ttorefoir. There shall be held annually a county teachers' Institute of Hye days ; coun^ auditor riiall draw wnifant for $100 In favor of county superintendent to pay expenaes thereof; schools shall be 'Closed dating the session of sald^ln- stitute and county st^^rlntendent shall hold the sam^. See also F (h), Tencbere* salaries. Iowa: See A (h2), State officers; A (c2), County officers; B (b), Teachers’ oertlflcates, general. Kansas: County superintendents shall hold annually In their respective counties for a terra of not less than four weeks a normal Institute for the Instruction of those desiring to teach. County superintendent with approval of State superintendent shall fix time and place of holding Institute and shall select conductor and Instructors, but no person shall be paid from Institute fund as conductor or Instructor unless such person shall hold a special cer- tificate from the ptnte board of exn miners. To defray expenses county super- intendent shall require a feje of $1 from each applicant for a teacher’s cer- tificate and a fee of |1 from each person attending, and In addition county commissioners shall appropriate not to exceed $100 In amount; ^hen 25 or more persons shall have registered In stld Institute and such fact shall have been certified hy State superintendent, State aid to amount of $50 shall be allowed county maintaining such Institute. Two or more counties having less than 12,000 Inhabitants each lAay unite In holding a Joint Institute. See also A (c2), County officers; E (b), Teachers* certificates, general Kentucky: County superintendent shall organlie and hold annually a teachers* Institute for normal Instruction; Institute shall last 6 to 10 day^ between July and November. State superintendent and the two profeBsIonnl members of State board of exanalners shall prepare program and syllabus for Institute; county superintendent who falls In his duty liable to fine; he may employ Institute conductor; State superintendent may call all professional ^stitute conductors Into an Institute convention* at State capitol annually t^dlscuss plans; every teacher of a common school, and teachers of the graded common schools In cities of fifth and sixth classes shall attend full session of Institute; certificates of teachers falling to attend shall be revoked; during session of Institute schools shall be suspended, hut salaries shall not be reduced; ad- joining counties up to four may unite In a Joint InsUtute; connty superin- tendent may collect fees of $1 to $2 at Instltnte; these shall pay all exi>en9es~ of Institute after paying 25 cents out of each fee to county library fund. County superintendent may select place for Institute and at each session every subject In the common-school course shall be considered, as also shall every feature of school organisation and management; school laws shall be read and expounded; there shall be a county teachers’ association; It shall meet during the Institute and discuss Interests of edncntlon ; It shall be a perman- ent organization; shall hold at least one meeting In each magisterial district which must be attended by the teachers In that district Oouhtjr superintend- ent shall include the Institute In his annual r^rt to Stat^ superintradent See also 8 (b), Public school libraries. ^ . lionislana: Sommer normal schools shaU be established and maintained by State Institute fund; other InsUtntes may be held when ordered by Stftte board, or under special laws. Teachers mnat attend Instltntes or forfeit two dayif salary; no reduction ehall be made In teachers’ salaries on acconnt of snch attendance. State board of education shall act as boaVd of Stote Institute managers; hhall appoint State Institute conductor. Teachers khall receive certificates of attendance; parish boards shall give preference to holders of J ERIC TT-'TTT f PI .11 I !l 4. 496 BTATB LAWS BBLATXNO TO FXTBUO BDUOATIOK/ each certiflcateii wb«n selecting teachers. Institute conductors s^ll make re- port to State superintendent Each parish superintendent shall conduct a teacdters* Institute one day in each month; teachers must attend such in- stitute or forfeit one day's salary; teachefs abairreceive $2 per day and 3 cents mileage both ways when attending parish institutea State Institute > director' shall .formulate programs for teachers' institutes, and State board ^ shall formulate State reading course. Parish superintendent shall' make in- stitute reports to State Institute conductor; shall appoint teacher in each in- stitute district as institute manager, to receive |3 per du^ during institutes. Provisions of this act shall not be compulsory in parish of Orleans. Teachers may be dismissed for good cause by parish board upon recommendation of parish superintendent. pMolne: Vfthn 30 or more tpachers In a county form an association approved by State superintendent and hold conventions at least once a year, State shall defray, nece^ssary expenses, for which purpose $1,000 Is appropriated; ex- penses of not more than two associations In a county shall be defrayed. Tetichers may suspend schools foe «ot exceeding two days to attend such conventions and for same time to attend State teachers’ convention; no bills shall be paid by State except for ac^erttsing and for services and expenses of lecturers and spe^ers residing outside the county. See also A (b2), State officers. Maryland: Teachers' institute, to continue not less than five days, shall be held in each county annually ; State or county superintendent shall i)reside ; two or more counties may hold Joint iustitute; board of county school com- missioners may send one-fourth teachers to attend ail apitroved summer school and pay them $2T) each on expenses. In which event uo iustitute need be held; county superintendent shall designate the teachers to attend; State superintendeut shall fix date of Institute and county superintendent shall notify teachers, and each teacher in actual employment is required to attend ; State superintendent shall attend them when possible, and also instructors from State normal ^school ; State and county boards shall encourage work of State teachers' reading circle. A commission known as the Ocean City School Building Commission is created; county commissioners of Worcester County directed to apportion and levy the sum of $2,000 for use of the commission; $25,000 appropriated out of State treasury to bo used by them in erection and equipment of a public-school building In Ocean City on land to be furnished by city authori- ties; they are given power to buy or condemn land and levy sufficient suig to pay for same. When deed has been made out to the State for the land, commission shall erect and equip school building. From September 1 to June 1 this building shall be used for a public school for Ocean City and be under county school board; from June 1 to September 1 it 'shall be under State board and used for summer schools, institutes,' associatlc^ns, and other ' ‘.'ivaasemblages of public-school teachers or other educational purposes. See also A (b2), State officers. ^ Massachusetts: If 25 teachers of public schools of at least three contiguous towns desire to form a teachers' institute, the State board of education shall appoint a time and place for such meeting and make arrangements therefor; $8,000 i&ny annually be paid to defray expense and to procure teabhers and lecturers for such Institutes ; said board may .determine length of session of aach-lnstftute and may apply not more than $350 of appropriation to meet expenses thereof. If a county association of teachers and others bold an annual meeting of not less than one day, it shall, upon filing certificate to that G (d). TEAOHBBS^ IKfiTITUTES AKD^BUMHEB SCHOOLS. 497 effect, receive $60 from the State. Subject to approval of State board, |S00 shall annually be paid to the Maasachuaetta lechers' Aaaocl^tlon. See also A (bl), State boards. Michigan: All boards or offlcere empowered to examine applicants for teachers* certificates shall collet a fee of $1 from each mule applicant and 60 cents from each female; school boards shall collect fees from teachers not having paid the same; said fees shall be paid over quarterly to. the county treasurer, and notice thereof shall be sent to the State superintendent; said fees shall constitute an institute fund. State superintendent shall appoint n time and place for a teachers* institute In any oi^nlsed county, but In any county having fewer than 1.000 children of school age holding institute shaU be opUonal with said superintendent; a joint Institute may be held In two or more udjotnlug counttea Said superintendent may appoint a conductor of Instltutea Tenchers attending shall not forfeit their wages. County treas- urer shall i>ay over to said superintendent or duly authorized conductor the amount ordered to pay Instructors and lecturqra but not exceeding amount of fund on hand. In cjise county fund is Insufllclenf to pay for institute. State shall Buppleuieut such fund to extait’ recommended by superintendent, but not exceeding $100 for each institute. Said superintendent may hold annually a State Institute at an expense to State of not exceeding $400. * All State expenditure for Institutes shall not exceed $3,000 annually. Any 16 or more teachers or other persons orgttnlzed Into an association for the promotion of education or scleucp may form themselves Into a corporation by giving a montJi’s notice in a uesw(»per published In Lansing or fn the county where such association is organized and filing in the ofllce of secretary of state a copy of their constitution and by-laws. ^ See also A (b2). State officers. Minnesota: Sec A (c2). County officers; E (b). Teachers’ certificates, general; O (b). State normal schools. AUssissippi: In every couAty having more than 1J5 school districts for either race, there shall be held annually for each race a separate teachers* institute of not less than five days, under direction of State board of education, which is authorized to name list of conductors: from this list State board of exam- iners shall select a condyctor; board of education shall prepare outlines of work, regulations, etc.; institute shall be paid for out of fees collected for examining teachers and issuing license; if this fund is not sufficient, board may draw on common-school fund up to $40; if there is a Surplus of the institute fund, 20 i>er cent may be expended for works on teaching. Missoari: See A (c2). County officers; E (b). Teachers* certificates, general.* Montana: County superintendent shall hold one teachers* institute each year; ' two or more counties may hold joint institute ; leugth of session, 4 to 10 days; instructors In institutes and summer schools shall be selected by county superintendent from list furnished by State board of, education; iuch in- structors must hold institute Instructor's license Issued by^tate board. School boards shall close schools and all public-school teachers shall attend insti- tute, but county snpertntendent may excuse nonattendance when snch would occasion excessive tq^nventence, expense, and loss of time; all htgb-school teachers are exempt Institute and summer-sohool fund: (1) Fees received from issuanee of teachers' certificates; (2) appropriadons required to be made by connty comndsstoners. In any county or counties surpertntend- enta, with approval of State superintendent? may hold summer Sfhodi in lien of Institute, mich school to continue not less than 8 weeks; state super- aeea'—io — rS2 498 8TATB LAWS SELATINa 7 PUBLIC EDUCATION. Intendent sbaU prepare couree of study; students attending may have work done credited on thelr certidcatea. County superintendent sluU keep account of expenses and present bill to commissioners. See also A (hi), State boards; A (b2), State officers; A (c2), County officers. ’ * ^ Nebraska: To be acconnted a qualified teacher, a person shall havq » teacher's certificate fegal in Nebraska. K\;ery teacher shall make monthly reports and a term summary to the district director. Any graduate of the University of Nebraska or equivalent institution of the State who has oompIeteon the completion of three years of successful teaching. When uny college, university, or normal school in this State shall have a course equal and similar to'elementnry course of the State normal w'hools the graduates thereof may he awnrdeil a second-grade certificate, and to /graduates of such institutions having a course equal and similar to the higlien course in the State normal schools* first-grade State certificates ' may be awarded for period of three years, after whlqh they may be made valid for life. The State superintendent shall decide what institutions shail be en- titled to the foregoing privileges, and such institutions shall, to be so favored, be incori>ornted under the laws of Nebraska ; have at least $T>0.i)00 inveatt^l , or avallithle for use In the school; employ at least five teachers for full-time Instnictlon In normal branches; have entrance and completion requirements similar to those in tlie State normal st^hools. Tuplls In all piihllc schools shall be Instnjcted In physiology and hygiene, with siteclnl reference to effects of alcohol and narcotics; no certificate shall be granted to any i>erson who has not passed an exanduatlon In such subject County teachers’ Institutes shall be held annually ; two*o may jointly hold such ’ ents a nd^ teachers to attend institutes for at least one week: the Institute fund shall be used for defraying expenses oMustItutes; Institute fund shall he comi>osed of teachers' examination and registration fees; common schools shall be closed'durlng Institutes; county sui)erintendent may revoke certifi- cates of teachers. wI)o, fail to attgpd institutes for other than just causes exi>erlenced teachers may be excuseerlntendenta shall annually hold In their re- spective counties, for a term of not less than two weeks, a teachers' lu-stltute County superintendents, wlUi advice and consent of State supcrltrtendent. shall determine time and place of holding such Institutes, select conductors and Instructors for the same, and provide for the comiwisatlon thereof: no person shall serve as conductor or Instructor who does not hold an Institute certificate from the State board of een8es of county Institutes county treasurers of class A shall set aside annually from Uie general school funds of their resitectlve ^ counties not less than $100; In class H counties, not less than $75; In classes C, D, and E, not less than $50; counties niaintaluliig an Institute of four weeks shall receive $,'50 In addition to aforesaid aiiproprlations Teachers shall pay an Institute fee of not less than $1 nor more than $3. the same to l>e determined by county sin>erlntendent with advice of State sui^rlnlendenf such fee:; shall constitute the "County teachers' Institute fund," and shall be o.xpetided for Institute purposes upon the order of the county superintendent countersigned by Uie State superintendent; cxitenses Incidental to conduct- ing examinations by the State board may be paid from said fund State board may waive the homing of Institutes In counties holding authorized summer schools and In counties adjacent to such counties. Boards of edit cation In dlttfrlcts-conslstlng of lncoriK)rated cities may emjdov a city or dis- trict sHperIntendent, who. In conjunction with board of evincatlon. mav hold Bpecinl teachers’ Institutes. See also A (hi), State boards; A (b2), State officers; E (b), Teachers’ cer tlflcates, general. ’ ^ , Now York: ^ A (d), Dltrlct boards and officers. . North Carolina; County board of education shall blenniallv appropriate not less than $200 nor more than $250 for a biennial teachers' institute- con ductor or conductors appointed by State superintendent; public-school teach- ers. Including hlgh-school teachers, required to attend Institute or accredited summer school for not less than two weeks; failure to attend may debar teacher from teaching; State superintendent shall prescribe rules for Instl- tutes. County having total school fund pf less than $8,000 may unite with adjoining county for bolding Institute. See also A (c2), County officeiu North Dakota: All moneys received by the ^unty .superintendent from eache^ examination fees paid Into lie lnstltnte,fund and all moneys paid Into tils fund from county general revenue shall be used by said superln- . 500 BTATfi LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. tendent for supporting teacher^' iDBtituteH or training sclioola, district teocli* era* meetings^ and annual achool officers’ meetlnge. A State appropriation of $100 Is made annually to each county. State superintendent In commitnUon with county superintendent shall Sx time and place of bolding Institute or training school and shall ai>point conductor, lecturers, and instructors. See also A»(b2), State officers; A. (c2), County officers: 1* (c), Slate uni Teralties and colleges. Ohio: A teachers’ insfltute may be organised in any county ui)on the written declaration of 30 teachers of the conmiou schools that they will attend. Due notice of time and place for bolding such institute sbali be given ;~exixmses of such institute shall be ]>aid out of couuty l>oard of education fund. Comity superintendent sbail make report to State suiH^rintCMideut relative to Insti- tute& County teachers* iustitntes shall be under suj>ervision of tlie county boards of education. Kach villu’ge and rund board of eu In coimtles in which no institute has been held iu any 3*ear shall i>ay |10 to each teacher employtMl by such board who has attended au iip])roveer day for each day spent at such Institute. City boards of txlucation may provide for hold- ing Institutes for teachers; exiiwises of such institutes shall be palil out of city Institute fund, and any sucl^ board may unmially exi>eud for Instruction of its teachers at such. Institute a sum hot exceeding $o00. to i>e paid fniin contingent fund. All institute funds not ustM by any district hIimU be paid Into county N>ard of ediuntlon ftiud, In which event teachers of district may attend the county institute. All Instltu^s shall continue for at least fosr days. Reports of all Institutes shall be ^nt to State suiH^rlntendent. See also A (b2), State officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, eta; L (J), Agriculture. , Oklahoma: County superintendents may hold annually for not less than two weeks nor more than four weeks in their resi>ei*tive counties a normal insti- tute; two or more cou.)tle8 may unite for such Dnriwse; sidd suj>erlnteudeutH * may substitute training courses for normal institutes, to be of sjime length a.s norranT Instltutea Teachers’ training mirse shall include: School law and goTerument. hygiene and sanitation, methods of teaching, child psycholojjj*. primary methods; expenses of tniii/ng course shall l>e paid from teachers’ certlflcate-feo fund, and supplemented by annual appropriation from couuty commissioners In amoimt not to exceed jf200; aforesaid course ahnll be ducted Just prior to opening of schools, and all teachers shall attend, the same unless prevented by sickness or other unavoidable disability; State superintendent shall prepare rules and regulations governing training courses. State superintendent may assign any teacher, instructor, or professor em- ployed In any State educational insltution and r^eivlng salary of at least 11400 per year to assist In any normal institute or teacbei;^’ training course; said teacher, instructor, or professor shall receive no additional pay for such service, but shall be allowed transportation bjr State, and may be allowed hotel expenses not to exceed $10 per week by county. County superintendentH shall set times and places for institute and employ conductors and in- structors, subject to approval of State superlntendeait. Each person enrolled in an institute shall pay uniform Institute fee of not less than |1 nor mdre 0 (d), TEACHERS^ INSTITUTES AND SUMMER SCHOOLS, o 601 thfla $3. to go Into institute fund ; teachers’ certlflcate fee shnll be $2, County 8ui)erlntendent sliall trnnamit all certificate anil Institute fees to county O treasurer; normal Institute fund shall be disbursed ouly on onlor of county 8ui>erlntendent. To receive pay for work In Institutes conductors and In- Btructors shall hold Irstitute certificates; no county sui>erlntemlent shall enijiloy or i>ay luoueye from InKtltute fund to any conductor or Instructor who draws a salary from the State or Kedoral (imTrmucnt ; ciiunty sui>ffljln- t tondents shall not he t'onductors i»r lustruotor^i^nstltutes In which their counties are Interested unless they isvssess reefore statwl, and ill no case shall they receive pay for smh si»ryice In their own ciumtloa Two or more ctumtles may unite In holding n m^mnl Institute each year. Separate normals shall l>e held for m^tro teachers; faculties shall be equal for both races, and all InsMtute funds proi>erly prorat (h1. County snperln- tendents shall make .complete annual refwrts to State sui>erintendent relative to institutes. Conductors of Institutes shall reiwrt work of Institutes to county snia*rintendonts and to State superintendent. Any conductor who falls to make re]K>rt as nHniIrwl shall ho suhJ*Ht to the rovcKMitiou ofrhis normal- In^fltute certificate. Auy comity sui»erIntendont who slmll violate any pro- vision of this act shall be ftuilty of a U)lademeam»r. and for a second otfense may he peniove<1 from olfice. See also A (c2). County offlc<>rs. Oreifon: The county sui>orIntendent shall hold anmurliy a teachers* I'ounty jnslitute^for at least tliriH^ days; teachers shall Ih‘ requinsl to attend and ^ shall i>e entitUHl to wanes ns teachers during sis'h attendance; State sujierln- tendent sliall coo|>er:ite with county suiK^rlntemliHit. d’ouiity HU|K‘iintendent sliall hold an unally at least thr»H* UH*ai Instltutt^ or (Mucat tonal nuH^tiii)^ In various i»irts of (he county. Claims for defraying exiKnis4»s' of In.stltuttM shall be paid from general county fund; $2 for ejich fU'liiKilrooui, but not less than $1;jO nor more than ^00 in a 113' one 3*ear. Two or more couutles may nuite and liohi a Joint Institute. The teachers of tiny county may by a majorUy vote of their number decide to substitute for the nmiual In.stltute a training school of at least tlirtv wtH‘ks* ilnratlon to l>e held In June. Jnb\ or August; county 8n()orintemlent shall stvure mveasary Instructors and shall' be asslsteil by State suiktIii- tendent ; exiienst^s of niaintalni^ig such schools shnll be borne from a fee of>l from t^ich te:i('ber enroIltKl and from, the eounty-liislilute fimd. and if such funds are Insutfleiont, comity court sliall make up deficit, but exisms** of such school shall not oxceeun!». It alia 11 lie lawful for the tnuinl of directors of any district, having a Hui>orlntendent and employing at It^isl 40 teachers, to authorise nn annual district institute, conducUSl in like man ner and to same extent as rounty instltnU»s. All U*anls ot ilinvtors ahall laiy to tenobers attending any Institute $;t i>er day fur tlua* actually i>resmtt. Time In atleudauce at Institutes shull not he coiwUlercd as days taught or leaseji the jmiulK.*r of days in the minimum i^'bool term. Kvery t<»a<’htT absenting himself from the Institute shall forfeit to the district employ I tig him a sum egual that which lie would have r<\vlvwl for attendaiuv, the aame to be detloctetl fnun his salary, unless n^astumble excuse for ahsenci' shall be given. County aiul district sujierintendeHts Khali make full reimrts of JnstUuttn* to the State sui>erlntendent. Any Institute funds remaining In hands of 8ui>eriueudent at close of any institute shall lie* uhihI for -sue ^ ceedliig institute. Rhode Island; There shall be annually nppro{ir}atee exjamded under dlret'ti2), Stiiie offlci^rs; H (a), CenemI Slati* finance and support: F (u). Teachers’ erlniendeiit, prliiciiwil of State normal schoectlve county shtill constitute a governing Imnn! for holillug annually in each county a teachers’ Institute of hetwtKMi 2 and 10 days* duration. They shall prc'scrlla? studies and employ tustniclors. State suivrinteiulent shall ktn*p a rts.'ord i>f lusiliutes held and snhjeit'. taught County 8nj>erlutendent shall mnify teachers of lime and place of institute nitK^ting, and shall n*iH>rt iittendaiue iiml program carrliHl out to State superintendent. Exiamses not to exmM shall he paid out of county w'hool fuii< Two or more counties may hold Joint Institute. Instl tute meetings held oiuv or twice a month shall be equivalent to tiniiuul Institute. Covernlug board umy call uiKUi the StJite normal schtHd to fundsb Instructors. See also A (b2), State otlicer.s; R (e). State aid for elementiiry tHlucation. Vermont: See A (bl), State boards; A (b2). Shite offleera VlrginU: See A (bl). State boards; (J (b), Shite nornml schools. Washington: Id each county containing 25 or more 'districts, county superin- tendent shall devote at least five days to Institute worft, three days of which shftll be cousecutlve; femalnlng days may be spent In district meetings or In visiting day's; county auperiiitendeuts o# contiguous counties may hold Joint institutes, expenses to be shared In . proportion to schoolrooms malii' tained In the counUes. Every teacher holding a valid certificate and employed 0 (d), TEAOHKBS' institutes and summer SCHOOI3. 608 In the public BchoolB shall att^ said Inatltule for full time. In dlsirlota employing 100 or more teachecs the oily 8U|ierlntenden( may hold a teachers* Institute of two. three, four, or five day?* In such district, such Institute to be governe*! by provtstoDs same as for i't>mity lustltutes. The sui^erlnten- dent shall tletormlno time for luflillng Insatutt^s, Pay of teachers bhall not la» iilmlttlHhtH] by atiemling liiKtltuu^; lii adilltlim (o actual altenduiux* earned by illstrlct, an additional attendamv tdiall Im* cpimIMinI to district, deterndiuHl ity iMnldjiIyliij: nverajfi* dully attcndamv for t|ic term by numln'r of days the toucher anembsl the Institute. All exnmtiiailon ftH*a shall la* paid Into Institute fund. Kach Kn|H*rlnti*ndcnt shall, jirior to holding liisllinte. submit esllimtte i»f exiH*ust*s to county ntimnlssloitcrst, wlio sball place at dlsjMsal of pro|a*r HuiH*rintendeiit out of county curn*nt cxiK*nse fund an amount, not to exm*tl $**<¥). for such paria^sta*; such suiH'rlntcndeiit slnill n*iH»rt exiH»nws t*f Institute tt» oninty amlitor. Sei' also A (c21. County offloers; B (a).,_UenerHl Slate lUiamv and sujv |K>rt ; E (h). Tejichers* quallflcatloiiK. genenil. West Virginia: ('im* 4?r more tt'achers’ Inatltmes shall In* held In cadi county annually, pbu*e to U* determtueil by teachers of t-ounty, and time to tlxed by State HniH»rlmeudent with advice of wuuty 8U|H*rintet^ent : said Instltu'.eti shall ivutlnue In ia.*8Hion five tla.va. Teachers i*mpIoyeil in fria* si'luajls sball jittend wild iuHtituti^ for iit dve days emh year, mde?*s excu>ounly suivrlntendent shall make arrangrtnents for Insti- tutes and assist In conducting them; Insiliute Instructors shall 1k* imiUI out of g»*iierai school fund, but amount so paid shall not ext^vd $1(K) for any one institute. Every teacher enritlleel lu a county institute sliail pay fee of |1. 7r» (enlH of whb h shall be paid Into general (Khool fund ami renmlnder shall be iiseel for Insiltme exrienses. County sui>erlntendent sliall make re|>ort relative to InstUulen* to Stale superintendent. C'omity HU|K*rlnlendc>nt shall arrange for ami i-ondiict one or more district Institutes lu c.;tch illsirlel etwh year; l<*)ichers attending wtme shall have in'rkKl of attendamv (ttunte*! as lime taught. Slate suiierintendeni shall arrange.* a reading rln U* b?r lemijcrs to cover iK*rliMl of two years; shall provide for examination and cerlillcatltm t?f t**achers belonging to said reading circle. Set* ulsO'A td). District hoards and otIlctTs. Wisconsin: Teachers' Institutes ahall be held leach ytmr In such counties as may bo deslguatetl by State auperlntentlent. with advice of board t)f normal- school rt»gents. preference to l>e given to wuntles nKvivlng least din*ct inme- fllH of normal school.s; said suiK*rliitendenl. with advicK? of said Intard. may pres(Til>e rules and courses of study for institutes, and ap|H)lnt agents, who, assisted by the county sui>erintemlpnl, shall <*t>nduct the «mie. ' For Institute pur|K)st*8 an amount not exceetling $7,000 anmially shall be appropriated from normal fund Income, and an additional amount not exceeding |7,000 annually from general fund. See aleo A (b2), State officers; A (c2). Comity officers; P (c). SUte uni- versities and colleges. Wjotning: County superintendent shall annuuUy lioM a teacherB* InBtltute at time and place designated by him; length of term, four to eight days; 504 STATE LAWS BELATINO TO PXJBUO KDtTOATION. teachers must uttaod on penalty of I>aTlixf cartlflcate reroked, bot aupertn tMxIont maj ezcaae for aood rnaaoo ; lo^»l BCbool board ahall pay teacbcr rt^lar salary for attendance. County oommlaalouers aluill appropriate for employment of InaIrtKiora* etc. Two or more counties UKiy, at dlacretloa of their Buperinteodenta. bold Joint luatltuto. H. SCHOOL POPULATION AND ATTENDANCE. k (a) Geaeeal. AUbama: All nilnoni over 7 yeara old entllleil to ItiMriu'tlon ; jsarenfa or yuatvllans jwijInR tnxea on of n>;il eHtate In n ill^trlrt kIioII Ih* entltlisl to acbl pr1vl)eKt*a tbepetu; white and cotorod children Khali not attend the same school. Florida: Any pupil residing In one county may attend kcIuHiI in (inolher 1*\ (xmcurreoce of the sui^erlnlendenU of the two conntlea Hew Jersey: Public schools shall be free to pupils over 5 and under 2t> yearn , of npe. and to residents over 20 years of age at option of si'hiHd Inmnl ; non residents may be admit hnl to schools of a district with ('onsent of board thereof upon such terms ns said ls»ard may pn*sls shall <'oniply with rules thereof; shall pursue prescr!l>t*etidetl or exix'lleit ,for catise. Parents or guardians shall l>ny for Injury done to schl pn^erty by fuiplls. Any schiml board may exclude from st'hool nny teacher or pupil not pro)>erly vaivlmittNl, unless such teacher or pupil is unfit for vaivlnatlon; no teacher or pupil ex|M)»ed to any contagious or infectious disease shall attend any ptibllc scln^'l until danger of oommmilcatlng such disease has luisseil; indigent pupils shall be vacciusted without any charge to tbeiit; schools shall be closed during an epidemic. Children attending school for first time may l>e admitted to public schools during 10 days Immediately following fall oi)oiititg of school, during first 6 days of January and April, resixM'llvely. and at no other time except by majority vote of all meml>era of school board. No child lK»lwcon ages of 4 nnd 20 years shall be barred from public schools on account of religion, nattonniity, or color. Ruoh school board shall ascertnln what chil- dren. If any. are three^r more years below normal In advancement; In dlstri^ containing l^wit^^re such children x 'bpol board shall establish a . speotal class or classes for>h«4f Instruction, no class to contain more than 1 ]6 pi^pils; In each district containing 10 or more blind or deaf children not I cared fbr In an institution a special class or clnsaes shall be organised by school board for their education, no clnas to contain more tlfan 15 pupils; medical examiner aboil examine pupils In a])eclnl classes ut least once in H (b'*. SCHOOL CKN81T8. 506 erfry three montha. Any child who bus rompletei! oonr?*o fh district of his rvaldence may. with coiiaent of bwtnX of wild dlsirlrt and of Ikwinl of model »cho<») ^nnected with any State normal mdiool of the Stcite. attend ftiich model school, district of residence to pay chnrpes. Oklahoina: County aoperlntendent mny. when requeettMl. permit chlldreh to attend school In a dlatrlt't other.'thHit one In whlrh the ehlM resides; anrh tniusfer aball not l>e made imlll any protests that may he made tire henrtl ; nil hearinp* ahall Ik? had at least two namths i>efi»n» i)iM*nln|' of (K'1i4»1s. Henters and others who come Into n dlstrW't after i*chiK»I term has bejruo may (Kde<'t the aehool to which they shall 8<‘itd their chlldnm. Virginia: The public schools shall Ih» free to all jvrsons l>etwoonrd of wlucatlon ahall make rules govorninj; the transfer of pupils from one dlatrlct to another or from one ctointy to mirier. White and t'oU.nil imtsohh shall not ntteud the wimo school. rnhMo sclnsds sliall !k» fret' to any child «)ver C years oM If In the opinion of teacher and dlrlslon sujK'rlntendont such ^ * child Is sufBcIcnil.v mature. IVrsmis N'tween and 25 years old may ht» sdmitlw! under rules prescrthetl t>y the State hoard of eetw' H (b),.BOHOOL 0BK8ITB. v' | censtiQ districts teacliers shall serve as ceosas marshals without compeDsa- tion ; in such districts where teachers are not engaged trutees may appoint marhals, compensation same as In districts of first class. Trustees of first- class censns districts shall annnally, before 1st day of March, appoint a census marshal for each such dl^Etrlct ; said marshals shall be over 21 years ^ of age ; said appointments shall be certified to depnty superintendents ; noth- ing In law shall be construed as preventing the appointment of a member of board of trustees or of a woman as census marshal. State superintendent shall supply censns blanks. Census reports shall give all necessary facts In regard to children. School census children shall be those between 6 and 18 years old. In joint districts census marshals shall report children sepa- rately by countlea. Census report shall be submitted to clerk of boird of trustees for approval ; clerk shall transmit such report to deputy superin- * tendent Deputy superintendents may upon investigation make corrections In census reports and may have any census, where conditions may justify, taken by a marshal of their own appointment. Fraud or willful neglect on the part of a census marshal, shall be deemed a misdemeanor. In any dis- trict containing 10 or less census children compensatloh for census marshal shall not exceed ^ ; In districts having more than 10 such children no more than 2S cents additional per census child may be allowed; In districts having fewer than three families having census children compensation shall not exceed $5. . New Hampshire: See A (d), District boards and officers. New Jersey: Board of education of any district may cause a census to be taken of children between ages of 6 and 18 years, but not more often than once In five years ; said board may appoint enumerators to take such censns, enumerators to receive not exceeding 4 cents for each name In said census, to be a district charge New Mexico; See A (b2), State officers; A (c2). County officers; A (d), District boards and officers; B (a), General State finance and support; *^T (b), Schools for the deaf. New York: A permanent census board Is established lo each city of the first class except the city of New York. In the city of New York aboard of educa- tion shall provide for taking school census Permanent census board shall consist of the mayor, superintendent of schools, and police commissioner or like official. Said board may apix>lnt a secretary and other employees and fix their salaries Said board shall, through police department, ascertain residences and employment of persons between ages of 4 and 18 years. Per- sons in parental relation shall report required census facts at the proper precinct police stations A permanent census board may be established In any cfty not of the first class. If such board be not established In any such city, n census shall be taken therein every fourth year. Board of trustees of every district shall cause annual census to be taken of all children between ages of 6 and 18 years. Any person In parental relation who withhold^ or refuses to give required census Information 11 be fined not exceeding |20 or be Imprisoned not exceeding 80 days. Vnnds required for taking census . shall be famished by cities and districts; but tn dtles in which permanent boards are not maintained, except city of New York and In school districts, ^ such funds shall be paid only on approval of commlseloner of educatloiL See also K (b), Teachers* certificates, general. North Carolina: See H (f), Compulsory attendance . ^ STATE Laws TtELATI^ia TO PTTBLIO EDUCATION, See A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Admlnlstratlre ^^ts--*d support ,OlUo: An ennmeratton of all unmarried youth betwe^ ai;es of 0 and 21 , ywrs resident within the district shall be taken In each district annually In nwn^ of May. Such enumeration shall show number of imbeciles or feeble- minded children, and also number of physically disabled, blind, deaf, or mute children. erlntendent. State superintendent may, when enumeration in ony*^dIstrIct Rpi>eara to be Incorrect, require such enumeration to be retaken. See also B (a). General State finance and support. -Oklahoma! State superintendent shall furnish census blanks to county superintendents, and they In turn to district clerks. School boards shall employ some person or persona to take annual censua Only persona over 0 and under 21 years old shall be enumerated ; but any child who will reach age of 0 years before following September shall be counted, and any person who will reach age of 21 years before following September shall not be ■ CQunted. Enumerators may administer oath to parents or guardJana Any person having school children In his care who shall refuse to furnish In- fbrmatlon to the enumerator shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. Enumerators shall receive 6 cents per name In common-school districts and 8 cents per name In districts containing incorporated towns or cities. Any enumerator who willfully makes a false report shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. Emi- meratorii shall forward reiwrts to county superintendents, who shall forward same to State superintendent, who shall use same as basis of apportionment. See also A (c2). County officers. Oregon: See A (d). District boards and officers; B (e). State aid for ele- mentary education; H (f), Compirisory attendance. Pramsylvanla: See B (e). State aid for elementary education; H (f), C/om pulsory attendance. Rhode Island: S^ A (d), District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative nbits — districts, etc.; B (e). State aid for elementary education. South Dakotnt See A (c2), County officers; A (d). District boards and officers. VdnuoMms: See A (1*2), State offlcen; A (d), Oonnty boards; A (c2), County j officers; A (d). District boards and officers; B (a), General State flnanoe and . support; L ta), Course ot study. , Hesas: No part of school fund shall be used for sectarian schools; impartial prorisions shall be made for white and colored races, but setiarate sdiools H (b). aoHooi. x^sKSua* 60® nhan be provided for white and colored children. ^Children between 7 and 21 years old shall be entitled to benefits of pohlic-school fund. Scholastic year ahaU extend from September 1 to August 31. Children over 21 and under 7 years old may be admitted on terms fixed by trustees. Trustees may sas- pend Incorrigible child. (Only children tfetween the ages of 7 ojid ^7 years are enumerated hj census trustees, but the law guarantees full free-school privileges to all children between the ^jps of 7 and 21^ears) County snperinteudeut' shall annually In January designate a school trustee or other qualified person to take In Jlay a census of all persons between 7 and 17 years old. Census trustee may administer oaths, and imrent or guardian refusing to give Information >haU. be guilty of a misdemeanor. . Census trustee shall deliver rolls and summary td county superintendent.' showing white and colored children separately. For making. false re|)ort he shall be guilty of false swearing. County superintendent shall make consolidated rolls * *gid report to State superlutendenL • Utah: Every district school shall be open free of charge to all persons between C and IS 3'eurs old who reside In the district See also A (d), District boards and otflcers; A (f). Administrative units districts, etc.; B (e), State aid for elementary educatfon; P (c). State uni- versities and collegea ' / Vermont: See A (f), Administrative unlts--districts, etc.; H (f), Compulsory attendance. Virginia; The clerk of each district school board shall In 1910 and every five years thereafter take a census of every person In the 'district between 7 and 20 years old; such census shall be verified by the district school board and certified to the division superintendent; clerk shail at the same Wme Uke a separate census of deaf and blind persons between snld ages; superintendent shall consolidate reix)rt8 for the county and forward the same to the suiierln- tendent of the school for the deaf and blind. When the boundaries of dis- tricts are change*! the division su{)eriuteudeut^ sbull cause u new census to be taken in the districts affected. When a school district is situated In more than one county, the division sui>erlQteudeut or county school board of each of said counties shall make a pro rata api>ortlomueut of State and county funds to their respective parts of said district. See also A (d), District boards and ofiicers; A (f), Administrative units districts, etc. Washington: See A (d), District boards and officers; T (b), Schools for the deaf. West Virginia: Teacher or teachers in each subdlstrlct shall annually before dose of school take enumeration of children of school age in each such sub- district ; if such enumeration is not received by secretary of board, as required by law, snld secretary shnll employ a person to take the same, such person to receive $2 per day for time so engaged, to be paid out of building fund. Snld secretary shail annually transmit such enumeratloii to county superintendent who shall, In turn, transmit same to ^tafe superintendent. See also A (d). District boards and officers; B Ja)» General State finance and support; G (b), State normal schools; T (b), Schools for the deaf. Wisconsin: District clerk shall annually submit to. county or city superin- tendent a report showing number, names, and sex of children between ages of 4 and 21 years, hames of parents or guardians, but children in penal or chart- table Institutions shall not be so reported; number of chlldien between ages of 4 and 20 years taught in district school ; number attending school under 4 L 5l0 STATE LAWS B£iATl£rG TO PUBUO SDUOATIOK. and o?er 20 years of age; number of days school was taught; names and salaries of teachers; amount of money received from town treasurer, and , sources of same; other facta as State auperintendent may require. Town clerk shall annually report to county or district superintendent. aS case may be, number of districts and purts of joint districts containing schoolhouses, to his town. County superintendent shall annually make reports relative to «;hool faflalrs to State superintendent, to county clerk, and to county treas- urer, In all cities havl^ a city superintendent and which are not under su- pervision of a county superintendent, such city superintendent shall make an annual report to State superintendent. * See also A (d), District boards and officers; B (e), State aid for elementary education; II (f), Compulsory attendance. Wyoming: District trustees shall annually caus^ to be made an enumeration of all persons between 0 and 21 years old residing in such district; such census shall show name* age, sex, and residence of each child, iflsdemeanor for a trustee or employed enumerator to report falsely as to census. If trus- tees fall to have' census taken or If district clerk falls to report, county 8Ut>er- intendent shall have census taken. Public schools shall be free to all children within the State who are be- tween the ages of 6 and 21 years. Qee also B (e), State aid for elementary eenalty of fine or Imprisonment or both. . See also A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc. Louisiana: See A (cl), County boards. Maine; See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Maryland: Schools under charge of board county school commissioners shall be designated No. 1, 2, 8. etc., of their respective election districts; “in every schoolhouse district in each county • • • there shall be kept for 10 months In each year, if possible, one or more schools ’* free to all white youths, 6 to 21 years of age; board may close all schools in any school district. “ In every district school there shall be taught orthography, reading, writing, sub- jects for language training, English grammar, geography, nrltbmetld. history • of the United States, good behavior, the Ck)nstltuUon of the United States, in- stitution and history of Maryland, vocal music, drawing, physiology, laws of health, and domestic ecqnomy, civil government”; elements of agriculture may be taught in State normal school and In public schools; nature of alco- holic drinks and narcotics, with special instruction as to their effects upon the human system. In connection with physiology and hygiene; duty of boards of county school commissioners, and of the board of commissioners of public schools of Baltimore city, to enforce this section; when school numbers more 6ia sxATiji 3UA^ »xEAxnira to fiuBfio bouq^tiok. Uum 40 chUftra In avmie atteodajice board may employ an aaaUtant; and tor erery additional 40 cbUdren one toaster imay be appointed; when average attendance la leas than 10 puplla boM may*cloae achogl; boaid may keep school open In part at expenae of the *dmrict and they shall receive their pro- portion of school fond, rating a fuU school at 20 scholars; public examina- tions shall be held twko a year; school shall be kept o]^n every week day except Saturday, for six hours; persoha disturblna public school shall be guilty of a misdemeanor ; school year shall be’ divided Into four terms— fall, winter, «>rlng, and suinmer ; b^lnnlng and closing of term shall be regu- ' lated by board; financial reports shall be tendered to Indlude July 31; July and August shall be vacation months; 'holldnys enumetnted; If school Is opened for fraction of term. It shall close at end of tenfi. Mnssachnsetts; See L (a), xjonrse of study. Michigan; See A (b2), Sutf officers; A Nf). Administrative units— dis- tricts, etc. , • * Minnesota; See a (d), IMstrtct iHHirds and officers; B on the ,>ayment of tuition not to exceed 20 per cent more thou the overage cost of per capita of educa-* tloD of children In such district: when nonresident pnplla, their parents or . guardians, pay n school tax In any district suc^ pnplla shall he admitted to the school of such district, and the amount of such tax ahall he credited on their tuition. The district judge may appoint a commission to inquire into the lunacy or habitual drunkenness of residents or holders of real estate; such commission shall apply so much of estate of such persons to the sup- port nnd etincatlon pf minor children of such persons as may be necessary. Officials of higher Mucatlonal Institutions shall make annual reports to the Btate superintendent. Bee also A (b2). State officers; B (a). General State finance and support; H (f), Compul^ry attendance. Npw York: See A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; B (a), General State finance and support North OaroUna: State appropriation of $250,000 annually shall be made and * State board of education shall apportion to counties on basis of school censha, * bat said hoard shall deduct annually $1,500 for part of salary and expenses hf superintendent of colored normnl school and inspector and director of teachers' institntes, and shall deduct biennially the further sum of $7,600 ' for the establishment of rural Ithrariea There sba:i be set aside ahnnally 6 cents on $100 of proMity valuation as ** State 'eqaallxlhg school fund,*’ which shall be used to pronde as near a six-months’ school teiin as said funds will provide. Opunty hoard of education shall annually certify to State board 8966 V16 88 514 8TATB L4W8 EBLATING TO FUBLIO EDUCATION* number and grade of ailary of teachers employed and tmt foor-months’ term la provided fhr by county, and also rate of i«)eclal-tax levy; State board of education shall apportion “State equalUing school fund’* so that counties having complied with law may have school for six months or as nearly so a« possible; such fund shall be used only for the salaries of teachers; salaries apportioned from said fund shall not exceed ftO for first grade, $30 for second grade, and $20 for third grade^ in the apportionment of county school fund and funds provided under this net to district levying n special tax no account shall be taken of said ^>eclal tax. and authorities levying said special* tax may reduce rate of such tax proportionately to increase of funds of dis trict derived from State and county sources; after county levies a special tax of 16 cents on $100, and poll tax of 46 cents, and falls therefrom to secur# a term of four months, said county shall be entltleose of providing for any deficiency In expenses and revenue of said con try. See also A (cl>, Gouty boards; C (ii), Ix)cnl finance and support, general; B (b). Teachers' certificates, general: 0 (b). Agricultural schools North Dakota: See A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative uults—dlstricts, etc. : B (a), General State finance and support. Ohio: See A (f), Administrative units— districts, etc.; B (a). Geueral State finance and support Oklahoma: See A (c2), County officers; A (f). Administrative unltST-dis- tricts, etc.; H (e), Consolidation of districts, etc. Oregon: See A (f), Administrative unlta-^strlcts, etc.; F (a), Teachers’ contracts, duties, etc.; N (a) High schools. DennsylFanla:. All public elementary and high schools shall be kept open each year as follows: In districts of first and second class, at least nine months; third class, at least eight months; fourth class, at least seven months. Directors may keep open other schools and departments as they may direct. Twenty days of actual teaching shall constitute a sch. >1 month; there shall be no actual teaching on Saturday, ^except when Monday is fixed ns n weekly holiday, or on Sunday, Fourth of July, or Christmas Day, nor shall schools be kept open during teachers* institutes. School boards may direct other holidays observed, but such days shall not be counted as days taught; shall fix date of beginning of school term, ami school hours; otherwIsS^aily sessloD shall opoi at 9 o’clock In the morning and close at 4 o’clock In the afternoon, with one hour Intermission at noon and intermissions of 15 minutes in forenoon and afternoon ; said boards may »flx date of commence- ment, and shall pay expenses thereof. In every elementary public school there shall be taught the following In the English language: Spelling, read- ^ log, wriUng, arithmetic, geography. English grammar, h}story of the United States and of Fennel vanla, including elements of civil government, *^physl* ology, and hygiene; also a system of humane education, together with such other branches, Including vocal music, public speaking, drawing, physical training, elementary manual training, elemenUry domestic science, and ele- mentary agriculture, as boards oH dlreclors. with approval of the proper superintendent of schools, may prescribe, but In districts of the first class J ■ . ■ - ! H (C). SOBOOL rZAZ, MOUTH, DAT, MTHIMUM TBRH. 616 | physical tralDlng shajl be carried on as part of the repilar course of study. Boards, with advice of proper superintendent, shall arrange courses of study! but the same shall conform to the general course of study arranged by the State superintendent, so far as local conditions aba'll permit. Special refer- ence. In teaching physiology and hygiene, ahall be made to the effects of alcoholic drinks, stlmulents, narcotics, and to tubercutoels , no cruel experi- ment shall be made on any llvlpg creature. In districts of ^nd,> third and fourth classes every teacher shall keep all necessary records of pupils, and same must have been approved by proi^er official before entire salary of teacher shall he paid-; the standing of each pupil shall be certified by the proper official to the teachers at the opening of schools; teachers shall make monthly rejwrts to boards (ft school dlrei'tors. See also A (d). District boards and officers. Rhode Island: Set A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc. • South CaroUna: Public schools shall be kept oi>en at least three montha Not less than $60,000 Is annually appropriated ’to extend the school tenii: not more than $100 to any one school; no aid to school running for 100 days »r longer on regular funds; no aid unless district levies at least a 2-mlll school tax ; school running less than 100 days may receive aid equal to amotint raised by district tax up to $100; State sujterlntendent may withhold aid for cause. See also A (cl), County boards. South Dakota: See A (d), ntatrict boards and officers. Tennessee: See A (cl). County boardo, B (a). General State finance and support * • Tc.vas; See A (d), District boards and officers. Utah: .School year ahall begin ou July 1; (sphool week la B days and month ' is 20 days. See also A (52), State officers; A (f). Administrative units-— districts; etc.; B (e). State aid for elementary education. Vermont; School year shall commence July 1 and end June 30. followlJli In absence of express contract, sl.v hours shall constitute a school day five days a school week, four weeks a school month. A legal school shall have at least four hours a day fpr five days In a week. Time not exceeding four da.v8 spent by teacher at educational meetings or in visiting schools as re- quired by the superintendent, shall be c-ounted as time taught No teacher shall be required to teach on a legal holiday. Teachers shall. If they so. ^ demand, be paid monthly. See also A (f), AdmlnlstraUve nnlts— districts, etc.; L (a) Ooursa of Study; N (a), H!^ schoola Virginia: No State money shall be paid for a school which Is not maintained at least five months In the year, but State board of cduratlon may relax this requirement In cnee of unavoidable dlsconUnuance of a school. See also A (cl). County boards; A (f). Administrative unlts-dlstrlcts i etc.; N (a), High scboolB. Washington: See A (d). District boards and officers; L (a), Course of study. West Virginia: The school year shall begin on July 1 and end, on June 30. See also A (d), District boards and officers. Wisconsin: See A (e). School meetings, elections, etc.; B (e), State aid for elementary edncatlon. ' Wyoming: See A (b2). State officers; A (c2), Ckiuqty offleera' a &16 8TATB LAWS BELATIWO TO POBLIO KDTJOATION. I > H (d). School HoUda/t. Bee also L (k), Daya of specln] obsernince. Arlsona: Schools shall be closed on Julj 4, XhanksglTinK Day, and December 25, but pay of teachers bhiili not be Anilnlshed on that account. Son Ms nf trustees may declare a holidny during Christmas season not to exceed twu wee^ provided pay of teachers shall not be dlralnlshetl thereby. See also A (b2), State officers; D (e), United States flag In schools. Arkansas: Robert R I>ee’s birthday, January 10, shall be observed In the public schools, with appropriate ];)atrlottc exercises^ Oalifomia: l>gal holidays; Sundays, January^, February 12, February 2*.', May 30, July 4, first Monday In SeiUember, Sep^mber 9, October 12, Decen)bi*r 26, and ThanksglTlng Day; public schools shall close on Jauiiory 1, May July 4, December 25, Thanksgiving Day, and February 12, The public schools shall be In session on all other legnl holidays and shall give appropriate exer Claes; but trustees may dec^re a holiday when good reason exists therefor, Colorado; Holidays shall be Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day, New Year’s Day, Washington's Birthday, Decoration Day, Labor Day, and the Fourtii of July. The second Friday In April shall be set apart and known as "ArlH>r Day” and shall ^ appropriately obsen’ed in the public schools, August 1 shall be observed as "Colorado Day"; October 12, eh'ctlou day In November, and "Good Roads Day" (sevond Friday in May) shall be observed with appropriate exercises In the public 8o1um>I«. Florida; All schools shall observe from Det'omlwr IJ.*) to January 1, inclusive, and Independence Day and Thanksgiving Ibty ns holidays, llUnois; See A (d). District l>onrds and officers. Maine; School holidays: February 12, April 19, May 30, July 4, finst Monday in September, October 32, DtH^mber 25, Tninksglvlng and Arbor Days. Some part of Lincoln Day shtill be devoted to his life and character; school com- mittee may direct thp holding of suitable exercises on Washington’s Birthday and Columbus Day, Maryland; See H (c), School year, month, day, etc. Massachnsetts:" The words ‘'legal holiday” shall Indude February 22, April 10, May 30, July 4, first Monday of September, October 12, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day, or the day following when any of the four days first mentioned, October -12, or Christmas Day occurs on Sunday; and the public offices shall be closed on all of said days. (The governor Js requested to set aside the last Saturday In April as Arbor Day.— Resolve.) (That the gov emor shall annually set apart June 14 as Flag Dayv— Resolve.) Michigan; January 1, May 30, jiily 4, the first Mc^^day In September, Ilecember 26, and all days appointed by the governor or by the President of the Uiiltetl States and all Satunlays shall be holidays, and no school be kept open on such days; February 12, Februtjiry 22, and October 12 shall ;>e observed with appro- priate exercises within the schools, Minnesota; See B (e). State aid for elementary educaUon, Missouri: Schools ahall not be kept on Thanksgiving Day, December 26, Feb* ruary 22, or July 4. Montana: l>gal holidays on which schools shall not be open; Labor Day, Columbus Day, Stote and National election day. Thanksgiving Day» Christmas Day, New Year’s Day, Lincoln’s Birthday, Washington’s Birthday, Memorial Pay, Independence Day. 517 H (d). KHOOL HOLHUTBu, SehfMkMi Holidays; January, t B>ebruary 22. April 22, May 90. July 4, first Monday in SeiUoiuber^ October 12, December 25, any day appointed by the governor or the Prealdent a$ a day of fasting or thanksgiving, and any day hereafter made a legal holiday. State auperlnt^dent may recommend cer- tain days ns "flag daya’* Nevada: See L (a). Course of study. Xew Haroiwhlre: See A (d), Dlatrlot boards and officers. Xow Jersey; Arbor Day shall be appropriately observed In the public achoola; commissioner of educiitlon shall Issue circulars relative to such day, and ^ county and city superintendents shall preiwre a program of exercises for such day. Unwin’s Birthday, Woahlngton’g Birthday. Memorial Day, Thanks- givlug Day. and other holidays eatabllshed by law, aha II be observed In the public achools; fing day sliall likewise be observed. New Mexico; In addition to the legiil holidays.' Unculn’s BlrtlKtay and Wash- ington’s Birthday may be observed by the public st'hools with appropriate cxetvlaea : no deduction ahall be made fmm teachers* salary because of absemv from active school duty on such holidays; Columbus l>ny shall be a legal holiday; State suix^rlntendent ahall prepare a prognim of exercises for Lincoln Dify each year, and forwanl thCssame to the i»'bool bcvirds of the neveml districts S^nd Friday In March shall be .\rbor Day and shaU be, observtHl in public scluKds. New York: Public holidays shall be: New Year’s Day, Lincoln’s Birthday. Washington’s Birthday. Memorial Day. JiKleivndence Day. Ijilwr Day. Colum- bus Day. and Christums Day; If either of such days shall full on Sunday, the next day thereafter shuU be a holiday; each general election day and any other diiy appointed by President of United States or govirnor of State ah«ii be a holiday. See also B (a), General State finance and support; L (k). Days of special observance. North DakoU: Februnry 12. February 22, uuU May 30 Bball be appropriately observed In the public schools. Ohio: See A (f), Administrative unite — districts, etc. Oregon: Following are legal holidays: January 1, February 22, May 30, July 4. December 25. general eUvtion day. Thanksgiving Day; February 12,* Feb- ruary 22, and-Gctober 12 shall not be school holidays, but ahall be ob^rved by appropriate exercises In the schools. Pennsylvania; See H (c), School year, month, day, etc. Bhodo Island; New Year’s .Day, Washington’s Birthday. Memorial Day, Independence Day. Columbus Day.'ljibor Day. Christmas Day, and such days ns may be aprwlntotl holidays by the governor or legislature of this State or ^ President or Congress of the United Stales! shall be legal holidays. Arbor Day, Grand Anuy Flag Day, and Rhode Island Independence Day are days for special observance In the achools. South Carolina; See L (k). Days of special observance.' Soath Dakota: See F (a). Teachers' contracts, duties. v*c. Texas: January 1. February 22, March 2. AprU 21, June 8, July 4. first Monday In September. October 12, Thanksgiving Day. December 26 are legal holidays. Utah: No school shall be taught on a legal htdlday. Vermont: No teacher shall be rcQUlred to teach on a legal holiday; board of school directors 'may permit teacher to dismiss school for not more than two days whenever such dismissal seems necetery or proper. 1 518 8TATB LAWS MLATINO 10 PUBLIC KDUCATIOH. VlrtlBU; The birthday of Jeffer«>n Da via, June 3. Is sat apart as a day of recrtotlon Id cbe public ftchoola. See aleo L (k). Deja of siieclal obeenance. WulMiiftoa; See F (a). Teacher** contract*, dutlea. etc, We«t VIiyIdU; Following day* are le«al holiday*: New Ywir*s Day. Wa*h- i^gtoua nirtbday. I mle|iemU»uce l>ay. McnHirlul Day, Chrfstmn* Day. I^bor Day, IJucoId 8 lUrthday, Colunthua Day. and such day* n* may be derlare<1 ; illdaya by gowmor or iVealdent of United Stale*: eipreaaly imivlded that ■ihool* must be in eeMlon and MWjroprtate eiercleea held on Uocoln** Birth day and Coluuibu* Ihir. See *1*0 A ay, IVeember 25. Artior Diiy, aud general eli>ctlon days are declared legal holiday*. H (o)e Place of AUondanco; Conaolldatloa of Schools; TraasporiaUoii of i*upll*. See Also A (f), Aduitnlstrativp iinli*— niKtrlcts. etc. Alabama: See A(cl). County l>oard*. * AHionac See A (d). DUtriot board* and offlerrH; a (f). AdmialBtrallve unita— district*, etc. Arkanftas: See A (f). Admlntslmtlvo unltn — dlsirlotH, etc. California: See A (dj, District board* and offleerR; A (fl. Admlulslnuive ninlia— «lUtrlcta. etc.; N (a). High sohoola Colorado: See A (f). Administrative unit* — dlatrlct*. etc. Connecticut; See A (f). Administrative unii«~-dl8trlct8, elr : It ta). (Jcneral • Stale fiiinnce and supiwrt; N (a), High sc'hooU. Delaware; See A (cl). County boards. ^ Florida: See A (cl). County boards; A (f). Admlulstraiivc unlU-dls^ tricta,* etc. Georgia: See A (cl). County boards. Idaho; See A (f). Administrative units— districts, etc.; B (a). General State hnance and support. Illinois; See A (d), District boards and officers. ' Indiana: Two or more adjacent school cor]>oratloD8 may establlah a new district and build n joint school, but ench of the trustees must be »o peti- tioned by persons requesting the same. Ruch cori)orflilon so uniting aball bear such port of the expense of establiahlng said school ne the school popula- tion attached to said corporation bears to the total Bchool population of the united district; Joint school ahsH be controlled by the corporation In which it la establlahed ; expense of malntalnliig school shall be borne by constituent corporations In proportion to the number of puplla In nttondance from each. The school trusted of two or more municipal corporations for school pur- poses may Jointly establlah. maintain, and control a Joint graded school. Two or more adjacent townships may esUbUsb a new dtotrict and build a H (e). COHBOUCATIOKr OP DI8TMCT8, ETC. ,61^ Mbool tbertin jointly, bnt each trustee must be petitioned' tbenfor by the persocu requMttng the nme; tiuch school abnll be supported by the town- ahlp In which It Is estsbllshed. Two or more adjacent districts of two or more adjacent townshlpa mey» on petition to (nisteea pf said township*, unite and form a new district, and when said district Is es(abllabe«1 uld tmsteee shall provide s site and building and raise n»om«y to maintain n school therein. On petition of a majority of (he legal voters of a achool dis- trict or corporation the trustee or trustees of aiild dlstHct or cun>»initlon shall provide for the nbondonment thereof and for the ed Petition of the children thereof In other acho6ls; trustee shall abandon without (>etlilon any dlsirlrt achool In which the average attendance Is 12 or fewer, and bo may abandon any district having 15 or fewer, but condition of roads, etc., must permit of such dlacontlnunnce, «nd this provision alialt not apply to the dlwv)n- tinuiince of colorwl schools; township trustee shall pr6vlde for transportation of pupils residing mort^tban 2 miles from sclux>l, and. If pupils are between 6 and 12 years old. more than 1 mile from school. >Yhen township provldt^ transportation to a central school, trustee shall also provide tninsi>6r(ntlon for pupils transferred from another township when the same Involves no additional conveyance or dlstaix'e, and township from which pupils sro trant- * ferieil shall jmy Its proi)ortioii of cost of such iransr*ortnilon. Any liwor tK>ra(eil towTi having no Indebtedness and not over 1.500 inhabitants may, through Its t<»wn board of trustee's, abandon the control of Its public schools, but mild tmard muHt be a'UihorlicM by a majority of tlio freeholders; school pro(>erty of such town shall bo conveyed to the townahip trustee and the con* trol the schmtls thereof shall pass to said trustee. On petition of 26 lega* voters of any lm>orj»ornted town and 26 legal voters of the township contjilu- Ing such town but realding outside thereof, achool trustees of said town and township trustiH? sbal) call an election to determine the question of esTnb* llahiug a Joint graded school or joint high achool, or bortJon to amount of Its cost paid by each corporation. Any city or Incorporated town may unite with the township In which situated and townships or parts of townshlpa contlgnous thereto for the purpose of establishing a commisaloned high school; achool officials Interested may meet and provide edte and building for the matute* nance of said school. The school officials of townships or IncorixiraUsd towns may contract with corporations having high schools for high-scbool accom- modations. See also A (d). District boards and offleera Iowa: On petition of one-third of the electors of territory containing not le« than 16 sections of land lying In one or more counties, siM petition to have approval of county superintendents, directors of corporation containing largest number of voters in said territory shall call an election to determine ques- tion of forming n consolidated Independent district; If a city, town, or vlUnge U Included In proposed consolidated district, said city, town! or village and other territory shall vote separately, and a majority vote shall be necemry In each division. If vote carries, a bean! of five directors shall be elected for said district. Directors shaU annually levy a tax which with the semiannual apportionment shall not exceed $62 for each person of school agt. Board shall provide trangportation for chUdren of school age ..tfW - sc<^i i^iTOiPWAwyo^^aOi- FqBUp> »t7Cap»n. 4'«Bd! ilrk«'Ar TlUam^ wben ebUdraD, Ut« at an : tnmAMiablo ^trtunce boatd» miiy r^Quhre p&irat or* gi&ardian to transport . cfaqjh«n^n.41stimra of not exceed mUm to connect with any Tehlcle tmiMikorUiMr pnplU to scbooL Board oball locate and provide a building, but f%:4n€stlo«i ofaocation may be submitted. to voters and school shall be located in. a city, town, or vUlage containing 2S or more children of school age when ' there is su^ in the district; board shall submit to voters the qnestlon of levying a tax to build a schoolbouse or to repair the same wi^ cost of such repair exceeds $2,000,^ On petition of oi^thlrd of the voters of the district approved by county soperintendent, board shall call an election to deter- mine whether district shad be dlssolVMl; majority of votes cast shall . deterpiind Board shaU fix amount of taxes for maintenance each year before the third Monday In August On petition of onb^thlrd of the voters of each subdistrict of a school township, board shall call a meeting tn each sub- ' district to determine the question of organising the subdistrict Into a rural independent dVitrlct ; If n majority of votes cast In each subdlstrlct are In favor of such organisadon each subdistrict shall be organised as a rural Independmit district; board of directors shall consist of three ‘ members ; term, three years, one being elected each year Independent districts may subdivide to form two or more Independent districts or have territory detached to be Included In an Independent district, but new district shall contain, not less than four sections of land, unless such Is necessary by reason of natural obstacles or unless such district contains a town or village with not less than 100 Inhabitants; proceedings of subdivision shall In all respects be* like those for the organisation of cities and towns Into tndependept districts. Contlgnons independent districts may unite and form one Independent district A rural township which ^ has been divided into rural Independent districts may be erected into a school township by vote of the electors. The board of directors of any school township may divide said township Into subdlstricta When any change is made In boundaries, boards, of directors: shall be elected In accordance therewith. Children restdlng In one district may with the consent of the boards attend school in another district ; If board of child’s residence does not agree, child may attend school in another district with consent of the board of such district airt of the county superintendent If child resides* nearer a schoolbouse in •aid district and an unreasonable distance from school in bis own district ; district of child’s residence shall pay for tuition and contingent expenses. AU arintqt4ent may# when two; or. more adjoining, districts lore, than fiverCbUdrso of school age, combine the pmdla of socb J^ pne scbool and .prorate the expense among the districts in pro- IH^plIs^froth.escI^ and oonntytronuoisslonerf. shall) levy SXa)> tJOirsOUDAIIOS or Dm8tO«8,:WMU ; •iWI? 52 1 tax tbmlii to par tbe nue; wben achool 'population of combined or otlier dlatrlct bccomeo lesa tban Atc do school shall be held therein, but conntr soperlntendent shall provide for sending pupils to other schools. By vtder of the district board or on petition of 25 per cent of the voters of anr school district' clerk shall call a district meeting for the purpose of voting on ques- tion of consolidation of such district with one or more others; majority of votes cast shall determine; upon receiving notice from clerks that two or more districts have voted to consolidate, county superintendent shall call a meetliig to elect a school board to consist of director, clerk, and treasurer for such consolidated district, A district may vote to be to a graded school district, and after receiving notice of such vote and of the approval of the school board of the graded district county superintendent shall annex snch ^ district School board of consolidated district shall provide for the transpor- tation of pupils residing 2 or more miles from school ; such board Bball have general powers of district boerda County superintendait shall, on notice of formation of union district make record of boundaries thereof; by vote of electors of n district such district map be dl^ Ided and part of the same may be united with one union district and part with another. Property of former districts shall become property of union district which shall be a body cor- porate. See also A (f), Administrative units — dlstrlcta etc. Kentucky: See A (f), Administrative units— districts etc. Louisiana: See A (cl), County boarda Maine: See A (f), Administrative units— districts, etc. ; N (a). High schools. Maiyland: See A (cl), 0)uhty boarda Mossachaaeits : Two or more towns may vote to establish union schools for contiguoufif portions of said towns; said union schools shall be governed by the provisions applicable to union blgh scboola See also A (d), District boards and officers; C (c), Local taxation; H (f)^ (Compulsory attendance; N (a). High schoola Michigan: See A (d), District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units— districta etc. Minnesota: See A (d). District hoards and officers; A (f). Administrative nnlts — districts, etc.; B (e). State aid for elementary education. Mississippi: Where two or more schools are consolidated, trustees of, the consolidated school and county stiperlntendent are empowered to provide transportation of pupils living 2 miles or more from school ; expense shall be paid out of county school fund ; person employed In transportation shall pre- sent Itemised statement of bis service under oath monthly ; on petition of majority of qunllfled electors of a consolidated school district of not less than 26 square miles, county board of supervisors shall levy annual tax suffi- cient to pay for fuel, transportation wagons, and incidentals, and levy tax sufficient to maintain schools of district after expiration of county school term or during county school term, ** provided a free public school shall be maintained seven months In each scholastic year*'; supervisors may Issue bonds in same manner as provided \n chapter on mnnlclpalitles to rapalr and eq^p school butldtugs, “ provided the bondsMsstied for oth^ purposes on the property of said school district shall not be Inrinded In calculating the limit on the amount to be issued for the parpoHm herein provided, but only such bonds os toSy be Issued for the said district as a separate taxing tihir ' Bball be cppnted"; transportation of pupils Shall be borne by district after expiration cff county publteechool term., Wh^n neceSsary to hold an election m 8TA11l*LlWtt SDtrCAtlON. fin m eottaolldatnd 6clioperty shall be equitably divided between remaining part and consoli- dated district When a district organised under this act has secured a site of not leas than 6 ac?^ fbr a central high school and has provided approved building and equipment, the State shaU pay one-fourth of the cost of build- lag and equipment, hut not to exceed liooo for any one district When a consolidated district organised under this act has provided adequate buildings and maintains a high school of at least the third class and gives an approved course of at least on^ year In agriculture, the State shall grant a special aid of 125 per year for each square mile or fraction thereof of territory In said dlsMcti but no district shall receive exceeding $800 per year under this section. .,See f6wo A (f), AdmlnlstraUve unltsr-districts, etc.; H (c), School year, Sec A (f), Admirnstratlve unlts—dlstricta, eta ^ See A (t). Administrative units— districts, etc. Keraidet See A (IK Administrative units— dtatricts, etc. BE («). OONfiOUDinOV Of 016TB10TS, MO. (28 New Hunpehlre: See 4 (d), Diatrtct board* and offlcera; C (c). Local taxation. New Jersey: Boards of education of two or more adjoining districts may submit to voters of such districts the question of uniting such districts for purpose of maintaining a union graded school; question shall carry by ma- jority vote of electors in each district If two districts shall unite for such purpose, board of each district shall elect two of its members as members of board of union district; If three districts shall so unite, board of each dis- trict shall elect one of its members as member of union district board; such appointments shall be certified to county superintendent; any such member may be removed for cause; each union board shall be a body corporate; such board shall appoint Its officers, the custodian of funds to give bond. PotDers of union board; To purchase, sell, and Improve school grounds; erect. lease, enlarge. Improve, repair, or furnish • school buildings; raise taxes for such purposes or for current expenses, upon majority vote of school board of each district uniting In establishing such union graded school; condemn land and other property for school purposes when authorised by boards of districts composing such union district; determine, subject to approval of boards of districts so uniting, nmonnt needed for school purposes, such amount to be levied by assessors on basis of ratnbles of each such district; appoint npd fix salary of supervising principal, who shall hold a State or first-grade county certificate. -which principal shall be supervisor of schools In districts uniting to form such union district. County superintendent sboll apportion funds to such union graded school on same basis and In same manner as to district In which such school is situated. Board of education of union district shall have same powers and duties ns board of township district, except as herein- before provided; each union graded school shall be under supervision of county superintendent of county In which scboolbouse Is situated. In case the hoard of a union graded school shall decide to raise money to purchase school Bite, erect or furnish echoolhouse, or for purchase thereof by issue of bonds, said board shall give notice thereof to boards of districts united for establishing sold school, and said boards shall submit such question to people of such districts ; such question shall carry by majority vote of each district ; bonds so Issued shall bear interest at rate not to exceed 6 per cent per annum, and must be sold at not less than par ; bonds shall be a Hen op the school property and the real and personal estates In each such district; a tax shall be levied nnnnnlly to pay part of principal and Interest on bonds due. See also 4 (f). Administrative unlts-dlstrlcts, etc.; C (a). Local finance and support, general. New Mexico; Bee A (f), Administrative units— districts, etc. New York: See A (e). School meetings, elections, etc.; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. North Oarollns! See A (cl), County boaitla North Dakota: See A (d), District boards and officers; B (e). State aid for elementary education; H (f). Compulsory attendance, Ohio! See A (cl). County boards; A (f), Administrative units— districts, etc. : C (c), Local taxation. ^ Oklahoma; , When two or more adjacent districts or parts of districts or territory desire to unite for purpose' of establishing a* consolidated school, a meeting, upon petition of one-half of voters of tecritory affected,‘ niay be called by county auperlntendent to determine such question ; a maJofNit vote 624 STATlvIjkWB .BSLAItNQ TO P'CtBUO ADU0ATIO17. o£ tiectors of territory 'affected shall determine question ; If oonaoUdatlon shall carry, meeting ghall elect a director, clerk, and member for -such dls* tnct ; no conaoUdated district shall contalh less than 26 square miles and assessed valuation less than $300,000; aU or part of any ^district adjacent to a consolidated district: may, upon petition to county superintendent signed by majority of voters of district so desiring to be attached to consolidated district and of board of consolidated district be attached to consolidated district ConsoUdmed districts comprising territory lylng„ln two or more counties shall be formed In same manner as joint districts are formed, * Where more than two districts form a consolidated district not more than one board member shall come from each such district Powers and duties ^ of consolidated board shall be same as district board, and, in addition, said board shall provide transportation for pupils living 2 miles or "'more from school. Any bonded Indebtedness incurred by any district shall remain attached to the territory of such district regardless oAny change that may be made In such district Consolidated district shall be a body coriwrate. ^ The proceeds derived from the sale of certain public lauds shall constitute the ‘‘union graded or consolidated school district fund,” tl»e same to be used only to assist In constructing or paying for whool building's In union or consolidated districts. Rents and proceeds of sales* of public lauds prior -to / January 1, 1913, shall be- distributed by State board of education on basis of scholastic population of the several counties, excepting cities of first clasa Any consolidated or union district maintaining not- less .than a slx-montit^ term, having at least three teachers, and with attendam^e of not fewer than 130 scholastic pupils, which has built a schoolhouseW at least three rooms, may receive from ^tate board one-half cost of such schoolhouae not to exceed $2,600; the “ pubUc-bulIdlng fund” shall be applied to building schoolhouses In consolidhted and union districts. Oregon; See A (d), District boards anff oflacers; X(f), Administrative nnlto— districts, etc,; H (f), Compulsory attendance. Pennsylvania; Whenever graded schoo^can be made to accommodate pupils of one or more ungraded schools by conwldation of said schools with graded or ungraded schools It ftball be the duty of schqol directors to -abandon one- room school or schools and erect suitable buildings for consolidating and grading said schools, but no pupil of any abandoned school shall be required to walk more than li miles to the consolidated school building. See also H (f), Compulsory 'attendance. Rhode Island; In case any town shall consolidate three or more ungraded schools, and Instead thereof shall establish a graded school of two or more departments, of not less than 20 pupIU for each department, the State shall pay to such town $100 annually for each such department; towns may unite for consolidation. When once established, a consolidated school shall con- tinue to receive State a fd unless attendance shall fall below 16 for the several departments. No town shall forfeit any part of Its portion of the $120,000 State appropriation t)y reason of the reduction of number uX Its schools due’ to conTOlidatlon. The school committee of any town may, subject to approval Of oonuuiasloner of public schools, consolidate schools or unite such school or schools with some graded school and may provide transportation for pupils. State shall pay :$100 to any town snppo^ng a graded school with which an i nngradcd school has been consolidated. ' Sonth OaroliaA: See B (d), State taxation for aohool pnrpoaes; B (e). State aid for elementaiT edocatlon; D>(a), BuHdlnga and aitee, eeneral. ' H (e) I dOireoiSDATioK of l^imiors, bto. 6ii^ Sonth I>iikote; Bee A (d), Dlitrict boards and officers; (I), Manoal and Indaatrial edncatioa Tennessee: CJounty board of education or county high school board may con- solidate two or more schools; said boards may provide transportation for “ pupils that reside too far away from school to attend without transporta- tion”; said boards mny employ supervisors to assist county snperlntendents, but supervisors of elementary schools shall hold first-grade elementary certifi- cates and supervisors of high schools shall hold first-grade htgh-school cer- tificates. See also A (hi), State boards. Texas: See A (f), Administrative nnltfr— districts^ etc. Utah: See A (f), Administrative anits — districts, etc, Vermont: A town may. by majority vote of voters present and voting at town meeting, Instruct school directors to pay a reasonable sum for trans- portation of hIgh-school students. See also A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; L (a), Course of study. , . VirgbUa: 8'ee A (f), Adn^nlstratlve unltfr— districts, etc. Washington: Upon receipt of petlOon of five heads of families of two or more adjoining districts In same county, county superintendent may organise and establish a consolidated district; notices, beaming, and affpenl shall be same as in change of territory from one district to ano^er. Wh«i such consolidated district Is formed, directors of all districts Included ghnil constitute board of dlrectcfi^ for the same until next annual school election, when nree directors shall be elected for consolidated district. Whenever n consolldm^ district, by rehson of detachments of territory, shall be reduced to approximately the else of a district prior to such con^lldatlon, said district shall not redalxe consolidated-district bonua When two or more districts are consolidated, only one of which contains an incorporated city, directors of such city dIsMct shall constitute hoard of directors for consolidated district County superin- tendent shall number and describe districta Consolidated district Is entitled to public property of districts so united and to funds In excess c|f Indebted- ness, except bonded Indebtedness ; for purpose of apportionment consolidated district shall be considered one district, but shall be credited with fe, 000 days' attendance In addition to actual attendance for each dlstricti/Iess one, so consolidated. Each district composing a consolidated district ^all retain its corporate existence for payment of Its Indebtednesa See also A (d), District boards and officers. West Virginia: See A (f), Administrative units— districts, etc.'" Wisconsin: Whenever on oppllcatlon, signed by at least one-third of legal voters in each of two or more districts, shall be filled with town board of supervisors or president of village board of trustees of mayof of city In which any part of such whole or Joint school district Is situated, requetfUng oon8olld(ftlon of districts, such officer shall call meeting of proper IxMrrds Interested to considAr such question ; due notice of such meeting shqU be given; when districts are consolidated, a written order to that .effect, shall be made; if for any reason action )s not taken on said aig>Ucatton, aggrieved persons may appeal to I9tate superintendent It any consolidated district shall maintain a first-class rural school, or free hlgh.schoo>, and grades below a free Jiigh school, and school children living more than 2 inUee from school are tran^wrted to anch acbool, the State may npay to euch school district 10 cents per day for^ench child so transported tor at least six mOnths during term of school : arrangements may be made with parents to transport snch children • any board reeelTlng.BUeh State aid siiall annually report to Statb superintend- ent facU relaUve t<< mch trgntportaUon. When new districts are formed, assets and liabilities of districts Interested shall be adjusted on the basis of as- ■sessed TSluatlon of districts so Interested, ^ny school district organisation of. any kind, town free high schools and union free high schopls e^cepted^ consist- ing of territory lying In two or more towns or In one or more towns and ^ Incorporated Tillage, or any city shall be a Joint school district; such dlsttjH shall not be dissolved nor shall boundaries thereof be changed except ^8 Joint action of proper boards of units affected. If a district shall neglect te nmlntaln school for two or iporc successive years, the territory of such district shall be attached to one or more other districts, but this provision shall not apply to districts providing for InatrucUon of its pupils In any other district. Whenever 10 per cent of electors of ahy rural school district and one or mote conUguous school districts or subdistricts wttliln or outside of an In- corporated village Shull petition therefor, school boards of respective districts shall meet and fix date of election for consolidation of districts; consolidation shnU terry by majority vote of electors of ^iich district; consolidated district shall bo deemed organised w'hen an^two officers legally elected have .iccepted offices, or when district has werclsed privileges of district for term of one y^r. Property of districte so consolidated shall be vested In consolidated district; debts against the several ffistrlcts skull remain a charge against such districts; consolidated dUtrIcts may borrow money as provided by law; • such district shall share fully In the distribution of State and other school funds, and, in case a high school Is maintained therein, shall also- receive aid as in case of union free high schools, ^peclul State old skull be granted to consolidated districts, to. parUally defray cost of erecting and equipping a , school buUdIng, as follows: (1) To snch district maintaining one depart- ment, one-half cost, not to exceed $500 to any one school ; (2) to such district , maintaining a State gradklsschool of two departments, one-half cost, not to exceed $1,600 to any one school; (8) to such district maintaining a State graded school of three departments, one-Unlf cost, not to exceed $2,000 to any one school: (4) to such district nmlntalnlng a State graded school of four or more departments, one-half cost, not to exceed $3,000 to any oue school ; (6) to such district mnlntalulng a State graded school and a hl^ school, one^ half cost, not to exceed $6,000 to an.v one school. Plans and expense accounts for new buildings or additions In such districts must be approved by State superintendent Clerk of board of each consolidated district shall make annual report to State superintendent. Officers of any consolidated rural school district may arrange for transportation 6f pupils. The consolidated rural school district shall receive State aid for transportation of pupils upon complying with certain requirements. Each district forming part of a con- solfdated district shall receive Its share of school funds ns If consolidation had not been effected. Electors of consolidated district may direct board to enter into an agreement with the parent, guardian, or other person In charge Of the pupil tor transportation of pupils. See also A (el, SciffiSl meetings, elections, etc.; B (e), State aid fOr ele- mentary education. • - Wyomlngi See ▲ (f). Administrative units— districts, etc. 9 588 8TATB LAWS BBLmSO TO PCTUO SimOATION. OallfonJa: Parant or gwrdlui hOTloK control of dUld betwoeh 7- and 16 yean <^d shall send socli child to school while public school is In se^on ; If 'ChlUI’s bodllj or mental condition, as certlfled by a physician, Is'soch as to render It unable to attend, school, or if It is receiving approved instruction* eloewberoi or, being over 12 years old, has received a permit to work, or has completed the gihmmnr grades prior to reaching the age of 15 yearsi, or if no . school la located within 2 miles, school board shall. u[ion application, excuR* • such child from atteadance; if parent is unable to compel attendance, child may be deemed a truant aiA sent to parental school ; parent or guardian vio- lating the provisions of this act shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and may l)o fined not exceeding $10 or imprisoned 5 days for first offense, and fop-stthfr^ qoent offenses $10 to $60 or Imprisoned 5 to 20 days ; school shall investigate charges agalns^ parents or'guardlans and file with proper court complaints against violators of this act. but where truant officers are eni- ployed, such officers shall perform his duty; school board of any city or city and county may appoint end remove one or more attendance offlcers, and school tfoard in district having 600 or more c^sus children, may appoint and remove one attendance officer; attendance, peace, or school officer shall ar- rest during school hoars any child 8 to 14 years old found away from home and school and reported by teacher or sup^lnteudept ae a truant; such child slmH be delivered to parent or guardian or to teacher, and if an habltnnl truant shall be presented to a magistrate for commitment to parental school ; a child Is a truant when absent from school three days or tardy three days, and may be so reported when reported a truant three times or more a child Is an habitual truant School board of a city, city and county, or district having 600 or more census children may establish a parental school for habltugl truants and Insubordinate pupils 8 to 14 years old; school b^rd may, with consent of a parent, order such children to attend parental school or be detained therein; If parent or guardian objects, then such child may be pro- ceeded against in a proper court, and may, by such court, be detained In the paternal school until the close of the school year; If district has no parental school, county superintendent shall make complaint against truant and lusub- ordinate children to superior court, and such court may commit such children to Some other parental school; or If there be no parental school in the county, may require parents or guardians to present such children at school every morning, or parents or guardians may give bond for the attendance and proper conducl of such children. City superintendent or scliool board may paitde any child committed to or ordered to attend a parental school, eicept when commltt^ by a court, in which case court may parole. Teachers’ •aUtries and cost of supplies shall be paid out of common-school fund ; other expenses, as cost of building, etc., shall be paid out of parental-school fund. To establish" a parental school, school board shall fgmlsb to city council or other governing body evidence of the need for such a school and If such governing body consents school board shall furnish to tax-levying authority an estimate of money, exclusive of teachers’ salaries and cost of supplies, necessary to establish and maintain parental school, and needed tax shall be levied and collected; proceeds of tax shall bq^tbe pqrental-school fund*’ and shall be expended by school board as provided by law. Two or more districts or cities may unite to form a Joint district for the maintenance of a J^t parental school. All fines paid for violation of this act shall he paid Into plumtal-iKhool fund, if there be one, otherwise to common-school fund. Parents or guardian of deaf or blind child shall send such child to a suitable institution for five years, or until majority is reached, but school board of H (f). COMPUl^BY attendahob; 529 district where child resides muy excuse such child it It is mentally or bodily unfit or Is receiving suitable InstrucUon at home or elsewhere. Any Justice of the peace or recorder of a city or city and cdunty or Justice of the peace . In a ^wnshlp where school district Is, located or where offense is committed, shall have Jurisdiction of offenses committed under this act. Colorado: Every parent, guardian, or other person having charge of any child between 8 and 16 years old shall seud such child to a public, private, or parochial school during the time public school Is In session. BjifcepHun$: (1) Children over 14 years old who have completed the eighth grade or whose help Is needed for their own or. their parents’ support, or’ whose best InteresU would he subserved by relief from the provisions ,of this act; (2) children receiving approved instruction at home; (3) children whose bodily or mental conditions is certified by physician to be such as to warrant ex- emption. Application for exemption shall be made to superintendent of schools or, If there be no superintendent, to county superintendent ; appeal may be taken from decision of such sui)erlntendeut to county court, whose decision shall be final. No child under 14 years old shall be employed while the public *8cbools are In session unless the person |n charge of such child shall have fully complied with the provisions of this act, and every em- ployer of such child shall require proof of compliance. All minors between 14 and 16 years old who can not read and write the English language shall attend school at least one-half of each day, or attend a public night school, or take approved private lustructlon; every employer employing such minor shall require that such Instruction be had. Every child who Jloes not attend school as re<;ulred, or Is inrorrigible, an habitual truant, or meanders about the stretds . nd public places during school hours or at night is a juvenile disorderly jwrson. School directors In districts of the first and second classes shall appoint a truant ofllcer: In distalcts of the- thiH class truant officer shall be employed and may be paid only for number of deys of service. Truant officer shall examine cases of truancy and make complaint against I>erson In charge of child who has been out of school for five days or more. Whenever a child shall be a Juvenile disorderly pterson, the truant officer or any teacher or reputable person 'may make complaint to county court, and on determination of the case said court may commit such child to a children’s home. If eligible, or to a*boys' Industrial school or a girls’ indus- trial school; no child committed to a reformatory ahull be detained beyond Its majority, and any child may be paroled by trustees or neleased by order of the county court. When child Is required to work to supiwrt Itself or help support others, authorities charged with the relief of the poor shall afford such relief a a will enable such child to attend school three hours a day. This atft shall notj^ply in districts where school accommodations are not sufficient Oonnecttcat: Every parent or person having control of a child between 7 and 16 years old shall cause such child to attend a publie school during the ' hours and term the public school of the district Is In session, unless parent or guardian can show that such child is elsewhere receiving thoiuugh In- struction during said hours and term in the studies taught in the public schools. Children over 14 years old who ar^lawfully employed shall not be subject to the provisions of this act Bach week’s failure to comply with the foregoing requirement shall constitute a distinct offense punishable by a fine of not more than |6; said penalty shall not be Incurred by Indlgrat children. Whenever the town school committee or board pf education of a town or district shaU by vote decide, or whenever the State board of educa- 8966*--i5 84 680 STATE LAWS BELATTNO TO PUBUO EDUCATION. Uon shMl ascertain that any child between 14 and 16 years old baa not suffi- cient scbooiiog, said child Shall attend school until excused by authority re- quiring attendance or until the age of 10 la reached. Attendance at a school other than public school shall not be accepted unless teacher thereof ahull keep an approved register open to Inspection and shall report attendann^ to secretary of State board. Every jwrson employing or permitting the employment of a child under 14 years old during school hours shall be flmsl not more than |20 for each week child Is employed. Every person In control of a child who shall make a false sUitement regarding such child’s age ahull be fined not exceeding $20. No child under 14 years old shall be employ oil In any mechanical, mercantile, or manufacturing establishment No child under 16 years old shall be employed In any mechanical, mercantile, or manu fuctuiing estahllahment unless the employer shall have first obtained n cer tlficate signed by the secretary or an agent of the State board of education, or by a school supervisor, superintendent supervising principal, or acting school visitor designated by said State board and stating that sold child can read and write simple sentences and. do fundamental operations of arithmetic through fractions, and does UQt appear to be physically unfit: such officer may have child examined by a physician to determine physical fitness. Every employer shall notify State board of the beginning and ter- mlhhtloQ of employment of each child between 34 and 16 years oUl In his employment. The State board may employ agents to enforce the laws re- lating to the employment of minors. The school visitors or the school committee of every town shall annually examine Into the employment of minors In manufucturlrig establishments In their towns. Each city and town may make regululons concerning habitual truants and children under Id y^rs old not lawfully employed and not In school ; city or town having such regulations shall appoint three i>erson8 to prosecute for violations thereof; warrants shall be returnable before any Justice of the peace or judge of the city or police court; policemen, bailiffs, constables, sheriffs, and deputy sheriffs shall arrest all boys between 7 ami 16 who ni^ loitering about the streets or public places or who are beyond the control of poreut or guardian and shall send such boys to school; If a boy be arrested three time or more under this action, he may by judge of the criminal or police court or by justice of the peace be committed to a house of Instruction or correction fnr not exceeding three years, or If over 1C years may, with consent of select- men, be committed to the Connecticut school for boya Upon request of the parent or guardian of any girl between 7 and 10 years old. said girl may be proceeded against as In the case of boys and court may commit said girl to the Connecticut Industrial School for Girls, Janitors of scdioolhouses may be appointed constable for enforcing this act. See also A (bl), State boards ;• A (d). District boards and offleem I>el«ware< Every person In control of a child between 7 and 14 years old shall senq such child to school for not less than five months each year, unless St;-'* child shall he excused by the district school committee, with the approval of the county superintendent, on showing of Mttsfactory evidence that such Child Is prevented from attendance by mental, physical, or other urgent reasons; at annual district meeting period of compulsory attendance may be reduced ^to three monjffis; If no public school is located within 2 miles of child's residence, such child shall not be required to attend unless free con- reyance Is provided; attendance at a public school may not be required If child receives in a private school pr otherwise Instruction approved by county voperlutendent Violation of the foregoing section shall constitute a mis- H (f). COMPtJLSORT ATTBKDANOE. 5S1 demeanor, bat person In parental relation to n child not attending school shall first be notified by county superintendent School boards and school committeefl In all districts may employ one or more attendance offlcers; when truant officer is not appointed district secretary or clerk sball ser\-e as such. District committee may Indeiwndently or Jointly with other districts estab- lish apocinl schools for habitual truants. Truancy and Inc‘orrigihIllty shall l>e deemed disorderly conduct and a i>crson convicted of the same before a juafit'e of the iien(*e, magistrate, or aUlennnn may, where no special school eiista, be committed to the Ferris Industrial School or to the Delaware Industrial School for Girls. The tax a.sst^sor shall, when making assess- iiients, enumerate all children bi'twetMi 7 and 14 years old, and shall report sik'h enumeration to the county HuixTlntendent, who slinll send a list to each teacher After tlm'o days of absence each teacher shall rejwrt to attendance omcer and to eotinty suiwrintemlent the names of children absent fn)m school without lawful excuse. It shall l»e a inlsdemennor for any tax assessor, ITincipal. teacher, secret,iry, or attendance officer to fall to comply with the provisions of Uiis act. State treasurer shall withhold one-fourth of the State funds from any district falling’ to enforce tlUs act. In the city of Wilinlngtoii the boanl of education shall be charged with the enforcement of this act and the iwllcc comnil8.sloners shall cooperate. Idaho: County su|>erintendeut alia 11 nnmiaily puldish compulsory attendance law': clerk of school lK>ard shall furnish head teacher with list of children S to 18 years old: head teacher shall check enrollment against list furnishtHl hy clerk; head teacher shall reiiort monthly to county sum^rlnteudent chil- dren not In schtHil and not excusetl; county suiierlntendent shall give such name.s to probation officer who shall give notice to parent; parent or guardian of delinquent child shall be protviHled against as provided by law. “Delinquent child'* is any child under 18 years old who Is delinquent ns deflneil at length In the law; probate courts of the counties shall have juris- diction In. the case of juvenile delinquent j)er8on8: court shall re|x>rt an- nually to governor; i>roceetlings shall be begun ou complaint of count prosecuting attorney, or of probation officer If there' be one; no such child Khali be Incarcerattnl except when nccessiiry t- insure- Its attemlnnce at court, but i>er8on resjionslble for child may make written promise to present child at hearing, mid if child falls to api>ear without good cause responsible Iierson may be pr(HHHd(Hl agjdust for contempt of court; no child under 14 shall be Incarcerated in a jail or lock-up under any circumstances; a child under 18 when arrested shull, except In caso of felony, l>e taken directly before jirobate court; court may conUnue the case from time to time with child under care of sherlflf, or child may be committed to proper home or institution; child may not be committed beyond 21 years old; all Institutions or associations rc^-elvlng children under this act shall be subject to the same Inspection and sui>ervisIon as SUte charitable Institutions; encouraging or contributing to the dclinqueucy of a child shall constitute a misdemeanor. All parents, guardians, or other persons having care of children shall cause to be Instructed In reading, writing, si)elHng, English, grammar, ^graphy, and arithmetic; child 8 to 18 years old shall be sent to n public /or private school for entire term, bat this shall not apply to child over U / who has completed eight grades, or Is- eligible to enter any high school In I the district or where its help is necessary for Its own or parents* support, or \^en for good cause It should not be required to attend: If a physician certl- fies that child's bodily or mental condition dees not permit attendance» >rhlld shall be exempt during disability: superintendent If there be one, otherwise 582 STATE LAWS BBLATINQ TO PUBLIC mUOATION. couotj soperiDtendeat, BbaU beor appllcatioDS for ex^ptlon, but appoal maj be taken to probate Judge, wboae decialpn aball be finaL A **Jureime dla- ord^ly person" la a child who does not attend school as provided In this act or who la In, attml, or who la an habitual truant or who wanders about the street during school hours or at nigbt ; truant oflScer, teacher, or any reputable (lerson may make complaint against Juvenile dlsonlerly jiorson ; probate court ahall determine case; such i>eraon may be ci>mniltted to a children’s home, the Induairlnl Training School or some other training school; court may transfer luatr- Tlglble child from children^ home to industrial school; -no child shall bo committed beyond 21 years old; such child may bo paroled. Trobate court may api^olnt one or more probation officers to work under direolnt(Hl; In other cou:iUes one offl<'er. ' School trustet^s shall reiwrt cases of truancy, dellnqunucy, and incorrigibllUy to county sui>erlutendent, who shall rejwrt them to probate court- , ' nUnols; Every person having control of any child between the ages of 7 and 1^ years shall cause such child to attend some public or private school during the time guioh school Is in aeasion. which aball be not less than alx niontha of actual teaching, but this act ahall uoi apply wber© child 1« receiving Instruc tion in the elementary grades for a like iH'ritxl els»*where by a tvinivt^ut person, nor In case child's jdiysical or menial ctinditlon renders nttemlancv impracticable, nor In case child is teniponirlly exou^l, nt>r in case child is betiveeaH and 10 years oM and is necesRjirlly «ih1 lawfully employed. The board of education or board of directors, as the cast* may be, of each district, shall appoint one or more truant officers whose duty it shall be to see to the enforcement of tills law. See also U (e). Schools for dependents and delinquents, lodJa&a: Every parent or guardian haring. control of any child between 7 and 14 j^ears old, or between 14 and 16 years old If not lawfully employid, shal) cause such child to attend a public, private, or parochial si-hool dtirlug the term the common school is tii session, unless such child Is physically or mentally unfit aa shown by a physlcinn’s certificate. Deaf or tmrtially deaf children between 7 and 18 years old shall attend the Indiana School for the Deaf unless discharged by the trustees thereof; blind or partially blind chil- dren shall likewise ntUmd the Indiana School for the Blind; such deaf or blind children shall not be employed during the terms of said schools. No child under 10 years old shall be employed while the schools are In session unless said child leftover 14 years old, has a certificate from the scbeol execu- tire officer or person designated by him, showing his age and that he has completed the fifth grade of the common schools, or the equiraleut thereof, and has a written statement from his employer stating that be has employed said child; employer shall keep sold certificate on -file for Inspection; State board of truancy shall define occupation as contemplated In this act r At- tendance officers may enter places of employment to ascertain whether chil- dren are employed therein contrary to this act; employers and persons In parental relation to children shall, on request, give desired Information to attendance officer. County board of education shall appoint a county attend- ance officer; In county haring less than 25,000 population such officer ahall / also be probation ofilcer. Such officer sball see that the provisions of this ' ^ act are compiled with ; when any child sabject to the prorlstons of this act fts an lubltoal truant or habitually tardy attendance officer shall notify parent 4 H (f). COMPULSOBT ATTBlTOANOg. 53S or r^ardlan, ind If the l«w la not compHod with In five days aald oAcer ah all make complaint to the Jurenllo court or any court of record; person rlolat- Inir this act shall be guilty of a mladebeanor Any city haring a scbcMl enumeration of'tijOOO or more, or two or more towns or cities having a com- bined enumemtlon of 2,(KX) or more, may employ an attendance officer. Number of offl'.ers allowcHl : Cities of 2,000 to 10,000 enumeration, one officer; 10.000 to 20.000. two; 20.000 to 30.000, three: 30.000, to 40,000, four; 40,000 or more, five or more officers ;^ach^>ol trustees or board of school commlsslonera shall apix)int ahch offlevrs who must have completed the eighth grade or the equiva- lent th^^eof. Each teacher shall Keep n ixH'ord of the attendance of all pupils between 7 and 16 y«\rs old. which rw>rd shall be open to school authorlllfs. State superintendent, a memlM^r of Stale bonni of education designated by aald board, and the aecretary of State board of charities ahall constitute the State board of truancy, which ahall be charged with the ad- ministration of this act. School conwlmtJoiiH uhall furnish books and clothing to indigent children subject to the provisions of this act, and the overseers of the poor shall ref>Jty said ct>n>orationa Scho<>l ci^nwratious may maintain a^*parate schools for incorrigible and truant children. Any child subject to the provisions of this act who habitually absents blmaelf from school may be declared by the attendance officer and aoiwrlntendent of achools of the county or of the city where eiJCh child resides a conflmied truant; such truant may bo c<»mmltted by. the juvenile court or any court of record to the Indian Hoys* School, If a boy. or to the Indian Girls' School if a gtrl. For llie expenses of carrying out Uiis-nct schixd cor|K>ratloiis may levy a tax of not exceeding 5 cents on each $100 of' taxable pro|>erty. School ennmeratora. In taking the' annua) ceusus, ahall record the place and date of birth of every child enumerated and parent or guardian ahall take oath that such record la true. School executive officer of each cor]>omtlon shall on the first day of each school jgfear fumlah truant ofiJeer with a list of children subject to the provisiona of this act See also O (a), Industrial education, general , ^ Iowa: Any person In change of any child between 7 and 16 years old who la in proper physical and mental condltlou shall cause such child to ottend some public, private, or parochial school, or to attend upon equivalent Instruction by a competent teacher elsewhere for at least 24 consecutive school wet^ka in each fi^'h<>oI year, but directors in cities of first and second classes may re- quire attendance for the entire ‘term ; tills section shall not nj^ly to children living more than 2 miles from school unless transiwrtatlon is provided, nor to those excused by u court of record, nor to those temporarily receiving re- ligious Inst motion, nor to those over 14 who are regularly employed or have qualifications equivalent to graduation from the eighth grade. Principals of private and parochial schools shall report annually, and on Individual cases when required, the attendance of ^11 children In said, schools; parent or guardian having child Instructed by a private teacher shall likewise report to secretary of board; any person having a child physically or mentally unable to attend school shall give proof of the same. Any school corporation may esUbllsh a truant school: habitually vagrant, disorderly, or Incorrigible children may by a court of record be committed to one of the State Industrial schools. Any school corporation may, and any such corporation having a population of 20.000 or more ahall. appoint one or more truant officers; It shall be the duty of said truant officer to take Into custody without warrant any child between 7 «hd 16 who absents himself from school without excuse and place said chUd In a school which he U enUUed (o attend. When child ERIC STAXB 1LA:WJ^, IPVBf^ mpCAXlOIS. - to attend echei^lor to act pn>perly in scIiooL where pUced ;^Urectoni may remoye child tberefrom and place hlxn In a traant aciiooL It aball be the duty of the dlriKtor or president of the board of directors or troanfr officer to enforce this act and to recover tbe penalties provided herein. All teachers, county superintendents, and other school o^rs shall promptly report to the secretary of Uie school corporation any violations of this act, and said secretary shall notify the president of the board, which shall take such action as the facts Justify. Directors may prescribe reasonable punish- ment for truonta. AU persons empowered to take the school census shall ffliumerate children between 7 and 10 years old in their districts, the num- ber of such childr^ not attending school, and sp far as possible ascertalu the reason i^erefor. * Kansas: Kvery person having control or charge of a child between the ages of 8 and 16 years shall cause sijch child to attend a public or private school during time such school is in session, but any child over 14 years old who can read and write the Englldi language and is. actively and regularly em- ployed for sypport of himself or those dependent upon him shall not be re- qnlred to attend longer than eight consecntlve weeks; any child who hns graduated from the common schools of the\County or been admitted to high school in any city shall be exempt; any child who Is physically or mentally , incapacitated as diown by examination by physician shall be exempt County superintendents shall divide their fe^>ectlve counties ontslde of cities of first and second qlasses.into not less than one nor more than five truancy districts, and county commissioners on nomination of superintendent shall elect n tmant officer for each district; board of education In cities shall appoint truant officers; each truant officer In his respective district shall tee that the provisions of this act are curried out ; on receiving complaint that child sub- ject to the provisions of this act is habitually absent from school he shall , give notice to persbp In charge of such child, and if child Is not In school within five days he shall proceed against sfild person in charge before thotice of truant officers. In taldng sphool cen^ enumerators shall take name, place, and date sf birth of each child enumerated and parent qr, guardian shall take oath to such fa^ Bvery person, company, oofporatlbn^ or.aasodatlon having charge of any deaf, dumb, or blind child between 7 and 21 years old shaU cause such <^Ud to att^- some suitable scbopl where, deaf and^lind ore educated; I sUlled private inatmcUou may be sobatltnted. Cblldren In aaylama g|iail be educated. Kentn<^: Parent or imardian la any dty of first, second, third, or fourth class havlni^ control or supervision of any child betweai 7 and 16 years bid, Indhsive, shall cauM such child ** to attend some public or private day or parochial school’* regularly for full term of such school, larovided it Is not shorter than that of the pubUc schools; this act shaU not apply* when child Is taught at home In same^ branches for a like period and subject to same examination ; court may order child to submit to such examination by^ city superintendent Board of educaUon may excuse child If not In proper, physical or mental condition ; failure to cofiiply with act or fal punishable by fine or imprisonment or both; parent or gua in his own defense that he can not compel compliance, then child shall proceeded against as delinquent; official record of age required; fines and penalties go to public schoola In July in each year board of education in dtles of first second, third, and . fourth classes shall appoint at least one person for each 10,000 school children as truant officer; In cities of first and second classes may appoint a chief truant officer to supervise, direct and control; under city school superintend- ent work of all truant officers in city. Truant officers shall exal^lne Into cases of truancy, give written notice, and proceed against parents or guardians for violation of this act or of child-labor law ; county court shall have juris- diction ; school officers and teachers required to fun^lsh report to State super- intendent ^r city superintendent workings of this law;* city superintendent of first, second, third, and fourth classes shall furnish truant offl^r list of all children between 7 and 16 years old; school principals shall report names of absentees without lawful excuse; truant ofilcer must examine case and take necessary steps to compel attendance. Proper officers in cities of first and second classes authorized to equip one or more parental or truant schools where delinquent children may b^etalned for discipline and tastrucUon; this school shall not be located outside of county; no religious lustruction shall be given In this sqfiool except siich as is allowed In j)ubtic schools; child committed to this school moy return home on probation, subject to super- vision ; any child who shall violate the terms of his probation shall return to school and not be released again within three months; If such child shall violate the terms of a second release be shall be recommitted for one year. Parents and guardians living within bounds of county school district law shall cause children between 7 and 12 yeafs old, inclusive, “to attend some public or private day or parochial school** regularly for the full common- school or traded common-school terms ; this, act not to apply If child Is being taught at home^ln same branches and is subject to same* examination as other pupils, which examination county superintendent moy order county boatd of education may excuse child If It is not In proper physical or mental condition ; , false Btktement by parent or guardian punishable by fine or Imprisonm^t or both; such person may prove in his defense that he is unable to compel com- pliance and child shall be proceeded against as delinquent; teabbers shall ^ report ' absentees and county board of educaUon shall notify parents or guardian; county court shall have jurisdiction of cases under this lair; offldal record of b^rth shhll be prod^jced as to age. Seealso A (f), Admlnlstratlv^e unlta-^lstricts. etc. ; H (g), OUld labor. LonlsUna: Parents, guardians, or custodians of children betvtpen ages pf 8 and 14 ywrs. In cities of over 26,000 inhabitants, parish of Orleans excepted. Shan send such children to the public scboole or other schioola centtnuoualy Ito WAra |i^Wna;AnK«‘ i» adtrdATioir. tn at laaat toor mantlu eaoh year, If st^ls tor tbe races are opened to receive soch minor* tor sncIi time; Ude act ahaU not apply to minors defective mentally or physically or where anch minor Is the sole dependence of Infirm peraou or a mother or slatera In neceasItoiM clrcnmatancea ; Tlolatlon of thts act shall constitute a misdemeanor punishable by fine of not less »hnn no nor more than |100. BSvory parent, guardian, or custodian residing In the parish of Orleans, hav- ing control of a child between ages of S and 14 years, shaU send such ehUd to a public, private, d^omlnatlopal, or parochial day school during time school is In session; such child may bo excused from attendance by tbe at- tendance or truant offlcers on account of defective mental or physical condl- Uon, or If child is beU^ properly Instructed at home, or If child has completed elementary course of stndy, or If school accommodations within 20 dty blocks are ina^h^. Every child between ages of 14 and 16 years shall be caused » to attend sAwl unless regularly and lawfully engaged in some useful era- ploymcDt fonat leaat six hours per day. ' See also A (cl), (bounty boards. lUnp: Towns may make such by-laws not repugnant to law conceding habitual truants and children* betweat 6 an(| 17 years old not attiring school and withont lawful occupation aa are condnctve to their welfare; pen- alty of not exceeding f20 may be annexed for -breach thereof ; such by-laws Kuat have approval of supreme Judicial court* Truant officers ahall make complaints and execnte Judgments of maglatrate; said magistrate may older children growing up In truancy and without benefit of education to be pla^ In a suitable tnsUtnUon. Every child between 7 and 16 years old and every- one between 16 and 17 who can not read at sight and write legible English sentences shall attend some public day school during Ume school Is In ses- sion; absence of one-half day or more la truancy, but school committee or s^rintendent may excuse such absence; attendance shall not be required of pupils attending an approved private school or receiving Instruction In other approved manner; committee may exclude any child whose mental or physical condition makes It Inexpedient for him to attend. All persons having control of children shall. send them to school us provided In this act; penalty for vio- lation, toe of not over |26 or Imprisonment for not over 80 days Children Uvln* rftnote from schoolhouse may be permitted to attend a school, other than a high school. In another town and home town shall pay tuition fees Bcbool committee of any city or town shall annually elect one or more truant officers, who shall Inquire Into and make complaint for violations of this act; such officers shall, when directed by suoerintendent or committee, visit mann- tocturing, mercantile, and other buslnoBB eetabllehments to ascertain whether minors under 16 years old are employed therein ; they shall report any Illegal employment to superintendent or school committee and to commissioner of labor. Owner, anperintendent, or agent of all such estabitabmenta ahall, when requested, produce such evidence of ogee of employees as he haa, toother ^th schooling certlflentes required to be filed. Truant ofllcer may be fined HO to $60 for neglect of duty ;'town falling to comply with this act may be , dq>rired of State school fund. ’ Any child absent from achbol 6 days or 10 hSU days absll be deemed on haUtual truant and shall be proceeded against • ^ person contriboOng to truancy of a child may he fined $20 or be Im- pnaoMd SO daya, . Habitual triiant, If a boy, may be committed to State School tor BoyS; Jf a girl, to Indnstrlal School for Giria. PoUce or municipal courts or trial Jnaricea ahall hare Jurisdiction. , , also ▲ (fK Admlnutrative units— districts, etc. ■■■■ a (f). 0dlia>tTIiiOBT ATIMPAWOB. ^ MmrtUutA: Brerjr child residlug In Baltimore ilty between 8 and 14 dull attend tome day achool regnlarly during entire period of each year nnleas It la elsewhere receiving regnlarly thofongh InatmcUon; auperlntendent may ex- cuse necessary absence or when mental or physical condition make It Imprac- ticable, children 14 to 16 shall be subject to these requirements nnless regu- larly and lawfuHy employed at home or elsewhere ; peirsona falling to comply with this act or Indncing children to absent themselves are guilty of a mlsde^ meanor. Board of school commissioners of Baltimore city shaU appoint one " chief attendance officer, male or fei^ale," and assistants up to 18 ; board of schoor commissioners may appoln.t for the counties such attendance officers as they deem ncessary; such officers shaU have power to arrest without war- rant any child between 8 and 16 fonnd away from home,»who Is a truant or who falls to attend school; officer shaU deliver child so arrested to the person in parental relaUon, to the^ teacher, or. If the chUd “bo a habitual or Incor^ rlglble tfnant," bring before a magistrate for juvenile causes or a justice, who may commit him to. a parental school or parole him. Mayor and city conncU of BalUmore and boards of school commissioners for the counties may estab- lish parental schools for chlldrra between 8 and 16 who are habitual tmante; two or more, boards may jolnUy establish such school; police commissioners of Baltimore ahaU take census of aU children 6 to 16 and furnish such record to school board; principal of every public or private school shall report names of aU children enrolled who without cause miss three days or equivalent thereof within eight weeks; attendance officers may visit aU establishments where minors are employed and may require that cer- Oflcates provided for minors bo produced; violations constitute a mlsde- mennor. Every chUd In any county In the State 8 to 14 shaU attend some day school regularly, “In no case less than four months,” nnless U Is receiving regularly thorough Instruction elsewhere; superintendent may excuK necessary ab- wnce and on account of mental or physical condlUon ; children 14 to 16 sub- ject to requirements of this act “nnless regularly and lawfully employed at home or elsewhere”; certain counties exempted from this act and remain under act of 1902. Bvery deaf or blind child 6 to 10 ahall attend achool for scholaatic year unless regularly receiving thorough Instruction elsewhere; superintendent may racuse; If parent Is nnanclally unable to pay cost of transportation, school ahall pay It; failure to comply with this act, or Inducing child to absent him- self, a misdemeanor; principals and truant officers shall furnish boards names u 1 * '’“f- feebleminded children who do not attend school; boards Shall certify these names to principals of State schools. Massachnsetta: Every.chlld between 7 and 14 years old, every child nnder 16 years old who,/»n not read, write, and spell In the English language as Is re- quired to complete the fourth grade of the public schools, and every child nnder 16 years old who' has not received an employment certl6cate and Is not engaged In some employment for at least six hours per day or has not the written permission of the superintendent to engage In profitable employ- • ment at home, shaU attend a irabUc day school In his dty or town of some Other day school approved by the school committee during the entire time the public schools are in session^ subject to such exceptions as are hereinafter provided; such attendance shaU not be required of mentally or physically Incapadtoted children or of children being Instructed In a manner approved by the superintendent of schools; superintendent, or teachers whisn authorised by superlntendrat, may excuse cases of neressary absence for other ckuses tw8 BXAXB ULWS -BBLAHira TO F^UO ^irCATIOV. not excoedlng fire e required. No child shall be granted such cer- tificate who is not able to read and write simple sentences in Kngllah. Em- ployment certificate shall state place and date of birth of holder thereof, and shall give physical description of ohlld. School officials granUng employ- ment certificates shall certify the same to the State cohimlssloner of labor. No person under 10 years old shall be permitted to work at any gainful occu- pation more than 4S hours In any one week, nor more than eight hours per day. or between 7 o’clock p. m. and 7 a. m. Any violation of employment law shall be deemed a misdemeanor. Truant offlcei’S shall have access to oil places where children are employed. No child under 16 years old shall be engaged In any employment dangerous to life, health, or morals. No boy under 18 years old. shall be employed as*a messenger for a telegraph or mes- senger company before 6 o’clock a. m. or after 9 o’clock p. m.; and no girl under 21 years old shall be thus employed ot any time; a violation of these provisions shall be a mlsdetneanor. When an employed child shall appear un- able to perform work requted, employer shall be required to secure the ap- proval of a Reputable physl^an In order to continue such employment. See also T (b). Schools for the deaf. Uissoait; Every person In charge of any child between 8 and 14 years old shall cause such child to attend some day public, private, or parochial school during at least Uiree-fourths of the time such school Is In session, or aball give such child approved instruction at home; every person In charge of a child between 14 and 16 who Is not lawfully employed shall cause said child to attend school. Exemptions: Vhen person in charge Is unable to provide clothing, when child is physically or mentally Incapacitated, when there is no public school within 2i miles by the nearest road, or when child has completed the common-school course. The school board of any district having 1.000 or more Inhabitants shall appoint and remove at pleasure one or more attendance officers to enforce the provisions of this act The secretary of the board In any city, town, or village, or the clerk in other district shall at the beginning of the term furnish the teacher with a copy of the last enumeration; teacher shoU compare enumeration with enrollment and report to attendance o^cer the names of nonattendants. Secretaries and clerks of boards shaU, before the end of the first thrfee-quarters of the school term, report to county superintendent names of persons having charge of children In their districts who arb not complying with the provisions of this act; county superintendent shall report those not complying to the prosecuting attorney, who shall proceed as In other misdemeanor cases. The school board In any district having 10,000 or more inhabitants may establish qnd maintain from public-school funds one or more schools for truant and Incor- rigible pupils or pupils who require special attention and Instruction; such board may establish and maintain a parental school fbr the education of any child resident who is adjudged to be delinquent, and committed to It by a court of competent JurlsdlcUon ; but for every child thus committed there shall be paid to the board of education, out of the general treasury of said city dr county, $10 per month. Attendance officers shall give notice to parents guardians not complying with this act, and parent or guardian % ■ . V. ■ ■ ■ ' TL^' 642 STATB LAWS BBLATTNO TO PUBLIC KDUCATIOK. not compijliig within 10 days after such noUce shall be gollty of misde- meanor. Every school board In the State shall, 10 days before school opens eat* year, pablish a synopsis of this act In a newspaper or by posting copies or toe. samei. Montana: All persons having charge of children shall instruct them or oause them to be instructed In reading, siielllng, writing, language. English gram- ^r, geography, history and civics, physiology and hygiene, and arithmetic km7 ® ye"™ old shall send such . child to a public or private school for full term, but such term shall not be less tlian 16 weeks; superintendent, clerk of school board not having super- intendent. or principal of private school may excuse child whose bodily or mental condition does not permit of attendance, or such authority may excuse child being properly instructed at home; county superintendent may excuse children living at too great distance from school; all children between H and 16 years old not regularly employetl shall attend school'for full term • ^rson having charge of child between 8 aud 14 and not complying wltli this act shall be fined |5 to $20., No child under 14 years old shall be employed by any person, firm, or corporation while schools are In session unless such child shall produce an age-and-schoollng certlfltate, which shall be iMued upon proof of age of child and of his having completed the studies menflbned In first section of this act; If child bo, between 14 and 16 years old he must be able to read Intelligently and write legibly the English' lan- guage before being employed; employer shall keep age-and-schoollng cortifl-' cate open to InspecUon of truant officer; employer violating this section ^aU be fined $25 to $60. In districts of first aud second classes school ^rd shall appoint one or more truant officers; In districts of third class board Inny appoint a constable or other person ns truant officer- where no such officer is appointed county superintendent shall act; compensation' shall be fixed by board appointing. Truant officers shall have police powers, may enter places of employment to Inspect child labor, shall take Into custody minors required to be In school and return them to school shnll institute proceedings against violators of this chapter, and perform such ^er duUes as may be deemed necessary by superintendent or school board Principals and teachers shnll report to district clerk nnme^ ages, and resP dences of all pupils In attendance; they shall also re|)ort to truant officer, superintendent, or clerk all cases of truamey or Incorrigibility In their schools. When any child between 8 and 14, or any child between 14 and 16 who can not read and write, or who Is not regularly employed. Is not attend- ing school as required, truant officer shnll notify person In charge of such child that It must be In school within two days; if person so having charge fall to cause such child to attend school within prescribed time, truant officer shall make complaint to court of competent Jurisdiction agnlnst such person and court may fine such person $6 to $20 or may require bond of $100 con- ditioned on sending child to school. Every child required to go to school who is an habitual truant, or. Is Incorrigible In school or who Is Immoral or wanflers about streets and public places during school hours shall be deemed a Juvenile disorderly person. If person m charge of child Is unable to cause chUd to attend school as required, truant officer shall make com- plaint against such child, and district court may. If child be found to be a JuvenUe disorderly person, commit to State Industrial school. If a child Is unhble to attend school because of having to work for support of those «tltled to Its services and who are unable to support themselves, truant H (f). COMPULSOBT ATTENDANCm. 6^ officer shall report case to anthoritles ia charge of relief of the poor* and authorities shall afford such relief ns will enable child to attend school. School board shall furnish books, medical old. and clothing where necessary. See also A (c2), County officers. Nebraska: In school districts other than city and metropolitan districts every person having charge of any chiid not less than 7 nor more than years old shall* during each school year, cause said child to nitcnd the public day school for not less than 12 weeks ; if schools in such districts shall be In ses- sion more than 12 weeks in the year* said child shall be caused to attend school not less than two-thirds of such time. In city and .metropplitan dis- tricts children shall attend the public dny school for entire time such school^ is in session if such children arc not less than 7 nor more than 16 years old. Children shall be exempt from these provisions if for the required j)erlod of attendance they shall attend a private or parochial school; or shall be in- slructed at home or elsewhere by n qunllded i^erson; or where, being 14 years old, they shall be employed for their own support or support of those actually dependent upon them, but such children may be required to attend evening schools; or if they are physically or mentally incapacitated for school work; or if they live mere than 2 miles from the schoolhouse and free transportation is not furnished. All x>er8on8 of from 7 to 18 years old who, by reason of partial or total blindness or deafness, are unable to obtain an education in ^ the public schools, shall be required to attend the Institute tqr thej-hUnd or tlie school for the deiif. finless such [>er8fin8 are being privately Plicated, or unless Uiey ore not subject for admission to the denf and dumb and blind Institute of Ncbi*nska. Teachers In schools other than public schools shall keep complete records of students and make reimrts to comity superintendent on blanks prepnreil by State sui»erintendent ; In city districts such teachers shall make reiiorts to city 8Ui>erIntendent. Boards of education In cities, vil- lages, and metropolitan cities sh(j[ll appoint one or more trui^nt officers, who shall qualify as police officers, and who shall enforce the attendance law; compensation of truant officers shall be fixed by board and paid out of general school fund. In all school districts it shall be the duty of teachers and school officials, who shall know of violations of the attendance law, to report the same to the county superintendent; county superintendent shall warn per- sons In control of children so violating the attendance law, and npon con- tinued failure to abide by said law, county superintendent may enter action against such persons before the county judge; If the violation occurs In any city, superintendent may file complaint before the police judge. A violation of compulsory-attendance law shall be deemed n misdemeanor. The board of education in cltl^ may establish and conduct special schools for the in- struction of (rfiildren who can not profitably or properly be cared for In the usual schools. An' annual school censbs shall be mad^ of school children. Nevada: Each parent or guardian having control of any child between 8 and 16 years old ahull be required to send such child to school In district where child resides during time school Is In session. Child shall be excused from attendance when eight grades of prescribed grammar-school course have been completed, when attending a private school of equal rank to public school, when labdr^of such child is necessary for its own or Its parents* sup-, port, or when residing at such a distance from school that attendance Is impracticable or unsafe. A child absent from school three days without a valid excuse shall be deemed a truant; part-day absence is counted as whole day; notice of truancy shall be sent to parents or guardians; a second offense bHtb laws bblatiho to public BOUOATIOH. "1 ' of ooe daj*9 ftt>senc8 without valid excune U deezoed tinancy; a child who la a truant three or more times In one year shall be darned an habitual truant Any parent or guardian, after being notified "of a child's truancy, and who fails to prevent subseQuent truancy, shall be deemed guilty of n misdemeanor. Trustees may appoint truant officers, fix compenwitlon, and prescribe duties of same. Truant officers may arrest, without warrant, 'any child between 8 and 16 yeors did who has been reported to him as an unexcused absentee. Trustees may set aside ei)ecinl rooms and elect si)eclal teachers for insubordi- nate pupils and trunnta but such pupils may be restored to their original classes upon good behavior. Any person employing child of school age, or Inducing absence of sucb cUIld unlawfully, shall be deemed guilty of a mis- demeonor. Whenever the United States Government causes to be erecteil and maintained n school for general educntlonnl purposes in Nevada, eligible children between 8 and 18 years old shall be required to attend, but free transportation shall be furnished such children, unless residing less than 10 miles therefrom. New Hampshire: No person shall attend school In n district of whicb he Is not an luhabltnut without consent of district or school board. No child shall attend school unless he has been vaccinated or has had smallpox unless be is unfit for vaccination. No child Infected* with a comni^icnble diseast* shall be allowed to attend school. Any i)erson knowlngl^vlolotlng this provision shall be fined |10 for each offense. School board may dismiss any child from school for Just cause. No child assigned to any school by the board may attend another school until assigned thereto. If any pupil after notice shall attend or visit a schot)l which he has no right to attend, he shall bo fined $5 for first offense and $10 for nny subsequent offeuse or be Im- prisoned not exceeding 30 days. Districts may make by-luw’S regarding at- tendance of children uix)n school. Every person having control of a child between tlie ages of 8 and 1-1 years or of a child under 10 years old. unless such child has' completed the course in the elet^ientary schools, shall cause such child to attend the public school all the time such school is in session unless child is excused because his mental or physical 'condition Is such as to prevent his attendance or because he Is Instructed In an approved private school for the proper length of time. Violators of these provisions aha II be fined $10 for flrsrt offense and $20 for every subsequent offense; but In case nny j>erson in control of a child deenin, it to he Against the moral and physjcnl w^elfare of such child to attend the particular school required by law after notice to school board of such school the State superintendent may order the child to attend another school in the same or in another district, the resident district of such child paying expenses incident to education of child so transferred. Any person not a pupil who shall wilfully disturb any school shall be fined not exceeding $50 or be Imprisoned not exceeding 30 days. No certlflcnte shall be Issued for attending any private school unless the school board of district In which such private school la located shall deem such private school equiva^nt to public school. No child under 14 years old shall be employed or permitted or suffered to work In, at>out, or in connection with any mill, factory, workshop, quarry, mercantile khop, store, business office, telegraph or tdepbohe office, res* tatur^t, bSk^, hotel, barber ^op, apartment bouse, bootblack stand or par- f, or In the transmission of merchandise or roessag^. No child under 18 old shall be allowed or permitted or suffered to work in any, of fore- bing emunerated estabUsbtn^ts during time scbopl icr in sessiou unless he -■ ■ ■ ■ '■ , " - "V ' f H (f). 00ICPVL8OBT ArEBHBAKOB. 54S can Md UDdentandlit|l7 and wilte ieglblr ilinplB aeiitaieM In the Sidlali ■ langoa^ ; bot where a child over 14 ^eare old ahall have attended an Sbigllah* taught echool regularly for three years and la mentaUy Incapable of Uwi.^t«g ^ ***** write, simple Bngllah aenteucee the State superintendent may Issue an employment permit to such child. When requested by Stete super- intendent, the.-8tate board of health ahall cause an ImmecUon of any place -In which children ubder the age of 10 are employed and require the discharge of any child who can not coqtlnue to be employed without undue risk to health. No boy under 10 and ilfo girl under 10 years old shall sell or expose for sale newspapers, maguxloes, periodicals, or other merchandise in any street or public place. No child ahall work as bootblack In any street or public place unless, over 10 years old. No person under 18 years old shall be employed as a messenger for a telegraph, telephone, or messenger com- pany la the dUtrlbntlon. transmission, or delivery of goods or messages be- tween 10 p. m. and 5 a. m. No boy under 16 and uo girl under 18 years old » shall be employed at any gainful occuixiUon other than domestic service or work on the farm more thnu 68 hours In any one week nor more thaq li* - hours In any one day nor between 7 p, m. arid 0.30 a. m.. except that minors 16 years old or over may work In retaU stores aud telephone exchanges until 10 o’clock In the evening. Boys 14 years or over may deliver newspaper routes after 6 o’clock In the morning, and boys 12 years old or Over may deliver uewsi)ai>er routes between 4 and 8 o’clock In the evening. No child under 16 years old shall be employed In any of the establishments herein- before enuiuerateil without on employment certlflcate. Employment certlll- cales Bluril be Issued only by suiurlnteudenta of schooU or. where therri U no superintendent, by a person authorized by school board; but no person so authorized shall hove authority to Issue certldcate to any child about to enter such person’s own employment or the employment of any firm or corporation of which he is a niember, olBcer, or employee. The person authorized to Issue employment certificates shall approve and file the fol- lowing before Issuing such certificates ; School record of child; passport or certificate of birth showing dale and plqce of birth; cerUfidate from board of health showing that child la physically able to perform work which he In- tends to do. No child shall receive certlflcate until personally by person Issuing the same. Employment certificates shall give full physical de- Kriptlon of child. Superlntebdent of schools or other aofhorlzed person shall keep a record of all employment certifleafea Issqed. Blank forma for such records shall be prescribed by State superintendent Truant officers shall enforce emjdoyment provisions, and for such purpose shall have power ' to serve wo -rants. State superlutendent shall' appoint not exceeding three State Inspectors, who ^all be paid necessary expenses and compensation *, not to exceed ^^00 per year each; ahall devote entire time to work. In- spectora ahall inspect places where minors are employed; shall have power to serve warrmits. State superintendent may employ coimael to enforce provisions of employment law; ahall report to echool Boards rpladvo effl- clency of truant officers. Governor, with advice of council, may require school boards to appoint additional truant officers; may require removal of inefficient truant officers. Whoever employs or In control of a chlid permlte such child to be employed In violation of provisions of chlld-labor laws shall be fined not less than $5 nor more than |200, or be Imprisoned for not less then 10 nor more than 80 days, or hoqt. Befusal by an employer to pro- duce any employment certlflcate required by this act atall be prime &cle evidence of Illegal employment Any superintendent of schooU or otW per- ' 8866'— 15 86 546 0TATB LAWB ULATIHQ TO-FUBUO WUOATION. mi Infulng «Dplo7ni«nt oertiflcvtM wbo telUi to comply with the proTlskmn of this act'Shall be llaed not leai than $A nor more than $25. The aum of $^JSOO U annnaliy appropriated for the piirpoeea of this act. See alao A (d), Dlatiicl boards and officers; V (e). Schools for dependenta and delinqueots. 1 New /orsey: The terms “supervisor of school -exemption Cert tflra tea,” "s^e and erhoollny certificate/* "afpe nml working -certtflcnte/’ and “ omployen*’ certificate'* are defoed In the law. Every parent, fpiardlan. or cuauxllan of a child between aisea of 7 and 10 years ahal! cause such child to attend a'day school In which at least reading. wrfUnR. si>e111nfr. Enyllsh fcranmuir, arithmetic^ and fceofcraphy are tauybt In the F^nglish lanytinfre by a com petent teecber. or to receive equivalent Instruction elsewhere than at school, unless such child Is above afte of 14 years, has l>een grautt’d an age and schooling certificate, and Is regularly and lawfully employed in ai>nie oocupa- tton or service; attendance shall be for entire time schools are in session, nnless mental or bodily condition of child shall prevent such nttendanee Age and schooling certificates and age and working certificates may be granted t*y tbe snpervlsor of school-exemption corf Iflcn tea In school district where child reffidee upon appltcntlon of parent, guardian, or custodian of tlie child; any person who shall falsely swear as to the age of a child shall guilty of perjury; before any such certificate shall l*e granted the child must be examines] by ti roel, or has bod equivalent instruction, for at least laO days during V2 months Immediately preceding application, is able to read and write simple English sentences, has completed course of study equivalent to five yearly grades In rending, writing. speUing, English language, geog raphy» and elementary arithmetic; such certificate shall state color, name, sex, jind other facts relative to the child; such certificates must be approve^l by commtsaloner of lalwr: officer iRsuIng such certificates shall keep a reconl of the same; such^wtlficates must l>e filed with employers, who shall re- turn aanjG upon coition of employment: 'employers shall file employer.v ■certificates with suix^rvisor of school-exemption certificates; ccrtlfifatea may for cnuffc be canceled by commissioner of lalx>r. A siij^erviaor of school - exemption certificates may issue age and working certificates to children between ages of 10 and 1« yenn*. permitting employment in certain trades during time 8ch(X)l8 are not In session, but not between hours of 7 p. m. and 6 a, m. E\’ery child between ages of 7 and 14 years* and every child be- tween ages of 14 and 10 years not Iaw^^lIy employed, who shall habitually absent hlmaelf from school or Is guilty of unbecoming conduct sfiall be deemed delinquent Any parent, guardian, or custodian who shall fall to cause a child to attend school as recpilree!led to attend. The directors of sny district may purchase for and loau to any Indigent child, textbooks, the cost of books for any district for such purpose not to exceed $50 per year, the same to be paid out of the district school fund. County siuteriniendentH shall require directors to comply with the oompulsory nttendance luwr presiding Judges of the district ahhU give, at e»»rh swislon of the court, tl»e subsiaiice of this law to their rcapitctive grand Juries SMd district attorneys sliall proeecute nil violators of snjtl law; fines c<»Ilect«l for violiiilons of the coinpulsory nttendniire law shall be placed to the credit of the prt»|>er district. No child shall be refus'd admission to the public schmds on account of race or uatlonnllty; any teaCher or school offlclni-who slmlt refuse to rt'celve uny pupil in whool. the said pupil being entitled to attend st'hool. shall l>o guilty of a ntlsdemeanor. and uiwn con- victlon shall l>e forever lmrreerlntendeut is requlx«d to summarily remove from office anyone violating said provisions, and upon failure to do so he slinll l>c removed from office by the State superlntendeot Public schools in «ich city and town Rhull be free, and shall be op«*n to children between 5 and 20 yeors old; when ucconmio<1ntions are Insufficient, children 5 to 7 years old may l>e excluded for time being; said schools shall be oi»en for not leas than 5 nor more than 10 months In any one year. New. York: Instruction required shall be. (1) at a public school in, at least the branches of reading, sidling, writing. oritlimeUc, Kng’lsh language, and geograi>hy taught In English. or,(2) elsewhere thiin at public schools In same subjects tj'iught In English by a competent teacher. Every chi d within com- pulsory school age In cities and districts of 6.000 or more luhabltanU and employing a sui>erlutendent shall, when In proi>er physical and mental con* ditlon, attend ui>on Instruction; when between ages of 7 and 14 years, for full session of at least IW days; between ages of 14 and 10 years, uuless lawfully emp oyed, and possessing an employment certificate for full ses^on. In other districts each child between 8 and 14 years of age shall attend full time, and those between 14 and 10 years shall, unless lanTully employed, attend full time. Al! blind children, except those receiving apiiolntments, are included under th^se provisions. Every boy between ages of 14 and 10 yc^rs residing In a city «f the first or second class and In possession of an employment cer^ tifleate, who has not completed elementary school course, shall attend evening schools for at least 16 weeks of alx hours each. In cities and districts main- taining part-time and continuation classes, persons hetw^n ages of 14 and • 16 years In possession of employment certificates, and who have not com- pleted elementaty schools, may be required to attend such classes for at (Btin 'mwB itbtroiLxif^. HWlk lenst 8& w^tioi per .year* at not leM tlum four nor more than eight hours per weeh« between 8 o'^ocfc a. m. and 0 o'clock p. ra. Attendance apon part-Ume or continuation classes shall exempt attendance upon evening schools. In- I etmctlcHi and attel^dance at otl^r than public schools shall In all wajs be , eijolyalent to r^nirements public schoola Persens In parental relation , sh^l. cause children of school age to attend school In conformity to com- pulsory attendance reonirementa; a violation of this provision shall be a ^ misdemeanor. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation : (1) To employ any child under 14 years old during time public schools aro In ses- sion; (2) to employ, elsewhere than in a city, of first or second class, In a factory or mercantile establishment business or telegraph ofllce, restaurant ^tet apartment boose, or as a messenger, any child between 14 and 16 years of age who dora not possess an employment certificate and a school-record cerUflcate; (8) to employ any child between ages of 14 and 16 years In a city of the first or second class who does hot possess an employment cer- tiflbate. The employer of any child between ag^s of 14 and 16 years shall display in place of employment the employment cerUflcate of such child, and his part-time, contlnuaUon, or evening-school cerUflcate Issued by the school authorities; a vlolaUon of this provision shall be a misdemeanor. Teachers ahaU keep attendance record pf children between ages of 7 and 16 years. A school-record cerUflcate shall show that holder has attend^ school for at least 190 days during the 12 months next preceding his fourteenth birthday or during the 12 months next preceding his application for such school record, that he has completed subjects of first six years of elementary school or equivalent thereof, and shall give name of parent, guardian or custodian, and child's residence and date of birth. In a city of first class, school-record certificates shall be issued by principal or chief execuUve of a school; In dUes and districts of 6,000 populaUon or more and employing a superintendent of schools by such superintendent; In other districts by the prlndpal teacher. School authorities shall Issue to children attending evening, part-time, or conUnuaUon schools certificates of such attendance. The school authorlUes of each dty, union free district, or common district whose limits Include In whole or in part an Incorporated village, shall appoint and fix duUes and compenaaUon of one or more attendance officers; the town board of eacM town aball appblnt, subject to approval of school commissioner of the district^ one or more attendance officers, whose JurlsdlcUon shall extend over all districts not otherwise provided for, and shall fix their salaries to be a town charge. The attendaflce officer may arrest any truant child between oges of 7 and 16 years, without warrant, and return him to school, or In* case of Incorrigible or habitual tmahts, bring them before a police magistrate for commitment to a truant school; attendance officers shall report arrest of such children to school authorities of the city or district; a 'truant officer may enter places where children are ^ployed for purpose 6f examining employment certifi- cates; any employer who shall Interfere With an attendance officer or -who ahall j^efuse tp exhibit employment certificates shall be guilty of a misde- meanor. School authorities of any city or school district may. establl^ and malu^lh truant school^ hut no child convicted of crimes or mlsdemeauors, ]^er than truancy, ahaU be conmiltted thereto ; penMus In parental' relation i^li bo;^ before ^mmltihent of chlldran to such schools; commitment ,^(ieed two and po child shall be confined In snch school after , M old; truants may be to ‘suitable private InstitnUops ' blxm by school authorities and persons in control of upch '*tU4tltntlons'; If necemry, school authorities may propeed against tmant vcliudx^'ahd ^nvlction tb(U%oir, oiinmlt them to some suitable troant ■' i .Vif Wi'i r T ‘ . 5b (f). COMFULSO^t iTirtinBiWOB. ’ 64d Bdtool or Uk6 Uurtltntloin ; childiWso committed may, fior good cattse, be paroled or restored to their original dasaes; every child sa^traded. for more than one week shall attend thb ttpant echool during period of snspenslon ; school authorities of any city or.dl^rlbt may contract with other dUee or districts for the care^of truant chlldrmi; industrial training shall be fui> nished In every truant school ; In cities and districts employing a superintend- ent, charges Incurred relative to- truant children shall be met by such city or district; In *911 other districts by the county. Commissioner of education may withhold one*half of public moneys from any district falling to con- form to compulsory education law. See also H (h). Separation of the races. North Carolina: Person In charge of child between 8 and 12 y%ars old shall cause such child to attend echool four months In the year; county board of edncation or boar^ of trustees in towns and cities qf over 2,000 inhabitants may determine at what tln^e In the year i^riod of compulsion shall begin; attwidance at private school may be accepted In lieu of attendance at public school, but such private school shall keep records and make reports as re- quired. This |ct shall not apply to child whose physical or mental condition Is such as to render attendance impracticable or Inexpedient, or to-chlld resid- ing 2} miles or mdre from schoolhouse, or to cblld whose wrvlces are needed for Its own support or support of parents, or to child whose parent or guar- dian may show himself unable to provide books and Nothing, but last-men- tioned shall attend If provided with books and clothing from other sources. Parent, guardian, or other person violating this act may be Oned $5 to |25, but first fine may be suspended until second offense; three da3rs after notice by attendance ofiScer every day of absence of child constitutes a separate offense. County board of education In each county shall appoint and remove at will one attendance-offleer for each .township to wiforc^ the provisions of this act and to take annual school census of persons between 6 and 21 years old; he shall receive 8 cents for each child enumerated, 25 cents for serving notice on parent or guardian when conviction results, and such other compensation as county board may allow ; school trustees of any town or city of over 5,000 > inhabitants may appoint an attendance oflScer and fir his compensation. Principal or teacher shall report ’weekly to attendance officer and county superintendent regarding attendance of children 8 to 12 years old; for fhllnro to do so teacher shall forfeit $5 of monthly salary. Oonpty board of educa- tion may annually make rules and regulations modifying the machinery for enforcing this act, but they mpy not revoke the general and fubdamental prin- ciple that all children between 8 and 12 years old shall att^ school. See also T (b), Schools for the deaf. North Dakota: Every person In control of a child between 8 and 16 years old shall send such child to a public school during the entire time such school is In session ; every person In control of any deaf, blind, or feeble-minded child or youth between 7 and 21 years old shall send such child to the school for the deaf, school for the blind, or Institution for the feeble-minded, as the case requires, for the entire school- term, S^emptiana from proviHqna aa to dees between 7 and 16: (1) If child is taught yor the same length of time In a private school approved by the county superlntepdent, subject to appeal to State supef Intendi^t ; (2) If child Is actually necessary *^to the support of the family; (8) If cluld has alreody acquire the branches taught In the public schools; (4) if child Is mentally or phyi^ally Incapable; (6) If child jUves more than 2| miles from the i^oolhoose, except In the case of con* soUda^ jichools where transportatlon-lsyfumlshed. In every 'district where !M' 4 WW'» ,|W) m I U|H^J |I|| i I HM PUM 1 ; coluoUdated schools are n6t esUblisbed the school board shall divide the dls- trict Inj^ aones and famish trai^sportatlOn to pupils living more than 11 milSb fiiom school. Zone No. 1, pupils living 11 to 21 miles from school,; zone No. 2» pupils living 21 to 81 miles from school ; zone No. 8, pnpUs living more than 81 miles from school ; price of transportation for second zone shall be one and one-half times that for first zone ; price for third zone two times that for first zone. This provision regarding transportation shall not apply to deaf* blind, and feeble-minded children. Superintendent* principal or teacher, and county^ superintendent shall inquire Into cases of neglect to comply with this act and shall report to the State’s attorney. Board of any city or school district having more than 600 inhabitants may employ a truant officer. Ohio: All parents, guardians, and other persons who have care of children, shall instruct them or cause them to be instructed in reading, writing, Ehig- Ush grammar* geography, and arithmetic; rach parent, guardian, or. other person In charge of any chfid between 8 and 15 years old, If a male, and 16 years old. If a female, must send child to a public, private, or parochial school for entire time such school Is in session, which time shall not be less than 28 Weeks ; such attendance shall begin flr^ week of school unless child Is excused by proper school official for Just cause or Is instructed at home, All children between ages of 16 and 16 years, not engaged In some regular employment, shall attend school for full term. No hoy under 16 years old and no girl under 18 years old shall be employed daring school term, unless such child shall possess an age and schooling certificate; to obtain such certificate, any male shall he over 15 years old and shall have taken slxth-grade test, and any female shall be over 16 years old and shall have taken seventb>grade test; residents of other States working in Ohio slmll comply with such require- ments The superintendent of schools, or person authorized by him to issue age and schooling certificates, shall not issue such certificate until be has filed following papers: (l)T^ledge of employer to legally employ child; (2) school . record -of such ^lld; (8) birth certiflcote of such child or proof of time of birth; (4) certllicate from schooKphyslclan that child Is able to work. Vaca-, tion employment certificates may be Issued to boys under 16 years and girls under 18 years, even though such child may not have completed the sixth grade. All minors over 15 and under 16 years, who have not passed sixth- grade test in required subjects i^ll attend school. Any board of education may require children, between ages of 16 and 16 years who are employed, to attend continuation schools not to exceed eight hoars per week between hours of 8 a, m, and 5 p. m. In city districts, board of education shall appoint a truant officer and assistant truant officers, and In other districts, the constable or other person shall act as truant officer; compensation of such officers shall be fixed by the board of education; such officers shall be vested with police powers; truant officers shall keeps record of their work. Special courses of instruction may he used for children who are unable to moke progress in regular courses. Truant offlceris shall report cases of truancy to parents, guar- dians, or other persons In charge of children, and If child guilty of truancy in not returned to school within two days, said ofllcer shall report parents, ^rdlans, or persona in control to the proper court. If persons In control ^ otf rodl cUl^ pTOvS unable to cause his attendance at school, such child ' be (^mmitted to some InsMtutloh maintain^ for the care of such ' cKthdren. iNo child over 10 ypars bid shall he committed to a county children's < home. A child committed to any Juvenile reformatory shall not he detained therd beyond age of 16 years, and may be released sodner by trustees tor good Incsr^ in the transportation aiid cpmmitment of children B (f). (MlCPtumBY &!TT8Bi>AB0lL 661 to reformatories diaU be paid by the coanty. The tmant officer may foimlsh hooka and other relief to any child who otherwise would be unoble to ott^d school ; such child shall not be declared to be a pauper because of acceptance of such aid. Truant officers shall annually report to the judge of the JuTenlle court of their respective counties nomes, ages, and residence of all children between ages of 8 and 18 years, with names and addresses of parents or guardians, and facts concerning the educational status of such children. In case of complaint against a child Involving commitment to some institution, the board of county visitors shall be notified to protect the Interest of such child. Boards of education may employ attorney under compulsory educa* tlon law, to be paid out of contingent fund. Bee also T (b ) , Schools for the deaf. Oklahoma: Every person In control of a child over 8 years old and under 16 years old shall cause such child to attend the public or other schools or to be otherwise Instructed for at least 66 per cent of time school is In session, unless said child is mentally or physically uqahle to so attend, such Inability to be determined by a properly qualified physician. Goniplaints of illegal absence from school shall be reported to justices of the peace. Books shall be fur- nisbed free to children unable to buy them, upon the recommendation of the district board to the county superintendent; county commissioners shall pay for such books. If any wldow^ mother shall make affidavit that wages of her child or children under 16 years old are necessary for her support, a “schol- arship '* shall be granted such child er children, and county commissioners shall pay to mother of such child or children amount -equal to wages of child. Any violation of this act shall constitute a misdemeanor; See also T (b), Schools for the deaf. Oregon: Every person In control or charge of a child between 0 and 15 years old shall cause such child to attend the public school during the time rach school Is in session. Exceptions: (1) Any child who is taught In a private or parochial school the branches taught in the first grades of the public school or any child who has completed Buck branches; (2) any child physically unable to attend School, as shown by a physician’s certificate; (3) any child between 9 nhd 10 living more than li miles and apy child over 10 living more than 8 miles from school, If transportation is not furnished; (4) any child being given by parent or- private teacher instruction approved by county superintendent. The district boundary board of each county shall appoint for districts of the second and third class a truant officer, who shall also be probation officer of the juvenile court In counties having less than 100,000 population; In districts of the first class the school board shall appoint a truant officer or said board may request that one or more police officers be detailed to serve as truant officera On request of a district of the second class the district boundary board shall grant such district permission to' employ a truant officer. Truant officer shall give notice to person In parental relation to child not attending school as required, and said person shall m-esent child at school on the following day ; If person in parental relation falls to comply with notice, traunt officer shall make complaint before a justice of the peace, who shall Issue a warrant for such person and try the case. Any school officer; superintendent, principal, toaOher, ot other person tolling to perform dudes Imposed may be fined by Justice of the peace not less than |5 nor more than |20. In districts of the second and third classes district clerk shall at opening of school furnish teacher or principal with school census, and such t^icher or jprinclpal shall eveiy four wedcs compare 5SS BTATB LAWS aMAmwj lO PUBLIC BDUOATIOH. tbe iajDe with enroUm^t and thall report accordingly to secretary 6f the district boundary board ai^ said board shall report to proper truant ofllcer.^ in districts of the flrat'claBS clerk shall report census to sap^intendeut or principal, who shall compare the same withienrollment every four weeks and .ropoit accordln^y. This act shall, so far as enforceable, apply to children entitled to attend the Institutions for the deaf. and the blind; the truant officer shall annually report to county Judge the names and addresses of such children and ahall state whether parent or guardian is able to send such child to institutions as required; said Judge may send such child to such State institution, and the expenses thereof shall be paid by the county if parent or guardian is unable to pay the same. All fines collected under this act shall be credited to the school district where the person convicted resides. PennsylTanln: Every child between 6 and 21 years old may attend the public schoola Admission of beginners shall be confined to two periods, namely, daring the first two weeks of the school term, and 'during the first ttro weeks fdllowlng January 1; beginners becoming 6 years old before January 1 ahall be admitted at beginning of school, and those becoming 6 years old between January 1 anbetween 8 and 16 years old can not be kept in BChool on account of bad conduct, the proper school ofilclal may proceed against said child before the juvenile court, or otheiyvfse. State board of education is authorized to educate blind children under 8 years old, and with written consent of those in authority over such children, such children may be placed In any nonsdctarlan school at a cost of no more than |1 per day to the State. o ERIC '!TF» 664 ' 8TATB IA.W8 fiBIAUKO TO. PtTBLtO EDtTOATtON, Rhode MoBd: E>rery person In control of a cblld between agea of 7 and 16 years thall cause snch child to attend the public achool, or private school or private instruction of equal time and of eQual standard, for entire time sUch school is in session, unless such child sh^U have completed first eight years . of elementary school work, exclusive of kindergorteot or shall be legally em- ployed after 14 years of age; any violation of this provision by person in control of child shall be punishable by fine of $20, unless said child shall be mentally or physically defective, destitute of suitable clothing, or prevented from attendance by some regulation ^of. the school. The school committee of each city or town, or of two or more towns Jointly, shall annually appoint one or more truant officers and fix their compensation. "Truant officers may visit any place where minors under 16 years old are employed to see that em- idoyment law 'is being complied with, and may demand semiannual reports from employers of mlnors^under 10 years old so employed; employers shall, when requested by truant officers, produce employment certificates of minors; falling so to do any employer may be fined not exceeding $10. Any child who is an habit^l truant or habitual school offender, and upon conviction by any court or magistrate shall be committed to the Sockunosset School for Boys or to the Oaklawn School for Girls for a period not exceeding his minority; but such child may first be committed to care of probation or truant ofilcer or to State board of charities and cbrrectlops ; upon being reformed such child shad be discharged; all fines received under this chapter shall be paid Into School fund of the town ; the district courts of the State shall have Jurisdiction over cases arising under this chapter. See^alsoA (d), glstrlct boardsand officers; T (b). Schools for the deaf. South Dakota: Every person In charge of say child between 8 and 14 years old shall send such child to n public or private school during the time the ppblic schools are in session, hut district board may decrease thp requite term to not less than 10 weeks annually. Ejremptiorur: Children otherwise Instructed In the common-school branches by competent persons; children having already acquired the branches taught In the public schools; children whose mental or physical condition Is such ns to render attendance unsafe or impracticable; 'Children «whose atteudance. If required, would not be humane. The board of education of a city or town Independent district shall appoint a truant officer; county superintendent sh»ll be ex officio truant officer for air other districts. It shall be the duty of the -truant officer, teacher, member, or agent of the school board to petition, nn^hy reputable cltlsen may petition, the county court to inquire into violations of this act; truant officer shall arrest chlfdren of compulsory attendance age who are absent from school without leave and deliver such children to teachers. Board of education of any city or town m?iy sgj aside a room and appoint teachers^ for the retention and Instruction during reasonable hours of truant and Incorrigible children. ^ Whenever the Government of the United States mnlntnlns a school In the State, and the expense of the tuition, board, lodging, and clothing of Indian pupils therein la home by the United States, persons in charge of Indian children between 0 and IS years old eligible to attend such school shall send such children to B(i\6 school for nine months In the year or during the school 'term ; children bodily or mentally unfit and those receiving Instruction In the common-school branches In some other school may be excused ; If Goverhmenr^ does not provide transportation, children shall not be require to atMd milesstbey live within 10 miles of the Bchoopnlatlon of 10,000 or more may establish a training school. Utah; Every person having control of a child between S and 16 years old shall send snch child to a public or private ^hool at least 20 weeks In the school year, and in cities of the first and second classes such child shall attend at least 30 weeka Exemptions: (1) When child Is properly taught at hornet, - " (2) ^hen child has already acquired branches taught in district schools; ‘ (3) when according to physician's certificate child’s physical or mental con- dition is such as to render attendance "Inexpedient or impracticable"; (4) when child's services are necessary to support of mother or invalid father ; (5) when school is Hot taught fqr requisite time within 2J miles of 'sidence of child. President of board of education or chairman of board of trusted shall inquire Into cases of truancy or incorrigibllifey and report to city or county attorney, who shall prosecute case. . Bee also T (b), Schools for the deaf; tT (e). Schools for dependents and delinquents. ^ 666 STATB LAWS BELATINO-TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. * Vermont: “Legal pnplla” sball include peraona between ages of 6 and 18 ^ra; ^ child under 6 yeara ahall be received into a public acbool except m a kindergarten; no child under i yeara ahall be received Into a public acbool after beginning of fall term, except with permlaalon of town or onion auperlntendent; no peraon over 8 yeara ahall be barred from public achoolB on account of age. School dlrectora ahall appoint one or more truant offlcera: the aherifr, deputy aherlffa. conatablea. and police offlcera ahall be troant offlcera ex offlclo. Peraona in control of child between agea of 8 and le yeara ahall cause auch child to attend public achoola 150 daya each year, nnleaa auch child is mentally or physically unable so to attend, or has com- pleted elementary course, or. Is receiving equivalent Instruction elsewhere: anch child shall attend full session If continuing longer than 160 days, unless excused by town or unfon superintendent ; any child between ages of 7 apd 8 years. If enrolled in public school, shall be subject to attendance pro- visions. A person having control of a child and claiming exemption from attendance law. or asking admission to school, or seeking employment cer tlflcate. shall, when required by town or union superintendent, furnish evidence of age of child. If a person In control of a child over 16 years old enrolls such child in public school, or school where tuition is paid at public expense, he shall cause attendance of such child for full term unless excused by the town or^nlon superintendent. Clerk of school JJoard shall annually supply teacher with list of pupils required to attend school; teacher shall notify truant offlcer of failure of “ legal pupils ” to enroll. Truant officers shall notify parehts or guardians of cases of truancy of children, and may retam such chlldjfc to school. Truant offlcer shall report any Eolation of attendance law TIT the proper offlcer for prosecution, Truant offlcer shall reporr cases of Indigency to overseer of poor, who shall provide such means as are necessary for attendance of pupils. Truant officer may have children examined If excused from attendance on account of mental or physical unfit- ness. Unless lawfully excused, a legal child or an enrolled child over 10 years old shall be Judged an habitual truant If absent from school for five days during four consecutive weeks. Nonresident pupils shall be under the authority of truant officer of town where attending school. Truant officers shall receive $2 per day and expenses while engaged. An habitual truant oi; pupil othenylse objectionable In school, may be gcntenced to Vermont Industrial School for period of at least 80 weeks. A truant offlcer or like offlcer who neglects Jtls duties may be fined not more than $100. Violation of any provision of attendance law la punishable by fine of not less than S5 nor more than $26, unless otherwise provided. Justices and municipal courts shall have Jurisdiction with county courts of offend arising under this cliapter, Virginia: Efgi^rson having control of a child between 8 and 12 years old shall send sucE>l^^d to a public school for at least 12 weeks in the year B»emption»: Children excused by school boa»d, those weak In body or mind those who can read and write, those attending a private school, those living more than 2 miles from the nearest public school or more than 1 mile from an “established public free-school wagon route.” This act shall not apply to any county, city, town, or magisterial district constituting a separate school district uptll the qualified voters thereof shall so vote. In every county where the provisions of this act are accepted the district school board shi^ In February and September ascertain the condition of all , children between 8 and 12 years old who are not attending school, and the district clerk sball prosecute for violations of this act Parent or guarfflan who H (f). 00MPUL80BT ATTKNDAITOB. 557 Tlolates this act shall he fined not less than $6 nor more than |20 f6r eteh offense. District cleric shall be fined $6 or $10 for faUnre to perform the duties imposed upon him. Two weeks' attendance at halMime or night school shall be equivalent to one week at a day schobL Washington: All parents, guardians, and other persons having cortody of any child between 8 and 15 years of rige, or of any child between 16 and 16 years old not regularly and lawfully employed In some useful and re- miineratlve occupation, shall cause such child to attend some public or private school for full time public school Is In session, unless the city superintendent In a city or Uie county superintendent shall excuse such child from attendance because of physical or mental defect or in qnse child has completed first eight grades of public school, or for some other suffi- cient reason. No child under 15 years old shall be employed for any pur- pose by any cori)orntIon. person, or association during hours public schools are In session, unless such child shall possess *an employment certificate issued by the proi)er 8ui>erlntendent Proof that any child under 16 years old is employed without such certificate, shall be prima facie evidence of a violation of this section ; any violation of .any provision hereinbefore made shall be punished by a fine of not more than $25. In Incorporated city districtsbg^^ of directors shall appoint one or more attendance officers; attendrftroe offlper may be sheriff, constable, city marshal, or poUcemam Ih ail other districts county superlntcmlent shall be attendance officer; he may appoint one or more assistant attendance officers. Attendance officers shall be vested with police iwwers; may enter places where children are employed: may take children violating this act Into custody and return them 'to school or to parents; shall institute proceedings ngafcst persons violating attendahce law; shall keep a record of acts; shall perform- such other duties as superintendent Or directors may determine Any attendance offi^r or like official shall arrest without warrant any child unlawfully absent from school and return such child to teacher or person In parental relation; said officer shall bring habitual or Incorrigible truants befrt to truant officers cases of violation 6f this act All fines collected under provisions of this act shall be paid into building fund of district Truant officers shall receive from building fund $2 per day for time officially employed. . Wisconsin; 'Any person having under his control any child between 7 and 14 years old or any child between 14 and 16 not lawfully employed shall cause such child to attwd regularly some public, parochial, or private school for full time BCboot la In session In cities of first class. In all other cities at least eight months during year, and In towns and villages not less than six months during year; this provision shall not apply to children mentilly or physically unable to attend school ns vouched for by a physician, nor to a child living mojpe than 2 miles from school, unless transportation Is furnished, nor to a child who has completed common-school course or first eight grades of graded school: school children In cities of first class shall enroll at beginning of term and In other cities within first month of school ; regular attendance shall mean 2013878 in each school month, unless child can furnish legal excuse; such children may be Instructed elsewhere tlum ut school If Instruction Is ‘ equivalent to that at school ; violation of these provisions shall be punishable by fine of not less than $5 nor more than $50. or by Imprisonment for not exceeding three months, or both; district attorney shall prosecute all such violations; If parent is unable to compel attendance of child, such child may be proceeded against as Incorrigible, In all cities of first class board of edu- cation or like board shall appoint 10 or more truant officers; In cities of second dass, between 40,000 and 160 000, and third class. 10.000 to 40.000 population, board shall ap^lnt one or more such officers; in cities of fourth class chief of police and police officers may be truant officers; In other districts sheriff and his deputies shall enforce attendance law. Truant officers may visit places of employment to ascertain whether minors are Illegally employed ; may demand age and school certificates of minors employenipulsory for chlldreil between a(fes of 6 and 18 years, unless lawfully excused. ^ See also T (b), Schools for the deaf. Wyoming: Every parent, f^ardian, or other person having charge of any child between 7 and 14 years old, shall st'iul such child to a public, private, or Ijarochial school diirinp time public schtH)l of district is In H^ion.- Bt~ empHons: (1) The ithyslctilly undt. when «»rtitled by ]ihyslclan ; (2) those on whom the provisions of this act ndaht work a hnnlshipr* but these must be OACtiscil by K('h(N>l iHinrd; (3) pupils who have been legally excluded from school. Every sheriff, deputy, constable, and truant officer. If there l>e one. shall see that the provisions of this act are carried out; on ct)mplaint of child's absence from school, .such office;* ahiiU give notice to custodian of child that its attendance at school la required, imd If after five days chlld-^s not In school, custodian shafl be proceetlotl against before juHtlce of the pence or district court : custmllau may be fined <5 to $25 and, after first offenge. i>enalty« of 90 daj's In Jail may l>e nddetl. In a district having n city or town of more than 2,600 inhabitants a regular truant officer may be employed. At opening osteemiltiiDg a child removed by in* specter to retbrn shall be fined $60 to $100; Insi^e^'tor may employ an assist- ant; State shall pay traveling ext>en8e3 of Inspector and assistanL AHaona: No child under H years old shall be employed about or In con necUon with any mill, factory, workshop, mercantile establishment, tenement bouse, store, business office, telegraph or telephone office, restaurant, bakery, barber shop, apartment house, bootblack stand, or lu the distribution or trans- portation of nierchnudlse or messaires, but district trustees may license boys between 10 and 14 years old to sell iwipere or engage In other approved work outside of school hours No ivrson, firm, or coriH)ration shall employ any child under 14 years old during the hours when schools are in session; no child under 16 years old shall be employed In any hatardous or unheal thful occupaUon, In the mnnutSseture of goods for Immoral puri>08cs. or In connec- tion with tobacco or intoxicating liquors. The Suite bonni of health may from time to time determine whether any ^irtlcular occupation is dangerous to life or limb or Injurious to health or morals of minors under 10 years old. Females shall not be employetl lu any capacity where such employment shall compel them to remain standing constantly ; at least two seats shall l»e provlde.1 for every three femnlea No child under 16 years old shall be employed In any of the occupations named In the first secUou of this chapter unless the employer procures and keeps on file, subject to Inspection, an employment certificate; a list of chlldfen employed shall be posted consplciumsly near the principal entrance of the place of employment. Inspectors of factories and other authorised lnsi>ectora and nttentlauce officers may require that certlfl- egtes and lists provided for In this chapter shall be. produced. On the ter- mination of the employment of a child, rb< employment certificate herein provided for shall be returned to authority Issuing the same. No employment cerUfleate shall be. Issued until school rec'ord of child Is filed and evidence of age Is produced: no puoh certificate shall be issued until i>er8on Issuing Uie same shall have exainlnetl the child and found him able to read and legibly write simple 'English sentences; such cerUfleate shall state the name, age, date, and place of birth, and distinguishing characteristics of child; certificate shall state that child has attended school at least 160 days during year previous to application for sebpol record; person issuing t»rtlflcates shal! transmit list monthly to State superlntendeni and also a list of those to whom certiflciites have been refused. No person under 18 years old shall be employed hi any occupation declared by State board of health to be dangerous to life or llnlh or hetUlh or morals. No female shall be^employed In or about any mine, quarry, or coal breaker. In Incorporated cities and towns no per- son under 21 years old shall be employed In the transmission of messages between 10 p. m. and 6 n, na. No boy under 16 and no girl under 18 shall be employed, other than In domesUc service or work on a farm, more than 48 liours a week or 8 hours a day nor between the hours of 7 p, m, and 7 a. m. No boy under 10 and no girl under 18 shall eefll newspapers, periodicals, or mmhandlse In cities of first* and second classes. No child under 10 shall work as a bootblack In any street or public place. Authorised ihspectors and H (g).'0HIU> UiBOB. 581 atteoduK^e offlcera may v>Jt placea ot employment to aacertaln. wbetlier dill- * dren are emplojred ibereln contrary to law. Arfcanaas: No child under 12 yeara old aball be employed In any factory or manufacturlnit eetaNllahmeiit under any drcnmateiicea, but tbla provlalon ahnll uot apply to the prcaervntlon of fnilia and veffetablea In \Tication time; no child under 14 years old shall l>e ao employed uuleaa such child baa no means of aupi>oPt or unless .a widowwl mother or disabled father ts de- jH*ndent upon the labor of such child fur mipis)H ; no child under 14 years old . shall be employed In a fat tory or manufactiirlnfc e»tablishmt*nt between 7 IK m. and 6 n. ni. nor more than Oi) hours a or 10 hours a day. Kxce|»t ns hereinbefore provided, no child ui>der 14 years old shall bejemployed In any factory or manufacturing establ'shmont, unless such* child la able to read and write simple eentem'es ami has aUended sthool 12 wet‘ka durtoR the prw'edlng yejjr; no child between 14 aiuns years old shall be so employed, unless such child shuU have attended nchool 12 weeks during the precedlnic yeor. hut ihla section sbatl apply only to children emerlng ^uch employ- ment at the age of 44 or leas. No employer sbiill employ h child' uuli^a there Is drat placed on file an affidavit by (lersou ataudlug In parental relation certifying to child’s age, See also H (f). Compulsory attd!idance, California : No minor under 18 years old shall be employed In u manufacturing. me<'hanjcnl, or njercnntile establishment more than eight hours, exo«»i>t fb make repnirs or to wnnire a shorter day once a w^eek. and no such minor shall work more than 48 hours a week; no minor under 18 slinll be employed between 10 p. m. and 5 n, m. ; no minor under 15 years old shall be employed 111 any store, offlec, factory, place of amusement, restaurant, hotel, apartment house, or as a messenger without a i>ermlt to work, Suiwriutendent of schools may Issue work permits to minors 12 to 15 years old. as follows: (1) When grammar grades have been otimpleted and applicant Is physically fit. ot (2) w^here earnings of child over 12 years are needed by dependent imrent or guardian; no iiormll Rhiill be lasued except nu written evidence that suitable wtvrk Is awaiting such minor and ivrmit shall si>en satlsfi^ry eTtdence of tbe age of tbe minor; dni^lcate certificate shall be filed with comity sapeiintehdent, who shall report tmmer, etc., to commissioner of labor statistics ; cehlflcates shall be on form famished by bnreaa of labor statistics'^ No minor haWng an age and schooling certificate under this act and no minor under 16 years' old who would be required to attend shall, while the schools are^tsessloD. remain out of school and unemployed for a period longer than weekiSb . within one week after such minor ceases employment employer shall notify county superintendent, who shall notify attendance officer in district where child resides. Fines for violation shall be jMld Into the school fund, except ' whm bureau of labor statistics prosecutes, In which case such bureau gets -one-half. This act shall not apply to agricultural, horticultural, vltlcultural. or domestic pursuits when schools are not In session, but horticultural shall Include “ curing oud ** drying *’ but not “ canning ” ; minors 16 to 18 years old may he employed in theatrical performances. Colorado: No child under 14 years old shall be employed or permitted to work at any gainful occupatlonjn any theater, concert hnll, or place of amusement where Intoxicating liquors are sold, or in any store, offic^ hotel, laundry, monufiacturtog establishment, bowling alley, passtmger or freight elevator, factory or workshop, or as a messaiger or driver therefor; no child under 14 years old shall be employed for wuge^ or other compensation during oily por- tion of a numth when the public schools are In sesrion, nor be employed be- tween 8 p. m. and 7 a. m., nor be allowed to work more than 8 hours n day, or 48 hours In a week. Nothing in this oct shall prevent the employ- ment of children In any orchard, garden, field, or farm, but children under 14 employed by person other than their parents must secure a permit from^thc snperintentot of schools. No (>erson having care, custody, or control of "any child under 16 years old, or apparently under such age, shall use or employ such cblld In a concert hall or room where Intoxicating ^quors are sold or ^ given away, or In any Immoral place, or in any vocation dangerous to the iflorals, health, life, dr limb of such child, but this section shall not prevent child from being a singer or musician in a church or from taking part in amateur entertainments, etc. No person, firm, or corporation shall employ any child under 16 years old in any hazardous occupation or In the manu- factqye of goods for Immoral purposes ; no female under 10 years old shall be employed In any copncity which compels stondlng constantly ; no female un- der 10 years old shall be permitted to sell or distribute newspapers, peri- odicals, or merchandise In the streets or alleys of a city. Every employer of children between 14 and 16 years old shall keep a register of such children In the place of employment and shall procure and keep on file an age and school cerpflcate. Employer of five or more children under 16 years old shall keep a list of such children posted In the room or rooms where employed. Au age and school certificate shall be approved only by the superintendent of schools of some one authorized by him or, where there Is no superintendent by some one autborlied by the school board; proof, of age must be fumlBheector shall. In perso)^>r by asstst* ; ahts, Writ a^ lnq>ect places of ctmployiQent to the provisions of this f sot; oh written complaint to local school authorities. of violation of this act such authorities shaU report the some to the State factory Inspector. The \ w m pteMsocB of a chUd In any manufacturing ictory, or Workshop shall constitute prUna fade evidence of his or her employment therein. State fSctory Inspector shall enforce this law and secnre prosecution of vlolatora Any child may be exempted from the provisions of this act concerning the emidoyment of chUdren In a concert or theatrical exhibition or a place where intoxicating liquors are not sold, and If between U and 16 years old from the other provisions of the act except the provisions concerning haaardous, un- healthful, and Immoral occupations, on application to city superintendent or, If there be none, to the county superintendent or some person designated by. superintendent and on cause Selng shown why such exemption should be allowed; If application be denied, appeal may be taken to county or Juvenile court or person passing on application may make condition that moral and physical health of child be safeguarded and that educational advantages be provided. See also H (f), Oompnlsory attendance. Connecticut: No child under 16 years old shall be employed or permitted to work In auy occupation which Is dangerous to life, lintb, health, oy morals of such child; no ^rl nnter 16 years old shall be employed or permitted to work la any capacity requiring such girl to stand continuously. No perron under 18 sbaU be employed to operate any passenger or freight elevator running at a speed of over 200 feet per minute. The factory Inspector shall enforce the pro\islong of this act and shall report annually to the governor. Vloldtors-of this act shall be fln^ not exceeding $100. “No minor under 16 years old and no woman shall be employed In any mercantile establishment other than manufacturing or mechanical, more than 68 hours In any one week ; employers In such establishments shall post hours of labor In a conspicuous place; If ally such'employer shall, prior to January 1, gTve notice that during June, July, and August the hours of labor will be only 66 per week, then such minors under 10 years old and women may be employed 60 hours a week for the rest of the year. Any perron of good physical condition between 14 and 16 years old shall, on appUcatlon to the secretary or an agent of the State board of education] be granted a certificate of employment to be good during vacation time. ! See also A (bl), State boards; H (f), Ck>mpnlsory attendance; M (c) Bvening schools. ^ ’ Delaw^: No child under 12 years old shall be employed In or about any canning or packing establishment other than of .perishable fruits. (Sec. 2.) , No child under 14 shall be employed In or about any manufnctnring or mer- cantile establishment, tenement house, office, restaurant, bakery, barber shop, hotel, bootblack stand, public stable, garage, laundry,. or as a driver. In any . brick or lumber yard. In the construction or repair of buildings, or Ip the transmission of messages. Unlawful to employ any child under 14 durinl the hours when the public schools of the district ore In session. No child under 14 shall be employed In hasardoua occupations; no child under 16 shall be employed In any occupation Injurious to health or morals; no child under 16 shall be employed on the stage or about any theater or concert hall, but State chflddabor inspector may grant a permit for such performance for two weeks. State board of health may determine whether any particular trade process or occupation is Injurious to children, under 16 years old, but employer may appeal to the superior court' No child under 16 may be employed In any of the above occupations, unless employer first secures an employmait cer- , tincate and keeps posted a list of boys nndUr 16 ‘and girls under 18 em- ployed; employment certificate ahaU he laehed by the city euperinihmleiit of [: jc ■ - ■ ^ ' . ' ‘ - -r^ rrr. pa « -""'.^y— ^ Y« ^ f^TV* [: ^ ■: V . ^ ^ s . ‘ «W , fiOMB SIAiB XAW& WU^O^ FUBUp BDTTOAHOK. , 0clkpob ct Wilmington or by one of the county enperlntendents qr by some person designated by either of them ; such certificates shall be either general fbr the. entire yeer.or for Tacatlon time only. Person issuing certificate shfdl not issue the same until he has approved the following; (1) The school . record of the child, (2) a physician’s certificate certifying child’& physical fitness, (8) evidence of child’s age. Child must appear before person Issuing certificate and give evidence of ability to read intelligently and write legibly simple KngHsh srntenc^ *Every certificate shall describe the child. School record shall sbow'that the child has attended school at least 130 days, either during the 12 months prior to arriving at the age of 12 or pHor to applying , ^ for such record. School superintendents shall transmit monthly to State child-labor inspector a list of children to whom employment certificates have been issued. Child-labor Inspector may demand of an employer either that proof of age of child employed be furnished or that child’s employment cease. No child under 15 years old shall be employed, in hazardous occupations, un- less establishment where employed Is insured under the approval of the board . of insurance underwriters. No person under 21 years old shall be employed in or about any place where intoxicating liquors are sold. No girl under 18 shall be employed In any .capacity where compelled to stand all the time. No boy .under 16 and no girl under 18 shall be employed in any occupation men- tioned In section 2 of this act for more than six days, or 54 hours, In a week, or between 6 p. m. and 7 a. m. In cities of over 20,000 population no person ^ under 18 shall be employ^ In the transmission of messages or merchandise between 10 p. m. and 6 a.'-ifi. ; all employers of persons under 18 shall keep the child-labor law posted In a conspicuous place. No boy under 12 and no girl under 14 In any city having over 20,000 population shall sell newspapers . or other periodicals In a public place ; no boy under 14 and no girl under 10 shall In any rfuch city engage In any other street occupation ; no boy under 14 and no girl under 16 shall sell newspapers or other periodicals In a p^ubllc place, ex- ■ oept when granted a permit and a badge by the school superjntendcnt ; no person under 16 to whom permit and a badge have been Issued shall work at occupations named between 8 p. m. and 0 p. m., or during school liours. Child violating the provisions of this act regarding stteet occupations shall forfeit his permit and badge for a period of six months. State child-labor Inspector may visit any place of employment; failure of^ employer to produce employment certificate or list required by this act shall be prlina facie evi- dence of Illegal employment Where child’s services are needed for the sup- port of the family on account of the death or illnc^ss of a parent proper court may grant n permit to work for .one year. Employer or parent of child em- " ployed contrary to law may be fined for the first offense and may be punlshed- by both fine and Imprisonment for subsequent offenses. Justice of peace shall have Jurisdiction under this act Delaware Child Labor Commission shall appoint a cblld-laboy Inspector at p salary of $1,800 per annum. Florida: No boy undeif 10 ^ears old and no girl under 10 shall sell news- paper^ magazines, or other periodicals In a public place In any city'of 6,000 population or more. No child under 12 years old *shall be employed In or about any. store, office, In the transmission or sale of merchandise, or In the transmloBlon of messages In any city of 6,000 population or more. No child tindpr 14 ' dial] be employed In or about any mill, foctory, workshop, meobiufic^^ edablistoent, laundry, or on the stage of any. theater. No chlM 16 aObail ^ employed In any factory, workshop, laundry, mine, or mill ' QffieM employer, procures and keeps on flte and open to Inspection an edbploy- ^ u^t cer^cate for^suchi child and keeps two lists of such chlldrei^ one con- Msk ERIC ^ ' ^ (I:) ; dHILD splcnotiaiy postetf; on termlnatlm of employment certlflcate ehall be retnrnied to ciiUd or paTeot or gaardlan; State labor Inspector may demadQ prodf of age of any child suspected 6f being under 16 years oUl? and employer’s fatlnre to famish* the same shall constitute prljtoa fade evidence that child Is under reQulred age. Bmployment ^rtlflcate' shall be issued by county superin- tendent of schools or by some person designated’ IJJ’ him. Person Issuing cer- tificate must have approV^ and filed the following papers; .(1) School record of child; (2) a passport or duly attested transcript of birth or baptismal record; (3) affidavit of parent, guardian, or custodian as to child’s age and place of birth, which,* however, shaU not be reqnlred In case birth oertlflcnte' ,Ms presented. Such employment certlflcate shall not be lasued until child has appeared before officer IdNulng the same and has shown ability, to rend and write simple English sentences and nnUl said oflfcer has satisfied hlmbelf np to child’s physical fitness; In doubtful cases child shall be examined by a physician ; said certlflcate shall describe the chlhl. School record required of * child shall be Issued by principal or person In charge of school and aball show * that during yenr'prevlons to arriving at age of 14 child attended sdiool-at . least 60 days and studied rending, writing, spelling,* and geography and Is familiar with the fundamental operations In arithmetic. No child under 16 years old shall be employed In any mill, factory, workshop, mechanical estab- lishment, laundry, or on the stage of any theater for more* than 6 days in4i week, 64 hours In a week, 9 hours la a day, or between 8 p. m. and 6 a. m. No person under 21 years old shall be employed where Intoxicating llQnbrs are sold. No person under 18 shall be, employed to deliver messages or goods between 10 p. m. and 6 a. m. ther dependent upon him or iwr for 8QiKK>rt or who U an orphan depoident oi^own labor. No child under 14i years old shall be emxdoyed In any mill, factory, laundry, or j^ace of amusement between 7 p. m. and 0 a. m. Oommlsaloner of labor and his authorised assistants shall enforce this act Violation of this act a misde- meanor. Whether a chll^ over 12 has a widowed mother dependent upon him or her for support oris dependent on own labor for support shall be determined by a commission composed of county superintendent ordinary of the county, and head of school In district where child resides. Idaho: No child under 14 years old shall be permitted to work In any^ mine, factory, workshop, mercantile establishment store, t^egraph or tel^hone oi&ce, laundry, restaurant hotel, apartment house, on^ the dlstrlbntion or transportation of merchandise or noessages; It is tmffwful to employ any child under 14 In such service during school hours or between 2 p. m. and C a. ni., bnt child over 12 mayl^ employed in such occupations in vacation time. No minor under 16 shall be employed In a gainful occupation during school houn unless he can read at sight and write legibly simple sentences and, has -received Instruction In spelling, grammar, geography, and arithmetic through frcctlons. Every firm, etc., permitting minors 14 to 16 years old to work in occupations enumerated shall keep a r^ord of names, ages, and places of readenoe of such minors; no mfnor under 16 shall be permitted to work more than 64 hours In a week, more than 9 hours a day, nor between 9 p. m. and 6 a. m. Employer of a child under 16 and person having con- trol of such child who permits such child to be employed ahull be fined not ftxceedfhg |60 for violations of this act, and employer, after notice, shall be fined $6 for each day unlawful employment continues; person In control of a child under 16 years old who lets out such 9hlld for theatrical or circus em- ployment, begging, or immoral purposes shall be fined |60*to $250 or Im- prisoned not exceeding six months; person employing such child In sncb way is punishable in like manner; no person, firm, or corporation shall send a minor to a saloon, gambling house, or immoral place, and no minor shall be employed in handling Intoxicating liquors. Pr^atlon officer, and In counties where there Is none, school trustee or trustees, shall visit places of employ- ment to determine whether there are violations of this act nUnols;'No child under 14 years old shall be employed In any theater, concert hall, or place whererintozlcatlng liquors are sold, or In any 'store, ^ office, hotel, laundry, manufaetpring es&bUahmen^ bbwllng alley, elevator, werkahop, or as messenger or driver therefor; no child under 14 years old shall be employed at a gainful jj^c^tlon during any portion of any month when the public schools are In sMft, nor between the hours of '6 p. m. and 7^. m. ; every Employer of children between 14 and 16 years old in said occu- pations shall ke^ a reglstw of such chUdw In the place of employment, and no person shall tmxHoy a bhlld between 14 and 16 years old unless there Is •first produced and placed on file an age and schooling certificate; every cm- v' irfbyer of . five or more such children shall keep posted lu a conspicuous place shoutogr ni^ihefc age; and place of residence; emplqyers >>siifl(!l keep on file a list of^WjCbildreBi employed who are under 16 ye^,old net road at, sight and wrlteJqglbly sUnple sentoiceg, unless any child ;>tir sttendlng iilght school. An age and schooling certificate shall be, apinnved ^oidlr 'lur' 'the superintendent.^ schools or somd person deatgnated by said roperintsudent w by the ropiRlitflodieh^ or prindpainf g parochial school; rr^ 4 S,(g). P90J>.LABOB. ... - JU; ..."(HI no micb certificate aholl be iasaed oatU aatUCactory proof of tbe a^ of t^ child Bfaall have been produced; certificate shall show that child is. able to read at sight and write legibly simple sentences or Is attending jilght school; where there Is no night school, or wh^ such school is not In session, no cer- tificate sh^l be issued to a child under 10 who can not reed and write. State inspector of factories shall visit and inspect places of employment where ohlldreu may be employed contrary to this net and may requite certificates, lists of employees, etc., required by law; on written complaint being made, school board shall report violations of this act to the State factory Inspector. No person under 16 years old shall be employe<^ more than 48 hours in any one week, nor more than 8 hours a day, nor between 7 p. m. and 7 a. m. No child under 16 years old shaU be employed in any haairdous or immoral 9CCupaUon; no female under 16 y^rs old shall be employed^ where required to ^nnd constantly. State factory inspector shall enforce the provlidona of this act and shall prosecute vlolaUons of the same before any (5hrt of com- petent Jurisdiction. Indiana: No (diild under 14 years old shall be employed or permitted to work In any gainful occupation othpr than farth work or domestic service, but children, bet ween 'ages of 12 and 14^ years may be employed in preserving and ’ casing fruits and v^etables during certain months of each year. No child tender age of 16 years shall be employed, except in farm woVk or domestic ^ service, more than 48 hours in any one week, or Inore than 8 hours in any one day Without the written consent of parent or guardian, and In no ^vent shall the hours of such employment be more than 64 In any one week or 9 in any one day; ho such child shall be employed, except In farm work or domestic service, between the hours of 6 p. m. and 7 a. m. ; no such child shall be employed in any place where tobkcco Is manufactured, in any hotel, theater, or place of amusement, or in any business injurious to health^jft ihorals. No boy under 16 years old and no girl under 18 years old shall^ employed or permitted to work in place8\ where alcoholic liquors are manu- factured. i>ncked, wrapped, bottled, or sold, or where matches are manufa(s ' tured, or where explosives are stored or manufactured. No girl under 18 years old shall^ be emplo^e^ln any capacity where constant standing Is re- quired. No ciiljd under the nge of 16 years shall be employed or permitted Jo operate certain kinds of machinery.' Employers must keep th^ names and ages of children employed posted In conspicuous places. No child under 16 years old, who^s pot blind, shall be employed unless such child is able to read and write simple sentence's li^ tiie English language, except that such chlld^ may be employed during vacation time. All places .of employment shall be provide^ with necessary wash rooms, closets, and dressing rooms; shall be kept sanitary; shall be properly ventilated. All places of employment shall be subject to Inspection by the chief inspector or person deslgpft^ by him for such pjirpose; said Inspector may demand a certificate m physical fitness from a physician In the case of cblldren who may seem physically unfit for the labor at which they ore employed, and may prohibit the employment of any child who can, not obtain such a certificate. See alw H (f), Qompulsqry attendance. ^ ^ low*: No perac/n under 14 years old sha^ be employed with or without com- pensation In any mine, manufacturing establishment, factory, miu, shop, • laundry, siaughterhouse or packing houses or in any store where more than eight j^roons are eh\ployed« or in the\operatlon of any. freight or passenger' elevator. No person under 16 years mi shall be employed la any\>6capation ^fJ^^urouB tq ^^^ U Of .^im]^;^o 16 si^p be eptj4o:fed where her dudes comp^ her to remain constantly standing! No person under 16 sha}^,be employed In any of the oocopatlona mentioned In section 1 of this a^ before 6 a. nl. and after 9 p. m. ; If such person Is employed ex- ceeding, five hours In a day, a noon Intermission of one-half hour shrfll be allowed and no such person shall be employed exceeding 10 hours In any one day, except where grain and vegetables are prepared for can^g and where no machlnery^ls oi^rated. Employers at places enumerated/ln\|^^ i of this act shall keep posted a list of persons under 16 employ^' Ih^eln, giving the date of birth and dote of employment of each; any ofllSr charged with . the wiforcement of this a^t may require proof of child’s age from employer. Misdemeanor, to violate the pjpvislons of this act. ' Kansas: No child under 14 years old shall be Employed In any factory, work- ahop, theater, or packing house, or In operating elevators or about any mine; no person, firm,* or corporation shairemploy any child under 14 years old dfhrlng school hours in district where child resides; it shall be unlawful for phlldren under 16 -years old who are employed In vocatlons mentloned In this act' or In the transmission of messages or merchandise vto be employed before 7 a, m. or after 6 p,^ mi, or mdre than 8 hours a dny^r 48 hours a week; no person under 16 shall be 'employed .at any occupation dangerous to life, health, or morals. All employers of persons under 16 years old ns mentioned In this act shall fix|;t obtain a tertiflcate of the age of such children based on school ceirdus records, the same to be secured from person authorized by school board to have charge of such records; when child’s name and age does not appear op census records, afllduvlt of parent or guardian shall be*obtnlneector mny Isiap ag© certffientes to minors over 14 and under 10 years old seeking employ^nt No Jwy under oge of 10 yenrf and no girl under age of 18 yeprs shall be employed at any work between hours oJ 7 p. m. and 6 a. m. Employers shall keep list of minors employed posted In a conspicuous place; children securing age cer- tificates shall also procure from the city or parish physician a cesftlflcate as "to the physical fitness of fwild child to perform thtf work required tabe done. The presence of any child under 14 years old In any place of employment, except during dinner hour* shall constitute prlma facie evidence of employ- ment Employers shall furnish Inspectors with statement of number of per- tons employed. Seats shaU be provided for female employees, to be used when standing its not necessary; ample and separate dressing rooms and toilets shall be provided for the ase of each sex ; exits and jstalrways of places of employment shall be ample afid safe; places.where women and chil- dren are^ employed shall b^m^nted^r lime \vnshed when deemed neceaaaiy no minor o^ woman shall b?>«Iuired to clean machinery while same is in motion; the opening of nil hatchways, elevators* and well holes in places where women or children are pmployed shall be protected by doors; dust and linf fans and smoke consumers shall be i^sed in places where women or chil- dren are employed; employers -fhall make required reports to the factoty inspector; report of Inspectlous shall J>e made tow commissioner of labor and ^ to mayors of cities and towns No boy under oge of 12 years and no girl under age of 14 years In cities and towns having population of 10,000 of more shall be employed in any factory, mlll^ warehouse, workshop, or ^nu- ' ... factoring establishment. No pbrson under age of 18 years and no wdknan shall be employed more than 10 hours in a day or 00*bonrs in a week, and at least 1 hour shall be allowed each dfiy for dinner. In incorporated cities and • townh the mayor, with consent of the council, and In parishes the police Jury, rtiall appoint a factory Inspector, to receive not exceeding |760 per year; suqh inspector shall enforce labor laws vqnd prosecute, cases of violation. ProvlsioDB of this act Bhhll not apply to dohiestlc or agricultural laborers or industries. No .child under 16 years of hge shall be employed as ah ^;tor or , Unger or in any immoral orjOangerous exhibition* j 6T0', STATB LAWS BBLAXIKQ TO |^U0 BDUOATIOK. Maive: No female Tinder 18 yean old and, no male nnder 10 and no woman ahall be employed In a manofacturlng or mechanl^k establishment more than 10 hours a day, except td make repairs to prevent stopping machinery or to get a shorter day one day In the week ; Ijn no case shaU the hours ^ceed 68 wo^; no male minor over- 10 shall be employed-as ab(^ over 10* hours a day except with consent of parent and for additional wmpensatlon; a female over 18 may contract to labor aifaddlUonal six. hours a week, but must have consent of parent during minority; employers shall post notices of hours of employment, etc.; violators of this section shall be punished wljh a fine of |26 to |60; certificate of minor and of parent or guardian shall be evidence of age. No child under 14 shall be employed In any manufacturing or mechanical establishment ; no child under 14 shall be employed in a manu- facturing, mechanical, mercantile, or other business establishment, br In any telephone or telegraph office, or In the transmission of messagea^durlng school hours; employer or parent or guardian may be Bned $1 to $50 for violation of this section. No child between 14 and 16 years old shall 6e employed in a manufacturing or mechanical establishment until authentic evidence of age Is furnished; no child between 14 and 15 years old shall be employed In any manufacturing, mechanical, mercantile, or other business establishment, or In any. telephone or telegraph office, or In the transmission of mes^ges during school hours until he produces an age and schooling c&r- tlflcate; no child between 15 and 16 years old shall be employed In a manu- facturing or mechanical establishment during school hours until he prcnluces an age andy^hooling certificate; commissioner of labor may demand of em- . ployer names of childitn^nden^O years old and evidence of ages or age and schooling certificates, and fnihfre to produce such sh II constitute evidence of violation of the law; employer or parent or guardian may be fined $1 to $50 for violation of this section. Agp and Schooling certificates may be issued by • soperintend^t or person xauthorized by s^iool committee; such certificate sbaU not be Issued except upon satisfactory evidence of age of child nor untll_ child can read at sight and write simple English sentences and perform sim- ple arlthmeUcal problems to fractions; In doubtful cases physician’s certlfl- cate of child’s physical fitness may be required; person making false sttte^ ment or showing as to age of child shall be fined $25 to $50. This act shall not apply to any manufacturing, establishment or business whose products are perishable and require Intmedlnte labor, but Insiwcfbr and mnnlcipal officers may prohibit employment of children where -conditions are detri- mental. , Maryland: No child between 12 and 16 permitted to work In any office tor business of an ^umerated list uqless employer procures jind keeps on file an employment ^rmit; violation carries i>ennlty of fine; attendance officers of public schools may visit establishments and report violations; six 1 spectors appointed to carry out law. No child under 14 shall be employed ar permitted.to work In certain &x xnerated trades and occupations; no child under 12 shall be employed or per-^ netted tp work in certain other eonmerated trades or occupatlphs; unlawful ,'|(ar .any paraon or firm to employ child under 14 In any business whatever ff'dai^lng any of the hours Vhen the public schools of the district In which : salld chUd resides are in session unless said child shall have previously ful- filled during the curirentVhool year such requirements as to school attend- • anee.as now or may hereafter be prescribed by law.” * No child under 10 See also H (f), Compulsory attendance. H.(g). 0B1U> UkBOB« emplojed tn oonnectioou with anj proceeaea In which dangmqa or poison- OD8 add are used or similar occupations; no child nnder 16 shall be em- ptojed in the occupations forbldd^ to those nnder 14 and 12 years old unless employer procnres and keeps on filf the employment certificate hereinafter provided^and ^eeps two Ijats of names of boys'under 16 and girls under 18 conspicuously pdsfed ; atteudahbe officers and factory Inspectors shall require that employment Certificates be produced for Inspection; on tenntnn^ou of employment certificate shall be returned by employer to offlclnl Issuing l^me; „ certificates sfialf be Issued In Baltimore by chief of Maryland Bureau of Sta- rtles and Information and In counties by county school superintendent and only on application. He shall require the filing of certain papers: (1) School record, (2) phy^slclan's certificate, (3) evidence of age. No general env ^ ployroent certificate shall be Issued until child In questlon.has been personal!^ examined no vacation employment certificate shall ^ Issued till the child •• has appeared and filed above evidence of age or n physician's certificate ; all * - employment certificates shall be Issued on forms supplied by bureau of statistics and information and shall contain name and address of prospective employer;^ school record required shall be filled out by school principal and • shall state that child has attended school the mlntpi^iu period required and Is able to read Intelligently an^ write legibly; inspector of factories or at- tendance officer may make demand any employer In regard to children apparently under 16, and his failure to pfoduce legal proofs of age shall be prlma facie evidence of Illegal employment ; no child under 18 shall be em- ployed In certain enumerated dangerous employments^* no minor under 21 shall be employed in or about any saloon; no female under 18 shall be employed where she paust stand constantly; in cities of 20,000 or over no person under 18 shall be employed in telegraph or telephone service or de- liver messages before 6 a, m. or after 10 p. m. ; employers shall post this section : no boy under 10 or girl under 16 shall, in cities of 20,000 or over, .aell papers on streets; may deliver on regular route; no boy under'<44 or girl ^ under 16 in cities of 20,00^ or over shall be employed as bootblack or In any other street occupation; no boy under 16 In any city of 20,000 or over shall sell newspapers, etc., unless be complies with all the re lumber yard, telephone excharige, telegraph or messenger or In tft construction or impair of building^ or in any contract or wage-earning industry carried, on In* t^ement or other houses; do .minor under 14 ydars old shal/ .be employed ‘ at ' work performed for compensation .daring school hours or between 6 p. m. and 6.30 arm. t 8TATB LAWS BBLATtKO TO PUBLIC EDUCATION, Ko^or nkder 16 Tear* oia ghali be employed or permitted to work in operaOng or asstatlng In operating any haMrdona mactilnea or In any occnpa- tion InJuriona to health or morale; the State board ofiabor and tad^r^ ^ determine what occnpaUona nre Injnrlona to the health or mono* of a^ minora. No minor under 18 years old shall be employed or permitted to work In occnpatlons Injurious to health- or morals; the State *L»rd of determine what occupations are Injurious to such minora No person under 21 years old shall be employed or permitted to ««<•»> person In any employment '' mnrsl^T'^ “*v '^‘‘“’'“ed to be sent to any Ini- mowl place. No minor under 16 years old shall be employed or permitted to 6^n^m H ““y <1"^' “»«• »>etween L^Io^’pd I ^ e “■ under 18 years old and no woman shall be employ^ In any factory or workshop or In any manufacturing, mercantile Mtabllshment. telegfaph office, or telephone exchange, or by any express or 10 houre In any one daj; no boy under 18 years old and no girl under 21 ^ between the hours of 10 p. m. and 6 a. m. Except messages dlrecUy connected with conducting or publishing a new^aper no person under 21 years old shall be employed as messenger for * messenger company In the tranamlssl&n of tpessages girl under 18 years old shall. In a city of ovjr, SO.OOO Inhabitants’ sell ei- ^se,^or offer for sale arUcles of merchandise of any description, or exercise en^ge In any occupation, unless he compiles with the ftftegolng provisions and with i^ul^ents concerning school attendance, and unless an employment ^dge has^n Issued to him by the proper officer;' to receive such badge such boy ^all b^at least 12 years old; such badge shall, not be Issued to any boy who Is ipentally^r physically Incompetent or unable to do such work In addi tlon to school work. The badge shall be conspicuously exposed by aueh bJy while so working': no boy shall transfer sold badge to any other boy suc^ boy ahaU exhibit said badge upon demand by the proper officer. No boy “k s. <”• offer for sale any articles of i^r .prided Witt an employment certificate, during, school hours. Employers of tnlnors shall kepp posted In their establishments schedules of hours of ^l^yment of said minors, together with shift lists of said minors- the State board of labor and Industries shall furnish such forms and notices to em- ployers upon revest The labor laws shall be enforced by attendance officers and by police offleera Any employer or agent of an employer who employs a minor contrary to law shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor. Any per- aon who hinders any officer In' the performance of iis duties In the enfoi^ m«t of the employment law shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. Any person Who ^courage* any minor to violate any provision of the employment law wa.H be guilty of a misdemeanor. Any person In control of a minor, who com- 5!'^ ^ violation Of any provisions of this act. or who knowingly certifies to a false statement Tor purpose of obtaining lUegal raplojment of such minor shaU be guilty of a misdemeanor. Ant ol^r ^0 violate or falls to comply with tto provisions of this act «h«ii be de^ed gpUty of a misdemeanor. Any minor who shall engage In any occu- pation co^ry to’ law shaU. for the first offense, be warned by the proper ofllcer, and the parent, guardian, or custodian of such minor «ti«li be noUfied; n r H (g). CHILD LABOE. 67a mum la case of a second t1olatlon« soch child may be arrest^ and dealt wttb as a delinquent, or. if over ^7 years old, shall be punished by a fine not exceed- ing $15 upon the recommendation of the executive officer of the school where such child Is attehding, or upon the complaint of any attendance officer; the employment badge of any minor may be revoked for cause. Police, district, and municipal courts nud trial jusUcea and the Boston juvenile court, as to minors under 17 years old, shall have jurisdiction of offenses arising under* this act. No child between 14 and 16 years old shall be employed or be, ])ermftted to work in pr about any factory, workabohi manufacturing, me- chanical, or mercantile estahliabment unleas the employer of such dhlld keei>8 on file accessible to the proi>er otilcials the employment certificate of such child, but such child shall be permitted to work Im mercantile eatabllsh- ments on Saturdays between 7 a. m. and 6 p. m, without such certificate; on termination of employment of a child whose certificate is on file, said certifi- cate aball be returned by the employer to the office of the superintendent of schools from which It was issued. An employment certificate shall be Issued only' by the superintendent of schools, or by a person authorised by him, or where there Is no superintendent by a person authorfsed by the school com- mittee of the city or town where child resides, but no such certificate ahaU be Issued to any child in, or about to enter, the service of the persoii so Issuing the certificate. The person issuing employment eertiflcates shall In each case, before Issuing a certificate, receive, examine, approve* and file the follow- ing papers: (1) A pledge, signed by the employer, setting forth facta iplativo * to such employment: (2) the school record of such child; <3) a physician's certlfficate to the effect that such child is In sound health and physically * able to perform the work which the child intends to do; (4) evidence that the chjld Is 14 years old or over. The employment certificate shall state the nSme, sex, date, and place of birth and place of i^ldenee of the child, and shall contain a physical description of such child and other necessary facta; said certificate shall state name of employer and nature of employmenf^ no fee shall be exacted for issuance of said certlQcatl^; a record of snob certifi- cates shall be kept. >*The proper officials may requiye employers to produce the eppjoyn^ent certificates of minors employed, and failure to produce such certificates shall be prlma facie evidence of the illegal employment of said mluo^ No child who is over 16 and under 21 years old shall be employed in any^ factory, workshop, manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile estab- li^mf^nt unless hla employer procures and keeps on file an educational certlfl- (jiif euch child; such certlficutea shall be issued by the person authorised to'isshe employment certificates. Nothing in this act dtinll be construed to prevent children of^any age from receiving manual-training or Industrial educahon in, or In connection with, any school in the State If the same has been (jiuly approved by the local school, committee or by the State board of education. No child under 15 years old shall be emp1oy5(\ In any public exhibl|tion except 4n church, chapel, or school exhibitions or in any festival, concetj^ or musical exhibition except upon permlsslofn of city or town officials. No child under 14 years old shall be admitted to any licensed ahow or place of ambsement, exce*pt before 6 p. m. and during time school Is not in aeaalon, unless accompanied by a person over 21 years old. See jalso H (f), Goinpulaory attendance; O (d), Continnation schools. Bilchig^: No child under 21 years old shall be employed In any theater, conc^ijlt hall, or place of amusement where IntoxlcatiDg liquors are sold. No child tinder 14 years old shall be employed in or In connection with- any mer- cantilf Institution, ofl^, hotel, laundry, manufacturing establishment, *mine^. 1 ■if4 BTJUtB LAWS RBLATIHO TO PUBLIC BDUCATIOK. MwlIfSnUtey, paneoicer or freight elevator, factory or workshop, telegraph or n>e8senger service. Bver^ employer of a child under 16 mast keep R register of such ^ployees and a permit Issued by the superlnteodait of schools or county comBitssloner of schools or person authorised by either of them; such permit shall be returned to child when emplo>Tnent ceases Vacation i>ermlts shHlI be void nt Uk* expiration of vacation iverlod. The said register ami permit shall be open to |nspe<‘tlou of factory Inspectors. Bensm sothorlsed to Issue permits shall not Issue the same until he has approved and filed the following |>apera : (1 ) The school reiwrt of child filled out and slgneil as hereinafter provlde a siateraent by the Issuing officer to the effect that child Is'ablo to read and write, that In hU opinion child Is 14 years old or over, nifd that child Is physically fit for empToyment for which he may require a physician’s cerllflcale. The school record of child shall be ftmilslied hy prlnolital or other executive oflloer of school attended and shall show that ddring previous year child attends school ut least 106 days, that he completed the fourth grade of the public school or received In a school pther than public Instruction In rendlug, writ- ing. spelling, English gnimmar, geography, and the fundamental oi>ertrUon« In arithmetic. After Issuance of a permit, child shall re|>ort monthly to the person Issuing the sitme MJnnesoU; See II (f), Compulsory att^dahce. Mississippi: No girl under 14 and no boy under 12 years old shall be employed In any mill, factory, manufacturing establishment, or cannery ; no boy under 18 or girl under 18 shall work more than 8 hours per day or 48 hours i>er wet*k nor between 7 p. m. and 6 a. m. : no child under 10 sliali be eniploye^l without affidavit of parent or guardian reganllng age and ’’also stating the , last school attendance of such child and grade of at utiles pursued, ami U»e iwme of school and name of teacher In charge” ; sheriff sbnll visit eRtablish: menu at leost once a month; health officer shall visit without notice nt least twice each year and report InsanlUry conditions. Infectious or contagloiiH diseases or children IncapaclUted to do work required; sheriff shall remove .child unlawfully employed and order premises put In sanitary condition gmnd Juries shall Investigate violations; mauagor falling to give correct Information liable to fine; fine or Imprisonment or both for allowing cblldren H and 16. and such cerOflcate shall be surrendered to owner at termination df employment S«||n|^ certificate shall be lasned by school superintendent or by ^ person authorised by him or. where no superintendent Is employed, ty person J antlioriMd.by hoard of directors. O^ficate shaU bejwsed on (1) proof that H (g). CEUJ> LABOB. 676 » chUerikm Iftaning rertlflcate, who Din.r require a pbyalolan's certldctite ns to chlUVs physical dtueoa. -All certlflcatea shall be subject to review of the fatMory iust)ecU>r may demanil fi ph>'siclnn''8 eertJflnjte of physicuMitness of any child employed : mlector the nnmes of chiUlrtm to whom certilU'ntea have Isamnl. The pr<*m*ni'e of a child under 10 In a place of employment shall be prlma facie evidence. of Ids employment therein. No Iwy tinder 10 and no (tirl under 16 shall sell newspHiicrs. porhHllt'nls. or mendmudlne on the streets or In other public place. No child umler 10 Khnll be employed In any haiardouff occupation or occupation Injurious to the health or nutrals of such child. Violations of this act aliall constitute a mlstleineanor, and each dtry's vlolntlon shall constitute a* separate offenatv Montana: See H (f), Compulsory attend aiuv. Nebraska: Sec A (bl), State iHKirda. \cTdda: It Shall l»e unlawful for any in^rsom firm, or coriKiratlon to employ any child \imJer 1-1 years old. in any liusiimss or siTvtcc during st»hool hours; no child under 16 years-oltl shall Ih'^ !M*rmiUed to work In any employiucnt detdannl by Ib6 State lH>anl of healtli to Im* dangerous to Mfe or limb or In- jurious to the health or morals of snob chihlren. No ivrsou umler IS yeti rs old 6hnll be eu»plo.Vi*d ns a messt*nger for a U‘le;;rapb or nH^aatMiger ct»inpany beiweiMi 10 p. m. nu: umler 16 yt*ar8 o^d and no girl under VS yenra shall Ik* Cmploycil at other than dojuestic tK»rvlce or farm work more than -IS hours in any one 'week nor more thamS hours In any one day. The preMmi*e of any child in iipy eatabltahment during work boura Is prlma facie evidence of enijdoymeiiL also H (f), CA>mj(Ulsory attendance. .New Hampshire: See A (d), FM-StHct hoards and oltlcera: CoDipulsory attendance : U (e)^ Schools for dei>endents uml dellmiucnts. New Jersey: No child under ape of 14 years shall he empl<»ycd. allowed, or l»ernittted to work in any factory, workshop, mill, or place where manufacture of g(K>ds of any kind la carrIoerintendent of each publlc-employmeut office shall cooperate with school principals In securing posItlonB for children • leaving school to begin work. The advisory committee shall appoint special committees on Juvenile employment, which shall Include employers, work- men, and educators, to advise as to the management of pub Ic employment offices; such com'mittees shall advise parents and children relative to employ- ment No child under 14 years old shall be employed In any factory In the State; no child b«'tween ages of 14 and 10 years shall be employed without an employment certificate; farffi'ers may, however, permit their children to do fam work, and boys over 12 years old may be employed In gathering produce, bift.not for more than six hours In any one day. Employment cer- tificates are Issued by commissioner of health or executive officer of board or department of health pf the city, town, or village; such^offlcer shall not Issue Buch'cei;^iflcate until he shall have received and filed the school record and age certificate of such chi:d; any child In order to receive such employment certificate shall have completed the work of the first six years of the public elementary schools or Its equivalent and obtained a school-record certificate as p(k)vlded by law and shall be physically able to perform the work re- quired. The employment certificate shall state date and place of birth, and shall give physical description of child. Authorities shall report monthly to commissioner of labor employment certificates Issued; In cities of first and second classes, employment certificates and school records shall be In such form as shall be approved by commlsslonqr of labor; In other cities, towns, or villages said commissioner shall prescribe such forms. Employers shall keep a register of children employed; employer shall return employ- ment certificate to parent or child ujwn termination of period of employment; commissioner of labor may, when any child apparently under age of 16 years Is employed Illegally, deruan&'employment certificate and tfge certificate of 8uc^^ child, and failure by employer to produf’e the siime shall be prima facie evidence of Illegal employment. ^A!l children between ages of 14 and 1C years employed In factories shall, when required by a meeriodlcal8 In any street or public place; no male child under 14 years old sbail sell or exi>ose or offer for sale said articles unless he shall possess a i>ennit and a badge; children shall not be em- ployed In sale of said articles between 8 p. m. and 0 a. m. In cities of flrs^ second, or third classes police officers and attendance officers shall .enforce street* trade provislona Any child who shall violate any provision of this act, may, If conditions shall warrant, be committed to a suitable institution for correction; for good cause nuy permit and badge may be. revoked. Any p.irent, guardian, or other person who contributes to the delinquency of any ♦hi Id shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. The provisions herein made relative to employment in mercantile establishments" shall apply to (rtl villages and cities having a population of 3,000, or more. See also H (f), Cotkiqmlsory attendance. North Carolina: No child under 12 y^rs old shall be employed In any factory or mnnufacturfng establishment, and no child between 12 and 13 shall be so employed, except us apprentice, and then only after attending school • four momlis.in previous year. No child under 16 shall be employed In any mill, factory, manufacturing establishment between 9 p. m. and 6 a. m. No clilld under 13 years old shall be employed In any mill, factory, or manu- factitring establishment unless employer shall have procured and shall keep on file u certificate from i>erson in parental relation to child showing such child’s name and age and certifying that child has attended school four months In previous year. Misdemeanor for employer to employ child In violation of'this act or for person In parental relation to make false state* ment in certificate required or to permit cblld to work contrary to povlslons of this act. County superintendent of schools shall investigate violations of this act and report to solicitors’ of judicial district. North Dakota: No cbilcf under 14 years old shall be employed in or in con- nection with any mine, factory, workshop, store, business office, telegraph office, restaurant, hotel, ai«rtment house, or In the transmission of mer- chandise or messages; no child under 14 shall be employed while the public schools are In session; no child under 16 years old shall be empl^ed In any mine,' factory, workshop, or store unless the employer shall secure for such child an age and schooling certificate and shall keep on file and posted In a conspicuous i^lace lists of children employed: the Sliperintendent of schools or clerk of the school board may demand of an employer evidence of the age of any child for whom no certificate Is on file, and If evidence Is not produced that child is over 16 his employment shall cease unless certificate Is secilred. Age and schooling cerUficate shall be issued by superintendent, If one Is employed, otherwise by clerk; said superintendent or clerk shall Inquire (1) school record of child, (2) inclusive evidence of dilld’s age or affidavit of parent or guardian; child shall appear before superintendent or clerk and show ability to read and write legibly simple sentenoes in Bngll8b;*'in doubtful cases as to chlld’si>hysical ability, medical examination shall be made. The school record of the child shall be signed by the principal or executive officer 8906*— 16-^r-S7 Ik 678 ^ STATE LAWS BiLATlNO TO POTUC EDUCATION. ' of the school nttended, and shall certify that child has attended the public 8C*hool or school equivalent thereto for 120 days during the year prior to reaching the age of 14 or during the year preceding application. >"0 child under 16 shall be employed in any .gainful o^upatlon for more than 48 hours a week, 8 hours a day, or between 7 p. m. and Y a. m. ; employers shall ‘post hours of labor. Peace officers may visit places of employment to ascertain whether there are violations of this act therein and shall rei>ort such viola- tions to the school board. No child under 16 >'enrs old shall be employed In any hnzradous occupation or occupation dangerous to health or morals. Any person violating this act or making a false statement In a certificate shall be finee puulshwl by a flue of not less than $25 nor more than $200, or by Imprisonment for not less than 10 days uor ^ore thud 30 days, or both. Any person who lii algulug any employment cert! flea te shall knowingly certify to a materially false statement shall be fined not less than $25 nor more tlian $100. Any employed minor who refuses to give facts about himself to the proper officer ' when requested shall be taken before the Juvenile court Or other court of competent Jurisdiction to' be dealt with nccoAllng to law. 4 See also H (f), Compulsory attendance. Oklahoma: No child under 14 yoars old shall be employed or permitted to- work la any factory, workshop, theater, bowling alley, pool room, or steam lautfary; no child under 16 years old shall be employed or permitted to work In any occupation Injurious to health or morals or hasardous to life or limb; the commissioner of labor shall, upon Inyestlgntlon by himself or agent, or upon complaint 6y commissioner of charities and corrections, or the board of btolth, determine occnpatlong Jp which such children may be employed. No child under 16 years old shall be employed or i)ermltted to work in certain k O ERIC N . ■■ . ■ ■ ■ - ! , • H (g). CHILD LABOR. ' , 679 euumerat^o^upants; no female udder 16 years old rtiall be employeermltted to work In any ot hereinbefore enumen/ted occupations unlis such child can rorid and write slmpi? sentences In English language, or shall have attended a school for compulsory period" during preceding year.. No child under 10 years old shall be employed or permitted to work in any gainful occupation, excei»t agriculture or domestic service, more than 8 hours In any one day, allowing 1 hour for noonday meal and rest, o^ more than 48 hours in any one week : the .employer shaU provide suitable seats for child employees and* pemdt \ their use so far^ as nature of work allows. No boy under 16 years old and no girl under 18 shall be employed or permitted to work between 6 p. m. and ( a. m. Cbidren under 16 years old sball secure age and schooling cvrliHcatcs . Itefore l»elug emidoyed,: empktvera shall keep such (^ertlftcates on Ule for In- 8i)ectIon of proi>er absence of. such certificate Bhall be primn. facie evidence oT illegal einploymeut. Age and schooling certificate shalhbe ap- proved only by county sui>erlutendent or bis agent. The age and schooling certificate shall not be approveA wit bout satisfactory evidence of child’s age; child must be physically able to perform work required before certificate is issued; no fee shall be charged for issuing such certincate. No age and schooling certificate shall be issued to any child unless a sebooi-atteudnnee certificate of snob child shall have been i>resented to imofier authority. No child under 10 years old and no girl or woman shall be employed or jxHrmitted to work underground. ^ , , Oregon; No child under 14 ye§rs old ^11 he employed in any factory, work- ^ shop, store, business oflBce, restaurant, bakery, hotel, or apartment house. No child under 16 yeqrs old shall be employ^ in telegraph, telephone, or public messenger service. No child under 14 [shall l>e eniployojd for wages while the public schools are in session. No child under 10 shall hi- employeector8 of child labor shall be apimliited by the governor; term, five years, one being appolntecl each year; at least three shall be women; . secretary, who shall be a member, shall rA^elve not exceeding $1,600 annually! other members shaU receive no eompensatlon. No person under 38 years old shall be employed In messenger service between 10 p. m. and 6 n: m. Pennsylvania; Minors over 14 years old who can read and write the English ' language intelligently, and who are physically qualified, may he employed in certain pjnees of business having proper ventilation, sanitation, and no ex- posed power machinery; no minor underl4 years old shall l>e allovipd to work 680 8TATB LAWS RBiATING TO PXJBUO EDUCATION. In a coal breaker or waabery or in or about any coal mine. An employment , certificate ‘may be leaned to mlnore between 14 and 16 years old. No child under 14 years old shall be employed In os about any coal breaker or wasbery or In or about the outside workings of any coal mine. Male minors over 18 years old may'be employed in any legal employment, but all minors below 18 years shall not bo employed in any hiiKardcuis occupation. No mluor under the age of IG years shall be employed to work In any coal mine; minors under IG years old to be employed i^hall liave employment certificates. Bhode Island: ^No chll^hunder 34 years old shall be employed or permittee! to work In any factoryj-nianufacturlng, or business establishment, and no child under 16 years old shall be employed or i)ermitted to work In any of sfild places between 8 ji. m. and 6 a. m. No child under age of 16 years shall be employed In any of aforesaid places, unless such child shall iwssess an age and em;)loyment certificate, given by or under direction, of the school com mlttee. Such certificate shall state (a) name of child, (b) date and place of birth, (c) physical description, (d) name and address of i>er8on In control of such child ; such certificate shall certify (1) that child Is 14 years old, (23 tliAt child Is able to read and write simple English sentences, and (3) that child Is physically able to perform work required, as certified to by a licensed physician. Physicians shall be allowed a fee of $1, j>aynble by State, for examination of each such child. Form of age and employment cerMficate is prescribed. All such certificates shall be kept by employers. su!)je(*t to Im spectlou of factory inspectors and truant officers; failure by any employee to produce such certificates when ‘demjinded by iirsi>ector or. tfuant officer shall constitute a misdemeanor. Said certlfit‘ate. shall he surremleretl to the child upon tenulnatlon of employment If domamhul, otherwise It shall be returnedUo school committee. Sch^>ol committee shall keep copies of em- /ployment certificates lssueer8on, firm, or coriwratlon employing five or more persons or employing any child under age of 16 years .shall.be subject to provisions herein contained; such provisions shall not apply to domestic service or to agricultural pursuits. Governor shall upi>olnt, with advice and consent of senate, one chief and four assistant factory Insfiectors. one of whom shall bj^a wtmian; term, three years; said Insi^ectors shall visit places of employment usvofteu as practicable, make annual report to legis- lature, and prosecute violations of employment before any court of Jurlsdh- . tion; said Insiiectors shall re\i^Srt cases of Illegal employment of lulnocs to the several ^hool committees; pimual salary of chief lrsi>ector shall 1h*' $2,000. of each assistant, $>>500; expenses of said insixjctoi's. not to exceeerly inclosed. No minor under age of 16 years shall be allowed to clean machinery in motion unless approved by Inspectors. Water-closets, earth c\oi^,t% or privies shall ' be provided inwall places where women and children are employed; seimratc dre.'wlng rooms shall be provided for women and girls when required by In- spectors; seats shall be provided in places where women and girls work, to be Used by them wlien standing is not ueqessary. Inspectors shall require owners of places of employment to make such alterations additions In their plants as are considered necessai7 ; any r>er8on who Is aggrieved by any order of an ins|)ector piay* appeal therefrom to the district court of district where building is^sftuated. The State shall provide suitable ofl3ce for use of said lnsi>ector8;*sald Inspectors may administer oaths or aflarmnUons. Any person or con>oratlon who employs a child under 16 years old without an employ- ment certificate, or who makes a false statement Ijj^ regard. to any part r©. ’ H (g), CHILD LAfiOft. ' 681. quJml by snch certlhcate. or violates any provision of this chapter, shall be ffiillty of R misdemeanor. Inspectors shall post a printed copy of this chap- ter in every place of employment of persons affected by provisions of this chapter; Inspectors shall not be required to give surety nor personal recog* niunce for costs. No child under 10 years oM nor any woman Rhiiil be em* ployed in any manufacturing or media nical business more than. 58 hours in any one week or more than 10 hours i>er day, exceiH In case of making repalra All manufacturing establishments shall provide fresh drinking waj^r of good ^ quality for Its emploj^ees. Insi'iectora* shall inspect markets, bn^rles, and other places where food is prei>*ired or sold. No person under 21 years old Rliall he employed as n messenger between 10 p. ni. and 5 a. ni. Soniti Carolina: Every employer of children under 14 years old shall post in a conspicuous place notice that such children shairnof be employed in certain hnzfirdous occupations; every employer of children shall procure from the person In charge of each child a slgnwl statement as to age. placq ^ of birth, etc., of child. Insix^'tors may visit and Insiioct factories, workshcpa, . ' and other establishments employing children. South Dakota: No child under 15 yenrs old shall employed at any gainful ociMipatlon In any mine, hotel, laundry, factory, elevator, bowling alley, or In any saloon, theater, concert hnU, or place of tirousenient where iut'oxl- cntlng liquors are sold, or ns messenger or driver therefor, or in any^other work i>erformeer8on hnvlnjf control who shall compel any wonipn or girl, or any child under 14 years old, to labor more than 10 hours a day shall be, guilty of a nilwiemennor ; this scH^tlon shall not npplv to farm labor, domestic service, or the care of live stock. No child under 14 shall be employed in any mine, factory, or workshop, nor shall he or she * l)e employed in n store except during vacation time. No child under 14 shall be employed in any factory, workshop, mine, or store unless the employer shall file an employment cerilflcute of each such child ami a list of employees; such cel^ificnte shall be issued byMhe county superintendent or his agent, and shall *state that said child can rend and legibly write simple English Rentences and has attended school ns ieqnlreen to visitation by the county snrwrintendent. Whenever the labor of a child whose employment is otherwise prohibited by this act is needed f6r his own snprmrt or the ’ support of a family, the county superintendent, or chairman of the school board of an iudei>endent district, may permit his employ meut Every place of employment shall be kept in a sanitary condition, , ^ - Tennessee: It shall be unlawful to employ or suier to work any child under 14 years old in. or 4u connection with any mill, factory, workshop, laundry, tel'egmph, or telephone office, or In the distribution or transmission of merchandise or messages; no child under 10 shall be employed in said ' occupations betweipn C p. m. and 6 a. m, Unlawful to employ any child under 14 In any wrvlce which Interferes with attendance at school, except in agricultural or domestic service, during the time public schools are in session.* Unlawful to employ any child under 16 In hazardous occupations^ Unlawful to employ any child under 18 In the distribution or transmission of merchandise or messages between 10 p. m. and 6 n. m. Unlavyful^ emplAy any child between 14 and ift In^any of the occupations enumerated ^ ^ 682 STATE LAWS ESLATIKO TO PtTBLIO EDUCATION, ^ in section 1 of this act (tirst sentence of this digest) unless a oortlflcate of parent or guardian showing place and date of birth of child is kept on file by employer. Kniployer or person In parental relation who violates the provisions of this act shall be fined $25 to $2TiO. It shall be unlawful to employ any child under Id, or any female. In any workshop or factory more , tlnin 58 hours in any one week or more than 10^ hours In any one day. Texas; Any person, firm, or corpbration who shall employ any child under 15 years old in any manufacturing or other esliihllshmont using dnugerotis mucblnery, or about the mnchluery in any mill or factory, or In any distil lery, brewery, or In the manufacture of gooils'for Immoral puriv)ses, or where health may be impaired, or who shall send such child any Immoral house, or, having control of child, shall i>ennlt such child to go to such house, shall b^ guilty of a misdemeanor. No child umler 17 shall be emplqytHl about any gujjrry or mine. Stale conmiissloner of lalmr statistics and his deputies shall have frt»e access to plact'S of cmploymeid. Utah: No child under 14 years old shall be employed In any occui»atlon which Is’ djingerous to life or limb or injurious to health or mora*l8 of cliiklrea. employment certificates shall be Issuetl hy superintendent of sc'hools or I>er8on uutUorIzcectiug an employetl cbihl of being under U, slmjl make demand of employer that proof of age or such child he given within 10 days ur child's employuuMit shall cease. No female under 21 years oUi may he employed about any place where alcoholic lh|Uors are manufacturiHl or dl8|>oused. In any city of first or scK'ond cl.iss no |K‘rsoa under 21 3*ears old shall be ei%jdoye. m. . and 5 a. m. ; and no i)orson umler 21 shall he iHu mitled or caused to visit a house of ill repute, sj»Us>n. gambling hou^i or other ol)JectUmal)le place , not having a|»proval of Juvenile court. No boy umler 14 or girl under 10 Shull be employwl at any gainful occupation, oiUer than doutesUc stu-vlcc; fruit or vegetable |>acklng, or work ou a farm, 'umre than 54 hours in any one week. No boy under 12 or girl under 10 shall sidl newsiuii>ers or , merchandise In a public plnc*e; no child under 12 years old shall work ns a bootblack,; n6 male child under 10 years old shall sell papei*s or merchan dlse without a penult Issued hy sipK-rinteiidem of scIkhjIs or other iK^r.son tiuthorlzeil hy school board. lVbot‘ver employs a child or i^rmlU a child to woijk contrary to the provisions of this act imiy be fiatnl $25 to $200 or be lini>risoned 10 days to 30 days. Vermont: No child under 16 years old, who has not complettnl elementary school cours< as prepared by superintendent of educatlou. shall l>e einployetl In connectfon with railroading, nilulng, mnnufacturing, or (pmrrylng, or be employed In n hotel or bowl lug alley, or in deliveriug messages, except dur Ing vacation and befoi-e and after school; no child shall be employtHl In any of aforesaid occupations without an employment certificate issued by the ,town or union superintendent; no child under 16 years old shall be em ployed 111 any of Bnld'occuiuitious for more than 0 hours each day, or mote than 60 hours In any week, or between 8 p. m. and 7 a. m. The town or union superintendent may at any time inquire at any place o^^cupntlon as to employment of children; said superintendent shall make such ‘Inquiry at least three times each year. No child under 14 years old shall be employe LABOR. 588 f ployed In certain specified orcuimtiona, tlie same being in character more or less hawinlous to life anti limb. No female uiuler Xfci years old shall be toie ployed where work requires constant standing; suiUtble scuts shall be pro- vldeil for such i>ersonK, to be nsetl when standing is not nec'essjiry. rroiH*r autliorjties may rtHjulrc employers and iwirenU or guardians to furnitdi ugc cortiflvutes of children employed. No iK*rs(m having (.'ontrol of a child shall allow him to be employetl contrary to provisions of this chapter. County and unmlcipal courts and Jnstltvs shall have concurrent juristllction of ofTcns's under this chapter, and truant otHcers or like ofilcers shall rei»urt violations. Virginia: No child under 14 years old shall be empIoyee cmi)ioy(Ml in or about any estabrisliment or occui^tlon nam^i alnne for more tlnin 0 days in any one week, more than 10 hours In any one day. nor Umwimmi n p. m. arid 7 a. m. No child under 16 years old shall |>e employ td in or sU)ut any estnblishnrent of occuiMJtlon nnnuHl above nnless employer ktH*i>s on tile and iiceessibledo Insirectlon an employment certilicate for smU’child. and also keeps posted and on file lists of children under 16 years tjld who are em- • ployoil. Kmployment certificates shall be issnotl by a nobrry public In the cKy. town, or village where the child is to be eu>|>Ioyetl on om* t>f the fol- ^ lowing evidences that child Is over 1-1 years old: (1) Duly aucsiid birth certificate, (2) pussinirt or duly nttejstetl baptismal certilicate. (6) oilier ikK'unientary Knd satisfactory evidence, (41 altida\it of inueiit. guartliun. or cnsttHlian of child. In cities of ii,0U0 i>oiuihition or more no ciiiid umier It shall be employed as ines^mger for a telegraph, telephone, or messenger Cois- l^any, or In Uie traiismisslofl or delivery of goo a. m, ; in such a city no boy under 10 and no girl umier 16 shall distribute or sell iiewsijuiiers. magazines, or other periotllcals in a public plate. This act shall not ai»i*ly * to parent or guardian employing his own ehfid, .ndr to factories ein-agiMl exclusively In iwickliig fruits and vegetables between July 1 ami NovemlaM' 1 of each year. No male under 21 and no fenmle siiall be empIttytMl in any place, except in hotels, where Intoxicating liquors are mannfm tnriMl, Intught. sold, i)acketl, or shipiHxl, except In niercanUle estahlislmienis in tlu* country. Every factory In which live or more i>orsous are eiiii)Ioyed. and every faotory, workslioi>, mercantile, or other establishment or otlUa* in wJiich two or mure children nutler 18 years old or women are employetl sliali he kept in a saiil- tarj* eouditlon. The commissioner of labor shall 1h? ‘* chief factory insi«H-ior and shall have charge of enforcement of chlId-lalK)r aud factory-iiisiaK’tion laws. Washington; No person under 19 years old shall lie emfOoyod as messenger In any city of the first class, nor shall any child under 14 years old be hlrer court Judge may Issue employment permit to any child between ages of 12 nml 14 year^at any occupation not dangerous to health or morals of chihl. when labor such child is necessary for support of any parent: juvenile court judge way issue permits to male children over 14 years old to act ns mes- sengers under certain ’limitations and oondittons. Any em[)loyer who violates any of provlsions^of this act shall be fined not less than $K) nor more than $600, or be imprisoned not to exceed six months* or both. See also H (f), Compulsory at^^endanee. " I I 584 btatv lawb rslatikq to public education. Wert Virginia: No child under 14 yearn old abaP be employed, pennltfcd. or aulTered to work In or in connection with any factory, min, workahop or manufacturing eatahllahment No child under 14 year* old shall be employetl during hours school is In session In any buslueHs without written iienuls . alon of Btate commisatoner of labor or county sui>erimetident. No chIu/ under 16 years "old shall be employed in any establlsbrnent heretnbefo-t' ^ed without sfl employment certifit'ate; employment rertifiii.ie slmM issued b:^ sui>erinteudent of schools, or lu n!»a^t'e of such nujH»rintemlpni by ^raon appointed by local school board; ui>on termination of employment, employment oertlflcale shall be retununl to person issuing the same; no board member or person authorised to Issue such certiricate slAu have any personal Interest jn Ui« Issuance of the same. To receive such certirteate n ' child shall be at least 14 years old, able to read and write legibly alinple sentences In English, and iu ai)uud health, and physically able to'perfomi work re<|ulreii: said certiflcare shall show necessj»r>’ facts relative to (tuch child. Any employer or person In parental relation to such chib! v.110 violates any pro\ision of this act shall be guilty of a misdomeanor. jmnlshable by fine of riot less than |10 nor more Uian $fK) for each offeusti. Prostrvtlng attorney shall enforce these provisloua and truant otlioers and Uke otlioers ahall report violations. Wlaconsln: No child under 1-4 ye.ir«^ld shall be employed, required, fiii(Tere«l. or permlttee emi.l.n.M |n (vrtain ,kx’u' patloM durlnfc yacsUon In the town, district, or city Ivhere smh children reside upon securing employment permits. No chlid l>etw,.en ages of 14 and id years shall be employeer.v employment is-rnilt Khali give name and age of child and also physical descriptloti. The commissioner of labor, factory Inspector, any assistant factory Insisvtor. trnnm ..filer ■ any police officer, or any privgte citizen may make complaint of the viola’ Oon of any provision of c^labor^Iaw. Kmployers shall keep employ, nent permits on file and -Bball jiftum same u]>on completion of term of employ- ment Places where children under 18 years old are emploved shall be oi>en to inspection by the proper officer. No person shall employ a minor over 14 years old In any city, village, or town In which an evening or-continuatlon school is maintained unless such minor be granted an emi.lovnient |s>rmlt which shall certify that said minor is able to read and write simple sen- ^ tances in ^English or that he attends such evening or continuation school- no parent, guardian, or custodian of any minor over I I years old shall permit employmen# of such minor wjthont said imrmlt; such minor over 14 years old shall file recorda of attendance at such evening or contlnuaUon / school with employer. Any parent or guardian who permits or suffers a < minor to be employed contrary to law ahall be guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable by fine of not less than $S nor more than |2B. Employers shall keep registers of minors employed subject to InspecOon of the proper officer No chUd under 16 years old shall be employed at uuy occupaUon other than er|c V r H (h). afiPARAnON OF THE RACES. , 686 domestic service or fsrm l&bor for more tbsn 48 hours "per more th<^n 8 hours In any one day, or between ti p. m. and 7 a. m. Eroployerr ahnll provide seats for female employees, to be used when standlnjr ia*not ne^- «ary. No boy under 12 years and no gdrl uuder 18 years old, shall. In any city of And class, distribute, sell, or exi>o8e or otfor for sale, newsjuipe'^ magailnes. or m^rlfNllrals iu any street or public pljice. No boy under 14 yenra old sliall work ns bootblack In any riiy of first class. No girl under .18 years old shall, In any city of first class, work as btHUblack or distribute circulars. No Imy uiulor Id years old.ahall act as uewhl>oy. bootblack, or dlstrlbtjte handbills In any city of find class without a iH»nult and badge; badg(*H must l>e worn t.\>nKi)lcuou8ly and are uoutransfcnible ; j»onufts and badges may be revoked for goory attendance. Wyomlni^: Unlawful jo employ any male i^erson under U yejtrs old or any female of any* ngv In a mine, tindcrgr>)uml work, or other d.iugerous oce\i- piitlou. SiH» also U (hi. Wrongs to chlhlnm ; Apiamdlx : State const It uiUmiil i)rovlalmm relating to eilucatlon. * k H (h). Separation of the Hares. .Alabama: Stv O (d), Teachers Institutes and suimiirr s*-h(Md.'i; H (a). Sebrsd lH>pulatlou and attendance, general; T (b), Schcmls for the deaf; 1* (el SchiKtls f(>r ileiH.Mideiits mid e A (cl), dmJy boards: B (a). Ccneral Slate flnauce and aupitorl; 1) la), Bulldljuj^id sites, general; M (b), KlnderKarlens; Q (b), Agricultural collegt^ UloHda; It shall btA^niav^ul to conduct any public, private, or' puroohlal w'hiHds wherein whV^ ji^hous ami nogn«»s are liistructwl or boanb*tl in the'saine hnlldlug orSfrtfght in the same clacks. It shall be unlawful fur white teachers to teach negroes In negni schools or for tiegro teachers to teach In white sch(K»ls. ' ♦ SiH? also V (a), Higher Institutions, general, Georgia: See A (cl), t'ounty boards; II (b), S^^’hrm] census. Indiana; See L (a), Course of study. Kansas: See A (f), Aduilulstrutlvo units — districts, etc, Kentucky: See A (d), District b<.>ard8 and officers; A (f). Administrative units— districts, 4tc. ; B (c). Ueriuaueiit state sc*h(H)l fumls; t; (h), state normal schools; T (b), Schools for the deaf;' U (e). Schtmls for dejKMideuts and delinquents. ^ Louisiana: See A (cl). County boards; Q (b), Agricultural colleges: u)>ul(^y iitUMHlauce. Michigan; 8tM» A (d), Diarric! lK«mlR nmi ortUvn?. * Mlnncaot^; A HlK l>i>*trh f Uxinln and otH^'orv MIftMfiHipiH ; So* A (on. ('Auiify I‘oanl«: A (f>. Adminfsf rat Ivt* tiicU. eto. ; F (b), l\*a(i)ern* s;ilnrU*s: N (aF MUsouri: S;rloultunil ^^.)]cp‘s ' New Jemcf: Sis* H nU. Sihis)] |Hii»uUuJon and attoudana*. pan'ral . O i:i> IndufiUia] iHlL,cnllon. Konoral. *\ow Mexico: Siv 11 (c). School yisir. iiiut/lj. day. rtc. ; 11 (f). i\mi|ndsi>ry lit tend a nee. New Vork: i'onmds'HUvnor of ishnution Hindi rsiidillKli and niMiiiiain K^dnsilH fi.r Indian clilldn*n : .cxkhsi'h of aald ^irlhH>lH tv> lu* paid out of fnnda ts*( apart for Indian islvn^atltni ; said ivuiimls‘ilom*r almll sts*k (lie o»oiiortulon of Iiulhins in the islnrallon of Jliolr ratv Indiai^^cUldreii are lud entJthsl t«> fft'o Uilthai 111 piddle Bclu>oIs outside ihe re.M.*rvjnIon, init may he ri*<*eJvisl on nppn»\al of (ruHps*8 arni eoinnilMoner of e»liicatlon. Kvery Indian child Is'lwis*!! U nml Id yeara olil. f>f R>nml iulml ami IkmIv. shall u((i*ml school or nssjlve snltalde Instrnctlon elH<*wl)ere, in common tjn'limil l»raiiolu‘!S lauxlit In Fn^llsh Innjrnaue: i‘Very sirnh clnid In'twiSMi 1-4 and 10 years ol nsptlnsl: any ilolailon of thesi* provlHlons shall I'onsiltnte a ndsdv'ttieanon No is^rsoii shall eintdoy a^ny Indian child lietweim aites-nf ti and 14 years; and no person shall employ Jiuch child hetwet‘ii a«t*a of II and Id years without written t'oiis* id of jirlneliMd teacher. Teachers of Indian sehnnd away from' Ids home, and returw said ehlld to sidusd or to the iK'rsoii In pereidal reliltlon. romiidsshuier of tshumtiiui riuy contract with (rutini. schools for care of tnmnt Imllan children. Said ctunuilssloner lihall cause anuiml enumeration <>f eutirv Indian ]K>pnlation to bi^ttiken. The Thomas Indlau ScIuh)1 slinll he under otudrol of iMwird of 10 memhors. Uir<*e of wlilch ineml>or8 'shall ho Seneca Intllnns; said mmuhers shall la* npi>olnlert to !etiv;Tnture ; shall api>olnt. prv'«^'tlhe duties of. au4^ Ox coniixmsntlou of sniK*rlntendi*nt, matron, physician, mid other employoes. Inina tCH may 1h* transferriHl to other suiliible Institutlona No |)erson shall be refused mlmlaslou Into or be exeludeii from any public school on account of race or color. The trustees of any union school district, ^or of any district organized under a 8]>eclal act may. when the inhu bits ids ^^If district shRll determine, establish separate schools for colored children. but facilities for sdeb children shall be equal to (hose for wiiltc children. North Carolina: See G (b). State normal schools; L (a), Codrse of study; Q (b), Agricultural colleges; T (a|, EducaUou of special classes, general. 687 r ^). DISCrPUNB, GENERAL, , Public acbooU^ ahall be organlKed and maintained upon complete plan of seiianition beinoen white and colored* race*, v;Uh Inipiirtlnl fuciUties for b^lh mow. The terms ;* t-olored and **10111(0*’ are dettned. The w*pa- rato school In each district 1 3 the on** of ibe nux* havlui; iht* ftovent number* t*f children : otnmiy Kuiterintendeiit imiy deHijnmto tlu* st^pamte si'htKd ami tletermim* whioh nuv shall atietid s\4i'h si'Ikk)! ; niend>ers t>f disirlot mdiool Irnnrd shjill he of sjime race as ehiidreu who ntlr know- ht^ily allow »ive Mh whUe and *vior*sl stUfItMKH for Insiruellon; miy Insiru. tor wln> violates this pnolslon. Rliall he K'lIIiy of ii misileuusuior. Any iN*rsr>n,of either mci* who iiit**nds an tslueailonal Insilnuhm fts- the other rare, shall Ive miiliy of a mUlemeanor. Aii^ prhate s* InsO, t-olloiie, or lii'^t)tidl*>ii of U^arnlnj; may nialiiluin s*^;sirate or dtstiuet hramhw ft.r the two nuvs. No fteparate imhlie Silitsd shall 1m* malntalmsl for either rare In a *lislriel haviii*: fewer than 10 ehiidreu of sneh raee; tu such ehiidreu of siuh ratv slwll In* tr«nsfern*d to Hie proiN*r A^iih.Md of an adJoiiitiiK' dlstriet. ’ (oiiuty su|H»rlMteiideni khall reiK*rt i(» eotmty oomn>lssioners facts *Nmc**rntii*: stM^traie sehixds; county wmmrs- siouers iiuy er**e| hulldliiKs for s**imrnt<* s* !uh)1s when ms^Usl. aud-i*ny -for’ them out of tin* *' s**|>nrttte s^lustl fund" of sncir is>unty. (\niiity snis^rlji lendent sliiill etmtmet wIMi uiid em).ioy all teachers for the ftepanite Cnhfsds t»f the (HiUiity. v*X('**|-t for inde)H*ndent tlistrh is Sia* alsit <; (dt. I’enehers’ insiitutea and Kuimner wdnsiU. - reiinsylvanlrt: Sts* H tfi. roinimlsttry attendanee : O la). Industflal tslnca- ti<‘i>. p*in*ral. lihtxh* Isliiiid: Sts* A (th. IMsirlet Inwards and <>mters. South Carollns; It shall he uidawfu! for |H*rsoiis of . Atlmliiislrnitve mills- -*!lstrii*is. etc. ; ]] ( n ) , School IHtpulHthui ami iiltendanee, p*neral. West Virginia; St**' A (d). Avlininistmtive units -tlisirUds. etc,; O («), In- dustriiil iMlueatlon, jrenernl: Q th). Av:rieultural eoilepes; f (e). Sehools ft>r deixMidents ami delliu]nenti». \lyomliift: M hen th**re are lA t»r nu»re e*>lor»*tl cliihiren in a tlisirfet Heh*s»l, board may. with ajjprtival of tvunty Mi|H*nniemlent, pMo hit* a Heparaie .'xhool for Hueli children. I. SCHOOL DISCIPLINE. (ft) General. Alftbanift: Misdejneanor (fine |10 to $100) to deface u public building; fine of $5^ to to disturb a school or other lawful public assemblage; using school moneys for other than school puriwsea Is embewdemeut ; shooting or throw- 688 STATE LAWS RELATINO T6 PUBUO EDCCATIOK. Jng mlsalles Into a schoolbouse is a misdemeanor ; misdemeanor for a teacher ^ to use other textbooks than those adopted; misdemeanor for any agent to sell textbooks at a higher than the contract price. California; Miraemeanor for a parent, guardian, or other person to Insult a public-school teacher In the presence of a pupil of such public school. Pupils shall be admitted In tlie order in which they apply to be rojjlstered; they must submit to regulations and pursue required course of study ; willful disobeunisbed by hnprisoniiient for hot more than 30 days, or by a fine of not more thai] $50. Missouri: It is a misdemeanor willfully to disturb a religious assembly or a school. ^ ,NeTada; See D (a). Buildings and sites, general; U^b). Wrongs to children. New Hampshire: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Oregon: See F (a), Teachers’ contracts, duties, etc. Rhode Island: See D (a), Buildings and sites, general; P Xn), Illghef Insti- tutions, general. Tennessee: See R (b), Corporations of educational character. Virginia: It" Is a misdemeanor to willfully disturb any school or literary society. / West Virginia: The teacher shall stand ‘‘ In loco parentis*’; may exclude from school qny child having a contagious or Infectious disease; may sus- perfd any pupil for good cause, subject to review by trustees. Trustees may expel any pupil from school for good cause. No teacher shall be n*qulred to sen'e on the Jury or work on the roads while school Is In session. Every teacher shall keep a register and shall make monthly reports to secretary of hoard of education; shall recelve'pay monthly upon submission of report; ♦ shall return term report to secretary of board before receiving balance of salary. t j I (c)« SUBPENSIOK AND BZPUI^ON. m Wyoming; Misdemeanor to use abusive or insulating language to teacher in or about public schoolhouse or to disturb a school or a district meeting; mis- demeanor to deface a scboolhouse; misdemeanor for school officer or teacher to be agent for books or supplies. I (b). Corporal Punish men t. Arizona: Violence to a j)er»on shall not constitute assault and buttery in the exercise of moderate restraint or correction given by law to parent over child, guardian over ward, or teijcher over pupil. Kentucky; See T (c). Schools for tfie blind. Minnesota: See K (e), State aid for elementary education. Montana: See F (a). Teachers’ contracts, duties, etc. New Jersey: See^'F (a). Teachers' contracts, duties, etc. I (c), Snspenslon and Kxpalslon, See also A (d). District Iwards and officers; F (n). Teachers’ contracts, du- ties. etc. Alabama: See A (f), Adinlnlstrutlve units — districts, etc. Arizona: All persons between C and 21 years old shall be admitted to the public schools; oix?n defiance of authority or habitual profanity and vulgarity slmll constitute cause for expulsion from school. See also A (d). District boards and officers; F (a). Teachers’ contracts, duties, etc. Arkansas: Sw* A (d). District boards and officers. California: See F (a), Teachers’ contracts, duties, etc.; I (a), Discipline, general. M- Colorado: See A (d), District boards and officers. Connecticut: See A (d). District boards and officers. Idaho; See A (d). District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative nnlta — districts, etc.; F 00, Teachers’ contracts, duties, etc. Illinois: Sec A (d), District boards and officers. Indiana; See A (e), ?!chool meetings, elections, Iowa: See A (d), District boards and officers; I (e), School fraternities, Kansas; See A (d), District boards and offleera Kentucky: See H (c), School year, month, day, etc. Maine; See A (d). District l>oanls and officers. Maryland: See H (b), School censua Massachusetts: See H (f), Compulsory attendance. Michigan: See A (d), District boards and officera Mississippi: ^ A (d). District boards and officers; D (a). Buildings and sites, general. Missouri: See A (d). District boards and offleera Montana: See A (d). District boards and offleera Nebraska: See A (d). District boards and officera SSO^ STATE LA WB RBLATING to ' POfiUO EDUCATION. ’ Nevwtat 8^ A (d), District boards and officers; F (a), Teecbers’ contracts, dutie< etc. New Hampshire: See H (f), Oompulsory attendance. New Jersej: See A (f), Administrative unlt»--dl8trlcts, etc. : F (a ). Teachers* contracts, duties, etc.; H (a), School population and attendance, (general. New York: See H (f), CJompulsory attendance. North Carolina: Persistent violators of rules and pupilH of imuioral character shall l>e dismissed by teacher. North Dakota: See A (d), District boards and officers. Ohio: See A (f). Administrative units— districts, etc. Oklahoma: See A (d), District boards and officers; I (e), Scboui fraternities Oregon: See A (d), District boards and officers. Pennsylvania: See H (f), Compulsory attendance. Rhode Island: See A (d), District boards and officers: South Carolina: See A (d). District boards and officers. South Dakota: See A (d), District boai^ and officers: X (a), High scbools. Tennessee: See A (cl), County boards; A (d), District boards and officers: E (b), Teachers’ certlflcates, general: F (a), TMChSrs’ contracts, duties, etc. Vermont: See J (b), Medical Inspection. Virginia: See A (d), District boards nud officers: A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Washington; See A (d). District l>oardR and offlcerH; It (a), General State finance and support; L (a), Course of study. West Vii^nJa; See 1 (a), Discipline, genernl. Wisconsin; Any ])erson who shall willfully, maliciously, or wantonly Internipt or in any way molest or disturb any private or public school while in session shall be puulsheer8on In charge of a public or i»rlvate school or ^tHlucational Institution having 60 pupils or mure in average attendance to neglect to train pupils by means of fire drills or to keep doors unloeked. Oregon: -See K (a)» Teachers* contracts, duties, etc. Pdhnsylvania: Fire drills are required In all public sebobis where Are escu|>eH, appliances for Are extinguishment, or proper exits In case of Are are required ; use shall be made of such Are escapes, appliances, or exits in said drills, Khode Island: See E (b). Teachers* certlAcates, general. Vermont: The person In charge of a public or private school or educational institution, other than a university or college, having more than 50 pupils, shall give Are drills oucc each month; violation punishable by Ane of not leas than $5 nor more than $25; this chapter shall be |»rlnted in teachers* nmnual Washingtoh; Fire drills shall be given by the principal or other |>erson In charge of every public or. private school or educational Institution at least twice each month; violation of such provision .shall be deemed a misde- meanor,-punishable by Ane not ext'eedlng to be paid Into district fund. This provision shall be published In teachers’ manuals and Washington State manual Provisions of this act shall not apply to colleges or universities. Doors of public bulldjngs shall swing outward. I (e). School Fraiiernitles. California: See A (d). District boards and olAcers. Colorado: It shall be unlawful for any pupil of u publlq school to be a member of any secret society formed wholly or In part, of pupils of public schools: school boards shall enforce the provisions of Oils act; It shall be unlawful for any person to solicit u pupil of a public school to become a meml)er of any fraternity, sorority, society, or organization organized outside of such school Jndiana: It shall be unlawful for the pupils of any of the olemehtary or high schools of the State to form ^ret societies, fraternities, or similar organiza- tions In such schools. • . Iowa: It shall be unlawful for any pupil of a public high school or any other public school to Join or solicit any other pupil to Join any secret fraternity or society composed wholly or In j^rt of public-school pupils or to take part In the organization of snch society, except such as are sanctlbned by the school directors; board of directors shall enforce the provisions of thU net and may dismiss or debar from graduation or other school honors any pupil violating the same; misdemeanor for any pexison not a member of public / school to go on school grounds or enter school building to solicit pupils to Join a secret society. '* j Kansas: Bee N (a), High schools. 692 STATE LAWS BBLATINa TO PUBUO SDUOATION. Maine: It Bhall be unlawful for any pupU of a public echool to participate In or be member of a secret' society which is In sny d^ree a school organize - ' tlon ; school committees are authorized to enforce the provisions of this act Bfichlgan; It shall be unlawful for amy pupil of the public schools In any , manner to organize. Join, or belong to a fraternity, sorority, or other secret society composed of pupils of the public schools; board of education shall enforce this act Minnesota: See B (e), State aid for elementary education. Mississippi: See P (c), State universities and colleges. Montana: It is unlawful for any pupil In a public school to Join or Elicit other pupil to Join any secret society wholly 6r portly formed from the mem- bership of pupils; trustees shall make rules for enforcement of this act ; they may suspend or dismiss any violator or prevent such pupil from graduation or participation In school honors; it Is a misdemeanor for any i>er8on not u pupil of school to enter school premises to solicit pupils to join any society organized outside of school. ' ^ * N^raska: It Is unlawful for pupils of public schools to participate In or be members of any secret soclky that Is In any degree a school orgnnIznUon; school boards are authorized to deny privileges of school to violators; mis- demeanor for any person to enter school premises and solicit a pupil to Join any society organized outside of school. Ohio: It Is unlawful for any pupil of the public schools to organize or Jdin a secret society made up of pupils of the public schools; every teacher, princi- pal, or superintendent having knowledge of such organization shall notify president or secretary of board of education; board shall Investigate charges and on finding them true shall give notice to offending pupils to disband and withdraw from membership within five days; penalty for failure to obey such notice, suspension until ol>edlence is given; misdemeanor for school •officer to fall or refuse to perform duties imposed. Oklahoma: No pupil of any public elementary or high school shall become a member of or solicit any other person to become a member of any fraternity, sorority, or secret society formed wholly or In part from membership of pupils. Any school board member who shall fall to take steps to prevent the formation of aforesaid organizations shall be fined not les.s than $25 nor more than $100. School boards may suspend or expel any pupils who violate provisions of this act Any person who solicits or In any way Induces any pupil of public schools to Join any of aforesaid organizations shall be fin^ not lees than $25 nor more than $100 for each offense. Oregon: See A (d), District boards and officers. Pennsylvania: See A (d), District boards and officers. Sooth Carolina: Secret Greek-letter fraternities are forbidden’ In any Inetltu- ^ tlon of higher learning supported in whole or In part by the State. Vermont: No pupil in any public school supported In whole or In part by public funds shall Join, or solicit any pupil to join, any secret society wholly or partly formed from membership of pupils, except such societies or associa- tions as are sanctioned by school authorities; school authorUles shall enforce these provisions. School authdrltles may suspend or dismiss any pupil from nchocH or prevent such pupil from graduation or from receiving school honors if gpeh pupil Is guilty of violating any of provisions herein made. These protislons shall not apply to membership In temperance or religious societies or associations of any kind or to societies or associations established for moral advancement of youth. WMbiBgtofn: See A (bl), State boards; A (d). District boards and offlcersi J (a). fiKALTH, OENEiAL. J. HEALTH REGULATIONS. 593 (a) General. ^ Colorado; No persdi or board havlnK charge of a pubHc place shall permit the use of ^ coiiiDion drinking cup. ConnecticQt: Any school board may require every child to be vaccinated l>efore entering the public scbrmls. Any school board may apjK)lnt one or more school phyalclaiis aiid assign one to any school In the town or district, and such .physiclaa shall examine all pupils referred to him, and‘ shall make such examination of teachers, janitors, and school ho^s ns the protection of pupils’ hpaith may require. ..The 8Ui>erIntendent. princjpal, or teacher shall refer to such physician every pupil returning to school without a permit froDi Iltticss or from an unknown cause and every child In school who ap- I>enr8 to be In 111 health unless. huc1| child be excluded from school. School authorities eihpldylrig a physician shall annually cause the sight and baring of every puhllc-sohMf pupil to be- tesfed, and examination shall be made of oUier defects which may tend to affect progress In school. Notice of disease or defects shall be gh*ep .to. parent or guardian, who shall caus^ such child to be t^reated. Where pupil shows symptoms of a contagious disease he^ilth officer ^hall also be notIfle4l, and pupil shall be excluded from school until a jM*rmIt Is sccurelnt a school physician they may also appoint a matron or nurse to work under direction of physician. Expenses Incurred under this act shall be paid as other school expensea The county health officer shall cause the axe- cutlon of the laws relating to public health; the prevention and abatement of nuisances, and the registration of vital statistics, and shall cooperate with town, city, and borough health officers In the county. The State board of health, to prevent the spread of communicable diseases, may make Tules regulating or j>rohIbitIng the use of the common drinking enp In public places. CountJ^ health officer shall appoint a tbwn health officer for ^ch tow^iU except such as contain a city or borough coterminous with the limits of said city or borough; In a town containing a city or borough not coter- minous tlierewith such 'town health officer shall exercise his powers and duties only In that part not Included In such city or borough. Every .schoolho use shall be kej>t In a cleanly state, free from a nr nuisance, and shall be provldeer city, town, or borough authorities may require that all churches, schol houses, and other buildings for public gatherings be provided with Vnoilities fer safe and speedy entrance nud exit Every stoiy above the first floor of n schoolhouse shall be provided with more than one way of egress on the Inshle or with Are escapes on U5e outside. Ewry theater, nlckelette. schoolhouse, or hull, except town halls. In which peo])le commonly assemble in number larger tiian 100, shall bo provided with one or more exits wJlh door opening oiitward.v No barbed wire shall be used In the construction of n fence about any school- houM or public building. No person shall spit upon the paveerson resides having a contagious or Infectious di.sease and attemling physicinn shall within 24 hours after know- ing of the case, give notice to clerk of sclmol board; hcIkh)! board shall not allow any member of family where contagious disease exists to attend school; textbooks from Infected residenees shall he dlsiufcH'ted. Illinois; It Is unlawful to permit the use of any, common drinking cup or other utensil for drinking puriH>8os in any ’public place. Indiana; When the temj)ernture of 70® can not be maintained, the teacher ahull dismiss the school until the fault is correc ted ; jmpll wlio is 111 or unclean or is iufesUsI with vermin shall he scuit home; refusiii of j^arcnt or guardians to rid their children of vermin or to cleanse them shall he punished !»y u flue. W^hen a contagious or infectious diwase breaks out the school authorities shall have pupils in^^ejjted by a physician. School authorities shall employ only able-bodied aiuf ^p^erate teachers and janitors. All school houses shall be cleaned und disinfec-ted at least once a year. There shall be taught in the fifth grade each year the primary principles of hygiene and Siinitatloii ; SUte health commissioner and Stute suiK>rIntendeut shall prepare and furnish pamphlets of principles. Kansas: See A (fj, Ajimlnlstrotlve^units — (iisirlcts, etc. ^ Louisiana: No person shall spit uiwm the floor or walls of any schoolhouse or other public huiklhjg; violation of this provision is punishable by flue of not less than ^ nor more than |26. Maine; Superintendent may exclude from school any i)upll who from disease, vermin, etc., is offensive or dangerous to other pupils; parents shall be notified and mAy bq fined for refusal or neglect to 'take steits to tit such pupil for return to school Massachusetts: Any city or town . may maintain one or more Cental dis pensaries for children of school age, the funds api)ropriateopu)iitiou :mvl attendance, >jenernl. \ew Mexico: See K (b), Teachers* certificates, general. Sew York: See J (b). Mwllciil InsiHH'tlon. \orth Caroliiin: Chainnnn of county conmilRslonors, mayor of couiitj' town, or. If there be no sutdi mayor, clerk of suiierior court, nml the county superin- tendent of m’lKHjls shall elect two regUtered idiyslchuis who, with theuuielves, shall conatltnte county board of health; such hoard slnill hlennlally elect a county physician. If county physician is elected for his entln* time he shnll inspect BH nitary- conditions of every schoolhouse in the county and shall exam- iuG every ehild reiH»rted by toucher as probably defective in conditions of its ^ ejes, ears, nose, or thnoat. He shall also endeavor to have eiaiuliied the feces of everj’ child snsiKvted of having hookworm disease, and shall suggest to parent or guardian treatment of such defect or disease. Oregon: A (d). District boards and otlicera. Pennsylvania: No child or other i>crson suffering from any contagious disiMst' whatsoever shall attend any school of any kind; and no child or other I>cr.sou after l>eing exiwsed to any contagious disease Mia 11 attend any sc-hool until such. time ns danger of contagion Minll have passed; no j>er8on suffering from any contagions disease shall willfully oxiKise himself In any public place, nor shall any person In charge of any j>ersou so suffering thus exiwse such sdff(*rcr. There shall l>e crejited a bureau of professional education as a sulHlepart- ment of the department of public instruction; the same shall.be under the Immedlnle <*ontrol of the SUite sui)eriuteudGnt, who shall receive as comjwn- »itiou for such extra dufles u sum not to oxi'etM $500 annually. Duties of said bureau: To^ ense8 of the bureau of professlomtl educutl4ft. No i>erwm shall practice malielne mid surgery without a certificate of licensure from the bureau of medical education and licensure; said bureau shall be connected with department of public Instruction; said bureau shall consist of seven members, the State superintendent aud State commissioner of health being ex officio; remaining five memliers shall be appointed by the governor. The State superintendent shall receive $500 salary per year as member of bureau of medical inspection. • ^ South Carolina: The board of health of an lnco*rporat(}d dty, town, or village shall In n body or by committee, with the health officer, mnke quarterly vlslU to all schools, seminaries, or colleges which are supported In whole or In part by public taxation for the purpose of ascertaining the .sanitary condition 596 BTATB LAWS RELATING TO PUBUO EDUCATION, thereof; Bald board may order BCboola, public or private, cIohihI !rt case of epidemic of coutugloue or lofectlous disease. School authorities may excUide ^ any teacher or impll to prevent the spread of any disease; said authorities may j)rohlblt the attenclance at school of any un vaccina ted i^erson. Tenneaaeo: See E (b), Teachers’ certtflcates. general. Texas: Persons suffering from communicable dlRoasoH slmll bo excludotl from Bchool at tlie dlecretfon of the local health authority; schoolhouse In which n iH»r»on suffering from sinnllpox,* scnrlet fever, or diphtheria has l^n pres- ent shall be disinfected ; after disinfection and, In the case of small [wx, after vaccination of teachers and pupils. If retiuirvd by trustees, school may l>e re- opened, otherwise such school shall l>e closed 18 days. Local health authority shall notify sui)erlDtendent of UK*atlous of contagion. Utah: See F (a), Tetichers* contracts, duties, etc. Virginia: Teachers shall require of pupils deaujliiess of r>epson. rersons Buffering from contagious dlBcase shall l>e excludetl. At oi>enIng of schotd et»ch yar every tei»cher and pupil must present a certificate of proper var- clnutloQ or that teacher or pjipjl should be exempteeud the oi>eration of this section. The SUte superintendent of public Instruction shall, with the aid of the State board of hetdth. prepare test cards, etc., for testing tl»e eyesight of pupils and .shall furnish the same to school boards 6i\ application ; when canis, etc., are so furnished teacher shall test the eyesight of each pupil and shall notify ptireut or guardian ot aiy dcftvt found, Washington; See L (a), Course of study. West Virginia: The use of the common drinking cup Is hereby prohibited In all public bulUlIngs of every description,, violation of this provision shall con- stitute n misdemeanor, punishable by ^e of not less than |10 nor mort* * than * Bee also I (u), Discipline, general. t Wisconsin: Health authorities shall notify school authorities of presence of conttiglouB diseases; teachers shall notify health authorities of any such dis- ease coming under their observation. Schoolhouses shall 1m? proi»eriy cleaiicd and fumigated. Teachers and pupils shall not attend school during an epl- #demlc of smallpox unless they have been successfully vaccim'ted. Local board may provide for free vaccination. J (b) . Physical Examination and Medical Inspection, See al^D (c), Care, sanitation, etc., of schoolhouses. Ciillfomia: See A (d),. District booVds and offleers. Colorado: The State superintendent shall prepare and furnish test cards, etc., to be used in teetlnfe the sight, hearing, and breathing of -puidls In the public schools; teacher or principal, or county superintendent where there Is no principal, shall vflthln first month of school year make such tests and report to State superintendent Teacher shall report any defectiveness to prlncf^l, or, If there be no principal, to county superintendent.' who shall notify parent or guardian and recommend medical treatment; If parent or guardian Is unable to have child treated, county physician shall make examination and provide treatment. State auditor shall draw his warrant to carry out pii>- vlBlous ot this act = 697 J (b). MEDICAL INSPECTION, Connecticat: See A (bl). Stiite bonnlB; J (a), Uealtb, general. Delaware: See A (cl). County boarda Idaho: See A (bl). State boiirdR Indiana: School tmatees and townnliii) trustees, may Institute meoor to afford tjje same. State of education nqd Slated iKMird of health shall prepare rules for enforcing tills act f !*o also A (f). Administrative unlts-dlatrlcts. etc.; J (a), Health, general. Louisiana: State boonl of health and State superintendent shall prepare test cai^s. blanks, and record book.s, appliances, and Instructions for testing sight and hearing of pupils In public schools, and supply same to said sctiools. The suiierlntondent, prlucliml, or teacher in every srlKK>I shall, within first nauifh of W'hool. test sight and hearing of pupils, and rei>ort as(? or defects to be seut home to iwireuts;. child showing symptoms of contagious or Infectious disease shall be sent home; c’ommittoo shall cause every* pupil to be examlued at least ouc*e a year; state sujierlntendeut nft?r consulting hoard of houUh shnll presc|;ibe rules for testing sight and hearing ami shall furnish rules, blanks, etc., for r.irrylng out this not, Provlsbin.s of this agt shall apply only td cities and towmd of less than •10,(XK) Inhabitants, Maryland: County sdiool board may apiwlnt one or more school physicians, legally qualified, with at lent two years* experience, who shallmake examina- tion of all ohiblnm referred to him, **aud such further examlnatlou of teach- ers, Janitors, and school buildings, ns In his opinion the protection of the health of the pupils may require**; suj>erlutendent shall refer to physician any child returning to school without a permit from health officer after absence on atyount of sickness or other unknown cause, or In 111 health or su(^)ected of being sick with any contagious or Infectious disease. County sc*hool board shall cause any child attending public schools to be “ separately and carefully tested and examined at least once every two years” for defective sight or hearing or any other physical disability ; school authorities may establish . si>eclal classes for these defectives and employ additional teachers. Notice of disease and defects shall be given tp^ parents, and any .child showing symptoms of any contagious og Infectious disease may be excluded from ^ 8chfX)l : nurses may be employed to visit parents and secure the medical at- tention required. SUite sui>erlntendent after consu'Uitlou with State Ixwnl of health ahall i>re»tTUH? testa for sljcht and hearing. “No |>er»vm sufferliic 'troiu auy comiiiuuloable diaeaae ahail be cU3]»Io,vei) as teneher or Janitor in any public aehool’* ; U^aebers iiiust furnish health crrtltUaies "tbnt they an- not suffering from tulH'rvulosla or other et)nimnul(‘able dist^imv" St a it* Unird HJnill provide fttr pupils in mtnnal Silunds " suitable Instrueilon and i»riutk(‘ for toKtiuK alKht and liearlnK of «t*hooI ehlldren. M«a*achuseiU: The seluKd aanmltttv of every eity ami town shall api»<*inl one or uion* scliJHil pbyHlLlamy shall assign: one to eaeh imlflle selastl. uik) provide said physielans with proper ftu‘llUU*s ; shall tnie ttr natn* i*' examine el^d ten who ttpi'ly for lK*tiUh r(*rtlrtei(tes ; tn elties whtTt* ilie IkkiviI of health muUitalnlUK nu^liial Insis^-Uon, sueb lantnl slj.dl ap|H)(ut mnl asslf^n the school physlrimi. K\ery st^’luH>l jibysletan shall make a pr^anpt ejuiuinntlon and dhiKnosIs of all cldidrtm rt»f(*rr>Hl to liini, and such fur ther examination of teachers. Jniiltora. ami bnildlnjrs ns the prottvtion of tin* health of tl)e pupils may rtMpiirv*. 'I'he s« land comn»lttt*«? shnU niiise noti< <* of disease or defts'ta of any ehlM to l>e si*nt to his imrtMits or >ru;mliaii. When ever any child sliows syinpttuns of nmtjiKloiiH t!lseust\ he shall t>e sent home lmine«!Utely. The sehm)l ctniiinltltv of every city ami town sliall have every child seimrately i|ml rtin^fnlly leKitMl and ex a in I mM at least omv a y^r; t(^ts of sl^rht and htairlnK shal! Ih» made by leaebers; a physfnil n*eortl oF«U'h child shall Ih* k*pt as the State lH>anl sliall rtspiire; Ibo Statt* boar-l of health sliall prescrlb* tlin*etlons for t»‘sis of si;:bt : ad liearliu:. am! the State hoard of tMlnoatlon shall fnrnUii suppllt'^, mti ^io exr oilier Horst's: said sums may be exin'inhsl (1irt>ni:b tin* s^'Uvtim'U, or umlt*r dlrt*etitm t>f boanl of health when authorlxtsl so tt» do by the st'k^etineii. The State lutarti of health Is authorlra-d tt> jirohlhit tlie nst* of a conunon towel in publit* jiluta's See also J (n), Health. Kcneral. Miasoari: St*e A (th. Hlstriei boanls ami olllct*rK New Hampshire: Whenever any city, union, s|Mvlal, or ttovu scIkmiI di strict shall adopt the provisions t»f (bis act the s;tnie sliaU be iu ftirce llicreiu; ftchool board shall ai»is»lnt one or un»re schtml physicians of not less than live years’ exjierlencc; every Hclmnl physician shall, in tin* presence t>f (be teacher, at least once a year, previbtis mdice bavin;; ln*en ;rlvt‘ii. make m*ct's aary examlimtlon of pnplls, teachers. J;^itors, ami otlier employw.s, ami t>f Uie schixd plant, and reis>rt same ttt Itoanl. Kvt*ry child why shows sl^nls . of 111 health shall \m referred by the teacher to parents or Kuurtitan of suclt child for exainimiMoii by a n*initab1e itliyslcian : if t'nirt'nts or ;;tiard[an fail to have sudi exftinlnatb)n made, then «ucb clilld shall be exandiUHl by sclimd physician. School physlclau shall re|K>rt dlst'ase or deft*cts of children to imrentfl or guardians. Any child showing symptoms of a communicable dlw'as^* shall be sent home Immediately. At least once a year tests of sight amt bearing of children shall he made by teachers, umler direction of school jtby siclnn; physical records of children, according to form prescribed by State sujierlntendent, shall he kept.^ State board of he.*tUh and State superintendent shall provide for students In normal schools Instruction and practice In test- ing the sight and bearing of children. Any p&rent or guardian may protest In writing to the teacher against the examination of child or ward for any noncommunicable dlBf*ase or defect. The district may raise money for health Inspection of schools. State board of health, shall prepare hulletiiiH on the cause, restriction, and prevention of tabeix^ulosis ; said bulletins slmU (b). M EPICAL INSPECTION, 5% be diHtTibnted by »chooI bonnis to (lu^ fumllleR of tbe oor pn>s,>ina- shiill Is- cerlllhsl l.y inisllcal Inspeolor as (lt‘irlinentiirto ht^nltli or .^IcnnHnetM uf other |it:iON, StH* also 11 (a), Sc1h>oI ])op(thitlon a ml attemhince, ctMieral, New York: MtMical InsjHVtlon si, nil he pHuhlf^I for nil pupils nttomllnjr public ai-hm.lR, cXiN‘pl In cities of the first class; re;;lstenM imlmM mirs^^s may he emphtytHi for pnhlic s^-Iks.Is; for pnriK)i^*s of Insinviion, schoid Mi.tliorltW*^ sliall api*oint ami rlx salaries <^f wchmil phy^icl:mK, S»Mj enterlnj: so cxaniimxl by liie ius)Nstt>r. ami ln>;Hment shall l>e ftirnlslusl by such iMKiKVtor frw of charge to such i>npn.H, Medlml lnsiHX'ti*rs or prlncIiKtl ttMcIiers shall mimmlly make eye aiul e,ir tests of fuitiUs nmler Instructions of (Hunmlssloncr of (Mimatlou. who shall ctuisull State health commisshmer relative thereto ; ioninilK.'^iouer of iHliuMtlou slinll [ wo vide for Instruction In such tests for stmlents la normal si-hools nml feacherrralnlnj: c1asH«>s, I'hlUIreu showlnK' symptoms of any (MnUintons dlst^tse shall Ik* exchnlwl from si-hool; imslicui tnsiNK tors shall exaiiilue aity such ehlldi'en who nM*Tn to 8<‘1uh»1 without a health (vrlilicate from the health otlhvr or fmm n licensed pliyslcian; im>dieal ias|HHtors may. ns they mx? fit, make examinations of lenehers. Janitors, and s:lect8 lo comply with Mild provisions, ('ommissioner of (Hlncutiou shall n|itH)lnt a physician, who sliall have had at Ksist live ywirs’ practice hi his profes- Hion as stale imHlIcal insiH*etor of selioolR. Sc*e also A (d), District hoards and oillcers. North CnroUna: See C (a), I^K'al flnaiue and fupiH>rt, general; J (a). Health, general. North Dakota: The hoard of any school coriHwatlou may employ one or more nuNllcal Insiieclors. Tlio iiuKiical insjHXior shall at least om^* each ywir examine evor>' child, except those presentluij a IUvumhI physic! a n‘s certlftoite ; notice of i)h,v8lcal defe<*is shall be m*nt to parenta: itidleent childr<*n sliall i>e treated. Medical InsixMnor- slmll cooi>erntc with boards of health In dealing with contafdous dlsensea County and city superintemlentH shall cooiienite with medical inspectors; comity sn fieri utemUmt may itrniiige runil schools by groups for securing insfiectiou thereof. Whenever the county superintendent shall report to the county board of health that auy school building or out- house is insanitary or unsjife or that any perwm of school age U alleged to be defective, said board of health shall iuveaUgute the.caaa 600 8TATB LAWS HKLATINO TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. OUoj See A (d). District boards sod offltvrs,; A (f). AdmloistruUve units- , (UstrlctSi etc. OreKon: See A (U), DUtj-lct boards and offlcern. PennsrUanla; Every (hbool district of drst, «K»nd. or thlnl class sl.alt provide medical InspecUou by physicians letfally qualirtwl to |.raoil.v la ili,- State and witb at least two years’ exiterlenct., but districts of tblnl cl, .as may yolo not to bavo niwllcal Insiavtlon. r«iii|»Miaatloii of uM-.ll.al in spectors shall lie doteru.lned by boanls ..f .s-b.M,| ,llr.vl.,ra; b.s.ltb ..tlWrs niav be apiwluUMl medical lusiavtors; lii .llatrlcts of llrst .’l«aa. l««nls of healii, uuiy ajiMiliit lneiM4^>ra with such salarl.-s as may be .leteri.ibhsl bv w-b.s,! dlrts.-tora; lns)sstU..n sb..ll be made In the pr.«tM,.v ..f parent ..r busixIIuu when requested. In every district of the fourth class. State deisirtment .,f health shall provide medk-al lusis»ctlon; Insiavtors ahnil be Hi.]«.iut(-.i i,v tii.- State commlsalouer of health; they shall be legally guallH.M pl.yslcluns wlth at Iwst two years' experleuce, but any l>oard of dlna tors ..f fourth-class .li.s irlct nisy vole u..t to Imvo mallcol Insiwcllou. Me.llc,il liis|acl.irs aliall at Iwst once a year lus|K-ct. test, uud eiamltie all implls. glvlug es,Hclal at,..,, lion to .lef.'cllve sight uml hearing; they shall make reiM.rl.s to ttwchera ..r other proiwr authorities ix.ucenilng cure of pupils. TtsK-bcra. »r ..ther pn.jyr authorities, shall send luapeclora' reiwria to parents. Me.lical ln8^avi..r^ shall at leost once a year carefully eiiiunuo scIi.h)! bull.llngs and premlK.-; at»d jviM.rt on game to Slate ommlssloiier of licallb and to l,..,.r.ls of .Ilr.a iora Dlnclors may v-mpl.>y ivi-h.M.I mira.Mi. .No la-rsoii having u.i.civnhmis .,f II,.- lungs shall iK- a pupil, l.-ach.-r. Janitor, .,r olli. r cnii.ioy.H.- In any public .-a h.~.l. eicei.l la u s(x.vIm1 e.rh.ail. Any pupil i.ruu-lil.-,! fr.,m „i icmlliig s,-li.,ol „„ acl^.unt of Ihe lieallb law shall not be requlr.-vl to c.,mply will, ti,c .-o„, putHory jittemIuucti law. See ulao U (f), Compultxiry ntteiidiuKX;. Rhode Island: There sluill lx- an annual nttproprlailon for medical ln«iMMtJ,.n Of schools, to be apportioned by Stato board .,f «lncaiion; ,,p|M,rtl..nmcm t- My city or town acceiSIng these provisions shaU ,-qnal .mchslf nm.u.nl |«,1,1 by such city or town for the puriKwe, n.,t to eioeevLjaSO |a-r year. The ».-Ii.h.1 committee of any city or t.m-n may enipl.^- .me or more scho.,1 pbysiclaus, wl,.. shall at least once a year make examination »f puplig. teacher.-., and janitors of the acbools, public and private, and reiatri to superliiton.ieiii .,f s.h.>ols Every superlnUmdent of schools ahall cause mi annual examlnall.n, of sight and bearing of pupils to be ma.le by teachers or aclMsd ,.hyslclans; .aumnls aloner of public schools ahall preitare rules of Instruction and lilsnks for su. l. lamination. State board of education shall approve proix>r staiidaixla „{ T rt ““d o'^>er sanitary arrangements .,f schoul buUdlug& TenneMee; See F (a )r Teachers' contract^ duties, eta Utah: Evetr teacber shall within first mouth of school or when child enters, test every pupil for defective sight, hearing, teeth, or breathing, on.l ahnli report defect to parent of pu|dl affected. Slate board of health shall furnMi school boards with Inatructlona. test cards, etc. School board may employ a regularly HceiiM physlclaa to make such testfv Vtmontt State board of health and superintendent of education shall pr^ie test cards, blanks record books, InstrncUona, and apparatus for tesUng sight ^ hearing of pop^^ and sbsll furnish same free to public schools The town superintendent or principal of school In an Incorporated district not In a supervisory union shall biennially require teachers to make tests of sight and hearing of aU children 7 years of age and older; snich teata ahall be re- J (C). VACCINATION. 601 l>f>rtoil to fkntd KU|korhUoiu)oiit^>r prlncliiul. am). In turn. Hliall l>e roi^rtoil to atilH'rhitemloiii of tHhjmtioa : oliDilron aUul) Ik* totitoil nt Muy tiirn*; lOarhorn kIuiH rojiort Ui |>»*rsy voio of niimifit hi'Ih^O nnvMii):. :»p|yttnt ono or nioro imsltcal hiKi«vlorn for ih»‘ir wt'htx^ta. S:.M lintinHiors tOinll oxamlno pniklia In ctmforniity with nipilromoniH of Stalo Iwionl of hoalth. Sniil in* K|H*i‘lor Khali oiainlin? pupIlH In any private srlnml >vln*n nNpu***tctl ' wo to Jo hy priuoltMt ihclx'of. or In t‘n»o**f o\it»to»uv ttf I'onta^lotiK JtKi*iitM^ Vlrfclnfii; StM* J (ft I. lloalth. ponoral. WaHl^Inj^nr. . S«v A (Jl. J>tstr!ot Ixviri^^iind ntfl(TrR. Woiil Vlryclnii • The Nmnl of dlnoulon ((f »*arU lm1otHmil(*nl wilnHil JiKtrIci Khali, and oUkt Inmn's may, iip|Miln( aimnally ono or nion* IoithU? (]ua11ti<*| Imlldlups: hours of stody. r(Nx»s.sos. cxorolst's. and other matters iiertalnln;; to ht*ftlih. vUaHty. and devehtpinent of puiiil.s; sahl h..ard maf employ a teacher mirst* to Investiirate sanitary condithnis nf the pupil and honn*. Mtsili'nl insjMStor shnll ktvp a n^ord of pu)iils test(*d ; slmll notify |>urenfs of defeeta of child,. J (e). Vaccination. ^ ('allfornta: Kv(>ry puiill within live days after entering; school sliall furnish a eertlllran' .sluovlii;: that he has Iksmi \accltmteil within pre\i»uis smen years; If parent Is cttins^'lentlously opiH>w*tl to van iiiatlon. or if iihysleiftn cerllfles that vmvIimtloM would ondamn*r life or heulth of ehlld. (vriitlmtes shall not he nHtulrtHl; failure to tile vx^rtlflcate or staternVnl shnll suhjtx't j>ut>U to ex- elusion from stduKil ; State tmartl of health slmll detcnnliie i'anes of smallpox In any scIuk)! ; unviuvimitt*d ('hlldren slmll lie e\clnd»Ml when srtiulIiKix Ih found to he present ; when va(Tlimilon falls to " take.'* child shall be exeuipl for one year. CoDUcKrUcut: See J ta). Health, (general. Delaware: St*c A Tel). County boarda G(»prgla: Cenaation of a physician, who ^i^shall vaccinate school children; said physician shall Issue vocclnatlon certifi- cates to children vaccinated; ex[>enses of vaccination shall he a charge against the district; trustee of districts shall Include In their reiwrts facts relative to vaccination. ^ ' Ohio; See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Oregon; See A (d), District boards and officers. Pennsylvania; No child shall be admitted to any school ^except upon a certtftcHte signed. by a legally qiialilied physician setting forth that such child has been successfully vaccinated, or that such child has jtreviously had smallpox. Rhode Island; See A (d). District boards ami officers. South Carolina; See J (a). Health, general. •Texas; See J (a), Health, g^eral. Washington; See A (d); District boards and officers. Wisconsin; See J (g), Health, general. Wyoming; State board of health may adoi»t measures for the vaccination of the Inhabitants of any city, town, or county to prevent the introduction or arrest the progress of smallpox. K. TEXTBOOKS AND SUPPLIES. (a) Georgia: See A (bl), State boards; A (cl), County bonrda MOwisilppi: Boards of supervisors, boards of school trustees of common •ehools, and all boards of mayor and* aldermen shall purchnse supplies upon lettliig‘ectlve counties not exceeding $500 for the purpose of providing textbm>kB at actual cost to public-school pupils; said amount shaH remain a permanent fund In the hands of tlie comUy superintendent te be used In purcLasing and keeping books for stile, books to be bought under contract between the Shite and publishers. Certain counties are not rw- qulreeiintendent shall designate n dei>osltory la each.township where textbooks shall be sold at not exceeding 10 per cent above flrst cost” K (b) . »ee Textbooks. ' See also K (c)„ Uniformity of textbooks. /Arizona: There Is appropriated out of the State school fund sufficient money to furnish free textliooks for the coniuioii schools of the State. County sui>er- Inteudeut shall annually furnish the Shite hoard of eendlx A; State conatltaUonal proviBious renting to publlu educuUoa Colorado: See A (d), District boards and officers; N. (a), High schools. Connectteat: See A (d), District boards and officers; U (e). Schools for dependents and delinqaent& Delaware: Each school committee and board of education outside of the city of Wilmington shall furnish textbooks free to all the pupils of the puhlh* schools, Including colored ptiplls; school committee sljall order fl^ugh tho State treasurer the necessary books, which shall be those adopted by the State board of education and furnished at contract trice; State treasurer shall pay for books out of the school fund of the State, but shall pay no bills for at least 30 days from the time they are rendered; school committee shall provide for the safekeeping of books and the clerk of the district shall 1m‘ responsible therefor; said committee may furnish books at cost to pupils denting to own their ^ks; each teacher shall n»port to school commUtoo quarterly, giving attendance, etc., and an Inventory of the hooka See also A (cl). County boards; B (e). Shite aid for elemeuhiry education. Florida: (bounty school boards shall furnish textbooks free to all Indigent children not over 15 years old; In special tax districts said districts shall famish such booka Idaho: See A (bl), State boarda Illinois,: S^ A (d). District boards and offlcera Indiana: See K (c). Uniformity of textbooka Iowa: See A (d), District boards and offlopra; A (f), Administrntive iinltH— dlstrlcta etc. ; K (c). Uniformity of textbooka Kansas; See K (c), Uniformity of textbooks. Kentucky: See A (c2), County officers; A (d). District boards and offlcera. lionlslana: See A (d), District boards and offlcera Maine: See A (f), Administrative unite— districts, etc. Maryland: See A (cl). County boards.; K (c). Uniformity of textbooka Massachusetts: See A (d), District boards and offlcera Michigan; See A (d). District l)onrdH and officers; A (f). Administrative unite— districts, etc.; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks. Minnesota: See A* (d), District boards and officers; K (c). Uniformity of textbooka Missouri; The qualified electors^ of any school district may by majority vote’ determine to famish from the Incidental fund textbooks free to pupils, such books to bo the property of the district No board shall pay^^ higher price than Is paid for the same books elsewhere. No contract hereafter made by any county or State textbook commission shall be binding on any district furnishing free textbooks; no dontract for books under this act shall be made for a period longer than five years. Any district furnishing free textbooks to at least the flitst four grades shall be entitled to old from the county • foreign Insurance tax moneys; any district not furnishing textbooks free to all elemental^ school pupils within three yeors shull be entitled to no fur- ther aid from said Insurance moneys. . * See also K (c), Uniformity of textbooks. Montana: Bee A (d). District boards and ofiOcers; H (f). Compulsory at- tendance; K (c), Uniformity of t^tbooka. v 605 K (b). PHEE TEXTBOOKS. .Nobraaka: The vnrlous school boards of pabllc schools are empowered and it is made their duty to purchase all textbooks for schools and are authorised, to contract with publishera of such books for a period not exceeding *flye years; contract prices of such books shall not exceed the lowest prIcA granted anywhere else In the United States, and such prices shall be reduced In Nebraska when retlucM In any othe^tnte. Before any publisher shall be ]>erniltteegln proceedings against such publisher. Textbooks bought by the district shall be-loaned free of charge to pupils, but pupils sball be held responsible for tlie same. Other school supplies Uian books may 'also be loaned to pupils. If desln*d, books may be bought from the board at cost; board may designate some local dealer to handle books for the district, with such an Increose In cost for handling and transportation as may be agreed upon. Nevada'i Trustees shall purchase all new textbooks and supplem^tary books and school supplies for use In public schools, same to be charged to county school fund belonging to the various districts; such books shall be held as property of districts, but loaned to pupils; parents and guardians shall be responsible for ftooks in bands of school children ; equipment and materials for special departments may be furnished same as books; trustees shall fur- nish desk l)ook8 for teachers; textbooks and supplementary books-may l)e sold for cash If parents desire to p.nrchnse such books. Clerk of board shall turn over to the county treasurer nil moneys collected under the provisions of this net. # New Hampshire; See A (d). District boards and officers. New Jersey: Textlxwks and school supplies ghnll be furnished free of charge for use of all pupils In public schools; every district shall raise funds for such purpose as other school moneys are raised; every school boord shall make rules for care of textbooka No pefson officially connected with public schools shall have any financial Interest In sale of any textbooks or school supplies; violation of sneh provision is punishable by removal from office or by revocation of certificate to tench. See also A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. New Mexico: See H (f), Compulsory attendance. * New York: See A (d), District boards and officers; K (c), Uniformity of textbooka North Dakota: The school boafd or board of education of any district .may adopt textbooks for use In the public schools of such district and may pur- chase the same and loan them free to pu{fils. Before any publisher shall offer books for sale In the State he shall file lists, stating lowest prices, with ' '.I i. ',p ti;.i w. ,^0$ STATE LAWS BBIATIKO TO PUBUO EDUCATION, 9 the State mperUttendent. who shaU famish such IlsU to school offloere, and sdopUons tot not exceeding three years shall be made therefrom ; publishers shaU seU. books at prices quoted. When petlOoned by two-thirds of the * voters, school board shall furnish textbooks free. See also A (f). Admlnlstrnllve units— districts, etc. (MUo: See A U), Administrative mnits— districts, etc. Oklabom*: See H (f), Compulsory attendance, Oregon; The board of any district may, and on petition of five legal voters In a district of tho third class, or -25 In a district of the sewnd class, or 1(h) In a district of the^first class shall, call an election to determine question of furnishing textbooks free to luplls; majority of votes cast shall determine; vote shall be ta\en only for grades below the high schooli when so vototi district shall raise funds sufflclent to buy books and loan them to pupils. Board shall annually have books disinfected. See also A (d), District boards and officers. Pennsylvania: See K (a). Textbooks and supplies, general. Rhode Island; See A (d), District boards and officers. Sonth Carolina; See K (a), Textbooks and supirties, general. South Dakota; See K (c). Uniformity of textbooks. Tennessee: See H (f), Compulsory attendance. Utah: See A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Admlnistrallve units— districts, etc.; U (c). Juvenile courts. Vermont: Board of school directors shall, In the case of elementary schools, and may. In the case of high schools, provide and furnish appliances, supplies! and textbooks to pupils; such books shall be leaned to pupils free of charge under rules of said board, and may be sold to parents or guardians at cost Parents or guardians shall pay for books lost or damaged; directors shall be liable for uncollected losses or damages. Board of directors and town suiwrintendent shall select books used In public schools. No i>er8on officially connected with any public school shall receive any gratuity or compensntibn for recommending or procuring ndo])tlon of any book or purchase of sohoof equipment or other supplies; violation lamlshable by flue of not less than $2a nor more than |100. See also A (d). District boards niul officers. Virginia; See A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Washington: See A (d). District boards and officers. West Virginia: Board of edacation of any district or Independent district mny purchase ond furnish free textbooks to jiuplls of free schools; such books 8b.Tll be delivered by secretary of the board to the teacher as needcsl, and teacher shall return such books at close of term ; pupils shall pay for books Icjft or damaged. ^ Wisconsin; See A (e). School meetings, elections, etc.; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; N (a), High school. Wyoming; Board of school dlr^tors of any city or county are empowered and It Is made their duty to purchase all textbooks necessary for the public schools of such city, town, or district; they may contract with publishers of books for ^ot exceeding five years; publisher must file with State superin- tendent bond for 92,000 to $20,000, as determined by superintendent, for the faithful performance of contract. Books purchased Shall be paid for from . ^ ”M K (c). UNIFOBMITY OF TEXTBOOKS. fiQT publlc-achool land Income fund. State superintendent shall have printed price lists sworn to by^uhlishers, and shnil fumiah^such lists to county sui>er- Intendenta for school districts; Stnte sui>erintendeiit shall also furnish form for contract Boi)ks purchased under pruvisions of this act shall remain the proi>erty of the district K (c), Uniformity of Tc:ribooks, Alabama: Nine oducntors (onefn»ni each congressional district), yic provernor. and the State suiH*r!nteiitlent . (*onMtitutc the State textbook oominission ; nioinlK^rs , shall take oath of office; governor. Is president; superintendent Is stK-retary; comndssiou shall select a uniform series of textbooks; imliiwful - (o use textbooks other than those _n do pt ed ; books adopted for subjects re- quired by law to be tnu^t; textbooks shall contain nothing partisan nor stcLarInn; at end of year commission may drop any nnsfitlsfoctory book; commission shall advertlm* for bids for furhisldng l>ook8 for five years; I)idder shall, as guarantee of good faith, dcitosit a sum of mouey determined * by the commission; commission shall meet In executive st^ssiou to open bij^ and examine books; notice of Ixmks adoptiHl shall be given publishers by registered letter; attorney general shall prepare contract and governor and siHTctary of state shall execute It; contracting publishers shall give bond of to $,qo.(HK). ns detcrndutxl by commission; when bond Is given, cash deposit shall be returned: contracting pubiishcr fjdling to execute contract ;ind give Ixmd forfeits cash deiwslted. such cash going to the school fund; stcn'Tary of state and county sui>erin ten dents shall receive and siKH*lmens of books; contractors shall print contract price on bn rontractors shall not furnish Ixmks at a lower price elsmvhere, they do comuiissiou shall sue uism their bond to recover diflferon by ngreement commission and contractors ^ay alter contract; the commission rules: State shall not l>e liable to any contractor in any nnuiner; coinmlsslon may reject any or nil bids; on failure to adopt eommis- sioii may readvertise for bids: commiBsIou may advertise for manuscripts of nupnbllsliedt laKiks and having w'cnrec submitted in lieu of Iho flnishok ; governor shall Issue proclamation stating what books adopted; contractors shall place books on sale at not less than three places In each county ; county sni>erintendout may sue niton breach of contract made In his county; commission shall see to prompt distribution of books; commission shall maintain Its organization ' five years; State superintendent shall notify sclumi officers of books adopted; when adopted expires, new adoption tnkOh efft^ct; snppltjmentory Ixxtks may I>e used, but not to exclusion of adopted books; $,3,000 annually Is appro- priated t6 carry out the act; compensation of npi»oIntive members $4 per day and iO cents per mile traveled; clerk may be npiminted at $,S per day; adoptions for five years unless otherwise provided; wdien contract Is* for felted, a new contract may be made for the unexplired term. See also I (a), Discipline, general/ Arizona: flee A (bl), fltnte l>onrds; A (c2), County officers; A (d). District » boards and officers; K (b), Free textbooks. Arkansas: At annual district meetings electors may vote on the question of" county uniformity of textbooks; county i*ourt slmll ascertain 'result of elec- tion, If a majority vote “for county uniformity.** county examiner for Sn flic lK)ok : 1 case >rice : majority- of 608 6TATB LAWS Sf^LATINO TO PUBUO EDUCATION. coon^ «nperlnteDdent)i two teachers appointed by Uie State superlntendHit. and two ettisens appointed by the pounty judge shuU constitute the school book board. Said board shall adopt for use six years in the county a seriett of textbooks in reading, writing, spelling, arithmetic, language lessons, Euk- lish grammar, geography, United States and Arknnsas history, civil govern- ment of the United States nnd of Arkansas, physiology, elementary algebra, and elementary agriculture. Board shall be in session not exceeding 10 days in any year and shall receive $2 per day each. Books adopted shall bo brought Into exclusive use in the county, but supplementary books may bo used. Putillsher shall furuish.to Statd superlutendent and county examiner a copy each of book offered together with prolwsed price, and Shall give bond to the State for the j)erformanc« of the contract required to be made. Tlu* directors of a special district nmy adopt either the county series or n dif- ferent series. Question of uniformity shalj not be voted on oftener than oTiee a year. Publlahers shall not pall books at a hlgtier price in counties wticre uniformity Is not voted. " v See also A (bl). State boards; A (b2). State officers; A County officers; A (d), District boards and officersf-A (f), Administrative units— ^ districts, etc. California: Misdemeanor for a school officer or teacher to use other text- books than those prescribed by proper authority or to willfully neglect or refuse to make reports required by law. See also A (bl), State boards; A (cl), County boafds; A (c2), County > officers; A (d), District boards and officers; F (a), Teachers’ cou tracts, duties, etc.; N (a) High schools. , V Colorado: See A (d), District boards and officers; Appendix A-: State coustitu- tlonal provisions relating to public education. * * Connecticut: See A (bl), State boards; A (d), District boards nml officers, l^laware: See A (bl), State boards. Florida: The board of commissioners of State lustltutlons is. cousUtutctl a State textbook commission to select and adopt to.xtbooks for'^bc imbllc schools; adoption for five years, tiranches: Spehiug, detlulng, .reading, writing, drawing, arithmetic, geography, grammar, language lessons, Florida history, United States history, physiology, civics, elements of agriculture, theory and practice of teaching. The governor shall appoint for tertn of four years a subcommlsslon of not loss than nine members, four county superintendents, and five teachers, not more than three of whom shall l>e from the same congressional district and none of whom shall be related to any member of the textbook commission; said subcommlsslon shall examine all books submitted without regard to price and shall report on the samo to commission ; such report shall Indicate first choice, second choice, etc., for * each branch. Commission shall open in executive session such recommenda- tions and bids submitted and shall adopt bo<>ks. Before entering upon their duties each member of subcomml^on shall take oath that be Is not and has ^not'- been agent for any textbook. Before adopting books commission shall advertise f6r sealed bids ; bidder shall deposit between |500 nnd $2,500. according to number of books submitted, as a guaranty that contract and bond will be executed, if bid is successful. Commission shall notify bidder of adoption of books and award of contract; succjsssful bidder shall then execute a bond for not less than $10,000 for the performance of con- tract UnsDCcessful bidders and contractors, when bond Is executed, shall /be entitled to the return of their cash deposits. Contractor shall print con- tract and exchange prices on the back of each book; commission shall not fc iMii 609 K (O), UNIFORMITY OF TEXTBOOKS. contract for anj book at a prica above that for which each book U sold In any State, county, or dty In the United Stri^^ea; It aha! r be aUpuIated In the contract that hooka shall not be sold at a iwT-er price elsewhere, and If contractor violates such stipulation, coramlsslon may sue and recover on bond; contractpr and four mertibers of coramlsslon may change contr. *t; after the first adoption there sliall not be rny greater change In. books (ha. would be equal to Wper cent per annum of the whole number of books adopu‘d. The State shall not be liable to contractor for any sum 'whatever. It s all be stipulated In the contract that publisher shall exchange books adopt< I f'''* old books on the same subject and shall allow for old books not less than I>er cent of price of new. Commission may reject any and all bids and adv tise for new bids, or may accept manuscripts If owner thereof wIU have the^ same published. There shall be maintained In each county, If com- mission so requires, not less than i nor more than 12 agencies for the dis- tribution of books, or contractor may make arrangements with merchants for handling books; where no agency is mnintilued, any person may order for cash and contractor shall forward books prei)ald at retail price County boards of edu<*atlou may adopt hIgh-school books for branches not mentioned In this act .\fter contracts are executed- State superinteudent shall issue to county sui)erlnteudent a circular letter giving list of books adopted, prices, etc., and location of agencies. Books adopted shall be used to exclusion of all others, but supplementary books may be used and books on higher branches than those mentlonefl In this act may be adopted by county boards. County l>ourd of education shall discharge and cancel the certificate of teacher using other Uinn adopted books. Misdemeanor to sell books above contract price. Commission shall serve without compensjitlon ; each member of siibcom- mission shall receive $4 i>er day and actual expenses for not exceeding 30 days. No 8ui)erlntendeiit, member of school board, other person officially con- nected with the government of ^the schools, or teacher sL .ii be agent for or, otherwise personally Interested In* the sale or exchange of textbooks and . school apparatus. ^ Georgia; The State schoolbook comwlsslon shall consist of the governor, secretary of state, comptroller general, attorney general, and Stite 8Ui>erin- tendent of schools; governor 'shall be president and superintendent shall be executive officer. Said commission shall adopt a uniform sysiehi of text- books In following branches: Spelling, reading, writing, arithmetic, geog- raphy, language lessons, English- grammar, Georgia history. United States history, physiology and hygiene, elements of agriculture, elements of civics, yid such other branches as may be provided for by statute, but no book selected shall contain anything of a partisan or sectarian character. This act shall not apply to any county, city, or town system which with a local ''tax and State funds maintains s<^'hool for eight months or longer. Commis- sion shall select five iHirsons acfually engaged In school work as a subcom- » mission; sample copies of books shall be submitted to said snboommisslon, who shall examine the same Irrespective of price; each member shall report ^to commission bis first choice, second choice, third choice, etc., for each branch of study; said Individual reports shall be kept scaled until commis- sion meets Inyexecutive session to open and consider bids; each member of Bubcommlss^ shall take oath that he Is not Interested In the sale of any book and ^at he will faithfully discharge hIs duties. Commission shall consider nferlts of books and prices, giving proi>er welg^it.to reports of sub- commlssloff and shall make hdoptlous; thereafter reports of subcommission ,8966“— 15 89 610 STATE LAWS RBLATIKa TO PUBUO EDUCATION. flball be filed In office of State superintendent aL'v commission; bids shall name retail and exchange prices; each bidder aha)) make a cash deposit of between $&00 and $2,5(X), as determined by ooinmis- Sion, which deposit shall be forfeited If bidder falls to ejcecute contract iimi bond required when bid Is su(X'esaful. After selection of books conmiisHioii sbnil notify successful bidders and contnict shull l>e executed: contractor sliall give bond for not less than $10,000; de|X)8its shall be returned to un- successful bidders and to successfxil bidders when bonds are executeok8. Commission shall serve without (‘onit>ensation ; each mem* ber of Bubconimission shall receive $4 \\cr diem for not exceetling 30 days and actual exi>cn8e8. See also A (cUi. Comity otfleerH, Idaho: See A tbl). State Imards; A (t). Administrative units— districts, etc, lUinois; See A (d). District boards and officers. Indiana: The State board of education shall constitute a board for the purpose of selecting or procuring the compilation for use in the (‘oiiimen sc'hools of a series of textbooks ou the following: Si>elllng. reading, iirithuie* tic, geography, English grammar, physiology, United States history, and a graded series of writing books ; said board shail also adoi»t textbooks to be umn) in all imblic high scuools; sjiid books slialj coi.tain no partisan or strtariau matter and shall be etjual in size ami quality to standard textbmiks In gener.il use. Board shall advertise for bids (1) from publishers to furnish books for l>orlod of five years, (2) from ailtl^ors of textbooks ha\ 'ng nnpnldishwl niami scripts, (3) from i>er3on8 willing to undertake the compilation of- hooks. Bids by publishers shall be accompanltHl by bonds, condition on Uie per* formance of contracts when obtalnet*u bids and (*omract for books, but no contract shall be made for nuy book, manuscript or coi>.vrlght which shall be sold In this State at a price in excess of the lowest coutrncf selling price of the same at any place In the United States, nud If price Is reduccMl elsewhere a reduction to the same price shall be made In this State; when* books are sold under like conditions at a lower price elsewhere and contractor refuses to make required reduction In price, governor shall, on proof of such fact, order contract canceled. State shall not be liable to contractor for any sum whatever. Governor shnll Issue proclamation when contrnict Is perfected. Each township trustee and each school board shnll fuimtsh text- books free to Indigent children textbooks adopted for the common schools shall be used In all such schools of the SUite and those adopted for high K (C). UNIFOBMITY OF TMTBOOKS. 6ll Bcboola ahall be used in all high acbooU. Name and price of each book shall be printed on the cover thereof. State superintendent shall cause copies of this law to be printed and shall furnish the some to school offlcera Misde- meanor for a merchant or dealer to sell a book at exceeding the contract price. When contractors consent to the revision of a book or the Introduction of an Interniwllate bot)k Uie State board may hnve.sujh revision made or Iptermcdfate book Introduced* the cost of revision abali l>e' bornn by the con- tractor, but sucb cost shall first be agreed u(>on by tlu* wiitroctor and State lK)jird; if no agreement as to cost can be ruacluHh State Imard may advertise for other. ImhiKb. Whenever a revision Is detenuinetl itpon the author thereof/ shall l>e allowiNl sufficient time to complete nianiiscrlpi nml i^mtmctor shall be Jillowed at least six months after Its completion Ih which to manufacture and ship the lKH)ka No new or revlaoil book shall be introduced until the State iKwtrd shall have given notice to school offlws at least 12 months In advance, and salu officers shall give such notice to dealers. Hevisloo shaU not be rt'QulrtHl oftener than once In 10 years of any bo}>k except copy books, histories, and geo^*’jipliles; contracts for furnishing ctipy books, histories, and geographies shall be for 5 years and other contracts for 10 years, but State hoard may. by two-thirds vote, cancel any contract at the expiration of five years;- at the expiration of five years State board inay reduce the price of any book. The use of any reading primer adopted by the Suite board shall l>e optional In cities having over 6,000 Inhabitants. County superintendent shall npiKiInt some dealer or merchant In the county to act as a deiHisItory for books adopttHl ; publisher sliall sell books to deiHisltory at a discount of 15 j>er cent, who shall distribute them :o other merchants aud <\ealers at a discount of 10 lH^^•oent from the contract price; de|K)sitory shall ascertain from county superintendent the probable number of books needed and shall i rder the same, paying cash therefor. In case the contractor fall to secure n dejwsltory in upy county, books shall be ^hl by township trustee or board of ‘school trustees. See also A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Iowa: The board of directors of any school corpora tlon may adopt textbooks for all Kubje<*t8 antUor)?^'ought from said fund and directors may annually levy on miditlonal tax therefor of not exceeillng $1.60 i>er pupil. In the purchase of books It shall be the duty of the directors or the county board of edm atloard shall not change books adopted ofteuer Uinn once In five years, except In case of breach of contJ^ct, or unless authorized by a majority of the voters at the annual meeting. Person or firm desiring to furnish books or supplies shall file sample with, the county superintendent who shall preserve the same. The county superintendent, county auditor, and members of the board of supervisors shall constitute a county board of eilueation. On petition of one-third of the school directors outside of cities and towns, county board of education shall submit question 612 STATB LAWS RBLATINQ TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. of coanty uttlformUy to qualified electors at next annua) meeting. If a majority of tlie voters at election favor uniformity, county board of edu- cation shall select books for the county and contract for the anu>e, but cities hhd towns shall not be subject to county uniformity. Unless other- wise ordered by the board, county ilperlntendeut shall have charKe of the distribution of books and supplies; biwinl may iwy for iKxiks nml suppliea out of county ftmds and sell them at w»me i»rlce; when sel(*cteer of the ct>unty Ixwnl of eilucathm shall during his term of office be an nRent for textbooks or supplies. On i>etltlon of one-third of the legal voters of any sctiool coriwratlon, directors shall submit to next annual meeting of voters the (piestiim of prt>vidlng fret' texttHN>kB to pupils of the public schools; If majority of voters voting at election favor free textbooks, directors shall purchase the same ami loan them to pupils under roles and regulatlbns made by board. At a subsequent annual election, after legal notit'e, voters may dist'ontlmie the provisiom of free textbooks. See also A (f), Administrative units— ilUtrlcts, etc. , Kuism; There is created a State schooflKwk comnilSBion of seven members which shall conalst of Slate 8U|>eriutendent, pn'sident of SUtte nonnnl schw)!. president of State agricultural college. State jirlnter, president of State . board of agrlcultyre, and two members apiKiinted by the governor for term of two years; said commlasibn shall succeed to iwers and duties of scIuh)! textbook commissi on, which latter slinll ct^nst* to exist, hut whose con I met s. shall a)nt!nue jn force untl]^ their expiration. Eiich member not nvcivlng stated salary from the State sliall retvive Iv'i i>er diem and actual ciia*ns«*s while attending meetings. Commission shall eUvt a chairman from among the members and a secretary not a iucmt>er. who shall devote his entire time to hU duties and hold offline for two years or until dlsmlfqjjpd by com- mission for cause. The commission shall adopt, write, select, ('omplle. or cause to l>e written or conipllexl. or purchase copyrights for, a comi)Iele series of textlK>ok.s for use In the public (Kdiools, or may contract for Uie « right to publish any or all of such books on payment of an agn'etl royalty; said commfsaion may have written or (*ompII(M or may purchns<' the several textbooks and mnnuscrlius to be iiseil in the public schooKs and fix tiie comi>ensatlon of authors and compilers; said commlssioii may also stvure rights for Kansas and may contract with authors and pithllshers upon a royalty basis for the exclusive right to pnldish and use icxthooks tn Uie State of Kansas. The printing of all textlKwks j>ubllsh(Hl by the State, and all mechanical work comiecte^l therewith, shall be done by and under the BUi>ervl8ion of Uie State printer at Uie State printing plant Whenever one or more of said textbooks shall have been authorlxe bo.)ks ehiUl ai>l>ly to secretary bf coumilsalon ...id sb.ni HBree to fun.lsb all books at not excee,lluB lO per cent prollt • Sliile suiwrliitendem sbnll funilsb county siiiwrlntendents with prled fnmi the sale of lawks; $2,000 as a cmitlnKent fund; $2,000 |wr annum to pay snhiry of secretary; $l..VX> to iwy expenses of commission. Misdemeanor to sell Iwoks for a jirice hl«her than that flxek« comniinUon ahnll bo Into executive acMHlon and exclude all pnlillHlierH and agents; ft shall lx» a mlmleuieniior for Hfnwiti* or puhllalierH to 1h* prmnit at sIk'Ii ex(H’Utlve sewill strict hoahla and ofl3ot*r»: A (f), AdinlulstraUve rndL**— districts* etc. I^aisUna: State Nutnl of tylucailon slnill adopt n unlfomi serlm of tcitlHXikM for pnbll(^ achivolH, to r\*nmln unchanKiat for six years after such adoption, not more than lhrt*e suhjivts or jNirts of snhjtvis of elementary graties and not nmn^ than two uf foliowiiiB hlBli seli(K>l sohjivis enn In* ehangeil nt any one ado|>Uon, namely: Algidira, KukUkIi gniminnr. ettniistsKlon, and rlietorle. Isitany. E^sdoKy. • eliemlstry, gismietry. Anierltnm history, mu lent history. Dieillevnl and motlern hlstor)', and of nmmlnlnB hiBh-sidtix>l Kiil)Jt*ets not more than five HluilWt>e changed at any adoption* hut any texilMstk mny UM hungetl at any time U|ioii nppiiention of -hi luirlsb tM^inls; iidoptlon of lexttHMjka slnili he made in ia*rlo<1s of tlirw yenn* aiw^rf; nnsle for pnsothm* for the amioinu>e nient of hids, awanllng of wntra'*ts, and hn'iitlon of deiK>sltories shall Ik‘ left to said iKioni. Se<* also A (hi), State lK>nn!s ; A (dl, Dlstrlet bojmhi and otlhvrH. Maine: Si*e A (d), IMsIrlet Isnirds and otlieers. Marylattd; Sih^Mtl iHmks sliall conhiln nothing of nittH'tarlan or partisan cUar- aeter. Ihuinl of puhlir sehiM)) tsanmissiouers of l|^ltlniore city and the munly school boards shall adojK and jHin^hase textlKHiks for use In the pnblle scbmds free of cost: Ixuinls shall have right to chtmgi* lexllnKiks nt miy time;' boartl shall not In* rwjuInHl to expend in any tnliool year for textlxwks more than the amount rtvoiveri>\ ule for delivery of books to tJie si'luhds; fttr their sjife-krovls of Marylnnd and for supple- meulury nmdlng l>ooks: llTiO.tMH* appn)priatrt! for this puriKJSe annually; ahall be iij>|>ortioned In SeiHeniber on basis of pupils enrolkMl, Maaaachuseits : See A (d). District boatxls and oiti<'erfk MirhigAn; Each ecbool board shall, when authorised by a majority vote of those quallfii^d to vote on the qtiestlon of raising tuxes, purchase and loan to pupils textt>ookB In spellhig. reading. wriUng, ge<»grai)hy, arllhmeth*. gram- mar. national and State history, civics, and physiology and hygUuie; board shall ado|>t textbooks, but those otire adopted shall not be changed within five yearB, and textbook on physiology nnd hygiene must have approval of the State board of education; books simll be loaned to pupils under such rules and regulations as tbe board moy prescribe; any pupil may piirchti^ hla own textbooks; district having once adopted or rejected free textbooks may take further netton at a subsequent annual meeting. Board of district adopting free textbooks ahall contract with a dealer to furnish the same at net wholesale price; said board shnll annually add to bther estimates for acbool purposes tbe amount necessary to provide textbooks and tax for the K (c). unipohmity of textbooks. /615 1 SKine ahaM lye levity! ami collwtetl hh oUier rtiatrlct taxen. It ahnll »>o a iiitrylo- intyiijor for na oflk'er or nicniW of n iKwtnl to n»ftw or nojfUvt to pmvUlo free toxtbooka after an afflrmaUve vot« baa been taken by tbe dlatrlct on the matter. , No t>eraou aim 11 offer any textbook for aale or exebanite In tbe State mull lie rtlml) Imye tNim|>ll*yl with the fnliowliiK i^mdition.** : ( 'u He Khali file with the State KujK'riniemUnt t>»|ilea of textUvkH. prhvK, etc.; \2\ he KlmU file with the State Ki;ia>rfntemlem i\ t>oihl »:uarmHivhiK that he will funilKjt to (h^irleiN biMtkH at lowt*t»i prll prl^rK. State 8ii|aTintemlent Khali within :W (lays si*ml (\tplea of llsta MUyl with him to aehooi olthvrs. Su|M‘rinteihIent ami pr1ml|wls Khali rejvirt to I'toiiily i>nnmlKHltHier ttf aehmilK. or to hoanl of (Hlneatlon in eata* of liUNtriHirateil elth***, all violatloiiK of the i^tnnlltloim of anUl ami said tymmilKaloner ‘ or boanl of lylueation ahall lu\ e«U(c;tte and reiytri to State KntKTtiitemlent. who Miinll notify the |K>rmm Knilty of viola- tion; If imld ivrwm iUinll fail to coiui^iy with the <\>mlltlon« o( notliv. Slate Kii|»erliitemleui may Kusiy*jid his ri^lit to ty*U lamk-s In the State; for iyr- k1 stent fallui^e to (Hmiply. State super in tern lent shall d is) a re Ik* ml forfeltty! and attorney *:eiieral shall hrluit suit thertstii; funds derUiyl from jud^rnuMil thus sei uns! shall Ik* cnyllt^Hl to the primary eeliotd lmen‘st fund. No |y?r»on shall s«H*iin* or attempt to stvure the tmle of any iexilM»ok tty rewarding; or proiiiisih*; to rewanl any itvieher or sehtHd oilitvr In any way whatever. No retail dealer Klmll wll iMwtks at a jirks* *rn*(Uer than 15 i*t‘r tvnt In exiy^ of net wholenale prl! 10 jK*r tvnt alnive Kild whoh*Kale prkv. When a fHinlly removes frmn a district the treasurer of the m the tsmtlnyent fund tiu* texIlMstks of tin* rldhlreu ttf said fainlty. Stv also Adf). Admtnistralive uniiH — illmrleta, etc.; N ia). lll^h achmda Minnesota: State hlsletyluMd Umrd shall pn*|Mm* list of Isstka for schmd ilhrartes. l*ih)n the nsvlpt of a (‘erlllhsl statement frmn any dlstrlec ap- proval by county wi|KTJnleudenl. sliowln*? the purchaty* of library t^mks. the apisilnlntent of a librarian, ami the making of pro|>er provisions for dlstrl- billion of books, the State euiierlntemlent shall furnish such dlslrlrt a regulHi- tJon u|K)Q Stale auditor for one-half luirclmse prliv of tHs>ks. not eicepolnt eight public-school tencherA who, together with State superintendent shall constitute the textbook commission. Duties: To select and adopt uniform series of textbooks ^or use In public schools for flve years; shall Include orthography, rending, writing, intellectual and prac- tical arithmetic, geography, English grammar, composition. United States and Mlsslssliipl history, physiology, civil government, elements of agriculture. “ No history In relation to the late civil war between the States shall be used in the schools of this State unless It be fair and Impartial no books shall con- toin anything of a partisan or. sectarian cha meter. Commissioners shall take Mth; trustees of seiiarate school districts may select supplemental books and . raise curriculum above that prescribed by law. Commissioh shall take Into consideration merits of each book In subjoct matter, printing, binding, mate- rial, mechanical qualities, and general HUltabUlty for po.rposes Intended, as well as price; commission shall advertise for sealed bids; bids shall state definitely . pri^ at wholesale and retail and each bidder shall make such deposit with State treasurer as commission may require; bids must be opened and con- sidered In executive session ; attorney general shall preimre contracts In ac- cord wit# provisions of law; contractors shall enter Into bonds of not less than $10,000; In the event suit Is brought and the defendants attempt to have case removed to the Federal courts commission may immediately cancel ccmtract and sue on bond; cash deposits shall be retumetl to unsuccessful bidders, but If company fail to enter into contract after being notified cash deposit shall be forfeited; books furnished shall be equal In all respects to specimens furnished; State superintendent shall keep samples In his office and contractor shall furnish like samples to couqty superintendents to be kept in their offices. Commission shall not contract for books at a price above what same books are furnished to any other State, county, or school district ; State shall not be liable to any contractor; all bids may be rejected and new bids advertised for. Contractor shall maintain one or more depositories in the State, two or more agencies In each county, and two or more In towns of upwards of 2,000 Inhabitants; should contractor fall to meet demand. State fnay sue on his bond and county superintendent may bring suit for damages; commission may make any reguliltlona necessary for tlie prompt execution of contracts; books adopted shall be need to exclusion of all others; supple- mentary books and books In higher branches may be used: vlolatlqp of pro- visions of this law made a mlsdem^nor; teaching other books or demanding more than contract price ihade a misdemeanor and finable; conunisslon shall $eep jonmal; It can not extimd contracts; m^bers shall not accept or r^ celve from pnbUsher employment, retainer, or gifts except books for Inspection ; , exchange price of all books shall not exceed 00 per cent of retail contract pride; commissioners shaU receive $6 per day when actmWy employed, not 'to exceed dO dayi and mileage; In case contractor falls to furnish books, his bond shall be declared forfeited and commission may make other con- K (C). UNI70BM1TT OF TSXTB00K8. 6iy \ tracta ; commissioner shall be dtsiiualiflM to rote on contracts If a relative Is employed by any school4x>olc company ; commission shall not change , more than 25 per cent of books in use at any regular State adoption. Bee also A ook8 to dealers at net contract price, aixd no deoler shall sell at more than 15 i>er cent in advance of net contract price. A reasonable ex- change price shall be provided In contracts. Misdemeanor to use other than adopted books; any commmlSHlon or board of directors who shall attempt to change any book before the expiration of the contract, or any person who sliall connive to secure such change, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. Supplementirry books may be furnished at the expense of the district; boards of directors may purchase books for indigent pupils. Boards of directors of cities and towps exempt from county uniformity may adopt and contract for. books In the same general manner as provided for the adoption of books by the county commission. Publisher shall file with State superintendent a sworn statemmit that be has not entered Into any agreement to fix or control prices; be shall also file a sworn statement as to the ownership of the publishing house repre- sented; If said statements should 1^ found uutnie, or If publisher should enter Into any agreement to control prices, attorney general shall sue to re- cover on bond and to annul contract * See also K (b). Free. textbooks. Montana: Textbook commission of seven members, five of whom hhall be actively engaged In school work, shall be appointed by governor; term, five' years. Five members shall constitute a qi|onun ; all votes on adoption of ■ V • ^ ivpjW.'WTTW '^■HVT'VW 618 STATO LAWS SBLtATTKQ TO F0B1IO BOX7OATI0N. n books Bhall be record^ with names voting for and against; meetings abnll be open to public; comnjlaslon shall report to governor before meeting of legislature. Meeting shall be held In January In odd-numbered years and October In even-numbered years. Changes shall not be made In more than three texts In any one year. Special ‘meetings may be caUed to en^r Into contracts when former contracts cense to be In full force and effect and to adopt supplementary books when needed. Session of commission shall not continue longer than alx dnya For 80 dnya from November 1, 101(1. State superintendent shall advertise* that commission will m^ In following January to receive proposals for supplying such bnsjil and supplementary textbooks as are desired to be changed for a period of six yeiirs after Set)- teniber 1, 1017. Commission shall contract for textbooks In the branches required to be taught In public schools. , Publishers shall submit sealed pro- posals stating prices of books* Including exchange prices, and books shall In* kept on ante at at least one place In each county. Commission shall enter Into contract with publishers for necessary books and contracting publishers shall give bond In amount equal to one-balf the value of books to be furnished, con- ditioned on the faithful perionnance of the contract. Contract price for books, allowing difference for freight, shall not exceed the lowest whorbsale price charged for same books In any other State. Noncompliance of publishers witi* contract constitutes forfeiture; bo long as contract Is complied with adoptions shall be for not lees than five years, when publishers have flieil their bonds State superintendent shall have price lists printed and distributed through county superintendents to trustees; county superintendents shall notify State superintendent of violations of contracts. School ottfeers shall use books adopted by State commission and shall report annnnlly the textbooks useose by county com- missioners. State textbook commissioners shall each receive per diem and travrilng expenses while on dnty. Kebraakm: See K (b), Free textbooks. Nevada: State textbook commission shall consist of the State board and of four additional memi)er8 appointed by the governor; appointees shall l>e persons actually engaged In school work, term four years, and shall take constitutional oath; governor abnll be ex offleio president, and State 8iii)erin- tendent ex officio secretary of • the commission; majority of entire commission shall l>e required to take action; meetings of comndssion shall be public, and secretaiTT shall record name and vote of each member ; commission shall meet every fonr years, bu^ special meetings may be called by secretary «I>on re- quest or with consent of three members; conimlsslou shall adopt a uniform series of textbooks for exclusive use In all public schools; no session of com- mlffilon shall extend beyond 10 days. The secretary of commission shall notify the various publishers of textbooks whose names shall have been filed with him of the meeting of the commission, and that sealed bids for said ' textbooks may be submitted. Textbooks shall be adopts In following br^ches: Bending, grammar, arithmetic, geography, history of the United States, physiology and hygiene, writing, spelling, drawing, music, and shall approve o^er books for supplemental use; sealed proposals shall Include statement of the Introdoctory-and exchange prices of said books. Textbooks p — — K (C). UNtPOHMITY OP TSXTB00K8. 6l^' , I uD geotcmphy sball contain a special map and supplement deecrlptlre of Ke- vnda. All books adopted shall be equal In every way to the samples submit- ted, and of latest revised edition. Publishers shall give bond to faithfully*' ^ carry out their contracts; forfeited bonds shall be paid Into State distributive school fund. State superintendent shall send price list of odopted l>ooks to utl school ofliclals. Any teacher or school officer requiring or permitting the use of other than adopted textbooks sbiUl be gtillty of a misdemeanor. Ap- pointive members of coiumlBston shall receive |5 j)er day for not more than 10 days, and traveling expenses. See also A (d). District boards and officers. ^cw Hampshire; See A (d). District t^rds and officers. New^ersey; See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. New Mexico: There shall be a untfortn system of textbooks for the public w'hools which shall not be changetl more than onw In 8lx*year». The State board of education shall adopt a uniform system of textbooks, and only the books BO adopted shall be used in any of the first eight grades of the public M'bools; said board may contract with publishers for such books, and arrange for the purchase and delivery of the stime. • A history' and civics of New Mexico shall be prepared by a known historian of the State, and shall b^ sold at no more than $1 per volume. The history oud civics of the United States and of New Mexico shall pe taught in the public schools; physiology and bygienc shall be*tnugbt In nil the public schools. See also A (bl), State boards. New York: School authorities lii cities nod uvtion free-school districts shall designate textbooks to be used In the schools therein ; In common-school dis- tricts, designation by two-thirds vote of legal voters present and .voting at an- nual school meeting, in cities and union districts, books designated shall not be changed within five years except by three-fourths vote of body which deslg- nat^l such books; books designated In cofnmon-sebool districts shall nqt be chonged exce|>t by three-fourths of voters present and voting at nn annoal meeting. Any violation of this law is punishable by fine of not less than $C0 nor more than |100, to be paid Into school fund of the district Voters of any union free-school dis^ilct may, by a majority vote, at annual or special meet- ing called for the purpose, purchase and furnish free textbooks to pupils. See also A (d), District boards and officers. North er8oh from each cj^i- mlsaloner district selected by the members of the school boanls tluJB^ County board shall meet every five years and adopt textbooks.for the iSHP schools of the county, but the board of education of a city or town iS| adopt additional books Said board shall advertise for bids and In adoi»t Ing books shall take Into consideration both price and quality; no book shall be adopted at a higher price than that for which It was sold anywhere else during the previous year. At end of school year county superintendent shall report to board as to the ope^^^lon of book contracts. Board shall designate a depository for each school corporation where books shall be sold for not over 10 per cent above contract i)rlco. Whenever the State shall • publish a sufficient number of textbooks used In the public schools to supply tbe^hools of any county, on .notice by-Hhe governor the contract for such book In such county shnll teruinate and the county (k)mmis8loners shall forthwith supply all the schools of such county with the books printetl by tiu* State. County board shall supply each school with a list of books adopted with prices. On petition* of a majority of the electors of any school corpora- tion, the school board thereof shalV furnish books free to pupils, such books to remain the property of the school con>orntion. Books adopted for a period of five years. Misdemeanor for a teacher or superintendent receive any emolument from publishers for aid in securing the adoption of books. Tennessee: The gbvem9r, State superintendent, and three- members of State board of education to be named by governor for term of five years shall con- stitute a State textbook commission to adopt a uniform series of textbooks for the public schools. %ild commission shall api>oint a subcommission of five teachers or city or county sni>erlntendont8 to w'honi shall be referretl all specimen copies of books offered for adoption; such subcommisslon shall examine books and rei>ort to comnilssloa their first choice, second choice, etc., for each subject. CommiMlon shall also examine iKwjts and shall give. “due consideration and great weight’* to rei)ort of Bubcoinmlsslon. Commission shall advertise for bids and bidders shall be required to make cash deposit of $500 to $2,500, according to number of books offered, which deposit shall he forfeited if bidder falls to execute contra<^ and bond as required. Publisher on executing contract shall give bond for not less than $10,000 nor more than $30,000, conditioned on performance of the contract for books at a price not greater than that for which such books are bold outside the State, and publishers shall agree in contract not to sell hooks at a lower price elsewhere i , tinder like conditions; difference between contract price and lower price else- where shall be recovered on contractor’s bond by commission.^ Publishers Bhall also submit prices at which old boc>ks may be exchanged. Any or all ^ bids may be rejected and new bids advertised for. Manuscripts may be coniddered. Ctoveriffif shall Issue proclamation aunoonclns^ adoptions when made. Contractor. shaU. tnalntaln depository in each of the three grand divisions of the State, and In each county not less than one nor more than ' four agencies aball be maintained If deemed advisable by commission. State K (C). DNIFOBStiTY OF .THXTBOOK8. 628 superintendent shall aimounce hooka adopted to county auperintendenta and ■ such hooka shall ha used exclusively In public schools. Members of subcom- mission shall each, receive |4 per diem and necessary expenses for not ex- ceeding GO days. Texas: Presidents of College of- Industrial Arts and of State University and the State superintendents shall nominate 30 teachers of recognised standing, from which number the governor shall appoint nine; thefe with governor and State superintendent shaU constitute State textbook board ; such board Aall adopt a series of textbooks for public schools ; supplementary books shall also he adopted ; aU contactors to furnish books shall maintain depositories within the Sfcite; one or more agencies shall be estabUsh^ in every county having an enrollment of 500 or more, one such agency to be at county seat, and in other counties contractors shall furnish books nnder such rules as State boaril of education may prescribe. Attorney general shaU bring suit on bond > of contractor for failure to comply with contract. Books adopted shall be used exclusively. State shall not be Vable to any contractor: It may at Its option cancel any contract for breach of said .contract ; contractors shall desig- nate secretary of state as their agent for the purpose of the service of writs and procesws. The presidents of tha College of Industrinl Arts and the State University and the State superintended s,mll constitute a board of revision; such board shall have power, after giving one year’s hotlce, to order • a revUion of any textbook. rtah: State textbook commission.— 8me superintendent, "president of Uni- versity of Utah, president of agricultural college, principnl of State normal school, and five persons appointed by the governor, three of whom shall be superintendents; term of apiwlntlve members five years. Commission shall meet at call of superintendent and adopt textbooks for both elementary and high schwls for a period of five years, but for sufficient cause a book may changed at a sttoclal.conventlon called by superintendent. SealetJ proposals by publishers shall Ite accompanied by samples and pribe lists; publishers who^proposals are accept^ shall enter Into contract and give bond as fixed by ('^mission fgr faithful per^rmance. Misdemeanor for school officer or tracKer to act as agent for books or apparatus; misdemeanor for any school officer to receive % bogus for Introducing book; misdemeanor for district trustees to full or reftjge to Introduce books adopted. See also A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. ; N (a). High schools. Vermont: See K (b), Pree textbooks. Virginia; See A (bl), state boards. to odopaon of textbooks, school distriks shall be divided Into two dlvlsloirs: first division shall consist of all dlstricU main- taining a four-year accredited high school; every other district shall belong to second Ui...-.,on. Textbooks for public schools of first division shall be ee- lectecl by textbook commission of each sqch district; said commission shall consist of five persons. Including city superintendent, or. If there be none, len princ pal of hl^ f^chool, as ex officio chairman,' and two members of board of directors, uT ie designated by said board, one to act as secretary of ^mlsslom and tvh legally qualified teachers of district, to be appointed by 1 member of said commission shall serve one year ^d shall take oath of office; said commission shall adopt and fix price of books for public schools of district In required course of study and In eub- ^ ^ not be changed three yegrs from date of Introduction; suppleimentaty or additional -i ^ ,ui. r ... ■■ > JUW'.i 624 , BTATB LAWS EKLAHNO TO PUBUO EDUOATI.OW. books may be adopted by each commlaalon fiW time to Ume. 8ald com- mlaaioD aball sdvertlae for bids for supplying {«tbooks Superintendent or principal of escb school In dlslHct of first division shall prepare, under dire*' tion of board of directors, a course of study, which shall be submitted to superintendent of public Instruction for bis approval. County board of edu- cation of each county shall advertise for bids for textbooks for districts of second . division and ahall adopt and fix price of textbooks for such districts; period of adoption, five years; mpy ndo|>t additional and aui>]>len)eutary books at any tlma Superintendent of laibllc Instruction shall prescribe n . uniform course of study for schools of second division. Publishers shall depositjau. suiierlntendent of public Instruction copies of adopted booka Whep^v^any adopted book Is sold at a higher price than contract retail pr^, county superintendent shall furnish such book to schools of district where such - overcharge Is made at contract price, and shall return proceeds of sale to publishers after deducting transportation charges Each member of text- book commission in districts of first division -hall receive $3 per' day for time actually employed, paid from funds of achiKil district Joint districts of the second division shall be, for puris)se of adoption of textbooks, under Jurisdiction of county board of county In which sehoolhouse of such district is located. ’ See alao A (cl), Oouuty boards; A (d), District boards and officers; B fn), General State finance and supiwrt. We«t Virginia: Sbtte textbook conmilssloii ahnll cmisist of Sbite superin- tendent of free schools, who shiill be ex officio secretary, and el^ht oltlsens of State, at least five of whom shall be exi>erienced eilucators actively en- gaged In educational work, and not more than five of whom shall belong to same political party, appointed by governor to serve five years; appointees shall receive $5 and expenses for each day officially engaged; members shall take oath or affirmation that they are not interested in the preparation, manufacture, or sale of books that may be submitted to commission for conslderntlom Said commission shall meet every fifth year at office of State sui>erlnteDdent, and Khali nsk various publishers to submit samples and prices of textbooks on subject required to be taught In free schools, viz, spelling, reading, writing, arithmetic, language and grammar, physiology and hygiene, dvil government. State history, United States history, general history, book- keeping, geography, elementary algebra, plane geometry, elements of agricul- ture, literature, drawing, and English dictionaries, and such other subjects as fUe board may determine. All bids or proi)08uls shall be under seal, to be opened in presence of commission; each bid must be accompanied by speci- men copies of books; each bidder must make a deposit of from $1,000 to $8,000 wi^h State treasurer, according to number of books submitted ; such deposit shall be forfeited to State school fund If bidder shall fall or refuse to moke and execute contract and bond In case of acceptance of such bid; pnbllshers shall designate agents residing In the Stote upon whom process may be served In any action brought against such bidder. Said commission shall adopt textbooks for uniform use in free schools, except as otherwise provided; no book inferior in quality or of a'paSlsan or"sectarian character ahall bo» adopted, nor aball any book be adopted by lees than five Votes; no book shall be changed at expiration of five-year contract except by six votes; subject matter, printing, binding, and suitableness of books shall be consld- eir^ 88 well as price of books. . Chairman' of said commission shall execute contracts with. successful bidders for period of five years; contractors shall file bond in auin of not less than $10,000; deposits, other than those forfeited, K (C). UNIFORMITY OF THXTBOOK8, 625 shall be returned to bidders. Said commission shall fix retell prb'es of adopted books; retailers* prodts shall uot ejKWl 20 ])er cent of contract ^ price; State supertutendent shall send county superintendents price lists of T>ookrf; any ])er8on who sells such books at price bteher than that flxetl by commission shall be ffullty of a misdemeanor, punishable by flue of not less than $10 nor more than $TiO. State sui)erinten(Iftnt shall kt'ep s|>eciu)en ooides of adopted books on file. Knch contnictor shall phn'o adoptwl lMx»ks with dealers in at least three nmRlsterlul districts in each county; sliall allow not less than bO ix*r cent of retail price of .new lMK)k8 for old 1mm)U^i displaced; exchauKe i>erlod shall cover uue year. Supplementary renders ami ndvancetl iMMJks nray be used in 8cIkh)18 witimut being adopted by commission, but shall not displace adopted be such member, shall be guilty of a felony, punishable by Imprlson- lacnt ^or not less than one nor more Uian three years.* No schtad ofllccr or t(»acher of any free scluml shall act ns agent for texihooks or schoor supplies or r*H‘eIvc any favor whatever for use of the .same in kucU seboo! ; violation of this provision shall ctmstlttite a mlstlemeanor, punishable by line of not less than $50‘m>r more th; n AVisconsln: Scl.ool hoard shall select texIlnwHs. make list of such liooks. file n>l>y rjereof with clerk, and ktvj) copy of sum'll list iM>st4Hl In schtwllutust^ textbooks when so ndopt*^I sh.iU not Iw changwl for ix>rlod o/ three years. Hoard of (xlucatlon In any cltj’ shall select textbooks; wlien textbooks have iKHMi St) atlopted. except in cases when free tvxtlH>oks are funilsheil. they shall not l»e changtHl for thnv years: sucli changes, except as to free text- lK>oks. shall he approvetl by city council : board of tMiuc.itlon may purchase textlHxtks. and loan or furnish them to pupils; no seerlence In teaching. No member shaU have miy.finonelal Interest In tcxtliookB; memliers shall take oath of office; majority vote of entire board shall be necessary to adopt or change textbooks; board shall meet annually, and at any other time ui>on , written request of three members of board ; saU board shall meet every fourth year and adopt uniform series of textbooks; books so selecteks must be used. Slate gradeil schools may. !»y unanimous vote of school Inaml. iidnjpt. in lieu of uniform aeries selei'ted by ctiunly hoard, the unifonii series of Nn>kv adoivteil for use In grades of the nearest city school system. County iMUird. ln adopting texlU>oks. shall emislder material useooks when same jire to Is* ndt>pl(Hl : shall require prices and samples of l)ook : shall rwpilre omtracfors to give Ismd : ahjill arrange for deiwsltories. rK*(x>s|torIes stmll fnndsh bond; shall re celve old books In exchange at exchange prit't's agreetl upon: shall aeivpt books on uniform list at reasoiiahLe j)Hses of this chajUer. !>e under Jnris^Iictlon of county board of county In which scluHtlhouse of such district Is bM*at4Hl. Provisions of this act shall not aiH»ly to' districts and cities nmlntalning a free high school, or Stale gnide«l seluMds of first oFass. or to districts maintain Ing lnde)>endent high schools, or grades idnive eighth grade In gejid^l schmUs. nor to private or imrtK-hlal stdiools, but such s desim MemlnTS of ('onnty hoard shall !»• paid cx.. penseS ofikdally IncurrtNi. to he paid out of comity funds. • Se4* also A {c21. ('onnty olllcers r.V itlK IMsirict boards and ollbvrs. Wyoming: Stv .V (d). I>istrict lM)ards and otfit'ers; App»mdlx .V: Slate consti tutioual provisions rt*latlng to piibik* islucatlon. L. SUBJECT MATTER OF INSTRUCTION. (a) Ooneral; ('ourse of Study. Alabama: Exandnatlons of pujills shall 1h^ held at least once a year; I, Teachers* certificates, general. Arkansas: See A U>1). Slate boards; A (I»2l. Stale olliairH; A (o2). County olllcera^ A (f), Administrative units — dl.slrlctH. etc.; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks. Calif omia: Course of study aball embrace eight years of Instruction In branches required by law and may Include not more than two years of kindergarten work; children 0 to 21 years old shall Im‘ admltlCHl and adult:* may be admitted; where klndergttrtens are eatabUshed children shall In* admitted at 4 years pld; children may be adinltteay leach first ele- inentJiry gnide; county lamnl iif education shall t>efore July 1 prescrilH* cournt* of study for all day and. evenlug elementary fH'hojds, except for thofte in liu'ori)orated cities: Is shall he taught In the English language. School board in cities of first and first and one- bn If clnsfgM^ shall establlah at least one i'tmnHMK>Utan school for instruction In FYeiich. Spanlsli. Italian, and German. ScluvoJ b*iards may Hulliorlze other studies In Hen of thoe given.. No sei'tarlnn or tmrtisan Instruction shall be given; di.strict allowing snob Instruction shall forfeit its share of SUite and Ctnmty funds. No w’htHil slmll lx? kept in session more .than six hours a day and no child under s years old shall U* kept more tliau four lu»urs. See also .V ('uunty omtvrs; A (d). District l»oards and officers; V (a), Teaehers' mnlniois, duties, etc. f'olorado: Soards and ofllrers ; K (It), Teachers* certifi- cates, genenil. N (a). High m*h‘Htls. (’ttiiiiectlcut : Si>e A (d). District hoards and oIHots. DrIawnrtM Stv A (bl). State Ix'anls. Florida: The uniform system ttf imbllc scIuhiIs slmll tMusIst of 12 sclaxtl years, exclusive kindergartens, normals, colleges, and uiil\ersnies. Kacli s<*hool year shall be a grade, and no ofliclal eonrso ttf study shall recttgnlw* less limn eight moitlli.s; first two grades shall be primary; thln.1 to sixth. Inter- imHlIate; seventh and (‘Ighlli, grammar grades; ninth and tenth. Junior high scluKiI : eleventh ami twelfth, senior high (X’luHtl. In the primary, luierme- dlaU\ and grainumr grades Instruction shall Ik* given In subJtMis prestTllKHi by law, and as nmy be pritvithsl for In^ie county tsturst* of stinly. In high KcluHtls Instructlttn shall lx* given In studies preK^-rllKMl In t'tuirsi^ of study preitansl liy Stale su|H‘rintendent and a ounmltttH* a]tiHtlnttsI by him. also E (b). Teachers* certificates, g(*neral ; K (c). 1‘nlforuilty of text- bottks. («eorgla; Sw A (hi), State hoards; E (b), Teachers' iTrtlflt'ntes, general; K (c). rnifonnity of texlhooks. \ Idaho: State suix'rlntendent shall prepare quo.stlons and county superlntond- eats shall examine all applicants for eighth-grade diplomas; pupils entltltnl to pass must make general average of 85 per cent and not fall below 70 per In any subject; Class A Indei>eudeut districts shall be exempted from ^Ids section. / See also A (bl), ShUe boards; A (f). Administrative uidts^lstrtcte, etc,; f E (b), Tenehers* certificates, general ’ ^Ulnois: Public schools shall be for Instruction In the bnmehes prescribed in [ qualifications for teachers and In sucji special subjects ns |he board of directors or voters of the district may prescribe. See also A (d). District boards and officers; E (b), Teachers' certificates, ^eral. ^ I STAHi LAWS BBLATINO TO PXJBUC EDUCATION. TihUui*; The Bible staall not be excluded from tbe public echoole. As neerly ai possible all schools of a township ahaU be tsuRht for the same leiiRth ,.f term, but tow^lp trustee or trustees of an Incorponitcl town may extend blRh'Scboul^^jefui to (hat required by law for comrolsslonetl biKb schools. Townsiytrustee or trustees of any town or city may ontanl«: seiwrate scbools for colore«l children, but If uo such schools are provided, said cbll.lrx n may attend schools for white chlldrea Bramhrt rr^uircd to be tnughi in common schools; SivellliiK. readluR. wrltlnR. arithmetic. RooitrapUy. KaRlIsl, ^nimar. physloUnty. United States history, roo.! behavior, and such other branches as trustees may direct ; when Uie ,«.rents or Ruanllans of or more children In attendance shall so demaud, trustees sliall Intnsluco the tJemian lanRUa«e; the miture of alrohollc drinks and narv'otlcs shall l>e tnURht In all achoola and etlucaUonnl Institutions sui.|H>rte,l wholly or In la.rt l.v the State See also (el. Schcml meetluRs. elections, etc.; K (b). Teachers- tvrtlli cates, general; K (c). I nlformlty of texIlKHika; N (a). Ulah wIkhiIk. Iowa: See A (b'J). State olflcera; A (d). District boartls and otli.vrs- \ (fi Administrative nnito-vllstricta, etc.; K (b), IVnchers- .vrllticates. general. ' Kansas; See A (f), Admlnlstratlvo units— districts, etc.; K (b). Teachers' certifleatw, Kentucky: See A (hi). State. iKwnls ; A (d). District iM.arxls and officers A (f). Administrative nnlts-dlstrlcts. etc.; K ,1,1. Teachers- .rrtltlcaies' ftenernl. Ia>uislana; Sec A (bl). State Is^anls; A (cl). Connly Is.ards; lH»artls ami offli'cra. IMKtrirt Maine: See A (b2). State offl). fomity otll.vrs;,H (c). .Scinx.l y.str. month, dav. eto. Maaaachusetta: Kvery dty and town shall maintain, for at leoat 3-J w.vks In each year, a sufficient mimlK-r of sr-hisds for the Insirmtlon of the chlldivn theroln, except that In towns whos.» a.ssesseo taught in the public achoola. Inatruotldp may l>e given in the public schools m the application of snrglcal remedlea In caaes of emergency and the principles of first aid to the Injured. Special Instruction shall be given as to the efr,H-ts of alcoholic drinks and narcotics on the human system, and na to tuhemilosis and Its prevention, to all pupils In all schools which are wholly or partly sni^wrted by public money, except In schools maintained solely for Instruction In par- ticular branches. See alao A (d), Dlatrlct boorda and officers. MlchlEaa; See A (b2). State officers: A (c2), County officers; A (f), Admlnls- tratlTe units— districts, etc.; Q (b). Agrlcoltural colleges. Mlnoesotas See A (b2), State officers; A (f), Administrative units— districts. ' Aetc. : B (e). State aid for elementary educaOon ; E (b), Teachers’ cerUfleatea, L(a). COUBSK OF 8TUDT. 629 MlMlsalpp); See A (bl), State iKianls; A (c2>. County officera; E (b), TeacberH' oertiflciitfe. Reneml; K (c). rnlfornilty of lextbooka. Mlaaonrl; A (o2). County offlwB; K (b). Teacbon.- ivrtifl.atea. Boneral. Monuna: 8t-e A (i1), Dlxirict laxmlN rikI- nmoeru; K (b). Ti-.u-ber*’ ce^ p'lH'ral. \rbrAMka; K (h). IVflclierH* oertltinitoH, pv*m»riil. rtihlii- HohiKtlM slull loci ml e nU WcmeiUary anti district rtiul IjIkIi srhiwla An elementary Nchm»l la one in wIjIcU no work lK*y,MNi the elKlilh Kmde abal) be Kiven. A blub m'bol yenr shall coum>enco on Ute lirt day of July. A iHhmd month shall t^onslst bf four w«>ks of five days each, and teachers shall iM* iwld (»nly for time when actually enKapnl In teHching, but no di^^lmbloii Khali Ih^ made for any interinlasUm of than six days when Kjime )k ordere<1 l*y trns1«*es. No iHHiks or paj^ers of a stvtarlan character shall l»e us*Nl In any )^ubllc s.dmoI tmr slmll any' siH*iarlan dmnrlae be taiikdit. All puhll-' schmd proj»eriy shall I>e exempt frttm taxation, rhyslology ami h.VKrlene shall In* taupht In all public Kx-ery te^tcher shall (five onil instruction at least once a month to all Mimd children. ptdsMve to the pn>mTvatlon of son»r birds., flab, and K«n>e: UHtchers shall explain jfame laws \o pupils. No Riiahd Khali Ik» kejit o|nmi on Jaruniry ]. May .*10. July -I the rtrst Mumliiy ,tf Se|Meml>er. Iksvmlvr 25 of each year, nor* on any day ap; olnttNl by the Tn'shleef of the riiit**il Stjites or (he povenior of Nevada as a htdldny. All NclKmla Khali l«» kept oihmi and obs»»rve wltli proik^r exer- cise's Kebrnary K>. KH.rnary 22. Arbor I>ay. and (Vtok^T 3l of each year if KUih i^ayK tvsMtr on s<*hol bulMlnpi. nistri(*t atlomeys sliail (dve lepnl oplnlona to tllHtrlct. IrusteeH. and Slate attorney f.^ienil to de|tuty su|»erlntendenta, when ree iv:»ld from Sbite s<‘l)ool fund. Any cerlnteiidents may Im* ta|^en to the State superin- tendent, r1lflcim>R, BniiTHl ; K (<'), rnlfornilty of foxibcK'kR. Now HHinpRhlro: .So,- A (d). Ix.iirdH mid offloers; C (c), T/i«U taxation. .New Jersey: See A (b2). State offleera: A (f). AdnilulaffaHve unltR-dls- trlctB. etc. • New Mexico: There ahull be tuuffht In the public schoolrt the following bninoliea: OrthoKrnpby, rendlUR. wrltliiK, nrlthmetlc. Krammnr. Keojfraphy the EnKllBh lanjrunge, and the history of the United States; the history and dries of the Unked .States, with special referenite to the history and civics of New Mexico, shall be Jnught In the public schoola .State board of e<1ucntlon Is empowered to prescribe and adopt a course of study- In Industrial educa-. 0tATil LAWS ttfttAttKO PU^O BDUOATIOK. 1 a ,.; »tloii for tbe public acboolii Physiology and hygiene, with special reference to the ^fecU PATBIOTISM. 688 boart may deitennlne ghall be tangbt In every -district achool; instrncUon shall be In the Bngllsh language, but' foreign languages may be tangbt by a wmpetent teacher for not to exceed one bonr each day In common acboola. School boards may establish and maintain klndergartaia Said boards shall provide for Instruction of all pupils In all schools supported by public money or under State rontrol In physiology and hygiene, with special reference to effects of alcohol and narcotics upon human system ; textbooks for such pur- ^se shall have Joint apprdval of State superintendent and State board of health Each teacher In public schools shall devote at least 30 minutes each month to Instruction In prevention of accldenta; State superintendent shall prepare and publish at expense of the State a book for such Instruction- these provisions shall be printed In teachers’ manual. See also A (b2). State officers: A (d), District boards and officers- H (b) Teacljers’ certificates, general. Wyoming: State superintendent shall prepare a course of study for elementary schools embodying spelling, reading, writing. United States history, language and grammar, arithmetic, history and government of Wyoming, humane treat- ment of animals, nature study and geography, physiology and hygiene, and agriculture. County superintendent shall see that prescrlhed course Is fol- lowed, but superintendent or principal In district having three or more teach- ers may modify course to meet local conditions; county superintendent shall apportion State school land Income fund only to districts In which prescribed Bubjects nre taught. ^ See also E (b). Teachers* certificates, general. raw li (b). History, Civics, and Patriotism. Alabama; See E (b), Teachers’ certificates, general. Arkansas: See A (b2), State officers; A (c2), County officera Colorado: See E (b). Teachers’ certificates, general. certificates, general; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks; L (j). Agriculture. Georgia: gee K (c). Uniformity of textbooks; L (j), Agrlcultnr?. Idaho: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Iowa: See B (b). Teachers’ cej-tlfleates. general. Kansas: See B (b), Teacljers’ certificates, general. Kentucky: See E (b). Teachers’ certificates, general. liOtoslana: Military and naval history of the State as a pnrt of the Con- federate Government shall be prepared and distributed to colleges, seminaries, schools, pnbllc libraries, and to other Institutions. with consent of council, appoint a State historian whose duty It shall be to compile historical data of the State and encourage teaching the Bnme In the publlt schoola HaryUnd: Bee H (c). School month, day, etc. Maasachnsetta: See L (a), Cburse of stttdy. Michigan: See A (c2), County officers; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks. Minnesota: See B (b). Teachers’ certificates, general. ’^®®‘'****’ certificates, general; K (c). Uniformity of ’ 'VI .IJH W I " If W II pi . " < I SP^ J pp ; fflfti 6Ti^ tAWS IRB^TINQ TO ^UBtlO SDUOATION. ' , • « MImiurl: See B (b), ^Xeacbera* ceillflcate^ gwenL - Montana: See B (b), Teachers'' certificate®, gaieraL , Nevada: See B (b), Teachers* certificates, general. Now Mexico; See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; L (a). Course of study. North Dakota: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, genera]. f Ohio: See A (f), AdministraUve units — districts, etc,; E (b), Teachers’ certificates, general. OklahoiiM: See ^ (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; E (b). Teachers’ certificates, general. South Dakota: See E (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Texas: See B (b). Teachers' certlflcntes, general; T, (n). Course of study, Utah: See A. (f). Administrative units— districts, etc. Vermont: See L (a), Course of study. Virginia: See L (a), Coui^ of study. Washington ; See B (b), Teachers' certificates, general; F (a), Tenchert<* ' contracts, doties, etc. ' West Virginia; See E (b>, Teachers’ cbrtiftontes. geiieml; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; L (a), Course of study. Wisconsin; See E (b). Teachers’ certificates, gem‘rul ; I. (u). Course of study. • Wyoming; E (b). Teachers’ certificates, general; h (a), Course of study. U (c). Physical Education. California: See L (a), Course of study. Indiana: See E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Massachasetts: The school committee ma*^ supervise and control all athletic organizations composed of publlC'School pupils and hearing the name of the school; It may determine conditions under which such organizations may compete with each other. School committees may expend public funds for the supervision of play and games. See also h (a), Course of study. Missouri: See A (f), Administrative unite— districts, etc. New Jersey: See C (a), I»cal finance and sup[K>rt, general. North Dakota: See L (d). Physiology and hygiene. PennaylTania; See H (c), Sdiool year, month, day, etc. ^ Vermont; See L (a). Course of study. Washington; See L (a). Course of study. WIsconslii; See A (d). District boards and officers. tt (d). Physiology and Hygiene; Alcohol; Narcotics; Other Health Instmctlon. Alabamn; $tate superlntend^t ihall prepare and fumlsb to each school in the * ' State placards’ showing evils of' intemperance; teachers shall post such jila- cards in each room. See also A (b2). State ofllcers; B (b). Teachers' certificates, general. L (d ) . PHTBIOLOGY AND HyOIENB. 636 1 Arison*: See B (b), Teachers* certiflcatea, general. ^ > Arkansas; See A (c2), County officers; A (d)» District boa'rds and officers. California; See I. (a), Course of study. Colorado; Physiology and hygiene shall be taught In the public schools; two lessons i>er week ahnil be given on the humane treatment of antmals; wbrii. the parents or guardians of 20 or more children of school age so demand, school board may provide instruction In the Spanish and German languages. Physiology and hygiene and the nature of Qlc*ohoIic drinks and narcotics stuill be taught In the public w’hoola. ’ See also E (b), Teachers’ certificates, general. Connecticut: See A (d), District boards and offlccra Delaware; See A (cl). County boards; L (e). Moral and ethical education. Florida: See E (b), Teachers’ certificates, general; K (c), Imlformlty of text book a Georgia; Physiology and hygiene, with special reference to the effects of alco- holic drinks and uaroottcs, shiiii be tanght In all public s<'hoolH. See also K (c), IJulforailty of tektbooka Idaho; Physiology and hygiene shall be taught \o all’, pupils of the publW schools; school boards shall provide the best textbooks on the subject; In all teachers’ training clnsses attention shall be given to iIiIh snbj**ct ; sui>erlntend- ents of St^ite reforum tor ies hIuiII provide for teaching this branch. See also E (b), Teachers’ certificates, general, Illinois; Physiology and hygiene, with si>ecial reference to the effects of alcoholic drinks, and narcotics uih)u the human system, shall be taught In all schools supported In whole or In part by the State. • See also L (a), 0)ur8e of study. Indiana; See E (b‘), Teachers’ certificates, general; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks; L (a), Course of Study. Iowa: See A (d), District boards and officers; E (b), Teaohers’ certificates, general. Kansas; See A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. Kentucky; See. E (b), Teachers’ certificates, general. Louisiana: See A (cl), County boards . Maine; See A (d), District boards and officers, Maryland: See H (c). School year, montb^day, etc, Massachnsetts; See I* (a). Course of study. Michigan: Instruction In the prevention of dangerous communicable diseases shall be given every year In every public school. See also A (bl). State boards; A (c2), Omnty officers; A (d), District boards and officers; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks. Minnesota; See E (b), Teachers’ certificates, general, Mississippi; See E (b), Teachers’ certificates, general; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks. Bflssonri: Physiology and byglen^, ^wlth special reference to' tire effects of alcoholic drinks and narcotics, shall be taught In all schools supi>orted wholly or In i>art by public funds. See also E (b), Teachers’ certificates, genernh ■ WTT! ■ STATE LAWS BSLATINa TO FtJBUO EDUCATION. boJl Montau: See B (b). Teacheni' cerOflcateA gwieral; H (c). Scho4 year month, day, etc; ’ Nebraakai See B (b). Teachers' certificates, general; Q (d), Teachers’ Insti- tutee and summer schools. ® certificates, general; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks; L (a), Course of study. New Hampshire; See A (b2), State o^ra; A (d), District boards and offlcera New Jersey: The nature of alcoholic drinks and narcotics and their effecU upon the. human system shall be taught In all schools supported wholly or n part by public funda No certificate to teach, eicept to teach- special sub- Jwta, shall be granted to any person who has not passed examination In physiology and hygiene with special reference to the nature and effects of alcoholic drinks aud nannws. New Mexico; See E (b). Teachers’ certificates, general; K (c), Uniformity of j textbooks; L (a), Course of study. New York: The nature of alcoholic-drinks and narcotics and their effects on human system shall be taught In connection with physiology* and hygiene In aU schools under State control ; all pupils In said schools under second year of high school and above third year of Elementary school shair study said subject with textbooks at least three lessons a week for at least lo weeks; ninth-grade pupils may be excused from said braWh; In primary grades below third grade ;mld subject shall be taught orally at least twice a week for at least 10 weeks; kindergartens shall he exeni|)t from such Instnic- Oon. All regents’ examinations In physiology and hygiene shall Include ques- Uons on nature aud effects of alcohol aud narcotics. Noniial schools shall give courses In method of teaching said subject. No school shall receive public funds unless complying with provisions herein made. See also A (d). District boards and officers. Nonh CaroUna: Physiology and hygiene, with s|)eclal reference to the nature of alcoholic drings and narcotics, shall be taught In the public schools In nil , grades below second year of the high school; adeqmite time shall be given In all normal schools, teachers’ Institutes and associutlons, and summer schools to best methoi ^>ro vision. (The constitution of Delaware Is also requlreeeii practiced. Dissection of dead botlies shall be allowed In classrooms of schools. See also L (a),-Conrse of study. Wisconsin: See A (d). Dlstrtct Iwanln and oflicera Wyomii^: See L (a), Course of study. L (g). Mnsic. Arisona: The school board of any district may emi)loy specially qualified teachers of music nwl dniwinp; such teachers must be praduates of approve of study. Nevada; See E (b). Teachers’ cerfificntes, g(‘ueml. North Dakota; See E (b), Teachers’ certificates, general. Ohio: See A (f). Administrative unlt»— districts, etc.; E (b). Teachers’ cer- tlficateA general. Oklahoma: Sec E (b). Teachers’ certificates, general. Oregon: See E (1>), Teachers’ certificates, general. Pennsylvania: See H (c), School yenr^ month, day, etc. Sooth Dakota; See F (a), Teachers’ contnu*]^, duties, etc. Vermont: See L (a). Course of study; L (j), Agriculture. Washington: See B (b). Teachers’ c('rtifloates, general; E (c), Special cer- tificates. li ( h ) . Drawing. Arizona: See L (g), Mnsic. Indiana: See E (b), Teachers’ certificates, general. Iowa: See E (b). Teachers’ certificates, general, M^ne: See A (f), Administrative nnlts— districts etc.; O (a). Industrial education, general, Maryland: See H (c), School year, month, day, etc. • Massachnsetts: See L (n). Course of study, Nevada: See E (b), Teachers’ certificates, general. North Dakota: See B (b), Teachers’ certificates, general. L(i). MANUAL and INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION. 639 Ohio: See A (f), Administrative unite— districts, etc.; B (b), Teacbera’ cei^ tJdcateH. Renernl. Pennsylvania; See A (b2). State otBcers; H (c). School yenr, month, dny, etc. Rhode Island: See O (a). Industrial educntion, general. » South Dakota; See K (h). Teachers’ certlOcntes, geneml. Itah; See E (b), Teachers’ certlflcates, general. ^ Vermont; See L (a). Course of study; L (J), Agriculture. Virginia; Sec L (a), Course of study. Washington: See E (b). Teachers’ certificates, general ; E (c), Si)eclal cor- tlflcatos. L (1) , Technical, Manna], and Indnstrlal KdncaUon. Arizona: In any school district Instruction may l»e given In manual training.' domestic sclent'e, and kindergarten; course shall be as pre8crll»etl by school lH)nrd, with approval of State board of Question ; board of supervisors, shnlt levy 0 tax hi districts mnintalnlilg such courses to pay teachers and provide materials for the same : teachers who are graduates of aPl»roved manual train- ing. dome.stic science, or kindergarten sohof)ls may he lioensef education, or. jipf being such graduates, must jiass an eiSthiinatlon prescrilnsl by s;iie free to l>onH fide resident pupils of the district. Tnistees of any district may emplo^ teachers of commercial branches; teacher who Is a graduate of an approval ooinmercinl school may he llcenaed ,hy the Shite board of elututlon, or. not belug such graduate, must pass an examination pre.seril)etl by said hoard, fit^e also O (b). State normal tschools. California:^ See G (b), State normal scbools. (■eorgia: See O (a). Industrial education, general. Idaho: See N (a). High schools. Illinois; See X (a). High s(*hools. Indiana: See A (d), iMstrlot hmmls nnd otmvrs ; A (f). Administrative units— districts, etc.; K (b). Teachers' ccrtlfleates, geniTal ; L (J), Agriculture; O (a). Industrial eflucatlon, general. Iowa; See A (b2). State officers; E (h). Teachers* certificates, general; H (e). Consolidation of dl.st riots, etc.; L (J). Agrlciilture. Kansas: See ^ (f). Administrative units— distHots. etc.: G (c). County and I(H*al normal schools; () (a). Indust iiaKerovey private subscription, district, board may st'Uvt from among the ilonors lud more Uian six iH'rsons to assist a?Tni board in iimmtgeimMit of said school : district lK>ard 'shall amuiaily innke sinn lal reiH)rt to coinmlssloner of (hIuch* tlon relative to such iniucation or training. See also A (hi), State boards; A (c2). Couuty officers: (J (d), Teachers* institutes and summer 8t>btK>ls: O (n), Industrial tslncotioii. genend. New Mexico: See A (hi). State boards; C (b), Stale normal kcIkkOs; L (a), Course of study; N (a). High st'bools. New York: See H (n). (Jeneral State finance and supisirt; O (a), Imlnstrlnl education, geneml,; O (b), Agricultural schools. NorUi Dakota: SiH* li (e). State aid for elementary eilucatlon; E (b), Teachers’ certificates, general; O (a). Industrial etlucatlon, general: O (b). Agricultural schools. Ohio: S^ A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; T (b), Schwds for the deaf; T (c), Si'hools for the blind; T (el. vSch»M)Is for the ftH>ble-minrte«l. Oklahoma: See T (e), Schools for fw*bUsmlnded. Oregon: See A U>2), State officers; E (b), Teachers’ certitlcatt>s, general; N (a), nigh schools. Pennsylvantu; Sec A (bD.^Stale boards: A (I>2), State officers; A (d), District boards and officers; II (c). School year, month, day. etc.; M (c), Evening schools. See O (u). Industrial tHlucatlon, general. Rhode Island: See O (a). Industrial education, general. South Carolina: See N (a), High schools. Tennessee: Bee B (a), General State finance and support Texas: See N Xa), High schools. See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. ' Vennont: See L (J), Agriculture. Virginia: See A (d), District boards and officers. Washington: See E (c), Special certifleatea L o’). AOBICCLTURB. g4j WtocotttiBi See A (b»). SUte officers; B (e), State aid for eleaieoUry edu- cation; K (b). Teachers* oertincates. general; Q (b) State normal schools; N (a)f High schools; O (b), Aarlcuitaral scbobla Wyoming: ^ O (a), Industrial education, general. (J). Agriculture. See iilsit O (b), Agricultural schools. Alabama: See K (b), Teuchers’ certillcates, general. Arisona: See N (a). High schools. Arkansas: See A (d). District boards and officers. ‘ California: See G (b), State iiormul Kchoulti Colorado: See Q (b), Agriculturul colleges. l>olaware: See L* (e), Moral and ethical etlucatiou. Florida: The elementary principles of agrlcullure and the elemenUry principles of civil government shall be taught In all the public schools of the Stale; teachers shall be examined lu such subjects. See also K (b). Teachers' t'erllllcatea. gi*neral; K (c), Cnifomilly of text- books. Georgia; The elements of agriculture and of civics shall l)e biught In the public* si'hools. also K (c), I’uifonulty of textl>ooks. Idaho; See K (b). Teachers’ certificates, general; N (a), High sihoola Indiana; On |>etltlon of 25 iwr cent of the legal voters of a tovrnsblp main- taining a high school, township trustee, with approval of advisory board, may p^vlde a room or building In connection with aaid high school In which to teach agriculture, domestic science, or “physical or practical mental culture.^ and In which to hold entertalumenth and meetings for township purposes. Bonds may be issued for such purpose. also K (b), Teachers’ certificates, general; O (n), Industrial educa- * tlon, general. lows: The teaching of elementary agriculture, domestic science, and manual training shall be r^ulreii(ls iiml linletifiNlut^tw. New Jeraey: Sci* (3 (d). Toadion** Intaitutra uml smmmT <) (a). Tnduatria) iHluontion. Kfiifrul. New Mexico: See A U>n. State boanls: N (a). eolanda New Aork: The State advisory iKwinl' for ngrlciiltonil eiUifatlon and eoimtrj- life mlvanoeii.ent Klmll <'miHlat of fiHhavIn;: 12 CoumiiKslvaier of e,Ia cation, wmmiwloner of airricnltnn*. dlr>*«<’tnr of New York State Colh'^o of ARrk-ultun*. dlm'lor' of New York Ajrrieoltnml Ex|HTlmem Station. (tin\'toi of New York Stale Veterlmiry Collepe, dlnvtor or dean of the state se|hx.l> of aKTlcuUure at Alfred rnlvorHliy. St, l-nwrence IJnIverMtiy. ami Morr!j« -vine, a member of State fair commiKHlou. and renuilnintt tlirti* inemlM'ra ap lK)lnUHl by tlie innenior. Said Inmid ahall re|x>rt anuually to Uie t^>venior Stild Inaird aball nerve without ixmi|)eiiRntion. Sw also A (d). District lx«ir. lti.liistrl.il wlucsiloii. gi-uoriil: O u,). AKrlciilHirHl s,-li.«.ls: Q (li). Afjrlcultnnil .■..IU-k.-s North ('arollna; St*e L (a), ('ourae of ntiidy. North Uakota: Any State lilsh scluail. Krinlwt. or consol liln tod rural scli.x.l having Bnllsfiictory fiictillios ni.iy Im ilosigiiiilod M hialntalii an ugrlciiltiiriil dponrUiiont. Such siIi.miI imisl omi.loy tralmxl InsIriictnrH In iigrlciiliiirc manual training, iind di.mostlc wlon.v. iiini mnst liavo c(inm>cliHl thorcwlili _ within J inllo ii..t less than 10 acivs ..f agrlciilHiral laud. When iio.a'ssar.v siMtclnl CI1IS.S0S shall he orgnnlml In wliitor. hiich such s shall be taught In uM the eoumion sciniols of all village and rural sc-lasd dlslrlela of tlie Slate \vlijf. The St.-Ue slmll i,e dlvldt^l into four agrb'ul tural districts mnpiKid out by Stale puiverlntemleirt. Such erintendent shall BMiH»rlntemr aKrIcullural tnlucation. and shnii apj»oint for each ngrtcultural district a- 8ui>er^d9or of agrlcullurnl eilmratJon. ;vho sliall jmssoss all the qnnMflcations /of a county superiutendenL DhUcm of district ai/pcrrwor; To oi>oi>ernte with boards In mapping out ctuirse^ in ngriculture; visit c*ountv Inetitutes In bis dlfcitrlct and give Instruction In the teaching of agrculture; itK^iure at farmers* Instltutea and farmers’ schools on agriculture; eucourage cbuutj agrlculiunil flocletlea to moke school children’s ugrlcultnral exhibits; assist suie sili^er- Intendent in the standardization of schools; make rejwrte to State sui)erln- teudent. Each district agricultural supervisor shall receive woVusation. to be fixed by State miperiniendent. Traveling expenses shall not exceed $1 000 per yeqr. See also A (b2). State officers ; a (f). Administrative ^nlts — districts, etc. * B (b)i Teachers* certificates, general. im L(i). AOBIOULTURB. 648 Oll^homA: Therv U createO h State eomnilwio& of agricultural ami Imluatrlal wluoutloD. coDHlittlug of State auperluteudent of public lUHiruniou. prvaltleut of State buanl of agriculture, and pi^ldent of the Agricultural auU MecUaiil* cal C\)i:cge. to «T^e without mldltlouHl ii«y. Said i.>niml«K*ou aball oi>eratc with all Stuto uormal Hi icHi H. I lie Agriruiniral and Meiditinlml C’ollegi*. uiid State bounl «f ngrl- ctiltiinv And K«1(I liiKlIlmlmis slmll rnoiHriii- wHb hii1<1 wnimliwli.u. ijUilU ..-..mmlKKl,,,, Him II nmk,- l.l.Mmlal ro;>..rlH |.rl..r to mwlltis ,.f lefilH- liKiin-. Tim ..Icmm.lnry i.riiiclidoH'of ,iKrli-iilltm?. bnrllciilttm*. miluml -hus- Iminlry. sl.n-k fmHlliiK. fori-Hiry. l.iilldlii^ cmiily minis, iiml d„ui<*«lo wiciii'e. liiilmlliiK i-li-mrm.s .,f (s-,.n,ii,i|,s, .simll l>i> iiuu;lit !n all |ml>llr scIiodIh. SuIc siiiH'rlnioii.Im.i hIiiiII (Iciorniln,' rhanK lir ami .•Mmil of wioh hmlruotlou and Hlmll i.mvMf f..r ,s>,,rs,>s f„r I.m.-Iuth of s:uh snhjml.s a, nonnal m-lumla < oimty snimrlntomloi.lK sliall make annual r.-,..rl (n Siato |,.vml ,>f cluoa- llmi r.-lalh.. to InsinuMlon in sii.li bran.lias. No corllll.-nt,. to l<■ncll glinll IH- pranlcsl to an.v tH.ns.n who linH not i>ass,sl .-xamlnatlon la hiicI, siibjtvta loaolmra hI.mII n-in.rf ns ns|nlr.sl to .sainty Kiim-rlnt.-inlonlH pmptvM. In mioh l.nin.-h.H., and failing 30 to do shall Im dls.harp.M. I>ch State normal «h.Hd atui like .M-hoolH shall estahllsh a deimrtinent of apriciithiral and In- .Inulnl etiaeatlon in „,ch soeh m-Iuh.I. The Aprlenllural „„A Meohnnk-nl oTiepe shall be the head of the sysl.-in of niTlenltnnil niul Ind'iKtrlal eM the s.h.sds, .state .sminds.«l,M,ers of aprIeiHl oral and nuM-hanlcal ,sm. nosMoi, shall, with e.x!s-rl assistants, make of .stmly for sclasds in aforesaid snhjm Is. Mmsm Ins-mal fanns vihall he eslnldlslnsl In roiiiHVIIon Will, apricnilural s,.|as.Is for sneh w..rk, Hu h aprlenltnrul s.d..H.l Kltall eon- dn. t aiomauv « short _j oms,. for faum rs. .No co„rs,‘s other than Iiidnslrlal aial kiialml oairs,-.', shall he laophi in aprlcnltnml s.lasds. SiH* iilfui I*., (lit. 1 caclitus' Ci'i't IliciUes. gi*iicriilt l>n‘Kon: ih2). Stale elhcers ; (i ,e). Cemity and loeal nonnal wliooU; -\ < II ). sc]hh»1ss IVnnsylvanla: Sm- A (hll. State hoards; A ,hO|. .State otllm-rs • ^ ,d) nis- ■ net Is.ards ami olllcers ; II ,e). S.1>.k.| ym.r. n.oath. day. ele. ; N (n) ’niph Sl'JtOldN. ' , Hhode Island: S.m O (a). Imlnsirial ,slm-a||on. general. Soiitli riirolliia: Sei> N (a). Ilfph mlasda. South DaUoln: Two or more selas.l disirlets may consolidate and form a new dlKincl for the puriwatsof plvlnp instruction Id UKrIcnIinre. maminl trnlnl»K and hmne ts-onomlcs; an eMslInp district may ho orpoulre or a is>nl«n of a di.sfrlct may so orpanlze or consolhlate with oiie or more rdher districts I efort. steps are h.ken to tsmsolldate, comity superintendent Jl.all anbrnlt a hint of the pto|s,sed district to Stnto s-dK-rinendenf ; If state sniH^rlntemlenl approves, county superintendent shall, on iK>tItlon of -J.-, per mit of the lecal Miters eaill an election In Ihe districts alTei-ted ; If tkrei^fourihs or. more of le votes cast favor coiisohllallon. county sniK-rlhtendent shall order the same and shall call an election to elect five memliers of n Imard of education and a treasurer; such district shall hetsmie an Independent district ‘ Places ' for schoo house, eqnipment. etc., must have approval of State suiwrlntendenl. who shall also prepare course of study. liioludInK Industrial work, and wlUj- Th wpcrlutendent Shall exercise penenil supervision over the district , The board of education may provlde transportallou for ptipUs, and shall pro- vide transportation for children residing 2 miles or more from aehonl or ar- ,, • . BTATB TOUdATIOK. * ' MAg^'^Wttb pareints to tranivprt tb€aD; fh Hou of'trapsportatloti a msonable amoont may be exp»ded for room and board. Board may acquire land for a demonatratlon^plat bnt not more tban 10 acree may be purchaeed for ngri- t enltaral pnrpoeea, not n>ore than $8 per child of school age, and not more than 12,500 In all may be expended for such purposes. See also A (c2). County officera Tennessee: State superintendent of public Instruction and commissioner of agriculture shall constitute a conunls.don to procure the preparation or desig- nation of a work on the ”KIeraentary principles of agriculture.” which shall be taught In the public schoola See also L (a), Gonrse of study; U (e),* Schools for dei>endent8 and delin- quents. Texas: See B (b), Teachers* certificates, general; L (a), Course of study; N (a). High schools. ^ ’ Vermont: A town maintaining a high school o( first class may provide and malntailn courses or departments In manual training, domestic science, or agri- culture, with special Instructors therefor; If town shall pay ?600 for salaries of such Instructors, and courses or department are approved by State board of educalon. State ahall pay $200 to such town. School boards In the town of n supervision union may unite to employ special Instructors In afore&iid branches or In singing or drawing, and. if salary of instructor bb not less than $000, said towns shall receive from State $200, to be apportioned among , towns on basis of grand lists (taxable property). See also A (bl), State boards; L (a), Course of study. Virginia: See O (b). Agricultural schools. Washington: See K (c). Special certificates. West Virginia: See B (b). Teachers’ certificates, general; K (c),.. Uniformity of textbooks: L (a). Course of study. Wisconsin: See A (c2), County officers; E (b), Teachers* cortinoatca. general ; L (a), Courro of study; N (a), High schools. Wyoming: See E (b), Tejichers’ certificates, general; (a). Course of study — li (k). Days of Special Observance. See also H (d), School holidays. Arizona: In certain counties Friday following the first day of April, and In other counties Friday following the first day of February, shafl be Arbor Day and a hoUday ; day ahall be appropriately observed In the public schools; State superintendent ahall from- year to year prescribe a progroiu of exercises. OaUfomla: March Tfeis birthday of Luther Bnrbank, Is const Itn ted Bird and Arbor Day, to be observed in the public schools with appropriate exercises and inatmetion. Oolomdo: See H (d), Sdiool holidays. ^Unectlciit: See A (d), District boards and ofllcers. Friday la November Is set apart ns Movers' pay, and . |(hail ,be obseiwed In the pub^^ Oaorglni The following da^ shali be (rtwerved fn the public echools with ap- propriate exercises: January 1; January 10, Ivee’s Birthday; Februarr 12, Qeo^a.Pay; February 22, Waahlngton’s Birthday; April 20. Memorial Day; . , ®^^rthday ; July 4, Independence Day; first Monday la J, il. (k);*; lii,W OV^IRpBQIAt^OBBBSVAH Ta" A^rDaT** h ^ April 1 and May ■■ “*■ “ “•“ ■* Maine: See ^^(cl). School holidays. “ rr:,r “• " ■”““ See also H (d), School holidays. Michigan: See H (d), School hplldaya MinnesoU; See A (b2), State oflJcera Mississippi; See A (bl). State boarda ' Missouri: Friday after the Orst Tuesday In April Is set anart a. i,4w., tw n^rth": «>«>--« oa-e In con": Je Sr C* ““ ’’"****^ rtr;rofTso“TrrhSnt“^^^^^ out of Office fund of lire cotatalsslouer; every teSrSvei sfh<^ shin ;rL“ptavlw 'natructlouta oarS New Mexico;. See H (d). School holidays. • New York: Conmnssloner of education shall i>rovlde for obsorvanea in nnWi ^hools of Llucolu-s Birthday. Washiugtou's^lrthdny '««*•"'“'>« “«y designate. NothlS he^ Si ^ InstrucUou or drill durl^ school Arbor Day shall be observed In the public schools;' commissioner of edu ^yon may pre«:rlbe a course of exercises and InstrucUon ^or sncli ikj Oklahoma: See A (hi), State boards. , ' *•: Rhode Island: See A (b2). State officers; H (d). Wl holldaya 446 Sf ATB LAWS BBLAXINO TO PCSUtO BBttCATION. 1 Boulh OArotiM: The t^lrd Friday In November shall be observed as Arbor Say. Calhoun’s birthday, March 18, shall be observed in the pubUc.schools as South Carolina, Day. South Dakota: School boards may expend public funds for the observance of Memorial Day. Tennessee: See A (c2), County officers. Vermont: See L (a). Course of study. Virginia: The ^veruor shall uunually in the spring designate a day to he observed ns Arbor Day. The birthday of Jefferson Dnvis, June 3, Is set apart as a day of recreation In the piibUc schools. Wisconsin: See A (b2), State officers. L (1) . Other Special Subjects. Massachusetts: In order to encourage saving ansong children In the echooU of the State, any savings bank, with written consent of and under regulations approved by the bank commissioner atid school committee in city or town in which the school Is situated, may arrange for the collection of savings from the school children by the principal or teachers of such schools or. by collectors. No person shall. In the presence of a public-school pupil or of a minor there present, practice vivisection or exhibit i vivisected animal; dissection of dead animals shall be confined to the classroom and to the presence of pupils en- gaged in the study to be illustrated thereby, and shall in no case be for the purpose of exhibition; violation of these provisions shall be punishable by fine of not less tjian $10 nor more than $50. Minnesota: 8ee B (e). State aid for elementary education. Now Jersey: sEach teacher In £ublic, private, and parochial schools shall devote not leas tluin 30 minutes in ^ch two weeks to Instruction In preventing acci- dents; commUlTsloner of education shall, in connection with emiiloyers’ llnhillty commission and the director of the American Museum of Safety, cause to be prepared a manual on accident prevention for use of schools; at least once during each term principals of all schools shall arrange a lecture on such sub- ject and kindred subjects, cost to be paid by the State. Provisions of this act shall be printed in teachers’ manual. New York; The principal or superintendent of public schools or person desig- nated by board of education or other school autboHty may collect the savings of pupils and deposit the same In some bank having an Interest department; such savings shall be deposited In the names of pupils, unless mfiounts Im* too small for Individual accounts, whereupon they shall be deposited by Siiitl principal, superintendent, or other designated person, In trust, until such time as amounts shall Increase so as to warrant Individual accounts. Ohio: ^ch teacher in public ^hools shall devote not less than 80 minutes In each month for purpose of instructing pupils as to ways and means of pmentlDg aocldente; State » superintendent ehaU prepare and distribute a manual for sneb purpose. . Texes: See G (b), State ^normal schools. Sum of |1,500 is appropriated for purchase of lanterns and slides to be used by onion superintendents in giving Instruction concerning resources of Vermont' >|ee L (a), Course: of, study. Ii (m) • SMtarlMi iBstevctton)^ BiUe im the BohooL. -7-fP- 647 See alee Appendix A: State oonsUtnUonal ptotIbIoiui rehtting to pnbUc educatioiL Alabama: See K (c). UnlformW of texfbooka. Arlaona; See A (d), District boards and officers; B (b), State achool lands; F (a), Teachers* contracts,' dudes, etc. California; See A (d), District hoards and officers; L (a), Course of study. Georgia: The Bible shall not be excluded from the public schools. See also K (c), Uniformity of textbooka Idaho: No literature of a political or sectarian character shall he Introduced In the public schools and political and sectarian doctrines are forbidden to be taught therein. See also A (f), Administrative units— districts, etc. Indiana: See L (a). Course of .study. Iowa; The Bible ahali not be excluded from any public school or institution In tbe State, nor shall any child be required to read It contrary to the wishes of his parent or guardian. Kansas: See A (f), Admlnlstratlvje unite — districts, etc. Kentucky; See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc.; H (c), School year, month, day, etc.; K (c), Uniformity of textbooka Louisiana: See A (cl), County boanls. Maine: See G (b), State normal schools. Maryland; See K (c), Uniformity of textbooka Massachusetts; A ihrtlou of the Bible shall be read dally In the public schools, without comment; no pupil whose parents object shall be required to take part In such reading ;«no school books of a sectarian character shall be uM In tbe public schools. The teachers In all colleges and schools shall use their best endeavors in imparting moral instruction to those committed to their care, ■ ^ ^ - See also B (a), General Btnte finance and support. Michigan; See A (d). District Imards and officers. Minnesota: See II (f), Compulsory attendance. Mrssissippi: See K (c), Uniformity of textbooks. Montana: See H (c), School year, mouth, day, etc. Nevada: See I.* (a), Course of study. New Hampshire; See A (d), District boards and officers. New Jersey: See F (a), Teachers’ contracts, duties, etc. New Mexico; See A (d), District boanls and officers. North Dakota; The Bible shgll not be deemed a sectarian book; teacher may rend the same In school each day for not exceeding 10 minutes, but pupils shall not be required to attend such reading contrary to the wishes of their par^ts or guardians. Oklahoma: See A (bl). State board?; K, (c),, Uniformity of textbooks, Pennsylvania: No religious or pollticat test or qualification sbail be required of ai^ i>ersou connected In any way whatever with the public schools. All fines collected under school act shall be paid to' school district treasoier. Any person employed In the public schools, w^ shall attempt to bribc^ employer of said person, shall hte. guilty of a misdemeanor. Ih, dU^cte \of ^ ^8^ STAaX lJkWB BBLATfHQ‘ TO FOBIJO XDtTOATION. ■ v' ■* * ' '■ - , - tlie flm clUB, workmen employed ktoU bef^sklUed. and all atone deed In bnUd- ink shall be cut and prepared In the district where bnlldlnga are to be erected. No pnbllc-aclio(d teacher shall wear while engeged In the performance of . his or her duty any dress* mark, «nblem, or insignia Indicating that such teacher Is a member or adherent of any reltgioiis order, sect, or denomination At least 10 verses from the Holy Bible shall be read, without comment, at each and every public school upon each and every school day by the teacher in charge; teachers who fail to act in accordance with such pro- vision shall be discharged. See also A (d), District boards and ofBcer& South CaroUiui: See A (b2). State officers. tteas: See A (f). Administrative units— districts, etc.; H (b), School census. Utah: See F (a). Teachers' contracts, duties, etc. Washington: See L (a), Conrae of study. Wlsconsiii: See A (b2). State officers; K (c). Unfformity of textbooks. Ii (n) . Modern Ijangnages. Callfomfa: See L (a), Course of study. Colorado: See D (d). Physiology and hygiene. Indiana: See E (b), Tenchers’ certificates, general; L (a). Course of study. Iionlslana: See A (cl)* County boards. Maine: See N (a). High schools. MassMhnsetts: See L (a^, Course of study.- Nebraska: See A (bl), State boards. Nevada; See B (b), TeacbercT certificates, general. Ohio: See A (f>. Administrative units— districts, etc.; E (b). Teachers’ cer- tlficgte% general Oregon: See A (f). Administrative units— districts, etc. Washington: See E (c). Special certlflcatea Wisconsin: See L (a). Course of study. M. SPECIAL TYPES OF SCHOOL. (a) General. Alabama* County boards of education or school board tn any city or town where are located manufacturing plants employing 60 or more children reQntred to attend school under the child-labor law shall provide school for such children. ' M (b) . Kindergartens. Aflaona: See B (d), State taxation for school purposes; L (I), Manual and Indnstrial educatloii. O^lornla: See A (cl), County boards; A (d). District boards and bfilcers; ^ Cir^h); 1^ Mhools; L (a), Course of study. V (b). ‘XniDBllSABTENB; 6^ Oolor»do: School board* may eatabllah klnderiptrtmia for children between 3 and 6 years qld, but nothing In this law shall affect the taUng of the school eensns; such kindergarten shall be supported ont of the special bc1m>o1 fttnd of the district; teacher shall hare diploma from some reputable kindergartoi training school or pass such e^umlnatlon as the kindergarten department o} the State normal school may direct Connecticnt; See A (d), District boards and officers. Delaware; Schools in white districts shall be free to oil white children over 0 years old and In colored districts to all colored children over 6 years old; any district Including incorporated districts and the city of Wilmington, nray establish a kindergarten for chlldr^ over 4 years old. Florida; Any county hoard of education or board of trustees of a special-tax school district may establish and maintain klndergaitens In commnnltlM guaranteeing 25 kindergarten pupils; such kindergartens shall be a part of the public-school system ; no person shall be employed as principal of a kindergarten department who does not hold a certificate of graduation from a reputable^ kindergarten training school. Idaho; School boards may establish and maintain free kindergartens- fdr chlldreii 3 to 6 years old; cost of mnlntenance shall be paid from special school fund of district; all teachers employed shall have dli^omas from a reputable kindergarten trolnipg school or be licensed under rules prescribed by State superintendent Illinois: See A (d). District boards and officers; E (b), Teachers* certificates, general. Indiana: The board of trustees of any Incorporated town or city may estab- lish kindergartens for children between 4 and 6 years old, but no State tuition fund may be expended for such purpose; in any city of over 6,000 population a tax ot2 cents on each $100 may be lefled for such purpose; such tax may be pold to an association incorporated for conducting kinder- gartens. In cities of over 100.000 population said tax shall be levied. See alqo A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; E (b), Teachefs* cer- tificates, general. Iowa: See A (d), District boards ond officers. Kansas; The school board of any district. Including cities of first and second classes, may establish kindergartens for children between 4 and 6 years old; cost of maintenance shall be paid out of district funds; State board of educa- tion shall adopt rules governing the examination of kindergarten teachers, but any person, who shall complete the course of training for kindergarten* teach- ers In the State normal whool shall be entitled to tcacfi in a. kindergarten without further examination. Kentucky; See A (d). District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units— districts, etc. Lonisiana: See A (cl). County boards. ’ ’ * *Mas8acbiiseet8;^See L (a), Course of study. Michigan; The district board |>f any district may pi\>vlde a suitable room or apartment and equipment for kindergarten work; board may require special qualifications of kindergarten ti^cbers. All ^lldren between 4 and 7 years old shall be entitled to Instruction in such kindergartens. Powers and duties herein ^nferred upon districts are likewise conferred upon any' body having controlfcf public schoqls. Any person who Is a gradnate of any klndewrten training school whose course of study is approved by the State sui>erlntendeiit, STATB IAW J»LASIK8imil*tJBUO-TOtrOA T r«ikl..wh» JmIiU a t«flcher’a eartlScate ot a diploma from a repntable college ..of th* State or from a fonr-y«ir Wgh acbool, may be granted a kindergarten oaitlficate by wld auperlutendent, and such peraon may be employed as a UndergarteQ and .first-grade teacher. , . MIumoUj See a (d). District boards and offlcere. Mlaaieelppl ; See Q (f). Other technical and professional schools. Allssoiui: See A (d), District boards and officers. Montaiia; See H (c), School year, month, day. etc. Kebraska: See B (b), Teachers’ certificates,' general. Nevada; See E (b), Teachers’ certificates, general. New, Jersey ; Hoard of education of any district may establish kindergartens, and shall admit children between ages of 4 and 7 years thereto. Evpry teacher In a kindergarten shall hold a siieclal kindergarten certificate. IssutMl by State board of examiners. Bxi)ense of kindergartens Blmll be i»ald out of CHiTent s<^ool funds, same as for other schools. See ab»p F (b), Teachers* salaries. , New Mexico; See G (b), State normal schoola New York: See A (d), District boards and officers. North Dakpta; The school board of any scbool district may estobllsb kinder- gartens for children between 4 ami 0 years old ; nmintenanoe shall be by dis- trict toxatlon ; kindergarten teacher shall pass such examination as the State board of examiners may require, or shall have coinplete ^ between 4 and 7 years old : cost of maintenance shall be jiald from the special school tax of said district. Utah: School boards may establish kindergartens for cblldrei^^ween 4 and 6 years old; cost thereof may be paid in whole or In part olPof the school i funds of the district. All school districts having a popnlation of 2;000 or ^ ;:iinore shall ? maintain kindergartens, and cost thereof shall be paid out of sc^l itmds of district Teachers not having normal-whool certificate shall . pass spedal examination. ^ * See also A (f), Adminlstrat^e units — districts, etc- ' M (C), KVBHIHO SCHOOLS. ' .1 VermoDt: Hoard of school directors luay establish and uutlhtaln klndorgsrteni for children under 5 years old ; such kindergartens, when conforming to pnbllc* \ Bcbooi laws, shall be considered public schools. See also E (b), Teachers* certlflcates,^ general. * ; AVaahington: Boards o/ directors of districts of first and second classes may establish and mntntnin kindergartens In connection with common schools for children between ages of 4 and 6 years; kindergartens Bhatl be a port of the public-school system and shall be supported from general district fnnd. Kindergarten teachers and sui>ervlHor8 shuU have dlidomns or certlOcates from some accredited kindergarten training school or from kindergarten ^eimrtnient of a State normal school of this State aT of such accredited normal-school department of normal school of another State, also K (c). Siandal certificates. Viest Virginia: Board of education of any district or independent district Jn wlileh there Is a city, town, or rillage of 1.000 or more may establish kinder^ garteus for children between ages of 4 and 0 years, to be n jwrt of free-school system; teachers In kindergartens must hold diploma from a kindergarten college or must stand examination in kindergarten methods and theories In addition to holding U teacher’s certificate, Wisconsin': See A (e). School moetiuga, elections. ete.;^E (b). Teachers’ cer- tificates, gcnenil ; L (a). Course of study. Wyoming: District trustees may estahlieh nod maintain free kindergartens for children l>etween 4 and 6 years old'; «>st of mnlntenanoe shall be paid from district funds; teachers shall hold diplomas from some leputable Instt- tuttion and have such other qiialtfications as trustees may prescribe. Tax voted^to maintain kindergartens shall not exceed 1 mill on the dollar. M (r) . .Evening Schools. California: See A fd), District boards and officers; H fg). Child labor; L (a). Course of study. - Connecticut: Every town having a poimliftlon of 10.000 or more .shall estab- lish and maintain evening whtx)ls for the instruction of persons over 14 years old : on f)etltlou of at least 20 j>er8ons over 14 yeitrs old for instruction Imbigh- Hchool brunches, town or district shall provide such instruction, if school board approves and If town has no high school. No i>er8on between 14 and 10 years old who can not read and write shall be employed In any town where an evening school Is maintained unless said person shall have been a regular attendant at evening school during the preceding month. Towns or districts mnlntaining evening schools for 75 evening^ or longer shall be relmbnrfti^ by the State to the extent of $2.25 per pupil in average attendance. Any town of less than 10,000 inhabitants mny vote to establish an evening school. State board of education mny, upon application, ezensA any town or district frgm the requirements of this act. Georgia: County board of education may establish a* snitable number of ey^ ling schools for Instruction of youths over 12 years old ; such, schools shall Iw subject to such regulations and instructions ns State superintendent may . Issue. ’ IlUnols: See H (g), Child Inbof. T II i'". ^'wp " 66S BT.VTB LAWS BBlATINa TO PUBLIC BDUOATION. iBdtwu! In aU cttles htvlnf a populaUon of over 8»00Q the larhool tnisteea may esUbltah night achoois between 7 and 9.80 o’clock during the regular sdiool term If petitioned by 20 or more Inhabitants having children between 14 and 21 years old who desire to attend such school, but have to work in the day- time. Cities having a population of more than 100,000 shall maintain night schools during regular school term. See also X (f). Administrative unlts^lstrlcta, etc. ; O (a). Industrial edu- Wtlon, general. Knnsss: The school boiird of. any district or city may maintain night schools for persons over 14 years old and not required to attend day school ; bonnl shall establish such a school when petitioned, by parents or guardians of 10 persons eligible to attend. Teachers must hold certificates and may or may not be teachers In day schools. See also A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc. lionisiana^ See A (d). District boards and officers. Bfmtiie: See A (f). Administrative unlts-^lstrlots, etc.; 0 (a). Industrial education, general, hUsMChnseCts: Any town may and every city or town In which there arc issued during the year from September l to August 31 certlflcntes authoriz- ing employmAt of 20 or more persons who do not possess the educational Qualifications enumerated In the compulsory attendance law of the State shall maintain during the following school year an evening schoorfor In- struction of persoM over 14 years old In orthography, reading, writing, the ^glish langung^iplMi grammar, j^grnphy, arltlunetlc, Industrial drawing, both free-hand and mechanical, the history of the United States, physiologj^ and hygiene, and good behavior; such other .subjects may be taught as may be determined by the school committee. Everj^ city of 50,000 or more Inhnb- Itnnts shall malutain an evening high school If 50 or more resident.s. 14 years old or over, who are competent to pursue hlgh-schooI studies sliall petition the commltt^ In writing for such school and certify that they desire to attend such school.’ School committees shall give due notice of the opening of evening schools. School committees In cities or towns maintaining evening schools may require from each student not bound by law to attend an advance payment not to exceed $1, which sum may, as determined by the committee, be paid Into the school treasury or be returned to the student. The school committee may employ persons to deliver lectures on the natural sciences, history, and kindred subjects, and may provide library references on the subject of said lectures. See also A (d), District boards and officers; 0(c); l/>cal taxation; H (f), CompalsoiT attendance; O (a), Industrial education, general. )tfliinesoU: See A (d). District boards and officers. Missouri: Boards of education In city school districts may establish evening schools and may fix tuition fees for persons over 20 years old and other persons not entitled to free school privileges In the district; said boards may grant the use of schoolhouses to responsible parties for the purpose of con- ducting free evening schools. Montana: See A (d). District boards and oflicers; O (a), industrial education, genenl. New Hampshire: See A (d), .District boiirds and officers; A (f), Adminis- trative units— districts, etc. ** New Jersey: Board of educotlon of any district may maintain evening schools* for ediieation of residents over 12 years gld; such school must be maintained «a<^ year for at least 4 months of 16 evening s^ons of 2 hours each In 668 M (C). BVEinNQ SOBOLS. order to secure apportionuieot for eoch scbools on basis of noinber of teach- ers employed; exi>eusos of evening schools shall be paid as expenses for day schools are paid. Said board may establish and maintain n public evening school for Instnictlon of forelgn-bom reeldents over 14 years old In the English langutHare and In government and laws of New Jersey and of the Vnlted States; teachers In such schools must hold special teachers* certlfl- cates; State boiinl of education shall prescribe rules for government and insi>ectlon of such schools; course of study In such schools must be approved by State board. Each district maintaining evening school scbools, shall receive from the State for such school or scbools an amount equal to that raised by the district, such aid not to exceed $5,000 per yaw for any district: school boards shall make annual reports to commissioner of education rela- tive to evening schools ; State board may appoint persons to assist In carrying out these provlslpns and to encourage establishment of evening schools, to receive no compensation, but exi>enftes shall be allowed. See also O (a), Industrial education, general. \ow York: See A (d), District boards and ofBcers; B (a). General State finance and support; H (f), Compulsory attendance; O (n), Industrial educa- tion, general. Ohlor^'M? A <(f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Oregon: See A (d). District boards and oflJeers; A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Pennsylvania: The board of school directors of any district of second, third,, or fourth class, upon application of parents of 25 or more pupils above 14 writing, arithmetic, and such other subjects ns board may determine; evening schools shall t^kei#t open for at least 4 months per year, 20 days a month, and 2 hours each evening; no student shall be admitted unless employed during the day; evening schools may be closed when the average attendance falls below 15. Directors of any district of uecond, third, or fourth elnss, urwn request of 75 or more taxpayers of district shall establish and equip an evening manual-training school for pupils above 14 years old, and shall keep the same oi>en as long as day-school year If 25 or more pnpHs shall apply for admission, and the average attendance shall not fall below 15. Teachers In said si>eclnl schools must have proi>er certlficnfea, Btmrds of school direc- tors may assist nonsectarinn associations establishing kindergartens. Boards establishing agricultural schools may acquire lands for use tljereof. Boards may admit persons under 6 and over 21 years old to suitable special or voca- tional schools. See also A (d), District boards and officers; F (a), Teachers' contracts, duties, etc, Rhode Island; See' B (e). State aid for elementary education; O (a), In- dustrial education, general. South Carolina: See A (cl), County boards. Vermont: A town may establish and maintain evenlng^achools; a session of evening school shall be equal to balf-dny session of public school ; a person desiring to study commercial subjects, English language, or other pnbllc- school branches may be admitted to evening schools under rules of school board.' Washington: See A (d). District boards and officers; B (e). State aid for . elementary education, WIsconaliT: See^A (d), District boards and officers; O (a), Industrial edneg- tlon, general* years, shall oi>en a free evening school for Instruction In st>elllng. rending. 064 STATE LAWS RBLATINO TO PUBUC iSDUOATION. M (d)* Vacation ScboOla; Playgronnila; Social Centers. California: See D (a). ButUUnKS and sttos. general. Oof&aecticat: See. A (f). Admin tat rati ve uiUtM — illstricts, etc. Idaho: See H ol yenr. inentb, day, ctr. Illinois: See A (d). District Itonnlu nml otflcera Indiana: On i^>nllcntlon t>f oiu^hulf or mnro of the Icgni votorn nv^hllng within 2 mlleH of imy scbi>ollu>uni‘, tlio achool onthorltloK shntl iiIIhw the ust* of said bouse for uonimrtlsan community )mriH>soK. The boimi of health and charities in cities of the first 4*1:iks, ami sahl honnl or the botird of »cIkk)1 (MinmlSHitmers In cities of the third, fourtli. and fifth classes uiuy establish, maintain, and iHinlj) piihlic itluygronmlH, hailw, and comfort ahitlons. ^ald !K)anl8 may take real intate imrsnnnt to the laws of eminent domain : they sluil! wu*h apjHtlnt a c'oimulssioner of nuch acilvUlcs. Exi»en80» shall be borne l»y civil city, Iowa: See D (a), lUilldlngs and sites, gcuoml. Kansas: See A (d), District Ikaird.s nml ottlcers; A (f). Administrative units districts, etc. Kontnckj: , Set* A (d). Adinlibstratlvo units — districts, otc. Maine: See A (f), Adminlstnitlve units — ^llstricts, etc. Maryland: S<*hool aullioriticH may tdlow tin* ust* of sctnHilliouses for siK'*a1. civic, iiiul nH.Teatloual jnirjMises which tlo not Interfere with tin* ** iirlme usi* of such sebootbouseH. Bfaaaachuaetts: The Mcltool cominlttt*e of a city or town may osLahliah and mnlntnlu vacation schools; aitendam*e theretm shall nut l>e counnilsory or be cdnslderid ns a port of the schtx)! iittemlmn*e retiulnnl by law. See rIso D (m). Buildings and sites, genopiil. Mtchiican: DlRtfhT houni shall oiH*n schoar(i may exclude sticb navtlngs tiurlmr the five school dnys of each week. New Hampshire: See A (f), AdmlidstnttiAe units--dlsiriet.s. (‘tc. New Jersey: See A (f), Atlminl.stratiw units— districts, t*tc. ; I» (a), lliiUtl lugs aud sites, general. New Mexico: See A (d). District lH>anIs and t)ltlcers. New York: See A (d), District boards and tdtlcers; l» (al, iPilldlngH and sites, general. North Dakota: See A (d). District lutanls ami otficors. Ohio: See A (f). Administrative units — <11strlcts, etc.; I) (n), Buil^ngs ami sites, general. Oklahoma; District board may allow tlic us<* of srhoolliouse for community purposes. Oregon: See A (d), District boards and olllcers. Pennsylrania: SeeT> (a), BuIUHngs ami sites, general. Sonth Dakota: See A (f), Administrative units — illstrlcts, etc. Utah: See A (d), District boards aud officers. Virginia: See D (a), Butidlogs and sites, geneml. Wa^ington: Bee D (n), Buildings and sites, geneml. West Virginia: See A (d), District boards and offltrrs. WlktoaalAi See A (d)> District hoards and officers. N (a). HIGH SCHOOLS. - ' ^ 665 M (e). l!nlTfir«ltx aifd School Extension; labile Lectures. New Jersey: Ronrds of oducatloa-ln cities couUIulnjt over lO^OUO population umy enii>loy lecturers on the natural sciences and kimlnHl subjects In the even- ing* for iHUietlt of working men ami working women ; .said Inmnls may purchase , iHHikR. aiKl other MilnKH ne«t*ssury for such le<'tures; no udmiHsIon fi*e shall N» charKetl; ;tt least oue Uvture shall he dellveretl durtiuc wch of months of (K't<»lK*r. November, IHMvmlK^r, January. Kebnmry, and MarcA lu each year; due notice of such lectun‘s Hlitill 1h> i tub) i shed. Ort*jcon: See I* (o). State Universities and colleBes. Ithode Island: City of rrovidenee ntiiy nimuittly appropriate a sum not ei- rtHMlinj; for provldlnj; fret* imhllc Ii*cnires, WiKCODsin: St*e A (d), District iHmnls and ofllt'crs. M (f). Farmers* Institutes, etc. See Q (b), Agricultural ctdieges. (u*orfCls: The l>onrd of dlnn'tors ufthe^eorula exiH*rimenf station shun have mnHiieieti thnaighont the ShrnrtMciTj’ear a w*rles of farmers* Instltutea Michigan: PtH? Q (b). Agricultural tsdleges. Nebraska: S<*e 1* (e). State universities and istHeges. South Dakota: Sev A (bl), Slate Isiards. VirKinia; Siv t> (a), Industrial (shientloii, paieral. M (k). FrlvaU* and Kndowed Schools; Parochial Schools. See H (b). CorjH)ratIona of an wlnontlonal charuclcr. N. SECONDARY EDUCATION: HIGH SCHOOLS AND ACADEBQES. erhiteiulent ; uiatrlculutloo fee of not cxeeei>ropriate funds from county treasury to uld In construction of buildings and mulntenunce of county high schools. Cities und towlis may convey, lands and pro\ide funds to uid in the loca- tion and construction of county high schools. See also O (b). Agricultural schools. 6S6 BTATB LAWS BELATIKO'TO PDBUO SDUCATIOM. Arimommi A teboo) dlitrtot barlnif an ^bmge att«ncra to be cboseu from district lu which high school Is hvated; term of members In union dUtrictH. five years, one being electee as prescribed by hlgh-school boanl with appro viil of state board of education. Pupils shall be promoted from eighth grade of the ivai mon schools to a^iy high school on certlfiCHte signed by the priucliw! or «u|H*r Intendent of such common school or by county saix^rlutetident and btiscd <>ii quallflctiUous prescribed by State 1mm rd of education. Hlgh-school dlstrhia mtiy vote boiula for the same piiri>osc and lu the same mauuer as conunon- school dlstrlct& In any county having no high school the Itoiinl of sutler- visors may, and wlven |*etltioiied by 15 iver wjil of the registered electors they must, call an eliHilon to determine question of estiibllshlng a county hi^b BCboul Hxal of hnatliig the same; If vote carries, county siii>erlnteiHleiit ahall call an eleiilou U> elect trustees. Board of trustees shall consist of five mem- bers; term, five years, one being elected each year. When a district shall es- tablish a high school or when two or more districts shall establish a union high school, such district or distrlols shall no longer be Included tu a coiiniy union hlgh-school district Board of BUt>erviaor8 may, or on iietltion of 15 per cent of qualified voters shall, call an elovilon in county union tlistrict to determlue question of dlH^H>utinuauce of county union high school. On |khI- tlon of districts nlTectcd, county btmrd of sui»er\i»undaiies nf school districts, hlgh-school districts, and union hlgh-school districts. Any high BCbix)l havlbg pro|>er equipment to give elementary training In agricul- ture, iutuiug, manual training, domestic science, or other vocutlonal subjivts may, on application to state board of ckluoatlon, be d^lgnafed to maintain such department; ^ch high school so designated shall employ trained In- structors whose qualifications sball be fixed by the State board of educatUm; instruction to such departm^^ 'to pupils of district shall be free, but non- resident pupils may be charged'Dot exceeding $3 per month.^whlch shall be a charge against the district of tbeir resideDce; each high school roatnUliiing such .dejKirtment shall be entitled to State aid equal to amount raised by district, but not exceeding |2,500; clerk of board malotahilng such depart- ment shall report annually to State board of education; State board sbiUl make rules governing State-aided high schools; State normal schools sbull recelre State aid on same conditions’ as high schools. See also A (bl), State boi^a Arfcaafiaa: The State board of education shall daaslfy high schools as four- year, three-y^r, and tWO'-year and shall establish nortnal-tralnlng depart- ments In certain four-year schools as provided therein. Said board shall designate the schools In which said departments shall he established, pre- i •cube the co^ of study and determiae the qnaliflcaUons of t,eaeherg for K (a). HIGH 80HOOLS. 667 I I I Mid departments. Said board shall not urnut state aid to more than one bixh-srhool normaUmliiltur deportment In anj- oouiity . It abnll not deaiRnate for normal-training puri«sea anj- fonryear high acliool having fewer than three tearhers devoting their entire time to aiibjecta other than normal train- ' Ing. No stndent shall be graduated from the normal. training deiairtnient who haa not oomplctnl the full foirt-..ve.ar course jircscrlbed for high m-hyola. The Slate miperlnleiulenl shnll laane to grmliinttni of the said de|w\rlnienl a certlfl- i-hle valid for two .years In the otminujii sehia)la: after 12 months of ex- IsTlence, holder may have certlflcate v.iIldattM for sU .vesirs. hut lie must, (lursiie the profcssioual eourae of reading pn»serlhed by .State sii|a>rliiteiulnit. All graduates of elementary schools who rcshlo In a I'oiiiii.f having a high »hool receiving State aid shall lie entitled to fre»* tuition thendn; pupil dealring to enter such high school shall prew'nt a (vrtiflcalo of gradtiatloii from the elcmciilary school. .\ll teachers In the ooniimm schools shall he entitled to receive frei> tuition In high scIkkiIs n'ct'lvlng State aid. I*ii|>llg n'sidiiig in «: eounty having no high sehmil may attend In.lnnother county, and tiillloii fee Of $I..Vi a month sliall he clmrg<>d; sn,-h fit* shall Ik> |iald by district of implls’ reahlouce If such district haa snffl>U«nt funds after main- taining common school for alx^ionths. The State board of erei>are evmrses of study aml j.noide Insjavtlon for high s.'1i.ki1s. No state aid for general hlgh-achiKil piin)08.>8 shall l>e gninted to any city having a [s)pnIatloii of over S.rslO. but this restrlellon shall not apply to the eiKvuragemeiit of normal training. AM may Ik* graut.M for two years to rural high seh.s.ls having not Itnw than I.'f pnpll.s. The hinds rvsvivol from State aid simll Ive expended only for leiiehers' salaries and sneh ;.M shall be granted to no seh.wl for whose snpfmrt tire «llstr1et In which It Is lo<-nt.sl d.ms not ex|)end on Its high-sohooi deiiarrmeni an mnoimt e.l by this act. ' For normal training aid may not excevM $uaai. |„;l m> n.Iks.1 sl,al| rvs'el.ve for general hlgh-scjux)l i)\iris>S(»s aiilN nnd ttK'luiloiil schoola A higU fichool district ct»m|K)«x1 of two or niort' hlKh-ncliool dlHtrlrta shnll l»e a union bigh-acbool dialrlct; if such union dlsfric! i« i district. Tor- aofiiB comi)eteiit to Kifi:n i»etitloiis repmling hiKh sclimds shnl) l>e heads of fatulllbs or ejectors; county suiierimeudent slinll have jnristlictlon over high- aC'hool districts. OQ*ix*titlon of a majority of the heads of fniullies or elec- tors In a city, town, or district having an average attendance of 100 or ^re in the I elementary schools, the county superintendent shall call an /election in ;imcb city, town, or dUtrict to determine question of forming ; high-school district. Where common-school district is coextensive with high- / ^ool district, school board in former shall conttol high school. On petl- Uon of a majority of the heads of families or electors in two or more dia- : trlcts having a total average attendance of 100 or more, county superlnteud- ; eat shall call an election to determine queued of forming a union hlgh- I / a9ee*— 15 — 42 ' V-^^7 "■ ' ,'- -T 1 4'."' *' 1'toS ‘ t^OQl district, mud a majority vote aball d^ermlne. On pettUon ^ a majority of tbe beads of families or Sectors In two or more districts Ijrlng in different counties and having a toUl average attendance u>f 100 or more, superintendent of county having majorlt/of peUdoners shall call an election to determine quesdon of forming a Joint union hlgh>school district and a majority vote shall determine. Two or more condguons hlgh-schooKdfttrlcts may be united In a union or Joint union high-school district In a manner ^ similar to the fopnation of such districts; on pedtion of a majorly of die heads of families or electors of a union high-school district such district may by county sui)ervi86r8 be annexed, to an incorporated dty or -town hlgh- school district High-school board of a union or Joint union district shall p6 composed of five members elected for terms of three years, one or two being elected each year ns the case requires. A school dirtrlct dm not lie pardy within a hlgh-schooI district and partly withont. Common-school district may, by county supervisors, be annexed to a blgb-school district on ^ peddon of a majority of the heads of families or electors of annexed dis- trict; if hlgh-scbool bonded Indebtedness exists, annexed district shall vote. ^ on assumption of Its propordon. On petition of a majority of the beads of* families or electors of'a union or Joint union hIgh-school district and* two- thirds of those ol any school district which Is a part thereof, county super- visors may exclude such school dIstricUrom such hlgh-scbool district Super- visors shall lapse any hlgh-school district whose average attendance for the whole year is 10 or less. On petition of two-thirds ol heads of families or electors, county superintendent shall call an elecdon to determine question ■ of dlslncorporatlon of a hlgh-school district, and a majority of two- thirds ahaU determine: on petition of. two-thirds of members of hlg^i-school hoasd, county supervisors may change the name Of a hlgh-school district. On petl- don of 50 or more electors and taxpayers, county snpervlsoii shall call an elecdon on quesdon of estobllshing a county hlgh-school district and a - * majority vote shall d^rmlne; electors In -an existing hlgh-school district shall not vote at such elecdon except on pedtion of two-thirds of electors residing in such district ; county board of edncadon shall he trustees of county high school.' District, union, and Joint union hlgh-scbool hoards shall meet on first Saturday In May, and shall hold monthly meetings at such ttmes -as fixed In rules; In union and Joint union districts meetings may be ^ held quarterly ; special meetings may be held at call of president or a majority of the board. Powers and duties of hlgh-school boqrds shall be such as assigned to. school boni;ds ; hlgh-school boards may lease school- house; the board of any countjp, union, or Joint union district may, with approval of county superintendent, provide transportadon for pupils; htgh- Sdiool boaiiil shall determine iodidon of school, but If they fall to agree county superintendent shall call an election to determine the location. Prin- .clpal^of high school may act as principal of elementary school; principal BhaU annually at close of . school report under oatii to county superintendent who shall report under .oath to State superintendent Hlgh-s.^'afflH'. «wHck)t8.^^ , •‘’'V , V.^' iiSW'" district in different counties in proportion 'to property' valuation; on petition of a majority of the hleh-school board coonty snpervlBors may cancel IxmdB remaining unsold for alx months ; sale of bonds for county high schools shall bo In the same manner as for other high schools. Course of study sbaU be prepared by, or under dlreeOon of, hlgh-schooI board, and mnrt, Mcept In Incorporated cities and towns, have approval of county board of educa- tion ; course shall embrace a period of not less than four year^ and every high school must offer at least one course to prepare for admission to the Statp university: Instruction In athletics and military drUl may be offered; hlgh-school board shall adopt 'for not less than four years a list of text- books from list prescribed by State board of edncaUon ; post-graduate courses may be offered. Any graduate of an elementary school or a person other- wise fitted may attend any high school, but persons nonresident of hlgh- school district may be admitted only upon agreemmit of the proper anthorl- ties as to terms of adml8sloD» etc. On recommendation of hlgh-school board, county supervisors shall levy In the district a tax for site, building, etc., unless sucb shaO have been acquired by lease or by the Issue of bonds; tax for hlgb-scbool purposes shall not exceed 7B cents on flOO, exclusive of bond and interest rate. wigh. school boards shall furnish county supervisors an estimate of amount of money required for maintaining the high school, and supervisors. must levy tax In hlgh-school district sufliclent to carry out the purposes of such esUtoate; In counUes not maintaining a county high school supervisors ahsti levy a tax to pay the net cost of educating hlgh-school pupils not residing In hlgh-school districts. State controller shall estimate the amount necessary for the support of hjgh schools, such estimate to be on basis of $1B per pupil In average attendance: controller and treasurer shalf set aside from State revenues amount estimated, which shall be “ Stale blgb-school fund.” State superintendent shall apportion one-third of fund among high schools without regard to enrollment or average attendance and the remaining two-thirds on baela of average attendance. A union hlgh-school district may estnbUsh a public library ; on application of 50 or more taxpayers, residents of such district, county supervisors shall order an election to determine question of establishing a “ union hlgh-school library district”; two-thirds of votes determine; supervisors shall establish such district and place library In charge Of trustees of hlgh-school district; If election falls, another may be held after .one rear; trustees shall meet’ at least once a mouth, special meetings shall be held on call of two trustees. Powers of board; To make rules and regulations governing library; recrive and hold In trust gifts, bequests, etc. ; appoint librarian and oujr offlwrs and fix their duties, compensation, etc. ; purchase necessary boohs and other per- sonal property; purchase pecossary real estate and provide building, etc.; require State officials to furnish State publications ; exchange books with other libraries; rejwrt adnually to State librarian; designate hours when library shall be open. Trusts must submit to supervisors estimate of Cbst of estab- lishment and . maintenance of library, but bonds may be Issued for site, bulld- lng,«etc. Supervisors shall lefvy a tax sufficient to establish and maintain library, which sbdU forever be free. Trustees may lend books to nrigbboring commnnIUes for reasonable compensation; Utle to library property shall vest In the district Trustees may, and on petiaerintendent shall constitute the hIgh-school com- mittee; each member shall serve until the expiration of bis term as a district ^ director, and at such expiration of term school directors shall fill the vacancy; * other vncancies shall be .filled by county suiwrlntendent. Each county hlgh- Bchool district shall be a body corporate. Powers and duties of high-school .cgmtnitfee: To employ or discharge teachers and other employees and fix their wages and to fix tuition fees for nonresident pupils ; enforce jrwles of State Buperint^dent, fix course of study and adopt textbooks; provide furniture, ^etc. ; rent, repair, and Insi/re schoolhouses; build or remove scboolbouses and acquire sites; hold In trust' all proi)erty of the district.; suspend or expel Imruly pupils; determine length of school term; furnish fr^ textbooks to Indigent pupils and to all pupils when directed by vote of the qualified « ele^ors of the district; require all pupils to be supplied with suitable book®; exclude *from schools and school libraries all publications of an immoral or pernicious tendency; require teachers to confonn to the law; report annually * to the county sbj^rlntendent ; report directly to the State supei;intendent when required by him; admit pupils from other high-school districts, but said admission may be refuse^ on the ground* of insufficient room. High-kchool (Ustricts organized under this act shall have all the powers and duties of school district^ of the first and second classes, but tax certified for county or onion high-school purposes shah not exceeil 4 mills on the dollar; county commlsrioners shall levy a tax of not exceeding 4 mills for' county high schools or union high schools Ideated at the county seat No district shall be taxed without Its consent fefi* the sui)port of more than one kind of high school; a district maintaining a blg^ school or comiwslng a part of a union high-schobl district may by vote of Its qualified electors be excluded from a- county hlgb-scbool district Union sobools.— When the school boaids of two or more contiguous districts deem it adylsahie to establish n union high school the county fiuper- intendent shall call a fUeeting of the boards of districts interested, and said meetinff dhall elect froih among their number tliree {>ersons to compose n Ugh-school committee; county superintendent shall be ex officio a member of gajd epDunittee. If a county seat is included In a school district, the / bOaM .of directors of such district may organize a high school under this Imsuch cas6 the hlgb-scbool committee shall be the local school board, under this section shall be open to qualified children oif the county. High-scbool committees herein provided for itolf luve aU the powers of common-school boards. A nhion htgb-scbodljdls- " tktt ahall he entitled to draw from the general,. State, and county &nds its ' quota for attendance and the deficit for support shall be nmde up.nDm the liS '-'""■''if-, :'‘V L . ‘,1 , '--iL/i-. A*£i'L Uii! V XT (a). BIOH eCHOOJtii seTeral district funds In proportion to the ncmber otf pupils ftom Mch district' In counties of the fourth and fifth classes all school districts adjacent io an , Incorporated town or^clty may be organised with stich town or dty Jnto a union high-school district; county conimlsslonersVahaU for support of such school levy a tax in the district of not less than X nor more than g mills; an outlying district not conUguous to an Incorporated town or city nmy by a majority vote of the qualified electors thereof be added to any sndi union' high-school district Qualifications to enter union high schools be com- pletion of the eight elementary grades ; course of study shall be as proposed by a committee of flte, county superintendents. » . , District high schools, — School boards of districts of first and seooi^ , ■ mhy establish and maintain high schools. s' Qn petition of TO qualified, voters who are schodl-tax pikers county super- Intepdent shall give notice of an election to be held in the hlgh-school district to determine the question of providing hlgh-school buildings, purchasing * ground, or funding floating debts; majority of qualified electors voting at* election shall determine; amount of bonds ehail not exceed 2 per cent" of proi)erty valuation of district; interest shall nof efceed 6 per owt; bonds shall be registered by the recorder> of the county. County comi^BsIoners shall levy a tax in said bJgh-school district to pay interest and to provide for the payment of the piinclpal-;, no change In the boundaries of a high* school district shall release the taxable real estate thereof from assessment ' All hlgh-school districts organized under the x>rovlsionB of certabi acts pro- viding for the establishment and support of high schools In counties of the fourth and fifth classes shall be subject to the provisions of this act A dis- trict maintaining a high school or a union high-school district may vote to be excluded from a county hlgh-school district. . ' See also A (bl), Stafe boards; A (4), District boards knd officers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.^ * Oonnecticnt: Any town may establish and malntalh a high schobl within ito * limlta Any town not a consolidated district may choose by baHot a hlgh- school committee of three, four, or five members, who shall have same powers and duties In relation to high school as district dommlttees in relation to district schools Boards of school visitors or town school conunlttee, as the case may be. shall prescribe rules for the admission of students and for their studies, books, and cla^slflc'atlon ; they shall examine and certificate tochers, stating what subjects they are qualified to teach; visit snch school at least twice during each term ; may revoke a teacheris certificate for cause. In ' towns not having ^ town school committee the school visitors may appoint a hlgh-school committee. Any town having no high school shall pay tuition fees of any resident of said town attending high school In anetta^MEi town, with the consent of school visitors or town Committee, If said approved by the State board of education'; ewry towp shall receive. j the State two-thirds of tultlc^ fees paid, but not exc^lng $d0 per pupil annually ; the State board qf education may approve any Incorporated or endowed high sriiool or academy and tuition fees may he paid to such school as trf public high schools; town not maintaining a high school shall pay •for the transportation of Its . pupils who attend on ^approved high- school -‘'i elsewhere, and State shall relmbufse said towh to the extent of one-halff but not exceeding $20 per pupil. Town maintaining a high school may' pay fw the transportation of Its hlgh-school pupils within Its limits. * T- Delaware: See A (cl), CJotmty boards. ■ T ERIC FyAEldu ;fiee A ls: On petition of 50 or more legal voters in any school township having ** between ^,000 and 100,000 Iphabilants an Section shall be ordered by county 'inperhit^ent to determine. |he question of establishing a township high in said township ^.majority of votes cast shall deterqalne; this act ^ apply to all townshipe having a population of 1,000 to 100,000, whether , dl^tlbg :^eT; tto a special law. If vote carries, a tow^ip Jtildi^stfhoortiba]^ 001^ and six members, shall be elec^, ^ ^ibd! ihelll'bo^ Shall have all me ri^fts, powers^ and duties of school boards . Qlider me general law. / On petition of GO legal voteilli^of'a township, me townShlp^treasurer shall 1 Umt at the next fegtilar election me qaeUB. towhshlp high school will be voted on ; majority vote shall deteVmlne. A township hlgh-Bchool board of five membeVs i^ll be riected by qualified votei:ii ; term, three years, two or ones, as the case requires,. being elected each year; board shall elect one of Us members president and another secretary. Two or more- townships or two or more districts may unite for the purpose of establishing a high school ; parts of adjoining townships may so uidte ; pro- cedure shall be by petition and election, as In the case of tow;n8hip high schools. Any school district having a (Population of 2. first eight years of school work; codmiissioned high schools shall Include four years* work following the ele- mentaiV school; course In noncommissioned hlkh schools sh^l be such as fixed by the State- board of education. Branches required^^ commisHoned high^chooU: Commercial arithmetic, algebra, geometry, fitted States his- tory, general hlstoiy, commercial or physical geography, composition and rhetoric, English and American literature, Latin or German, biology, phyrics or chemistry. Elchqol board may, subject to approval of State board of edu- * cation, add dther branches. See also A*(c2), County officers; A (4), District boards and officers; A (f), , Administrative unUs — districts, etc.; D (a),- Buildings and sites, general;* ;B (b)i Teachers* certificates, general; H (o). Consolidation of districts, etc.; i ..A 1 i 6^ ; STATK LAWS BELA.TINO TO PTTBUO EDTTOATION. t^t&n 10,000 popnlation, bat in county of less t^n 3,000 only one school shall be aided and that at county seat; such nid shall be granted only on petition of a majority of the school electors. County ^mmlssioneriB shaU levy a tax of not to exceed 1 mill in counties of 3.000 population or less and not to exceed one-half mlli in counties of more than 3,0o0. Course of s^dy shall be as prescribed by State board of education; tuition shall be free to all persons of school age in the county ; such schools shall be under snpervielon of county superintendent and district board. Countfes mnln- talning county high schools and those operating under the Barnes High- School Act shall be exempt Touynship hipH schools. — The legal electors of n township in which there la no Incorporated city of over 300 itdpulntion may establish and ^maintain a high school in such township; on petition of over one-tbirQ of legal voters, township board shall call an election to determine question of es- tablishing such high school and voting bonds therefor, hut this act shall not apply to counties having less than 10.000 population; If proposition carries, a board of trustees vonaistlnjf of director, a clerk,. and a treasurer ohall be elected; county gui>er!ntendent shall have sui>ervJHion oven such school; tuition shall be free to residents of township; county superintendent shall prescribe course of study; when accommodations are sufficient, pupUs from iffitalde the township may be admittotl on payment 'of tuition fee flxed by board. Township hlgh-sohool board shall annually levy tax to support such school but mot to exceed 4 mills on the dollar. Kentucky; See A (d), District boards and officers; A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; E ^(b), Teachers* certificates, general; K (c). Uni- formity of textbooks; P (c), Stiitc universirtes and colleges, lionlsiana; See A (bl), State boards; A (b2). State officers; A (cl), County boards; A (c2)," County officers; E^(b), Teachers* certificates, general; K Maine; High schools ore classified ns follows; Class A, four-year course of 30 weeks; approved equipment; at least two teachers; town, precinct, or unlofi must expend annually at leasf $S50, exclusive of tuition' fet\s. Class B, at least a two-year course of 36 weeks; approved equlpniont; town, precinct, or union must expend at least |5(K). Class C, four-year -course of 30 weeks; town, precinct, or union must expend at least $450. Town, precinct, or union shall be reimbursed by State two-thirds of amount expended for high school, but State aid shall not eice^ $500 in one year. “ State superintendent may expend $2.(i00 annually for Inspection of schools of set'ondary grade. No town shall receive State a(4 f®** School unless expenditure for si school has been exclusive oSaiqpunt required for coaimon schools; any to may establish not exceeding two high schools and State aid sball be ns for < school; two or more towns may unite to establish high school and State aid be same ns If one town maintained school ; any town ihay, !n addition to ■ tax fbr common and.btgh schools, levy tax for transportation of secondary Jpuptls; town may receive and hold gifts npd bequests and in such case shall re^ye State^ aid on same conditions as if fun4s had come by taxation ; In- habitants of any section ^of a town not providing high school may organise a Idgh-schooi precinct of i»art of the town, but not more than two high schools may be organised in any town ; State aid to precincts shall not exceed what town W^qM bave received; sections of adjoining towns may unite In like manner; mot to A if) (c), Uniformity of textbooks. (a). HIGH 8CH00UL * wr^ 1 town, precinct or union of towns may locate high school or vote that terms thereof be held alternately at places selected ; course of study e^ll embrace • studies commonly taught In secondary schools, but ancient and modem Ian- * guages and imislc shall not be taught except by direction of school committee; school shall be free to all pupils residing within the htgh-school district; siil)eriiitcudent or school committee shall provide for examination pf candi- dates for admission; school established In'preclnct shall be free to ail within precinct aifd oi>en to nil witliln the tow*n on payment of tuition fee; school ^ committee may admit nonresident pupils on payment of tuition fee when num* her of pupils may be Increased without detriment. Towns and preclnctti\niay raise money for hl(A schools In same manner as for common schooU 'i^wn not Dialutainlng free high school of sUmdurd grade may authorize the sch^l committee to contract* with committee of an adjeinlng town or with au academy to pay for tuition of pupils of said town who attend school In such * adjoining town'or academy. Any youth of a town not maintaining a standard hlgli school may att'end any approved secondary school to which he may gain entrance by permission of those having charge thereof; tuition fee of no( pver lao shall be paid by town In which he resides; such youth shall have Biiccessfully completed commdB-scbool branches ns shown by examination by sui>erlntendent wlUi papers fiteimred by State superintendent; any youth who has completed course of B or C class high school sJia II be ^titled to free tuition to complete four-year course and shall be excused from examination to enter such four-year school; school committee shall report annually be* fore September 1 to State superintendent amount of tuition paid and for whom and to what school paid; State shall reimburse town to extent of Iwo- thlrds of amount paid, riot exceeding $5tX). Sui>erintendent8 shall rcjwrt an- nually before July 1 to State superintendent amount expended fpr free high schools, also other statistics of such schools and of common schools; If State superintendent is satisfied high-school law has been complied wtfh, he*8hoU ceHify to governor ^and council amouht to which each town or precinct la entitled from the fetate;*nny town or precinct may appeal from superintend- ent .to governor and council. Clerk of hlgh-school precinct shall certify to town assessors amount voted for high school in such precinct and amount * ^ so voted shall be le\'l^ and collected; assessors may add not exceeding B I>er cent to sum so certljled: exi>ease of levy and collection shall be paid out of precinct funds. Trustees of an* academy or corporation formed for educa- tional purpo^ may siffVender the whole or guy part thereof to the municipal officers of a towp for hlgh-school purix>8e8. An approved Incorporated academy prepared to give Instruction equivalent to that required by low to be glvra In free high schools 'shall bo entitled to State aid as follows: Not over $600 for English course; pot over $750 for English course. and college preparatory course; not over $1,000 for English course, college preparatory course, and a training coifrse for teachers; such courses shall have approval of State super- intendent; State aid ahull not exceed total Income of Institution, and such institution shall exi>end an nmqnot at leart equal to State aid; Instruction shall be given for at least 80 weeks; average attendance of at least 12 must be maintained in course' for which aid Is claimed; State superintendent shall certify to governor and councfl necessary facts regarding qcademjT nog,ton * ; shall receive State aid for pupils attending an academy Ifa stahdard-g^e ^ high ^hool is maintained ji^ such town ; no acad^y sha^l receive State aid if average attendance of less than 30 fSr fi\'e years is maintained; no acad- emy shnll revive State aid “exceeding $600 if'avergge atterfdahce of less than W is mlntafned; no academy shall receive State aid if it has Income from f. 668- ^ STATE LAWS BELATINO TO PUBUC EDUOATIOK. invested funds of $1,000 or more, and not exceeding $500 shall he allowed If it has such Income of $1,000 or more; Institutions receiving aid shall reiwrt to State Bui>erintendent. Any youth residing In an imorganlssed township may dttend any api>royed Mcondary school to which he iiiny gain eutrauw In any part of the State; . Sttite shall jvay tuition not excctMlIng $JK). ' See also A (f). Administrative milts— dUtrlcU, etc.; O e- dnl Instructors; (o) four ywirs’ course of not le.ss than w^ks each, same to conform to standard of Stale lK>nnl; (d) amiunl salary of principal shall be not lees than $l,200,'incrcafilug with years of exj>crlence up to $1,500; Balary of assistant teacher shall he nut less tlmn $.500 and Increase to $S00; * (6) provisions to be made for inainia) training and domestic Si;ience. also for commercial or agricultural course; (/) teachers must he passtnl on by State Minimum requlnmients of swxmd group: (a) Thirty-five pupils; (h) two Vbachefs besides special Instructors: (r) three-years’ cemrse of not less than 36 weeks each; (d) wilary of principal not tlian $1,006 and raising to $1,300, of assistant teachers not less than nid raising to $sm); (r) pnv vision for manual-training or ngriciiltura) or comnicrcial inairs^'; (/) teachers must be passed on by State board. Courses ip scb(W)ls of st.H*ond group uiay be extended to four years u’hen adfltlonal expen>erlnteiidenf sliall lnspo^*t high schotils annually . prepare llsta of same, designate the group of each, anil the amomit pf State aid to which It is^eatlrled; any high school rccclving'aid under this act shall forfeit Its right to .aid under pny other act. hut appropriations made prior to 1872 and chargeabfie to the acadeiftfc fund slial] not 1m? affmed. High schools of group 1 shall rc»celve aid ; Six*hundreeclal teachers (commercial, man ual-t raining. doiucRtic-Mcienoe. or agricultural branches), $100 on account of each additional gnid(^ teacher, total not to exceed $5,500. Group 2: Six Imndretl dollars for principal. $100 for one dsslstant teacher, $400 for Hi>eclul teacher; each of four high schools of Baltimore shall rec-elve an amount ihiumI to the ninxlmuni amount received by any high school In the counties. County boar^ shall submit to county com- v mlssioners list of all high schools in county, with lte\ulzed statement of cost _ of maintenance, and county commissioners shall make separate levy for high - schools. Certificates or dIplonmH shall show group, course, and number of . .years; graduates of four-years’ course shall be ndmlrtetl without examination ♦ to any Institution receiving financial lielp from State. State board shall pre- par^. course of study. See P (c). State unlversHles and colleges. . Maasachnshtts ; ^ery city and town containing 600 families or householders ' unless speclflcolly exempted by the’ state board of education, and any . other town may, maintain a high school, adequately equipped, taught by legally qualified teachers, who shall give instruction In such of prescribed subjects as the .school committee may determine; any high school maintained ^ by a town required to belong to a superintendency union shall be maintained wltJ* B&ndard* approved «>y ttie State board; one* or more N (a); HIGH SCHOOLS. 669 connea of study shall be maintained In each such hljth school, and such high school ahull be kept open for at least 40 weeks \u each year. A town may give luatruotlon In a iwrtlon only of the foregoing requirements If It makes provision for the others in the high scht>oI of another town or city. A town not uinintalning a high shall pay the tuition of any child who resides In said town and who, with .the previous approval of the school coid- n\lt!tv of his town, attends the high sclnml of another town ir city; If jmch town neglects or infuses to 'jmy such tuition It sliall l>e liable !n an action of ct)ntnict : a town whose valuation is less than $1,000,000 shall be entitled to receive fni'm the 8tato tnvtsury all amounts e>Ji*ended for hIgh-school tui- tion. and a town whoso valuation excetsls $1,000'000, but whose number of fa mi Ilea Is less tlian iV)0, aha II bo entitled to rec<*|ve from the .State treasury half of nil a mounts so ex trended under the provisions of this act If such exi)ondlturos shall bt* certified mnler oath within 30 days after such expendi- ture. If n town of less than 500 families nialntainR a high school and em- -ploys at least two teachers therein. It may receive, from the State treasury $500 for the same, but uo town, thp vnluntlon of which averngea a larger sum for.wich pupil in the average mpinlM?rship of Its schools than the correapoad- Ing average for the State, shall rtMxdve sucirmoney ; no high achool shall receive any such money unlesa approved by the State l>oard. A town not sup]K>rtlng a high Rclnwil shall pay the iransiH>rtatlon of any child of aald town who. with the iwevious appri)val of the scher child; if any town falls to pay such’ transi>ortiitlorK it ‘shall be liable In an action of contract: a" town which has exi>ended for 8upix>rt of i)ublic s<‘hools an amount from Uv'nl taxation during preceding year of uot less than $4 ami less than $5 per of valuation ahall receive from the State tmisury oue-half of amount exi)ende(i for transportation an- tler provisions of this act; and a town which has ex|»endeer $1,0(X) of valuation shall receive fronilfthe State treasury the whole of such triiusimrtatlon. No iwson shall be eligible to teach a hlgh school aided dlr*H*tly by the State who does not hold a hlgh school teacher^s certificate tssue^l hy the State board; the Sbite board ahjill detlne the conditlona on which, high-Bchool teachers* certffleates shall be given and hel^l, and to grant ^ich t'crtiflcatcs to candidates found qualitietl by examination or otherwise; a "hat of holtlers of high-school teachers' certitleates shall l>e kept on file by tlje ^commissioner of (Hlucation. and sent to superintendents and school oom- * niittt^s at their rwiueaL f . Two adjaceut^towns. each having less than GOO families or hohseholdera, m|ftj'*vote to form n union high-school tllstrlct for esUiblishlng a high school; ti^e school committees of such towns shall elect one iH?rson from each of tltelr resi>ectlve hoards to form the committee of control of such school; sijch committee shiTll determine the Kx-ation of the ik'hool house. If one Is aii|thorize^ otherwise Jt shall autlisrlze the location of such school alter- niTtely in the two towns; the projKjrilon to be jmid by each town for the • ertoction of a iiermaueut schoolhouse for such school,' aud Its support, otherwise agreed, shall be act‘ordlng to Its proi>ortlon of county tarn 'Bee also A (d), District boards and officers; B (c), Termanent State school funds; H (J). Compulsory attendance; h (1), Manual and Industrial educa- tion; O (u). Industrial' education, general. , , ' Micibdgan: Upon petition of not less than one-third of the taxpayers of any tojwnshlp not having within Its limits an incorporated city or vHlage, the topmshlp board shaU submit to the qualified electors the questidn of etsabliah- Ing a rural high school; if mote votes are cast for than against such school, ^ . IN - LAWS KXLATINO TO PtTBUO KDUCATTOjr. A boaid of Uu*ee tmtoeo shall be'electod : term, throe Tcsrs. one belns eleoted each year; tnwnahip clerk shall be ex ofOdo a member and clerk of the boa^ and township treararer aball be ex officio member and treasnrer neg. alar meetlneB aball be held quarterly, and special meetings may be held. . Powers: To auperviae and visit tl^ school ; admit all chUdron of the town* ship above the sixth grade and fix nonresident tuition fees: adopt textUwks! wp\of teachers; flx wages and make regulations for the ctmtrol of the school; provide. site and building nml hold gifts hi tnist: pn>vide course of «tody, which must have approval of State suiierlntomleiit and president of the Michigan Agricultural College, and which may Include normal training domeeUc arts, and agriculture, and which shall not couRlst of more than four years; estimate amount of tax necessary to swpiHirt. such school ; publish annually n report In a iiewsiinper of the towuRhlp or county; call meetings of the township to vote taxes for building and site and for other necessary pur- poses. Secretary, who shall rinvive not exi-eiKlIng $.V> |H»r niimmi, shall keep records and report mmually to State Hu|*erlutcndent. A majority of taxpayers shall determine amount, not to exct^t*$5,000, to Im exi*emhs1* for bulIdlngK and grounds, and may Inind iTie township for the Kame, Said high schools Bbail be, under the sujieniBlon of the county commissioner of schools. flee also A (b2), fltate officers; A (f>, Admlni'^tratlve units — districts, etc, u R (b), Corporatlous of educational cbamcter. \ BUnnewoU; The State superintendent, president of the State university, presl- d«at of board of normal school directors, the su|H>rhitendont or prlncl|>al of "chool, and one other iierson npiM>Intt>’ exiienses hut no compensation, /’oircnr oun' duties: To establish rules relating to examinations, re|x>rta. acceptances of ' schools, ond courses of study; enforce maintenance of an optional Ruglfoli or bustneSB course equivalent to preparatory collegiate course, but local school boards may substitute studies for those so prescribed by State boanl; extend prlvlleges.'of State high-school board examinations to private schools* determine those high 8cher80ir twelvlng a salary from a State Institution ahnll receive coni|>ensntlon>rdder this pro- vision, and pay of examiners shall not exceed i»er-^ny. HIgh-school Inspector or an assistant slmll lns|>ect every hlgh^^scbool oiice a year and Immediately make a written report jheropn. ^aded-school Inspector and hla asalatapts shall perform like duties l^jrespect to graded schoola State board may empower county superlntetfiients to examine schoola In their counties. County sui>eriuteiKleiJt/^tum may appoint akalstnnt examiners In county. See also B (d), Bta te^tnx a tlon for school punK>ses; B (e). State aid for elemental^ edncatloa. Hlsslsrippl; -See A (f). Administrative units— districts, etc.; F (b) Teachers’ salarlfla. , , mMouri: State aid to high sdiools of town, city, or consolidated districts may granted as follows: Eight hundred dollars per year to district whose, valuation la leaS than $800,000; $600 for $300,000 to $400,000; $400 for $400- 000 to $800.000;i^ for $000^) ot more. Conditions of such aid: That I district is a town? city, or consolidated district and has-glx directors; that It levied *or teachers and inddmitals the maximom tax provided by Uw; ERIC H (a). HIGH SCHOOLS. that It maintains an approved blfcfa school and employs a principal; that It pays each teacher at leaat f40 per mouth; that It admlta nouresldeot pupUa for a reasonable fee; that hlftb-schoo] average attendance for previous year has been 16 or more; that It gives an approved course of at leaat one year In agriculture. Said aid shall not oit'eed oue-half of hlgb*«chool teacbers* sal- aries; no district recelvlDg other blgh-acbt>ol aid sbnll rtHvlvo aid under ibla act. Any town. city.. or consolldiitiHl dlKtrU-l situated In any county In which there U mo sedu^d district whose assesscnl valuation la more than $UOO,000 may be gmnUHl 'state aid of $Suptls; that it Is orgsn.l»Hl as a liovii. city, or iHmsolldateii dlstrM; that It baa levied for tettchers ami Imidenials ihe maxlmmu provided by law ; that It pn)iK>Re« to uialntaln a high »cIh>I»I of at li^st the third claaa for eight months; that It employs a ctMiiiK^tent pHm litaJ ; that It will admit nonreeideut pupils for n reasttimhle lulilon fwv istate KU|H>rlitteiidcnt shall annually aet aside for the piinsisea tif this act not cx(H*i*dliig 5 jH'r ctMit of the Strte wbtsd funds. In case such 5 per vvat Is imt Huillclem to iienult of gnintlug all appli- cations, district not having over |»»0.000 vntuatlon In iMuntlea having no districts ftf'over $9(M).OUO valuation Khali 6e first aided and remainder stmll be prorated among other distrlota. 8ee aliw A (h2). State otthvrs: AMfK Administrative units — districts, etc.; E (b). Teachers’ certlflcHlea, geuenil ; U (c). Comity’ and local normal schools; H (e). Conaolldation of districts, etc.; K (c), I’ulfonuUy of text- - l>ooks. Montana: On petition of 100 freeholders to county oommlsalouers. election ' shnU^ l>e cniletl to detertlilne question of esiabllshing county high school and locntltm of such school; hy isMltlon, HO fre^djouierf* may place any town or vHlage In nominnthav for location of soho«>I. Hoard of trustees, aeven mem- l>crs : County sujx‘rlntend(*nt and six apisdnttHl hy ci>unty commissioners; of appointive nioinlHTs, three years: four regular meetings annually and 8i>eclal meetings when nm>s«arj:^ but not to oxotHsI two in a month. Poircra^ and duties: To k<*ep record of offlcinl acts, wiirrints Usuetl. etc.; select site nt place dt'sl glinted by vote of |ieoplc. tmtvide hulldlng. etc. ; employ for term of not exceeding three yt^irs a principal with same qualifications ns oily superlntendenU-except that not more than HmH* years* exiierlenoe ns a teacher shall be nniulrivl ; employ such teachers as iKHvssary ; adopt, on rt^commetidH- ' tioii of prtncijMil. a (NUirse of study, smii course to coptaln work provided fov high schools accredited hy State Iniard of education; admit without tuition ' fees pui>ll8 residing In county who have (Nunpletetl elementary grades; admit pupils from other ctiuntles on payment of tuition fees. Trustees shall serve without compensation, but travtdlng expen.'^es shall l>e,pa!d those not residing « at place of meeting. On estimate of trustivs, comity comnalssloners shall levy a tax for supjwrt of w'hm)!. but not to exceed 3 niMl.s unless a building Is to be erected, theii not to ext'f^ 10 mills. For securing site and erection of buildings bonds may be Issu^ wdieu authorized by vote of the people. A district maintaining a high schodl in a county having a high school shall be entitled to a refund of county hlgb-scbool moneys In proportion to number of yeart of hIgh-school work maintained In such district See also A (bl), State boards; A (d), District boards i^nd officers; B (b), Teachers* catlhcates, general; O (d). Teachers* Institutes and summer schools; H (c), School year, month, day, etc.; O (a), Industrial education, general. 672 STATE LAWS BELATINO TO PUBUO EDUCATION. Nebraska: Pupils ot any district not supporting higb-scbool grades shall be entitled to attend* free of charge, high 8cbonpll resides, hut If district in which such parent •or guardian resides is not able to maintain iiluc moutlis of school, said district flhall not "be liable for such tuition. The parent or guardian of any pupil * desiring such free hiph-school (Hlucatlon sliall make a written application to I county superintendent in June. -of each year* giving all necessary Information ' concerning such pupil; a tax shall be levieiiylng the tuition of such pupils; in case such free high-school fund shallrnot he votetf at the annual school meeting, Uie school district board shall e^inmte such tax levy and see that the wime'ls colle<‘ted; In case the district school board shall fall to make’^sueb levy, the county sui>erintendent shall see that the' same Is made. Any twe or more udjolnliig districts in any county may unite for the purpose of forndug one hlgh-school district and ^alntHhilug one high school; the proposition to so unite shall be submitted at the annual mating or at a si>eclal meeting called for the puri>o.se, and shall require (or Its adoption a majority of voters present at such meeting In eacli district to he afle<‘ted; aftqr any such high-school district has been estubllshetl. If an adjoining common-school district shall desire to unite witli such high-school district, the same may be done by a. majority vote In the majority of the fK'hool districts 80 uultero<'lamatioii of lucoriM)ratlon of common tl'istrict in high-sclu*iil district; the luwlerators of tlie districts forming a hIgh-school district shall constitute the lM>nrd of trustees of such high-school district when number of districts so joint'd shall excised two; If number of such districts slmll be two puly, trustees shall elect third member, who shall wltldn lo days file written accei>tance with trustees; trustees shiill numinlly elect one of tlieir miinber chairmaii, another clerk, and a treasurer who may or may not be one of their numlKu*; tnist<*eR may elect member to till vacancy^ until same can be regularly fllltKl. Trustees shall have all the j)ower of district school boards, but where ilie law rwiuires consent of voters In school district, the trustees of hIgh-school district must be authoHzed by the votes of meetings of a majority of the distiicts so uniteer cent of the nggre- gate assesRetl valuation of the several school districta ^ Auy-i-ounty may establish a high schtml ; grades above the eighth shall *e deemed hlgh-school grades; course of study, shall be the Nebraska High School Manual, or a course approved by State superintendent and In addlUon there shal be taught In ninth and tenth grades, manual training, domestic science ' and Clements of agriculture and Ih the eleventh and twelfth grades normal tralulug and theory and practice of agriculture ; board of regents shall pro- vide n^essary egulpment; county board shall purchase not less than 6 acres of land for agrlcultuc,^! Purposes for such school. The county board of any county not having a twelfth-grade high school accredited to the State uni- versity, shall call dlrec-tors of several districts together to elect board of regents and provide for organization of county high school ; such school shall be lornted at the county sent Whenever 100 freeholders of any county shall l)etltlon the county iwnid, requesting that a county high school be established In said countynsald board shall Immediately call a special election to detor- mlne'the same. County high school shall be governed by board of five regents, one elected each year, term, three years; regents shall be chosen by the directors of the various districts of county; regents may fill any vacancy (K-currlng In their board; county treasurer shall be treasurer of board of regents: county superintendent shall be secretary of such board. Itegents shall have power to employ a superintendent for term of three years and assistant teachers for u term of two years, and other eraj.loyees, and flx their comi)ensatlon and prescribe their duties; remove appointees; adopt books; and purchase fuel. Regents shall annually make estimate of all funds needetl for such llgh schools, and county board shall levy such taxes as are retpilred. but In no case shall the aggregate tax for the county high school exclusive of levy for paying the principal and Interest on bonds, exceetl 5 mills on the dollar of assessed valuation of proi>erty of county Secrettiry of Imard of regents shall keep careful record of pro^llngs of board. Treaswer of board of regents shall -keep a separate- ac-count of county hlgh-school funds, and shall pay such funds out only on warrants signed by president and countersigned by the secretftry of board of regents and attested 5y seal of county. Board of regents shall receive no compensa- tion except for actual expenses Incurred in attending mwn meetings- secre- tary and treasurer shhll have right to vote at such meetings; raftings shall ' ^ annual, but president may call special meetings. Regents are authorized to issue certificates and diplomas to students,' and the same, when so dmtg- na^ by the State superintendent, shall entitle the holder to teach In county without furtter examination ‘for space of three, years. Any district support- ing any grade above eighth grade shall be exempt from taxation for support of "ny county hUfh school. Nonresident pupils may be admitted to county hfgh school If conditions shall permit, upon payment of tuition. The couQty -16 48 674 STATE LAWS BELATINO TO PUBUO EbuCATION. boarQ' of commlBuloners mny borrow money on bonds which they have been authoiised to Issue for the purpose of purchasing sites, and constructing and . - equipping buildings for county high schools; rate on such bonds shall not exceed 6 per cenL and tim’e of maturity shall not exceed ^ years; said $ bonds may be liMe optional on any intere^-pnying date. No such bonds Shall be issued until a petition signed by at least one-thlnl of voters of each precinct or towmshlp of county shall be presented to county board asking for the sanne; all facts concerning proiwsed bond Issue- shall be Incorporated In petition ; county board In calling election on same, shall give due notice. Every person, male or' female, whs has .resided In State six months, county 40 days, precinct or township 10 days, and Is_21 years old, and who owns property that was assessed at last annual assessment or who has children of school age residing In voting precluct of his or« her residence, ‘shall be entitled to vote on questions of establishing n county high jtchool, voting bonds for same, and on all other hIgh-school questions. Any city or'\illagG of the county may be a candidate for the location of the county high school upon 0 petition signed by 100 electors of county: election for location slmll be submitted at the election for the Issuance of hIgh-school bonds. Any high school accredited to the State university, consolidated rural high " school, rural high school, or county high school having satisfactory equip- ment and fitted by location and otherwise mny, upon application to State superintendent be designated to tench agriculture, manual training, and home economics; such school shall employ si)eclnlly trained instructors for «ald subjects; school shall furnish at least acres of land for ngriculturnl pur- poses; Mnstriiction In such departments shall be free to residents of district, and nonresidents may be admitted on conditions governing free hlgh-schooI attendance; special classes mny be formed for the winter months: instruc- tion ^shull be of practical nature. Each school so designated. to maintain an agricultural department shall receive State aid' not exceediftg $l,2b0 per year, but In no case shall amount received from State exceetl one- ha If tlie\tptnl sum expended by aald school for such purpose. Any rural school which ^11 give Instruction An ^foregoing subjects and which shall associate Itself with a State-aided school giving such Instruction shall receive State aid of $50 per year. No high school accredited to University of Nebraska receiving such State aid shall he located in any city In which the State already- maintains a school with such departments; not more than one high school accreer- Intendent ediall observe 'these requirement!: School Bhnll provide normal- trolnlng course: at least three teachers, exclusive of school superintendent, shall give entire time to blgb-school branches; Instructors in agriculture - Bhalljbe groduates of agricultural college or certified by dean of State ngrl- culttral college x>r standard four-year course In agriculture In a State tiormol . flKdiool; at least one-third of IniHructlon in industrial departtdent of such school shall be devoted to agrlculttire. monnal training, and natural sciences, or^.^0 home economics, manual training, and natural sciences. In approving consolldaled rural high schools, rural high schools, and county high schools for foregoing special departments State superintendent shall require that. >- . N(a). HIGH B0HOOL8. " gfs - j BChooI maintain at least two yearq of hlgh^achool #ork. At least twtrteachers sliall be ^k'l^oyed In hlgh-school dejftirtment: Instructors shall hare had sat- isfactory tt^lnlng; such schools shall receive only |625 per year until it shall t comply with complete requirements for $1,260 aid; lit least one-third of instruction In industrial group shall be devoted to agriculture, manual traln- solenoes or to home economics, manual training, and natural ences. Rui»erlinendent shall apix>lnt an Inspector of agricultural ^ training, v^ose appointment shall be approved by chancellor of University of Nebraska ; expens^^ of Inspection and supervision shall be paid from the * Appropriation for the maintenance of suild schools. See also K (b), Teachers* certlflcatee, general; G (c). County and local normal schools. ^ \<‘vada: County commissioners may establish hl(?h schools In schooVdlstrlcts ^ upon petition gf 10 per ecnt of voters of eounty, showing that 75 census chil- dren reside In district where high school Is proposed and that at least S censas children of hlgh-scho those counties ha/liig 9«0 electors and $3,000,000 of taxable proiierty (In the yo.ur lOO.S). County commissioners may aid a ^hool district needing hlgh-school Instruction by the transfer of funds from the county high-school fund or county general fund to the county school fund dt such « . district; the commissioners ipay levy a special county tax not exceeding 10 ■ cents on the $100 for such purpose^ but such district so aided ahnil contain at least 10 pupils' of hlgh-scliool age whose parents find It Impracticable to send away for hlgh-sohool training; the school board shall levy a special tar >of 25 cents on the $100 of nil tnxnble property In the district _ A county high s<‘hool may he established In any. county upon a iji*Jor!ty vote at an election held for such schbol. an(T shall be supported by the county : election for such, school shall {)e called by county commissioners upon rx'tltlon-of .^0 or more, electors. County commissioners shall locate such high school, but upon protest of on^fourth of county electors at sneh location, question of location shall be mibmltted to electors of county at a special elec- tion or at hext general election; two high schools may be located In counties where 2.000 or more votes were cast at Inst general el^tlori and wherein the assessed valuation of property Is $«.000.000 or more; the county commis- sioners shall levy a spednl tn.x to construct and equip county high schools, hut such schools shall Jie Conducted, If sujtnble rooms can be 'secured at a reasonable rental. In a public-school building. County board of education for said high schools shall be elected at general elections; three members . two at each election, one for two and one for four years. Said board shall mnfce annual estimate of money needed to pay expenses of county high , ! school; enforce unlforrf course of study ‘employ teachers, hire Janitors, and ' other Mnployees. County commissioners shall Include hlgh-school estimate In annual tax levy. Said high schools shall be open to graduates hf elementary ^ schools and to those passing required entrance examlnatlona. County high'- . * school, principal may also act as principal of grammar school of district where high school Is located. County board may provide suitable dormitories 676 • STATE lAWS EBLATIKQ TO PUBUO EDUCATION. and dining balla for county high BchoolA same to be part of regular high- . acbool equipment See also A, (d), District boards and officers; C (b), Local bonds and indebtednesa ' New HamindilTe; Any district may, by vote or by law, establish and maintain a high school In whlcfi the hi gheiv English branches and the I^tin, Givek, and modern languages may be taught; It shall be. the duty of the district to raise money to maintain such school when established; no such school may be abolished except by the sut)erIor court upon petition of school board. Two or more adjoining districts' may Jointly maintain a blgh school, may raise money for such puri>osea;^and their boards shall Jointly control such high school. Any district may* contract with on academy, seminary, or other literal# institution In its Immediate vicinity for furnishing instruction to Its puplSf and school money may be used to carry contract into effect; -State super! nj^endeut may terminate such contracts when deemed advisable. Any town not maintaining a high school shall pay for the tuition of any resident thereof who attends an academy or high schoQl of the same or another town of State, but such charges shall nut exceed the cost of other pupils in said * academy or high school, and said town shaU.not in any case be liable for tuition of any child In excess of $40 per year. ^ State shall make rebat*e for hlgh'SChbol tuition In certain cases. (See chapter on “School money— State.”) The term “ high scliool ” or “ academy ” shall mean a school having at least one course of not less than four years, proi>erly equipi)ed and teacli- Ing subjects required for admission to college, technical school, and normal / school, Including Instruction in the- Constitution of the United States and of New Uampahlre, such high school or academy to be approved by State sui>er- lutendent Towns imying tuition In high' schools or academies ahull receive proportionate share of literary fund for snch pupils. Academies oml private schools shall make annual yeport to State superintendent. School districts In towns of Walpole, Mason, Kolllnsford, and Conway may make contracts with Bellows' Falls, Yt ; ‘ Townsend, Mass. ; Berwick Academy, Me. ; and Fryeburg Academy, Me., respectively, for furnishing Instruction to high- school pupils, and* may raise money for same; any district bordering on State line and not having a high schoermay make arrangements with high schools outolde of State for Instructing high-school pupils when dishmee and, t ran s- - portation facilities make such schools more atx.*es«lble than those within the , State; district may raise n^ney for such punwse; but sm’h out-of-Stnte high schools or academies ^hall first be approved by State superintendent ; any district bordering on State Hue and nut maintaining a high school sbali pay tuition of pupils of high-school . grade who attend out-of-State high - schools when such schools are more accessible than those wUIiln the State; towxiB paying tuition for pupils attending such out-of-Stnte schools shall be entitled to proportionate share of the Stat^JUernry ^md therefor. The j ' principal of each college, Academy, Seminary, or other institution of lenrnlng incorporated by laws of State shall annually send to the New Hampshire Genealogical Society one copy of each printed catalogue of such Institution. • See alao A (e). School meetings, elecUons, etc.; A (f), Admlnlstnitiv(4 unltg— ^strlcUs etc. New JTersey: See A ose of providing the necessary site and bulld- li^; tlie directors of the district where a county high school is located shall provide for such school courses In manual training, domestic scleuce, the elements of agriculture, and commercial law; the board controlling any such * high school shall employ nud discharge teachers, regulate their salaries; and make rul^s and regulations for said schools. See also A (d). District boarde and officers. New York: See A (bl), State boards; A (d). District boards and officers’; B (n). General State* finance and supi>ort; L (d), Physiology and hygiene; ' O (a), Industrial education, general; O (b), Agricultural schools: 8 (b), Public-school libraries. North Carolina: With consent of State board of education, county board of education ' may establish and maintain one. or 'not more than fbur more public high schools to'nm not less than seven months; for each high school BO established county board shall appoint a committee of* three trustees to ^ hold office six'yenrs. oii® retire every two years; powers and duties of committee similar to those of other public-school commiy:eemen ; county board shall control; course of study and entrance requirements prescribed ' by State sui>erlntendent County board shall locate schools, subject to ap- provf^ of suite board, and shall furnish State superintendent information regarding them. State superintendent may prescribe Inspection for snch schools. Teachers shall hold high-school certificates from , State boord of examiners who shall prescribe slant' ,rd of scholarship, and teacher's employ- ment must have approval of county superintendent ; minimum salary, $40 per' month. No public high t^pol shall he e^abliahed jn connection* with, an ' elementary schooV having term- of ^esa than Wven months nor having fewer than two teachers devoting entire time to el^entary subjects; high school receiving, aid under thi^act must have at leaAj^ teacher devoting entire time to high-school branches; principal may be^ftnclpal of both high and elementary departments. No high school In a town or city of more t^n 1,200 inhabitants shall receive al^ under this act, but county boi^^ wy 678 STATE LAWS BBLAXXNO TO PUBLIC EDUCATION, contract with triwteea or oonimlttee of high school In a town or city whereby stodehta residing in the county outside of said town or city may attend a standard high school therein, In which event an iittendauce of at least 10 .pupils must be made from outside districts. When county treasurer certlflos that as much as $260 has been placed to credit of any high school, state superintendent shall make requisition for $250 iu favor of such school ; if a larger amount be provided by local agencies, state shall contribute equal amount, but not exceeding ^fiOO auuually for oue school and not exceeding four schools shall be aided in any oue county. No high school maintaining an average attendance of less than 10 shall receive State nld and no school' maintaining average attendance of less than 20 sh'nil receive maximum St4ito aid. See also C (a), Local finance and support, general; E (b). Teachei-s* cer- tlfi^tea, general; 0 (b) Agrirulturul schools. North Dakota: Apy public graded school in any city or ir)coriv>rat(Hl village or township which shall give instruction as herein provided and admit pupils from any part of the State without charge for tuition shall be entltletl to be classified as a State high school and receive State aid. but no school shall be required to admit nonresident pnplis nal(?ss they jmiss examination in the fundamental elementary subjects. RequiremenU of guvh schooU: (1) ade- quate BChoql buildings. (2) course of study of eight grades, together with all subjects prescribed by the State hoard of r who shall hold offlc'c for two years and recoi\c not exceeding $2,000 iwr annum and expenses. No money shall l>e paid to any school until the same shall have N^n inspected and reporte<1 on by said Inspector. Am(mnt of aid: Two thousand five hmulred dollars oimnally to en<*h of 10 schools having agriculture, manual training, and domestic economy; $800 to each four-year high school ; ^500 to eqe^ throe-year high school ; $3U^ , to each two-year high school; in case the appropriation available Is not suffi- cient to pay amounts specified, $2,500 shall be apimrtloixed to each of the schools offering agriculture, manual training, aud domestic economy, and the remainder shall be prorated among the other sc’hools rtHvIvlng aid. SU»U‘ board of education shall act ui)on applications for aid. See aisp A '(hi), SUite boards; A (d). District hoards and officers; A (fl, Administrative units — districts, etc.; n (e), State aid for elenientarj’ odiica- Uon; E (b), Teachers' Oertlficatea, general; L (J), Agriculture', Q (f), Other and professional schools. A (b2), State officers; A (f), Administrative unltd — districts, etc.; D (a), BuL logs and sites, general; E (b). Teachers' certificates, general. OklahomA: The university preparatory school Is hereby created and located at Tonkawa; purpose of siild school shall be to prt»pnre students for a university course of study. Eas^ra preparatory school is hereby created and located at daremore; object of said school shall be to prepare boys and girls for admls- frton to State university or other institution of higher education. Both of aforesaid schools shall be under control of State board of education. x See also A (bl), Stale boards; A (f), Administrative unlt»— districts, etc*.; I (e), School fratemlUes; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks. District high schools and county high schools moy 1^ established. District seboot board may, and on petition of one-third of the legal voters of the district, shall, submit to voters ^f district the question of eBtabllsblng a hl^ sdvool; majOTlty of votes cast shall determine. District school board technical bliio: ^ 679 ^ ^ (®)* HIGH SCHOOLS. shall have control of such school and may use State, county and district fuiHln for malnta Inins the same, l/*lower grades are nminUlned for eight mouths. One or more county high schools may be estiibllshed In any county, when authorised by a majority of the votes ciiat at an election; county court shaU submit to general election the question of establishing county high school when j)etitioneur|)ose; If majority of votes cast favor such school, county court shall hKute the same and jirovlde site and iMilldlng. or county court or hlgh-srhool board may rent a building, or said hoard luay contract with a district maintaining a high school for the instruction of pujtils of the county^who do not resnle in such district When county court shall have made estimates as requlrwl. stdd court shall levy a tax suflk’ieut to provide building and run the school for 12 months. When said wiirt shall have pro- videtl building with uet'cssiiry fencing and lot. the stiine shall be (Unslcd to the county high school lK)iird. which slnill consist of county judge, the two county commissioners, the county treasurer, ami the county suiK»rlnteiident. 7>uttV4 0/ board: To esiinmte nnminlly the ninount of tax ikhnUhI foif such school; employ teachers. jauHors. and other enijaoytvs iind dismiss them when ad- visable: do ull^ other things ne<'cssary to the proiHT conduct of the school. County court shall animally levy a tax to maintain such 8chl. When authoriaed by qualified elei'tors, wild (*ourt may establish more than one high rriucipnl of high school may lie prlnoliml of district school. If district hoard elects. Course of study of :ill high Rdusds shall einbnice four years alK)ve tlie eighth grade; such oourst* shall Include two years prescribed by State sui>erlnte/ident in consultation witli high-wdiool liojirds; other two years shall lie as laid down by county hIgh-school hoard or district hoard after consultation with State 8ui>erlntendent and may Inclmle iiuhislriul training. 05 such training may he fntersiiersed through the four years. Any jaipll coni- rtleting the fouryear course shall l>e entitled to a State high-school dliiloiim. Hooks useil in two years prewTlbeil by State siiiierinlemient shall U? as adojited by State textbook commission. Any school district board may. or^ j when petitioneti by oue-tblnl of the legal voters^ilmll, aill nn ekrtion to de- termine (piestion of teaching grades .iliove the eighth. The county court shall, on i>etltiou of 10 [lor ca*nt or more of Quallttwl voters, submit to voters the question of crt^atlng a county high-*sohool fund; if such fu;ui is createil. county high-fk'bool hoard shall esUmate amount ue<‘cssur> to i>ay tuilhtn of all pupils attending high scIkkiIs in the county ami the county court shall levy a tax to'imy the same. County high-school fnmi shall he distrlhuteil on basis of avenijje attendance; not less than $40 iK.‘r pupil for first 20 in attend- ance In a district. $30 for second 20; nor more than $12.50 per pupil for re- ^mnlnder. hut amount paid to district shall not cx<-eed amount paid high-sclu>oI teachers therein. State board of eetltlon U the property of a school district, an Section shajl be held In said district 40 days 680 STATE LAWS RELATIKO TO PT3UO EDUCATION, prior to the election on question of onion bigb school, in order to determine Questli'n of transferring such property to snld union high school district; If n majority vote favors, union hlgh-si'hool board shall assume control of proiv erty. Union hlgh*school boaird may contract with a regular district for the Oise >t proiwrty for hlgh-school purjwseH. If districts to ho united lie In two,^ or more, counties, the boundary board of the county In which the *nosf populous district Is located shall have Jurisdiction In all matters i>ertAlnlng to the organitatlon and manafrement of such schools. If a union high school Is formetl by uniting two districts of the thin! class, the school bonnts of such districts shall constitute the hlgh-school board: If fomjwl by any other com- bination of districts, one member shall be elwted from each district; term, three years. Boanl shall elect a chairman and a clerk who Is^ot n memlier of the board; meetings shall be held ns board may determine. . Board shall, ' when facilities will warrant, admit to such scland any resident of any ctuiniy conot»n»ed, if such resident U properly prepimM and there Is no high HChotd maintained In the regular district where he resides; board of any regular district maintalniug u high schtwh shall likewise admit nonresidents living elsewhere In Uie county; union hlgh-scluK>l district shairbe entitled to non resident tuition fees. This act shall not prohibit the formation of county high schools, but where such high schools are formed, union hlgii-sclUHiI districts and regular districts matntatntng high schools of equal efficiency t(t county high school shall be exempt. C<>urse of study of union high schotils shall l>e i)rt»pared by the State boartl of tMlucation ami sIimII embnic’o not le.‘4s than tW(> yet\rs. I’^lon hlgh-school boiird may establlsli a department td Industrial training. The ori'nllon of <»r change of boundaries of a regular district Included lu union hlgb-«chool district shall not change such hlgh-school district. Duties of union hlgh-school board; To provide site and building, when duly authorized; levy a tax In the district for tljp topixirt of Uie high school; contract a debt of not exceeerty for site and building puri>oses, If authorizetl by legal voters. See also A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc.; E (b), Teachers* certJflcntes, general; G (c). Comity and local normal schools; K (c). Uni- formity of textlKXtks. ^ PennaylTanla: fllgh schools umlntaliiing four or more years’ course of study, of not less than nine months each year, sliall l>e known as liigli hcIu>o1s of first class; three years, of not less than eight months, second clitss; two years, Uilrd class. No high sclux)! shall 1h» estahlishiHl In a district of th.' fourth class wMthout the cmsent of the State sni>eriutendeMt and county superintendent. High sc of t^rst class shall employ at least tbrcn* teacli ers; second class, at lea||nwo. Entraitce to high schools shall he by exunil nation. High schools In districts of eet'ond, third, ami fourth class shall provide a sufficient mimlx>r of teachers for following branches; Bookk(‘Ciilng. civil government, general history, algebra, geometrj*, rhetoric. English litera ture, I^tln (Inchidlng Caesiir, Virgil,’ and Cicero), physical geogriipbj*, ele ments of botany, zoology, physics, and chemistry. Hoards of directors districts malnUilnlng high schools slinll make sworn stateuieut to Shite superintendent lu reference to such high schools aunually. High schools • ahull be under the supervision of the several county superiutendeots. Pupils residing in districts with limited or without higb:schoo1 fucilities may attend in other districts if suclr pupils obtain consent of directors of districts mulntnln- Ing snch high schools; cost of tuition, textbooks, and supplies of such pupils shall be paid to districts maintaining such high schools hy the districts In which pupils reside. Any hlgh-school pupil residing 3 or more miles from such 681 N (a). HIGH SCHOOLS. arhool In his dl#»frtrt may. if free tratiH(x)rtatloti is uot fnnllshed, be trana- ferred to another district, the district of his residence beln< liable to district wluwe hiKli solHH)I he attends for all col outside of district in which ho resides sliall sjitlsfy principal of high school and Kuivrintendont of district In which lie reshles of bis fltnoAS; it shall b<» tTie duty of sui>crintendontH Imving supendslon over high sc^ls to rw'onnnend suitnhle wll^s,^s of study for such wdusds to Nmnl of echoed ^ directors! for adoption. High sclnsds of first class shall rec*dve from annual high*sch(K>l appropriations v.ot more than $soo: stx'ond chifw. $000; third claas. -fitlO: any hl^h I direi'tors may continue ^ to confer academic or (ttlior degrees nimn studeuits completing fouKjear courses of study In thoM* high sclnnds heretofore (‘tniferrlng such degreesL See nls^) A (d), IMsirici Iioards and omoers: J (n), IIe*nth. general BhiMlo Island; Any town nialmalning n high scluxd. approved by the State iHnml of i*dmaui»m sluiM annually nMviv,* for each of first 2Tt studente lu attendance $2^ and $1.% for each (»f sts'end LT> Htpdents. payable by the Stote; hut such town shall admit students from other towns to extent* of capacity- of high sc'hi>o1 at rate of tuition not to exiHHXi ir. emge cost i>or capita of maintaining such. school. The tfrlKHd (Ntninilttee of any town not maintalntng n high wdKHd shall j*rovlde.for fnn* attendance of high stdiool pupils at high school of some other town. Town s^t supporting students at high schools of Ollier towns shall rtvelve State aid niKUi same hnsls as If It mnlntnlned a high s<'hompanIod by a eerilfirato of facts hy the prlm-ipal loncher. Stv also A thl )/Stntc hoards; A (d). IMstriet IW.ards and uffli'crs. South Caroliiui: Any ia)niim>n/s<*h(H>l district, uot having an liu'orjwrated town or city of over iniiahlnnts. or any county, or day towushlji. or any union of adjoining townshi/s or districts nut having a town <>r city of over 2.r»00 may ostahllsli a hlg/ k'IicsiI. Ou isMltUm of om^thlrd of fn^ebolders, county hoan! of e^hinrTtmf sliall call au elivtlY^unnn fllstricts. misuses of district tHmtalning scbool- housr and (*halrmen (T^ut her disnirt hmird (ir hoards; union of siKVioI dis trict with one or mon^ nanim.n districts. tnisiiH.^ of smvial district. Any Midi IiigIi-srIiIs estalillslKHl under this act shall Incimie agriculture and doinesUc science in the Ofinrse of study. State hoard of wUJcntlon us a high-sebool iKmrd siiall provide for tlie insixH'tlon and dasslilf'ntion of lilgdi ec'hools. Statr aid to hioh srtuads: Two-year Idgli s<*lHMtls. not CXccHNling $.»0; three* year, not exctHyliiig fotir year, not exctHHlIng ?7tK); imt an additional $100 may ho allowofl to a townsliip or t;v territory embracing as S)hiy as six cxmimon-school districts. Board may give additional, nhl for Industrial and fMTiinierdnl courses; nildiUfmal aid f)f $25 for each (H>iniuon district oinbrncetl may he given h. an>/liigh-s(‘Iiool district levying at least' a 1-mlU dilgh-school tux. No high school slmll receive aid unless It has at least 26 hlgb‘.school pupils and 2 tenchera. exceiU in nirnl and rillnge schools where the number may be 15. with 1 teacher. No aid shall be given unless the dis- trict or districts ore levying at least 2 mills, either as common-school or high-school tax. The State board shall make rules for the ttiqiortionmeat and distribution of Stute old. Such high -school districts may receive gifts^and ' ' I 683 STATE LAWS BELATIIla TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. bequeotR, and may Issue bouda wlUiin const Itntlonal limits. Election shall be held on bond issue. Ai^*hlgb ai'bpol receiving iiltj under this act shall admit free of tuition any pupil of iiie c frei'holders of n clvtl townalilp, the qualified voters thereof shall vote nf the next regular election of township eui)orvlsor8 on the qm'stUm of (‘Ktnldlshlng a towrihip high H<*h4H>l ; majority of TOtea 6aat shall determine. If high iH'hotd lb voUhI, io\vnsh))t Uuint of education shall consist of three mcniherv eltvttnl by (jutilifit'il voters: term. ywirs. oDt» Ixing el^vted each year; raCMnclcs fillisl until the next general election by the county sniH^rltUemlent ; one meniher shall !h» dlrvt'tiW. one clerk, and one trwisim'r. Hoard shall liavt* gcncrnl 4‘onlrol of the high school and of the proiHTty belonging thereto; U may Kiisitend or exisd in siibordloate pu)tl)s. Two or more townships may tinltc In establishing and lualntalnlng a high sehixil. lly a lunjorlty vote of the qualKlisl elisMoVs a towiisht]) may dlacMiitiimi' lu high ser tiny for duties i>t»rform(M. hut no! exeissling each ivr nniinm. Any pu))!! having amiptettsl the eiglijh grade ..f the Stale anirse of study and having nvelvtsl a i oininon s< lioo) dipluma from the county suin'r liiiendent may (s>ntimn* Ids woik ihrougli tlie tw,df!li gradi* in any high or normal soh'Hil in the St. te. iind not rxeiHsliug ] »‘r month sliall he paid by the NMird of his home dlstrl<'t If such disirlet d»s*s md provide instrm’ tJon In Biioh higher grades. Any tuition lii exees-^ of sludl be paid by student or parent, btit said $'J and addiiloiinl hv shall uol extaxsl average coat i^r pupil |H‘r month. See also A (f). Admlnlstralive units— 4lisirirts, eU*. Tenncaaec: The enmnty cH)urt of any may provide for the estahllshment of one or nmre ci>unty high Klus'lb; for such ptinK»M‘ may levy siss iul taxes in addition to other taxes, hut not to ex<4'tMl ir> rents on and may make npproiirlatUm.s from genera) county funds, hut not from puhlic srliool funds and sneh tax and ni>proprhitlon shall eonstilnte *• <’onnty high s< imol fund.” Such BChool or schtHd.s Khali he nuitroilisl by rotndy higli siditml board of, • education, wlilrli boatxl sliall roiiHist of rtninty suiKM'iii(t*ntlent and six uieiu hers apiKiinted by c'oimiy court ; lerui of ai)|H)lntive memlK^rs. thn*e years, two bidng upiK)iiiteerinlendont kIimU be sivretary*. and for Buch duties Bhall rectdve ctmii>ensji(ion as flxtHl by iKwirtl. All branches now required In WHvndnry tg'h('H»)8. exeeid five, primary graden, shall !»e taught In county high s<*hoolB. and such additional hnniehes shall he taught as will prejmre for college or for businesa Such schmils shall be grades I by board of education under regulathma of State 8U|>orlntendent and suitorvl- elon of copnty siiiierlntendent. Not fewer thuu three teiichers shall 1h? em- ployed. School shall be o])on to nil i^oraons of schtM)! age who have com- pleted five prlipury grades; but separate schools shall be maintain^ for white and cohnod rncea, Borfrd.mny locale schools, employ teachers, draw jarranta on county trustees, and perform other duties contempbited by law: ^^rd may Contract with seminaries, academies, or colleges or with, city boards of education whereby county high school may be taught in such* In- BtltuUon or city school, but such Instruction shall be free to pupils of county N (a), mOK SCHOOLS, 683 The Aiitboriry of Stnto and county sui>erlntcndenta and board of education shall Ih» full and atuplc. nbd tcaohem tcbnll hoM nH)ulrcd ot»rtiflcatwi County hltclj enbools Khali u* iimjcr piMierul svitJerrlHion of county auiiortntendeut fluil State KuiH^rhitemlcnt. The latter Rhall pmvide ncci'iAKury blank forma, make rt^fruluUoiis for the ex tuui nation of hl>*h Ht*hls. Teachers and t>rtn hh an» rwinired for otiier public mliools. t\(unty t>o)ird may admit piutllH over a)ie and iiourcKldontM on |»ay* . incut for. tuition, t'oimiy tnmits* kIihH luiy wnrrmitH of iMunly board, and (tliall make n*iH>na an i>sjuln»d for other public (hIumiIk. Hoards of trUsiiM’'^ of ncadcmles and Ktuall cidlrires which are i^o lonirer umsl ^or tlH» pvirjHvaes Intended are authurltisl to transfer tlift pro|)ertioa of said jicadcuilcs and small roller's to (\tuutles and exmmy IrmihIs of eduoutlon or I'ouniy IiIkIi sclus>) LH»nrtlH. Six* u)ho a (I»1). State Intanls; A (fl. Admlnlslrathe •mlts— xllstrlcts, etc.; H (Hi. <;encnd State linamx and siipIM^rl; K tbl. Teachers* wrtlllcates, gt50* critl? H (eK t 'onsoHdalbui *>f disfrlota, etc. Texas: .Tubiic S(.*Ikh>1h may Ik» establlslnd In vNimnmn'School dlstrlcta; prlniary. Intenmxllato, uml hlKlj-»choe addeyr High m'inx'I of Mr SI class slmJ] lm\c at le.rst four yiars' work alK»ve seventh grn^e and may Inoludc the lower ^rn.dos. sliall loy at least oue teacher of lilgh scluxtl KuhJ^^-is with first grade certificate or higher, ami shall imilnbilntxl for at least su'vcn scfiiulatMlo motilha. High scluHiis not nmlntaining standards herein fixtM shall not he prohibited, but' may hot nxx*t\e txTti Urate of apprvval and cliissl flea t Ion from State dejmrt* of fxliicaiton, State Iwaird of in) neat ion shall dn'tillcate un amount of not le.ss than nor mon‘ than $l,riOn set aiMtrt hy trusttH^s of high aehool of first H.tss or MX'oud ehiss for a dei«irliitem of agricvilture hetw'iMMi $500 and $1.UM0 for a department of dttmeslie (hmuoiuv; Is'twxx;*!^ $500 and $1,000 for a deimnment of manual Irainiiig. For a high* BchtK>l of ^hlrdi class be- i\\xH>n $r»00 and $1,000 may Im> dviplienleil for u dejmrt men I of agriculture. Not more than $2.000 Hhan approjiriated to any one school In the ssme year, and such apprui»rliUlon,8lmll not l>e made more thon' twice to the same school. Hoard of lrust«H^s shall provide ajiprovt^l hulldliigM, tMlul|>inent. etc., and selasd shall give evidence that after State aid is withdrawn departments in agriculture. demtion with county superintendent shull preacrllie a course of study. Id esUblishing high schools county trustees shall, with consent of district trustees, 'consolidate as many districts ns practicable, and shall arrange with trustees for free tulUon for eligible children in high schools; they may also arrange with trustees of independent districts having high schools for free 6)^ , 8TAM LAWS MilAIWO TO TPT«UO M)U0AT10H. ’ tuition of children realding in adjacent cotunton-scbool diatrlcttu County school trustees are constituted a body corporate; county superintendent shall , be secretary; county school trustees shall, In cooperatl9n with county super- intendent, apportion school funds to -districts, except to those having more than 160 school population. All appeals shall He from county superintendent to county trustees Trustees shall hold meetings quarterly and when called by president. They shall be qualified voters, freeholders, and of good educa- tion; remaining trustees shall fill vacancy. State appropriation of $00,000 annually for carrying out this act . » See also A (f ), AdminWtraUve units— districts, eft. ; E (b), Teachers’ cer- tiflcates, general. ^ TTtahr There shall be levied annually a State tA of one-half mill on the dollar for high-school purposes ; .local school board shall report average at- tendance of at least 20 weeks, and State board of education shall app>ortlon amount raised by said tax on basis of such attendance. State board shall appoint a competent person to Inspect at least twice a year all high schools claiming benefits of hlgb-school fund. Bach connty In the State, except county districts of the first class, shall H constitute a high-school district unless subdivided as herein provided, but cities of first and second classes shall not be included In snch hlgdi-BCbool district County superintendent is required to recommend to county com- missioners whether county should be subdivided Into two or more hlgb-school districts; commissioners shall ■ hold hearing and may v subdivide county as fecommended ; two or more common-school districts shall *be united In such hlgb-school district, but no district maintaining a high school shall be united with another which maintains 6ne except by majority vote of the people ; a common-school district having over 600 school population and maintaining a high school may remain a separate hIgh-school district. Board of control for each high-school district shall 'consist of county superintendent and a member elected by board of each component common district from its mem- bmhlp. After formation of di^<;t, board of control shall call an election to determine whether one or more high schools shall be established and number and location of same; If^a majority favors, board shall establish school or schools as voted and may levy for supiwrt thereof a tax of not exceeding 6 mills on the dollar. Potoera of bfitrd: To purchase and sell sites, pro^de butldfngs and furniture, and purchase all necessary apparatus, bodks, and supplies; *establiah and support school libraries; levy such tax In addition to 6 mills os may be authorized by vote of qualified electors^ provide lor transportation of pupils Uvin|^ “ too far from the high school to walk tlMreto”; make needful rules and regulations. Board shall certify to connty officers charged with assessment and collection of taxes the amount of tax required for high school and such officers shall levy and collect such tax in the district State board of education shall prescribe course of study ; Stdte textbook commission shall adopt textbooks for such high schools. Board of control may, when advisable, and shall, on petition of 10 per cent of resident t&xpayers of district, call an election* to determine Issuance of bonds; ma- jority of qualified electors shaU determine. Board shall Include In annual estimate sufficient levy to pay Interest on bonds and create a sinking fund. See also A (d), District boards and offibers; A (f), Administrative unltS“ districts, etc,; B (b), Teachers* certificates, general; K (c), Uniformity of tektboOkit Vrinadiit; Sfigh schools iffiall be based on an elementary course of At least "eight years. Hlgh-^ool year shall be at least 36 weeks Jn length; teachers , ^ til high schools shall he of * competent ability, of good morals, and legal J K(a). HIO& BCHOOLa. certiflcation ; Instnictton shall be glvm In EagUfib language and Ut^tare, higher mathematics^ history, and natural sciences; Instruction may be giTen In ancient and nu>dem languages, political, social* moral, and domestic sciences, agricultural and commercial subjects, music and physical culture, and In the line and mechanical arts; courses must-be approved by the State board of education. A legally Incorporated educational institution furnish- ing Instruction equival^t to a high school shall be an academy. School directors shall, at cost not to exceed |24 per year per pupil, provide hlgh- Bchool Instruction for advanced pupils In a high school within the town, or In high schools or academies of other towns, within or without the State. If a town does not maintain a high school of first class, directors shall pro- vide for Instruction of high-school pupils for remaining part of first-class course In some first-class high school or academy of some other town or ' district, within or wlthont the State Superintendent of education shall pre- pare high-school entrance examination questions, and shall rate replies to same; such etaminatlons shall be conducted by superintendent of the town; expensefi^f such examination shall be allowed In same manner as expense of examination and certification of teachers. The State board of edncatiou shall classify and standardize high schools and academies; appeal may be made to said board from decision of board of directors relative to such schools ; no person shall be barred from such schools on account of aget. town clerk shall make annual report relative to high schools and acadmqles to superintendent of education, who shall transmit same to auditor of nccountsL Superintendent In a town maintaining a high school may deter- mine qualifications of elementary pupils to enter such school, or may requite such pupils to take State examination for advanced Instruction. Nonresident high-school pnpils shall pay book rent at high schools or academies where book rent Is charged Instead of^ tuition. School directors of any town con- taining grammar-school lands shall have eontrol of such lands unless set apart for some particular academy or grammar school ; revenues of such lands shall be used for support of high school or academy within such town If approved by superintendent of education'^; if town does not maintain such high School or academy, such revenues shall be used to pay tuition of ad- vanced pupils in such schools or academies In other towna See also A (b2). State officers; E (b). Teachers* certificates, general; G (c). County and local normal schools: H (e). Consolidation of districts, etc.; L (J), Agriculture; Q (b), Agricultural colleges. Virginia: The district school board or school boards may establish and main- tain a high school, but no State funds shall be appropriated for hlgh-school purposes until provision has been made for maintaining the primary and grammar grades for at least five months. Two or more districts may unite to organize a Joint high school under rules prescribed by the State board of education. Said board shall prescribe entrance requirements for high schools and conditions under which nonresident pupils may be admitted. Before State funds shall be paid to any' high school the State board of education shall have such school Inspected; when n district or districts shall appropriate for an approved high school $250, the State b<^ of education shall set ifblde $250 for said school; said board shall set aside an amount equal to that appropriated by district up ,to $400;' State shall net aid more than one high school In a district unless State board decides that said dis- trict needs more than one high school. The stun of $100,000 Is appropriated annually as State aid to high schools. The sum of $20*000 annually is appro- priated for aiding normal training In high schools, bat not more than $1,500 riwU be paid to any one sdiool ; State board of eduicatlon etitIon of five or more beads of families of respective districts, submit such proposition to county superintendent who mny approve formation of a union high-pchool district; if such approval be given, clerks shall call meetings of voters to act on such queStlon,^ and same shall carry if a majority of the voters of each district shall vote therefor. The directors of the districts composing such union shall constitute board of directors for such union; If such union district shall con- tain three or more districts, the chairmen of boards i>f directors of such dis- tricts shall constitute board for such union district; clerk of such union board' ahall notify county superintendent of formation of such union district, and said superintendent shall in turn notl^ county treasurer and county auditor. Boundaries of a union district may be enlargee legal and subjec^t toupproval( of superintendent of public Instruction ; no student below seventh grade shall be admitted to sucb high school ; tonchersof such schools shall keep records and make required reports; board of directors and clerk shall (Ktssess such lowers and sbull discharge such duties as are provided for school-OlstrIct offleera Kacb union blgb-school district shall receive apportlomnents from annual , school fund In same mamier as other school districts receho the same. Any aggrieved resident taxpayer may api>eal from decision of county superj^ntend- ent as in other cases. A union higb-sebool district may be dissolved' after five or more years, at an election calleer8ons shall be held at same time and ^ace of holding teachers' examinations; persons Intending to take sucb examination shall give due notice of such Intention. Question for such examination shall be prepared by State board of education, furnished by superintendent of public instruction to county superintendent, who shall conduct said examination and return manuscripts to superintendent of public Instruction to be graded; suc- cessful, applicants shall receive certificates from State board of education entitling holders to enter higher institutions of *cducatlon without further ex- amination. See also A (bl), State boards; A (f), Administrative unlts^districts, etc^; B (e), State aW*for elementary edncatlon; K (c). Uniformity of textbooks; P (c), State universltJes and colleges; Q (b), Agricultural colleges. "West Virginia: Board of education of any district m^y, by three-fifths vote of electors voting at a meeting called for the purpogSt establish and maintain 'i high school. IHjgh schools shall be divided-into three classes; High schools N <»). HIGH SCHOOLS. of first class shall be those which offer four-year course, each year to be 86 weeks, employlngr at least three teachers exclusirely for blfih-BChooI Work; second' class, three-y^r course, each yenrifW weeks, employing not fewer than two teachers exclusively for hlgh-school^\ ork ; third class, two-year courser each year 86 weeks, one teacher exclusively for hlgh-school work. "State su- perintendent shall classify all high schools. Fliftt-clnss high, schools shall receive froip the State, annually, fSOO; second class, $600; third class, $400; but total amount appropriated In any year for such purpose shall not exceed $40,000. State superintendent shall annually certify appropriations for such - purpose To county superintendents Any district high school may be dis- continued at end of any year u\x>n written petUlon of at least 75 per cent of taxpayers of district. Boards of education of two or more districts, whether In the same or dif- ferent conutles, may Jointly establish and maintain a high school upon a ma- jority vote of electors of districts Interested; such school shall be maintained by the districts by levies proportionate to their assessed valuation; boaids of education of districts, shall ^constitute a Joint board for control of Joint high school : county superintendent shall be ex officio a member and chairman of sneh Joint board; same authority is conferred on Joint board as upon a board establishing and maintaining a high achool within a district In any district containing a ^town. village, or densely populated neight^- hood having two or more, schools in same building, board of education may establish a gradetl school; In such district having four or more schools In same building, a high school may be established ; but le%*y for such purposes shall not exceed 26 ceuts on $100 of taxable property for teachers* fund, and not exceed 16 cents on $100 for hnlldlng fund ; upon petition of majority of taxpayers of district board may levy additional tax of 6 cents on the $100 of taxable property to extend term of such school, to^.,be known as subdistrict teachers’ fund. Board of education of any dlgtrlrt or independent district may pay higher ^larles to teachers than the minimum, havli^ regard to grade of certlflcnte; may establish higher grade of salaries forTeachera In graded or high schools. See also A (M). State boards; A (d). District boards and officers; R (b). Teachers’ certificates, general. Wisconsin: Any town, vlllnge, c'dy, school district, or subdistrict may. If having at least 2,5 persons of school age who have 'completed common-school course or equivalent, establish and maintain not exceeding two high schools; question of establishing such school may be submitted to voters by the proper t)oard after due notice; dissolution of hlgh-schooI distrlc\'may be effected by a vote of electors, due notice having been given; one of two blgh 'ScboolB may be discontinued by vote of electors. Any city may establish a technical school OF college as part of public-schwl system by vote of electors. Two or ‘more adjoining towns or school districts, or one or mor5 towns or school dis- tricts and ftp Incorporated village or city,' when some are contiguous, may unite and maintain a high school by vote of electors of civil units Interested. Offi- cers of a free hlgh-schooI district shall be n director, clerk, and treasurer, elected one each year, to serve three years; In cities not under a county stiperlnten- dent board of education shall be hlgh-school board, and city treasurer shall be treasurer of such school; In districts maintaining a graded school of not less than two deportments board ot edutmtlon shall be hlgb-school board, and district treasurer shall be treasurer of high school. d,erk shall certify taxes levied for high schools to the town, city, or village clerk, who shall apportion the same, and the treasurer or municipality shnll collect and turn* over same 688 — ' ' ' * ' 1 I I I 6TATB LAWS ^RBjLATINO TO FT7BU0 : BDXTOATION. to the hlgb-flchoQl' treasurer. Oncers of free high-school district shall have sam& authority* and be charged with same duties as are conferred on school- district officers, so far as applicable. Any school district containing a city in whlch'a high school is maintained and which expends annually over $4,000 for schools, ipay, by vote of electors, incr^se school board to seven members; said' memhers shall be selected from the SQveral wards, no two members from same ward until all wards are represented; In case city shall have fewer than seven wards, additional member or members shall be chos^m at large; no board shall be so increased unless proposition for luci^ease, signed by at least 25 electors, shall be died with clerk of district prior to annual meeting; notice of such proi>osition ehall, be included in annual ‘meeting notice. Hlgh- BChool districts shall hold annual meeting^, and may bold special meetings; due notice must be given of business to be transiicted at special meetings. Voters at an annual or special meeting called for purpose may authorize high- school board to purchase school site, erect a scbooliiouse thereon, furnish and eduip the same, and borrow money to an amount not to exceed limitation provided by law. All spch high^hools shall be free to pupils of the district. £ivery principal of such school shall, in addition to qualifications as teacher of a common school, be graduate of a university, college, or normal school, hold a State certificate, or pass an examination in studies required to be taught In^ny such school; certificate of every high-school principal and assistant teacher in high schools must be at>proved by State superintendent. Each high-school board shall, with advice and consent of State superintendent, determine high-school courbo of study, uud fix entrance requlrenieufs. The hlgh’School boards of not exceeding 10 ^blgh schools not under aui>ervlHion of a city superintendent may each, under conditions prescribetl by State super- • intendent, establish a winter term equal to one-half full school term, oi>en to students between ages of 10 and 20 years; said higb-sebool boards shall annually make report to State superintendent relative to winter term; each of said high schools shall receive from State two-thirds of amount exi>ended , for salaries of additional teachers for such winter term, not to eiceeerintendent a free high school to be known as a union free high school may be established and maintained in a town? or in any tract of contiguous territory containing not less than 30 square miles; no such school shall be estAbllsbcd unless at leist 25 higb- Bchbbl^ children reside In said territory; question of ealjabllshing and main- taining such school shall be submitted to voters of such territory at an elec- tion to be held after due notice, upon petition of at least one-fifth of voters of such territory; no union free high-school district shall be dissolved within four years of date of its organization; any free high-school district included in territory of a proposed union free high-school district, shall be abol- ished. ^ Provisions as to officers of uplon free high-school districts, and their terms and duties, shall be same as for free high-school districts; said union ffistricts shall hold annual meetings, at which meetings officers shall* be elected ; district board shall audit accounts and submit fiscal report to annual HiQH SCHOOLS. 689 » meeHug^ apeclal meetings ali^l be called by proper officer of board on re- quest of 20 voters of district; officers shall not be elected at special meet- ings; no more than one special meeting to consider same subject shall be called la any one year; no tax or loan shall be voted at shy special meeting unless three-fourths of voters of district have been lawfully notified; to vote at any annual meeting, a voter shall have been resident of district for ut least 30 days preceding such meeting. Inhabitants of any, school district qualified to vote at a bigb^hool district meeting may, at an annual meeting, appoint oflicers of meeting; adjourn from hme to time; purchase or lease school site, build, hire, or purchase a scfioolbouse, repair and furnish school- house, and provide for equipment and maintenance of union free high school ; authorize sale of school pro]>erty; iniix)se. tax to discharge debts of district; authorize union free hIgh-school board to borrow money as prvided byiaw; authorize union free higb-school board to purchase and famish textbooks; determine term of high school, which shall be not less thap nine months. Said board -may fill any vacancy In their number. If meeting does not yote sufficient amount to conduct school for at least nine months, said board shall ^ see that levy is made for such purpose. Airtaxes for said district shall be levied and collected as in case of single or Joint common-school districts of State. All provisions relating to town free high schools, po far as applicable, ^nU apply to union free high schoola Union free high-scbool districts may be di^lv^ four years after establishment by a votq of electors at an annual meeting, upon due notice and a petition slgued by at least one-fifth of voters of such district Any free hlgb*scbool district which has established and maintained not more than two free high schools for term of not less than eight months In any one year, shall receive from the State one-half amount expended for hlgb-scbool instruction, not to exceed $500 annu^ly, bnt this limitatloD shall not apply to town or union free high schools ; the proper board shall annually make report to State superintendent relative to cost of such Instruction; for good cause wild suiierOitendeiit may withhold such aid. Whenever a free high school has been established and mnlntalneA in a district composed of a town, or a to\m and ap. Incoriiorated village within the town, or two or more teywns, or of two or more towns and nn incorporated village in one or both of them, or within a contiguous tract of not less than 36 square miles, State superintendent shall mhke a se[mrate class of such schools; each such school .'^hull annually receive from the State an amount equal to one-balf cost of Instruction, but such amount niipropriated to a school with a principal and one assistant shall not exceed $000 annually. to school having principal and two assistants not to exceed $1,200 annually, and to school haying principal and three or more assistants not to exceed $1,600 annually ; boards shall report annually to State superintendent amounts expended lur id- structloD. State superinlendent shall prepare and publish course or courses of , study for free high schools; shall inspect or cause to be inspecCed su^h schools; certificate teachers for, and* require annual reports fyom such schools.- Any board having charge of a free high school, or equivalent high school, may establish and maintain^ in connection with such school, except in counties maintaining county training schools or Joint county training schools, a teach- ers’ trailing course, to be approved by State stiperlntendent Said board may establish an^ maintain in connection with any free high school 'or equivalent high schdbl, and the two upper grades next below high school, a 8966“— 15 44 N (b). HIGH-BOHOOL inspbohon. 691 See also A (b2), State officers; A (d), District boards and officers; B (e), State aid for rfementary education; C (b), Local boMs and ind^tedness; E (b), Teachers* certificates, general ; G (c), County and local norifial schools; 11 (e), OonsoUdatlon of districts, etc. ; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks. Wyoming ; A hlgh>8chool district may be organized from any 'number of common-school districta On peUtlon of 100 freehcvlders, some of whom shall reside In each district to be affected, county commissioners shall order an election* In districts proposed to be participants to determine question of organizing a hlgh-schooI district; majority vote shall determlbe and all districts a majority of whose voters shall favor proposition shall beecHoe par- tlcIiMinta County commissioners shall appoint six persons who, with county sui>erintendent, shall constitute board of trustees to hold uut(l their suc- cessors are elected at next annual election. Term of trustees elected two years, three being elected every year. Vacancies filled until next election by remaining members of board. When county seat Is within territory, high school of that district shall be located In such county seat County treasurer shall be custodian of funds. Trustees shall have same powers as trustees of common-school districta and hIgh-school district shall receive all the rights and benefits of other districts. Trustees shall annually recommend to county commissioners amount of taxes needed for building purposes and for mainte- nance, but not exceeding 10 mills on the dollar shall be levied for all purposes, and for teachers’ wages and contingent expenses only, not exceeding 2 mills shall be levied. In lieu of tax for building purposes bonds may be Issued; trustees may order an election to determine question of Issuing bonds for not to exceed $50,000 and not to run longer than 25 years; Indebtedness of terri- tory may not be Increased beyond constitutional limit; majority vote deter- mines; county commissioners aball levy In such district sufllclent tax to pay Interest and create sinking fund. Trustees shall locate school and provide building; they shall employ a principal and necessary teachers and fix tb^r snlariea Course of study aball be such as to prepare for entrance to State university. Tuition shall be free to all persons of school age of the district, but no pupil shall be admitted who shall not have passed a satisfactory exami- nation or be holder of an eighth-grade common-school certificate; persons residing outside the district may be admitted on payment of tuition fixed by trustees. Trustees shall receive no compensnition, but those residing outside the common-sdhool district where high school Is located shall receive mileage. Graduate shall be entitled for one year to enter any State Institution without examination. An adjoining common-school district may be annexed to a hlgh- school district by majority vote of electors of hlgh-schooI district ; such elec- tion shall be ordered by county commissioners on petition of 10 freeholders of common-school district. . ' See also A (f), Administrative units— districts, etc.; B (b), Teachers’ cer- tificates, general. N (b). High-School Inspectioa. Arkansas; See A (hi), State boards; N (a), High schoola Oalifomia: Bee A (b2). State officers; N (a). High schools Indiana: The State superint^ident shall, with the approval of the State board of education, appoint a hlgh-scbool Inspector, to carry out the duties Imposed upon said State board In Inspecting high schoohi Said inspector shall recdve $2,600 annually and expensed 692 ' STATB LAWS &KLATINO TO'PU^UC EDUCATION. tow«: See Q (c), County and local normal scboola. jLoaidana : , See A ( bl ) . Stale boa rdai Maine: Bee N (a)* High scboola. MaryUuid: See A (b2). State officer^; N (a). High BchiH)ls. BfaaaacbaseCts ; See A (bl). State bonrda; N (a). Illgb scluxds. MInnesotar Bee N (a), High schools. Mississippi; See (a), High schools. Missouri: Bee A (b2), State othcers: C (c). County aud loi^al no rum 1 schools. ^ Nebraska; See G (c). County and local normal schools. New Hampshire; See N (a), nigh schools New Jersey; See A (b2). State officers. Now York; See A (bl), Stat^ board^; A (l>2), SDUe offlt'crs. North Carolina; See (a), High scboola North Dakota: See A (bl), State |>oard8; N (a), High Hchi>ola. Ohio: See A (f). Administrative units — districts, etc. PenUsylrania: See A (b2). State officers; A (c2). County otficer^. South Carolina; See N (tfTTHigh BCho<;jl8. Sonth Dakota: See A (b2). State oncers. Tennessee: See B (a). General State finance aud eupi>ort Utah; See N (a), High schools Vermont: Se^ A (bl), State boards Virginia: See X (a), High k?hools Washington ; r Bee A (bl), State boards; A (b2). State utfi^vrs; X (a). High .schools. West Virginia; See X (a), High schools. ' . Wisconsin: See A *(b2), State offlcei^; A (d). District Itonnls aud oflScers: B (e). State aW for elemeutary education ; X (a). High schools. < O. TECHNICAL, INDUSTRIAL. AND VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS; ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY. % “H (s) General. '' Arizona; See Q (b). State normal schools. California; The California Polytechnic School Is established In county of San Luis Obispo for training both sexes jn the mental and mhnunl arts and science^. Including agriculture, mechanics, engineering, business methods^ domestic economy, and similar branches. Governor, State superintendent, and five members appointed by the governor shall constitute the board of trustees. Bee also A (bl). State boards v A- (b2), State officers; U (e), Sc^ls for dep^dents and delinquents. * \ Connectlciit: ;The State board of education, town school committees, and district board of education may Jointly or severally establish and maintain • schools or courses in trades, occupations, and avocations; said courm ipoy be 0 (a). INDU8TBIAL BDUOATIOK, QXKSKAL. 693 organized into day, evening, continuation, or part-time clasaea Said com- mittees or district bonnl shall appoint advisory committees to be composed in part of those oxiMrieuced in trades or occupations State aid to approved vocational schools shall be one* ha If the gross cost of maintenance, leas re- turns from sale of protlucts, but not to exceed $50 annually per pupil In nvecijge attendance. When such schools are organised and conducted by the State lH>ard. State sliall imy the net expense of maintenance, including rental of hulhllng for first, two years. No money shali^ ex|>end^ by State ^^>oard unless the town or district in which school Is located shall provide Hi>provei! building and equipment, except during fl^^st two years, when State board may rent building. Total annual expense bv the State for the purposes of this act shall not exceed $125, 0(K). The State Board is authorized to estab- lish at State exi>ense a public day and evening trade school in each of two towns, but no i»er8on umier 14 years old shall be admitted thereto, except during vacations. . Said boartl may ctmtract with manufacturing establish- luents in which pupils of said schools may have half-time practice. The st'hool board of any town, city, or borough may establish vocational guidance as a part of Its educational system and may employ m *‘ vocational counselor," Georgia: The county board of education may organize in each county one or more manual-labor athools on such plan as shall be self-sustaining, but plan must have approval of State U>ard of education. Idaho: See A (bl). State tK>an!s. indiana;^ " Vo^'ationul education,'* "industrial education," "agricultural edu- cation,*' ** domestic science," ** industrial, agricultural, or domestic-science school or deiMirtiuent," " approved industrial, agricultural, or domestlc-scl^ce school or department,*' "evening class.*' and "j>art-time classes'* are defined. Any school city, town, or township may establish vocational schools or de- partments for industrial, ngrlculturnl. and domesthi-science education and may levy a Gix of not exceeding 10 cents on each $100 of taxable property for the maintenance thereof, or may muintiiiu the same from the common- school funds. Such instruction may be given In day. part-tiu>e. and evening classes; persons between 14 urn! 25 years old may l>e admitted, but persons entering evening classes shall be over 17^ years old. Two or more school corijorutlons may uulte In establishing such school or classes. Elementary agriculture shall be taught the grades of all town and township schools; elementary industrial work shall bo titught In the grades of all city and town schools; elementary domestic science shall be taught in the grades of all schools. State board of education shall aid school authorities in the estab- Jisbinent and maintenance of such schools. Said board shall be constituted as*foI|ow6; State suiKjrlntendent, presidents of the State university. Purdue University, and the State'normul school, sui>erintendent8 of the three cities having the largest enumeration of children of school age. three citizens ac- tively engaged In educational work, at least one of whom shall be Ji county 8ui>erintendent, three persons interested In vocational education; governor / * 8^11 appoint those not ex offlcio. State superintendent shall, with approval of StJtte board, appoint a deputy superintendent in charge of industrial and domestic-science eduoition ; he shall cooi>erQte with Purdue University In the appointment of a supervisor of agricultural instruction. Boards of education or township trustees administering vocatlfinal Khools under this act shall each aRK)lnt an advisory committee, to be composed of. members representing local trades, industries, and occuputlonk Any resident of a school corpora- tion not maintaining a vocational school may make application to attend such tum STATB LAWS HBIATIKO TO PUBLIC EDUCATIOK* a achool In another corporation,, and State board of education ahaU finally determine whether such application shnll be f^ranted ; If application Is prante^l. . corporation where pupil resides shall i»oy tuition. When any school corpora- tion shall have establisheil a vocational school under this act the authorities thereof may require all youths between 14 and 16 years old who are rejrularly employed to attend said school not less thau five hours a week between s a. m. and 6 p. m. On petition of 20 or more fanners, Hccomiumletl by a di*- posit of $500 to cov-er expenses, county t'^tuncll shall approi>rlate annually $1,600 to pay salary and other expenses of a county affrIcultunO agi>nt ; Pur- due University shall nmx>tnt such aKent subject to county and State boards of education; not exceedhut $1,000 from the' State funds provided in this net shall be paid to pay one-half the aalary of said ct>unty a front. Vocational achools approved by the State board of eiluctitlon shall receive from the State an amount equal to two-thirds of the cixrt of vocational Instruction given therein; school cities, towns, and townships which have paid claims for tnl tlon In approved vocational schools shall l>e reliubunuHl by the State to the extent of one-half the amount paid. A State tax of 1 cent on each $100 shall be levletl to carry out the provisions of this act. See also A (bl). state t>onnls. Kansas: School boards ma>, in addition to other levlee* levy a tax of one- eighth of 1 mill In cities of the tii'Ht and .MX^oud cjaKfk*s and oiu^fourth of 1 mill In school dlxtricts for the maiuteimutv of industrial training schools or jpdepHrtnieiits ; cours*? i)f study must have approval jf Stale board of educa- tion, and such board shall gnuU sinvlal (.ertltlcates to thost* qmdiaixl to teach Industrial subjects. (No approjirlation for S^te aid In nn3 and 1014.) Kentockyr; See A (f), AdminhstratJ ve units— districts, etc. liooisiana: See Q (f), Other tix'hnlcal nud professional schools. Maine: State superintendent shall aid In Introduction of ludustrlai courses in free high schoola and Hcadeink^s riM' dations are fumlKbed by county, provide for h colored Industrial school or si'bools with daily inatructlon In d recel\’e the sijk’IhI appropriation for Industrial education.” Comptroller, du reoelvlnx certificate of approval. Is directed to Issue warrant for $1.,V)0. {Miyable out of any available money In treasury; about one half for supiwrt of one colored Induatrlal scbtiol in the county, the other half for a traloHi su|»ervlm)r of colored schools, who shall cauae In- strucUon'of an Industrial character to be made “a dally jiart of the work of every colored scIum)! ” ; after first year the'lmlnstrliil school must have averajfe attendance of 30 pupils, and there must be as many as 10 colored schools in county; If less than 10 colored bchi>ols, State board may pay $T60; State superintendent shall supervise Industrial and agricultural training done under this act, collec't statlstica, certify names of counties complying to comptroller, and make full Pe|M)rt to State board; county boards authorised to make manual training. doiiMwtlc science, and agriculture a part of the wnrso III any school. This law shall not reiieal annmil npiiropriutlon of $1*500 for manual training In Charles County payable to the McIKmough Institute. Massarhuseita: '• Voc'atloiial oduoutlon/* ‘'ludustrlnl eendent ngrlculturnl scluiol.” ami ” lndt»i>endent lionsehold-arts 8<*hool ” are defiueon such day or part- time classes shall be restrloteil to tliose over 14 and under S,") years old; and upon such evening clssses. to those over 17 years old. Any city or town may. through its school copimltlw? or through a board of trustees elected by the city or town for a period not to exceed five years, establish and maintain such schools. Districts composed of cities or towns, or of citled and towns, may establish and maintain such schools; boards of trustees for such districts may consist of the chairman and two other members of the school committee of each of snob cities or towns, or any such city or town may elect three resi- dents thereof to serve as representatives on such board; such district board may adopt for period of one year of more a plan for said schools, and If ap- pro veetween the cities or towns, and such plan shall not be altered except by two-thirds vote of district board and the consent of the State board. I^ocal and district boards for vocational education shall appoint advisory committees composed of repre- sentatives of local trades, lndusir]es» and occupations. Any nonresident pnpil may attend, with approval of State board, vocational schools; tuition for soch pnpil shall be paid by the cl^ or town where such pupil resides, and such city or town shall be relmbnrsed by the State for the same. The State shall pay annually to cities and towns maintaining such schools an amount eQual to one-half the sum, to be known as the net maintenance sum ; such net 696 8TATB LAVPB RBLATINO TO PCBUO EDUCATION, matQt«iiftiice mm stwll ronslH of ih^ tote! ®mn nlBod by !o«il taxnUon and •xpettdod for matntenftDoe of such orbool. lean tbe^ amount for the fuime i>eTlo(1 of tuition claims and leas reoelpta from the work, of pupils or the sale of products. dUas and towns malutethlnx ajciicultoml depo rtnhMita In hUb aebooU shall bo relmburaed only to ilio extant of twivtblnla of the mlary of Instructors In such depasttnenta, but the total of sucii i^mbursement ft>r 8Slaiie£~of such Instructors shall not excee, taxation; O tb), Stele normal schools; O (d|, Continuallon w'hoola Mlchlgaa; Any school district with the oonsent of a nuijority of the electors voting at an election may t>^*labUsb and maintain tnide, InduHtrlal. marine, vocational, and manusMralnlnK schc»ola and tndiotd gynmaHlnina; may provide necessary sites, buildings, tescbers. etc., and defray the cost of the same out of the general tax upon the taxable property of the district, Salil district may hold for such purpose gifts and bequests as |¥*rman(mt funds MlnnesoCs: See H (e). State aid for elementary education. Misaiaslppi: See Q (f). Other technloH and prt^feiwional NhindK. Miasonri: See T (b), Schools for the desf. Montsns: Elementary manual and industrial training may fonn a i>art of required course of study In all grade** of Lhft public st'hoolB; Stele KuiH»rlii teudent shall furuiulKte a courw» of istutiy, or may approx c omrtk' pre|Mire«i by local offlclaU; districts of more than h.tXlO ijopiilatton ahalL and other dlatrlcta may, maintain at least one manual training scIuh^I ; couraea ahal) have approval of Slate board of education; State Bu|>erlntendeut may gram , certificate to teachers of specia' aubjecisw In districts having a iwimiatlon of over 10,000 there shall be, and In other districts there may l>e. mnintelueis- trlcC trustees may use moneys from geuerul fund of district for supixxrt of manual and Industrial courses; State treasurer shall imy es^ich district and to each. county high school malntulnlng manual and Industrial courses |10 for each pupil in such course for six mouths; vo^^atlonal courses must have approval of State board of education. ("The legislature has never appro- priated any money fur the pur]X)8e mentioned." — Deputy State Commlaaloner of Education.) New HampehMt See A (b2), State offleera. New Aereey; The terms, vocational educatlra,"/" Industrial education,*' agrl- cnltoral education,** ** household education,*' ** industrial, agricultural, or bouse- boldrerta eefaool,** "evening classes," and "part-time or continuation clasa*' are defined in the law. Commissioner of education shall Investlgqte necessity of industrial, agricultural, and household-arts education and shall, subject to approval of State board of education, superintend establishment and main- T 0 (»). INDUSTSIAL EDOOATION, OEKSBAL. 607 ten«nce of for said form* of edocfttlon; Jaatroction In mid forma of education may bo given In day* part-time* and erenlng claaaea: acbool board of nny dlKtrlcl niny eatabllab nod maintitin achoolH or olaKOCH for anld forma itf etlunulon; two or nionp districts may Jointly eetahllKh and maintain auch arhools or daaaoa; the location* rules of nmiiajremeot* and couram of study of tnich Hchiwla must be ainiroved by anid cominlaaloner, subject to adrlca and otniaent t»f State boani; uioueya for m*eds of such achoola shall be M)'l»roprlauHl In same manner ns moneys* are approprlntetl for ne««ta of tmion jrnide^l arhools; nny dtntrtcj ertabllablng bnd mnlntalnlng such shall, on onlcr of siiid conimltwloner, irx^e from tbe State an amoaot equal to that rained by tbe district for sticb school, exclusive of amount appn^priated for purchnae of site and erection of bulldinipi, and annually therwifter nn amount tHjual to amount mlaed by such district*, but such aid for KUp|s»rt and maintenance of any such schtml shnil not In any year exceed $10,000. A cimniy vociUlonal sritool may be liK'atM lii any county; State Iward shall prescribe rules for auch ecb(X>ls; location of any such school and nuir«*s therelii must Iw «itprove a body i'onsimte. roiTcr* of countp r(tpoUonoI srAool board; To ptircbase, sell, and Improve srhotil grounds; erect, lefise, enlarge. Improve, and repair school Imlldlngs imd |»erly ftir M'btvtl purfMisea; Insure pchool buildings and bold property !u tniat for benefit of school; employ am! fix salaries of princl^ials, b*achers, and other «HiipIoyet>8 ; pre- sctIIm* cotirui‘8 of study; appolut and fl3^»al«ry of treasurer, who aball not 1h» a member of bojird ; make rules, regulatJoua, and by laws; sust>«nd «ud exiK*] pupils from ecbtwl ; pro vl<4e text iKXrtcs and emppllea: make annual reiK)rt to commissioner of «1ucatlon; npimtnt and fix terra and salary of a secretary. Suppllee shall be purc^sed and buildings erecti»d under contract after adxertlseinent for proiK>Bals; auppUea to value of $2fi0 may be pur* chased, and rejiairs to exteut of $*VK) may be made hy snid'bonrd without so advertising; textbooks may be tM>ught without adverrisement Hoard of w'IkhiI estimate (»f a iHiuniy vocational scbtsd shall consist of two members of beard of etbicnilon of such school appointed by It, two members of board of chosen fretdioldere of the county apj»olutard of estimate shall dotermlDe amounta neceaaary and shall instruct board of chosen freeholders to levy and collect the same on the taxable property of the district; said board of freeholders shall levy a tax for purchasing lands or erecting buildings for such school* or may borrow money therefor at rate of Interest not to exceed 6 per cent per annum* qnd may Issue bonds to secure such loans when directed to do so by said board of estimate* after submtsstou of budget to board of eatlmate by said board of vocational school ; auch bonds aball run not long^ than 80 years* must be sold for not * leea than par wd accrued Interest, and county shall levy tax to pay Interest on such bonds and to create irfniring fand for retirement thereof; county vocational schools shall receive State . •id In same manner as that provided for other vocational schools; amounts ^r such aid shall be deducted from State acbool moneys prior to apportion- ment of . such moneys among the various counties ot the State. State board o ERIC m 8IATB LAWS BJUj^HKG TO WBUO^ BD0OATIOK. ol educAtUHi may for good cauao withhold nich aid from said Toca^onal schoola Total State aid for vocational schools shall not exceed $SO|000 annnaUy. ' ■ Whenever board of educatloiit school committee, or other like body of any city, town, or township shall raise |300. by subscription or otherwise, for ^ estabUshm^t^f a school or schools for industriaj education, a. like sum shall be appropriated to such unit by the State, but not to exceed in any one year $7,000; State aid shall be given annually for maintenance of such school equal to ankonnt raised by such unit for such purpose; said city, town, or township may raise tax for. support of such school such sum as may be deemed expe- dient and Just Board of trustees of each such school shall consist of the governor and mayor or other chief executive officer of the city, town, or townhlxk, ex officio, and eight persons appointed by governor, two each year, to serve four years. Potcers and duliei of auoh l>oard: To have charge of ihdustrial-^ool property; regulate tuition fees; appoint teachers; prescribe courses of study ; grant certificates of graduation ; apix>lnt treasurer of board ; ' frame by-laws; report annually to State and local boards of education. Said trustees shall receive no compensation, but shall be allowed official expenses; said board shall be a body corporate. Whenever the board of trustees for indnstrial education of a city shall acquire $100,000 for purchase of site and ^ erection and equipment of a building for purposes of Industrial education and sum of not less than $3,000 has been contributed for establishment of such school or schools a like sum shall be appropriated by State for such school or schools, and annual aid for maintenance shall be given equal to sum raised by said city for such purpose, but moneys contributed by State as aforesaid ^ shall not in any year exceed $10,000. Any city of second class may raise ^ $60,000 for purposes of industrial education; said city may Issue bonds for such purpose, to run for no longer than 20 years, to bear not exceeding 4 per cent Interest per annum, and to be sold not below par ; taijea shall be levied to pay Interest on such bonds and to create sinking fund therefor. The manual-training and Indnstrial sqbool for colored youth at Bordentown shall be under control of State board of education. Duties of said board relative to said scliool: To have care of property ; expend funds appropriated for su{^rt thereof ; ai^lnt and fix salaries of a principal, teachers, and other em^doyees ; prescribe studies ; prescribe rules for management of school ai^ for admission of pupils. Tuition shall be free. Each county shall be entitlec^ to at least'^as many pupils In said school as it shall have representa- tives in the legislature. State board shall appoint and fix salary of treasurer of said school. See also A (bl), State boards; A (b2), State officers; B (e), State aid for elementary education; L (1), Manual and industrial education. New Mexico: The Interest of the invested school funds of Las Vegas may be • applied to the maintenance of an Industrial manual-training school for boys and girls, which said school shall be located In the town of Las Vegas. See also A (b2); State officers. New York: The school authorities of any city may establish and maintain • ■ as' a part of the public-school system the following; (l)^Qeneral indnstrial ^ schools for pupils who have completed elementary-school coarse or are 14 years old; (2) trade schools open to pupils 16 years old or to pupUs who - have completed elthev the elementary-school course or a general Industrial course or who shall meet other requirements of board; yS) ikffiools of agrlcul- . tnre, mechanic arts, and home making, open to pupils who have completed elementary<4KShool course or are 14 yhcmi.old or who shall meet requirements -r- T- ^ — ■ , ' ' "■ ' ■ 0 (a). iKDusiBtiL ^voAxioK, ouraa&u 699 of board; (4) part-tlm^ or contlmiation achooU opea to popUs over 14 yaara old who are Employed during part of day In any naeful aervlce; (5) eraning vocational achoola open to persona over 16 years old who are employed during the day. The board of education of any union fraeachool district may estab- lish and maintain sncb schools when authorised by a district meeting; the trustee or trustees la common-school districts may establish a school or course In agriculture, mechanic arts, and home making when authorised by a district meeting. In any city establishing such a school the board of edu- cation or like authority in a city not having such board shall appoint an advisory board of five members representing the local trades, Industries, and occupations, appointed annually. In rotation. In groups of two and three; term of office, two years; said advisory board shall counsel with and advise school authorities relative to schools and instruction hereinbefore provided. Com- missioner of education shall annually apportion from State school funds to each city and union freenichool district for each goard shall f- ' be a body corporate; State superintendent shall be ex officio member of board. There shall be a^itted to said «chool boys under 14 years old ; no distinction shall be made on account of race, color, or religion. Instruction shall be given In reading, writing, arithmetic, drawing, duties of citizenship, > elementary manual training, elements of farming, and other subjects as may be rsQulred. The governor. State superintendent, judges of the several courts of the State, and members of the legislature shall be ex officio visitors of said institution; ** Vocational education," “ indnstrlal education," " agribultural education." “ household'^rts education," "evening classes," and "part-time or continua- tion classes " are defined. The State board of education Is authorized to Inves tigate and aid In the Introduction of Industrial, agricultural, and household- arts education ; and to establish, inspect, and approve schools for such forms of education ; said board shall make annual rei>orts to the governor and legls- latore In reference to such education. The State superintendent shall be the executive officer of said botird in reference to such forms of education, and with tbe approval of the State board shall appoint such assistants as may be necessary to carry out tbe provisions of this act. Instruction In said forms of education may be offered In day, part-time, and evening classes; attend- ance upon such classes shall be r^rlcted to those over 14 years old. Any school district may, through its board of directors, establish and maintain Industrial, agricultural, and household-arts schools or departments; said boards may provide revenue for such schopls or deimrtments; two or more districts may Jointly support «vocational schools or departments. Local school . . boards may, under a plan to be approved by the State hoard, appoint an advisory committee for such 'schools or departments, the said committee to be composed of representatives of trades, industries, and occupations. Non- resldmt pupils may be admitted to vocational schools or departments upbn payment by resident districts of tuition ; State board may require such schools * to adniit nonresidents. The State shall pay two-U|irds cost of maintenance of said vocational schools when the same are approved, but no one school dis- trict shall receive more than $5,000 In any one school yeat; school districts paying tuition In such schools shall be reimbursed to extent of ohe-half of sum so expended. State board shall make biennial estimates of cost of such vocational schools and departments. Seb also A (bl). State boards; A (d), District boards and officers; M (c), Bvenlng sChoolf. Rhode Island: In case any town shall provide instruction in manual training t and household arts In public schools, with approval of State board of educa- ^ Uon, such town shall receive from' State one-half amount expended for appa- ratus. Any town maintaining day or evening courses in vocational Ihduatrlal education, including agriculture,^ meebimical, and Industrial arts, when ap- ^ ; proved by State board, shall receive from State one-half cost of maintenanoe; ■' -ii'n i it'll. iVi I Trf ‘iv V f'-" -vi ■ j 0 (a), inoustbiai. editjatiok, obitbbjul. 701 eqaipmoit and building^ shall not be Included In this reckoning; manual- training high achools shall not be included In this class' unless maintaining Industrial courses; sum of $6/X)0 shall be annnally appropriated for such purpose. Moneys appropriated for Rhode Island School of Design shall J>e paid hy State treasure, upon orders of State board of education; said board may examine said school St pleasure. D|^tors of said school shall make annual report to S^tate board; State board may elect two of their number to serve as ex officio directors of said school. ^ State board may appoint as State bene- ficiaries at said school suitable persons who are without means; in making such ap^intments said board shall consider, as far as practicable, i>opulaUon of the ^veral counties; for such purpose $11,000 shall be annually appropri- ated, Sum of $6,000 shall be annually appropriated for textile department of said school, and when a special textile building i^ll be constructed for said , school a further appropriation of $5,000 per year shall be made. (The snp- port of this school Is partly ftobllc, partly private, and partly by endowment) See also A (bl). State boarda Tennessee: See B (a), General State finance and support Utah: See A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. Virginia: The State board of education shall investigate and 'assist In the introduction of Industrial, agricultural, household arts, and commercial I'ducation; aid local authorities in establishing schools a^d departments for such instruction, and Inspect tbp same; allow to such schools and depart- ments, when approved, the money to which they' are entitled^ Any school hoard may establish and maintain ull-day^ part-time, continuation, or evening schools for such instruction. ^ A united agricultural hoard is established; said board shall be composed of Ihe governor, superintendent of public instruction, and representatives of agricultural institutions of the State; it shall associate with itself repre- sentatives of the Department of Agriculture, at Washington. Said board shall assign to the College of Agricnltore and Polytechnic Institute adnlt demonstrutloif work and movable schools; to agricultural experiment sta- tions, Uie direction of local or district experiment stations; to the State board of education, the experimental and demonstration work in coxmection with the public schools ; to the commissioner and State hoard of agriculture, the direction of farmers’ institutes. To each such agency $5,(XX> la appropriated for the purpose indicated. * Washington: See U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. West Virginia: The financial and baslness aflhlrs of the Bluefleld Colored institute shall be under the charge and control of the State board of control ; educational affairs shall be under government of the State board of regents. Such branches as are taught In the preparatory department of West Virginia University and In the normal schools of the State shall be taught In said school; no student shall receive tuition free in such branches exc^t In such as are taught free In the preparatory department of West Virginia University and in normal department. Regents shall employ and fix salaries of officers and teachers in said school. All fees collected in said school shall he applied to expenses thereof. Wisconsin: State board of industrial education shall be composed' of ^ members, appointed by governor, and of State superintendent and the dean of the extension department and the dean of the college of engineering of Btate univeririty, ex officio ; three of appointive members ^all t>o employers 702 STAIB LAWS BBLAHNO XO F0BUO EDUCATION. 1 Of labof, and throe ^led emploreee, ^ho shaU serve two years; said board shall meet quarterly and shall report biennially. State superintendent sIihI) appoint an ^assistant for Industrial education, who, with advice, consent, and direction of said superintendent, ahull have supervision over public Indus- trial schools* public evening schools* continuation schools, and commercial schools. Laws relating to agricultural schools and Plattevllle mining-trade school shall - remain unalfected by these provisions. Said superintendent shall have such other assistants as may be needed for such work, to be appointed from clvll-ser\*lce examination list In every town or village ^or city of over 6,000 Inhabitants there shall be, and In other municipalities there may be, a local board of Industrial education, to consist of superintend- ent of schools ex^offlclo, or If there be no superintendent, of principal of high school ex offlclo, or if there be neither sdf^rintendent nor principal, . of chairman of school board ex offlclo, and four other members, two employers and two employees, appointed by school board, to serve without pay; term, two years; sa|d local boards of Industrial education have general supervision of Instruction In local Industrial schools; neither SUte aid nor monsy appropriated by municipality shaU be spent for Industrial schools with^t approval of said local board; said board ahaU employ and determine quail- 4 ficatlons of teachers for such schools; said board shaU acqqlre property and equipment for said schools; said board may contract with extension division of State unlveralty, for certain Instruction In said s^'hools; an Industrial school shall be established upon application of 25 persons qualified to attend. Said local board shall annually certify amount of money needed for indus- trial schools, and such amount shall be levied on taxable property of the city; village, or town, but rate thereof shall not exceed one-half mill on the dollar; amount so raised shall be u^ exclusively for industrial schools. Oourses of study for said schools must be approved by State superlhtendent and State board of Industrial education, and shall include English, cltisen- ahlp, sanitation and hygiene, use of safety devices, and such other subjects as shall be approved. Not more than $10,000 of State aid shall be given to said schools in any one city, village, or town, and not more than 45 such schools shall receive such aid; secretary of each local board of IndusWial education shall annually make report to State superintendent relative to Industrial schools; each such school, when approved, shall receive from State jone-half amount expended for same, not to exceed $3,000 annually. Industrial schools shall be open to residents over 14 years old who are not required by law to attend other schools; nonresidents may be admitted to such schools upon payment of tuition of not more than 60 cents per week; students shall pay for material used. Nothing in this act shall interfere with trade' schools as established by law, unless the school hoard of any such city or school district shall by majority vote adopt provisions relating to industrial education as herein provided. See also O (b), State normal schools; N (a). High schoola Wyoming: School board of any district may establish Industrial and manual training schoola ^ O (b) » ^^prlcnltnral Schools. See also L (J)* Agricoltnre. Alabama: One agrlcpltnral school established in each congressional district Board of control: Governor, State anperint^dent commissioner of agrlcul- tare and lndnstrle% ^o members appointed by governor from respective dls- 708 0 (b). AOBICCLTUBAL SCHOOLS. trlctB wherein school for which they are appointed la located;, term, fbur yearn. Board electa oIBcers and Inatructors, prescflbea their dnUea, and makes rules and regulation for the goyernment of the schooL Annual appropria- tion, for e^h school; $3,000 additional^ if- governor finds state of ^treasury will warrant ; $1,600 of appropriation shall be used for farm and experiment station. Arkansas: The State is divided Into four districts, and an agrlcultoral school,' In which shall be taught agriculture^ hortlcylture, and *the art of textile manufacturing Is established In each such district Board of /rtMlces; Five Intelligent farmers; term, 10 years, one being appointed by the governor every two years. No student under the age of 16 shall be admitted. Annual State appropriations are made for such schools. Colorado: See Q (b). Agricultural collegea Geoi^gia: The governor may establish and cause to be maintained an agricul- tural and Industrial school In each congressional district; all fees received for the insi>ection of ferttllxers, oils, etc., by the department of agriculture shall be devoted to the support of such schools; governor shall appoint from each couuty in the respective districts dne trustee for the school to be established in such district ; term, six years. Governor la autborlsdl to receive from any county^ or citizens thereof u site of not less than 200 acres in area and additional donations as buildings, etc., if more than two such sites are offered, governor and trustees shall select one of those offered. One- half of the net proceeds of sale of pnulucts of farm and shops shall be used . to pay students for labor, but no student shall receive more than $100 per an- num. Course of studies shall Include agriculture and the mechanic arts and such other branches ns will enable students to enter freshmen A|5b of State college* of agriculture. Faculty shall^ be chosen by trusteea^B^ter first buildings are provided all work about the schools shall be donc^Qwtadents. Tuition shall be free; trustees shall equalize as far as possible privi- leges of the school among the counties of 4he district So much is appropri- ated that. Including Inspection fees, $10,000 annually will be provided for each whool. Indiana: See 0 (a). Industrial education, general. Kansas: See G (c), County and local normal schools; O (a), Industrial edu- cation, general. Maine: See O (a). Industrial education, ^neral. Maryland: See Q (b), Agricultural collegea. Massachusetts; See O (a). Industrial education, general. Michigan: Upon petition of 10 per cent of the quallfi^ voters of any county, the county board of supervisors shall submit to n vota of the people the ques- tion of establishing n county school of hgriculture, mpnual training, and do- mestic economy; If a majority of those voting are in favor ther^f, said board shall establish such school. By a two-thtrds vote said supervisors may submit to the voters the question of contracting Indebtedness or issuing bonds foi organizing and equipping such school and a majority of those voting shall determine. Such school shall be under the control of a ‘‘county school board ” to be composed of the county commlssloher of schools and four meih- bers appointed by the board of supervisors; term of appointive membem, four years, one being appointed each year. When two or more counties unite tef establish such a school, the board shall consist of the conrmissloaer of ^schools of the county In which schoolhouse la located and two mem^rs from fev’y: iiMMi each county ; term of membera from each county, two years, one being ap- pointed each year. When two or more counties s^Il so unite, the support of such school shall be. borne by said c$>untiea in proportion to the taxable property therein. In such schools 'instruction shall Be given in agriculture, includiug soils, plant and animal life, nod farm ac^uutlng. and In manual training, domestic e free to the residents of the county or courdio^ supporting the s.tmo, if such residents are qualifled to take the n^qulred ci>ui*He. State suiterintemleiit' shall have the geueral 8ui>ervislou of cb schools and, with the pro;«ident ot the Michigan Agricultural College, shall determine the qualifications of teachers tliercin, but no i>er8oD shall be 8U]>erlut^udeDt of such school unless be Is a graduate of the State agricultural (.‘ollcSge. Any’ school approved by the State sui>er- intendeut and presldertt of the agricultural college, huving buildings and equipment costing $20,OQ0 ov more, and having at least 80 acres of laud shall, so long ns It remains so nppiwed* receive State^diTU of two- thirds of cost of matnteimnco. but not to exciHNl $4,0(>u a year. SJate-alded schools shall be free to the Inhabitants of the State. « MlMlsalppl: See N (a). High schools. Miuohii: dee N (a). High schools. Montana: See A (c2), County officers: O (a), Industiial education, general. Nebraska: See N (a), High schools. , New Jeii^ey: See 0.(a), Industrial tHlncatlou, gen'erHl. ; New York: The State schoDl of agriculture at MorrlsvIIle shall be under control of boanl of reven members, consisting of commissioner of agriculture and the director of the State ugflcultuml college nt Cornell University, ex officio, and five members appointed by p>vernor, with advjce and consent of the senate; at least two of appointive members shall be resident!^ of county of Madison, and one member shall be recommended by the State grange; members shall be opiolnted In groui»s of two and three alternately, one group every two years, to serve four years: members shall serve v^thout com|>en- satlon. but may be allowed a sum not to exceed $1„V)0 i>er year' for clerical and other assistance. PowerB and dutjfbB of board: To employ teachers and other] employees; adopt rules; prescribe course of Instruction. Said board aboil rei>ort annually to commissioner of agrlcultnro and to legtsluture. Stu- dents who are resIdeuLs of State for one year prtH-edlng admission shall re- ceive free tuition; all. fees and proceeds of, farm sales shall be reported to State treasurer, and s*»me may he reai>proprlated to said school, ObjectB and pw'poaCB of said school: To Instruct pupils In elementary and practical agri- culture, domestic science, and allied subjects ; give courses preparatory for college of agriculture at Cornell University; conduct agricultural experl- menta The State school of agriculture on Long Island shall be under the general supervision of the commissioner of education and under the imm^lat3 sut>er* vision and tDanagement of a boahl of nine trustees appointed by governor, ^one from each of the five boroughs of city Qf' New York and two each from ^ counties of* Nassau and Suffolk ; three of such members shall be oppointed annually, to serve three years; trustees shall serve without pay. Board of trustees shall ai^lnt a^d fix salaries of teachers and other employees and do other things necessary for welfare of said school. Tnltfen shall be free to bona fide residents of Stale; nil fees and recelilfir^m farm sales shall be reported to State tronsurer. Said school shall furnish iastruction and* train- ing in agricultural sdence) mahoal arts, and domestic science; coursea for 0 (b) . AOBXOULTUBAL SOHOOLa T05 teachePB ; winter coureea for farmer*. The director of State college of agricul- ture at Cornell University, comnilsalonfr of agHcolture, director of State agri- cultural ex(icrimeDt station, cotnnilssloner oi v'^ncatlon, and president of board of trustees of said school shall constitute an advisory board for said school. The State school of agriculture and domestic science ai Delhi shall be under control of board of seven riiembersi, composed of State co mlasloner of ngriculture and director of Slate agricultural school .at Cornell University, ex officio, and of five appointed by governor, with advice and cons, at of the senate; two of appointive membem shall be residents of Delawnr Oonnty and one shall be recommended by tlie State grange; members shall be ap-. lK)Inted In groups of two ami three, alternately, every two yeors, to serif four years. Poweh and duiiet of board: To employ teachers and other ployeee ; adopt rules for their own government, and government of said school; prescribe course of Instruction. Ohiectn and purposes of gaid gchool: Practi- cal instruction of pupils In agriculture, domestic science, and allied subjects; giving of an elementary and pretmratory course In agriculture In prepara- tion for advanced courses In State agricultural school at Cornell University; conducting of Hgrlcnltural experiments. Students who have been bona fide residents of State for one jenr preceding admission shall receive free tuition; all fees and receipts from sale of products shall be forwarded to State treas- urer, and may be reapproprlated to school. Board of said school shaU annu- ally r^rt to State commissioner of agriculture and to legislature. Board of trustees of State school of agriculture at OoblesklU shall consist of commissioner of education, commissioner of agriculture, ex offlclp, and five meuil>er8 ap|X)Inted by the governor; at least three of appointive members shall be residents of county of Schoharie and one a resident of Coblesklll ; one nieml>er shall be apiwluted each year; term, five years; trustees shall serve without comi)enRatlon. Powers and duties of board; To employ teachers and other employees; adot>t rules; prescribe course of Instruction. Said board shall report annually to commissioner of education ai. * to legislature. Stu- dents who have resided In State for at least one year preceding admlsslpn shall receive free tuition; all fees and all receipts from farm sales shall be reported to State treasurer, and may be reapproprlated to said school. Ob- jects of itaid school shall be: Instruction of 'pupils In agriculture, mechanic arts, and home making; Instruction through extension methods; conducting exi>erlmeuts and Investigations; printing and distribution of bulletins. See also A (f), Administrative units— districts, etc.; B (a), General State finance aud supiwrt; F (c), Teachers’ pensions; L (J), Agriculture; O (a), ludustrlal education, general; Q (b). Agricultural colleges. North Carolina: There shall be established and maintained in every county complying with the provisions of this net a school for preparing bo.vs for ^ agricultural pursuits and girls for home making on the farm. Course of study shall be ns approved by State sui)erlntendent. Board of trustees: County superintendent, ex ofllclo, and one member from each township ap- pointed by county board of education; term, six years, as near one-third as possible retiring every two years. Trustees shall locate school where most financial aid Is offered, but not In a town of over 1^)00 inhabitants nor nearer thon 2 mires to city or town of more than 6,000. For maintenance county or township or district, or all combined, shall provide annually, by taxation or otherwise, not less than |2,600; they shall alao provide seboolhouse, dormi- tories for at least 26 boys and 26 girls, bam and dairy building with equip- ment, and farm Nf not less than 26 acres, but State superintendent may grant permission to accept seboolhouse already construqted and may permit BTATB LAWS RSLATIKO TO PUBLIC EDUCATION* reduction of number of acres to 10. On lequeet of Munty board of "ednea- tion, county commlBSioDers shall order an election b^etermlne question of levying a special tax for the naaintenance and equipment of a ** county fnrm- llfe school ” ; majority vote determines. If vote carries, commissioners shall levy Bufflclent tax to produce sum required for maintenance, and, if bonds are Issned, to pay Interest and create sinking fund. If a majority of voters vote “for county farm-life school,'* county coranilssloners shall be deemeil authorise to Issue bonds for not exceeding $2fi,000 to provide land, build- ings, and equipment. 'Township may Issue bonds for not exceeding $26,000 to secure location of school wiihtn Its borders; two or more contiguous townships may unite in Issuing bonds for similar purpose. If elecHftn for establishment of “county fnrm-IIfe schot)!’’ falls in any ftiunty, townshipll^ two or more contiguous townshiim may vote ou question and establish such school, but entire county may by vote take over such school after Its estnb lishment by townships. A high-school department shall be established In such farm-life school. Principal of such school shall hold hIgh-school ceV tiflcate in all subjeota except taitln. Greek und monnty. complying with this act, departments of agriculture .and home economics. Said school or schools shall be under control of county board of education and chairman and secretary of trustees of each high school having such de- partments, County board of education shall designate such schools, taking Into account financial aid offeretl and fmitahlllty of location, but no school designated shall be located In a town of 1,000 population or more nor nearer than 2 miles to a town or city of 5,000 population or more. County bonnl shall provide annually out of public-school fund or irom donation or special tax not exceeding $2,600. but common-school term of county shall not be shortened and high school shall have approved buildings and eqnlpment with at least 10 acres of land. When satisfied that Guilford County has complied with the provistqus of this State board of education shall ap- propriate not exceeding $2,600, to be paid out of fund for the maintenance of county farm-life schools. Teachers in such schools shall have quallfiCHtlons approved by county superintendent and by State snperlntendent and shall hold blgb-Bchool teacher's certificate on all required subjects except Latin, Greek, and modem languages. Students from other counties may be ad- mitted on payment of tuition fees, but those of Guilford County shall be admitted free. Part of duties of teachers of farm life and home economics shall be to conduct extension work In such subjects in Guilford County. This act shall apply to any other county complying with its provlslona, bat com- mon-school fond shall, not be used for this purpose until after a six-months school term shall have been provided. There U establish^ in Orange County a school for training boys for farm life. Board of truateea: State superintendent, commissioner of agriculture, ■ O'^b). AOBIOULTOBAl. B0H00L8. 707 pmiident of college of agriculture and mechaxiic arta, one member selected by Orange Oounty board of education* one member selected by Orange County conuuiaalunera, three members selected by Fanners* Alliance, and, tluee members . selected by Farmers' Union; said board stmll be a botly coriwrate as trustees of Alliance-Union Farm School. Board may accept farm and Imprcvements near Hillsboro from Farmers’ Alllnuce and ^10*0u0 from Farmers’ Union. If such farm and ^10,000 are prc^^lded, county commis- sioners 6f Orange County shall cull an election on quobUon pf levying a s{»oclal tax to mlse not less than $2,500, and majority of qualified voters shall determine When provisions for establishment and mnlutenance of such school gre c'omplled with, State board of education shall appropriates $7,500 annually. If Orange County fall to vote si)ecial tax, property and money , shall be reconyeyed to farmers’ organlzatluna Boys from any part of State ahull be admitted free of tuition fees. North OAkota: A county school for glring In^ructlou In agriculture, manqal tnilniog. HUd domestic economy and for training teachers for rural schools may be estublislud In any oounty. On i>ej:!tIon of 300 freeholders the county commissioners may submit the question of establishment to the qualified electors; If a majority vote favors, said commissioners shall establish sudi school and levy a tax therefor; amount expende<^ for establishment shall not be leas than $10,000 nor more than $20,000. State and county shall jointly maintain such school, but State sliall give not exceeding amount paid by county and not exceetling $3,000 to aiiy school In any oue year, but county may exceed amount p:ild by State; oounty may also raise not exceeding $5,000 iu any one year for ndditloin.; buildings and equipment. Board of trustees of five members, county superln tendon t ahd four appointed by the county commissioners. A State agricultural aud training school board shall consist of the State board of education^ said board shall prescribe the course of study for county ngrlcultural and training soht>ols: It shall fix quallficA- tlbns of teachers In such schools. The course of study shall be correlated with that df the State agricultural college. Terson bavlug completed the course shall be entitled to a certificate having the force of a aecond-grade teacher’s certificate issued by the oounty sui>erimendent. and valid for two years If holder has had experience In teaching, otherwise for one year. Two . or more adjoining counties may unite In establishing, and maintaining an agricultural and training school. See also A (hi). State boards; U (J), Agriculture; Q (f), Other technical and professional .schools, Oklahoma: See L (J), Agriculture. Pennsjlvanla : See A (d), District iKxards and officers; O (a), Industrial education, general. Rhode Island; See O (a). Industrial education, general. Tennessee: See TT (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Vermont: State school of agriculture at Randolph Is established for purpose of developing agricultural resources of State through practical Instruction In agriculture and allied subjects; shall be under control of board of trustees consisting of governor and commissioner of agriculture ex officio and three practical agriculturists appointed by governor, one trustee appointed each year, to serve three years. Po%oers of tnmteoB: To appofnt a person of the town where school Is l«xjntJ^ as local director; employ and fix comi>eD8atlon of teachers and other employees; adoid rules and regulations, prescribe courses of instruction, methods of exj^eriment, and establish graduation re- qairements. Trustees shall receive for th^r services $4 per day for time t 708 STATB LAWS B^LATINO TO FUBUO BDUCATION. emplojed, tor traveUng and other neoaaaary expenaea; ahall make bien- nial report to leglalature; aald trustees may receive donations and bequests made to aald schooL Sum of |10,000 is appropriated annually for mainte- nance of said schooL State school of agriculture In Addison or Kutland Oounty la establlsheil for purpose of developing agricultollBl resources of the State through prac- tical instruction In agriculture and nlliod subjects. Board of trustees sbal) be^tbe same board that conducts affairs of school of agriculture at Kandolpli. See also G (c), County and local normal schools. Vlrgim*: In at least one public high school* selected by the State board of education In each congressional dlslrlot thorough conraes in agriculture, tlic dome^ic arts and sciences and mnuunl training shall be given in addition to the academic branches. At least 5 acres of land and suitable buildings nhall N* provided. All female students shall be instructed In the domestic arts and Bclencea Such schools may be used as centers for dlrectlug the demonstru- tlon farm work. Boards of supenisors of counties may appropriate mouey for such schoola See also O (a), Industrial education, general. Wlsconaln: County board of any county may establiab. equip, and maintain a county school of agriculture and domestic science: county boards of two or more counMea may unite in providing such school: the county clerk or clerks shall notify the* dean of the college of agriculture of establishment of such school : said dean, the State su])erlntendont, and the president of board of agriculture, acting as committee for purpose, shall locate such schools; said county boards may borrow money and Issue bomis therefor to purchase grounds and erect buildings ; a board to be known as county school boenl shall have charge of such school, to be composed of county superintendent and two members appointed by county board, to serve three years; apix)lDtlvo members of county school board shall hie bond ; whenever two^gr more coun- ties jointly provide stich school, amount to be raised by taxation for support of BQch school shall be apportioned among counties on basis of taxable proi>- erty of each. County treasurer shall be ex otBclo treasurer of such county school board. In such school, Instruction shall be given in elements of agri- culture, farm ROCOuntK, manual training, and domestic economy, and such other subjects as may be prescribed; each such school shall have tract of land of not less than 3 acres for experimental puri>08e8. Such schools shall be free to persons residing In counties supporting the same if such ]>er80UK have completed co^imon-school course: special winter classes may be organ- ised when advisable; nonresident students may be charged tuition not to exceed $1 per week, same to be paid by county of pupU's residence. State superintendent, with advice of dean of agricultural college, shall prescribe courses of study for such schools, stmll certify teachers for such schools, and shall super^se. Inspect, and ro[>ort on such scifools. Secretary of each county school board shall make annual import to State superintendent relative to such school ;^aald saperlntendent may accredit not more than 10 such schools for State aid ; such aid shall be two-tblrds of amount expended for mainte- nance of such school, not to exceed $6,000 annually to any one school whose average attendance Is less than 112 pupils, and not to exceed $7,000 annually when average dally attendance exceeds 112 pupils and is less than 137 pupils, and not to exceed $8,000 annually when average daily attendance exceeds 187 puplla. No State aid shall be given to any school fbr instruction In agri- culture, domestic economy, manual training, or industrial branches unless salary paid to every teacher of such subjects shall be at least $60 per month. 0 (c), TRADE SCHOOLS. 70» OouDtj boAfd of edpcAtlon may estabHab* Miatp, and maintain • cona^ wdMol of agrlcultupe; coanty cleric afaall notify dean of agricultural college of eatab* Hahtnent of such school ; uld dean, the secretary of States and State supertn- tcudent, acting as a committee, shall locate such school ; not more than one such school shall be located In any one senatorial district, except on certain condition ; State aid to eitent of $ 15,000 shall be paid to coanty to aid In tmlhllng school. Any village In which or adjacent to which such school has l)ceh located may , contribute for organlzatloni erection, construction, and equipment of such school, not to oanl of any county or munlci|iel corporation baring a system of public st'hools sup|»orted by local taxation and not restricted to the elemenury branches may organise In conmytlon with the public acbools a deimrtiuent of Industrial education to glw Inairucuon In the use of tools for working In wood and metal Indiana: See A tf), Administrative unlta— districts, etc.; O (a), Industrial education, general. Kansas: See M (e), Schools for dei>endcnts and delinquenta • Maine: Sw O (a). Industrial tnluoatlon, general. Massacliuaeita: A town may esUbllah aud maintain, upon shore or upon vessels, one or more schools for training young men or boj^s In nautical duties. The school committee may excuse boys attending such nautical schools from attendance on other schools. The boartl of commissioners of jUie Massachusetts Nautical School shall insist of three members apiwlnted In rotation by tbt» governor, with the advh'o and consent of the council ; temi, three years. Said commlitsloners shall serve without comi»ensntlon, but their expenses Incurred In performance (tf official duties ahall be imld.by the State. Said Itoard of commissioners shall maintain a nautical kIkm)! for the Instruction and tralnli\g of pupils In the science and art of navigation. Potters and duties of board: To provide accommodations on board a proper vessel; puri'hasc books aud supplies; apiH)int and remove Instructors and other employees and fix their salaries; fix conditions uik)u which pupils may be received and Instructed: establish regulations; provide for cruises In or from the harbor of Boston. Said com- missioners may receive from the Vulted States government and use for ^ accommodation of Uie school such vessels as the Secretary of the Navy may detail. They may ex|)end such sum as the leglslnture may appropriate for said sch^l, and shall make an annunt report to the legislature. See also O (a). Industrial education, general; O (d). Continuation schools. Michigan: See T (c), Schools for the blind. New Jersey: See L (1), Manual and industrial education; O (a), Industrial education, general; U (e). Schools for dependents and delinquents. New Tork: Bee B (a), Oeneml State finance and support; O (a). Industrial education, general; Q (f). Other technical and professional schools; IT (e). Schools for (fependents and deUnquents,^ 910 BTATS LAWS BBLAnBrO TO KtTBUO BDVOATIOK. Ofal«} Bm a (f). A4tmliUitr>dT0 tmlti— . Indastrlsl educatton* general. Rhode Island: See O (a), Industrial education, genersL Vtrstnia: See O (a), Industrial education, general. Wlaconaln: Any city or any school dlstrlvt baring within its limits a dry may eetabllah and maintain trade schools h>r persons o\yr 14 years old. School boards shall hare control of raid schools. Such trade school must hare aterage enrollment of at least SO students. School boan! may prepare courses of studj, employ Instnictoni, purchase BUpplles, iiurchase or lease grounds or buildings for such schools. Said board may apiKilnt an advisory board of flvo members not members of school board experienced In trades to be taoght In such schools, to serve three years. Said advisory boanl may, anbj^ tp apivroral and ratiflcatlon of school l>oard, prei«re courses of study, emploT Instructors, purchase supplies, and purchnra or lease buildings or grounda. BttfdentH may be required to |iay for materials used. Products of acbool may be sold, proceeds to go Into trade-school fund. A tax may be levied on taxable pro|>eny of such city for trade^acbool purposea, not to exceed three-tenths of a mill on the dollar. Money may be temporarily trans feried from city school fund for use of trade schools, to be repaid from the trade-schtxd fund within three yearK When scbtxd l>oard of any cUy of second, third, or fourth class, or st'bool boarii of uny dlHirlct containing alf h a dty, shall determine lo establish, tuke over, cuiiduit, or maintain auch trade school it shall publish notice of such intention. I'lxm i>etltlon of 20 per cent of voters following such notice common council shall direct city eUrh to call an elecrion to determine such ghectlon; question shall carry by majority vote of electors. If no petltlou be submlttoerty of said institutions shall revert to the State and ahall be vested In the State l>oard of education. All boards of trustees, managers, and officers of tbe said Institutions and of the school for the deaf and blind are abolishetl. Acts are repealed which create and establish tbe Florida Agricultural College, the seminaries east and west of the Suwanee River* White Normal School at De Futiiac Springs, and the Industrial and normal department of the St Petersburg Normal and Industrial School. A normal school for training colored teachers Is established under the supejs vision of the State board of education and tbe board of control; aald board i .^;af 'o6iitioii.flhAU «l^ a .principal and two aariatoat in«tnietor«,^f^ tfiall hsk^ obt^^ atodents Bobject to boaM of control, and > and! board may ramove any member of the facnlty and may from time to tAne add other d^rtznenta; the Florida Agrlcnltaral and Mechanical Ool- lege tor Negroes ahall be such school, but State board of education may In its discretlon change location thereof; oi^half of the Morrill fund la aet apart tor the sopport of said scbooL Then are eatabli^ed and created the fdlowlng inatitntlons of higher learning ; One university to he hnpwu aa the XJniTeralty of Florida and one female aeminary to be known as the Florida State College tor Women. ' There is created a board of control to consist of dve dtlaena appointed by the governor, one from east Florida, one from aonth Florida, one frrm west Florida, (me from middle Florida, and one from ' middle aonth Florida, who shall have been dtlaens of the State for at least 10 years ; term, four years, two or three, as the case requires, being appointed every two years; governor may remove a member for cause and shall fill vacancies ; no member ahall be a resident of a county wherein an Institution controlled by said board Is located; board -shaU elect a chairman to hold during his term; members shall receive their actual expenses while perform- ing their dutlea Said boaM shall act In conjunction with, but at all times iobject to supervision and control of, the State board of education. Said board and State board of education shall make general rules and regulations for the government and conduct of the University of Florida, Florida State College for Women, Agricultural and Mechanical College for Negroes, and the School for the Deaf and Blind, and may determine *any change of lot tuition, of their children^ or wards. •^Tba Uid tarilty of Florida shall have .the toBowlng departments r Agriculture ^V?and litisdu^ tadiMtrial Aits, sdentlflc and classical, nohnol, such V. beard of edneation^ and board control In joint '^•■vnii^,!ag may add ; sonuner schools provided tor MiaU be held at ^ nntveraity, ^^ *es!fept that sboii schools may be held at State College for Women and Agrl- Cnltihral and bleChanlcal College tor Negroea The design of the State College ■' ' ■ / A V f. ’ .1 y, -r.'.JJl. t 'J lllli 1.1 1(11 II J vVV "-Hill 1 : > (•);>^oBU amaBiii) « tor Women aball be to Inetroct in higber brandies of iesn^ng and and sdeiioes appropriate to be tangttt tn like inatltatloiu; none but white students aball be admitted, and eadi pesson ^dp"ltted must base- eom*> pleted at least the t^tb grade of the puldlc schools ; board of education and board of control may Jointly eetabllsh a normal department in- said (joUege. No student shall be admitted to the uniyeralty who has not passed ah ex- amination In some high school and through the twelfth grades or the esulya- lent thereof; female students may be admitted to the normal department Students from other States may be admitted to said coU^ or university upon terms prescribed by the board of control ; each county shall be entitled to one student In imid college and said university free of cost for instruction, said student to be selected by the county board of education. Board of * edncatlon and board of control shall provide libraries for each of ^e Insti- tutions created by this act In addition to other assets provided In this act, the sum of |1G0,0(X) is appropriated for the establishment and maintenance of the four institutions' herein created; said funds shall be apportioned by the Joint boards as In their Judgment may seem best The board of education shall annually set.aside from axi^f funds vested In said board by this act $2,716 as Interest on the Indebtedness of the State to the University of Florida ; legislature shall annually appropriate adkl $2,71^ fbr the benefit of said university. Board of control shall pay all Indebtedness of Instltotlons abollabed by this act The board of control shall be a body corporate, but title tb all property shall vest In State board of education. The board of education, board of control, treasurer, and comptroller shall each make an annual report which shall be publiabed, and shall r^>ort biennially the legislature. Board of control shall j^vlde a system of examinations for • public high schools ; no pupil shall be admitted to high 'schools, advanced to t higher grade therein, or admitted to a higher institution created by this" act until prescribed examination Is passed. State superintendent of public Instruction shall visit monthly each institution created by this act and ■hpu report thereon to the governor. Georgia: See A (b2), State officers. Idaho: S^ A (hi), State boards. Louisiana: See A (b2), State officers; Q tb), Agricnltural colleges. Maryland: State provides free scbolarablps as follows: 8t. Mary's Female Seminary. —One scholar from each county and from each legislative district of Baltimore city ; selected by snpcrlntendent and beards ; no competitive ex- amination, **Bo that the most worthy and most charitable may he select^”; le^ble three yeara 8t JohrCs CoUege, — One scholar from each ftonatAHyi district; no charge for tuition, board, fuel, light, and washing; appointed by school boards, with consent of senator In that district, after competitive examination and evldoice of financial Inability of parents; font years; re- aulred to teach two years. Western Maryland OoUege, — One male ^dent from each senatorial district, appointed under sabstantlally similar tiondl- tlohs to those In St John*s; student must give bond to teach two years. One' female student from each senatorial district under substantially rimllar conditions as those for men. MaryUmd /nslUttfo.— -One free.srimlsr fn^ each county and one from each legislative district of Baltimore dtr ; seleclM by school boardk WasMngton CoUepa.— Free tuition and bomtnatlon ; tumble fperty of such municipal corporation to amount of five-tenths of 1 mill on the dollar, 1^ amount levied to pay Interest and sinking fund on bonds issued for the university, to be applied to support of such university, col- lege, or Institution ; council may levy five one-hundredths of n mill for scien- tlficate purposes at such Institution. Any municipal corpomtton having a mnnkripal university may Issue bonds for erection of buildings and for equipment thereof; such bonds may be Issued under ordinance of council of municipality with approval of mayor; funds received for sale of bonds shall be paid to directors of the nnlverslty. Board of directors of educational insti- tution may accept educational trusts ; such property located within same munty as the educational institution shall be exempt from taxation. Munic- ipal auditor shall keep funds of educational Institutions distinct from other acconnta Boards of directors shall ekpend no more for current expenses than the income for the same, and shall annually report to mayor and council a statement of accounts. Said board may invest funds of nnlverslty in cer- tain bonda Instruction In academic department of such nnlverslty shall be ftes to dtlaens of the municipality, bnt fees may be charged In other courses ; board may receive other students on such terms as to tuition or otherwise as ‘'tkefiua ' ilOyery student In attendance at any educational institntlon triw wlllfuliy commit any act that Injures or d^rades , ^ student aiudt be guilty of a misdemeanor ; every person In charge of,,^ edncatlou|l Uukitotioa who shaU kndWi^gly permit any act which. P (b). tWAHOB, LAITOB, 8OTP0W. 1fl5 InjaM or degrade a itodent ahaU be gnUty of a mlademeanor Any student at any edneatlonal Institution who shall tattoo or knowingly or will- fully disfigure the body, llmba, or features of any fellow student shall bo guilty of the crime of mayhem. Virginia: The State Female Normal School, Virginia Polytechnic .tustitutOi Virginia Military Institute, University of Virginia, and William and Mary College*roay each draw from the State treasury. In addition to other Stato appropriations to said institutions, 1 per cent annually of such appropria- tions; such sums may be drawn for five years and shall be used as a loan fund to needy studrats resident of the State; not exceeding |100 annually shall be loaned to each such student. P (b). Finance; lionds; Support. See also Appendix A : Constitutional provisions relating to public education ; P (c). State universities and colleges; Q (b), Agricultural colleges. (Note. — Current appropriations are not Included here.) Alabama: See P (c). State universities and ooUegea. ArUona: See B (b). State school lands. California: See P (c), State universities and colleges. Colorado: See P (c), State universities and collegea Florida: See P (a). Higher institutions, general. Illinois: See P (c). State universities nud collegea Indiana: See B (d). State taxation for school purposes; P (c). State uni- ve^tles and colleges. Iowa: See A (bl), State boards. Kansas: See B (c), Permanent State school funds; P (c). State universities and colleges. Kentucky: See P (c), State universities and colleges. Michigan: See P (c), State universities and colleges. Minnesota: See B/(d), State taxation for school purposes. Missouri: Set; P (c), State universities and coUegee. Montana: Soe A (bt). State boards. Nebraska: See P (c), State universities and colleges. Nevada: See P (c). State universities and colleges. North Carolina: See P (c), State universities and collegea. North Dakota: For the purpose of providing for the mi^lntenance of State educational institutions — namely, university, agricultural college, normal schools, school for the deaf, school of forestry, academy of science, and nor- mal Industrial school — an annual State tax of 1) mills on jtbe dollar shjMl bS levied. Such tax shall be apportioned as follows: State university, tnlrty- three one-hundredths mill; agricultural college, twenty one-hundredths mill; normal school at Valley Olty, fifteen one-hundredths mill ; normal .school at ’ May vine, twelve one-huodredtha mill ; normal achool at Minot, thirteen and one-half one-hundredths mill ; school for the deaf, six on^hun'Sredths mill ; school of forestry, two one-hundredths mill ; acadefpy of science, four ope- hundredths mill ; normal industrial school, seven one-hondredths. mill ; money *imreby provided shall be used only i^r the paymait of expense of malnteoaiice. VW.I| ^ p-il lU 1,11111,) I_1 _ II. I I II Wit OT'Att ,tAw^s^B»IJ«mo a» 9 * * . ' VbB InoofiMlNxim Uie lands of tits ssTsral InsUtntlona, not Including proceeds of tb» issle thereof, shsll be paid over to the reepectlve treasurers of the said iastitatloos and shall be used for ttie maintenance thereof. See also P (c), State universities and colleges. Ohio: See P (c), State universities and colleges, ' Oregon j See O (b), I»3al bonds and Indebtedness; P (c). State universities and collegee. South Carolina: See Q (b)', Agrlcultnral colleges. Tennessee: See B (a), General State finance and support , Texas:, See P (c), State universities and colleges. Utah: There Is set aside for the support of the University of Utah, State agricultural college, and the branch of the agrlcultnral college. 28 per cent of the revenue derived from the general State tax, exclusive of the State school and hjgh-school funds; of amount thus provided onlyerslty shall receive 64.43 per cent, agricultural college 28.34 per cent, and branch of the ngricnltural ^ college T.23 per cent ; cost of g^eral maintenance of such Institutions shall not exceed fund herein provided, together with the several land-grant funds and funds received from mlscellaneouB sources; **^;eDeral ma*intenance ** shall not Include the purchase' of water and the provision of grounds, buildings, and equipment; surplus remaining at end of year shall be converted Into sinking fund for building purposes and other permanent Improvements. Vermont: 1^ Q (b). Agricultural colleges, Washington: The following funds are created in the State treasury: “State university permaneut fund,” “State university current fund,” “agricultural college current fond,” “normal school current fund.” There shall be a, State board of finance Composed of governor, State treasurer, and State auditor, but governor may appoint another StelS*‘offlc^Kas his representative, which may invest permanent funds of any State edncktlonal Institution, or chari- table, penal, and reformatory Instltnulns, when such funds amount to at least 11,000; sncb funds must be Invested li^Natlonal, State, county, municipal, or school district bonds, bearing not less ^an 8f per cent Interest per year, to be bought at no more than par. Permanent schCK>l fund may be Invested In State bonds; Interest on State bonds so bought* shall’ be paid Into current school fund. State board of equalisation shall annually levy upon taxable propterty of the Stete the following amounts for maintenance, repairs, and construction of buildings and equlpmoit of Institutions of higher education ; Four hundred and sevaity-five one-fbousandths of 1 mill for State university; three hun- dred and twfflity-flve one-thousandths of 1 mill for Washington State college ; nine one-hnndredths of 1 mill for Cheney Normal School ; seven onq-hun- dfedths of 1 mill for BUensburg Normal School; nine one^hundredths of 1 mill for BelUhgham Normal School. Wtsconsiii; See P (c). State nnlversitles and colleges. Wyoming* See P venior, Btato superintendent, two members titm iinim is located, and one from each . p (c). BLATE tnmiksrnw ako dOLLBoss. 7lY remaining district; board is a body corporate; board maj bold, lease, of sell lands granted for unlversltr by Congrein April 20, 1818, or March 2, 1819, or lands subsequently granted. ^'University fund** d^ined as |36,000 annual luterest on unlverrity> fobds covered into the State treasury and an addi- tional $25,000 annually. Poioert of board.* To employ and remove Instructors and officers and fix their -salaries ; regulate or modlty the government of the university ; prescribe courses of Instruction and fix the noceeaary expenses of students; confer academic and honorary degrees; delegate government of students and administration of university aflCairs to faculty, but pwaon hold- ing funds must give bond. Members of board shall hold office 12 years ; when a member’s term expires his suocesBor is elected by the board, subject to confirmation by the senate; quorum, five members, exclusive of governor and superintendent; regular meeting shall be held at least once a year and special meetings may be held; proceedings of board shall be kept and pre- ser\'ed in the archives of the, university ; board shall report to each session of the legislature ; State treasurer shall quarterly pay university fund to treas- urer of university; secretary of state shall furnish to such law department 10 copies each of the code, acta,^and supreme court reports; president of the university may appoint one or grnre police officers to keep Intruders off premises, etc. ; board may aell or lease lands acquired under act of Congress of April 23, 1884, and lor such purposes create an executive Committee of three of Its members; the Medical Ck^lege of Alabama U constituted the medi- cal department of the university and Is subject to the (jontrol of the board. See also Q (d), Teachers’ institutes and summer schools. ArisoiiA: The University of Arisona Is estabitsbed, at or near the dty of Tucson. Object: To provide the citizens of the State with means of acquir- ing a thorough knowledge of the various branches of literature,' science, and the arts. Board of regents shall consist of the president and seven members, npt more than four of whom shall belong to the same political party;, such seven members shall be appointed by the goremo/ f(^ terms of four years; governor and State saperintendent shall be ex officio membere; regents shall be a "body corporate; they may appoint a chancellor, faculty, and such other officers as they may deem expe^ent. Departpiente of university: (1) Science, literature, and the arts, (2)*theoiy and practice and elementary ilnstructlon, (3) agriculture, (4) normal department, (5) mineralogy and scboj>l of mines. Regents may regulate course of study and prescribe books an^ ai^oritles to be used. Regents may at any time remove any officer other the chan- cellor and one of their own members. Admission fee shallj^ever exceed $20 and tuition shall nev^ exceed $50 for residents of the State. Regents shall report annally to governor. Any two members and the chancellor at a meeting regularly called ahall constitute a quorum. No sectarian doc- trines or principles shall be taught. Each regent shall receive $5 per day of attendance at meetings and 10 cents per mile traveled. Proceeds of the sale of lands granted by the United States for State university purposes and all funds donated for like purposes shall remaln*^ a perpetual fund, Income of which, together with the rent of lands, shall be applied to the *obJects of the original gift The university may charge from $1 . to $2.60 for each assay of metals, according to number of metals In the ore. Regents shall establish an archmologlcal and mineral museum. There la awarded annually a scholarship of $150 to each eounty of the State, but no county ahall receive more^ than $150 In any one year ; county superin- tendent shall receive applications for such schohm|tipe and shall hold a com- petitive examination prescribed by the president the university and shall 'y ns STATft lAWB Wfkma XO FUBIiO BDUOATIOK. retard ptpm to miA preakteot Tbere shell be connected with the unlTerslty a deimrOuent fOr the education of the deet dumb, and blind. Legislative absent is glveA to Uie grants of land jiuthoriaed by the constitution and by act of Oongreas; gcsnt of 1 00.000 'jtcres for ** agricultarnl and mechanical col- leges” is forever, reserved for such colleges ns may be eetabllshed by the university ; grapt df IQO.OOO acres for a ” school of mines ** is forever reserved for such a school eetabllshed by the university. See also A (hi), State boards. Arkansas: The State of Arkansas accepts the provtstoi?of the act of Con^ss of July 2, 1S02, granting lands for the benefit of collegea of ngrtcuUurftt mechanic arts, rederal funds are divided between tho wbUe and cSV races as follows: University of Arkansas, eight-elevenths; Branch ' College, three^levenths. Land scrip to which the State may be entltlrtl shall be converted Into a permanent endowment of not less than $100,000 for the university. BosM of trustees shall consist of six members api>ointed by the governor; term, six years, two being appointed every two years; governor shall be ex officio a member.^ Said board shall be a body corporate and may prescribe all rales and re^ilntious for ^e university; It shall make stt annual report; It ohall el^ and fix the compensation of faculty and other employees. By vote of flvymembers board may remove one of Its members fo^ cause. Board shall eMt a secretaiy and a treasurer, and may remove either or both. In makiiA appmprlatlons for the university the legtslnture shall specify the precise atnount Intended for each and every purpose, and the trustees shall so expend accounts appropriated. The board shall apportion according to population' to each ct>uuty the number of beneficiaries entitled to free tuition to which such co'Unty Is entitled. Greokletter fra tend ties and other secret* societies are prohibited in -the university. The course of study shall Include agriculture and the mechanic arts, the Bygliah language and llteratupe. mathematics, civil engineering, philosophy^ history, and book- keeping, and such other branches of study ns the board may prescribe. Bach male student shall be' required to work at least two hours each school day on the farm or In the shop. University shall he open to both male and female students. A nopial department for the training of teachers is established In the university. A medical department of the university Is located In the city of Little Bock. See also G (h). State normal schoola Oallfomla; State university shall be under control pf board of 24 regents, Id of whom shall be appointed by governor, wltli advice and consent of the senate, appointive members to servo 16 years; goveniof, lieutenant governor, speaker of assembly, superintendent of public instruction, president of State board of agriculture, prestdent of mechanics' Institute of San Francisco, president of State university, and president of alumni association of State university sbal be ex officio regents of sutd^unlverstty ; seven regents shall constitute a quorum ; regents shall receive no compensation. Power$ otHf 4utie$ of regenU: To meet as provided by rules or at call of president; pre- 'scrtbe rules for thetf own government and for government of university; receive property donated to university; appoint, prescribe duties of, and fix oompensatloti qf president of university, professors, and other officers and employees; Ax entrance requlremmits ; fix fees and tuition rates; appoint olSeers- of board«"|Aaacrlbe their duties and fix compeiiaation ; supervise courses of instruction, and, on recommendation of faculties, prescribe text- books; confer degrees and grant diplomas; establish and maintain museum and' library;' keep record of proceedings; report to governor. Income from 719 P (O). STATB imiTBBSmia AKD OOLLBOBa. eadowmeat shtU be teed for rapport of onlveralty. Secretary of uld board shall be a practical agfrlculturlst ; shall hold office at pleaaore of and iftiall receive corapensnUon as fixed by bo^rd. Students shall be orannlxed Into body known as University Cadets; military Instructor must make quarterly reports to adjutant ceneral. Hastings College of Ijblw Is affiliated with said university and Is law department thereof. Object of university shall be iustrtictlon in de|)nrtmeot9 of science, literature, art. Industrial and profes- sional pursuits, and special Instruction for professions of agriculture, me- chanic arta, mining, military science, civil engineering, law, medlclne^nd commerce. President of university shall, subject to regents, have general direction of university, and la charged with duties of one professorship.; im- mediate government of the several colleges shall be Intrusted to the several faculties. Any resident of State, 14 years old' or upward, otherwise ^uall- fled, shall be admitted to unlverally; as soon as income of university Is suffi- cient, admission and tuition shall be free to residents of State; regents may establish soholarkblpa. Regents may affiliate with university any incor- porated college of medicine, low. or other special course of Instruction; may confer degrees upon graduates of such colleges. No sectarian, polltlclal, or partisan test must be allowed for any purpose whatever; nor must majority of regents be of one religious sect or of no religious sect Hnsllig fellow students In any public oi^4|)rlvate educational institution shall constitute a misdemeanor and subject offender to fine of $50 to $500. See also N (a). High schoola Colorado: The objects of the University of Colorado established near Boulder city shall be to provide for young men and women a liberal education and thorough knowledge of the different branches of literature, the arts anjl sci- ences with their varied applications; the course of study shall as nearly as practicable begin at the points where the collegiate and scientific departments are completed In the high school. Each county shall be entitled to send, tui- tion free, one pupil qnder 16 years old ; said pupil aball be selected by com- petitive examination before the county superintendent Nouresldrats shall be charged a reasonable tuition fee. The university shall never be under the control of any yellglous denomination or society. Its control shall be. vested In a board of six regents elected by vote of the people at a general election. The university shall Include a classical, ifhllosopbtcal, normal, scientific, law, and Bt^^h other departments as the board may determine, and a department of physical sciences; board may confer such degrees and grant such diplomas and marks of distinction as are usually conferred and granted by other uni- versities; board may establish a preparatory department. President of uni- versity shall report annually to board bt regents; jregeuts shalKreport blen- " nlally before the session of the legislature to the State superintendent A State tnr of two-fifths of 1 mill Is annually levied for the support of the iml- verslty. It shall be unlawful for any person to engage in ** basing '* or In any way maltreating a fellow Inmate, employee, or student. Any officer, employee, or student of a State Institution who violates the provisions of this act shall, if an officer or employee, be dismissed and. If a student shall be exp^led from said Instltudon. Floridai Q (i9). Teachers* Institutes and summer schools; P (a). Higher Institutions, general. Georgiat The board of trustees of the University of Georgia shall be composed of one meniber from each congressional district four from the State St large, two from dty of Athens (where univmdty Is locat^ed). and the dialnaan of tSd 8TAW XAW8 BBlAXrWO to irtrBUO SDTJOATlOlff. local board of trnateea of each branch of unlTeralty where by law^' they are made such tmsteea, all of whom, eicept the latter, ahall be appointed by aovwrtior with conaent of senate; said board shall be a body corporate; term, eight years, one-fourth of appointive members being appointed every two years; trastees shall be cltlsens of districts from which appointed, over 25 years old, not 'trustees of other male colleges or universities, excluding branches of the university; governor shall be ex officio a member of board; \ governor shall fill ^110800168; an additional trustee, who shall be n nonresident native Georgian, shall be'^pi>olntejl by governor with consent of the senate. Board ahall elect one member chalmian; It shall meet anmiRlly In Athens and may hold special meetings; If any member shall be absent from threfi^psm:^ ceeslve meetings, his office shall be vacant, Bach member shall recgtfe^ per day and mlleoge for actual fare paid when attending meetings, ^oard shall report annually to the legislature through the governor, Poirera 0/ board.- To elect their own officers, as chairman, secretary, treasurer, and other necea sary officers; elect a chancellor of the l;nh\i*slty of Georgia; appoint pro- fessors, tutors, and other neceasary officers: prescribe courses of stiftly, terms, and manner of graduation, and conferring degrees; operate summer sessions for the benefit of wl^Ste teachers; establish all such schools of learning or art as may be useful to the State: call on pll persons having funds, property, papers, or books belonging to the university to deliver the same and make settlements; adjust and determine expenses of university; exercise powers usually granted to such corporations. Chairman and two members may call a qiecial meeting; majority a quorum; nothing done at a special meeting ahall be binding after next annual meeting unless then ratified. Governor shall annually appoint a board of five visitors to attend examinations preceding conunenoement and examine Into condition of university; visitors shall make written report to governor; two of said visitors shall be experts In agrloulturo and horticulture; they shall report In writing to trustees not Inter than Satur- day before annual commencement day. Governor shall lay reports of trustees and vlMtors before legislature annually. No person shall be excluded from the univertdty on account ot religious views, TTnlverslty may confer degrees as follows: To each graduate of university, bachelor of arts; to graduate pass- ing a year In nnlverslty, master of arts; to graduate of law department, bachelor of laws; to graduate of medical school, doctor of medicine; to stu- dent In university schools of two years standing and proficient In two or mort> of doctor of philosophy; to distinguished persona doctor of divinity or doctor of lawa Trustees may establish a pretjaratory department In said university. The branches of the university are the Georgia Normal aud _ Industrial College, at Mllledgevllle; State Normal School at Rock College, Athens; South Georgia State Normal College at Valdosta ; State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, at Athens, with agricultural experiment sta- tion connected therewith, at Griffin; North Georgia Agricultural College^ at Dahlonega; >ledlcal College, at Augusta; Technological School, at Atlanta; Georgia State Induatrial* College for Colored Ifouth, at Savanjiab. All the said branches, except last two, shall be open to white female students of proper age and qualifications. ^ Ididiot There Is established at the town of 'Moscow the UnlversUy of Idaho. State Wrd of education is board of regents. Potoers and duties with expect $6 umiverHip** To enact laws for its governnient; elect a president, faculty, -and employees of univ^rMty and fix their aalarles and terms (tf^ofllce; |tx of applicants for admission to courses of Instruction, but , ao aaotaiian or partisan Instruction shall be given, Board may remove presi- 721 P (C). a’TATB UKIWRSlttEEk AND OOLLBOEB. (^nt and other officers when Inthrests of nni^erslty require It Board may use portion of university hind for buildings, apparatus, etc. Treasurer of hoard shall pay orders of president and secretary, and shall report annually to president of board. ‘At close of fiscal year refcents sball report to gov* 4 ernor. Regents shall receive their e:zpenBes when attending meetings or per* fort^tng duties under direction of board. Powers of president of nniversUy and /acuity: President ahnll be executive head of faculty or faculties and Hlmll give general direction to Instruction; imnicHllate goveniuieut shall be' under faculty, but regents may regulate courses of instrucUou, prescribe lHX)ks to be used, confer degrees, and confer uixm faculty the power to sus* l»end or ex(iel students^ rnlverslty shall cotisist of college of, arts, college of letters, and such other colleges or dei>artments as may be adde«l. It shall Ik* open to both male and female studeuta No student, a resident of Idaho for one year, aba 11 l>e required to pay fees, except in a professioual depart* ineut and for extra atudles. * See also A (bl). State boards Illinois; The name of the lIliaulH Industrial University, at Urhana, Is changed- to the University of Illinois,** and said ITnlversity of Illinois shall be seised of all the rights, privileges, franchises, ami estates hitherto belonging to the said Illinois Industrial University. Roanl of trustees shall consist of the* governor, president of the Sbite l>oard of agriculture. State sup^intend* ent. and nine members elected at the regular Noveml>er election by vote of the i>eople ; term of elective metuhera, six years, three being elected every two ycara Said trustees shall, establish departments, elect faculty, and other neeCKsary ()ffi<*erR, and exercise siich other pow'ers and duties as may be ne -essary for ti. v*onduct of the Institution. The provisions of the act of Congress of July 2. 3802. and subsequent acts granting Federal aid to agrlcultunil and nu»chaulc*ttl colleges are accepted, and the University of Illi- nois Is deslgimt<*d as the beneficiary thereof^ A 1-mIll JState tax Is provided for the mnlnteimuce of tbe university. There shall be awarded annually to each county one university scholarship, which shall entitle the holder to free Inatnictlou in the University of Illinois for a i>erlotl of four yeara County superintendent ahnll hold competitive examination of applicants npd sbaH send i>npers to president of university, who shall award scboliirBbii)s |>er^>us showing highest qualifications. In addition to the foregoing, each member of the legislature shall be entitled to appoint one person annually to receive such scholarship. See also A (c2), County officers. Indiana: The Institution establlsbed^by act of January 28, 1828, Is recognised ns the university of the State. There shall be levied In 1883 and annually thereafter /or 12 years a State tax of one-half of 1 cent on each $100 of tax- able proi>eHy, to be sq^ aside as- n i>ermnnent endowment fund: said fund shall be used In paying Indebtedness of tbe State, and State shall Issue there- for aonnegoilable bonds, to run 50 year*! or longei, at option of the State, and to bear 5 ixjr cent Interest. Board of trustees shall consist of eight mem- bers, five of whom shall be 'elected by the State board of education and three of whom shall be electeerty, courw* of study, discipline, and state of finances of the university ; mild visitors shall report to the governor. The board of trustees Its secretary and treasurer, shall report to the State superintendent when by him so required. Some member of the faculty ^nll annually driver at least h*) lectures In the State on the principles and organisation of the university. Trustees shall estab- Uah a normal department for Instruction In Uie theory and practice of teach- ing; an agricultural dejsn^inent shall also l>e pstahllsl»ee apportioned by said auditor to the several counties acconllug to population, and the same shall be paid, to the several county treasurers; county auditors shall loan said fund as the common-school fund Is loanotl, nml each county shall be liable foi^princlpal apportioned thereto and Interest accruing thereou. The trustees may conduct a medical solu>ol In Marlon Oiunty. See also A (bl), State bi>ard6; I) (d), State tnxatlou for school puri>oses; O (a), Industrial educattou, general. 1 ’ loiva: The State university shall be under Uie control and management of the State board of education. Said board shall elect a presldcut and necessary pi^fesaorss tutors, and other employees and fix their com|>ensntlon. The secretary shall keep a reconl of the proceedings of the lM>ard and accobnts of the university lands and funds. The treasurer shall keep account of receipts and expenditures. University lands shall be sold only by order of Uie State board of education and under Its direction, Roonl may exi>end part of the Income of the university fuud for necessary fucllltles for giving lust ruction. Object of the university shall be to afford men and women tbe means of obtaining a liberal education. Graduates may be granted such degrees and diplomas as the board may determine. President of university shall report * biennially to the board and board shall report biennially to governor. See also A (bl), State boards; E (b), Teachers' certificates, general KaasM: Tbe University of Kansas Is located at Lawrence. D^partmenU: (1) Literature, (2) sctencee, (3) -arts. Board of administration shall ap- point a chancellor, faculty, and other necessary officers, who shall bold office at the pleasure of the board. The several departments of the university shall be under the immediate control of the chancellor and their respective facnltiee. Board of administration shall, with chancellor and faculties, con- fer sneh degrees as they deem best. Entrance requirements shall be as fixed by board. Tuition In the schools of arts. eDgineerlng, pharmacy, law, and tnsdlclne shall be free to residents of the State; nonraident students and students of fine arts^shall pay tuition as fixed by board. Tax shall be levied annually sufficient to raise amount appropriated by legl Mature for current expenses; permanent university fund shall remain unreduced. Matriculation, F (O). BTATB OHIVBBSIT^ AHO COIXEOBB. 723 % incidental, and laboratory fees may be collected from atud^ta Tbe uni rersity shall make, aa nearly as possible, a complete geological aarvey of the State. See also A (bl), State boards;' B (c), Permanent State school funds; K (b), Teachers' certificates, general. Kentucky: The govemmmit. administration, and control of the Agricultural II nd Mechanical College of Kentucky Is vested In a board of trustees. The governor shall be Its cbalrman ex offlelo; 15 men shall be noinkiated by governor and appointed trustees with advice and consent of senate ; they shall li(>ld oflioe six years, 5 retiring at each regular m^Iou of aasenibly; there Khali be added to board of trustees of State university at I^xtngfbu fl addl- tlomil members nominated and elected by alumni, names of those receiving liigbeHt vote to be certified to gK>vernor for a|>i>olntmeut ; thl^omlinition and election held biennially, beginning on or before Deceinl>er^^im4 ; board of trustees at first meeting in 1016 shall elect an executive committee of 7, of whom 3 shall be from alumni trustees; of trustees npjH>lnteinted and qualified shall be a body corporate under panie Agricultural and Mechanical College of Kentucky, with corporate iwwers to hold and administer all revenues, to determine the defmrtmeuts of study and their relations to each other, and devise means of effective instruction, ad- nilnistratlou, and government; they shall also' a]>polnt presidents and pro- fesm>ra, determhw salaries and duties; they shall grant degrees, prescribe I>ostgrmluate honors and honorary degrees; they shall meet twice a year In IxuLlngtou; shall elect a secretary, a treasurer, and a business agent; they sliall, at each n^gular meeting, apiwint an executive committee of 6. residing i« or near I^exIngtOn, who shall l>e charged with the general administration of affairs; treasurer shall give bond, pay out no money except on auOiorlsn- tiou of board of trustees, and render monthly statements of receipts and ex- peadlturee; trustees shall fill vacancies In Uielr board; necessary expenses of board in attending lueetlugs shall be paid ; called meetings may l>e held. Co]le^rtate i>erlod of the agricultural and mechanical college shall be four years; at least one year’s attendance In the college required; trustees are empowered to establish regulations for govern nuriit of the college, for physical or military training of students, for ausiMHislon or dismissal of students; they shall make reports to each regular session of the general assembly. Teachers or persons preparing to tench may be admitted at rate of four from each county ; these ap)x)lntment8 shall be vestetl in the county superintendents Appropriations of $60,000 to the agricultural and mechanical college for purchase of ground and erection of suitable building for dormitory for women, also for building for military instruction, physical culture, and rooms for Young Men’s Christian Association, also for building for normal depart- ment and academy, dormitory for men, and annex for use of eoglneerlng department; $30,000 of this sum set aside for women’s dormitory. Board of trustees shall appoint three prudent, discreet. Intelligent women, who shall constitute a board of supervision to manage women’s dormitory; $2,600 appro- priated for running expenses of women’s dormitory; president of the college ^to have the same general authority over women’s dormitory as over the college; women appointees of the counties shall have preference In women’s dormitory. County superintendent required udder penalty to distribute to every school In his county circulars of Information in regard to the competi- tive examinations to be held for scholarships; $16,000 appropriated annually i -# 724 STATE LAWS ULATINO TO PUBUC EDUCATION, ^ a^cvltuml and mechanical college to liquidate paasod Indebtcdneaa and provide additional Inoomc. Diploma of B. Pd. from AArlcultunil and Meehan leal CoIlefTc of Kentucky aball be sufficient evidence of qualiflcatlon to tearh In public scboolH for life, unteaa such {leraou aball cease to teach for five ycara; assent of letflaUture given Federal act to provide for Increased mimiHl appropriations for agrUniituml experiment stations. The sum of l^l.onn nppruprtaUHl tt» KiJite I'nlvenUty nnmmlly to meet addilionnl annuH) ex|»eiidt- turei Normal dejiartni(n\t of university eJiinliisteehavlor •* TIu* diplomas granting tlegnvs may la* revoketl fi»r i^ausp hy tlie si^kl hotird of tnistt^es or by the Stale HU|»erinteMdent of puldlc instruction." Trustees aha II have |K>wer It* omfer cerllftmtes: U) Klemenliiry (vrtiflente for (Mie ytvjr’.^ work, (HttlUlng holder to teach In put)llc w'hooU for two years; |2) Inter- m^llate tvrtiticatc for two years’ work, rtititUng lioldtu- to teach four yt*ars: (3| advanced oortilicate for Ihret* years’ work, entitling holder to leach threi* years, when his wrtlticate may be extende*\lugton. Ky, Pn*vh*ua acts pHastM by general tiH!i<*mbly making provlnlnns for Agrloultural and MtvhanUal College of Kentucky and the acts of Con grest^* creating nnd endowing college under land grant act of lKtl2 slmll not be affeclid by this chjiuge of name, and revenue atvrulng from these aourtvs ahall be paid to the^Slate University, The act of CVuigress of July 2, 18(12. shall be carried out, and in addltlou to other collegea of the said university one shall l>e denominated the Agricultural College and another the College of Mechanical Arts of the Slate Vulverslty; deiuirtments of law and of medicine and eurgt*ry shall be e»tabUshe white scb(H>l chil- dren or fmetlou thereof over 1.5<»0, free from all charges for tuition, ft*en. rent, light, and fuel. Selection shall be oisde by county sui*erintendent on competilive exsmlnaUoti; fn*e tuition shall be given to candidates for tlnr ministry. Board of trustees ahall l*e blpartisau after January 1. li)10; liK’a- tlon of institution shall not be affected by change of name. County certlflc*jitcs may be Issued to students of Uie university. The sum of V>0.0(X) appropriate! annually to the university, “a necessary |>art of which ahall be used to meet ns far ns'poSBtbtg the pretwlng demands for agricultural Instruction and In- struction In domestic acieuc'e in Uie Agricultural College”; it sludl bt* Illegal for any officer or other i>er8on comiected with the Eastern Kentucky State Normal School, the Western Kentucky State Normal School, or the State University to contract any obligation when there is no money to pay, under penalty of flue or Imprisonment, or both. The sum of $50,000 approprlatee Rradiutea of IxjuUUann BtAto I'Dlvemlty or of tho LouisinDit Htate Univenritj* aucl A^lcultiimt niid MiH.rli«ulcHl one member iiiutli "he npiwiuted from latrlsh (eotmty^ of East Eaton Houfpe; board ahii!! bold IV>ur meetinicH anmially ; boanl iihnll do Nil HCtB for benefit of said Institution Incident to bodies eorrwrate. 8aj4 iKjftrd sbnil npia>lut nnd fli wtlarleH of preeldenl and itrofeRm>r»; fix fees; cMtabllRli rtilee; prescribe duties of all emitloyees; confer lomAs; do other thlnjTH for welfare of Institution. Pn>|>erty at said lustitutUm is vested In the State. Said university and afrrlcultuml and njechautnil (xdU»go Hbatl provide Instruction In all the deitartimmts of llternture, sdeiuv, art, and ItKlustrlal apd professional pursuits; and shalt i»n)vlde sfsyial Instructlou lu ngrlcuP tore, the niet'hanit'sl arts, iuIdIuk. mllltiiry st'leuoe and art, civil onfcliieerlnK. law. medicine, oommeree, and navigation. Uoanl of sniierTlsors may uffitlate with Wild Institution any Incoriwrated university or college, or w'bool of nuMlicIne. or other s|>eclHl course of lustructlon; sw'h afllllateii Institutions may retain oontptd of their proi^^rty aiui have their own hoiirda of tmstM^ facilities, and premldenls ; ui>on rtHX>mniendatlon of faculties of such nfflllateil iuHtltutions graduates of such Institutions may receive degrees from the SUte liuiversity add Agrlcullnnil and Mt^hanical Odlege. Each jinrlah shall have the right to (fidegate one lienefidary cadet to said nntversUy and ngrl- I'uHural and mocha nlcal oolhire, and rity of New Orleunn shall have right to Ko delegate 17 such cadets, apitohitmeiit of cadets to be for ivrhHl of four yeara; no such cadet sball resign from wild Inatitutlou extvpt for Inwful ciinse; such cailets shall Ik* elwteil by jHillce jury of each itarlsb and city council of New Orleans, n*8j»ecilvely. apiMilutments being given to nee<1y eligible iierwms; sm-h cadets sball be Hiipi»ort4*d st said Institution by the IMirlsb i>r city of New Orleuiia, aisl to Ik* not exceeding $250 per year for eiuh cadet lH*gn*eH conferretl by 8ai>unda- tion granting benefits of retiring aMowance system. Said boaixl may fix fees, but' mi tuition fee shall be charged to any KtmbHit or cadet iKiua fide resident of the State unless for Hjieclal graduate or pn^fesaloiial course. See A (b2). Slate offic'ers; Q (b). A;'^'''ultural I'vilU'ges, Maine: The proviKloiis of the act of of July 2. 1H02, providing fhr hetleral aid to Stale agrlcnltural nnd nuH'iiiiiitcu) t*olh*gcK, are act'OptecL Hoard of trustees of SlaU* Colk*gi* of Agriculture and Ahvhaulciil Arts ahull ionsist of nine nieinbera, seven apixdnUHl by governor with tonwnt of the council; lenii seven years, oue being apjHilutene member uomlunte<1 by iiJuumi ussoc'latlon and a{>|)olnted b> governor for term of three years; secretary of Stale taiard of agriculture Is member ex officio. Tmste4*8 may, In addition to endowment made by (Vuigrt^, ni't'ept gifts of real and jiersonal pn>|>erty. Gxivemor and I'ouncll may Inquire Into tmiiRNctlons of trustees and may Institute pr»ci*edlngs In courts to correct their acts. Trustees shall elec't Inatructors nnd other officers; shall iirmuge course of study and fix entrance requirements'; may grant degrees. Trustees shall charge a reasonable tuition fee, but may abate such fee to residents of State unable to pjiy the same and to students pursuing courses In agiicultqre and home economica. Under chapter 561. acts of 1897, the. name of the coriwra. tion knowm ns the State College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts Is changed to the University of Maine, and said university Is given all rights, powers, privileges pro|)erty. duties, and responsibilities which belong to said college of agriculture and mechanical Arts. Annual State appropriations for main* tenance. :• '■■>'••' -l-r^ /s' ^ : > X- - > '. t26 sTjLM Mi^ttJro w M^lkBd: A Bemioary offlearnintf by tlie luuiie Blairland state .UbIvot^ U created; tmatees appointed and declared a body polltte wttb corporate powera; any 10 Incorporators may meet, accept this charter, and organiae No Yellglona belief or opinions required as a test for c^ce, privileges, honora, or degrees. Governing board of the university shall be Its board of regents, the governor, comptroller, treasarer, State superlntepdent, and one person from each of the six congressional districts ; these shall serve six years, ami two shall be appointed biennially. In addition to the above, the regents shal) consist of two representatives from each 'affiliated Institution, who may be changed as often as affiliated Institution Shall see fit Regents shall elect a provost, who shall be the execntlve head. Governor shall be ex officio chair- man of the board. It shall be lawful for the Maryland State University to enter into contract with any existing or bereofto created college, nnlverslty, conservatory, Insti- tute, technical, professional, military, or agricultural, or similar Institution, and to affiliate it on such terms as seem mutually proper; it shall also be law- ful for thp Maryland State University to enter Into contract with any exist- ing or hereafter created hospital, Infirmary, laboratory, home, asylum,' or. similar Institution, with ^ny normal schpol, school of pedagogy. Institute of art and design, library, or other instltutfon of a similar character, on terms deemed mutually meet and proper; atfillatlon with the university shall not deprive the affiliated Institution of Its corporate rights. Regents shall pro- vide for closer relations betwemi the hl^ schools of the State and the affili- ated colleges and between the colleges and professional schools constituting, the university. The Maryland State University shall have power to pass by- laws, name Its own officers and employees, fix duties and compensation^, regu- ' Ute requirements for admission and graduation, receive gifts, hold or expend the same, hold convocations for the faculties of the allied Institutions and of others for furtherance of education, hold commencements, grant degrees, In course and honorary. ^ If any affiliated Institution shall fall to abide by Its agreements the regents may declare the affiliation terminated. Miehiffan; The board of regents of the university shall consist of eight mem- bers : term, eight years, two being elected 'by vote of the i)eople every two years. Such board shall be a body coppyte. They shall have power to make rules and regulations and to empl(^%d dismiss president, faculty, and other officers. The university shall consist of at least* three departments, vlx, a department of literature, science, and the arts; a department of law; a dexmrtment of medldne; and other departments as the regents may deem necessary. .The Immediate goverommit of the departments shall be Intrusted to the president and the several fhcultles. The fee of admlsalon to the de- partment of literhtnre, science, and arts shall not exceed $10. The university shall be open to all residents of the State, wlthoyt charge of tuition, under regulations made by regents^ and to all other persons under regulations and restrictions made by regents. Branches of the imlvei^ty shall be established In each Jndlchil district, but such branches shall uot^confer degrees, and not exceeding $1,500 annually shall be appropriated to each. A board of visitors to consist of three mem^rs shall be appointed biennially by the superin- tendent of^nbllc Instrueiion, A school of i^es la established In connection idth thh polytechnic departnimit of the university. The university is sni)- ^ . .ported by the Income of the tmlvexsUy fund, States appropriations, and a tax ^Dff three^ichths of a mill on each dollar of texable ptoperty of the State. Bee also B (b), Teachenf certificates, general. . , .);skr^ ' P (c). BTATB UinVSBSl'nBS Ain> 00LLS6EB. ‘727 r1 1 Bfiti0epotot The State uxilverai^ aball be controlled by a boanT of 12 ccipenta, conststioir of governor, State mip^lntendent, president qt onlversity, ex ofBi^lo, and 9 regents appointed by the governor witb advice and consent of senate; such board shall be a body corporate; term of regents s^U be six years ; board shall elect one of Its members president, and also a record* log secretary and treasurer, neither of whom shall be a member of the board, and may elect a vice president; president of board shall file |10,000,bo9d and treasurer $00,000 bond. Sold board shall enact necessary by-laws; elect professors — including a professor in "Scandinavian language and llteratttre — teachers, and employees, and fix their salaries; defermlne admission require- ments; prescribe textbooks and courses; confer degrees; have control of experiment stations; make annual report to governor. Board may receive bequests for university. Board shall appoint purchasing agent for ublver- slty ; said purchasing agent shall make estimates and purchases, and submit such reports as board of regents may require. No member of board of regente or normal-school board, and no person In employ of either hoard shall be paid for any expense Incurred, unless such expense shall have.been approved by the executive committee or president of board; when such expense has , ' . been approved, the auditor shall pay the same as monthly expenses and salaries are paid. Board* of regents or normal-school board sl^ not expend funds in excess of appropriations. The board of contrql of the 'several Institutions named In this act shall have full financial authority over construction of buildings and insurance- of same. The univmity shall comprise a college of science, literature, and arts,; a college of agriculture, including military tactics; a college of medicine; a college of dentistry. No discrimination tfiiall be shown In the election of instructors on account of religious or political beliefs, nor shull any sectarian instruction be given. A teachers' college shall be organized as a part of the tufdverslty. For sup- port of school of mines there shall be annually appropriated $5,000; for salaries therein, $4,500. Kegej^ are authorized to mablish a division of agricultural extension and home education In the de^rtment of agriculture of the University of Minnesota; ofikers of said division shall be a chief, associates, and editor; instruction in said department shall be free; bulletins shall be sent free to ]>er8ous requesting the same. (State appropriates moneys for aiding county agricultural agents; such moneys shall be ex- pended under the direction of the dean of department of agriculture of university; no .county shall receive for this purpose more than $1,0(X) In any one year, and not then until same amount has been raised by the county for such work.) President of university, In addition to* his administrative duties, shull be ex offiefo corresponding* secretary of board of regents, and may be charged with duties of one of professorships ; and shall make full annual report to State superintendent There Is annually appropriated for maintenance of the university the Interest and income of the permanent university fund; proceeds of twenty-three one-hundredths mills on dollar of . the State school tax. The permanent school ahd university funds shall be invested in bonds of United States, State of Minnesota, and bonds of other States, and in county, city, town, or village bonds of Minnesota. See also B (b), Teachers’ certificates, general; N (a), High schools. MisslMlppl: University of Mississippi, Incorporated Februhry 24. 1844, shall continue to exlrt as body JEolltlc and cor^rate with all its franchises, rights, ^ powers, and privileges; government* is vested in the hoard of trustees of the university and college of Mississippi. Said board shpll Have all the power ft^!l£?li•■^'W8<^a^TOT6■^!®^^^ ■ .'I ^ of tnist PBPoaed In than, ▼!*. the MtabUehoient i -hi* “** ^awBnt departmoits of leernlncr; truetees SS f’ “fy •>« «w> »«»«U giTe bond; tnwteee make biennial report to leglelatnre exhibiting every Item of recelms. :rf:2r“"^‘r’ ^ 1'""" Z “ violation of the law If committed elsewhere ahall be ' «!!!!!**“* ^ on campus, grounds, or roads of university • vested with police powers; blUtard tables and tenjdns prohlblte tKitxaasflL a,ii. J ^UI i.n ^ .,! vosaem iKholasUc Attaimiieata preacilbed by caraton sball be eagible for admission without payment of toition« but fees may ’Nf'^arKed fbr toUion In professional departments and for Incidental expeiMI^ in laboratories, libraries, etc. -There la created a fnnd for the support of the Btate anlvendty, the Ool-\ lege of Agriculture, and the School of Mines; said fond shall. he perpetual, and only the Income thereof shall be used; It shall oonalst of certain State certldcat^ of indebtedness, and other funds and assets applied to sud) purpose. * It Is a misdemeanor to sell, give, or otherwise dispose of intoxicating liquors to any student of the university or of any college or academy In the State, but druggists may sell the same on prescription; this section ahftii not apply to any mercantile or business college. See also Q (b)« Agricultural colleges. Montana: The University 'of Montana is located at Missoula; tt Shall be under control of State board of education ; State treasurer shall be treas> urer of such Institution. Duties of State board.* To enact by-laws for govern- ment of university; elect president, faculty, and other employees and fix their compensation and terms, but no sectarian or partisan test shall be applied and no sectarian or partisan Instmctlon shall be given; may regulate course of study and prescribe textbooks; may grant diplomas and confer honorary degrees. President of university shall be executive head of Insti- tution; he slujll make annpal report to State board and such special reports as mby be required. Following departments shall be established; (1) Pre- paratory; (2) literature, science, and the arts; (3) professlona] and tech- nical colleges. University open to both sexes. Tuition shall be free to resi- dents of State for one year, except for law and medical departments and for extra studies. Appropriations; (1) University-fund income and other State appropriations, (2) tuition and matriculation fees, (3) donations. By act of March 14, 1013, the State nnlverslty at Missoula, the College of Agricultural and Mechanical Arts at Bozeman, the School of Mines at Butte the State Normal School at Dillon, and such other departments as may hereafter be established shall constitute the University of Montana ; State board of education shall control; a chancellor of the nnlverslty may be elected, but presidents of* constituent Institutions shall have Immediate direction of their schools. See also A (bl), State boards; E on payment of certain fees.* Textbooks shall be furnished by regents at cost; regents may furnish books and money to worthy Indigent students for services roidered or with the understanding that the same will be repaid within five .years. No person shnU, because of age, sex, color, or nationality, be dcpHvyort of the university prior to each meeting of legislature. The several funds for sup- port of the university shall be designated ns follows; Permanent endownioiit fund; temporary university fund; the university cash fund; the Unitcnl States Morrill fund; the United States experiment-station fund. State treas-' urer shall be treasurer of State university ; regents shall receive no compensa- > ion for services, but may be reimbursed their actual ex|>enHes. Cadet bat- talion shall be organised. An agricultural experiment station and substation aball be purchased, equipped, and controlled by regents from donations ipadc by the United States Qovemmeht for the same. The object of the substation shall be to determine the adaptability of the arid and semiarid portions of the State to agriculture, horticulture, and forest-tree growing. The coiiiity< conmilBsionerB of any county may appropriate $100 i)er year for holding farm- ers’ institutes under the direction of the university. See also G (c), County am^ocal normal schools; N (a), High schools. N’ersda; There shall be establisHbd in the University of Nevada a school for the instriiction of teachers, In which shall be taught all branches which are taught in common schools of the State, together with tlieory and practice of teaching, school law, botany, physiology, and geology ; tliere shall be taught in said university chemistry, assa^ng, mineralogy, surveying, and geology, so far as they relate to the theory and practice of mining, 'agriculture, and the medmulc arts; typewriting, shorthand, telegraphy, bookkeeping, and com- mercial law, so far as they relate to practical life, ehall be taught In the l»!eparatory department of said university. Board 4of regents shall be com- posed of five inembers, elected at each general election,, two for four years and one for two years; regents shall take oath of office; in case of vacancy gov shall appoint member to serve until next regular election. Regents prescribe rules for own government; prescribe rules for reports of : iinlvefMty oiffloers and teachers; prescribe course of study ; prescribe textbooks - '• ■ ■’ - ' ' .,!"iw5| p.(0). BTATB tnmBHBITIBS AND OOLLEGS8. 7^1 and snpplb^ appatatna; appoint prealdent of nnlyeralty with proper qualifica- tions; preacrlbe duties of president and fix his salary; maintain training and model schools; control expenditures of university funds; Keep open to public lns|)ecUon all accounts; make annual report to govei^or; revoke diplomas for Just cause. Regents may employ a clerk at salary of $2S per month ; board must bold four meetings in each year. President of nnlversity shall make annual report to board of regents. Regents shall Issue diplomas to graduates of university and of normal school. State board of education shall issue high- school certificates to graduates who have had at least 16 units In education and to graduates of normal school elementary certificates of first grade good « for five years. Life diplomas tnay be given to holders of high school and ele- mentary certificates after five years' successful experience in teaching. To Uiose completing three-year normal course a grammar-grade diploma and grammar-grade certificate sbnll be issued. There shall be no discrimination in admission of students on account of sex, race, or color; no person under 15 years old shall be admitted; tuition shall be free. State superintendent shall visit university at least once a year and report to board of reg^ts. Uni- versity shall analyze and report to sender any ores, minerals^ soil, or water; sample assays shall be made for gold and silver and tests reported. Honorary board of \isltors of Nevada State University shall consi^ of one member from each county and chief Justice of the supreme court shall be ex officio chair- man; .term of office of such board shall be two years; members shall be In- terested in higher eilucation and shall be appointed by governor. Said visitors shall meet annually at university during commencement week, make inspection of siime and'report to governor; board shall receive no compensa- tion, except expenses for board and lodging while inspecting university, which shall be i>aid out of contingent fund. The Interest derived from investment ^ of nil moneys from the sale of the 90,000 acres of land granted to Nevada by act of Congress, 1802; that granted by Congress In 1806; all money paid as • Interest on deferred installmeuts on purchase of land named in this act which may be sold; all money arising from ad valorem tax of 2 per cent shall con- stitute Uie nmintennuce fund of the university; board of regents shall be trustees of all university funds and property. State controller shall report In detail to regents. New Mexico: There is hereby eBtabllahed an Institution of learning, known as the University of New Mexico. The object of the university shall be to provide the inhabitants of the State with means of acquiring a thorough knowledge of the various branches of literature, science, and artSu The State university sbnll be imder the control of a board of regents consisting of five members apiK)inted by the governor, hy and with the advice of the senate; term, four years; not more three regents shall belong to the same political party at the time of appointment Board of regents shall constitute a body corporate; said board shall elect a president and a secretary and treasurer from their number annually; said secretary and treasurer shall give bond in sum not less than $20,000, shall attest all Instruments required to be signed by the president, aud shall keep record of the affairs o£^ the board of regents; the president of said board shall generally direct the affairs of said university, nominate, and, by and with the advice of the board of regents, appoint all professors, ^tutors, Instruqtors, and other employees of said university. The regents ^all enact by-laws, rales, and rS^latlons for the government of said university. The university shall have departments for Instructloa in science, literature, and the arts»'law, medicine, engineering, .and such other departments as regents may determine, including military 782 8TATB LAWS HKLATING TO P0BUC EDUCATION. training and tactics. The Immediate government of the aevera/ depart- menta ahall be intrusted to the respective faculties, but the reg^ts shall have power to regulate courses of study, prescribe boohs, and also to confer degrees and diplomas. The said university shall be open to the children of this State and such others as reg^ts may determine, under the rules and regulations of said regenta No sectarian tenets or opinions sball be re- quired to entitle any person to become a student or a teiicher in said uni- versity; said university shall forever^t»e nonsectarian lu character. The meetings of said board may be called in such manner ns the bonnl of regents may determine, and a majority of said board sliall constitute a Quorum for the tranaactlon of businesa Regents may prescribe entrance requirements, ahall keep accurate record of all funds of university, and shall insure proih erty of university for three-fourths its value; may use proceeds of lands for permanent improvements. Board of regents of said university shall be al- lowed expenses lncIden||to board meetings; shall make annual report to the legislature through ^e governor; may pay secretary and treasurer a ttlary not to exceed $60 per month ; shall take oath of office. The govern«)r and superintendent of public instrueMoii shall be ex officio advisory mem- bers of board of regents. At least one member of board shall be n resident of place of location of the university. Records of boanl shall be oj>ea t«> inspection of any citizen. No employ^ or member of board shall be i>ecn- niaiily interested In any contract of said university. Said university may receive any pro|>erty which mfly be granted to it by CV)iigre8a Tuition fee of no less than $6 nor more than $25 shall be charged by boards New York: See A (hi). State boards; Q (b), Agricultural colleges. North Carolina: A State university shall be est^ibllshed ; nil proiwrty accruing to the State from escheats, unclaimed dlvIdeiKls, or unclaimed shares of estates of doceused persons shall be appropriated to nse of uni\ orsltj% Eighty trustees shall be elected by legislature for terms of eight yeiirs; State snj)er- Intendent shall be ex officio a member; board of trustees shall be a body corporate, and as such shall hold property, receive gifts, etc.; all property of university shall be exempt from taxation; governor shall be ex officio president of trustees. Trustees shall elect n president. i)rofeHsors, and other officers of university, and may remove them for cause; trustees may appoint ah executive committee and confer such |K>\vers on It hs are deemed proper. They may confer such degrees ns are usually conferred by colleges nifd uni- versities. Regular meetings shall be held annually and spwinl meetings may be called by governor or the board ; quorum, at least 10 members; vacancies shall be filled by legislature. Trustees shall reer annum ; they shall, adopt such rules for the admission of ministers^ sons, candidates for the ministry, young men having bodily Infirmity, and stn- den$8 preparing to tench as are adopted by other colleges throughout the State; students In normal d^nrtnient sball receive free tuition on agreeing to teach one year nfter leaving. Trustees shall report nnnunlly to governor . for legislature Intoxicating liquors sfiall not be sold within 4 miles of university; billiard tables and games of chance shall not be kept within 5 miles; theatrical and other shows shall not be exhibited within b miles wltbont permission from president or member of faculty,. Annual approprln- ttona are mode for maintenance ($05,000 for 1014). ^ North l>«kot»; The University of North Dakota Is located at Grand Forks. Boai^ of trustees shall consist pf five members appointed by the governor With the advice and consent of the senate. Board shall have control of unl- vetslty property; sUairolect a president and a secretary of the board. Not more than 12 meetinga abaU bo held In any one year ; four membera a qnonmi. Board aball elect a prealdent, professora, and other neceaaary employees; and fix their salaries and terms of office; ^all determine the qaallflcations of ap- plicants for admission. Board may expend the Income of the university fund and may accept any coUege of the State as a branch of the pnlversity ; It report to the governor at the end of each fiscal year. The president df the university shall be the executive head of the Instructional force, but the trus- tees shall have power to regulate the courses of study, determine books to be used, and confer such degrees as are usually conferred by universities. Uni- versity shall consist of the following brunches or departments: (1) Arts, (2) letters, (3) teachers* college, (4> school of mines, (5) military, (6) profes- sional departments. University shall be open to both sexes. Graduate of university shall, after having taught successfully for 16 months, be entitled ]o certificate to teach In any public school. No resident of the State for one year shall be requireil jwy tuition fees, except In law department and for' extra studies, A biological station Is established at Devils Lake. Il'ich trus- tee shall receive $3 r>er day and exr>enses white attending meetings. See also (bl), State^ boards; E (b), Teachers* certificates, general; P (b), Finance, lands, support of higher InstttutionB. Ohio: Miami and Ohio Universities shall be colleges of liberal arts; but not to Include technical or graduate Instruction, aside from the bsual graduate work for degree of master of arts. The Miami University fund shall consist of proceetls of a tax levy of eighty-five ten-thousandths of 1 mill on nil tax- able projKirty of State; such levy shall not be increased, but appropriations may be made from time to time to purchase apparatus for university pur- IK)9e.p, exclusive of buildings; the Ohio University fund shall consist of pto- cetxls of a like levy which shall not be increased, but appropriations may be made for purchase of apparatus. The Ohio normal-school fund and the Mi- ami normal-school fund shall consist of the proceeds, respectively, of a five one-thousandths and a thirty-five ten-thousandths of a mill levy on the taxable proiierty of the State; each of such schools may receive such additional op-' . riroprlntlons as the legislature may make from time to time for support and. equipment. Appropriatldns hereinbefore enumerated shall be only for courses in liberal arts In the' normal schools or college branches. For the purpose of affording free the advantages to the youth of the State of a higher, technical, liberal, professional, agricultural, graduate, and industrial education, Inclnd- log manual training, there shall be levied on Uixable property of State five hundred and thirty-five ten-thousandths of a mill, the proceeds to constitute the Ohio State University fund; Ohio State University shall not maintain a normal school, but may establish a teiiChcra’ college; board of trustees of said institution tnay charge Incidental exi>ense fees and also reasonable tuition fees for professional education. A levy of five one-thousandths of a mill each shall be made for the normal schools at Bowling Green and Kent. All Insti- tutions hereinbefore nmueubllc ofllces. Government of Miami University shall be vested In 27 trus- tees, appointed by governor with advice and consent of senate, nine every third year, to serve nine years; said trustees shall make annual report to governor; legislative standing' committee on colleges and universities shall examine Into eondlUon of said university and report needs of the same to legislature. Board of trustees of Ohio State University shall be composed of seven mem- bers, appointed by gov^nor with advice and consent of sepat^ one appointed uuw** STATE LAWS BBIATINO Tb FbBUO BDVOATIOH 1 ea^ year* to serve aevea years ; said trustees shall receive no compensation, but shall be allowed expenses; said trustees shall be a body corporate; seci^ tary* treasorer, and librarian of said board of trustees may be members of bokrd* and may receive such compensation as board prescribes ; treasurer shall give bond; meetlugs of board shall be held at least three times annually* a ma- jority of those present constituting a quorum, but a majority of entire boanl rikall be* necessary to elect or remove a president or professor; board of trus- tees shall make annual report to governor; board may adopt by-laws* ruleM, and regulations. for government of university; board shall elect and fix com- pensation of president* psofessors* and other employees of university; no person related by blood or marriage to any member of board shall be elect«1 to ahy position In university the compensation of which Is payable out of State treasury or university fund; board shall not contract any debt not previously gutborlsed by legislature ; a hlgh-school building may be enn- structed on campus of said university to be used as practice school by col- lege of education* but shall not be any expense to State ;.lpoard may receive and apply any gifts made to university; attorney general shoil be Itigal ad- visor to board; said university shall l>e open ^o all persons over 14 years old, subject to rules of board, and several counties of State shall be entitled to representation as to students In proportion to |>opulation ; board shall cause to be collected agricultural and science specimens, the same to be kept at university; board shall establish a department of ceramics, and a school of mines ; the proper professor shall make analyses of artificial fertilizers when requested. so to do; the college of agriculture and domestic science shall ar- range for extension of its teachings tbrougbout the State; a college of metlt dne* a college of dentistry* and an engineering experiment station shall bi* established and maintained at said university. See also A (f), Admlnistnitlve units — districts, etc.; G (b), State normal schoola Oklahoma: State university Is Hereby located at Norman; said Institution shall he under control of State board of education. Said boanl shall elect • . president* professors. Instructors, officers* and employees* and fix their terms and salaries; shall prescribe entrance requirements. No sectarian or partistin tests shall be requlreil of any person connecteil with said Institution, and no sectarian er partisan instruction shall be given therein. The president of uni- versity shall be president of the several faculties and executive head of the instructional force; may be charged with duties of one of professorships. Immediate government of the several eolfeges of said university shall be In- trusted to their reei>ectlve faculties, but State board may regulate courses, prescribe books, confer degrees, and grant diplomas and confer dn faculty power to suspend or expel studenu for proper cause. Object of university shall be to Impart knowledge of branches connected with scientific, industrial, and professional pursuits, training in art of teaching., and training In citizen- ship; university shall be composed of colleges of arts, lettefs, education, and of Che professions. College of arts shall give Instruction In mathematical, physical, and natnral sciences, with their application to' Industrial arts; col- lege of letters shall be coexistent with college of arts and shall embrace lib oral coarse of Instruction In language* literature, and philosophy; college of education shall give Instruction in theory and art of teaching and In oca- demlc branches. Bald nnlverslty shall be open to female as well as male •todents; able-bodied male students may receive Instnictlon and discipline in military tactics* reqnislte arms to be furnished by State. Any graduate of nnlverslty satisfying State supwintendent as to moral character* and upon o ERIC P (c). STATE UmVRESlTIBS AND COLLEQBS. 786 appllcaUon to nld miperlntendeDt, shall be granted a i)«rmannt first-grade feacliere’ certificate. State board may require atudenta In coUege of education to pay tuition fees unless they agree to teach In common schools of State for pne year, but no student who has resided In State for one year preceding his ndmisaiou shall be required to pay any tuition fees, except In low d^rtmwit or for eitrs courses, state board may receive any gifts' for ppe of onlTersltj'. * See also A (1)1), State boards; X (a), High schoola Oregon; The ivgents of the university*’ shall consist oluted by the governor with the consent of the senate; term, 12 years. Itegulur meetings shall be held in January and June; special meetings umy bo called by the president or held on request of 3 members. Regents shall elect a secretary and a treasurer and fix their coni])en6atlon. tind duties of rcQents^: To have cusUHly and control of university proj>erty: .employ n president of the university and necessary professors, teachers, and other employees; receive lulerest on the university fund ami also sums ac- cruing to the uulversity for tuition and apply the same to the pa^mei^t of employees; prescribe admission fee and rate of tuition; Bujwnise the course of stpeUv aud make rules and bydaws for the untveridty ; confer degrees usually amfernnl by universities; i^rescrlbe qunliflcntlons for admission to the uni- vorsltj’. Five members of board shall constitute a quorum; an executive com- mittee may i>erforni duties of fionrd In recess time. Ueg^ts receive only necvasiiry exi>enses In atteuding meeting^ Presldeut of board shall Ive- lH»rt annually to governor. The faculty shall have the immediate control and . dlsdpiliie ot the university, and. uuUer,sui>ervlBlon of regeats, sbatF prescribe! course of study nud textbmiks. The president of the university shall be presi- dent of the faculty and shall give general direct lous to the work. The interest oil the fuud awrulug from the sale of university lands shall be ap]>lled to the piiymeut of president, faculty, ami other current expends. For the support of the unlVonsIty a tax of three-tenths of 1 mill shall be levied on the taxable proiierty of Uie State. Sejairale approprlatlous are made for the medical de- jmrtmeut aud for extension work. South Carolina: The. tri^^itees.of the University of South Carolina shall con- sist of the governor, suiierlutendent of education, chairmen of the committees on education of the »mmte and house of representatives, ex officio, and seven members electeil by the legislature; term of elective members, six years, two or three, as lUe case requires, being elected every tw*o years; compensation, iietual exi)en8es when attending meetings. Said board shall be a body cor- porate. Governor shall be president ; two stated meeaiigs a year, and gov- emor may call s[>eclai meetings; majority a quorum, but a inajortty vote of the whole bolird shall be necessary for the election or removal of a president or professor or for Uie creation or abolition of a professorship or for the expulsion of a student. Trustees n^ny apfiolnt a board of rlsltora No sale of property of the university shall be without the consent of the legis- lature. Board may receive and invest funds (gfered to found scholarships. Board shall appoint a presldeut and faculty, who shall have immediate control of the university. The president of the university shall not be an atheist or infidel; one of the professors shall be chaplain. Board shall appoint a librarian. The tuition fee shall be per annum, except In the law deport- ment, where additional fees may be charged ; -except In the law department, the faculty may grant beneficiary scholarships to deservii^ youths who may be unable to pay tuition; trustees may , remit all fees to teachers who take the sfteclal courses offered teachers by the university. The udlverslty may confer degrees. Trustees may admit as normal students, without fees, two I i BTATB LAWS BXLATINO TO PTTBUC EOUOATIO)t, 7S6 a Versity, but not below the Jmiior clasa The universities and colleges of the State may provide a course, to be approved by the State board of education, the completion of which will entitle student to the degree of licentiate of instruction, a^d the diploma therefor shall entitle holder to ji flrst'gnulc county teacher's certiflcate. See also A ukotii, )ocateeral eort hiemiliilly to the board of regents, who shall report biennially to the governor. Totmessee: The University of Tennessee Is established at Knoxville, Roanl of trustees shall couHlst of the gi^venior. State fm|>erlntenAjpt, commiasIoiiiT of agriculture, president of the university ex officio, and inemlH'rs from the city of Knoxville and one member fmm each congretwioua! district, ap*. lx>intod by the governor; term of apiHdntIve memberti. 12 yrtirs, two Ndug appointed everj^ 2 years. Board may np|¥»lnt an exivutlve commit te*‘ of five of Its members to tninwict such business of the university us Fuild board may delegate. The provisions of the act of Oongress of July 2, 1S02, and subsequent acts granting Federal aid to agricultural and mechanical collegi*s are accepted; such fund Is divided lx»tween the sjild unlverKlty and the Statt* agricultural and Industrial normal school for negroes at NaslivIIIe In proiM>r- tlon to the scholastic iwpulatlon of the white and colored races. See also B (a), General State finance uml sU|>|h>^. Texas: Permanent fund rftnstituteit for K/a/c Vnirernity. — All lands heretofore set apart ; 1,000.000 acres of land set ajtart by c'onstltuthm and l,00tUK)0 aiTcs set apart by legislature In 1S«3: bonds that may l>e purchascnl with i>ro<‘eetIs of university lands; proceeds of sale of university lands that are placed in m^asury; ret'elpts from donations, etc. State shall hold such i>ermanont fund In trust, and income therefrom shall l>e used for maintenance of uni- versity^ Donations may be acceptetl for i>rofessorships and 8CholarshIi>s. Board of regents shall consist of eight members, nominated governor and appointed with advice and consent of senate; term, eight years, two being appointed biennially. Regents shall e.stabil8h the deiwrtments of a flrst-chiss university; they shall appoint a president and professors and fix their sal grles; they may regulate the course of study and prescribe books and authori- ties to be used; they may grant such degrees and diplomas ns ar^ usually granted by universities. Admission fee sliull never exceed $30, and male and female students residing In the State may be admitted free under regulations prescribed by regents. All expenditures shall be made on authority of the regents. No religious qualification shall be required aud.no sectarian lu- •tructlon shall be given. Regents shall report annually to State board of eroprfate to the obiecta of the university. Parpote of »n(- veroUy: To afford a thorough education to students of both sexea in the arts, sciences, literature, and the civil profeasiona, includfog enidneerlDip Boord of repeias; ^retary of st^te. ppesldent of university after tiectiqn, and 12 citizens appointed by the governor; members shall hold 4 years, with over-*^ lapping tenna Between meetings of board its powers as to ordinary bostneas may be transacted by an executive committee of 5 members appointed by the board. Board shall elect a president and a aecretary from ita membership and a treasurer who Is not a ntember. Board shall elect a president and • faculty and fix their comitenaatlou ; it may commit to faculty the aelectlon of instructors and employees and the determination of their compensation; regents shall receive no compensation except necessary expenses in attending meetings. University may confer degrees u])on those completing prescribed courses and may also confer special, honorary, and emeritus degrees upon * former members of the faculty. The State normal school shall be continued as a department of the university. In *the department of education 400 Kholarshlps shall be maintained, but not more than 200 of these shall be In the secondary training dei^artment ; holders shall be exempt from payment of matriculation fees; apiwlntment of holders shall be made by State superin- tendent on nomination of rounty board of examiners; State superintendent shall apportion scholarahlps to coumies ou basis of school census; holders of ' normal scholarships ahnll declare their intention to complete course elected, and, after completion of course, to tench in the public schools of the State. Holders of teachers* certificates lasued by the deiwrtment of education shall be entitled without further examination to tench in grades or subjects men- tioned In certificates for a period of 5 years; holder of grammar-school diploma, after teaching 2 years, shall be entitled to a life grammgr-grnde . diploma, to be l^ued by State board of education. A course of studies pre- rwrntory to regular university courses may be mnlntalned by regents. In- strucUon In prei>arntory, normal, and regular university courses ahall b^ free to all residents of State, but a matriculation fee of $10 for residents and for nonresidents may be required annually. Fees may l>e charged for ^[>eclal and postgraduate courses. Benefactors may establish professorships, fellow- ships, and leoture8hii>6. See aI^io P (*b), Finance, lands, supjwrt of higher inktltutions; Q (d), Mining schoola * Vermont; See Q (b), Agricultural colleges. Virginia: The “ Rector and Visitors of the Uhlveraity of Virginia " shall be a ' body corporate. There ahall be nine visitors appointed by the governor, with the consent of the senate; term, 4 years, four or five, as the case requires, being appointed every 2 years; sur>erlntendent of public Instruction shall be ex officio a member. Meetings shall be held once a year and at such other times as board may determine; majority, a quorum; visitors shall elect from their number a rector and ahall also elect a secretary; they ahall annually elect an executive commltt^ of not less than 3 nor more than 6 members / to transact business In recess. Duties of visitors: To care for and pre- / serve the property of the university ; appoint a president, professors, and other . \ necessary officers; prescribe the duties of professors and the courses of In- ' structlon; make regulations for the government of the university; report annually to legislature. State appropriation of $40,000 annually is made on 8806*— 15 47 788 8T&TB LAWS RELATtKO TO PtTB|[lO EDUCATION. coDdttloQ that vtudeata raaldeot of the 8tMe'aiul over 16 y««ra old shall be admlt^ to academic departments free of tnltlon chances, Itector and Tlattors aball not Issue obUgstlona secured by deed of trust on projre*pntnlive. but v’Ultom may reject a donation. The 8la!c , aball be trustee of funds of the university. ^ 8e© also A (b2l, State ofllceni; P (a), Hljct>er Institutions, general. Waahlacton; -Government of University of Washington shall he vestcst in board of regents to consist of 7 mombc ^ ap|)olntcil governor, by itml with advice and ctmsent of the senate; term. 6 yetirs; 4 members a quorum; governor shall nil any vacancy on said t>oard until close of following ae^on of legislature; members of said lawn! shall lukc oath of offl<'e. Said board aball organise by electing from Its number ti president snd nn executhe committee, said president to be ex ofllclo chairman of such committee; N>nrd ahsll hold quarterly meetings; executive committee shall transact business during the Interim, and may call special meetings of full board. Poircr* ond duties of regcala.* To ha>-e t‘s which may be grunte^ flllowi*d Faculty of said university ehnll consist of the president ami professora. nnd shall hnve immediate government of the Institution subject to rules of , regents. Object of said university shall be to provide Inal met li^n for students of both sexes In branches of literature, science, art. law. me<]lclne, mllItJiry science, and such ot^ier departments as regents may establish; tuition, ex- cept for arts and special courses, shall l>e free to bonn fide residents of State; nonresidents may be admitted on terms prescribed by regents; no student under age of 16 years shall be admltte<1 to said unlveralty; said university ehall, as far as practicable, begin courses In literary and acientide departments at points where same are completed In public high schools .of the 8Cate; no student shall be admitted except upon exomliihtlou, but students possessing certificates from accredited high schools and other eduontioonl institutions ahall be admitted without such examination. Said university shall never be under control of any religious pr sectarian denomination or society what- ever. State attorney g^eral shall be legal adviser of president and regents of sald^mlverslty. The mnaeum of the University of Wgahlngton la het^y conatltuted yie State museum, to be under the management of regents of said university. See also A (bl), State boards; P (d). Gamegle fund; Weet VtfiliiU: The financial control of West Virginia Unlver^ty shall be vested In State board of control, educational affairs In l^tatCLboard of regwta; said board of regents shall elect president, professors, tostructora. ot^cen, and employees, and fix salary and term of otfioe of each. /Eeg^ta shall establish p (c). STATE nHTTSKsrrnts A*n> oollbobs. 789 •Dd maintain ancfa arhonla. (kfiiartnmtii, dividona. chalra, and cnoraea of (diidy na tijey may see (It; ahall confer defrreea; dlfUonm laanod to any atudent who has talcen at least six courses In deisirtment of education rtiaU entitle holder .to n flrst Rrade certlflcate. Retpenta may admit, as ragnlar stmlenta therein, not more than 000 cndet*. between afres of 16 and 24 jeara, In military deivartnienl : such cadets shalj bt' ap|K>lnt«l for term of 2 years, but may reenlUt for tenii of 2 .veal's: cneas)ir>* to make full complement of the corps shall be apjaitnteil by reinHitH; cmlets must l»e of ftoo<) moral character and souml i)hj*slml i'onditlon ; not mdre than Ifi cadets shall be H|>imlnted from one seaatortal district, and not more than H from any one county; tuition and other chiinres shall tK> free to cadetx. UeaeiiU shall Iniest funds deylTed from riilt(Hl States land warntuts in securities as may be prescribed by act of Oonicresa. Said university is dinilpintet) as institution of the Btate to mvive appropriations made liy OuMfresH for nftrlrultnml education; Btate treasurer shall be custodian of such funds, au asricultural-extensloo de* imrtineiit Is crenteil at saul university to pronnUe !ni|irovement and advance- ment of aitricnlture. domestic science and niral life amonic the people of the Bute, inie prepaniiory brunches of the West VlrRlnlu Udlverslty located at Montj^imery and at Keyset almll be under the control and direction of the SU^o botird of control and Btate board of regents. Be*' also A aitlH; O (a). IndUKtrlal etluratlobi ipenersl. Wisconsin: Vniversliy of Wlscimslu shall l)e Rov<>rntHl by a board of regeota, ctinsisting of one meiiit)er from each ooiigri'siUonHl district and two from State at large, at Ieai*t two of whom shall Im> women, apta>lutisl by pnernor. (erm six years; State sni>erinteiKlent and president of university shall be ex officio meinlK'rs of said bonrtl; said president shall be member of all BtundUig committees, but shall vote oidy lu ense of u tie; said board shall l>e n c«ri>t>ra^e Inaly ; State treasurer shall be treasurer of said board; said board sbali hob! an niinnal meeting, mid may hold special matings;' majority, a (piorum for transaction of business; meetings and records of board shall Ive t»iten to ptihlic; biatrd may hold executive sessions, records of same to be ttjK'n to public, /li/ftcx o/ bfwrd uf rcprwfa; To enact laws for p»veniment of milverRlty ; elect and fix siilarles and terms of office of presi- dent. prttfesMtrs. Instmcttirs. otfli'ers, mid employees; determine admission requirements; presorll»e rules and n'gulatlons for msuagement of property of university; ex]a*nd Im-oine of university fund for neeils of university; make biennial reimrt to governor and legislature; shall make other reports to governor as often as may swiu d^lrable relative to si>eclal Investigations; have accounts audited by resjioDalble audit comiiany and approved by .governor. Ilegentif may receive In connection with the unjverslty ayiy col- lege of the State ni>on apHicntlon of Ita btiard of trustees; such college shall become n branch of university and be subject to visitation of regents. President of sjiid university shall be prosideut of the several faculties and executive head of instructional force; shall, subject to regents, direct In- struction and investigations; shall. If necessary, be charged with a pro- fessorship; Immolate government of the several colleges slutll- be Intrustod to their faculties; regents may regulate courses, prescribe books, confer degim, grant diplomas, and confer upon faculty power to suspend or expel students for cause; no partisan or sectarian instruction shall be allowed In any department of university; no partisan or sectarian testa shall be allowed In said university for any purpose whatever. The object o^tbe onlvarsity shall bb to provide m^ns of acquiring knowledge of branches U ' ....1,1, !J(JM . — ■r’ -c ssascv lAWB ftBUkrmQ XO;F0HK}.^TK3^^^ connocte^ with Uter«f7» sdeotlflc^ Uidiutclalt and sfrofeaalonal pnraalta Unir^ty shall consist of following coUegea: Letters and science, mechanics and engineeriiig, agiicnlture, law, medicine, and others, aa may be added I University shalf be op^ to students of both sexes; all able-bodied male stndmits may be given military Instruction and discipline. The diploma of a graduate from a regular collegiate course, . after one year’s snccessfnl experience In teaching in jHiblic schools, shall have force of an unllmitetO Ptrauo *Dtr^^ Ariaous Bee B (b)» State ecbool UuiiIb; P (c)» State, onlveraltiee and collegea. Arkaliiasx A brancb normal college is establlsbed at Pine Blnff. Hiis inatito- tioa la for tbe colored race and receiTes ^ of Federal grants to State for . agrlealtnral and mecbanical colleges. ' See also P (c)» State nniTeralties and colleges. OaBfonda: See P (c), State nnlveraltles and collegea Oojbn^o: The object of the agrlcnltural college at Fort Collins is to afford tb^tigh Instruction in agriculture and the natural sciences connected therewith ; said college shall be open to both sexes ; no student shall be admitted who Is under Ifi years old and who does not pass a satisfactory examination in arithmetic, geography, grammar, reading, spelling, and writing. The full course of study shall embrace not less than four years; State board of agriculture may institute winter courses ; said board may fix the number of terms In the academic year; said board may charge for tuition. The state board of agricnlture shall have general control and supervision of the Institution; said hoard shall ^ect president, faculty, and other em- ployees ; it, shall, with the advice of the faculty, prescribe books to be used and confer sncb degrees and testimonials as are usually conferred by such Institutions. Students shall, if boys, work three hours a ,day on the farm, and If girls three hours a day at work designated by board. There is established at Fort Lewis a school of agriculture,^ mechanic arts, and honsehoM arts;' the State board of agriculture shall have control and supervision of said school; Indians shall be admitted free of charge and on • terms of equality with white students. There is establlsbed at Grand Junc- tion a school of horticulture, forestry, and vocational training; said school shall be under the control and supervision of the State board of agriculture. Oonnecticiit: The Connecticut Agricultural College shall remain an Institution for the education of youth whose parents are residents of the State. Of>fect: Without extffuding sclentitlc and classical studies and Including military' science, to teach branches relating to agriculture and the mechanical art& The seriate shall blenalally appoint 3 trustees who shall bold olOce for 4 years; the Connecticut Board of Agriculture shall annually elect a trustee; the governor shall be ex officio president of the board; the graduates of said college of 2 years* standing shall biennially elect as trustee a graduate of said college of 10 years* standing, who shall hold office for 4 years. Said trustees may, on behalf of the State, hold lands, money, and other property for the benefit of said college. Duties: To apply the funds for fhe support of the college, appoint managers and teachers, prescribe course of study and rules, report Manually to the governor. The bonds of the State, Indorsed and known as the agricultural college bonds and con- stituting the agricultural college fund, and all funds received under act of Congress of July 2, 1862, shall not be transferable except by special act of the legislature, but shall remain In the custody of the commissioner of the school fund. The treasurer of the State and said commissioner may invest said fund in any Becurit'les in which savings bank of the State may invest ; said treasurer shall pay quarterly to the agricultural college interest at the rate of 6 per cent per annum. The provisions of the act of Congress of 2; ^868, are acc^ * Delaware College is established at Newark; its object shall be, Withoqt Mdndlng other scientific and classical studies, and including mill- tai^ facttea, to teach sncb branches of laming as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts. Board of trustees shall consist of 28 members and 748 governor, president college, president of State board of edacatlon, and master of State grange, ex offlclo; 8 members shall be appointed by the gov- ernor and vacancies In said 8 shall be filled by governor; other 20 members shall be appointed by the board. Said board shall have general control of said college, and may appoint or remove all subordinate officers and agents; board shall be a body corporate. Faculty, with approval of the board, ahall have charge of the management and. instruction of the students, and may confer degrees. Board shall report to each biennial session of the legislature. Free Instruction for at least 10 students from each county shall be provided. If such students agree to teach in the public schools at least one year. The pro- visions of the act of Congress of July 2, 1862, and Sttbsequent acts granting Federal aid to colleges of agriculture and mechanic arts are accepted. The Intefest on the endowment of the college shall be applied to the free Instruc- tion of one student from each ^'hundred” (one-tenth of a county) In the State. A college for the instruction of women shall be affiliated wlUi Delaware College. Trustees may organize a department of education In said college. The State College for Colored Stuej^ents Is established. Board of tru9tee9: Two persons from each county, who shall be appointed by the governor for terms of four years. Object of collCffe: To Impart instruction In agriculture, the mechanic arts, the English language, and the various branches of mathe- matical, physical, natural, and economic sciences. Board shall elect a president and faculty, who, subjeef to said board, may confer degrees and grant diplomas. Federal aid to agricultural and mechanical colleges Is ac- cepted, and 20 per cent of such funds are allotted to said College for Colored Students. Florida: See O (d), Teachers’ Inctitutes and summer schools; P (a), Higher lastltutlons, general. Georgia: See 0 (b),' Agricultural schools; P (c). State universities and colleges. Idaho; See A (bl), State*boards; P (c). State universities and colleges. minols: See P (c), State universities and colleges. Indiana: The provisions of the act of Congress of July 2, 1862, and supple- ~ mentory acts granting Federni aid to agrlciPtural and mechanical colleges are accepted. The name of the Indiana AgrlcultunU College Is permanently changed to Purdue University, In consideration of donation made by John Purdue. Said university Is located in Tippecanoe County. Tru^eeil sfaHll be a body corporate and shall hold nil property and moneys belonging to said uni- versity. They shall organize said university In conformity with the purposes of said acts of (Egress. They may employ and remove all professors and teachers and do all acts necessary to keep said institution In operation. Board of trustees shall consist of nine members, appointed by the governor, two to be nominated by the State board of agriculture, one by the State board of hortl* culture, one by tbe Purdue Alumni Association, and five selected by the gov- ernor himself; not more than two of said trustees shall be from the same congressional district; term, throe years, three being appointed each year. Board shall elect one of Its members president and shall also elect a secretary and treasurer, not members of the board. County commissioners of each county may appoint two stud^ts therefrom who shall not be chargeable with room, light, heat, water, tuition, janitor, or matriculation fees, but no more than two such students shall be allowed from the same, county at the same time. Trustees may establish an Institute of technology In connection with said university when a gift Is made of money or other property for establish- "rTTf Bi!&TS lAwi li^Tivo *6 Jtratio Bl>t70iTI0K. bis the niMi Tnuteee ahen eoconrage and direct ferment reading conreee. Annual approtHiatlon la made to aald unlveralty for the adtancemOTt of agri- cnltnre, domeaelc adence, and rural life In the aeverai counties of tte State ; aald appropriation hhall be used to employ lecturers, extension workers, etc. ; an extension department la establlsheii Annual appropriation of $76,000 la made for an agricultural experiment station at said unlyerslty. See also A (bl). State boards; B (d), State taxation for school purposes; O (a), Industrial education, goieraL Iowa: The provisions of the act of Congress of July 2, 1862, and supidemditary acts are accepted. Course shall include agriculture and the mechanic arts, mlUtaiy tactics, and a school of mines as a separate department TnlUon ahaU he free to resldente of the State over 16 years old; each county ^all have prior right to free tuition for thrae students and the remainder of the capacity of the college shall by the State board of education as trustees be ' distributed to the counties according to population. See also A (bl). State boards; E (b). Teachers’ certmeatea, gwieraL Kansas; The provisions of the act of Congr^ of July 2, 1862, providing Federal aid to State agrlcultaral and mechaufcal colleges, are accepted OoUege Is located In Klley County. Controlled by State board of administra- tion. Board shaU elect president, professors, and other officers. Four depart- ments: (1) Agriculture, (2) mechanic arts, (3) military science and tactics. (4) Uterature and science. Immediate government shall be under president and faculty, but board may prescribe course of study and, with advice of faculty, the books and authorities to be used, and may grant such degrees and diplomas as are conferred by InstltuUous of the highest grade. The college shall be open to all persons under regulations prescribed by board. Board shall make annual report Governor shall appoint a board of three visitors to examine personally, at least once a year, the several departments of the college. The 90,000 acres of land granted by Congress shall be used solely for the endowment of the college; moneys received from the sale of such land f shall constitute a fund to remain forever undlmlnlshed, but Interest may be * used for current expenses; board may sell lands. To residents of the State tuition shall be free, but Incidental fee of $3 shall be charged; nonresidents shaU pay $10 matriculaUon and $10 Incidental feea Board may establish county demonstration farms, and county commissioners in counties where farms are located may devote not exceeding 40 acres for such purpose. Branch experiment staOons are established on the Fort Hays ReservaUon and at Oolby and Lakin. In consideration of 16 acres of land deeded by Western University there Is estabUsbed at said university a State Industrial department Seven trus- .tees, vh; president of Western Unlversly, four members appointed by the gov- ernor, and twp members appointed by the trustees of said nulverslfy. No sec- tarian Influence or InstrucUon shall be allowed ln said department Trustees BbaU have exclusive control of said department ; they shaU determine branches of Industry to be pursued, furnish necessary equipment and select a superln- tendent and fix his compensation. See also A (bl), State boards; B (c), Permanent State school fands; B (b), Tochers' oertlflcates. general; K (c), Uniformity of textbooks. Kevtocky: See G (b), State normal schools; P (c), State unlyersltles and coUegea Iioalidatta: Board of trustees of the Sonthem University shall consi^ of the governor. State snperlntend^t, and one white person, appointed by governor, from each congreeaiGDal district; term, four yeara Said board shall estab^ ' Q (b). AOEiotFLnjEAL coiimis: ‘ V 7^ llBh as department of said unlv^ty the Indnatrlal and AKricnltoral Normal School, for training colored teachers ; shall establish t^ Modd Indnstrial and Agrlcaltoral School, with at least eight grades thereliL Said board shall enact roles and by-laws and shall elect a president, professors, teachei^ and other "mnployees, and fix their salaries; presideat, professors, teachers, ,4Uid other employee®/ 'shall be peraons of the colored racd. See also A (b2), State offl^rs; P (c). State nnlTersiUes and colleges; Q (f), Other technical and tHrofOssional schoola Maine: See P (c), State onWerslties and colleges. Maryland: Board of trustees shall consist of 18 persons; 5 shall be elected by a majority of the private stockholders of the college ; ^ 6 shall represent the State, namely, the governor, comptroller, treasurer, president of senate, speaker of house, aud attorney general ; United States Secretary of Agricul- ture shall be ex offldo a member, and one person from each congressional district, who shall be a practical farmer or Immedlatdy interested in agricul- ture; these shall serve for six years, and two shall be* appointed biennially by governor. Assent of State given to congressional act of March 2, 1887 (Hatch Act), and to that of first session of Fifty-ninth Congress. Maryland Agricultural Experiment StaUon Is designated as the InsUtuUon to rdbeive moneys appropriated for Maryland. Assent of Maryland to grants of money In accord with conditions of previous section Is given. Trustees Maryland Agricultural and Mechanical College required to make chemical analysis of soils of the Stater classify same, and conduct field ex- I)erimentB; to be done by State experiment station; to be undertaken only on property owned by State or furnished without cost; $10,000 appropriated for 1915 and same for 1916. Department of fanners' institutes shall be establlsbed ; purpose shall be to furnish farmers such Information as will remedy existing evils in agriculture ; one iimtitute in each county yearly, additional one if desirable; institutes shall be under a director, appointed by trustees of Maryland Agricultural CTollege, and be a department of said college similar to the experiment station; $6,(X)0 appropriated; accurate separate accounts shall be kept and detaUhd report published. See also Q (b), State normal schoola Massacbnsetto; The Massachusetts Agricultural CJolIege shall be under the control of 14 trustees, appointed by the lei^lslature ; the governor, commis- sioner of education, commissioner of agriculture, and president of the faculty shall be ex officio members of the corporation; trustees may remove any of their number for cause. Potoers and duHea of trustees: To elect.pfflcers of board of trustees; fix times and places of meetlnga; elwt president, pro^ feasors, and other employees of said college, determine their duties, and fix their compensation; prescribe course of Instruction; confer degrees; establlsih rules for control of said college; make annual report to legislature; receive gifts to be applied to purposes of sold college. No corporate business ^aU* be transact^ at any meeting unless one-half, at l^st, of trusted are present The State board of agriculture shall be a board of overseers for said college^ with powers and duties prescribed by the governor and council, hot to con- flict with powers and dudts of trustees. The location, plan of organlsatloh^ government, and course of study of said college shall be subject to apiFOval of the legislator. Said 'college is designated as State instltnrion to r^lve * Mortgage given tj private etockboldera foreclosed under ch. 128, Uwa 1914, so that the InaUtntlon la now entirely State property. *'74^ X' B!E4TB lAWB BSLAl^O T^ HJBUO EDTTOATION, grants frcMD Onagrass for agricultural Instructloa An agricultural experi- ment station Is establlslied ana maintained at said college. Bed also O (b). State normal schools Mie^an; The Michigan Agricultural OoUege.shall provide the people of the State with the means of ncaulrlng a thprough knowledge of agriculture and aUled branches the mechanic arts domestic arts, domestic science, and mili- tary science. Said college shall be under the control of the State board of agriculture. Said board shall employ president, faculty, and other officers of the college and fix their compensaUon: It shall fix the qualifications for the admission of students, who shall be admitted free of tuition If residents of the State. The said board may hold Instlfutes and establish courses In read- ing for the Instruction of dtlaens of the State In the various branches of agriculture. /The said college Is supported by the Income from lands granted for that purpose. State appropriaUons, and a tax of one-sixth of a mill on each dollar of taxable j>Poperty. The State superintendent shall prepare for district schools a cour^ of study to be known as the agricultural college course, upon the completion of which pupils shall be admitted to the agricul- tural collj^. without further examination. The State superintendent shall receive at least twice a year from the president of the college questions for examlnaUon for admission to said college, and shall distribute the same, to ^ be used by county commissioners of schools In examining applicants for such admission. , County boards of supervisors may appropriate or raise money by tax Ho cooperate with the agricultural college In- Improving farm methods. See also E (b ), Teachers’ cerUflcates, general; 0(h), Agricultural schools. Mlnu^ota: See P (c). State universities and colleges.' BilMlMlppl: The. -‘eol lege, Incorporated on February 28, 1878, shall continue to exist as a body politic and corporate by the name of Mississippi Agri- cultural and Mechanical College, with all Its franchisee, rights, and powers; ^government shall be vested lu the board of trustee»*of the university Itnd colleges of MlBSlssippi. Potcer« and duties of board: The establishment and maintenance of flrst^iaas Institution where white persons “may acquire a common-scbool education a. id a scientific and pracUcal knowledge of agri- culture, horticulture, and the mechanic arts”; one-half of agricultural land- scrip fund devoted to the college; tuition free for five years; students from other States must pay; privilege of rooming In dormitories belongs to the free students; each county entitled to students In proiK>rt)on to Its white educable males; this appointed by the governor and State suixirinteudeiit, ex officio., Board may Introduce such studies ns are taught In the academic department of the State university; shall employ necessary Instrhctors; shall confer degrees usually conferred by colleges; may make rules and regulations. An industrial de^ partment shall be established. Federal aid granted to the State for the benefit agricultural, and mechanical colleges shall be divided between tha Agricultural College and School of Mines for whites and Lincoln Institute for colored persons on the basis of white and colored children of school age. ' See also P (c), State universities and colleges. Montana; The Agricultural College of Montana is established at Boaeman; such college shall be under control and suiiervlslon of State board of educa- tion ; an agricultural exr>erlment station is established in connection with said college, which station shall also be controlled by said board. Provisions of act of Congress of July 2, 18C2, and supplementary acts are accepted. United States grant of 50,000 acres of land in 1880 for establishment and mainte- nance of an agricultural college. Executive board authorized to establish a' station for experimental work in horticulture; experiqient stations are also established at Billings an^ in Fergus County. Treasurer of executive board of agricultural college shall have authority to receive all moneys approi)rInted by acts of Congress for such purpose and such money shall be expended under direction of State board of educaUon and for purpose designated In acts of Congress. See also A (bl), State boards; P (cl, SUte universities and colleges. Nebraska; See N (a), High schools; P (c), State universities and colleges. Neva^; See P (c), State universities and collegea NefW Hampshire; The leading object of the State ‘agricultural college is, without excluding other scientific and classical studies and Including military , tactics, to teach such branches as are related to agriculture and the mechanic rfrtp.: The general government of the New Hampshire Collet of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts shall be vested In a board of 12 tmstees and all vacapdes hereafter occurring in said board BhaU be flUed as fbUows : The governor and : ■ A ' ■ 748 dTATB LAWS BBLATINQ TO PUBLIO BDUOATION. tbe prestdent of said college Bhall 'be members ex o^o ; tbe alumni of said eoUege may elect two trustee^ one of whom shall be a resident of the Stole, and their terra of office aball be three years; all other trustees shall be aih pointed by the governor, with the advice of the council ; one at least shall be a resident of each councilor district and hold their office for three years, and not more than five of the trustees shall belong to same political party and at least seven of them shall be practical farmers^ seven members aball consti- tute a quorum for transaction of business, and not less-thuu eight affirmative \ votes shall be necessary to elect a president of said collet Trustees shall ^receive no compensation, but reasonable expenses shall be paid; shall choose a secretary, who shall be sworn and shall keep a record of their proceedings, and a treasurer, who shall give bond ; treasurer ghal! receive such compensation as the trustees may determiue. Trustees appoint a faculty of Instruction for the college and prescribe their duties; shall furnish free tuition to Indigent students as far as practicable; shall file annually with secretary of state a report of the college. Funds derived from the sale of land scrip of the United States shall be held as a trust fund for sjiid college and State shall pay to the treasurer of the college, senilanunnlly, Interest on the fund at rate of 0 per cent per annum. The trustees, whh consent and apnroval of the governor and council, except as otherwise provided, may make changes in Investment of funds of institution as Its Interests may require. The property of said collie shall be exempt from taxation, a twtvyear course In practical and theoretical agriculture Is hereby established in said college, to which • students shall be admittet! who can pass a siUlsfactory examination in read- ing, spelling, wrl^, arithmetic, English grammar, and the geography and ^history of the X^|^d States; In this course students shall not be requlreec!al knowledge and skill. ' Treasurer of said college is authorized to receive grants of money made therefor. New Jersey: The 'State agricultnral college is established in connection with Rutgers College: said Rutgers College is designated ns the institution to receive grants from the United States Oovernnieqt for agricultural educa- tion, and trustees of said college shall have control of said agricultural col- lege. Instruction sboll be free to students In agriculture in such manner a.^ the legislature shall prescribe. Trustees shall make and distribute reports as prescribed by law. Board of visitors of jtgrlcujtural college shall consist of two mttnbers, appointed by governor from each congressional district, with advice and conseit of the senate, to serve two years; members of said board shall be allowed official expenses; said board shall have general super- vision and control of agricultural college and shall make recommendations to leglitoture; aal^ board shall cause to he delivered annually in each county of the State one or more public lectures upon subject of agriculture free of charge. Students shall be admitted l;pi^ agricultural college upon the recom- mendation of board of chosen freeholders of respective ^counties ; number shall be same as or In proportion to number of representatives in the legislature for Miaiii Q (b). AORICTJLTUBAL 00LLW1B8.' 749 such counties. Addidonal tree seholarshipik, equal to number ioi teproeenta*' tivee In legialature. aball be granted; students shall be selected by examina- tion; for each such scholarship the State ahall pay to said college the som of $128; moneys received by Kutgers College for said agricultural college shall be used only for Instructlorr In agriculture, mechanic arts, English language, and the various sciences with special reference to their application In the Induatries. A deparement of ceramics Is established at said college; short wuraes In agriculture shall be given. New Mexico: There Is bereby created and established an institution of learn- ing, known as the Agricultural College and Agricultural Station of New Mexico. Said Institution shall be open to the children of all residents of New Mexico, and such other persons aa board of regenta may ddfcermlne, under such terms, rules, and regulations as said board may prescribe; shall be non- sectarian In character and devoted to practical Instruction In agrlcnlture, mechanic arts, natural sciences connected therewith, &s well as a thorough course of instruction In all branches of learning bearing upon agriculture and other Industrial pursuits. Course of Instruction of said college "^shsll embrace the English language, literature, mathematics, philosophy, civil engineering, chemistry, and animal and vegbtable anatomy and physiology, the veterinary art, entomology, geology, and political, rural, and household economy, hortl- cplIllTCr^mornl philosophy, history, mechanics, and such other courses of Instnictlofi ns shall be prescribed by the board of regents. Said college shall be under the control of a board of regenta, consisting of five members appointed by the governor, by and with the advice of the senate; term four yeare; not more than three regents shall belong to the same political party at time of appointment Said board shall be a body corporate ; shall elect own officers; a" majority of members shall constitute n quorum for transaction of business. Duties of regents: To receive and disburse moneya for use of college; adopt plans for buildings and Improvements; elect professors, teachers, and other " employees, and fix salaries of the same; fix tuition fees; prescribe rules and regnlattons for the management of said college; determine time of their meet- ings; regulate course of study; prescribe, under advice of the faculty, books , to be used; confer degrees and grant diplomas; set entrance standards; use proceeds of sale of college lands for permanent improvements; account for all funds handled by them ; insure property for at lea^t three-fourths of Its value. No liquor shall be sold within 1 mile of such college. Said college shall be entitled to receive any g^nts made by Congress for the benefit of said Institu- tion. Board of regents of said college shall be allowed expenses Incident to board meetings; shall make annual report to the legislature through the governor; may pay secretary and treasurer a, salary of $100 per month; shall take oath of office. The governor and State superintendent shall be ex officio advisory members of board of regents. At least one member of board sball be a resident of the place of location of the said college. Records of board shall be open to inspection of any citizen. No employee or member of board shall be Interested pecuniarily In any contract of said college Ail . orders for dlBbursements sball be signed by the president of board of regents and attested by the secretary and treasurer; ^td secretary and treasorer shall give bond. A tuition fee of not less than $5 nor'^more than $26 be : charged by said board. New York; The corporation known as Cornell University, Is continued. The boaird of trustees shall be' composed of the following : The governor, lieu- tenant governor, speaker of the house of assembly, commissioner of educa- tion, president of State agricultural society, commlseloner of agricultaie, 760 8TATB LAWS BSLATIKO TO PT7BUO SDTTOAtlON, UbnrUn of tlie Ooroell Library, and flie president of said nniTeralty ^all be tmateea ex ofllclo, and the eldest lineal male descendant of Bara Cornell shall be trustee thereof during hta life; governor shall appoint 6 trustees, with advice and consent of the senate, 1 each year, to serve 6 years; there shall also be 26 elec tive trustees. 15 of whom sball be elected by board of trusteea, 10 elected by alnmnl of said university, and 1 each year by the executive committee of the New York State grange to serve 1 year; at no time shall q majority of the board be of any one religious sect or of no religious sect ; the trusted elected by the board of trustees shall be elected In groups of 6. 1 group each year; trustees elected by the alumni shall be elected In groups of 2, 1 group each year; election of trustees shall be by ballot and 15 ballots shall concur before anyone la elected ; 12 members shall constitute a quorum for transaction of business. ESach alumnus may vote for the alumni trustees either by direct or transmitted ballot; alumni rec>elving highest number of votes Shull be declared elected, hut each must receive at least one-third of all votes cast'; If no candidate shall receive one-third of votee cast, alumni present at meeting shall elect the alumni trustee Farm and grounds of said uni- versity shall consist of not less than 200 acres ; upon recommendation of board, not more than 8 constables may be appointed by the supervisor of town of Ithaca for protecUon of university property, salaries to be paid by university The leading object of said Institution shall be to teach branches relatwl to agriculture and mechanic arts. Including military tactics, but such other branches may be taught as trustees may direct Said imlverslty ma7 estab- lish faculties, departments, and branches, and carry on Its work anywhere In the State, confer degrees, and award certificates nud diplomas in testimony thereof. Persons of every religious denomination or of no religious denomi- nation-shall be equally eligible to offices and appolntmenta Said corporn- tloD may take and hold real and personal property and may receive any gift, 'grant, devise, or bequest, in trust or otherwise, and apply same as specified to needs of university. Trustees sba 11 conform to requirements of act of Congress relative to agricultural colleges. Said university shall be subject to vlsIU- tloD of regents of University of State of New York. The property of said university shall not be Incumbered, aliened, or otherwise disposed of except by act of legislature. University sball be open to applicants for admission at lowest expense consistent with its efficiency and welfare. There shall \>e at said university as many free State scholarships as there ni^ assembly dis- tricts; materials used or property destroyed may be charged to holders of such BCholarahlpe, State scholurshliis shall be awarded on following condl- tlonfl; Competitive examination held annually In each county under direction of educaUoh department; appIlcanU shall be at least 16 years old and of 6 months’ standing on common schools or academies of State during year pre- ceding; subjects designated by president oif university and prepared under direction of commissioner of education; examination papers shall be for- warded to commissioner of education ; other qualifications being equal, prefer- mice shall be given to children of those who have died In military or naval service of the United States; due notice shall be given of examlnatlona New York State Veterinary College eatabllshed at CorneU University shall be under the ooa^ and mauagement of said university; funds appropriated for said college shall be used exclusively for purposes oFsald college; tuition shall be free to studehts who shall have resided In the State one year prior to ad- mlsaloii ; all fees and charges shall be used for current expmises of said col- lege; said university shall make annual report to governor relative to said college. Poniqll University shall have control and management of proper^ Q (b). AOMOOLTtTHAL 00U.B0B8. 761 • j and affairs of the New York State College of Agriculttire at Cornell Uni- veral^; funds appropri<»te<1 for said coHege; and charges aball be used exclusively for current expenses of said college: said university shall annually make report to coniiulssloner of agriculture relative to said college. State school of agriculture at Alfred University shall be under control of Alfred University. Objects of said school aball be: To give elementary and practical In^rnctlc ? In agriculture and allied subjects; conduct agricultural ex|>erlmontft; stlnuilate agrtcnltuml pursuits; give pre[i(!olnt and fix compensation of offlcf^rs, teneberst and other employees; |»re8crlbe admission requirements and courses of study; and exercise such% other powers as may be necessary for welfare of school. The commissioner of agriculture, the director of Stale college of agriculture at Cornell TTnU^rslty, and a j)erson appointed hy State grauge shall be ex officio menil)ers of the board of managers to be appointed by trustees of Alfred University to have Immediate management of said school of agriculture. All moneys appropriated for said school aball be used exclusively for said school. Alfred University shall make annual r^rt to State commissioner of agriculture and to legislature relative to said school * students who have been residents of State for one year preceding admission shall receive free tuition. All fees and sale receipts shall be reported to \ State treasurer, and same may be resppropriated to school.*^ New York State School of Agriculture of the St. I^wrence University shall have for Its objects am! purposes elementary and practical Instruction In agrl- CHlture and allied subjects; Instruction through extension courses; agricul- tural Investigations and experiments; printing and distributing agricultural bullet Ina The board of trustees of the St Lawre^ University shall have care, supervision, and control of said school, and shall employ and fix com- l>en8atlon of officers, teachers, and other employees; adopt rules for said school ; prescribe courses of instruction ; acquire by deed, gift devise, or lease real property fpr exi>erimental purposes. Treasurer of St Lawrence Univer- sity shall give bond In sum of one- fourth of moneys appropriated by legisla- ture for said agricultural sclux)l. See also A (bl), State boards; A (b2), State officers; F (c), Teachers* pen- sions; L (J), Agriculture; O (b). Agricultural schools North Carolina: Appropriations made by Congress fop collegia of agricultural and mechanical arts shall be divided In this State between white and colored Institutions In the ratio of white population to colored; the North Carolina College of Agricultural and Mechanical Arts is constituted a body corporate; mnnagement and control of college is vested In a board of 16 trustees ap- pointed by the governor; term, 8 years, 4 retiring every 2 years; ^governor shAll be president ex officio; board shall elect an executive committee of 6 members which shall perform duties delegated to It by board. Board shall control property of college and pany accept gifte; board shall appoint presi- dent and Instructors of college and other necessary officers; board shall have charge of dlsbursemept of funds. Board shall admit free of tuition, fees 120 youths (one for each memhgp of the house of representatives) who are of good moral character and are unable to pay such tuition. The agricultural experiment station shall ^ connected with Agricultural and Mechanical Col- lege. President and Instrnctors under dtrectlhn of board may grant degrees rfnd arrange rarrlculum. Board shall make annual report to governor* Annual Statd appropriation made for maintenance. L • ' 758 StATB LAWS BSLATTHO TO PU^UC EDUCATION. A coUefe of agiicoUnre and mectiantcol arts for the colored nice la eatab- Uahed; bootd of troateee compoaed of Ib'tDemhera ahaU he elected by leglflla- - tore term* 6 years, b being elected e^ry 2 years. 3oard may elect from their* muuber an executive committee who shall have Immediate munagemeht of i&aUtnttoa. Board may make rules govemlug Institution* eiect president and teachm and other offlcera, and have charge of disbursement of funds President and faculty may grant decrees. Boanl may dx rules of admission. Annual State appropriation is made for maintenance. See alao^O (b). Agricultural schools. North Dokota; The agricultural college is established st Fargo. The board of trustee shall consist of seven members appointed by the governor with the consent of the senate; term, four years* s part of members being appointed STery two years. Board shall elect a president* a secretary** and treasurer, but treasurer shall not be a member of board. Not exceeding six regular meetings ahali be held In a year; majority, a quorum; each member shall re- ceive IS per day and b cents a mile tnivtded when attradlug meetings. Board shall have control of the proiwrty and of the exi^endlCure of the funds of, the college; It ahsll elect a prudent* faculty, and other necessary employees. The object 6f the Institution shall he to afford Instruction In agriculture and In the natural sciences connected therewith and In the sciences which bear directly upon all industrial arts hnd pursuits; a full course shall cooalat of not leas than four yeara Board shall fix salaries of employees and rate of wages to be allowed students for labor. « Faculty shull make annual reixirt to board, which slmll rej>ort annually to the governor. Btmnl may confer degrees. The grants of lands and funds by the Fetleral (;ovennnent are am*i>ted. See also A (bl ), State tsMirds; O (h). Agricultural schools; P (b), Hnauae, lands* support of higher InstituUoua Ohio: A combined normal and Industrial deimrtment shall be maintained at Wllberforce T/niversity* an Institution for the education of the colored race; board of trustees of said deiiartment shall consist of nine members, five a|>- polnted by governor, by and with consent of senate, snd three chosen by trustees of unlTerslty: treasurer of such deivartment shall give bond in sum of |2S,000; said de|mrtment board shall make annual rer*ort to governor; each ’member of legislature may designate one or more yoiitb to receive tuition free at sucb deiuirtment : there shall bo levle^l annually for sup- port of said desiartment a tax of tblrty-hve ten-tboiisjindths of a mill on all taxable property^ of State, unlees the legislature shall designate some other rate. See also P (c). State universities apd colleges. Oklahoma: The Oklahoma Agricultural and Mechanical College Is hereby located in Payne County; said college shall be i) conwrato institution under ODDtrol of State board of agil^cuUure. Object of said college shall be to give Instruction In agriculture, mecbanlcnl arts, English language, and various branches of mathematical, physical* natural* and economic sciences with reference to industries. Experiment station Is ^tablished in connection with agrlculturarcoUege. Full course of study shall coyer four years, each year to constrt of nine months. Faculty shall consist of president and professors, who shall make hilee and regulations for government and discipline of col- lage and for preservation of morals* decorum* and health. President of oollego shall be executive <^(ncer, and .the subordinate offleerA and em- ployeha* not members of Acuity* shall be under his direetton. The president and board of control shall fix wages to be paid students for labor at college. Board of control and the foculty may confer degrees on graduates of col- Q (b). AOBICULTUBAL C01XBQE8. 75S lege. Said college may receive nUy appropriations made by United States Government for agrlculinral colleges within the SUle. CUiaens of Oklahoma* between ages of 14 and 30 yeara who shall j>a«8 examination In rending, arithmetic, geography. EuKllsh grammar, and United States history, and are of good moral character, may be admitted to said Institution. The Coloretl Agrloultiiral and Nonuul UiUveralty )a ber^y established at I^ngHton; same shall Ik? under coutnd of State board of education. Tur- poae of said Institution shall 1h‘ tla? Inst met Ion of Iwlh male nad female «'olored i>ersons In art of teaching. In conimou-achoriiiteudpnt and State Ixuinl. State board shall see to moi^l wvlfare of students; no religious or Mvtarlan tests shall l>e applied in »*hH’tlon of teachers nor *adojdeolltlcul iwrty; ter mof apiK>hitlve meiubors, nine ywirs, three retiring every three yeara Sk'ven meml^ers a quorum. An executive committee of five members may tranaact buai- ness In re^ss lime. President of board sliall rei>orl ummully to governor The course of study shall be prescribed by the regents nnd shall be In ac- cordance wlUi the piinH>se8 of the act of Congress, llegenta shall fix ad- mission.and tuition ftvs, hut each senatorial and each representative dis- trict and each county shall Ik? enlllletl to one fiv'e scholarship. The interest on fumls arising from the sale of lauds grantotl hy C'ougress for the agri- cultural college shall he oppIltKl only to the imyrneut of salaries of faculty and officers and current expenses. For the supix)rt of the agricultural col- lege four-tenths of 1 mill on each dollar of taxable proi)erty of the State Is levied. Agricultural extension is provided for. S^ also C (b), Ix)cal bonds and ludebte' ‘ member appointed by governor shall be a domiciled inhabitant of same county as bis predecessor ; each of the five counties of the State shall be represented. Said board shall elect one of its members president of the board and shall appoint a treasurer and a clerk, who may or may' not be members of said board ; treasurer shall »flle bond, and shall make annua^ financial report to legislature. Poirers and duUe$ of . board; To receive and supply funds granted by United States Government for agricultural education; have general cafe of all property of said college; authorise, supervise, and control activities , of said college; appoint, presci^ duties, and fix compensation of all faculty members and other employees of said college; confer degrees, with approval of faculty. The faculty shall, with approval of said board, arrange courses, of study, prescribe entrance requirements, and prescribe rules and regolatlons for control of college. Said board may summon witnesses, com- pel attendance, and administer oaths. Necessary expenses of said board shall be paid by State, upon approval by governor of vouchers submitted, lieading object of said college shall be, without excluding other scientific and classical studies, and Including military tactics,.^© teach branches lated to agricnltu^ and mechanic nrts,*to promote the liberal and practical - education of the Industrial dassra. Sum of $40,000 is annually aj;^ropriated for said institution. South CaroUiui: The bequest by Thomas G. Clemson of 814 acres of land in Qconee County for the purpose of establishing an agricultural and mechanical college Is Accepted, and Clemson Agricultural College Is established on said Fort- Hill plantation. The board of trustees shall consist of 18 members, J of whom shall be those nominated In the will of said Thomas G. CHemson and their suctessors, and fi^of whom shall be elected by the legislature; term of elective members, ^ years, three being elected every 2 years. Said trustee! shall prescribe the course of study and dect professors and other employee!- l^ltlon fee shall be $40 per year, but trustees may grant free tuition to competent and deserving youths of the State W'ho are unable to^pny «tbe same. Said board shall be a body corporate; It ^all require a two- thirds vote to authoriae the expenditure of appropriations made by the State or sale or transfer of any property/ Board shall report 'annually to the ' leilBlattire. The State treasurer shall invest the funds derived from the Clemson bequest, and shall collect the Interest on the same. One-half of the /^land-scrip” fund ($95,900) is vested in the 0 trustees, elected by tSe legTSiStoi^ Income 40 be used for the maintenance of^M college; the • fijmds received under act of Congreas of July 21, 1802, tm supplementary acts are likewise vCoted in said 6; members. Said trustees may establish and operate 2 or more experiment stations, Power$ and duiie$ of hoard: ll^' pieierihe P of connty aiprlcultural societies; furnish county auditors Q (b).'AGidOTrt>tTTBAi. OOtXKGM. filled and returned 1>y said andltora; Inriwtigate^ III inibjeets t^ttnc to agrtcQltura) improvement, the indnceiheni of immigration to the State, and the in^eetiMt of foreign capital therein; promote veterinary science; make rules prohlDlting the Importation to the State of dlmeed live stock ; establish quarantine in case of live stock affected with contagions diseases; supervise the execution of laws relating to sale of fertilisers and seeds; keep register of lands for sale and of persons desiring employmmit ; may hold agrlcottnral conventions; shall detail one sdentlflc agrlcnlturlst to visit different parts of the Stata Trustees may construct and maintain a ralltoad from caemstm College to Calhoun Station on the Southern Railway. The privilege Isk on fertnisers shall be used for tbe ten^t of said collega l%ere are established In said college as many scholarships of $100 each as there are robbers in the legialature. In addition, there are created 61 beneficiary acholarshlntr In agriculture of tbe value of $100 each. There Is established a normal, Industrial, agricultural, and mechanical col- lege for the higher education of the colored youth. Board of trustees consist of governor and six members elected by the leglsiattiid; term of ^ac- tive members, six yehrs, two being elected every two yeara Said board shaU succeed to aU the property of Claflln College, which shall be separated from ' Claflln University. It shall fix a course of study covering tbe ** normal, Industrial, agricultural, and mechanical sciences," provide buildings and appliances, and select instructors and fix their salaries. One-half of the “land-scrip ".fund ($»6,900) ahaU be for the benefit of said coUege and shall * be held In trust as a perpetual fund, the income to be used for the maintenance thereof. All sums received under act of Congress of August 30, 1800, shall be divided equally between said college and Clemsoa Agricultural CoUege. See also A (bl). State boarda South Dakoto: The State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts is located at Brookings and shall be under the control of the State board of regenta Object: Instruction in agriculture and the natural sciences connected ther^ with and In the industrial arta Regents are authorized to employ a praal- dent, teachers, and other necessary employees and fix their duties and sal- • nrlea Course of study shall embrace not less thah fbur yeara President of the college and president of the regents shall constitute a committee to fix tbe wages of students for labor. Faculty shall report annnally to re- ffenta The exi>eriment station established In connection with the college shall be under the control of the board ot regenta The subexperimoital station at Highmore, established for the Investigation of drought-resisting plants, shall also be under the control of the regents. | Tennessee: An agricultural and Industrial normal school for negroes is located In Davidson County. Sqch Institution shall be under the control of the State board of education. Funds received from the Federal Qovernmeot under acts of CongreM of "Aupst 80, 1890, and March 4, 1907, shall be divided between the Unlveislty of Tennessee and sold school for negroes in the ratio of 88 to 12, such being the ratio between white and colored school population of the State. See also B (a), General State finance and impport; P (c), State imlvei^- ' Texas: Purpose of agrtctfitural and mechanical college, establtriied in the county of Braeos ds a department of the State university, shall be, ^thont excluding other scientific and classical sftnUe8,*to teadi bianchM ndhiUiil’ib ties atid colleges. 8TATB L4W8 BBLATIKO TO PIJ3UO BDUCATION. agriculture and aev^ memberB appointed by governor, with advice and con- tent at Senate; term,. eight years, two being appointed biennially. Meetings at called by the preaident There shall be maintained at such college 4free of* charge three atudents from each senatorial district; one-half of such stadents shall be required to take an agricultural course and U/e other half a mechanical cours^ Board shall appoint president, professors, and other necessary officers; ^ard shall make rules, regulate course of study, fix tditlon rates, fete, ^^oceeds of sale of 180,000 acres of. land granted by 'United States July ^ 1802, and July 23, I860, shall constitute a permanent fund for such college, and Income shall be used ^ for maintenance; Interest heretofore collects on bonds belonging to agricultural and mechanical col- lege ■hull also constitute a part of said permanent fund. The agricultural and mechanical college for colored youth, located In WaHei^CJounty, shall, be under the supervision and control of the' board of directors of the agricultural and mechanical college located in Brazos County. See Also G (b), State normal schoola * Utah: The Agricultural College of Utah shall be establiriied and located at Logan, In the county bf Cache. Board of trustees: Secretary of stiate, presl- dent^of faculty, and 12 citizens appointed by the governor; term of ap- pointive members, four years, Ax being appointed every two years. The board shall have charge of the general Interests of the institution and may make rules and regulations ^ot Inconsistent with law. Trustees* traveling ex- • - pensea paid while attending meetings. Board shall elect professors and in- - stmetors, and in the appointment of faculty aud determlimtlon of study no sectarian or rellgiouB preference shall be shown. Course of study shall com- prise agriculture, horticulture, forestry, snlmal Industry, veterinary sclmco, * dom^c science and art, elementary commerce, surveying. Irrigation, mili- tary science, history, language, and the various branches of * mathematics, physical and, natural science, *afid the mechanic arts; full course shall, be ~ four years, but winter short courses may be instituted. Students entering mast be at least 16 years old and must have passed an examination In arithmetic, geography, grammar, reading, spelling, and peiunansblp. Courses iball be free to residents of State, but entrance fee of $10 may be (*harged, and for ncwesldents entrance fee df $25' to $60 may be charged. Board shah prescribe, with advice of faculty, textbooks to be used and may confer de- ,grees, etc., “ similar, to those conferred by agricultural colleges elsewhere.” See glso P rt to governor, who shall transmit same to sqcoeedlng ssfr' Sion of legislature; famish copy of report to superintendent of public In- ' struction ; grant dlK^omak and degrees. No employee or membrnr of $add boqxd ■hsU be pecuniarily Interested in apy OQntract of a$^ ^ilegA K- m BtATn IXim MMLAtmO USO Ft^Ud' BDFOATIOK. •Itjjl .tpaycd offloUUy eacs|pett ahall meet atmually E .«nd atoUmr titam, as tbgy jxmy determine; majority a^uonum 'GorerDor ihaU }m 6K ofido adTleonr xnember of board of regent% bet ahail not vote ;aor be ^Ugible to oAce thereLo. Tieaauier of board aball make diaburaementa on order of iboard, coanteratgiied by secretary. Said inatltution aball^be open bUdran of all reaidenta of this State and to nonrealdeDts, under rules of veeenta ; ahail be nonaectariaa and devoted to instruction in agriculture. ' ioecfaani<^l art% oatnrftl ^encca, and allied subjects. No studedta, coccept those holding certiflcam ffom accredited public high echools and other educa- tional inatituUons, ahail betadmltted to aald college except upon examination ; faculty may specify preparation^ required for admiaaion to any department .of said <^Uege. One object of said college ahail be to train teachers of physical science, to collect information r^atlve to similar Institutions else- where, and to conduct farmers’ Institutes. No studmit under age of 16 years aball be admitted to aald Institution. Begents shoimiovide adequate labora- tortei; military Instructiou, department of 'elementary science, experiment ..lotion, and othe^ needed departmental Said college is designated as the institution of the State to receive any appropriations mqde Congreas for agricultural education. The governor, superintendent of public Instruction, ^aembera of leg^lature, and cotinty commissioners shall be ex offldo* vlsltocf . of said college. Funds received from the National Government shaU be used for experiment station ; board of regents of State College of Washington may receive any gifts for uses of experiment station.^ See also A (bl), State boards; P (d), Carnegie fund. West VlrglnU: The financial affairs of the West Virginia Colored Institute shall be under control of ^tate board of control, and educational affairs under direction of State board of regents; regents shall establish in said Institute such depanments of education in literature, science, art, and agriculture not Ipcensl stent with terms of acts of Congress whereby certain funds are de- < voted to education of colored persons a’s they may see Bt State superin- tttident of free schools shall prepare diplomas to be awarded to graduates of normal department of said school, same to be equivalent to first-grade cer- tlflcati^ valid for five years; when conditions warrant, regents may add pay dspartmeiU to said school. State treasurer &ali be custodian of funds of said school. Begents atuOl appoint and fix salaries of teachers and officers of Said school . See also A (bl), State boards; P (c), State universities and colleges. WlMiWStai See A (c2), County officers; P (c), Sta^ unlveraitiegand'coliegea Wyomlagt See P,(c), State pnlversltres.and coUegea (c>r^^u ' Q (c) . vffitedJStates Grant. * See P No emplyee or member of board shall be pecuniarily interested In any contract of said university. North Dakota:* See P (c), State universities and colleges. 6klahoma: Oklahoma School of Mines is hereby located at Wllburton. Pur- * pose of school shall be to give technical knowledge of mines and mining and related subjects, Including physics and mining engineering, mathematics, chemistry^ mineralogy, metallurgy, ahopwor]^, drawing, properties of mine gases, assaying and surveying, drafting of maps and plans. Said pcbool khall have a separate and distinct faculty ; shall give courses leading to de* greM and also Special cou^s as required. Regulair courses shall extend over a period of four years. Said school shall be under control of State board of education. ‘ See also A (bl), State beards. * South DakoU; The'schodl of mines at Rapid City shall be under the control of the State board of regents. Objects To furnish Instruction In chemistry, metallurgy, mineralogy, gedlogy, mining, milling, engineering, pmthematlcs, mechanics, diawlng, the fundamental laws of the country, and the rights and duties of dtUen^ Said institution shall be open to residents of the Stats without regard to sex or colo^; persons from without the State may be ad- mitted on terms prescribed by thq reg&ts. Regents shall appoint a dean, Instructors, and other nece^ry^^mployees ; prescribe books to be used; and make, rules for the goverMpnt of the Institution. tfoami A school of mines sSd metaUurgy is established at or nean^e city of ^ M Paso; said school shall be under the supervision of the board of regents * of the University of Texas; said. school shall have a*se]jtirate and distinct * ^cnlty ; r^mlar course of study shall extend over a p^od of two years. Utidit A . school of mines is established in connection with and under control df the University of Utah; said school shall be the beneficiary of grants by the United States or the l^tate for maintenance of a school of mines. Wlspoasin : . The Wisconsin Mining Trade School shall be under coq^l of a board consisting of three members, Including State superintendent of public ' iUsbbcUon and two members appointed by governor, one every .two years, ijo* serve four y^iu; appolntlvo members must-be residents of lead apd sine dlstrictt ’ Course of study at sald sclmol shall be two years\ln length,'^ em- , ' bra^g seol^, minidnlogy, chemistry; assaylilg, mining autrmining survey- ahd' Blll^ subjects; coutsd’ of stu^ nkust be approved by dean of college bona fide resid^u of State for year, shall pi^Dfp tnition, but shall pay for material used; other ^stndoi to ''lliall pj^'tultloii at ned than fSO nor more than $200 per year. Said board /Sl^ school and grant ^plOitffis to graduates. Bald tmrd f'sdikOoll stiall hot teR any piN^idi^ of J 761 Q(e). B^ILltABt ^H60LS. school without authority of the legisature; shall make annual report to gov- ernor and to secretary of state. Counties may appropriate money for equip- ment and malntl^ance of said school. Any city wherein a mining' trade school is located may annually appropriate money for equipment and malnte;;^ nance of such school. Q (e>. Military Schools. Arizona: See B (b). State, school lands: California; See U (e), Schdols for dependents and delinquents. New Mexico: The Goss Military Institute is hereby constituted one of the educational institutions of New Mexico, to be known as the New Mexico Military Institute; The New Mexico Military Institute shall be under the control of a board of regents, consisting of five members appointed by gov- ernor, by and with advice of the senate; term, four years not more than three regents shall belong to . the same political party at the tlme«of their . appointment Duties of regents: To maintain and control a military Insti- tute of proper standards; make rules and regulations for said InAltute; make contracts with teachers ; erect proper buildings ; make suitable disposition of *proi>erty; charge tuition, if necessary, ^or support of Institution. -All deeds for sale of land and all contracts shall be signed by the prudent of said board. The superintendent, commandant of cadets, and Instmctprs In said Institute shall be commissioned as aids-de-<^mp on the staff fst the governor and commander in chief. A^utant general shall make annual inspection ^ said Institute. The two cadets who shall at graduation have the highest standing shall receive commissions as second lieutenants In the National Guard of .New Mexico. The governor and each member of the senate and house of repr&entatlvc^ shall have the privilege of appointing one cadet from his district to saM Institute, and such appointees shall receive- training and equipment, tulbon, lodging, and medical attendance free of cost, and board at actual cost for two scholastic years; said appointees shall be no less than 14 nor more than 21 years old, and shall possess such other quali- fications as regents may determine. Uegents shall fix entrance requlremefits for said Institute; account for all ^uds; make annual report to^ governor; keep^ record of all accoiy^; Insiw property at three-fourths of estimated value The secretary and'^HEesir^er shall receive compensation for their services. . , South Carolina^ The boa^ of visitors of the Citadel, the military college of the State, shall consist of the governor, adjutant and Inspector gmieral. State superintendent of educftloh, the chairmen qf the military committees of the senate and housei of representative^ ex offlcfo, and five members, - graduates of said academy, elected by Joint vote of the legislature ; term of elective members six years, one or two, as the case requires, being elected every two years. Said board shall have the management and control of said academy, shall elect professors therefor, and may confer the degi^ of bachelor of sdence and civil engineer. The Citadel i^ll be open for the *ffee educatloD of as many beneficiary cadets as the annual appropriations may provide, but each county sb^ll be eniltied to at least one such scbolarShipt hoard mar receive cadets Without expense to- the State; after graduatlou, - bWieflclary cadets must teach-two yesrs In the public schools; su(of vlslton shall.make annual report^ ^ ■■ 769 STATE 3LAWS BBLATIKO TO PUBUO. EDTTCATIOK, Tcrmoat: Norwich Unlrersity Is hereby recogulx^ as the mUitary coHesc of the State. Each seoator shall appoint ^Ani^Uy one person to a scholar- ship In said institution ; such api>6lntee shall be a resident of the State, and preference shall be glTen by such senator to an applicant from his county. Scon of |li,00p shall be annually api;^prlnted for use of snld'lneUtatlon. Ehch scpolarahlp shall have value of $80 per y^r for four years. The gov- ernor shall, biennially, appoint three persons, with advice and consent of the . senate, who, with auditor of accounts and superintendent of education, shall constitute a board of visitors to said Institution ; said board shall visit said Institution, and report findings to governor, who shall transit the same to the State board of education and to the legislature; such vlsltbrs shall receive $3 per day and expenses for hot to exceed five days In each ymr, to be a charge against the Institution. ' Virginia: The visitors of the Virginia Military Institute ahatl be a body Corporate. CompoHtion of board of visitora: Adjutant general, superinten- dent of public instruction, and nine members appointed by the governor with the consent 6f the senate; term, four years; four or five, as the case requires, being appointed every years,* Boorfi rtiall meet at least once A year; ^ Bpedal meetings may be called by superiptendent of the Institute br presl- defut of board; five^. members a quorum'. Board may make by-laws and regplAtloiUB for its own govemment and the manapment of the Institute. The* arsenal ahall belong to the institute. 'Visitors shall annually appoint a treasurer, whose accounts shaV be examined by visitors; they shall ap* point prMessors to give instruction In nliutary science and In such other branches^s they may deem^roj^r; they shall fix salaries and may remove professqjrs for cause. '-Offl^rs of the Institute shn'l be^commlsaloned officers of the Virginia volunteer^ subject to orders of the governor, who ahall laeue commissions to professors, assistant professors, and other officers according to rank. Visitors shall pi;p8cribe terms of admission, courses of instruction, and nature and duration of cadets' service. ^ Board ahall admit free of charge for board and tnltlon State cadets between 16 and 26 years old ; not fewer than 60 such cadets shall be admitted, 1 from each senatorial district and 11 from the State at large. Any commissioned officer of the State mlllt||i A^ay be a student free of tnltlon charge for not exceeding 10 months. Board of Tisltora may confer the degree of graduate upon qualified cadeta Every cadet received on State accennt who remains In the lostitnte two years or more shall teach in some school of the State for two years after leaving the institute; in lien thereof he may serve In the State militia or serve two years as an engineer on the State highway commission ; he shall on entering school give bond cr Ilcense'to practice law. medld^ dentistry, chiropody, pharmacy, or for license ns public accountant, and for any other profession or vocation for which such certificafe Is qulred. , , NewM^co; The State board of education shall adopt a standard of efficiency for bualneBs alleges and commercial departments of other schools; Issue cer- tificates of recognition to such schools ; Jssue permits to the same wLen deemed advisable. No such school shall canvass pros{>ect]ve students In the State for the purpose of selling such students scholarship or tuition in said schools or accepting nmney or notes before the registration of such student in ^ said school without a permit Issued by the State board for such purpose. The State board may revoke such permit for cause. A violation of these provisional^ ^ shall constitute a^mlsdemeonor. Nothing In. this act shall be construed t^ . prevent (Mva^ng for students where no scholarship sold nor fees for tui- tion are collected In advance or prevent Itgltiipate advertising of any suVii school. New York; The State College of Forestry at Syracuse University, sh^fi be under control of board of 12 trustees, compodbd of chairman of ^te con- servation commlssloD, commissioner of education, and chancellor of Syracuse University, ex ofitelo, and three members appointed by governor, with advice consent of senate, and six by board of trusted of Syracuse University ; * members shall be appointed every two years, term six yiitti; members shall serve without, pay, but shall be allowed necessary ex- IMhsea. PowerB and duUeB bf board: To employ teachers and other em- ployees, adopt roles, prescribe courses, make annual report to legislature. Primary object of said college shall be to conduct experiments In forestry and 765 Q (f). TBOHNICAL ANB PBOFB8SIONAJL. 80HOOLS. foreaUtlon. AJU propert7 of Raid coUe«e acquired with State mooeya «h«ii remain property of State. Tuition aball be free tq atudente wbo are realdente of state for one year preceding admission; all fees and receipts from sales shall be reported to State treasurer and may be reappropriated to said college. The New York-Amerlcan Veterinary College at the New York University» of the city of New Vork, la hereby adopted ua a State veterinary college. All property* furnished by State for said college shall remain property of State, and all appropriations made for said college shall be used exclusively for said college. New York Unlvei^^dty jdipll make annual report to governor illative to said college. .Tuition shall be free to^ne student from each assembly dis- trict of part of St4ite lying cast of line drawn from Port Jenis to UUca and thence to Ogdensburg; said free tuition scholar^lp shall l»e awarded by fac- ulty of col lege. u[)oD wmpetltlve examination. Tuition fees from other stu- dents and all other fees shall be used for currenf expenses of said college. In the e%*ent that the board of education^ of city of New York shall dis- continue the New York Nautical School and shall transfer the property of snch school to the State, the New York State Nautical School shall be estab- lished in Its place and shall be under control of board of governors, conslstiag of commissioner of eer of Commerce, one of Albany Chamber of Commerce, one a New York State member of Na- tional Board of Steam Navigation; three of meml>ers shall be appointed I annually, to ser\e three years; members shall ser^e without compen<(atlon, but shall be allowed expenses. Board shall appoint all officers and teachers, fix their salaries and presc'ril)e their duties; shall do other things necessary to welfare of school. Tuition shall bo free, but luKlai fee of fV) shall be charged for uniforms. ee given in aclence^nd prac- tice of navigation, steamship, steam, and empirical engineering. Candidates for admission shall possess physical fltnesi; an elementary, education, and shall ^ of good moral character. See also A (bl), State boards^; Q (b). Agricultural colleges. North Dakota: The object of the North Dakota Academy of Science Is to furnish such Instnictton In the pure and applied sciences ns is usually glvetf ■4n schools of technology below the junior year. Board of trustees shall consist ,;Of five members, appointed by the governor, with the consent of the senate. 1 "A State school of forestry Is lot'ated at Botlneni^. Purpose: To famish In- istructlon of op agricultural high school, emphasizing those subjects that have jai>earlDg on forestry and horticulture. Board of directors shall consist of [three members, npi>oInted by the governor, with the consent of the senate; [term, four years; one or two, as the eaae requires, being appointed every two iyears, - . • . i See also P (b), Finance, lands, ^ui>port of higher Institutions; P (c), State iiinlversltles and collegea OjUahoma; A* college for women Is hereby created »and located at Chlckasba, . ; ahall be under control of State board of education ; purpose of said college !|8han be to glTe instroctlon in Industrial arts, Hlngllsh language, matbemattca, physics, liatural and gnomic sciences, with special reference to their appM- ^ jcadon in industries of life, but such instruction shall not, conflict with In- |Structlon In applied science provided at State agricultural collegea Fun icourse of study embrace at least four years of nine calendar months 1 A E (b). PRIVATE HIQHW rWETlTUilONB. E. PRIVATE AND ENDOWED HIOHBR INSTITUTIONS; STATE CONTROL. (a) Higher IntUuitioiu. ArkjuiMt See A (bl), State hoanla Marjland: See P (a), Illgber iDstituttons. general. \ew JerMf ; See A (b2). SUte offl* honors and grant diplomas. l»yola UnKersIty almll lx* a bfMly may confer degrees and give diplomas or certlflca^ee thereof, but cxjuraes of ptudy In learned professJons . abnll eqtwl that mjilutalmd by other Ktandard nnlveraltlea. The UrsuHne Nuns shall be ec body corporate: may Issue literary hoDors • and degrees and grant dUdomaa. "'iaine: See N (a). High schools. • Maryland: Empowered to receive while minors under 21, who may be lawfully received by or committed to any of the juvenile Institutions or sc^letles undsr State lows: It may also ret'elve such wldte minors under 21 as may be com- mitteil to It^by any court or Justice of iK^Jice after oonvlctlon, and with respect to minors so committed the Junior Kepuhllc shall have and exercise sucb authority as Is prescril>etl by the laws foj- juvenile tnstltulloos and societies. See also A (bl), State boards; P (c) State universities and colleges. MaasachuseUa: It shall la* unlawful for any ]ierson hr i^ersons engaged In publishing or selling bta^ks dr doing business as a corre8[H>ndence school to *te!! stocks, bonds, or other securities of such person or persons until neces- sary papers have boon fifed with the State commlsaloner of corporations; any pupil who Is defrauded by auch i>erson or persona may recover three times amount paid by him to sm*h i>er8on or i>er8oiia. Every person, firm associa- tion or corporation doing business In this Commonwealth as a correigKmdence school shall conform to the law thereto appertaining aiid with the rules and regulations esUhlJahed by the board of education. See also A (bl), ^te boards. ' Bflchlgan: 2*be president of^ the board of trustees of eveiV organised acadeaiy or literary or collegiate Institution duly Incorporated ahall annually cause to be made a fintndal and sUtlstlcal report of such Instltuttoa to the State supWoTOlent ^ T68 8TATB Laws bslahko to pubuo education. New Hampshire: See N (a), Hlgli schools. New Jersey: See A (b2), State offlcera New York: See^ (bl), State boards: A (d). District boards and offlcersL OWo: A^ben a college* university, or other Institution has been Incorporated, and has property of |25*000* a schedule of which property has been filed with the secretary of state, the trustees of such institution may appoint a presi- dent and faculty and lUl other needed employees, and fix their compensation. Trustees may. upon recomnlendatlon of the faculty, confer degrees; but no college or university shall confer any such,degree until the president or board of trustees thereof bos filed with the State superintendent of public Instruction *a certificate shewing that such institution Is qualified to Issue such degree. Any such Institution may hold In trust any property devl^, bequeathed, or donated to It, consistent wlthr objects of such Instltuyon. Ae .president and professors shall constitute the faculty of suchl^tltutlon, may enforce rules and regulations, and su8i)end and expel offending studen^ Such Institution may own mechanlchl shops and ciachlnery, or lands for agricultural purposes, not exceeding 300 acres ; may^ange stock into scholar- ships ; may change Its location by vote of three-foAths of Its trustees, or If Insritutlon Is owAed In shares or by stock, by vote of hold^ of three-fourths of stock. The trustees of a corporation Incorporated to manage a college endowment fund may hpply to common pleas court of the county -to apply such fund to any object not Inconsistent with purposes of education different from that particularly specified therein irsuch provision be Included In articles of incorporation, in case of vacancy In board of trustees of such institution, and there is no provision of law for filling It, tlie governor shall fill such vacancy. Property of such corporation may be increased, but use of such property shall not be divested from the express will of tbe donor. Trustees .of such corporation may borrow money for enlarging or adding to buildings, and Issue bonds for It and secure them by mortgage. Befbre the trustees of such corporaUon may acquire and hold additional property, they shall file with secretary of state a statement setting forth the amount and use of such property. A'Sy college or university operating under the patron- age of any religious body may accept the provisions of this act, which shall in no way affect its rights under its charter or any law of the State. The president of such university shall ex officio be a trustee; such board shall divide its number, not Including president,, into classes, one class for each religious body patronizing such Institution* one class for alumni, and one class at large; no such class shall contain less than 6 nor more than 10 members; those members apportioned trfsald religious bodies shnlf constitute not less than three-fifths of entire board, excluding president; said trustees shall be appointed In rotation, the several classes being properly represented, term, Qye years; alumni association shall elect ‘'alumni class “ of trustees! such trustees to constitute not less than one-fifth of entire board; 11 shall constltate quorum, if board shall contain 20 or more members; a 'majority, if less than 20 members. The. trustees of n corporation incorporated for purpose of creating a fund for* promotion of education, may 'receive subscrip- tions for membership in such corporatloa The boa* of trustees of a ini- verslty or college heretofore incorporated, and undfl^^ronage of one llglous body, may Increase number of its trustees, ndf^ceedlng six, suc\ additional members to be ^osen from alumni of such* Inrtltution and to b^ of three years' standing. A corporation may be fbrmed for promotion of education under religious Influences, the articles of incorporation to set forth such fact; existing corporntlens may avail themselves of provisions herein prescribed; the patroniahig body of such Instltutton shaU elect a B(b). PBIVATB^GHBB rWBTITUTIONS. 769’ ^ trnflteec^ divided Into 8 cl&sses of 7 06ondence ; it must file with the super- intendent of public Instruction proof of the conduct of such'n school, Pennsylvania: See G (b), State normal schools. Rhode Island: See A (bl), State boards. South Carolina: Persons In charge of all literary, scientific, or professional Institutions of learning Incorporated, supported, or aided by the State, and of all schools or private educational institutions shall repdrt annually td the State superintendent of education. See also A (b2)', State ^fflcers. Tennessee: Mlsd^eanor to Interfere with, disturb, or dlSQUlet pupils of teachers ot female boarding school while In a public place or on school prem- ises, or to communicate for such purposes with pupils either brally. In writing, or by slgne^ or to entdr upon premises of such school, except on business, without permlslon of prlnclpaL Misdemeanor to loiter about such schools, See also N (a), High schools. S8Q8*— 15 48 • - 770 «TATB iJiWB H^LATISTG TO PtTBlic EDUCATION. F^rinoitt; See A (b2). State officer; N (a)» High schools WlflconslB; President of board of trustees of every organised Incorporated’ academy, seminary, and literary or colle^ate institution shall cause principal: or other proper officer of such institution to make report to State superin- tendent In even-numbered yearA President or other pinclpal officer of any incorporated Allege or school under military discipline or maln£alnlng n military department, with not lees than 100 cadets, upon appllcatloH to gov- ernor, may have corps of cadets annually Inspected by adjutant general or other officer appointed by governor; such inspecting officer shall report results of inspection to governor; graduates from such military InstltuUons shall be entitled to honorary rank of second lieutenant In the unorghnlzed militia of the State. '.Wyoming; See U (e), Schools for det>cudent3 and delinquents. S. LIBRARIES AND MUSByMS. (a) General. See S (b), Pnbllc-school libraries. . \ 8 (b). Public-School Libraries. Alabama; Annual appropriation of $100 for each county to aid in establishing and maintaining school libraries; no part of appropriation shall be expendehe county system; county may contract with incorporated or town to give privileges of county library to such city or town ; county ^pervlBors may contract with supervisors of another cobn^ for the exten- Sion of privileges of library; State librarian and librarians o^ San Francisco and Los Ai^es shall constlfiite State board of library examiners; county BupervlsorBVhere library is established shall appoint a county librarian; V supervisors may make rjjlee governing library; supervisors may establish 8 (b) . PUBU0-8CH00L T-THHAWrua, 111 branch libraries and appolijt employees. Librarian shall take oath of office and^re btxnd. County libraries shall be under the..general supervision of the State librarian; county librarian shall report to supervisors 'and to State . librarian. Tax for library, not exceeding 1 mill on the dollar ; county bonds may be Issued for erectibn of buildings, etc. County Ubrarian may have rontrol of county law library. County library may be disestablished alml- larly^to Its estnbflshmeiit ; sui^rvlsort may contract with trustees of an existing library to make It the county library. School boards, shall expend, llbn^ry fund and donations In purchase of apparatus and books for a school library; all orders for books or apparatus . must be submitted to superintendent «f schools for his approval • Ubrary fund shall consist of not less ghan 5 nor more than JO per-cent of county whool fund apportioned to district; In cities not divided into district Ilbr^ fund Shall consist* of for every 1,000 children or fraction thereof of 600 or more; fund shall be apportioned to each school In proportion to number of pupils belonjJIng. in a city and county fund shall be |10 to each ^her. School board- shall control library vwhich shall when pracUcable be kept open ln~#«raptlop time and on nonschool days; school library may be made a branch of county library. Sriiool board may appoint a llibrarlan. T t ^ boards and officers; G (d), Teachers Instltut^ and suminer schools; N (a), High schools. Colorado; See C (c), Local »taxat!on. Connecticut:. The State treasurer, uiwn the order of the secretary of the State board of education, shall pay $10 to every school district and to every town maintaining a high .school which shall raise by tux or otherwise a like sum for the establishment of a school library, and the further gum of $6 annually to every district or town which shall raise a like sum for the main- tenance of said library.- If the number of pupils In attendance In such dis- trict or high school shall exceed 100, the treasurer shall pay $io In the flrat Instance and $5 annually thereafter for each 100 pupils or fraction thereof In excess of 100. The town school committee or the Joint board of selectmen and school visitors may appropriate money for thd- purchase of books and apparatus; said money shall be exivendcd* by- a committee on libraries and apparatus annually appointed by the town school committee or by the school Visitors* - Any town, clftr, or Wongh may estebllsh a free public library and may expend such sum of money ns may be necessary to maintain the same. Any town» borough, or city may at any meeting duly called for such purpose fix by a proper by-law the amount which, shall be annually expended • It may provide site and building for such library; It ma’y receive and hold glfto and bequests. In the absence of other lawful provision any town or borough may elect a board of directors to manage Its public library ; . town shall ^termlne number ; term, three years, one-tblrd being elected each year, ne fetate board of education shair annually appoint five persons L a State library committee. The librarian or director of any library or any public-school teacher may ask the State library committee for advice as to selecUon of books. admlnlstraOon library, etc. Said committee may give ^ and help, may visit and Inspect libraries, and may purchase books and pictures to be loaned to libraries, schools, associations, eta- for such purposes »3,260 may be expended. Any town having no free Ubratr may esta^bllah the same and State aid not to exceed the amount expendedV own aa^no^o uce^ $200 may he granted. In towns having a valuation of over $600,000, StAte'^brary committees may expend for the Jnciease of the Bjnereas 772 STATE LAWS BBLATINQ TO PTTBUO EDUCATION. ^n #800.^ ^nation, said committee may expend an amount equal to ^t upended from any source for such library; but State expenditure for Bocn library shall not excoeoses of ibis act schoo districts shall be divided Into seven classes, aJrdlng to u'e amount of school money which said district Is authorized by law to raise A library tax shall be levied according to clasallloatlon of the district If . district votes for the establishment of a_ library; tax within minimum and Shall elect 'a (Ustrlct llbra^ commission, the number of members de|>endlng upon the class of the district. Said commission shall have the custoPe«y. and shall report annually to governor T.„^r incorporated city or' village may establish a public library and may levy a tax of not exceeding 1 mill on the dollar for »U malntenAuee. On petition i)olnt a board of five directors of the library: directors shall have control of exiamdlture of library fund; they shall make rules for their own government uiid' the government of the * librar}*: they may, with api)rovn] of the comiell, acquire a^uilillng. . Such' llbracies shall forever be frtv, subject to rules *of bon nls. ^*^1 rectors shall report niuiually to State library commission, rHrectors may '•accept gifts I and hold property in trust Where n free subscription library has been ■ ^ * e8tabllsheoal taxation. Indiana: Any city or Incorpora ttnl town may levy a tax of not exceeding 1 I mill on each dollar of taxable property fcurtlie purpose of establishing and maintaining a public library; such city or town shall levy such tax If tax- . payers raise by sulWrIption a sum (*qual to two-tenths of 1 mill on each erty. If such a tax Is levlwl and subscriptions are made, a mibllc library lH>ard shall be uppolntwl. If the township advisory lK)nrd shall levy In the township a tax of five-tenths of a mill for library I purposes, a library board shall be appointtxl. Any Incorporatetl town or city shall make its library fi tM‘ to all Inhabitants of Die *township, If such j , township Shull levy a lax of five-tenths of a mill on each dollar of taxable property for the siipiHtrt of said library ; such township tax shall be levied by the township ndvlsory board on jHditlon of 50 taxpayers; In case town- ship levies no tax for the support of such library, the library board inay sell library eftrds to Inimhitnnts of said township for such fee as ma^ be deemed just compensation for library privileges. A State library commis- sion to be coniiK)Hod of three members shall, l>e apj>olntHl by the governor; term, four years. Said comintsshm shall have the management of the traveling libraries; shall make rules for the loaning of books; shall ^prepare lists for libraries and furnish information ns to the organization and maln- •tenance of libtarlos ; shall provide courses of lil)rany Instruction ; shall print clrouinrs of Information and pc»rform such other services for libraries. * as It may consider best. Any 5 or more citizens may form an association to j receive benefits of traveling libraries. Where 50 or more ’legal voters of a I towmship 80 petition, the question of levying a library fax In any township shall be submitted to. an election, and If vote carries township advisory Ivoard shall levy*n tax of not less than five-tenths of a rqlll and not more than 1 mill on the. dollar for library punH>ses; *ln any township having ^ library established by private donation of $10,000 nr q^orp a tax of not ex- ceeding 6 cents on each $100 of tu..Ablc property shall be levied. Township * trustee and two residents shall constltute the township library board where a , township library Is e8taT>Ush«l ; such board shall have the control of th4 pur- chase of books and the mnnaj^ement of such library ; two or more town- may 'linite to maintain a library. In Incorporated towns hmh cities school boards may establish and maintain libraries In connection with pub- lic schools, but Where a library open to the people !s already established no tax shall be levied for such school library. In any township whera there * is a library established b^ private donation of $1,0P0 or more for th^ use of 774 STATE LAWS RELATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. aU the iohabltanta, township trustee -ahall levy a tax of not exceeding 1 cent — on each |100 for the purchase of books. In any city having 30,000 Inbablt- antfl or more a tax of not exceeding 4 cents on each $100 may l>e levied by the board of school commissioners for the support of .libraries In connection wl£h the public schools. In clfJes having 16,000 Inhabltanti* or more Iwnda for library purposes may be issued to the amount of $100,000. See also A (f), Administrative units— dlstrlcta, etc.; D (a), Buildings and Bites, general. Iowa: The treasurer of each school township and . each rural Indepondait district shall annually withhold from the apiwrtlonment to districts be- tween 6 and 16 ceuta for each person of school age, as the directors may direct, for the purchase of books; when so ordered by the directors, this provision shall apply to other Independent districts. The president and secretary of the board shall annually, wUh assistance of the county superin- tendent, expend amount withheld; the State board of educational examiners shall prepare lists of books and presldaits and secretaries shall make their purchases therefrom. Unless the Iward of directors shall elect some other person, the secretary In Independent districts and the director In sub* districts shall act as librarian. The board of library trustees of any free public library may contract with any school con>orntlon, trustees of any civil township, board of supervisors of county where library Is situated, and the conncll of any city or town, whether such corporation be In the county or an adjc^nlng county, for the free use yf said library by the residents of the corporation with which contract is made. The trustees of a civil township may, and on petition of a majority of the resident taxpayers thereof shall, contract library service as herein providwl, and when such contract Is made shaT! levy a tax therefor of not exceeding 1 mill on the dollar. The council of any city or town in which there is no free public library accom- modations as herein provided, when 'such contract Is made, ^all levy a tax therefor of not exceeding 1 mill on the dollar. County authorities, may likewise contract for library privileges* for residents outside of cities and towna The directors of any school corporation In which there Is no free public llbniry may contract for library accommodatJon.s as herein pro- vided, and when such contract Is made shall levy a tax therefor of not ex- ceeding 1 mill on the dollar. See also A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. ^ KansM: School district libraries.— For purchase of library books any school district may vote a tax In addition to school Pix. Limitation of levy: Dis- tricts having less than $20,000 of taxable proi>erty, one-half of 1 mill ; $20,000 to $30,000, iree-elghths of 1 mill; $30,000 to $60,000, one-fourth of 1 mill; more than $60,000, one-eighth of 1 mill. District clerk shall be librarian, un- less trustees shall npjx)Int some other comijetent person. State traveling, Ubrary.— The Kansas Traveling libraries Commission shall control the traveling department of the State library; they may send out from the miscellaneous department of said library such books as the directors thereof may prescribe, such books to go to any library or to any community or organization not having a library. Kentucky; There shall be a county teachers* library In j»ch county, under care and In office oroounty superintendent, supported out of funds collected for that purpose at annual Institute and by donaUon. County superintendent and two others shall be library conunission for purchase of books, periodicals, and furniture; State superintendent shall supply certain public docummits; library commlskon shall make extended report to institute annually. . 8 (b), Ptn6Lfd-BCH(k5L L/6RARfE8. 776 When 40 volumes eoa be eollected gaibdlsCflcl! trusteed^ «hall organise a district library; may make "snttable arraagea^eets for' keeping the books” and may appoint a librarian; trustees ahatt have control over library as over Ptber property; may receive donations; library free to popOs and to others on ' ‘ payment of memberdhip fee. See also A (bl), State boards; A (d), District boards and oflicers; G, (d)» Teachers’ institutes and summer schoola lionislana: The parish school board shall appropriate $10 as aid to library of any school or grade in a school when patrons of sait^ school have raised $10 for such purpose ; such action shall be reported to State superintendent, who shall submit list and prices of appro. ed books; books must be selected from such list; secretary of imriah board shall order books; pariah school board shall furnish for each suj:h library, at expense of public^school funds, a book- case; manager of each such library shall make annual re|X)rt to State super- inteudent ; such libraries may be enlarged from year to year by additional aid when patrons raise BU|)pU?meuU*ry amounts; legal possession of such libraries shall ve^t in the porish school board. Maine; Any town’ may establish a free public library, and may appropriate for the “foundation and commencement” of such library not exceeding $2, and for maintenance and annual increase' not exceeding $2, for each ratable poll In the year next preceding. Any village corporation In u town not maln- / taining a library mn^r ostabllah and maintain one. Any town may secure for Us 1nhai)Itant8 the free use of a library of an adjoining towm Two or more adjoining towns may unite In esUiblishlng and nmlntainlng a library. State aid shall l»e extended to nuy city, town, or village corporation maintaining a free public llbrnryj stfch nid'shall be equal to 10 i»er cent of amount expended by such dty, town, or village. Any town or city In which a library is main- lined by a corporation or association may expend $1 for each ratable poll to secure the free use of such library to the inhabitants of such town or city. Maryland: The sum of $10 Is ordered paid by county board outf of State school fiflld “ to any schoolhouse district os library money as long as the people of the district raise the s/ime an^ount annually”; iKwks must be selected by district Iwnrd and teachers from furnished by State borad. Governor shall biennially appoiuTTour persona, at lejist two being women, who, with the Sbite llbnirlan, State superintendent, and librarian of Enoch^ Pratt Free Libnirj*. shall constitute the Maryland Public Library Commis- sion. This commission shall organise and serve without pay; necessary ex- . penses may be paid; commission shall ^ve advice and report annually; It shall orgf^IzG and conduct traveling libraries; $1,500 appropriated annually for Its nse; commission on application of library directors of a county, munici- pality or election district may expend $100 for books for a free public library. County commissioners shall have power to establish and nfaintain free public libraries at county seat, with branches elsewhere; It may levy annual tax not over 6 cents for.llbrary fund ; on petition of voters of election district county commissioners shall establish a public library In said district and control it ‘8 done In on Incobporated municipality; they may nlto levy tax on ict for the library; municipality may levy library tax not to el- 7 cents. When It Is determined to establish a library a board of nine fdlrectors shall be appointed to serve six years, ^wo being elected biennially. Directors shall serve without pay, adopt by-laws, and have exclusive control of expenditures, erection of bulidlrfgs, purchasing grounds, appointment of librarian, etc.; moneys collected for such libraries shall he kept In comity 776 STATE LAWS HKLATIKO TO PUBLIC EDUCATION, treamiry separate from other fuDda; llbrarlea tlwa eatablUhetl aball be free; dtrectorB shall make a detailed annual reiwit to library eommlaalon; library board may receive and hold gifts; shall receive most of St^te publications; proviaiona of this chapter, except of the first section, shall not apply toIut n general setTeUiry and adviser, with the consent of the governor, for a period not exoeeInt an agent or secretary to direct eduontlonni Work for the benefit of the alien jx>pulatlon of the Commonwealth at a a*dary ^of such amount, not exceeding $2,000. as the governor and (.•ouucll may approve. Michigan: A library may he maintained In etich organized township or city which shall be the property of such townahlp or city, and l>e under the control ' of the township board or the b<)ard of education of the village or city; town- ship board may dl8|K>se of snM library to tlie several schotil districts of the townahip or may merge said library into a free public library; when any towm- ship is organized as a township district the cyntrol of the library shall pass from the township board to the iKxartl of education. All resKJefita of the town- ship ahall be entlUed to privileges of the I'brary, but residents of a school district mainD^lng a library shall bo entitled to privileges of such library only. Township board or board of e^lucatlon shall make for the government of Bald library such rules and regulntlouH as they may dtH'ui pr\»i»er or the State superintendent of public Instruction may advise; said l>onrd shall niv point a llbi:arian for a term of one year. Any dlstj^jct may by a majority vote establish a school-district library and slinll l>e entitled to Its proiwrtlon of books of township library ami of ihirury funds; the district boanl of any district or the^board of edoention of any townslilp school district, village, or city in which a library has been estiibllsheil *>hall have charge of such library. Townahip clerk and district board W imard of education shall make such re]X)rts to the Stiite superintendent as he may rwiulre. In case board falls to make required^ rei>ort or uses library money contrary to law, library moneys to be apportioned for the ensuing year shall l>e forfeited. Shite snperln tendent shall nnmtally furnish to county clerks and to townslilp clerks and city clerks a statement townships, districts, townshU) districts, villages, and cities etutitled to recelafllbrury moneys." The prwt^s of all fines for breach of the penal laws sl^ be apportioned by the county treasury for the support of libraries. The tpiallfied voUHi of each township and those of any school district In which a library ahaU established may vote a tax for the supDort of libraries. The gOTemor shall appoint four persons, who, vrfth State librarian, ex officio, shall constitute a board of library commissioners; term of appointive mem- bers four years, two being apimlnted every two years. It shall be the duty of said board to give advice to the free libraries of the State. All free libraries organized under the laws of the State ahall report annually to said commls- atonera ' ^ , Boards of education In cities where free public libraries are under control of such boards may inclnde in their annual estimates a sum sufficient to main- tain and purchase new books for said libraries; said boards may issue bonds Sr sites and buildings. The Ubrarlan of all public libraries, including town- Ip, school district, village, or city Ubraries, ahall report annually to the 777 8 (b). PUBUC-SCHOOL LIBRABIR8. county commlasloDer of scboolB; sai^ comuilasloner mIihII traoBmlt Buch ro- i porta, toKcther with a list of libraries In the county, to the State board of library commlsidoners. , See ales A (b2). State officers; A kcaae, with Itx'k and key, county ^ui^erlutendeiit may ;vi*y $10 out of county comuion-ecbool fund; not more than $11X1 to paid by the county in any year: no school shall receive a second donation W lou« ns there are appMcn- tlons from schools that have hot l>een suppliwl ; county aui>ertntendent ahnll . name two firat-Rrade teachers, who, with himself, ahall (xuiatitute a county library coumiisslon; their duty to select list of booka for llbrarlea, make rules, appoint a librarian, who ahall make annual report to the county 09m- miasloh. See also A (d). District lK>ard« and offlc'ers, Miasoorl; There la cr«'atoj»#f#ald. at tfef^ lowest i^osslhlo ('oat : State »ui»erlntei!dent shall I puhllali mid dlatrlbute Hat. For jturiwae pn>vIdtHl by tbla act dlatrh't hoard ahall set aside from Inchlental fund not less than o nor mart' than 25 tvnts i>er child eminjonitwl. / See also A (fl, AdmlnlstnitJve units— districts, etc. Montana: A library find Is crentetl 'which school trustees shall expend for supiNort of school llhrliry, except that such fund may he exi>ended fur current exiMJnses of sohool&^’here free-public library Is malniuiiUNl; In districts of thirl class suefirmal shall consist of t(» 10 im.t cent of county fund appor- tlonetl to districts. iWit not excee<) for each nOO children of, schoo! age or ma\£Uy fraction tJiereof. Sch(K)l library alia 11 l>e under ctmtrol of school trustees who sliall reix>rt library sbitislics anuually to county super- intendent Booka sliall be soleotCHl by county sui>orlntendent and trustees fmm list preimred by Stale sulVulntendeiit State sniierlntendeut shall moke rules for government of school libraries. See also A (b2), State officers; A (c2). County officers. - Nebraska; See A (d), District boards and office Nevada; The library fund of each district ahull consist of n sum set aside by the State super! ntemlent annually out of district schtxil fund, not less than $3 nor than $5 per teacher lu such district, calculating 1 teacher foy every 75 census children, nud the further sum of not less ftian 5 cents nor more than 10 cents fur each census child; library fund shall he expended for books. app|bved by State superintendent; school trustees are authorised to purchase library hooka i See also A Hcat1on of ony town having no free public library k owned and controlled by the town. State aid of not exceeding $100' moy be granted for the purchase of books, but town mnst first have accepted at a town meeting the provisions of this act and provided* for the care, custody, and distribution of books. Town accepting these provisions must annually make appropriations as follows: Not less than $50 in towns having vaHiatitm I - ^ ^ 778 STATE LAWS BELATTKO TO^PUBUC EDUCATION. ' * ' . ’ > of 11,000,000 or mofe; not than $25 In tovms harlnr raloatlon of $260,000 to $1,000,000; not tesa than $16 m towns haVlng valuation lorn than $260,000. Any town may vote to levy a tax ami maintain a frea public library. New Jersey: Any acbool district niUlng $20 for eetabllahlnx a school library, or for procuring books of referorn'e, school ajHiaratus. or e^uciitional works of art for any public school therein, shall recelre a like sum from the Slate; farther sum of $10 iwr year shall he llkewise recelTed upon the raising ot^ like sum by the district, lubllc library commission shall adopt rulM and regulations for such libraries; said Qommission may oonwdldate and establlRh In one place the s^'hool libraries of any dlstrlcL School district may appro priate moneys for school libraries, If any county shall raise by subacrijuion u sum not lees than $100 (hr ew- tabliahment of a library of |)ttlagoglcaI books for use of teachera, sik'Ii county shall receive $u>0 the State for such library; such county, sball annually retvive fmm the SUite a auiii of not less than $60 nor more Uiaii $100 upon comlltion Umt a like sum be ralaeil by subai'rlptiou lu the county. County sui>erinteudimt and throe ttnichera H|tlH>iutod by him sindi oomiUtuje a committee to iHirchase btK>k8 for and bj^ve^^maudgemeut of such library. Now York: All library material belonging to the State, unless otherwim\ , placed by law. shall be In chanie of the regents ai^l shall constitute the SUie' library; the SUie me a part of the Now York State library, oi>en to the iKH)i»le of the Shite ; all State re<'ord.s. not othorwlsi* pi act'll by law, shall In» part of State library; use of btHiks of State library sliall in? sub)ect to rules and nvulatious of regents; there Hhiill Im* ii dupliciite de|wrt* ment <»f state library fmrn which iHibllj'Utlona may be Hold, eichaugetl. or distributed; State llbrarj' shall make animal rei»ort to legislature. The wonl library *’ shall include reference and circulating libraries and readlng.pwms ; law applies equally to libraries and museums, wlnnber Kt^mnite or wmldnoil. By a majority vote at any election, any city, village, town, achiwl 'district, or other body authorized to levy taxes, or the authorities of a city or vlllugi* may lev-y taxes for establish lug and nnilntaliilng a free public library, either by Itself or lu con nei* lion witb some other library; vote ou said (juestlon sl^l) be taken upon jieiltlon' of 26 taximyers of the tni-lexylug unit, Ry a inajtfiity ▼ote at any election any municipality or district or by three fourths -vote of Its council, any city, or any public library In the university may aix'ept gifts, groats, devises, or IxKiuests for iMJbllc lIbrarj* puriK>.s<»H on condition that an annjijijil appropriation be made for support of such library, and may levy tax for such Bupiwrt. Ry a majority vote, any faideolng urtit may contrihule to support of a library not ownetl hy t«e public but maintained for its welfare and free use; such libraries shall be subject to Inspection of regents, and pub- lic support for such library shall not exceed 10 cents for eoch volume In dr- eolation. -Trostees of u museum may at certain hours and for certain pur- poees charge admission fees, such fees to go into maintenance fund of myiaeum. Free public libraries shall l>e managed by boards of trustees elected by the legal voters, except that In cities they shall be appointed by the mayor with consent of the common council; said trustees shall have“powers slmiUr to trustees of other educaUonal InsUtuUons; unless otherwise specified in the charter, said Ubrary shall have five trustees, selected in rotation, term 6 yenrs. \ Within 1 month after taking office, the first trustees of such library •hall apply to regents for a charter. Public librari^ shall be ?ree to the pepifie, -subject to rules of the library trustees. Cheery library receiving State aid or enjoying privileges not accorded to bi^inesa corporaUona shall make required repot$s to regents or commissioner of ^ucadon. ^^Whoever 8 (b). PUBUC-SCHOOL UBBAH1K8. ' 77^ winfully iwbllc library property tdinW be !ra prisoned for not more tban three yeflrt or aned not ejceedln^: $500, or both : whoever wtllfully detains any books or other pmperty of such library for r|0 d«y>i after, written notice to return.the same shall l>e ftnM not than |1 nt»r nwre than $25. or be Im- priaooM not exoeoillnK six mootha. A public library may, by majority toU^ approved !>y the rej^enta. bo inmsferred to the ('untiMl of some other mun!- rlpiOlty, district or pultlh' library in the unlverslO*. State aid for public lltiraiies n^iy N* withheld by the reReiits for cause, Ht*iients may lend ' hooka from' State library to approved ptililic llbmri<*a. The truKtee*. librarian, or any cItlEen iiirercroprlrtte«trtloned by (he re’ may Im* a!K>llshed by a majority vote of electors or by action of schind authorities, with approval of ^ regents. The achool Uhnlry shnll lie uard exclusively !»y Uie si’biiol oxw'pt aa I V otherwlah provideil by coinmh«Ioher of education, and* except in a dlsirict having ^o public library. In which cai^ aocbdtbrary niay be uawl jtiy ntaldenU of district (\nnnilssloncr of eilucntlon slial) pn^'rUM' Vnles for schtxil 1lhra* riea. Aiiy city or union fm»- school district maintaining. niT'academlc depart- ment or high schtiol nmy emjtloy and fix iNnn]n‘it?^atloii of a liltnirlan; such > city or district shall nv>i»lve i(Pi>«trMomiient nf a tmchi'r's e sclnmV authorities may i)]>poltit a llhrariau; In said cities and union dlKtrlcts wliere no lilinirlan is niipolnied, Knglish teacher slmll serve as librarian, ami in other districts, the principnl teacher,; st'biK>i iiutlioritles sliall icjnirt names of lilinirians to coniniisaioaer' of education. School authorities may levy taxes to supr»ort school libreriea; may transfer scuool llbrarj' proia^rty to*fj>s> jiublic library. AVhere a school library Is a circulating library the some'nmy lie Incorporated by the regents * and library tnistees apiiointed therefor, Kor pvxl cause, regents may wlLh- hold school library moneys from any dUttict or city, North Carolina: When jvitrons of Si'bool, miriutvlng SI balded library, raise $10 for school library, iv>unty and Stale IxiardK of epulatlon may be aided. State appropriation of $7,500 libmade biennially. See alM H (c). School year, month, day, etc. North Dakou: See A (b2), SUte officers; A (d), IMstrtct^b^rds and offleera Ohio: The board of any school district may provide for the eshiblishment, control, and maintenance in such district of a public library free to all the in- habitants thereof; such board may annually levy a l-mlll tax In addition to all other taxes allowed by law. and may receive any projierty donated fbr sneh purpose. ' When a donation has been made to two or more districts Jointly for library purposes, the school boards of the several districts may levy a tax not exceeding 1 mill. In addition to all other taxes, for a fund for h the estabiiahment and support of a Joint library; such Joint libraries shall be governed by a hoard of six mepbers, three to be appointed by each school L ^ . 780 STATE LAWS BBIAXINO TO PUBUC BOUOAHON. b<^. i^^sald trustees shall receive no compensation for such sAvlces- ^ool board may provide for the management and control of such library by a board Of trustees to be elected; such library board shall consist of seven embers, elected one each year for seven years; members of llbraty board ^1 receive no compensaOon for services fomers and daUcB of library board ■ library property; elect and fix compenstitlon of librarian imd assistants; by a two-thirds vote may purchase or lease grounds and building ^d erect buildings for library jiurposes; make annual report to KhMl board By a two-thirds vote said library boanf may set aside anysur- Plus as a ^nklng fund for building purposes; said board may receive any gifts for library purposes; no n>ember of b«>rd shall be Interested In any ^tract made by board. Library board s^nll annually submit to school needed for llbrarj’ purposes for ensuing year, and school txmrd shall levy a tax not to exceed IJ mills In addlOon to all other levies anthorlied by law for such purpo.ses. The school board In any district wy contract annually with any organization maintaining a library for the pnbi c use of the san'ie, and said board may levy „ tax annually not to exceed - L““ , ^ '8 “0 public library 8^00 ^rd may annually appropriate an amount not to exceed $250 for a S^Ml library, the same to be paid from board’s contingent fund. The school board OT Ilbra^ board In any district may found and maintain a museum In connection with library, and niay receive gifts for the some. ’ ‘’^SrUbra?!!^ authorized to gstabllsh and maintain O^on: The governor shaU appoint one person, who, with the governor. State sui»rlntendent, president of the State university, and librarian of the Library Association of PorUand, shall - \lslon therefor; llbrhry funds shall be disbursed as are other school funds; but such disbursement must first meet with approval of library trustees, if any. Library trustees shall sen*e witliout compensation; vacancy tn library board shall be filled by board of school directors. By a two-tblrds vote, school directors' may Join with an Individual or a^oclatlon In supporting a library; branch libraries may be established; no books shall be placed la school libraries without the consent of library trustees or school . board ; board of directors may permit use of books by residents of oAen districts. IJbrary trustees shall make rejKirts to State librarian and to State superin- tendent Two or more districts may jointly maintain a public-school library. See also A (d). District boards and oflicers. Rhode Island; The council of any city or town may accept a gift of a library or of funds for establlshnieut of the same, and may mahituln the same; the said council shall elect a board of trustees for such library, consisting of not less than three nor more than seven members; trustees shall be divided Into three classes, one class elected each year; term, three years. Xo fees be exacted for use of books of such library. Eiich city or town maintaining such library shall appropriate for such maintenance at least as much as State slinll appropriate for stild library. See also A (bl), State boards; A (b2). State officers; A (f),. Administra- tive units — districts, etc. South GaroUna; Whenever the patrons of a public school shall raise by subscription |10 for a school library, the county board of education shall appropriate from the funds of the district where such library Is to be located $10, together with $10 from the county funds, for such purpose : State board of education shall also appropriate $10 to such district Books shall be selected by trustees from lists prescril*ed by the State board of education; sqld State board shall make rules for the management of school librarlesL Not more than 25 schools in any one county shall receive such aid; State board may exijend balance of State appropriation to provide traveling libraries. Such school library may be enlarged by raising $6 by private subscription and the appropriation of $5 of State funds. Trustees of dIstricU In which are towns or cities of more than 3.000 population may appropriate not exceeding 3 i>er cent of the annual school levy for library purposes. Whenever Uie trustees of any public-school district shall raise not less than $5 nor more than $25 for the puriwsc of providing supplementary reading books, the county shall pay to such district a like sum and the State a like sum; books shall be selected from a list furnished by State board pf education. See also B (d). State taxation for school purposes. Sonth DakoU: The county treasurer of each county shall annually withhold from the income for the schools 10 cents per capitii of persons of school age for Bclywl-llbrary purposes. County superintendent, county auditor, State's attorney, and all superintendents of city schools and principals of yillage schools employing more than one teacher shall constitute the cdtmty library board; said board shall meet annually and expend the mohey above provided for library books selected from lists prepared by the State free-llbrary com- mission. District clerk shall be librarian and while schools are in session shall keep library in the schoolhouse, where teacher shall have charge ond^ 7$B STATE UW8 EBLAlUTa TO PUBUO BDUOA^TION Ills direction. Conntr library board may designate library clrcnlta, to be ^ composed of not mo^ than 10 scbools, for the circulation of hooka . The free. Ubrarles of the State shaU consist of the supreme court Ubrary, tto State Ubrary, the free public libraries of the several clUes, towna town- ships, and school districts, and the traveling libraries. The supreme court Ubrary shaU be under the control of the supreme court ; the State Ubrary and traveling llbrarlea of the free llbrar.v commission ; city, town, aud township libraries, of the respective boards of library trustees; school Ubrarlba of s^ool boards The State Free Library Commission shall consist of the gov- ernor, State superintendent. State librarian, and two members appointed by the governor. Duties: (1) To supervise the State library, (2) arrange col- l^ons of books and pictures to be loaned to Ubrarles, “InstUuUons, clubs, etc, (3) establish a clearing house whereby libraries. Institutions, etc., may exchange periodicals, (4) designate annually a list of books fronr which county Ubrary boards shall select, (6) render advice and assistance to com- munities In establishing and conducting llbrades, (6) report biennially to governor. The chief civil authority In any civil division having a library ShaU a;p^lnt three library trustees, who shaU provide Ubrary accommoda- Hoii^ select and purchase book^appotat a librarian, and otherwise manage tte Ubrary ; in said civil division a tax of not exceeding 2 mills shaU be levied ;»r the support of the library. Upon petition of 6 per cent of the voters of a^ city, town, or township, an election shall be held therein on the question of establishing a free pubUc library; majority vote shall determine. A State appropriation of |3,000 Is made annually for traveling libraries. Tranessee: Free library commission shall consist of State superintendent State librarian, and three members appointed by governor for terms of six years, one being appointed every two years. Commission shall elect one of its members chairman and a person not a member secretary, who shall re- ceive such compensation qs commission may fix. Duties of commission- To promote establishment of public, school, and traveling libraries and to aid in the adm nlstratlon thereof and of libraries already established; hold annual meeUng in January and special meetings on call of chairman; report annually to^vernor. (No funds are now provided for this commission.) ^ also A (bl). State boards; B (a). General State finance and wfpJht UtA: See A (bl). State beards; A (d). District boards and offlcere; A (fN. AdmlnlstraUve units— districts, etc. ; N (a). High schools. . Vermont; State boaW of library commissioners shall consist of five members, appointed by the governor; term, five years, one being appointed each year. Said board shall advise and assist In the maintenance and administration. of public libraries; It may annually hold a school of Instruction. It may extend ^“'■‘=****® extent of 1100 to any town, city, or Incor- r*”i^J*^**® 8 free public library owned and controlled by Itself- in addlUon sa d board may expend not exceeding $1,600 per annum to aid TZ I t ^v.“t of polls. Statejl^ry commissioners 'or and p^c usefulness of the •a^^rd «Pend $3,000 annually for necessary expenses. Including tnuk^rtatlon of bookB. in order to receive State aid of HOO, town city or lew tton $26, less than $2,600, not less than. $16. A board of Ubrary ■commissioners may not exc^ug |1JJ00 annually for traveUng ^Albrarles. Trustees to whom 8 (b). PUBUG-8GH00L LIBRABIBS. 78S . 1 property haa been donated to eetabllab a free public library may, uiUeas other- wie^ provided by donor, form a corporation to consist of not more th&u nine nor fewer than l|ye membera Any town, city, or Inmrporated village nmy establlab and maintain a late money therefor. private 'subscription and tender to the clerk of the district or city school board for the establishment of a school library the sum of $15, the school board shall appropriate $16; books shall be selected from lists approved by State board of education. When books are selected division superintendent shall certify list to State board of education and said board on approving the same shall appropriate $10 for such library. No school board shall be compelled to appropriate for more than five schools. There Is appropriated $7,500 to establish a System of traveling libraries. The system shall be under the supervision of the library board of the State library, but- the selection of books must be approved by the State board of education.' Books may be loaned to any public school In the State. See also A (bl). State boards. Washington; County superintendent of each county may establish a circulat- ing library for common schools; county commissioners may levy a tax fbr such purpose, not to exceed one-tenth of 1 mill oh dollar; books for such library must be recommended by State board of education or superintendent of public instruction. Coufity superintendent shall purchase books for such library, and shall make necessary rules and regulations relative thereto. See also A (d), District boards and officers. West Virginia; Board of education of any district may purchase books for school libraries; not more than $10 may be so expended in any year In any district, and books shall be selected from list approved by State superin- tendent. The trustees of any subdistrict where there Is a library of at least 200 volumes idoy, -upon petition of at least one-hQlf of tauayers of sub- district, appoint a librarian for. time school is not In sessQh, librarian to receive $5 per year payable out of building fund. | Wisconsin: The clerk of the district, or such other person ns may be designated by voters of district shall be librarian of district library; two or more ad- joining districts may, by vote of electors, unite their libraries; district may donate or sell books of district library to town library. Library books of one district, by mutual consent of school boards, may be exchanged or loaned for library books of another district; county or district superintendents may ar- range such exchanges or loans. Each county treasure^ shall annually with- hold from apportionment received from school fund, or other Income for * school districts, an amount equal to 10 cents for each person of school age residing In towns, villages, and cities of fourth class, said money to be used for purchase of library books; county or distrlcfsuperintendent shall an- nimlly provide for expenditure of such money for library books, to he selected from list prepared by State superintendent, and distributed to districts In proportion to money so withheld from each. The teacher or principal of every school under the Jurisdiction, of a county, district, or dty superin- tendent of a city of the fourth class shall annually make a report to the proper superintendent relative to school library. A school boaM and directors of any free public library may make exchanges and loans of booka Superin- tendent of agricoltural Institutes shall send to town clerks farmers* Institute buUetins for district-school libraries The State*' superintendent, secretary of Wisconsin Free Library Commission, and the attorney general shall be a Virginia: When petrous public school B&all raise by 784 STATE LAWS BBLATIErO TO PTTBUO BOtJCATION. committee to eecora bids and make contracts for snpplylng books and periodi- cals to schools of the State for library purposes; list of approved books shall bctfomlshed dealers; each dealer who bids shall deposit |1,000 as evidence ot good faith; each deposits shall be returned to unsuccessful bidders, and to successful bidders when proper bond has been furalshed far faithful per^ formance of^ terms of contract ; such bdhd shall he In sum of $10XK)0. Library purchasing officers shall be given notice of contracts made by said committee with dealers; any such officer who uses the 10-c^nt pe^^caplta fund to buy other than lawfully authorised books, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. State superintendent, secretary of Free Library CJommIssIon, and the attorney general shall constitute a State committee on the rebinding of library books; payment for rebinding such books shall be made from any funds In district treasury not otherwise appropriated. The railroad commissioner shall bi- ennially publish railroad map of the State, 8,000 copies of wtilch shall be dls- ; trihuted among the schools. The common council of every dty of second, third, or fourth classes, and bdnrd of trustees of every village, and board of every town may "estnbllrti? equip, and maintain a public library and read- ing room, and levy a tax for same. School districts may expend their own funds for school llbrkry purposes. See also A (b2). State officers; A (d), District boards and officers; A (e). School meetings, elections, etc. . Wyoming: When county commissioners of any county shall receive guarantee that a iwltable place will be permanwitly furnished for the protection of a public library, they shall levy a tax of not leas than one^Ighth nor more than one-half of a mill on the dollar for the esthbllshmeat and maintenance of a public library at the county seat: when such place Is furnished without rent, directors of library may pay for maintenance out of taxes thus col- lected. Commissioners shall appoint three directors; term, three years, one being appointed each year. Library maintained under this act shall be free to all residents of county. See also .A (f), Administrative units — districts, etc. T. EDUCATION OF SPECIAL CLASSES. (a) General. Nebraska: See A (bl), State boards. North OaroUna: Separate schools shall be provided for Indian children between 6 and 21 years old residing In lUchmond, Sampson, and Robeson Qountlea General school law shall be applicable as far as practicable. T (b). Deaf and Dumb. Alabama: Institution for deaf, located at Talladega. TruBieet: Governor, State superintendent, and 11 appointed by the governor; 8‘ appointive mem- bers from (wngresslonal district where institute is located and 1 each from other districts; term, 6 years, about one-third retiring bfannlallly. Board Is a bo^ corporate and shall have entire control of the Institute. A majority may transact business and meet at their discretion; they shafi appoint a T (l^). SCHOOLS rbB THE DEA7. 785 secretary and a treasurer; treasurer ahall pay out funds on order of prin- cipal countersljcned by the secretary ; board shall appoint principal who apaXl nominate asslstante; board shall fix compensation for officers and teachers.. Deaf persons residents of the State and between 7 and 21 years old may be / admitted for a period of 10 years; trustees may allow 4 additional years. Board may elect an executive committee of throe members Annual apprx>- prlation, 9236 per pupil. School for negro deaf and bllnjl located at Xallatl^ega, Under control of trustees of Alabama School for the Deaf; annual appropriaUon, 1230 per pupil; laws relating to' School for the Deaf applicable to govemineiit of Negro Schoorfqr the Deaf arid BllDd^ ; See also T (, District, boards aud offleers; B (e). State aM for ^86 BTATX LAWS BBLATHTO TO PX7BUO BDTTOATIOH, Colorado: The Colorado' School tor the Deaf a^ Blind shall be maintained at Colorado Springs and ahall be a body corrorate. , The board of trustees shall consist of fire members aiH>oihted by iber governor ; board shall appoint a superintendent who, with approval of board, shall apiMlnt Instructors and employees. Bvery blind, deaf, and mute person in the State ‘^who is over 6 and nnder 21 years old shall be admitted to said school free of charge; adults may be admitted as board determines; 'residents of other States may be admitted on payment of a smn fixed by trustees Ekach county soperlntmident shall report blind and deaf persons of suitable age to tlie euperinteiident of the achooL Where deaf or blind person Is too poor to furnish Ifimself with clothing and pay transportation to the school the county of his residence shall pay the sama The State board of education shall employ, at a salary of $1,000 a year, a State teacher for the adult blind, whose duty It shall be to provide instruction for the adult blind lU their homes. ' ^ See also A (c2), County ofilcera Connectloat: The governor may appoint, for a period of not more than 12 years, any deaf minor person residing in the State as a pupil In any institu- tion in the State for the education of Uie deaf; be may, on the recommenda- tion of principal or superlnt^dent of such i^ool, extend the term of aaUl^ minor six years-; he may contract with such institutions for such schooling; expense of such pupil shall be borne by the State, except where pupil or parent or guardian pays the same. Delaware: For the fiscal year ending in January, 1915, an appropriation of $12,000 was made for the maintenance and Instruction of the Indigent deaf apd 'dumb, indigent blind, and Indigent idiotic cbildron " In institutions out- side of the State. Florida: SeeP (a), Higher Institutions, general. Georgia: The <^^fcla School for the Deaf is located at Cave Spring and shall be nnder toe control of seven trustees appointed by governor, with con- sent of the senate. Trustees shall elect a principal, who bhall nominate subordinate officers and other employees, subject to approval of trustees. Governor may appoint for said institution a board of visitors, to consist of such a number as be thinks .best. Trustees sball elect a secretai^ik^Fmd a treasurer." Tfnstees shall report annually to governor. AU persons In the State between 7 and 26 years old who are too deaf to receive instruction In common schools and who are dtberwise fit shall be entitled to instruction fn said school for the deaf free of cost, but no pupil shall be allowed to remain more thau 12 terma In case parent or guardian is unable to supply clothing, same shall be fnmlshed free by institution ; all Shoes shall be furnished ,free from shop ‘of school. Day pupfls may he admitted, board outside of, school being paid by "parent or guardian. Idaho: A State school for deaf and blind shall bo establishefi. State board of * education shall control ; such board shall elect a superintendent and neces- sary Inst^ctors and othhr employees^ and ^all provide for examination of applicants for admission. All children loo aeaf or blind to be instructed in pubHc schools and between 6 and 21 years old shall be deemed deaf and bHnd. Oaisus mar^l shall amrtaln deaf and blind children and report 1^6 cdtmty superintendent ^ See also A (bl), State boarda nilnoJs: State testitutlons for the education of the deaf and the blind **are eitilbilslied at JacksonvlUe.' Boards of "education and school directors may establish and maintain daases ond schools for deaf and dumb and blind children. Teachers ahall T (b). SCHOOLS FtfB THE 4)HAF. 7g*y hold certlflcates of qualification for teach! ng in such achoois aa required by j -law. Olaasea for deaf children shnlhbe for thoae between 3 and 21 yeara old. State ahall pay the excAa coat per pupil In each classea over coat of Inatmctlon of normal puplla Indiana: The board of trustees of the Indiana School for the beef ahall consist of four members appointed by the srovemor> term, four yenrs, one being ap- pointed each year; com|>entetlon. $300 each per annum, and expenses not to exceed $126. Board shall appoint a superintendent who, with the approval of the board, shall appoint necessary subordinates; board shall also appoint a medical superintendent Instruction shall be- free to residents of the State: clothing shall be furnished at jmbllc expense In extreme cases. See also H (f). Compulsory attendance. Iowa; The State School for the Deaf shall be under the control and manage- ment of the board of control of State Institutions. Every resident of the State over 6 and under 21 years old who Is too deaf to acquire on education In the common schools and every resident between 21 and 36 years old who ^ has the consent of the board of c-ontrol of State Institutions may receive an education at said school at the expense of the State; nonresidents slmllar]iy Bltuated may be educated therein on payment of $06 quarterly In advance. County superintendent shall annually report to the superintendent of said school the name, age, and i>oat-ofBce address of each deaf person In hla county between 6 and 86 years old. Suiwintendent of said school shall ! biennially report to the governor. When pupils are not supplied with cloth- ing or transportaUon, the 8ui)erlntendent shall jjay the same and It^shail be changed to the county of the pupil’s residence: the supenisors of said county may proceed to collect the same from parent or guardian. Deaf persons be- tween 12 and 10 years old. when mentally and physically fitted and when not receiving efficient Instruction elsewhere, shall attend the school for the deaf. * See also A (c2), County officers. Kansas; A State Institution for the education of the deaf Is established at Olathe; governe0rate,- may receive property for benefit of said school ; shall keep record of business, open to ln.speetlon of legislature or gov- ernor; shall make annual report to governor, to be laid before legislature; may appoint and fix salaries of a superintendent, teachers, and other em- ^ ployees. Said board shall have charge of school for the colored deaf and dumb. Schools for white nnd colored persons shall be separate. Indigent children shall be maintained and educated gratuitously. Such children may be apportioned among the several counties according to their representation. Pupils may be received from other states, provided cost of maintenance is defrayed. Indigent pupils may be maintained In school by State for period of five years; $160 appropriated nnnuaily for each Indigent pnpU. All deaf and dumb children of suitable age, character, and capacity reaid^t in State ■ shall be received In said school. Children received under age of 13 years may remain as beneficiaries nntll 21 years olci. Parents, guardians, or custo- dians shall, when able, pay expenses of children In said school. See also A (t>2), State ofllcera. m BTATK LAWS BI5LATIHG TO PtTBUC EDUCATION. LoatslAiui 8ta^ Scbool for the Deaf ahall be under oontroi <)f board of troateea cdnslatins of govemoFt ex officio, and aeTen persona ap- pointed by fovttmor, by and with advice and consent of the smote ; appointed In groups of two, two, dnd three' one group each year, to serve four years. Board shall be a body corporate; aha 11 meet once every four months. Said board shall receive. Instruct, and support in said school all persons deaf and dumb or of such defective speech or bearing as not to be able to acquire an education in ordluary schools between ages of 8 and 22 years, of sound minc^ and proper health of body, and re^dents of State. Such persons aball re- ceive Instruction, board, lodging, medicine, and medical attendance at ex pense of Institution, aud in coses of indigency shall be furniahed clothing and traveling expenses. Persons admitted under 14 years old may continue In institution 10 years; if over 14 years and under 17 years, 8 years; if over 17 years, 6 years. Board ihay In any case c.\ieud term two yi'ors. Instruc- tion shall be In prncUcnl subjects. See also A ald for by State. Mnrylaiid: It shall bo the duty pf county commissioners of counties and of the ‘ mayor and city counotl of Baltimore on application from pro|)er parties to inquire into the age aud capacity and dnauclal ability of any d(»nf ami dumb person. If satisfied with thoir mental capacity and their financial in Ability, to certify same to governor. He shall ahtborlKe their instruction In the Maryland Institute for the Deaf and Dumb at Frederick for not more thaa seven years, to cost not more^an $200 i)er year. NeceSsary expenses in traveling to be paid by State. ^Otal funds to be so used not to exceed $7,500 in any one year. Applications to be considered in order mad^ Sum of $21,000 annually appropriated for ecjucatlon of bliiid at Maryland Scbool for the Blind. For the indigent who “are of good natural capacity “ amount paid fbr any one individual not to exceed $300 per annum, Governor shall report on those thus Lmtructed. Directors of Maryland scbool authorized to apply part of their funds to establish workshops aud oj>en store for sale of articles manufactured by the blind. Oovc^or i^all api)oint five persons, to be known as Commission for Im proving Condition of Adult Blind In the ^tate of Maryland (1006). puties: To secure list of all blind in State; make record of names, ages, financial condition, capacity for educational, and indnatrlal training, and file report. Oommtolon may aid worthy adult blind, furnish them tools to the value of $50, and place blind women in homes. , There shall be maintained in Balti- more k workshop for the blind under board of five trustees^ two of whom shall be elected by Maryland School for the Blind; term, two years. Said trustees shall be a body corporate, with corporate ix)wers, under name of / Maryland Workshop for the Blind. Workshop shall, be open for labor and jnannfdctures of all blind citisensdf Maryland over 18. Annual appropria- tion fixed at ^$88,000. Amount to be expended per pupil increased i^rom $800 $0 1860 (1912). See also H (f), Compulsory attendance; J (b), Medical inspection. ^ T(b), SCHOOLS FOB THB MUF. 789 HMMcbiiMCts: See A (bl>, State boarda; T erinten(1ept may grant perml^^on to school board to establish and maintain one or more day schools having »n average attendance of not less than three for the Instruction of deaf persons over &ie age of 8 yearA The school hoard of such city or district shall Include In Its estimates a mim sufficient to maintain said school and the State shall reimburse the district the actual expense of teachers* salaries and cost of appliance^ hut not to exceed the rate of $150 annually for each pupil for nine months of schooling. Teachers shall be employed as other teachers are employed, but shall be graduates of n training school for teachers of the deaf by the " oral " method ; the oral method shall be employed. , , See also H (f)^ Compulsory attendance. Minnesota: Board shall consist of governor and State superintendent ex officio and five members apiiolnted by governor for a term of flve years, and the same shall be known as the Board of Directors of the Minnesota Schoola for the Deaf and Blind; said bonnl shall annually elect from Its members a president and secretary; shall hold monthly matings; three members, a' quorum. Board shall prescribe rul^ for admission hnd government of pupils and all things for education and training of pupils; teach trades and manual Industries most conducive to training for solf-supiwrt ; appoint superintendent * and subordinates for each school. Pujills shall l>e provided by persons legally liable for their supj)ort#ith sufficient funds to furnish them clothing, postage, and transi>ortatJon ; In ca.«;e child is indigent and Judge of probate of county in ' which child resides so certifies, such county shall imy an amount not exceed- ing $40 per year for clothing, postage, and tmnsportitlon of such child. Any ^ resident of the SUte graduated from the school for th^ blind shall be entitled to purstie any work in the State university, free of tuition charges. Board may rwelve bequests for school and place same In State treasury to credit of same.- The superintendent of each school shafl make a report to board and board shall biennially make report to governor. Every person In authority over any child between 8 and 20 years old too . deaf to be benefited by Instruction In public schools shall send such child to the School for the Deaf. Mississippi: Institution heretofore established for Instruction of deaf and dumb shall continue to exist as the lustitute for the Deaf and Dumb, with power to hold property, to enjoy all rights and privileges conferred on it and which are necessary to accompUsh^lU purposes; eve^ section In the law on 790 8TATB LAWS RELATIKO TO PUBUO EDUCATIOW: the lOBdtQto for tbe Blind, be^bnlng wlUx that on Ko\*emment, ahall apply to tha institution for tbe deaf and dumb. Report of comnilsalon on sale of old »lte and balldlngs and erection of new btindintcs accepted. See also T (c), Schools for the blind. Mlaaoiiri; The Mlaeourl School for the Deaf shall be under the control of n board of five managers: said board shall elect a superintendent, steward, matron, toacbers, and other necessary employees. All deaf persons, residents of the State and between 8 and 21 years old. who are capable of receiving tnatmcUon In sa*d school shall be admitteil thereto. Instruction shall be given In trades and for tbe practical d\itloH of life. Deaf persons shall l>e permitted to attend for a period of 12 years, but may be sooner discharged. County, shall flay for clothing ond traveling expenses of pupils resldeiU thereof when pupil or (mrent or giiardlan is unable to pny for tbe same or when the same la ntot otherwise provided. See also A (d), District boards nnd uftleors. Montana: See A (bl). State boaVds. Nebraaka: Purpose of the InstJlullons for the deaf and blind shall be the physical, moral, and Intellectual luUure and training of the rosj^ectlve clas«t*s for whose benefit each Institution was created, to the end that pupils may be returned to society caiutble of becoming self sustalning and useful cltlaeus; board may grant certificates of character and protlcleucy to those who com- ^ plete courses of Instruction and traltdng. K*ich county su|H' intendent shul! annually report to the refq>ective Institutes those j>er8on8 In his county who between 6 and 21 years old are deaf nml dumb g>r blind All blind i)crsoufl and those blind to such an extent that they can not acquire nu- education In tbe common schools, and who are of auitable age, caiwdty, and chametor. shall be entitled to an education In the Institution for Uio Blind without charge; likewise, deaf and dumb persona may be (Educated In the Institute for the Deaf and Dumb without charge. Parents or guardians of Inmates of such schools shall furnish clothing, pay trnnsi>ortatJon. and support them during vacation; the »t\id expenses for Indigent children shall t>e paid froui the county general funds of counties where such children are residents; board may admit nonresidents of State to said Institutions. In th^ institute for the deaf, children shall be. taught by the oral, aural, and lip‘read!ng method unless Incapacitated by mental or physical defects. Institutes for deaf and dumb and blhid shall be under control of board of t'ommlsslonf^ of State institutions. See also A (bl). State l>oanlrt: A (c2). (^ounfy officers; H (f). Cotr.pulsorj* attendance. Nerada; The State superintendent of public Instruction is authorized to make arrangements with the. directors of any Institutions for the dejif and dumb and blind In the State of California, or In the State of Utah, for the admis- sion, support, education, and care of the deaf nnd dumb and blind of this State, and may make needful contract and agreements to carry out pro- Tlslons of this act; upon the application of anyone in authority over any child, blind Or deaf and dumb, to the county commissioners of any county to the effect that such child is disqualified from' being taught by the ordinary procetw of instruction, and that such person in authority over said child Is unable to properly support and educate said child, the said county'^ commts- aloners shall make application to the State superintendent, who shall issue ft certificate to such child; said certificate shall admit such child to any of 1 T(b). 80H00U FOB TtfK pSAy. 7^1 . aforeflald Institutions; all ti^f ond dumb or blind persona over 21 Tears old* ^ seeking admission to tbe nforessid Institutions, shall hare been bona ftde cltisens of Ne\'sl for perlooard shall appoint and fix salary of treasurer of said school. An annual auin, not exceotllng $300 for each pnpU, Is appropriated for the 1 Instruction and maintenance of Indigent deaf and dumb, blind, and fw^ble- ' mimled iM»rsons resident of the State, said appropriatlou to be appHeersouK, of suitable age and capacity for Instruction, may be entitled to benefits of this act Custodians of such persons shall, when able, pay part of expenses of such I>er8on8. The right of custodians to remove such persons from Institutions shall be waived, but governor may discharge such i)ersons and principal of ‘ Institution may grant leaves of absence^ such persons may also tw? paroled. See fllw A (bl), State boards; H (a), School population and attendance, general. New Mexico: The Asylum for Jhe Deaf and Dumb shall bo under the control of a board of regents consist!^ of five members apiwinted by the governor, by and with the advice of the senate; term, four years; not more than three regents shall belong to the same political party at the time of api>olntmeDt Duties of board: To elect as Its officers a president and a secretary; make rules and regulations for control of said Institution ; appoint superintendent* teachers, and other employees of said InsUtutlon* and ‘fix their salaries; make biennial reports to governor and legislature. Said board shall receive expenses Incident to board meetings. Said Institutions shall be devoted ex- clusively to the care and Instruction of deaf and mute persons of both sexes between the ages of 8 and 21 years; Instruction shall be free, but ^ — - ^ 792 STATE LAWS HELATI^TO TO TUBUC EDUCATION. deaf or mote cldldreu from other Stales and Indian children maj be re- ceived Into Bald institution under rules of board of regents. The clerks of the sereral school districts shall report to their re*q>ective county sut>crln* tendents the names of deaf and mute children, t(>sether with all necessary facts conceniing such children, and the mimes and acLlreaHos of (virents of sucH* children; said county iuii>erlotendenta sluill re|H>rt the tuime to the auperlnteudent of said asylmn. lu oancs of ludl{n.moy. deaf nud mute children aha\l be cared for Ju said Institution fnv uf charKo. Ijinds donated to said Institution may bo used by board In.umkluK jH^rmaiioiit improvements; ■aid board aha« Insure property of Institution for three- founh.s Us esti- mated TBlue. New York: All Instltutlona for the instruction of the deaf and dumb and the * bUnd, and other similar incorporated Instltutioua, sliiilJ be subject to visits- UoQ of commissioner of educstiiui, and It ahull bo his duty to inquire into organUatlon of and Instruction lu sui'b schools; ])rescrU>o ixmrm> of study; make appointments and transfers of pupils; npjH)lnt visitors; sugipi^st Im- provements; make nmmnl re|Hirt to leglKlature, All deaf and dumb pi^rsonn residents of State for one year preceding and upwani of 12 yojirs of uge. or any minor whose parent, guardian, or custodluu ahull have Uivn a rest dent for atich time, may be appointed as Htato puplU lu oue of deaf and dumb lustUutloim of the State. All blind ]>en»oiis of aulluble uge omy tx' appointed to Institutions for tlie blind in the city of New York if residents of ceriitlu aiKHiOed counties, or such lustUutlon lu the village of Ustavla if roaldcnU of other counllea. Hllnd Imliles and clilldreu, eiix»pt lu city of New Y’ork, V2 years old or less, jx»twe«3»lng itrojH^r qua liiic.it I on k. may bo appointed State pupils In lustitullons maintaiiUHl by the Internatiomil Sun- shine ^ Society, Brooklyn Home for the Hllnd, Crlppletl, and I>efectl\e Ohildren, and the CaihoIIc Institute for Uie IMlnd ; such oiiildren may, when of proper age. be transferred to the Institution for the blind iu city of New York or village of Batavia by commissioner of education: ix'rsons in pareuUI relaUou shall, when able, pay part or whole of expeuses of such children/ Board, lodging, and tuition of State pupils rt^r^tCd into aforesaid schools abalJ be paid by the State; term uf fnat ruction of such pupils shall be five years, but said commlasloner may extend surh term for ]x*ritxl not exceeding three years; State pupils under 12 yeiirs ofd shall be supiK»rtea rents or guardians nre Indigent, raise and appropriate $30 ix;r year for clothing for each suph pupil. The supervisors of counties sending pauper children to tmld Justitullon for the blind shall raise, appropriate, and j)oy to State comptroller, toward expense of Instructing and clothing such childnm, a sum equal to that paid by counties for support of such children at home; this provision shall not apply to certain specifled counties. The supervisors, or like officers, of counties of New York, Kings, Queens, Nassau, and Suffolk, from which State pupils are sent to New York Institution for the blind, shall, If pupils are indigent, levy and pay to such institution annually for clothing for each auch pupil Whenever a blind or deaf person, wbo la a cltleen of the State and a student at a college, university, technical, or professional school, other than a specified school for the blind or deaf, shall be designated by trustees thereof as deserving such aid, the State shall pay to such person annually sum of $300 for employing readers or other persons to aid In in- T (b). SCHOOLS FOR THR DEAF. 793 1 Btrurtion; such monejs shall be paid ouljr to thi>ae students who are can* dldntee for a degree. ludlfceht deaf mute children over 5 and under 12 years old. who are chiirgea of any tovm or county of the State, or ahall be liable to become chanrea. shall be supported and InsimctiHlI at a proper InstltndoD In the Stale by the county at a cost not to excee1 for pntdic schoids and In auch other subjecla aa may be of ai>eid(il l>enofit to the dt\if and tn niaiiual arts. A school for the education of the Mind nnd deuf Is estnblisl)ed at Eatetgh; governor shall appoint' hoard directors, who shall hold oflSce for six years. Directors shall apjxilnt a prlncliml ft>r term of ihpw» years, a phyalclan for two years, and auch other officers and t<’t»chera ns are neceasary, and aSall otherwise hove adnilnlatrntion of Institution; they shall receive no com* peasatioD except traveling ^xi*enaea while at their MtfficUI dutlea ahall receive Info such school all suitable white blind children who are ttctween 7 and 21 years (tld aiid reside in the- State; p<»rsona from other States may be adinl!te<1 on terms dwMiKsl i>n>i»er. may confer degrees. State tretiaurer shall iH'jnNiKurer (>f liiKiliullon. Board shall report bien- nially to govenior. Uoaril niny remove offin^rs for cause. (Tovemor may allow to Indljpmt child not oxA'c^llnA $2ft for clothing and traveling expenses to and from the lustirutlmi. hut im. shall be levied In county of chlld*B residence to repay such sum. Every deaf child of sound iRInd between R and Ifi years old must atteod a school for the deaf at least five terms of nine months each: misdemeanor for parent, guardian, or custodian not ip send such child to school ns required. See also A l for the deaf and dumb Is located at Devils Laka Board of trustees shall wnslst of five nienil>ors npi>ointcd by the governor with the consent of the Beiiate; term, four years Each moml>er shall receive $3 per day and 5 cents i>er mile travelCil whoj attending meetings. Board shall have general control of the Institution itml the pn>i>erty thereof and shall appaymont of gisa per annum; deaf residents of the State who are of 8nit>ible age shall receive Instrnctlon In such school at the exiM»nae of the Suite. Clothing shall be furnished to pupils and shall l>e paid for by pnn*nt or giiardl.an. or by pupil himself If over 21 years bid. but when ci>st thereof is oppressive to parent or guardian the county of pupil’s residence shall pay the aaroe. Indigent children shall be transported to such school at the expense of the county. Board shall report biennially to the governor. See also A (d), District boards and officers; B (f). Compulsory attendance; P (b), Finance, lands, support of higher Instltutlona ^.Ohto: State school for deaf shall be open to persons too deaf to be educated In public acbools; no person shall be, received under age of 7 years or remain longer than 18 years; no person of immoral habits or who has a cootagiouB or offensive dlsMae shall be received ; children both blind and deaf may be received. Certain liable trades ahall be taught In addition to customary n!j i m STATE LAWS BELATIHQ, TO PtTBUO E&UOATtOK. Instra^cm. A* 4ar aa practicable the bookbindixtg of the State ahall be done at aocb IngtitutloiL CompeuBatlon of prlncU^ shall be fixed* by trustees. Msiimnin aatarr limit of employees fixed by law. Upon appUcatlon by a school board of any district to the State superln- taidant he ahaU grant permission to each board to establish and malntoln one or more day schoots at an a?erage attendance of not less than three V pnpUs tor instruction of deaf persons over age of 3» blind persons over age of 4, and of crippled persona over age of 5; the board shaU report annually on such schools to the State superintendent ; the board shall aunfially cerUfy to State auditor the number, of children receiving Instruction In such schools and aald board shall receive from the State |160 for each deaf or crippled child 80 instructed for nine months and $200 for each bUnd chUd so In- structed; the board shall receive proportionate parts of preceding amounts tor such children Instructed less than nine months; teachers for such schocHs shaU have the usual qualiflcaUons required of teachers and» In addlUon, special training for such work ; the “ o^al “ system shall be taught In schools' for the deaf, but If such system shall prove Ineffective after nine months' trial the “manual'* method may be used for such child. Children who are too deaf, blind, or crippled to profit by Instruction In the public schools as other chUdren shall be compelled to attend special schools established and main- tained for them. The State superintendent shall select im inspector for such special schoois; said inspector shall make annual report to State superin- tendent See also A (f), Administrative units— districts, etc.; H (b), School census ^^tahoma: Oklahoma School for the Deaf Is hereby located at Sulphur, and shall be under control of State board of education. All deaf residents of State and those deaf and dumb to such an extent that they can not be edu- cated In common schools, of sultabie age and character, shall' be admitted to tgid school without charge. Any person In control of any deaf person between ages of 7 and 21 years shall send such person to a sulUble school for the deaf or furnish private instruction to suchjperaon. Purpose of said school shall be the physical, moral, and Intellectual culture and training of the deal. Ohief executive officer shall be a superintendent; said superintendent shall be an ex- perienced edi^tor of deaf, ahall give bond In sum of $^,000, and shaU pre- ^scrlbe cours^ study and rules and regulations relative to officers, teachers, pupUa, and employees, subject to approval of the board. Superintendent ShaU make biennial report to board. Parents or guardians shall furnish transportation, clothing, and Incidental expenses for children at said school • In cases of Indigency, such Items shaU be paid by the county commissioners out of poor and Insane f^d of county. Nonresident students may be admitted upon conditions prescribed by State board. See also A (bl), State boards; U (e), Schools for dependents and delink quents. Oregon: The school for deaf mutes Is established at Salem. Board of trustees shoU consist of governor, secretary of state, and superintendent of public instructiou. Board shall provide sufficient laud and buUdlngs; it BbaU have the exclusive government of the school and i^Ol make rules and fegulatlmu therefor; it may provide equipment, fnniltore, etc., and make ahaU provide for the employpiebt of a superintendent, and officers and other employees, and fix their salaries ; It shaU fix ^ Wt of age of admission to such school ; it shall prescribe jtenus under whl^ pupae toow other States may admitted. $uperintcndOTt and otoer . elected annually, Soperinten^ot shall fire bond T TDlAVi Qttder-tnutoMft dluU bate control of pxoperty; Jm itiaU report btan&lalty to the troeteOa Board ahaU hold meetiiige oaoe a month and special meediita may be h^d; majority a anorom ; at least once In every sU^ months board shall In^^ect Institution. Glerks of achool districts shall report to connty superlntendttit names, ages, and addresses of all deaf or blind chUdrea be* tween 6 and 14, years old, together with namee of parents; county saperln* tendents shall rep<^ such cbfldrexl to the superintendent of the school for the deaf or for the blind, as the case requires. Actual and necessary traveling expenses and clothing shall be famished Indigent laipils by counties idiereln they reside. See also A (c2), County officers; A (d), District boards and officers; A (f), Administrative units— districts, etc.; H (f), Oompolsoiy attendance. Pennsylvanlat No deaf and dumb pnpU under tAe age of 10 or over the;a^' of 21 years shall be educated at the expense of the State; no deaf and dnmb pupil shall be educated at expense of the State for more than six years; num- ber of 80(ffi pupils shall be apportioned among the various counties equitably. The board of school directors of any district having a population of more than 20^000 and containing 8 or more deaf-mute children of wcirtxA > age, may open and maintain a special school for the education of said children. (The State appropriates sufficient funds for the education and maintenance of not more than 610 deaf children at the Pennsylvania InsUtntion for the Deaf and Domb; to the Western Pennsylvania Institution for the Ihstructlon of the Deaf and Ihunb, for 240 pnptls at an annual rate of |800 per pnpU; to the Home for the Training in Speech of Deaf Ghll^imi, 60 pni^s at annus? rate of $300 per pupil; to the Pennsylvania Oral School for the Deit $60,000 for 1(X) pupils through two years.) The governor shall appoint five tmstaes to control the'^Home for the Training In Speech of Deaf Oblldren, one ap- pointed each yeart term five years; annual report diall be made by said tros- tees to the auditor general ; all deaf and dnmb pupils under 16 years old shall be taught by the oral method, unless such dtiUdren are physically Incapacitated for such method of Instruction. See also A (d). District boards and officers; H (f), Oompolsory attendanoei Rhode Island: The governor, lieutenant governor, and nine dtlaens of State, three of whom shall be women, appointed by governor, with the advice and consent of the senate, shall constitute board of irasteee for the Rhode island Institute for the Deaf; appointive members shall be divided into three classes, one class appointed every two years, term six years; members receive no compensation for such services. Deaf persons betw«;% ages of 8 and 20 years, of sufficient capacity for instnictloii, who are legal i^aldents of State, may be admitted to said institute without charge; residents of other States may be admitted upon payment of board and tuition. Primary object shall be to fomiah oral instruction, and facltitlgs for enjoyment of ben^ts of free public education. Trustees shall appoint a principal and fix his salary, and, together with" such principal, shall appoint and fix compensation of other employees of said Institute; said trustees shall make an annual report to legisUture. Every person having control of a deaf bhild between agea of 7 and 18 years shall cause such chUd fo attend said institute for fbU dm; falling so to*do, be shall be fined not exceeding |2(V but prtvate histmetlon , fffinU exffinpt child from such attendance, and no such child be taken from custody of parent or guardian exc^t as a day pupil unless parent or guardian Is unfit for such custody. Upon finishing a pmcrlbed ednrse^ sto* dent shall receive certificate fr<»n said lustltuta 796 8TATB LAWB BBLATINO TO PUBLIC BUUCATIOK. The fortrnor, on rocommendatloa of State board of education and upon appUcatlOQ of the parent or guardian of any deaf, blind, or Imbecile child, realdent of the State, may appoint such child a State beneficiary at a suitable Institution, within limit of 10 years, but such period may be extended, and any appointment may be revoked for good causa. . State board nhaii annually make report to legislature relative to education of such children ; said board may eq>end annually for each such child a sum not exceeding $20 for clothing. State board may provide for the, suitable care, maintenance, and Instruction of indigent babies and children under school age, residing In the State, who may be born blind or become blind ; said board shall jecure consent of parents Or parent in such cases. * See also A (bl), State boards. Booth. Carolina: The hoaitl of commissioners of the South Carolina Institu- tion for the Education of the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind shall consist of the su- perintendent of education ex ofllclo and four other members appointed by thfe governor ; term of appointive members elidit years, one being appointed every two years; compensation, actual expenses when attending meetings. Board shall have control of affairs and government of the Institution with power to regulate salaries of officers and teachers, to establish conditions of admis- slbo*ra: To adopt br-lawa; make rules for management Of school; appoint a snpei^taident; appoint a secretary of the school, who may be a member Of the board; appoint a treasurer, not to be a member of the boatd.-> Said anperlntendaot must be^ competMt expert educator of the deaf and dumb- ao may, subject to approval of board, appoint instructors and other employees aothlng and transportation of Indigent pupils shall be furnished by counties of their residence. Every parent, guardian, or custodian of any deaf, mute or bUnd child between ages of 8 and 18 years unable to be educated in com’ mon schools shall cause such child to attend State school for deaf or State •chool for blind for at least six months each year, unless such child ^all ^Ive equivalent InstrucUou elsewhere or Is mentally or physically unable to SO attend. See alao A (c2), Connty officers. Veroont: -Hie governor shall be. by virtue of his office, commissioner of tbe deaf, dumb, blind, IdloUc, feeble-minded, or epileptic children of Indigent parents, and, as such, shall constitute the board for their InstrucOon" gov- ernor shall n^e blennlah report to the legislature relative to Instruction of such cffildren. and shaU receive |C0 annually as compensation for services as sn^ commissioner. Sum not exceeding |90,000 shall be annually appro- children. Such chlldrm shall be Instructed at f^o^ng InsOtnUons: The deaf and dumb at the American Asylum for the ^f and Dumb, at Hartford, Conn.; the Clark School for the Deaf at Noi^ampton, Masa ; the Mystic Oral School, at Mystic, Conn. ; or the Aus’tlne f England Institute for tte Blind, at Boston, Mass.; and Oie Idiotic or feeble-minded children at tbe Hasmchnsetts School for the Idiotic and Feeble-Minded Youth, at Boston- or at such other like Institutions as govertior shall elect The board of dvll ■ to county clerk facts relative to ^h children in such town; county clerks shall, annually, certify such fhcts their offlclal capacity, give bond to Indemnify tte State against expemses Which may accrue as result of sickness, cloth- transportation of s^^ldren If parents are unable to pay the same. Sum of $2,500 Is appro- priated for continuation of Instruction of such children after they are dls- charged from aforesaid Institutions. “Ul the board ' ^ ^ thereof shall be a body corporate. Board of visitors shall consist «iperlntendent of public Instruction and six members appointed S the mra. three ^Ing appointed every two yearsi Said board shall elect one of ^ rn^s president and shall also appoint a secretary. Duftca: To care thlriM •"®tltutlon; make rules foi Its government: do all prom^on of Its objects Board shall meet annually hJ^tlngs may be»*lled by president or three membera Ruper- tendent, professors, and other officers shall be elected every two years at I^U re;^ annually to the second auditor, in mich InstltuOon there shall institution; Othor,^ dtaSe i.!di M admitted on terns prescribed by vlaltore, but no Charge shall be made for instruetloa /• •> uui- uo *1^90 BTATB LAWS BBLATII^O TO PXTBUO EDt7)::AX10K. " * t' ■ ■cbool flr« yean and fbr a longer period, at discretion of the board ; deaf and blind persona not between ages of a^and 25 yeTra may be admitted to said school when there are accommodations for same. lOonrae of instruction shall be preacribed by board, with ddvlce of superintendent, and aball be suited to needs of «ich pupils The aasessora of the State ^|iln d:j ke annual censua of deaf and blind persons and shall forward same>to superintendent of said school. See also A (hi). State boards ' ' ' Wisconsin: The State school, for the deaf shall ^ under control of state board of control. Object of said, n-hool ahull l>e to afford enlightened and practical educaObn to the’ deaf. AH' deaf resldepta of the State betwemi the ages of 10 and 26 years, of suitable capacity to receive Instruction, abali lie received into said school free of charge; deaf persons placed In aald school by any municipality, when such persons are not entiOed to free tuition, shall have expenses paid by such munlcliiallty, not* to exceed |100 per year each. .Nonresidents may be admitted uiion.payment of required charges; no nonresi- dent shall be admitted to exclusion of residents of State.- Any deaf-mute chUd deprived of an education through neglect or refusal of parents or guard- ian may be committed to said school by any county or mnnlcliiel Judge- Upon appUcatlon by board of educaUon of any village or city, made to State superintendent, permission may be granted to establfsh gnd maintain schools fbr Instruction of deaf and dumb pupils; secretary and treasurer of such board shall annually make reports to said superintendent relative to such instruction. School board maintaining such school, when approved by State superintendent, shall receive annually from the State }:i60 for each child lu attendance Instructed for nine months, and a share of such sma proportionate to term of Instruction when same is for less thnft nine mJnths; an additional sum of JlOO ahull be received for each nonresident ch l5 so infracted, such child to be a resident of the State, when parents orguaidlan are unable to pay for board or transportation, and such child is Instructed for full nine months- a proporUonate part of such $100 shall be r^-elved for tepi of attendanc^ shorter thqn nine months; no deduction shall be made from -roch sums on account of absence caused by Illness, absence not to exceed one month for any one period ; school board may use such part of State old os may b^ needed for board and transportation of said nonresident puplla Any parent or guardian having under his control a deaf child between ages of 6 and 18 years, who Is . Incapacitated for attending a common school, shall cause such chUd to attend some school established for Instruction of 'the deaf for at least eight months each year; violation of this provision u punishable by fine of not less than $6 nor more than $50, or by Imprisonment for three mouths for each offense - no such child not in proi>er physical or mental condition shall be required to attend such school. District attorney shall prose<-iite any violations of this act Provisions herein ulade for education of the deaf shall likewise provide for and apply to education of the blind, so fur ns applicable; $200 State aid shall received for each blind child Instructed for period of nine months and proportionate part for less time; materials shall l)e supplied blind children so li^ructe4 : 8afd schools shnll be subject to insixsctlon by State superintendent ' Bo^ of regents of normal schools shall establish a course In one of normal •cliools for training of teachers of deaf childrea See also A (bl). State boards; A (b2). State offleersi A (c2) County officers. , ' Wyomlns: Thep Is eetabllsbed In th^ city of Cheyenne an InsUtute'for the ippport and education of the blind, deaf, and dumb, but such Institute shaU be dowd when number of pupils falls below 12. SUte board of charlUes end T (C). B0H00L8 FOE THE BUND. gQl refom shall iK»ntrol. Evstf blind or d^'and dumb person of the State, of suitable age and capacitFi ahaU be entitled to admission. When permits or guardians of chUdren are able to pay expenses they shall be required to do so. State appropriation shall be made for maintenance. When Institute is closed, eligible persons shall be cared fOr In other States at the eipi se of the Stats of Wyoming. T (c). Schools for the Blind. Alabama: Institution for blind, located at Talladega. Controlled by trustees of Alabama School for the I>eaf, Blind persons residents of the State and between 7 and 21 years old may be admitted for a period of 10 years; trua* ,tees may allow 4 additional years. Annual appropriation. $280 per pupil; ^ officers and teachers appointed and salaries fixed as for the school for. the deaf; laws relating to school for the deaf applicable to government of school . for the blind. See also T (b), Schools for the deaf. Arisona; See A (hlh State boards; B (b). State school lands; P (c), State universities and colleges ; T (b). Schools for the deaf. Arkansas; The Arkansas School for the Blind is established. Board of Trustees shall consist of six members, appointed by the governor; they shall make rules for Uie government of the school, and shall appoint a principal, matron, teachers, and other employeea All blind residents of the State be- tween 6 and 2(J years old shall be admitted to the Institution free of charge; persons from other States may be admitted on payment of such sum as the trustees may require; trustees may admit persons over 26 years old who may be benefited thereby. Parent or guardian shall provide clothing and traveling expenses for pupils; when not otherwise provided, principal of school shall make such provision and the same shall be charged to the county of pupirs residence. , California: Board of trustees of university or of a State normal schpol may appropriate not exceeding $300 to employ a reader for a blind student' regu- larly matriculated. ^ See also H (f), Compulsory attendance; T (b), Schools for the deaf. Colorado: See A (c2), County officers; T (b), Schools for the deaf. Connecticut: AH blind persons of suitable age and capacity who are legal residents of the State shall be entitled to be educated at the expense of the State, to the extent of not exceeding $300 each per annum ; where parents or guardians are unable to provide clothing, $30 additional per annum may be allowed. Board of education of the blind, shall consist of governor, chief jusUce of the supreme court, and two members, a man and a wom^, ap- pointed by the governor; term of appointive members, four years. Said board shall have general supervision and control of the education of the blind by the State; it may contract with suitable InstltuUons for the education of the blind; if may compel attendance of minor blind persons at school. Delaware: See T (b), Schools for the deafL _ Florida^ See P (a), Higher InstltutionB; genersL ‘ ' Georgia: An InsUtutlon for the education of the blind is looted at Macon under the control of seven trustees, a continuing body. Said trustees shaU be a body coirorate, Power$ of trustees: To appoint such officers, teao^m etc., as may necessary, prescribe thrir duties, and fix their salarieeTpfiev--^ scribe course of study, fix rates of tuition, and adjust expenditures; adopt rales and regulations for the jgDvenunent of the academy, AlHodltttit blind IB B1 d04 BTATB lAWa^ BSLATING TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. persoM between 7 and 25 years old who have restied In the State for twi years or more shall be received and educated ^atuitoualy to. extent funUi wUl permit; when there are more applicants than can be accommodated, a^ commodaUons shall be apportioned to counties according to population; beue Ilclary shall not remain at charge of InsUtuUon longer than four years Other than indigent pupils shall be received on terms prescribed by trustees Trustees shall rei>ort annually to governor. Governor shall api>oInt a boan of 10 visitors to meet trustees at academy annually. Trustees shall fll vacancies occurring In their own body. The bix receiver of each coftnt) shall enumerate blind persons between 7 and 25 years old, and trustees shnl annually obtain lists of blind. # ' Idaho: See A (bl), state boards; T (b), Schools for the deaf. niinois: See T (b), Schools for the deaf. (Indiana: The board of frustees of the Indiana School for the Blind sbal] consist of four members apiwluted by the governor; term, four years, *om being npix)lnted each year; comi>enBatlon, $3^X) each per annum and expei^s'* not to exceed |12f>. Board shall apixjlnt a sui>erlnteudeut of the school, who with the approval of the board, shall appoint necessary subordinates; bounl shall also appoint a medical superintendent fnstructlon shall be free t( residents of the State. See also H (f), Compulsory attendance. Iowa: The college for the blind at Vinton shall be under the control and management o%the State board of education. All blind residents of thi' State of suitable age shall be entitled to education tberelu at the expense of the State and nonresidents may also be educated tberelu, If they can be accommodated, upon payment of $06 .In advance quarterly. Ex|>enfie8 of clothtug shall be paid by parent or guardian, or by pupil himself If over 21 years old, or by county of pupil's residence. All blind persons between 12 and 19 years old who are fit mentally and physically und who are not receiv- ing efficient Instruction elsewhere shall attend the college for the blind. See also A (bl), State boards; A (c2), County officers. Kansas: A State scdiool for” the education of the blind Is esUbllshed at Kansas City, governed by State bourd^of administration. Overseer of the poor of a township, after ascertaining that any Indigent blind child shouUl be sent to the Institution for the blind, shall furnish neoessitry clothing and funds to enable such child to attend said institution, but not to exceed $50 In addition to traveling expenses shall be so expended on any one child, See also A (bl), State boards; H (f), Compulsory attendance. ^ Kentucky: Kentucky Institution for education of the blind shall be under control of board of visitors consisting of fire citizens of Jefferson Couuty appointed by governor, with approval of senate, to serve four years. Said board may receive property for benefit of said Institution; may appoint superintendent, officers, teachers, and other employees, and fix tUely salaries; may prescribe course of education, and fix fees, but no charge shall be made for admission of pupils from this State; may pass by-laws; shall mget monthly; shall make annual report to governor, to be laid brtere legislature; may expel pupils from InsUtutlon. Treasurer of schdol shall file bond In sum of $20,0(X); superintendent shall have at least five yeartf experience in education of Uie blind; corporal punishment shall not be, Inflicted upon any pupU of said Institution; said institution shall remain under legislative con- trol; |140 annually appropriated for support and education of each State pupil; said board shall have control of education of colored bllud. f : . also A ,(b2), State ofllcers. T (C), BOHOOUB FOB THE BLOH), 808 | LoniBlAiia; Louifldaixa State School for the BUnd shall be under control of board of trustees consisting of ^vemor* ex otDdo, and sev^ persona ap- pointed by governor, by and with advice and consent of the senate. In groups of two, two. and three, one group appointed each year, to serve four yearsi Board shall be a body corporate; shall meet once every four montha Said board shall receive, Inatruct. and support In said Institution all persons blind, or of such defective vision as not to be able to acquire an education In the ordinary schoola, between ages of 7 and 21 years, of sound mind and proper health of body, and residents of State; such persons shall be provided with lH>ard. lodging, medicine, and medical attendance, and instruction at expose of the Institution, snd In cases of indigency, shall be furnished clothing and truvellng expenses. Persons admitted under 14’ years old may continue in institution 10 years; If over 14 years and under 17 years, 8 years; if over 17 yeart^ 5 yeiirs ; b^ard may In any case extend term 2 years. See also A (b2), State officers. 4 I Maine: Governor, with approval of council, eu request of parenU dr guardians, may send such blind children as are fit subjects for education for a |ierlod not ext'eedlug 10 years and thereafter i\t discretion of gt>vernor and council to the Perkins Institute, South Boston, Mass.; l^such institute s'.ould refuse lo'ret'elve such children, they may be sent elsewhere; State shall pay for instruction and supix>rt. Including traveling exitenses, of such children. Maryland: See H (f). Compulsory uttendance; J (b), Medical luspectlon; T (b), Schools for the deaf. MassachusetU: There ahall pe a State board, to be known as the Masaa- chusetta C omiuisslon for the Blind, comixtsed of five luombere apiK>lntensent of the c^ouncil; one appointed rach year to serve five years. Potrers and duties of said commission: Ta pre- pare and malntJdaa register of the Wind; act as bureau of Information and Industrial aid; establish ami maintain one or more Industrial schools for ludustrial training, and workshops for the blind; make annual estimates and reports. embers shall ret*elve no comj>en8atloii, but necessary expenses Incident to official duties shall be paid. Such sums may be expended by Haiti board as may be appropriated by State. The governor may, upon the request of parents and guardians and with apiiroval of State board of educatlou, send deaf persons for a term not exceeding 10 years— but u\yoi\ like request and with like approval he may con- tinue for a lohger term the Instruction of pupils recommended by the prin- cipal of the school— to the American School for Uie Deaf, at Hartford. Conn.; to the Clarke School for the Deaf, at Northampton; to the Horace Maun School, at Boston; or to any other school for the deaf in the State; no Qistlnctlou shall be made on account of wealth or i>overty of children ; '* no such pupil shall be withdrawn from any such school without the consent of the authoritlen thereof or the governor; all ex|>eDses of Instruction, sup-* port and necessary travel of iCch pupils shall be borua by the State, but the parents or guiirdliiiia of such children may piiy nil or part of such expense. The State board shall have like i»owers and duties In reference to blind pupils In the Perkins Institution and the Massachusetto School for the Blind. See also A (bl), State boards. * Michigan; There shall be maintained at Lansing a school for the Instruction of the blind. Board of control shaU consist of three members appointed by ' the governor; term, six years, one being appointed ev^y two /ears. Board shall appoint a superintendent, matron, and necessary teachers, oddeers, eta, 804 8TATB LAWS BSLATtKO TO PUBUC EDUCATION, and fix thdr duties and compensstioo. The object of said school shall be to afford Instruction to blind personif in such useful arts and trades as the? are best adapts to pursue, and In the common-school brancl^^Tocal and instrumental music, and such other branches as the board ma? prescribe. All blind persona, or persons . whoseWEht Is so defective as to prevent their instruction In the common schools who are residents of the State and between 7 and 19 years old, shall be admitted to aald school free of charge for tuition, board, lod^doK. washinx, medicine, azid medical attendance; boa ^ may admit persons under 7 or over 10 3'oara old; ]>cr8ons from out- side the State may be admitted on payment of 10 per cent In excess of sxpmises. The period during which pupils shall be enUUed to Instruction ahaU be 12 years, but board may extend the term to 14 yeara. Clothing and other necessary articles required by the rules of said school shall be furnished to Indigent pupils by counties of such pupils* residence. The State board of education may provide for the care, maintenance, and instruction of blind babies and children under school age where parents may be unable properly to educate such children; aald board may contract with InsUtutiona for the same when contract has approval of parent Hiimesot«: See B (e). State aid ior elementary education; T (b), Schools for the deaf. Mississippi: Institution heretofore established for Instruction of blind shall continue to exist under the name Institute for the Blind, with power to bold property, to enjoy rights and privileges conferred on It and which are neces- sary for Its purpose: government vested In five trustees appointed by gov- ernor for four years; majority, a quorum; governor may remove members and flU vacancl^ Board may adopt rules and regulations, regulate and fix salaries, and prescribe duties; only bona fide resldenu'of good moral character to be admitted; trustees shall fix charges for board and admit free all eligible Invalid and indigent blind; governor shall appoint super- intendent for four years, and may remove him for cause; superintendent, besides his general duties, shall appoint all underoffleers and shall dismiss them for cause; he shall make annual re]x>rt to trustees, who shall make biennial report to leglalaturo; supplies ^all be purchased under contract; when a blind person attends till grimutloD trustees shall furnish such person tools of his or her trade up to $100 In cost. BUssoori: The government of the school for the blind shall be \ o^ted In a board of five managers^; said board shall bare control of the property and affairs of the institution; it shall appoint a superintendent and necessary teachers and other employees and may remove them at its pleasure; board shall also appoint a treasurer, who shall have the custody of the moneys, obligations, and aecDrities of the Institution. *A11 blind persons of suitable mental and physical capacity, residents of the State sAd between 6 and 20 years old, shall be admitted to such lostituUon for a period of 12 years, unless sooner discharged by board or unless boar^ shall determine upon a longer period than 12 years; board may admit residents of the State who are over 20 years (rid. The county court of any county In which a blind person between 0 and 26 years old resides, who Is unable to pay expenses at said school, may pay said expenses from county funds. See also A (d), District boards and officers. Montana t See A (bl). State boards. I$ebraska: See A (bl), State boards; A (c2), 0>upty officers; H (f). Gom- pulsory attendance; T (b),, Schools for the deal * IfovMda; See T (b); Schools Tor the deat I T (C). SOHOOL8 FOB THB BUKO, 805 Kew HanpAbtre: State board of charftlea and correction are authorised to prepare and maintains register of the blind In the State which ahall deecribo I heir condition, caoae of bUndnesHi, capacity for education and Indnatria) training, and other data; State board of cbaritiee may contribute to blind poreona from the State receiving Instruction In Indoatiial Inatltutions outside of State (State makes annual appropriation for the care ai^ education of Indigent blind children In aeveml State Institutions.) See alao U (e), Schools for dependents and dellnquenta. New Jersey: Any worthy blind clllBen of the State shall, upon application to commissioner of edtscetlon. receive aid from the State amounting to not more than $tS00 per year to be used for expenses Incorred In attending an approved institution for higher education of the State; such aid shall be given only to Buch porBoiis as are finaoclally unable to defray their own expenses; in- stitutions receiving such persona shall make reporta as required to said com- mlasPncr. See also H (a), School population and attendance, general; T (b), Schools for the deaf. New Mexico: The institute for the blind shall be under the control of a board of regents consisting of five membin appointed by the governor, by and with the advice of the senate; term, fou^eers; not mote than three regents shall belong to the same political party at the time of npiMlntment Duties of board: To make neceasary rules and regulations; provide supplies and appara- tus; appoint Buj>erintendeDt, teachers, and other cnip'.oyeeB, and fix their Kilaries Said Institute Is Intended for Instruction of Mind persons between the ages of 5 and 21 years, free of cost to such persons, except In cases where parents and guardians are able to pay therefor. Board shall insure pru|)erty of said Institute for three-fourths of Its estimated valua York: State commission for the blind shall consist of five persons ap- poltted by the governor, one each year, term five years; no official of any workshop or school for blind shall serve on such Ot>mmlsrioD while serving as said official. Said commission shall prepare a register of blind in the State; Rhall maintain a bureau of Information and Industrial aid for the blind; may establish workahoi)s and schools for the Mind; may provide Instruc- tion for the blind at their homes; shall Investigate causes of blindness and Inaugurate preventive measures for same; may appoint and fix compensation of Its officers and agents; shall make annual report to governor; shall serve without compenaation, but shall be reimbursed for necessary expenses. The sum of $6,000 may be used by commission as working capital for Industries for bUnd. All blind persons who are legal residents of the State, of suitable age and capacity, may be received at the New York State School for the Blind with- out charge and for such period as trustees may determine; if school be overcrowded, counties shall be allowed pro rata r^resentatlon ; children of persons who died in United States service, or from wounds received in such service, ahall take precedence over all others Jn matter of admission. Non- r^dents may be admitted tp aaid school upon poyme. of required expensA. Each application for admission shall be accompanied by a certificate of real-' dence issued by the pr<^r municipal or county offlclaL Primary object of said*flchool shall be to fnrnlsh blind children faculties for an education and to train them in some usefol profession or art; said school may give such diU- dren employment after completing tbelr course, but ahall not he an asylum or. hospital. Governor every two ypirs shall, with advice. and consent of the senate, appoint three trustees serve for tern of rix years; two at siieh 806 STATE LAWS EBLATIEO TO PITEUC EDUCATION. tmtac* ahall be rMidenia of OencMe Goanty, aod a maloillT muat roelde wItWn SO mllea of aald aehool. Tniataea ataall reoelye no compmsatloo as but may allow Uiemaelrea mUeaga; no miatee shall be pecuniarily In- tweated In any contract of said aebooL Board of traateea shall bare charge (1^ all affairs of aald school: may elect a aecretary, not a member of Uie . board, and may prescribe hie duties and fix bis compenaation. The treaaiirer. a member of the board, ahall file bond and pay omt funda on orde&of boar^l or executive committee. Trustees m.sy appoint a auperlntendetit, ftietntctor* eubordinate ofBcera, and servaaU; fix their salaries and prescribe their duties and terms of office; shall purchase equipment and aupplleo. Parents, guar- dians, or custodians of pupils In sal.l school ahall provide clothing and trans- poruUon for such pupils; pupils may be removed from aald school for good cause. Oothlng and transportation of Indigent pupils sbnil be paid by the counties sending such pupils, not to exceed *00 annually for each such child i’pon completion of their courae in Industrial dejairtment. tnisteoa may fur nl^ poor puplla a working outfit, mil to exceed fTB In co«t per pupil, charp- able agaluat county of residence of pupil. Counties may recover from parents or ^atea of puplla funda expended for care and Inatruotlon of aiich puplKs ai ^d acbool. but $000 of property of such parents or estate ahall bo exempt Crom payment of auch nccouoU. Said achiwl nwy receive bequeeU or dona- dona of money or any kind of property. Board of truateea ahall moke annual report tx> the lecUlatare. See also T (b). School* for the deat North Carolina? Bee A (o2), County officer*; A olllcer*; T (b), School* for the deaf. 4T (d), DlHtrkt iHwml* ami Nortfc Dakota; The Inatitiitlon for the feebl^mlnde,! Is locate.1 at (Irafton Board of truateea shall consist of five members sppolhteil by the governor with the consent of the senate; term, four years, two or three being appoliiuyl evwy two years. All feeble-minded persons resident of the Slate who. In the opinion of the superintendent, are of sutuble age and capacity to receive l^cOon In aald InaUtutlon, and all Idiotic and ei.lleptic persons rwldent of the State, may be admitted thereto; no lumale ahall be removed therefrom except on request of parent or guardian, but any offensive Inmafc may ho committed to the hospital for tlie Insane. The person resiwnaible for the suiv port of any Inmate ahall imy to aald InsUtutlon $16 ))er month while Inrflate U dn InstltuUon, but If such person be unable to make such payment die county of lumate'a residence ahall make paynieot I?ntll a State InaUtutlon for the care and InatnicUon of blind children under school age l8’eaubll«heer |>hys1<*al, mental, and morn! ohnrscter, shall l>e eligible for ndnilsslon into aald Rcboo). Superlntondoiit may nllow attend- aT>o» beyond age of 21 years, ami may admit persons 1h*1ow 6 yenrs and over 21 years of age. Kee also A (bl). State Ixwinls; 1' (e), Schools for dep<'ndents and deltn- Oregon: The State board of wlucatlon shall er pupil. See also A (d). District boards and ofiJeers; II (f>. Compulsory attendance. Hhode Island: See A (bl), State boards; T (b). Schools for the deaf. South OaroUnat Sm T (b), Schools for the deaf. SoQtli Dakdta: See T (b), Schools for the deaf. Tennessee: The Institution for the Instruction of the blind In the dty of Nashville Is continued a body corporate, by the name of the Tennessee School for the Blind. Board of trustees consists of seven members; vscancles In said board filled by board, subject to confirmation by the leglalatare. Pupils Quent^ o ERIC BTATB IJiWB BBXA^^ HTBUO EDUCATION. be tani^ such branchee u tbegr are^paWe of acquiring and pracUclng . to advantage. Two free puplla ahall be emitted from each senatorial dU- trictt to be ariected from' among indigent iiiersona by the senator and repre- ^entatlye. Any deaf» dumb, and blind child may be admitted either to the Tenneesee School for the Blind .or to the S<4iool for the Deaf. AU other pu- pils, shall be admitted upon terms fixed by trustees, but pupUs who can not pay shall have preference. When accommodations warrant, pupils from • Without the State may be admitted on payment of elpenses as determined by trustees, ^ Texas: ^Die asylum for tbe blind shall be under the control of a board of six trustees appointed by thq governor. Superintendent, who shall be appointed by trustesa, shall appoint an ocuUst who shaU attend regularly at the asylum. Superintendent shall make provision for tb^ maintenance, care, and educa- tion of blind chlldtyn of the State. VUht The State school for the blind shall be under control of a board of trustees consisting of the attorney general and five resident citizens of the State, not more than three of whom shall* belong to snmq political party; said school shaU be deemed a public corporation. Purposes of said school ahaU be to provide a practical education for the blind of the State who are of sound mind and body, under 80 years of age, capable of receiving in- struction, but who are Incapacitated for InstrucUon In the common schools; training shall also be given in the trades; said school ahall provide a circu- lating library, tor the blind of tbe State. Residents shall be received free of charge; nonresidents may be received on such terms as said board may I»escribe. All provisions governing State school for the deaf, as far ns arollcable, shaU apply to said school for the bUnd. * The trustees and offlcers of said school for the deaf shall be the trustees and officers of said school tor the- blind; each appointive trustee shall file bond in sum of g3,000. See also A (c2), County officers; T (b), Schools for the deaf. Vermont: See T (b), Schools for the deaf. Vlrgliiia: See A (b2). State officers; H (b), School* census^; T (b). Schools tor the deaf. WMhington: See T (b), Scboois for deaf. West Virgtnia: Bee A (bl). State boards; T (bK Schools for the deaf. Vaseonsln: State school for the blind shall be' under control of the State board of control. Object of said school shall be to afford enlightened and pra,ctlcal education to the blind. AU blind residents of the State of suit- able age and capacity to receive instruction shall be received into said school free of charge; blind persons placed In said Institution by any mu- todpaUty, but whaare not entitled to free tulUon, shall be maintained In said institution at cost of not exceeding $100 per year, to be paid by said mu- niclpaliy. No nonresident shall be admitted to the exclusion of a resident of tbe State. Steward of school may pay expenses of indigent pupils In going to and ffom^ school. All blind persons of the Stote shall b^ enUtled to Use of library at said school. If any blind child of proper age Is being de- prived of aU education through neglect or refusal of parent to send stwh child to proper school, the county or municipal judge may commlt'^imch tffihs' ; to said' school.' tor bltod artisans i^ll be under control of State . hd|id of Said shall provide In said school instruction In tbe iwons; may allow not exceeding $75 for support of each , pu^mt wlmu indigent, Ip school ; may provide transportotion tor T (e). SOHOOlS n>E TSBBLB-HIHIXSDC i ■ ‘ ! Indigent blind to and from said InsUtotion ; may employ anperintenditH tior said insti^tion. Any male person oyer 21 years old, and any female over 18 years old may. under certain condition^ receive aid of 1^00 per year from tbe county, same to be raised by taxatiocu See also A (bl). State boards; A er8on8 of greater age mnv be sdtnltted. Kentncky: Kentucky InaUtuUon for Feeble-MIndeil Children shall l>e under control of State board of control for charitable institutions. Governor shall appoint a medical superintendent and steward, with advice and consent of senate, for term of four years. Said board shall oppoint a secretary and n ' tnunrer, not to be members of board; term, four years; shall appoint other offlcers and employees of said institution; shall meet monthly; ah .It visit tasUtutlon twice each year and one member shall Inspect Institution monthly J^le-mlnded children between agM of 0 and 18 years shall, when capable ©f luBtruction, be received Into said Institution; no such child shall be re- Wn^ when^found Incapable of receiving benefit Transportation shall be fished indigent feeble-minded children; commitment shall be by Inquest of Jury; no chUd shall be maintained at auch InsUtution when capable of SM-wpport Parents, guardians, or custodians of such children shall, when awe, pay cost of aupport and maintenance at said InsUtution; $166 per year appropriated by State for each such child when indigent S«e also A (b2), state officers. UalMt «tate ahail establish a school fbr the feeble-minded; an ench feeble- ^ towns aa may be benefited by school InstmcUon ttall be committed to such acbool ; governor, with consent of conncIl shall lip^t flVAtrestaea, one a woman; term, four yearn, two of three members, **®®‘***' Indigent persona' In the ^ are proper pmons for aneh adiool and have no one to provide for ' _”*:.**^ **^^ admUtaa: oUier proper peeaons whose parents, kinsmen, or ■ gnardlana sre able to pax may be admitted on payment of such sum as tras- T (e). Bofioou ton nB&LB-Mnn>SD. .811 fliiall detenotno; governor shall be ex officio a lAembei:' of board of tmsteea. Upon aiH>Ucatlon, Judge of- probate may commit to soch k^u>o1 any fit person resident In county, any Inmate of the Maine Indusblal School for Girls, State School for Boys, Bath Military and Naval Orphan As^nm, or any person supported by any town. When employed trustees shall each receive $5 per day and expenses. Maryland: Maryland Asylum and Training School for Feeble-Minded (Incor- porated 1888) shall receive, care for, and educate, free of charge, all Idiotic, Imbecile, and feebleminded persons whom board of visitors shall consider proper subjects and who are unable to pay ; board may charge for those who are able to pay In part and In same proportion for those who can pay In full ; may receive pupils from other States or District of Columbia. Visitors shall divide asylum Into two departments, one educadonnl, the other 'ustodlal; all feeble-minded capable of Improvement to be place gorernor; tenn, six yean. Said boanl shaU appoint a *® Boperintendent S a^ “ T””*' ““<* ?P»*P«c persons residents of ^ State and over 6 years old shall be eUglble td admission on certmcate of ^o reputable physicians appointed by the probd^s^wt ; probate ^Jt sbaU have Jdrlsdlctlon Ih the matter of admission. IfT^nd*^of SIOOO Is ma^ and $ro ia pajd In advance, patient shaU be adinltted os a^pTate but the e^te of patient. If Aere be any, or persons liable for pnUent’s sup- ShaU Uable to the sbTte for expenses paid. No feeble-minded Voman not an epllepUc above 48 years old, nor any feeble-minded man not an epj^eptlc. who* condition is due to senility, shall be admitted to said Irltu «*““ be under the management of ii! ^B'dents of state of suitable vh ^ ^ ® Instruction In said school and whose defecU pre- !ofi^ ^ School for F^le-Mlnded., The person In authority over any. SsLr^‘i‘®^ annually to the superintendent 140, in case of Indigency of such person In authority, county where M deformed child who SSld^n^r^^tr ‘^"'PP'«d and Deforme.1 Children or child with chronic disease of nervous-gystem or Incurable chronic tovalldlsm may be admitted to said school; the sum of ?150 shall be annually paid for care of such children. Necessary surgical operaUona may be per- formed on such children, Nebraska; Besides shelter and p for :^'eeble-Mlnded Youth Bholl cblldren special means of imp] them from their helpless condlUoL be principally agricoltural and mi prime object of the Institution for Imbecile or feeble-mlndcil ^^ent and by special Instruction reclaim usefulness In society; Instruction shall [an leal. Superintendent of such Inatitn- «?., i All Ipbeclle and feeble-minded ^dren between 6 and 18 years old, who have have been residents of State for one year prior to making application for admission and who are Ui- repable of receiving instruction In common schools, shall be entitled to admis- sion Into said InsUtutton, maintained, and educated at expense of State, provided such applicant Is a snltable person to receive ito beneflte; board may ad^lt persons of greater age and nonresidents when condlUous shall warrant Charge. Clothing, -transportation, and incidental expenses of mK* cblldren dmll be paid by parents or guardians, but In coses of.lndlgence the same shall be furnished by county where child resides to the extent of $40 Wr year. Said InsdtuUon shaU be under control of board ojf commissioners of. State InstltntlonA «iouers See alM A .(hi). State boards. WerwlA:^.The State superintendent of pnMlc Instruction la auttorlxed to strange ^th the director of any InsUtuUon ersons appointed by the senate upon recommendation of the gOTemor ; said board shall appoint and determine salaries of officers and other employees, shall do such other things as are necessary for welfare of said institution, and shall make annual report to the legislature; said board shall meet at institution monthly; btord may hold donations for such Institution In trust Commitment shall be oy^appUcation of county superintendent of the poor or commiMloners of charity of any city. Indigent children shall l>e con- sidered first in receiving appointments; support of Indigent Inmates shall be a town or county charge ; where able so to do the person In parental relation shall pay expenses ef the child. North Carolina: The North Carolina School for the Feeble-minded is estab- lished. Trustees: State superintendent and nine members appointed by the governor; term six years, three retiring every tow years. Governor shall also appoint a board of three women visitors advise with and assist trustees. Ail indigent persons over 6 years old who are fit subjects for such school ^ and residents of the State may be admitted as State charges; all fit subjects whose parents or guardians are able to pay shall be charged such sum as may be determined by trustees; fit subjects from other States may be adr mltted on payment of not exceeding $6 per week. North DakoU: See A (d"). District boards'and officers; H (f), Compulsory | attendance. ^ Ohio: Trustees of instltutlpn for feeble-minded youth may receive youth of this class not over age* of 15 years, residents of State fori past year and capable of instruction In common schools; nonresidents may be admitted under rules of trustees ;^in addition to customary instruction, i trades shall be taught The custodial department of said Institution be devoted to reception, detention, care, and training of idiotic and feeb^minded children • arid adults, regardless, of sex or color; cases of paralysis ^hall be cared for. Particular attention ^all be given to agricultural training. The several counties shall pay for cost of maintenance of custodial Inmates. Parents or guardians may enter children In said institution and pay their expenses; parents or gtiardians shall, when able, pay expenses of children at said In- stitution. See also H (b), School census; H (f), CompuIsory^ attendance. Oklahoma: Oklahoma Institution for Feeble-minded is hereby created and established at Knid; said institution shall be under control of State board of education. Purposes .of said institution shall be the care, support, train- ing, and Instruction of feeble-minded children, and to care for, support, and control female imbeciles betvreen ages of 16 and 46 years. When there shall be room, feeble-minded persons may he admitted to said Institution upon payment of all expenses. Institution shall be- divided into two distinct de- partments, the training department and the asylum department; inmates of 814 BTAMi LA.WBL BELATIWa TO PUBUO EDUCATION. tnlniog department ahall be the feeble-minded and Imbecile children of the hlghm- gra^ who are capable of receiving inetrucOon and training; In- . matM«of aarl^. department shall be the feeble-minded and idiotic chUdren of the lower grade who are not capable of InstrucUon and training and the female adulta; adult fej^alea. shall be separated from other classes ; inmates may be tranaferfed from training d^rtment to asylum department, or vice versa, when advisable; all feeble-minded persons under age of 16 years, all feeble-minded persons received upon full payment of iwlntenance, And a,ll feeble-minded female adults committed thereto, shall be received i^^said Institution. State board shall appoint superintendent Tor said InsM^^p; aald superintendent shaU appoint all employees..of said -lnstltuUofl^K% salaries to be fixed by State board. The physical, manual, and literary training In said Institution shall be of practical nature; school work and recreation shall be adapted to promote comfort and happiness; no severe punishment shall be administered, and discipline shall be that of klndnesa. Nonresident persons may be admitted upon payment of few fixed by State board. Those In control of feeble-minded children shall, when financially able pay for limtrucUon and malntensnce of such children at said Institution, or as much thereof as Is possible; Indigent feeble-minded chUdren shaU be silp- ported by the county of residence at said Institution. Feeble-minded female •dults Shull be admitted to -said Instlthtlon upon commitment by the courta Oregon: The State InstltuUonVor the feeble-minded sliall be governed by the State board of control, consisting of the governor, secretary of state, and treasurer. It shall boused for the care and training of such feeble-minded, IdloUc, epllepUc, and deffecUve j^rsons as may be committed thereto. Parent or guardian of such persibn may apply for admission to either the superin- tendent or. the county court; If parent or ^ardlun Is unable to pay cost of transportation of such person, the county shall pay the saTtiei Board shall appoint a superintendent, who shay, with approval of board, appoint officers, teachers, and other employees. Board shall fix sum to be paid by parent or guardian, but not to exceed $40 for each Inmate. All feeble-minded persons iwldent of the State who are of suitable age and capacity may be admitted ; also all Idiotic and epileptic pefsons resident of the State for at least one year. Parent or guardian shall pay traveling expenses of child and amount fixed by board for support, but If parent or guardian Is pnable to pay the same, county shaU- pay traveling expenses. Pennsylvania: The State Institution for feeble-minded and epIlepOc'of eastern Penn^lvanla shall be devoted to the care, maintenance, ' treatment, training and education of epileptic. Idiotic, Imbecile, or feeble-minded persons of both sexes; for male paUmits especial attention shall be given to agricultural training. The said InstltuUon shaU be controlled by a board of nine trus- tees appointed by the governor by and with the consent of the senate; three trustees shall be appointed each ye«ir, term, three years; said trustees shall serve without compenaaUon; said board of trustees a corporate body. Per- • sons under 20 year* old may be admitted ; inoffensive persons over 20 years old may be admitted- The State Institution for fed)le-mlnded of western Pennsylvania shall bo controlled by a board of nine trustees, appointed by the governor with the consent of the senate, three appointed, each year, to serve three years; saKL/trustees shall serve without compensation; said board a body corporate.' (General provisions are same as for similar Institution of eesterii Pennsylvania.) ’ , See also A (d), District boards and officers; H (f). Compulsory attend- ance. T (e). SCHOOLS FOB FBBBLB-MINDBD. 816 Rhode ItUuid: Btete board of edacation shall hare coDtrol of Rhode Island School for the Feeble-minded; board shall appoint officers, teachers, and employees, prescribe their duties, and fix their salaries. There shall be two departments In said school, Instructional and custodial. Said board may gratuitously receive, maintain, and educate indigent feeble-minded children of the-^State, but other residents and nonresidents shall pay such charges as board may make. AOPllcatlons for admission must be made In writing, and shall be signed by two practicing physicians to the effect that applicants are feeble-minded. Feeble-minded persons may be committed to sald'^bool by the district court. State board shall make annual report to the leglslittura See also A (bl), State boards; T (b), Schools for the deaf. South Dakota: See U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Utah: The State mental hospital shall care for Insane perJtns; shall also care for feeble-minded and nonlnsane epileptics capable of mental Improvement residing in fbe State; shall furnish them medical treatment, seclusion, rest, restraint, amusement, occupation, schooling, mnnuni tnilnlng, and support. Application for admission of such persons shall be made to superintendent of the hospital. VermoQt: Vermoilt School for ?’eeble-jnlnded Children is established for benefit of mentally defective children bWween 6 and 21 years old, and shall be under control of board of trustees consisting of governor, ex oflaclo, and / four other persons appointed by the governor, two appooM biennially, to serve j four yeara Poirers and duties: To make annual re{k>rt to governor, hold ay least four stated meetings each year, 'visit and Inspect said Institution ar least twice a year, receive any moneys given to aald Institution, make needra rules and regulations, employ and fix compensation of employees, receive Indigent children Into school free of charge. Said board shall receive no compensation, but shall be allowed expenses. Children shall be admitted In following orders (1) Snch children as are supported at Vermont Industrial School; (2) Indigent feeble-minded children; (3) such children ns are able to pay for Instruction and maintenance: Application for commitment shall be made, by parent,* gunrtlan, or selectmen to Judge of probate‘s such child must be examined by two reputable physicians before being committed to said school. • , * Bee also T Schools for^ the deaf. Washington: State Institution for the Feeble-minded shall be under direction of State board of control and shall be'supjwrted by the State. ' Said Institu- tion shall be free to residents of State under 21 years of age who are feeble- minded, idiotic, or epileptic, or who ate physically defective to mich extent as to prevent attendance at public schools, If such persons are free from contagious dlseasea Admission to said Institution may be applied for by parents, guardian, ofiScer In charge of any Institution or asylum where children are cared for, county superintendent, board of county commlsslonerES or Juvenile courts under ordefl|Bf commitment Children from other States may be admitted to said InXltnHon on condition that parents or guardians pay cost of malnteuance and Instruction. School district clerks shall annually report names and addresses of f^le-mlnded yontb nnder 21 years old to county superintendents, who shall transmit such Informatioi^ to county commis- sioners, State board of control, and to superintendent of the State Institution for the Feeble-minded. Application for admission to aald school shall be, except when committed by the court, through the county superintendent. Parents or guardian of such youth, when application Is accepted, shall send such youth to said schooL Such youth who are Indigrat shall be sent to said STATE BBIATINQ F17BUC BDUOATtON, ■cbool at expense of county. Inmates arrlTlng^ age of 21 yc|ani who are nnftt to be dlecharged may be retained in said school by order of the .superior .court of competent Jurisdiction. Adult feeble-minded persona under 60 years of age tinder certain conditions* may be admitted to said scbopU Imnatee in said school shall be detained nntll they are in normal condition or until they can be properly cared for elsewhere. Paredts or guardian may enter a child in said school under tuition fee» subject to regulationa of board of control. Clothing of Inmates shall be a charge against the parents, guardian, or estate of such Inmates, exc^t in cases of indigency, when the same shall be n State charge. Future construction of buildings shall be fireproof as far as possible; buildings shall be In two groups for each sex, one for fhr ^iisatlnnnl and industrial department and one for the custodial deparuf^. School term of said school shall begin on September! and end on ft^owtng June 1 of each year; agricultural and manual training and instruction In allied subjects shall be given in said school. The violation of any provision of this act shall constitute a misdemeanor. Wisconsin: The State home for the feeble-minded shall be under ^ntrol of the State board of control. Object of said home shall be to care for, have custody and training of feeble-minded, epileptic, and Idiotic persons ; such persons must be examined before being committed by the several courts to said home; all residents of State so committed shall be received free of chnrgc; county of residence shall pay $1.75 per week for each such person committetl and $30 per year for clothing; relatives, friends, or guardians may pay expenses of iomatea 3aid home shall be divided into following departments: Cus- todial for helpless and lovrer types; school department; such, other depart- ments as may be needed. Trades and manual industries shall be taught. All persons confined in any charitable, reformatory, or penal institution may, if found to be feeble-minded, be transferred to said home. If said home shall be filled to its capacity, board may transfer any of inmates to county asylum of county in which such person last resided. Superintendent may have post mortem examination made of the brain of any inmate. Superintendent inay, tvlth cons^t of board, discharge inmates. Commitment to said home shall be by the county judge The county may recover cost of maintenance of any person at said home from the estate of such perspn. Provisions herein made ahall likewise govern the southern home for feeble-minded and epileptic. See also A (bl)', State boards. Wyoming: The Wyoming Home for the Feeble-minded and Epileptic Is- estab- lished near the town of Lander; State board of charities and reform shall control. All feeble-minded and epileptic persons over 6 years old who are residents of the State may be admitted ; where persons liable for inmate ore financially able they sholl bear expense of such ihmate. County conunis- slopers shall cause to be committed proj)er persona T (f)* Tabercnlons Children. Indian*: See X> (a), Bnll^ags and slteg, g^eral. Ohio': See A (f), Administrative units— districts, etc. . ' r Rhode Island: The school committee of any city or town may provide open- air i^ools for children who are physically unfit for instruction in the ordi- nary schools and may furnish necessary medical attention, food, sdppUes, etc. 817 tr (b). WE0NG8 TO OHHDUV. U. WELFARE OF DEPENDENTS AND DEUNQUENTS. ' — r* (a) GaneraL ( \ I V (b) . Wrongs to Children. Sec also H (g), Child labor. Arizona: Misdemeanor — to sell, give, or otherwise dispose of Intoxicating liquors to minors ; to sell, give, or otherwise dispose of cigars, cigarettes, or tobacco in any other form to a minor under 18 years old; to use profane or obscene language in the presence or hearing of a woman or minor; to sdl or give firearms to a minor uuder 14 years old; for parent or other i»eraoD to insult or nbnse a teacher in the pres^ice of the school; to disturb any public or school meeting. Califernla: Misdemeanor to sell or otherwise furnish Intoxicating liquor to minora under 18 years old or for a proprietor to permit a minor under 18 years old to enter a place where such liquor is sold. Unlawful to sell or other\\dse furnish tobacco In any form to a ixdnor under 18 years old ; fines range from a minimum of $25 for first offense to a nuixi- mum of $300 and 0 months’ imprisonment for the third and subsequent offenses ’ . Colorado: Misdemeanor to sell or give cigarettes to a minor under 16* years old; any ;>er8on convicted of selling or giving tobacco In any form to a minor under 16 years old without the written^ order of the father or guardian shall be fined not less than $5 nor more than. $100. florida: It Is a misdemeanor to allow a person under 21 years old to enter a pool or billiard room. Iowa: Boards of directors shall make rules and tegulatlous prohibiting the use of tobttct^o by pupils of th? public schools. Kansas: Misdemeanor to s^l or give away cigarettes or cigarette papers, or to have the same In any store or other place for sale or free distribution; misdemeanor for a minor to smoke or use cigarettes, cigars, or tobacco in any form In a public place. Massachusetts: Whoever Imports, prints, publishes, sells, or distributes a book, iMimphlet, ballad, printed paper, or other thing containing obscene, in- decent, or Impure language, or manifestly tending to corrupt the morals of youth, or an obscgpe, Indecent, or impure print, picture, figure, or description, I or introdiices Into a family or school the same, or has in hla possessloh the same; shall be punished by imprisonment for not more than two years and by n fine of not less than $100 nor more than $1,000. Minnesota: See A (dj, District boards and officers. Missouri : It Is a misdemeanor to sell, give, or otherwise dispose of dgareites or cigarette material to a minor under 18 years old. No minor between 10 and r 18 years old shall smoke or use cigarfttes in any public place. Nebraska: Whoever, being a minor under 18 years of age, shall use tobficco in any form whatever shall be fined net ;exceedlng $10, but such miDOr shall be free from prosecution when he shall have furnished evidence for the con- 3966"— 16 62^ ' 818 STATS LAWS SKLATINO TO PUBUC BDUCATION, Tictlon of any pefwon or persoo* Baling or gtring him soch tohocco. Whoever shAll fiimiBh in nny wny whatever tolwicco in any fortu to a minor nmler IS yeorw old shall »>e AdcmI for each offense not leas than $20 nor^jore than $T»0, or be Imprisoned from 10 to 60 days. It shall be unlawful to manufacture or fomlsh any of the component parts of cigarettes. Contagloua diaeoaes shall be quarantine and cared for, and buildings occupleqn tlie public s('hi>ols. or on his way to or from school, against the will of such pupil. It shall be a misdemeanor for any person to disturb the peace of any public school by using vile or Indecent language or by threjitening or assaulting any pupil or teacher within school grounds; for purpose Of this act school grounds shall extend W yards in every direction from school building. New Hampshire; See U (e), Schools for dej^endents and delinquents. New Mexico: Mluora under 18 years old are prohibited from attending, frequenting, or loitering about any ihk)1 room ; the owners of imm)! rooms who shall permit any such minors to attedd, frequent* or loiter around said ix>ol rooms shall l>e gullt^’ of a misdemeanor. It shall be unlawful for any person * to sell or give to any minor under 38 years old any IntoxlcaUng liquor or tobacco In any form without the written consent of the pi*reut or guardian of such minor; no i>orsou owning or conducting any establishment where liquor and tohaccb are sermlt such minor to engage In any game of chamv therein: no proi>rletor or manager of n aal«tes- sesslop of a cigarette or cigarette paper and who shall refuse to disclose to any projierly constituted authority the source from which the same was ob- tained shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. Tennessee: See R (b), Corporations of educational character. West Virginia: It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to manufacture cigarettes or cigarette papers* or to furnish cigarettes, cigarette paper, cigars, pipe, or tobacco In any form to any person under 21 years old : no iwrson under age of 21 years shall smoke or have about his person or prem- ises any cigarette or cigarette pai^er. No person shall smoke or use cigarettes In school buildings or on school grounds. Wisconsin: Every person under age of 16 years who shail smoke or use cigarettes, dgnrs, or tobacco In any public place, extept when in company of a parent or guardian, shall be fined not more than $10 or Imprisoned for not exceeding 30 days. No person shall allow such minor to use tobacco in onyN form, except in presence of parent or guardian, on premises of such person. See also I (c), Sus]>eD8lon and expulston. Wyoming: It is unlawful to exhibit any child under 14 years old as a public^, witertainer, except In churches, schools, “respectable entertainments,” and In learning music. Misdemeanor to pemdt any minor under 18 years old in a brothel or where an indecent exhibition is given. Unlawful to endanger the life or health of a child. Unlawtoi to seU cigarettes, liquor, or tobacco to minor .under 16 years old. tr (c). JUVENILE CX)UBT8. 819 U (c). JuTetUle Ooarta. See also U (e), «Scboola for driieudenU aud delliiquenia. Alabama: Ree IT (p), Rcbools for derietid^nU and dellnqaenta. (California: Terma •* neglected person/’ ” dependent person,” and ” delinquent I»er«(m '* lire detiuetl In the law; HUi>erlor court In ever>* county sbiill exervlae Jurisdiction In Juvenile cases; one Judge shall be designated as Judge of Juvenile ct>urt. Any person may file petition wltb clerk of court relative to any neglected, dciiendent. or delinquent child; clbitlon to appear In court with such child shall Issue to custodian of such child upon filing of such l^tltloD ; such child may be comnifUed to the care of n suitable ix»rwn. assocl' atlon, or Institution; neglected children shall not be confined with dependent nr delinquent children. If de{)endent or delinquent lH>y be 10 years old or up- ward he may be t'ommlttetl to Treston Sciiool of Industrj*; If under 10 y«irs old to Whittier State School ; deiiendeut or delinquent girls may be committed to Whittier State School. Judge shall upiwlut probation committee of seven |H>raous, not more than four to be of same sex. and two must have been mothers, serve four years; said committee shall make reports to court. Investigate aises of neglect, dependency, or delinquency of Juveniles, sod Nhail have care of detention homes; said ^mmlttee shall receive no compen* Kiitlon, but county shall allow official expenses. Probation offloers shall be iip|*oliitod by the Judge of Juvenile court upon the nomination of probation i-ommittee; salaries of probation officers shall be |>ald by the counties; said otlUvra sbail Invest 1 gate cases of neglect, dei>endeucy, or delinquency of Juve- niles, and Bbull reiwrt findings to court. Chises of iiersons under 18 years old ctiuiing up In ani' court other than superior aiurt shall be transferred to juveulle court. Juvenile court shall have Jurisdiction over cases of persons ^ iKiween 18 and 21 jears of age for certain offenses. No minor under 14 years old shall be committed to the penitentiary. Commitment to any reform school or .association shall not extend beyond minority "of perwn so committed. Parents shall, when able, pay expenses of children committed to reform Hchoola No child under age of 16 years shall be committeil to Jail before conviction. Puriiose of this act shall be that tb • care. custoendeuts and delinquents, CtH)rgla: “Children’s courts” may l>e established In any county by the con- current recommendation of tw*o successive grand Juries; the judge of any HUi>erlor court may prjMide ; In his absence Judge of city court or probation officer (If deemed qualified by judge of sui»erIor court) may act Judge of chll- ^ dren’8 court on order of superior court. Said court shall have jurisdiction in all cases arising under this act, ^whether involving parent, child, or other . person ; proceedings shall, as far as practicable, be private ; trial by Jury shall be had on demand or Judge may order a Jury trial, ** Delinquent child ” is ^ any boy or girl under 16 years old guilty of violation of any city ordinance or \ State law not punishable by death or Imprisonment for life; “ wayward child*" 880 8TATB LAWS BBLATXirO TO PUBUO BDUOAlTOK, Is ssy bOT or girl undor 16 who is situated In Immoral aurroundioga Any county ordinary, rmrdar, or Judge of a sui)erlor or dty court 'may, on com- plaint of any probation or police officer or cltlsen. Issue a snnnuous for any deUnquent or wayward child to appear before children's court. Oounty com- miasloaeri or other authority having control of county matters a&all provide detention rooms separate from Jail. If on tho boarlog court fluds child deltii- qnent or wayward, it may release child on probation, commit child to an In atltution, or to csre of some snltable person, or sentence child according to law If child la over 10 years old. If child breaks conditions of probation, of court thinks best, probation may be terminated. Judge of the superior court may make regnlatiooa for the treatment of children committed or placed out under this act; he moy provide for the appolutment of a probation officer, who may be a woman. Idaho £ Sm H (f), Compulsory attendance. nUnoUt Any boy under 17 and any girl under 18 years old who has not proper parental care, etc., ahall be deemetl a "dependent child”; any boy niider 17 and any girl under 18 years old who Is InoorrlglbV, etc., aba 11 draned a **deUnqDent child.** The circuit and county courts of the several Canties shall have Jarlsdlctlon under this act Any reputable person may fllo with a court having jurisdiction a petition setting forth that a oertalu child la dependent or delinquent, and all persons (parents, guanllnns, etc.) named In said petition shall be defendant in the case; tterson having charge of child ^all be summobed to api>ear with said child before tho court ; If any de- fendant is unknown or resides without the Stale, notice to np|>ear as aforesaid aball be published In a newspai>er. Action shnll be to take from parent or ^pxardlan the gttnrdlauahlp of such child. Failure to produce child on sum- mons shall constitute contempt of court. When child la presented, court shall hear evidence and determine the casa Court may appoint one or more proba- tion offlcera. If the court ahali find any male under 17 or any ferns le under 18 years old to be dependent or neglected, said court may permit such child* to remain at home If parents are proper, or If iwrents are unfit child may bo taken from their custody end court may appoint n guardian for child ond place such dilid under said guardian in a suitable family home, or court may commit child to some suitable State InKtltutlon. or to some training or Indus trial school, or to some amocistion caring for or obtaining homos for dependent children. If parents are otherwise proiter hut are unable to care for said child coort may permit child to remain at home and order the (Smuty board to pay such amount as said court may direct for the care of sold child. Cases of d^lnquent children may be treated similarly by the court When a dependent or delinquent child's hekltb or condition requires It court may order said child to be placed In a hospital. Child committed or placed under guardlanahlp shall remain until further order by the court, but not after the age of 21 Is reached. No child under 12 years old shall be placed In any Jail or police station; when committed to a penal institotion no child ahall be confined hi the same Jnclosure with adult convicts, institutions to which Juvenile de- linquents may be committed shall maintain agents to visits and examine Imines of paroled children. Aasodations receiving cblldrra under this act Slmll be subject to visitation and supervision by the board of State commls- sibnanB of jpnbUc tdiaritlea. The Incotpotmtion of,assodatlons having as th^r object the cam and disposal of d^[)endent and delinquent children must have the approval of the State commissioners of public charities. County Judge of each county may appoint alx reputable pemns as a board to visit and inspect aoKxdatidna having as their ^Ject tto care and dUtpoaal of dependeait and deUhQMQt chlldfe^ ir (0). jimtHiu ootmiB. 4 8S1 IndlAtia: There sbaU be In erery coonty conuiolng a jdty with a popuUtleo of 1.000. county commlsaloners may establl^ a detention home for homeless children under 10 years old; In county having a city of 28,000 population or more n “ Juvenile farm *’ may be established : such home shall be In charge of a matron or man and his wife, who ahall be subject to Juvenile court; county commissioners slmll levy a tax to ranhitaln such home or farm. Judge of Juvenile court shall make an annual report to the governor^ Jurisdiction over child may continue after the age of 16 Is reached If such Jurisdiction la begun before child reaches 16. Sec also H (f). Compulsory attendance. Kentncky: The county court shall have Jurisdiction In Juvenile ettaes; jnt7 trial shall be held when demanded. Any person who shall encourage children to become dependent or deliuQuent shall be proceeded against ; in each county containing a city of first class a s^rate room shall be provided for juvenile court Any reputoble person may file petition with derk of county court caUlng attention to any neglected, dependent, or delinquent child. Terms ** Deglacted.** dependent,^ and ^delinquent children are defined In the law; said terms shall Include certain male children 17 years old or under and certain femalq children 16 years old or ooder. Oounty court shall appoint one or more probation officers. Parents, guardians, or custodians ahall, when snnuDoaedr appear in court with mcb.diUdrea; pending dis|»08itioa of case, m ram i^wt iinjisdra iSD^K^ ^Hi ■f n ^ cltlia ia|ij.b»i)taoai;te cm atiooper 9«to or of detention Ikhbo; court may ( eoaunlt 90^ dilkl to oaro of piQper.pmon,^ aagodatlOB^ or liuttitiitio&; Mich ^Untt may be glT«i medioal.treatiMiit by aolteble inatituttoiw, but without ’ ^tmat.tO' ptdUlc^oastodyian ttf. aa^^ child shall report to court relative to aoch . tflbUd when reqtUred; reUfions Mtef of parente of child ahaU be oonaldmd ■ Id selecting place of commitment; parents shall, when able^ support such chnd; mch children ehall be considered not as (;rimihalB, but as children In need of encouragement and guldanee. Oounty judge may appoint an advisory board of Jnvenile court to constat of from ^ In perBons ; said board shall .vlBit .institutions, eocleties, or asBoclatioDs receiving such children, and ahnll coopmte with judge of county court Dnfioa of probation oyioer: To Investi- gate reported cases of deUnquency, neglect or dependency ; represent Inter^t of child in court; supervise children placed on iprobation; make required reports to court See also H (f), Oompolsofy attendance; H (g). Child labor; T7 (e), Schools for dependents and dellnqnentsi liottislana:^ The Jnvenile court in the pariah of Orleans, and the district coarts throughont the State, outside of parish of Orleans, ' shall have Juris-, fiction In Juvenile cases; Judge of the proper court shall appoint probation officers; probation officers shall be vested with power and authority of Sheriffs; Juvenile courts shall have Jurisdiction of trial of neglected and delinquent children, of persons oontribatlng to the neglect or delinquency of such cblldrep when offenders are not punishable by death or hard labor, and of all cases of desertion or nonaupport of children by either parent., Terms “ neglected ** and " delinquent ” are dedned in the law ; refer to certain persons ur»der 17 years of age; proceedings against such children shall be by affidavit made before clerk of the court by a reputable person or by district attorney or a probatloii officer upon Information and belief; upon filing of such affidavit, court shall issue summons to persons having custody of socli child to appear in court with such tAlld; child shall be placed In custody of a reputable person during term of trial, and may be commltfed by the court to care of a suitable association dr institution; no officer shall pln^ any such chlM in any police station. Jail, or locfc-up; probation officer may appear for child Id preliminary proceedings; thecal of juveniles and adults and of white children and colored children BhaUflFkt separate sessions of the court : commitment shall In no case be beyond, minority of the phlld; child may be paroled; child may be placed in a suitable home and supervised by probation officer ; court shall .retain Jurisdiction of child at all times; clerks of courtH S^n annually make report to State board of charities and corrections rela- tive of neglected and delinquent children. Midne: See H (f), Compulsory attendance. Haryland: See TJ (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. » MawMhuettas See H (g), Child labor; XT (e), Schools for dependents and detinqoents. lffiSc^ls fto d^dents'and dtilnquenta Ses;H (Qt ollce magistrates. Children under 12 years old shall not be committed to Jatl. . In each county the Jodge ' ’ of Che Juvenile court may appaf visiting institutions of a charitable or coirectlve nature. County boards may provide detention homes for Juvenile offenders, Xew Hampshire: See XT (e). Schools for dependents and deUnqnenta. New Jersey: When any person under 16 years old shall bd hreught before the court of general quarter sessions of the peace, or the court of special’ s^ons, charged with l^lng a vagrant or incorrigible, or with any crime;’ In any county In which there Is an Institution for reformation of^venile offend- ers, said court may commit said person to such Institution ; said court may commit said person to some other institution If deemed advisable; every pe^ son BO committed ihall remain at the institution until 21 years old, mUess paroled, discharged or bound out; persons so committed and their. custodians shall be liable for, expenses at any such Institution, but the'propcr authorities may remit such liability. In all counties of the first class, there shall be con- stituted a separSte court to be known as the Juvemie court; Judge of such ^ court shall be a counselor at law of the State, appointed by the governor, ^ with advice and consent of the senate; term, five years; salary, $6,000 per year; clerks of respective coihtleB shall be clerks of said court “D^ln- quent child” Is defined In the law; any person having knowledge of d^tn- qnent child may file with Juvenile court a petition stating facta relative to said child; court may order the custodian of such child to appear In court with the child ; court may commit such child to a suitable Institution, or to the custody of a probation officer or other suitable person ; sessions of juvenile court may be private; case of any such child taken before any other court shall be transferred to the juvenile court ; juvenile court may seek the cooper- ' atlon of all societies or organizations, public or private, having for their object the protection or aid of Indigent or neglected children ; court may arrange with such societies or organizations for the care of such children; board of freeholders may pay expenses of such Children so placed, or may establish, ‘maintain, and equip a home for temporary detention of such children; custodians of such children shall *be liable for their expensee; court may order medical attention to be given such children, to be a county ' chai^; court shall, as far as. practicable, conunit such children to Institu- tions, associations, or Individuals holding to same religions bqllef as paints of such children; Ju^ of Juvmille court shall annually visit fn^tatldns Caring for chlMcen so oommltted. care, ciistedy, ahd* discipline of' any child so coininltted than approximate that which should be given by patents; such child shall be treat*, not as a crtwtnal, but as mlsdlt^ed add' la n^ v of aid and micouragement See also H (f), Oompulsory attendance; V .(e), Scbobls^for dqiendents hud ddl^uenta. ' ; ■ ■ t - IV.ITW i. »|WTT^(J.kW-ilJ^' i!" 71* min nTBUd sditoatiok. Ao;f cMM Mt«ree& agei of T and 16 jear% who ghoi^ commit any act^'or omlaalOQ wlildi. If be were an attnlt, woald be considered a crime not jpimlabaUie by death or Imprleoniiient for life shall be gnllty not of a crime hot of detlnqDeney* No court, magistrate, or like authority shall commit any child under 16 years okl as a Tsgrant, tmai^t, or disorderly person to any Jail or county almshonse, but to some reformatory or other instltntioii pro- ▼Med f6r delinquent children. No child shall bo admlUed to any Institution ■ fwr orphan, destitute, vagrant, or dellnquait children until examined by the physician of such Institution and granted a certificate of mental and physical dtnessi. See also H (f), Compulsory attendance; U (e), Schools for dependents and drtlnquents. ^Nilo I Courts of common pleas, probate courts, and Insolvency courts and supplor courts shall have Jurisdiction over Juvenile cases. Judges of such courts sl^^designate one of their number to transact business arising under such JurlMlction l clerk of court shall keep record of Juvenile cases. When ' any delinquent, neglected, or dependent minor under 18 years old shall ■ .come Into the custody of the court such minor shall conttnne a wanl of the courts until 21 years old, ^Any person having knowledge of a mtfSr under 18 years' old who appears to be delinquent, neglected, or dependent may flip with clerk of court a complaint to that effect Upon filing of such complaint a citation or warrant shall Issue for the minor. County commissioners shall provide a special room not used for trial of criminals, when available, for the hearing of Juvenile cases. In the case of a delinquent child th^udge may commit such child to the care and custody of a probation officer, niul may alow such child to be placed in Its own home or some other home under supervision of probation officer; or be may authorise the child to be boardeears old shall bo fined not leM than |10 nor more than |1,000 or ImprlsoW not less than 10 days nor more than one ytar, or both. The Judge majr impose a fine upon deU^uent not to eaoeed |10. Whoever is charged by law with the ai^ edhcatlon of a minor under 18 years old, and is able, to support . sde^to;g|^ minor, hut fhl^i, refases, or neglects to do so, or isbandons such minor, shall be fUied not less than |10 nor more than |500 or imprisoned 10 daro ^r more than one year, or both. The judge may ap* i^tet m oy more MTioua, one or more^of whom may be women, to seyve - '' i' ' ■ -'tr («)'; jtmsHHj ootmtti ■ 8*i . ■ ■ \'i aa proixatloii officm One of each officera abaO be known aa bbief probatlou oflBoer, and there- may be lint, aecond, and third aaatatanta. Sndi olBoen ahaU receive anch compenaktion as the Judge nay determine, but the com- pensation of the chief probation officer shall not exceed $2,000 per year, first assistant not to exceed $1,200 per year, second and third aaalatanta not to exceed $1,000 per year. The Jndge may appoint other probation officers, with or without compensation. No more than $40 per 1,000 Inhabitants shall ' be paid anch officers in any county, and in no case shall more than $7,2500 be paid for such s^vice in any county ; probation officers shall be paid from county treaanry. Probation officers shall examine Into alleged caaee of de- linquency, neglect, or dependency; shall represent interests of the child la such cases; shnll serve warrants, and may make arrests without warrant All aherlffa, deputy sheriffs, constables, marshals, and police officials ahall render assistance to probation officers when requested ^ to do. Upon re- quest of the Judge, the prosecuting attorney of the county ahall prosecute per- sons violating any provisions of this chapter. Upon advice of the Judge, county commiflsloners may provide a temporary detention house*' for de- linquent, dependent, or neglected minora. Any child committed to any in- stitution or individual by the court shall become a ward of such institution or individual. Any person having the right to dispoM of a dependent or neglected child may enter Into an agreement with an approved- Institution for the purpose of caring for such child. Those in control of Institutions for the care of Juvenile delinquents may appoint agents for such institutions. All associations and institutions receiving delinquent, neglected, or dependent children shall be subject to the viaftatlon, Inspectiou, and supervisloD of the board of State charities. Such associations and Institutions must first be certificated by said board before they shall receive any such children. No such association shall hereafter be Incorporated unless proposed articles of Incorporation shnll have been first submitted to said board. No association shall bring Into the State any cldld having a contagious disease, deformity, feeble mind, or vlclou? character. The Jndge In committing children shall place them, so far as practicable, with persons dr associations of same re- ligious belief as such child or its parents. This chapter shall be liberally construed to the end that proper guardianship may be provided for the child, in order that It may bo educated and cared for as far ns practicable In such manner as best subserves Its moral and physical welfare, and that, as fqr as practicable in proper cases, the parent, parents, or guardian of such child may be compelled to perform their moral and legal duty In the interest of the child. The Judges of Juvenile courts shall have Jurisdiction over all inis- , demeanors against minors. No charge shall be mad^ by cities, towns, or villages for water supplied to charitable Institutions. For the partial sup- port of por women whose husbands are dead or disabled, or whose husbands are prisoners or have deserted, and who are the baothers of cbildrra not entitled to employment certificates and have resided Ifi State two years the Juvenile court may give aid in the sum of $16 per montB for first child and $7 pet mopth each for others. County commissioners shall levy anniiaiiy a one-tenth mill, or as much thereof as necessary, for Such purpose; * See also H (f), Compulsory attendance; U (e). Schools for dependents and deUnquents. Oklahoma: ** Dopmident,** " ne^locted,*' and deLInquent,** in tbelr application < to diUdxsn under 161 years of age, are defined. County court shall have Jurisdiction over Juvenile oases. Any reputable person being a resident of a county and knowing of child in inich ooufify who appears dependent, 8!cm uwft idttjm)r0 to muo io^oatioh. I » endents and delinquents. Oregon: See fl (f), Compulsory attnulauce; V (e). Schools for dependents and deUnquents. Peimsylmiila: No child under restraint or conviction, under 16 years old, shall be placed with adult criminals under any conditions whatsoever. The powers of the court of quarter sesrions of the peace may be exercised by anyone dr moi« judges of such court, who may be assigned for the purpose at a session of said wurt, which shall be known as the juvenile court; and all sessions of such juvenile court shall be held separate from the general sesslona of such court In each county containing a population of not, 1^ than 800,600 and not more than 1,200,000, there shall be equipped fdr the cai^. maintenance, and Instructioin of such children as may be committed thereto by the juvenile cousts. a school for such chlldr^i ; board of managers for each such school shall be composed of nine members, three appointed each year, term, three years— ths game to be appointed by the judges of the court of common pleas and county commissioners Such schools shall offer Instruc- tion In the common branches, and shall give manual and moral Instruction ; such schools shall be established on farms and shall be maintained out of county funds Rhode Island: Minors under age of 16 years when charged with any misde- meanor or crlms shall be arraigned and tried separate and apart from other cases; In juvenile cases no court fees shall be allowed or taxed against the respondent Juvenile offenders may be committed to a proper Institution or to the care of a probation officer or to the State board of charities und corrections, / See also 17 (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents SowCh OnroUna: See U (e), Sdiools for dependents and delinquents. So^th Dakota: See IT (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents Tennessee: This act shall apply to dep«ident and delinquent chlldrai under 10 years old. Comity judge or chairman of county court shall have jurisdic- tion under this act, except as hereinafter provided. Any reputable person having knowledge of a child in his county who appears to be dependent or dellnqi^t may file complaint with clerk of juvenile court; thereupon a sum- mons shall be Issued to person having charge of such child directing such persofi to present such child In court Judge of court fbay appoint one or mors probation officers to represent children In court and to have charge of sncb cbUdreo before and after trlal if so directed by the court Court may Oomlnit soy child found d^ndqpt or deltnqnrat ^to some suitable State il^Uutlon or person or to other approved Institution or association. In case 4tf a d^ln4tia&t chlld^ case may be continued from, time to time and child may be committed to care of probation officer or may be permitted to remain borne subject to visitation of probation officer, or may be placed In a suit- ^^t^ffhmlly borne, or may be committed to a reform school or Industirial school. tr (c). jtnwma oottbts. 82T Child ^all not ba cominitte^ beyond the age of 21 ; ooart may aBaome goard- lanahlp over child antll aoch age la reached. A child <^rged with rape or mnrder In the flrat or second degree shall be remanded for trial In the regular conrts; other cases Inrolvlng children under 16 shall be transferred from'regular courts to jurenlle court No court shnll commit a child to a Jail or lockup as punishment Court may appoint a board of three rlsltors to visit Institutions In the county which are authorised to receive children under this act Misdemeanor to contribute to dependency or delinquency of children. In counties having a popnlatlon of over 148,000 and In counties having between 83,000 and 33,700 population, the dty Judge of the county seat shall be Judge of the Juvenile court This act shall not apply to coun- ties having bet ween* 70.000 and 90,000 population. See also H (f), Compulsory attendance; U allty children under age of 10 years shall not be confined In any jail or lockup. In coun- ties containing cities of first or of second class, detention schools may bfe established and hmlntalned; Juvenile delinquents may be kept In such schools until their cases are finally dlsi>o8ed of; the board of education or district school board shall provide children In such school with textbooks and sup- plies. V See also A (f), Administrative units— districts, etc. ; H (g) Child labor. Vermont: This act shall ai>i>l.v to children under 16 years old; such child may become ward of court until of age. ** Delinquent child’* and “neglected child” are defined. Probate courts shall have Jurisdiction over juvenile cases. Upon filing by a reputable jiersoii with said court of a petition^ call- ing attentlwi to a delinquent or neglected child, said court shall summon the person In parental relation to the child to appear with such child before the court Probation officer shall Investigate and report cases of delinquency and neglect Delinqueut or neglected chlldTren may be committed to some State Institution or to care of a reputable cltlsen or to some suitable association; such child may be given medical tre^itment when needed by some Institu- tion where such treatment Is given without charge. Such child shall become ward of person, Institution, or association caring for It, but guardianship shall not Include estate of child. While Juvenile case Is pending, child shall be In custody of proper officer or shall be kept in some suitable place. No child under 16 years old shall be confined in any jail or prison unless charged . with a crime punishable by death. The care, custody, and discipline of such child shall approximate as nefhrly as possible that which should be given by Its parents; the restraint of a delinquent child shall^ tend toward his reforma- , ^tlon rather than to his punishment as a criminal. See also H (f), CJompulsory attaidance; V (e), Schools for dependents and delinquenta iSSd IBTATI LAWS BSLATtKO TO PUBLIC BDUCATIOK. n Virgimimt Any coort of record of general criminal Jurisdiction ond^llce and justice courts may commit to the care and custody of the State boiM of chari- ties and corrections* or any society, association, or reformatory approved by said board and duly chartered, delinquent, dependent, or neglected chil- dren; delinquent chlldrmi under 12 years old ahaU be committed to boaid of cbartties and corrections; commitments shall be indeterminate, but shall not extend beyond the age of 21. Sai^ board and societies may place chll- ren so committed In a suitable hometbntil the age of 21 is reached. ** De- linquent children” shall include offenders under 18 years old; “dewndem children ” and neglected children,” those under 1« years old who are de- ^ndent In some manner on the public for support. Except In aggravate«l cases, no court shall commit a child under 18 years old to a Jail. workhouKO, or police station, nor send such child to the grand Jury, nor sentence child to the penitentiary, but commitment may be made to a reformatory. Court may compel parenU tq^ntribute in part to the support of a child. When health or mental condiuun of child requires It, ns shown by medical exam- ination, court may cause child to be placed in a public hospital school. Court may appoint one or more probation officers ; any child charged with delin- quency may be released on probation and in charge of a probation officer; at end of probation period court may dismiss child on favorable report of probation .officer. Societies receiving children under this act shall be subject to inspection by the board of charities and corrections The council of any city having a popuatlon of 50,000 or more may elect a special Justice of the peace, to be known as the Justice of the Juvenile and domestic relations court WMhington: “Delinquent child” and “dependent child are defined; law shall apply to all such children under age of 18 years; all dependent or de- linquent children shall be wards of tbe State. Superior courts shall have jurisdiction In Juvenile cases; In counties containing 30,000 or more Inhabit ants, Judges of such courts shall designate one of their number to hear juve^G cases. The court or Judge may designate one or more persons to act as probation officers who shall receive no compensation from the public treasury; such probation officer riiall make inquiries concerning the case of such child, and shall have custody of such child; in counties containing over S0,000 Inhabitants probation officers may receive such cumi>eDsation as may be fixed by county commissioners, such officers to have charge of houses of detrition; probation officers shall have police powers relative to care, Custody, and control of delinquent and dependent children. Any j)er8on may file with clerk of the superior court a petition calling attention to a dependent or delin- quent child; probation officer shall Investigate claims of such petition; clerk shall summon person in parental relation to such child to appear In court with such child ; pending the final disposition of such case, xhlld may be re- takied In possession of per^n liavlng charge of same, or may be kept in some suitable place provided for the purpose. Any dependent or delinquent child under 18 years old may be committed by the court to some suitable Institution, or to care of a reputable citizen, or to some training or Industrial school, or to care of some association organized for such purposes; order of commitment may x)ermanent or temporary, and may be revoked for good cause; i)ersons in parental relation shall, If able so to do; support such children ; In cases of indigency, the county shall support such children wllferever committed at eost not to exceed $12 per month per child, but for no longer a period than six months unless a new order Is secured at expiration of such period. Court proceedings In Juvenile cases may be cdnducted in rooms especially set apart for the purpose. No court or magistrate shall commit a child under 16 years IT (e). SCHOOLS POK DSPBNDKKIS AHD DBLINgUBHTS. ' 8S9 ✓ old to ft jail, common lockup, ot polfce station. No child shall be mtenced to confinement in any place with adult convicts. Juvenile cases taken before a Justice of the peace or magistrate shall be transferred to Juvenile court Counties containing more, than 60*000 inhabitants shall, and other countries may, provide*^ and maintain detention rooms for Sheltering dependent and delinquent minora. PuriX)8e of this act shall be to provide other means for the maintenance, training, and education of children who can not or do not receive the same ut the hands of persons in parental relation to such children. Any person who contributes to the delinqiience of such child shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. Judge of juvenile court may appoint a county board of visitation which shall visit i)er8ons, Institutions, and associations within such county which care for dependent and delinquent children, and said board shall report its findings to said Judge and the court; such board shall consist of * four reputable oitLaens and shall receive traveling expenses officially incurred. With pernission of persons in parental relation to such children, such children may be a lopted by suitable i)ersons, but ^uch guardianship shall not include the i)roi)erty rights of such child. See also H (f), Compulsory uttradance. West Virginia: See U (e), Schools for dependents and delinquents. Wisconsin: See H (f), Compulsory attendance; V te). Schools for dependents and dellnqiients, . ' Wyoming: See U ependents. See also H (f). Compulsory attendance; U (c). Juvenile (‘onrts. Alabama: Board of directors, — Governor, commissioner of agriculture and Industries, attorney general, and seven women; as nearly ns possible one- third of appointive members retire biennially and vacancies filled by con- tinuing members. Delinquent and dependent white boys 0 to 18 years old- inay be admitted ; boys may be committed by parents under regulations of * board; any Justice of the supreme court, chancellor. Judge of probate, circuit Judge, or Judge of any city or criminal court may commit boys for good and sufficient cause; appeal from order 6f commitment may be taken within five days; boy committed shall be kept until 21 years old, unless sooner dis- missed by the board; ex officio members of board sliall visit school annually and report to legislature; criminal boys 7 to 16 may. In lieu of a sentence to the penitentiary or hard labor, be committed to the institution; Institution shall have exclusive control of child; inmates shall be given Instruction, including trade training ; annual appropriation, $150 per pupil. A reform school for training Juvenile negro lawbreakers Is establish^ at Mount Meigs. Trustees: Governor, State superintendent, and seven members ' appoint^ by the governor ; course of Instruction shall include common-school branohes and Industrial and agricultural instruction ; trustees empowered to elect and remove teachers and officers ; trustees may make rules and regula- ' tions for the government of the Khool ; annual appropriation ^.76 per week for each pupil. 8sa BiJira lAWB BBiATnro'TO ptrauo bduoahok. Aftaou: There is estaMlebed at Fort Grant an Institution for the confine* Uftsit, di^pUne, education, employment, and reformation of Juvenile offenders Bald InaBtutlon shall be under management of the State board of controK conalsdng of the governor, State auditor, and, one cltlsen appointed by the governor. Board shall appoint a superlnteDdent and assistant at salaries of not exceeding $1,800 and $1,000, respectively; they shall apiwlnt other neces- aaiy officers and teachers. Male and female inmates shall be kept separate wltl^ut means of communication In case a child Is committed at the In- stance of parent or guardlhn, expenses of such child, including transportation, shall be borne by said parent or guardian, unless by reason of poverty of said' parent or guardian board of control ahull otherwise direct Flue of between $200 and $1,000 to aid an inmate to e^pe or to harbor or secrete an Inmate after escape; If soob offender be under 16 years old, he shall be comiuittee under control of board of three trustees appointed by the governor; terpi four years; no trustee shall be interested In contract of school: tnistwa shall receive no compensation, but shall* be allowed official expenses; boanl Bhalfainwlnt n snr>eriiitemldiit! a mlllUry Instructor, and a secretary, who shall give iwmd, ami shall fix their salaries within limits set by law; board shall meet once every three months; superintendent shall, except ns herein provided, apiwint officers ami other employees and fix their salaries. Instruction shall be In military, pnblle school, and vocational subjects; Inmates shall wear uniforms, but not con\1ct strlpea Any boy between ages of 8 and 18 years, of sound mind, ctmvicted , of crime not punishable by life Imprisonment or death, may be committed by the magistrate or court to stdd school; commitment by police court or by justice of the peace must be approved by Judge of county, sui>erlor court*; commitment shall not extend beyond minority of such boy. Board may give honorable dismissal to Inmates deserving the same; may ilarole Inmates; may return Incorrlglbles to court. Any person who aids an Inmate to esi^ape or harbors such Inmate shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. Board shall contract for supplies, letting contracts to lowest responsible bidders. California School for Girls shall be under control of board of five trustees, appointed by governor, to sene four years; said board shall appoint a woman as superintendent of said school and fix her ^lary. Said sui>erintendent shall appoint officers and employees; shall file bond In sum of $10,000, Object of said school shall be the confinement, discipline, and Instruction of girls U^lly committed thereto; public-school subjects shall be taught and vot‘a- tlonaJ training given; merit system shall be established In said school; In- mates may be paroled; for good cause Inmates may be discharged; said board ‘ may allow Inmates pay In lieu of clothing and other necessary articles to better promote discipline and training. Whittier State School shall be under control of board of three trustees ap- pointed hy governor, with advice and consent of senate ; term, four years ; board •hall be a body corporate; no trustee shall be Interested In any contract of school; shall make by-laws; shall purchase jnipplles ; shaU appoint, prescribe duties, and fix compensation of a superintendent and other employees: shall malce biennial import to governor, to be laid before legislature ; shall receive no p U (e). 80HOOL8 POB lMLPBin)EKT8 AKD DBUKQTTBITTS, 881 compensatloni but shall be allowed official expeoses. Boys between ages of 8 and 19 years and girls between ages of 8 and 18 ymra moy» when convicted * of any offense not punishable by life imprisonment or death, be committed by proper court to said school ; sexes shall be separated In said institution : com- mitment shall not extend beyond minority of snch boy or girl ; dependent or delinquent children may be committed to said school ; Inmates may be hbnor- )d>Iy dismissed, paroled, or, when Incorrigible, returned to court No person shall aid any Inmate to escape or harbor such inmate. Parents or guardlanp shall, when able, pay expenses of Inmotee, otherwise cost shall be a charge against county of Inmate’s residence. Said board may contract with suitable persons, charitable tustltutloas, or associations for care of female Inmates, State reformatory shall be under control of State board of prison directors. Any male person between ages of 16 and 30 years convicted of a felony for the first time may be committed to said Institution. lostructloD ahall be given In elementary-school courses and In pn^ctlcnl pursuits. See also H (f), Compulsory attendance; r (c), Juvenile cburtSw Colorado; A “delinquent child” Is a child under 16 years old, not"an Inmate of an Institution, who violates any law or city or village ordinance or commits any one of certain other offenpes enumerated In this act; law defining delin- quency shall Include nil girls under 18 years old. In cities of 100.000 populntlon or more Hiere shall be ranlntalned one or more parental or truant schools. Board of education shall cony^l, and may aiij>blnt a superlOtendent. teachers, and other necessjiry employees. No re- ligious Instruction shall be given, except such ns Is allowed by law In the. public schools. Truant officer or agent shall petition and any reputable citi- zen may petition the county court to Inquire Into the .case of a child of com- pulsory school age not attending school or who persistently violates the rules of the public schools: such petition shall state the names of parents or guard- ian, if there be such, and .shall show whether said parent or guardian Is will- ing to have child committed to truant school; county Judge shall determine the application and may commit said child until the age of 14 Is reached; parent or guardian may appear and resist comtnltment; no child shall be committed who has ever been convicted of an offense punished by confinement in n penal Institution. It shall be the duty of (he parent or guardian of any child committed to pay the actual cost of board and clothing of said child. Board of education may make rules providing for the parole of Inmates: principal of school to which child Is paroled shall report monthly to superin- tendent of truant school as to attendance and conduct of said child; If attendance and conduct are good for one year, child shall be finally dis- charged : If a child violates within one year the conditions of a parole, he shall on order, of the court be returned to said school and may not be paroled again within three months: for nvsecbnd violation of a parole he shall be re- turned and may not be paroled again within one year. County court may commit an Incorrigible Inmate to some juvenile reformatory. In cities of 25,000 to 100,000 population the board of education may establish a tniant school if authorized by vote of the qualified electors. There Is established at or near Denver a State home fbr dependent and neg- lected children under 16 years old ; such children shall be of sound mind and body, but board of control ' may admit any dependent or neglected child. Board of control shall consist of five members, no more than two of whom shall belong to the same political party, and at least two of whom shall be women; aM>olnted by the governor; term, six years, one being appointed each year, as the cose requires. Object of the home sliaU be to provide a k 88S 6TATB lAWB BBIATTKO TO PI7BUO XDtrOAXIOR. home for depeotfent and neglected children until the age of 16 la reached, bnt board may retain them longer; board may place soch children In suitable family horoea. Board ahall be gnaidlan of such children until they reach their majority or become aelf-aupportliig Board may return fo county from which children came thoee who hare readied 16 yeara of age end can not be placed In family bomea, those' of vldoua habits or who are incorrigible, or thoee of unsound mind or body. A State Industrial school for girls la estabUahed at or near Driver. Boant of control shall consist of fire memberb, three of whom ahall be women, appointed by the governor; term, five yeara, one being appointed each 'year. Board shall appoint a woman aa superintendent The county from which ®ny 8^ri Is comihltted^shall be liable for the expenses of such girl to the extent of 50 cents a day, Bach girl committed shall be detained In said school until reformed and discharged by the board or until she reaches the age of 21 yeara Girls shall be thoroughly trained In household work. When It. shall appear that any girl will remain at liberty without violating the law and that her release will not be InotmipHtlble with the general welfare or detrimental to her own good, such girl may be released. Board may place any girl In a home of good moral character. Superintendent ahall keei) » record of all proceedings of the Institution, Includiug coi^ct of officers and* Inmates, Board mny parole any girl who ahall have ifecome sufficiently reformed, but for iucorrtglblllty she may be returned to the school wlthom further process. When any girl between 6 and 18 years old shall vloliiu* I any law, except where Uie penalty Is death or imprisbnmeut for life;, the court before whom the conviction is had may sentence such girl to' the Industrial school; commitment shall be during minority or unUl girl discharged by law or by the board of control. The district and county courts shall have original Jurisdiction in said cases. Peace officers may arrest any girl wandering around improper places at improper hours, and aatd girl may be committed to the industrial school. The board of control may return t>> county whence committed any Improper subject for Its care and management. No girl after sentence shall be confined In a county or city Jail, School shall J[)te nonsectariair. The old school of mines building and grounds at Golden are constltuteil a State Industrial school for boys. Board of control shall consist of thn^e members, appointed by the governor; term, six years, one being apiwiuU'tl every two years; said board shall report biennially to tbe State sui)erlii- t^ident, who almll transmit the same to the legislature; board shall make rules for tbe government of said school and shall appoint a superlnteudem and other employees. Any boy between 10 and 16 years old who may be convicted of violating any law, except one for which tbe penalty Is death or life Imprisonment, may be committed to said school during his minority or until discharged by thd board of control; district and county courts sliall have jurisdlctloD; cases may be instituted upon the sworn complaint to the district attorney of any credible person; parent or guardian ihay inden- ture a boy to said school, but must pay expenses. Board may place any boy committed to said school In the care of a head of a family who is of goo H (f), Compulsory attendance. p u (e). SCHOOLS FOB DEPENDBWX8 AHD DBUBQUBNTS. 888 Ck>nn«cUciit: For the protectton of dependent, ueglected, nod crueily treated chlMmi, nml In luimonil Burrouudluga, who ore between 4 and IS years old. there ahull be provided county “temporary homes''; no auch home shall be Ux'Ated within one-half mile of any penal or pauper Instltatioa ; children shall be kept In such homes only for such time as la necessary for placing them In aOiUible family homes. Any court of probate or any cfty. town. 0r iHirough court may ct>mmU any such child to the care of any temjx>rary luune. If such child be a male, until Iti years old, and If a fcauale* until IS years old, /unless sooner dlscbar>red by the l>oartl of mtinagement of said tt4ii|M)rary home; safd board may place any such child In a private family, or cUarterwl orphan asylum, or children s home Ui the State wherein such child will be h<*eopted for the |»erlotl t*omiulited. Board of management shall present to Sbtte omptroller a bill for $2.00 jter week for the care of eocli child, ami the same shall be by the Stale. The necessary extra exisMise Incurre^l by any town or school district providing 8chcH>l aivommo< hit Ions for any temiwrary home located th^in Hhitll be paid by the county; the boarfl of managers of temporary homed In any comity shall 1h* the Judge of what are neevsaary extra expInsesL Chil- dren lumales of county homes shall he enumerateil In the town or district where s;ild home Is lix*ateil. The county com ml ssl oners may maintain schoola :it nmnty homes, tn which case said schools slmll rwndve their proportion of the State iiinds. County ammilsHloners may employ teachers for said si*hmry homes, but sum imld for same stinU not exceeti $10 for each st^-hiK)!. or $10 for each 100 pupils or fraction tbereof where school has more limn 100 pupils. Whenever any town wholly mulnUJlns the school at the county home it shall be reimbursed by the ctmnty. The Coiinectlmt Indu.strial School for Girls shall, so* long as l,t remains IncoriKirated and malutahis a school for the benefit of children comiected thennvith. lie a wn»anife district. The directors of said school shall be the sch«K)l ct>mmitU*e of said district and sJiall have all the iiowers and duties ' of town school visitors. The treasurer of said school shall annually draw an order hi favor of said district on the treasurer of the towm for the pro- [Kirtiounte .uiiouut to which &ild district may lie entitled of all moneys ap- propriated by h\w. The parent or guardlnu of any girl between 8 sud 16 years old, or any Infonnlng officer of the town, may present a complaint to . the judge oi the probate court or to any Justice of the peace of the town, or to the Judge of the police court of the city where she may be found, alleging that she has committed an offense within the final jurisdiction of a Justice of the i»eaoe, or is rude, Im'orriglble. or an hiihitual truant, or that she is dei)eudent, neglected, cnielly treateloafi. appeal shall lie to the criminal term of the aiii^eiior court Oomplalntit aharginx a minor with crime shall, ou appeal, be tried by jury, but all other cam tdull be tried by the judgu. No court or Justice of the iieace shall commit any child under 10 y^r« old as vldous. truant, or tnconialldc to any jail, slnishouae, or workhoUM'. When any boy under 16 years old idiall be convicted of any crlnw or min- . demeanor punishable by flue or ImpHsoument. other than imprlMuiment for llfle. tho court or JnsUce of the peace may coniinU such boy to the 0>ii necticut School for Boys until the age of 21 Is reachwl, or until discharged by the trustf^B thereof. The following clasaea of Mys may bo commlttortH to Imnmnil ]|lIao*H. No boy under 10 years old Khali be committed to mU\ si*htMil. except upon conviction of an offense punishable by Impriaoument In the State prlsdu or county jail. See also H (f), Compulsory attendance. Delsw'are; Twelve penamn named and their «ucce«»or^ are conatltntwl n Ixvly corporate by the name of the rhdawnre Indualrial Schtxi) for (ilrla: the gwemor. State trcaann'r; State auditor, and judge of ilie juvenile court of Wilmington are added to said boanl. Said wbool KbnII have Mu* can' and guardianship of any girl under 18 yeara old who may Ih' comndlttHl ther<*to by law. Any municipal court or JustU*e of the iH*aoe mn.v commit any girl under 18 years old who Is Incorrigible, or^viclouB. or In danger of falling into lice, or any girl of gald age guilty of vagninry or habitual truancy; the court of general acaalons of any y or eal to tho resident asso date Judge of New Castle County. See also II (f). f>)mpulsory attendance. Florida:. The Florida InduBtrial Sv'ho^il f»>r Royp Is e8tabUsliee committed to said school. Oeorgia: Whenever the grand jury of any (\>unty bavinj^ a population of 30,000 or more shall recon^end the establlahment of on Jindustrlal farm for “ mlsdemeciDor convicts *'^dnder 16 years old, the ordinary of said county shall call an election to decide whether such farm olbaU bo established. Purpose of farm shall be to reform such Juvenile offenders as may be com- mitted thereto. County ordinary shall provide site end buildings,' Farm * shall, so far as possible, be made seLf-sastalniDg, The sexes and white and color^ Inmates shall be kept separate Ordinary abnll appoint a superin- teodent. ehaplalti. ond other necessary offleers and employees. ** Misde- meanor convicts’* under 16 years old may, by any court of the county before U (e). 80H00L8 FOB DKPBNDKHT8 4*0) DBUNQUBNm 836 which convicted, be committed to indnatrUI term or «t»ced to ciuin ginx. In all conntlee having over 100,000 population, commitments to farm shall be daring mlnortt; of oftender,^ onlesa authorities In charge shall sooner discharge Inmate; said authorities may bind out such Inmates during their minority. Ordinary of county may raise funds to carry out provisions (if thia act; In counties having county commlaaloners, said commissioners shall eaerclse powers herein oonfeired ujion ordinary. Any munlclp»illly having 90,000 iK>puIatlon or more may In like manner (wtabilsh an ludua trial fsnu. Sw al»o U (c), JuTHilJe courta. Idaho: The Idaho Indufltrial tratnliyr School li ositabllahed at Rt, Anthony. rurpoMc: Cnre and training of depend^t and delinquent children and Jovenlle offendera State board of edncatlon la board of truateea Trusteed ahall have l*owvr to let contrarU and aupentse ronatnictfon of bultdlnga. which aba)l Ik» on the “cyjtfago plaa“ Board shall control funda; ahall appoint a anperin- londent and may romove him for cauae; on recomniendatlon of awperlntendeul. lK»nn! ahall appoint aa^atant Offlcera, teachers^ etc., fdmll appointed by miperlntendent with consent of tniateea who ahall fli aalarle*/ Ruperintemi- ent ahall make monthly report. State auperlntendwit abnil pre^rihe wurae of Mudy. Said school conatltutea an Independent dlatrlct. PreeMent ami aecre- liiry of truateea ahall reiwrt aemlannually to govenfor State b«\ard of land oi>mmtaalonera shall set aalde 4tl.(k)0 acres for uae and benefit of achool. roume of study shall Include common branches ami manual training for N»ya and household arts for glrla. Sw also H (f). Oompulaory attendanoe. . Illinola: Roanls of education and school directors may eataWlah and maintain rlas.HC8 ami schools for delinquent, children coimnittod by courta of ctmipeleni Jurisdiction. No pefiwn ahall be employed to teach In mtch class or achof)! who does not hold a certificate of quallflcatlon to teach In the game. State shall pay the okSmm coat per pupil In anch classes over the cost of Instmctlon ^ of normal pupils. Such schools ahall be subject to the supervision of the State sniH‘r!ntendent In clllpg hnvlng over 100,000 InhnhltantB thore msy be Mitflhilshed one or more trunnt (vhcxils for the confinement, dlw’lpllne. Inttf nirdon. nncj mnlnte- mmee of children of compulsory school sge; sites imd buildings may be pro. vldixl snd furnished In the »tmc manner ns for public schools. Board of education may employ a superintendent, teachers, and other necesanry offlcers, prescrilte course of study, and otherwise govern the school. Xo religious In- struction shall be risen, except such ns allowed by law. On petition of the truant officer or any repnlaWe dllten any child of compulsory school ago who Is not In school or Is an habitual truant or persistent violator of the rulea of the school shall be brought before fhp county or clrcnlt* court and said court may commit said child to said truant school, bat no child shall be com- ^ milted who has ever been convicted of an offense punishable by confinement In any pennl Institution. Parent or guardian shall faynlsh child .with cloth- ing. Commitment shall be until the age of 14 is reached, unless child la 8ooner,paroIed under rules to be prescribed by board of_edncatl6h. Principal of school to wblcb paroled child la returned ahall report monthly to super-' Intendent of truant school regarding such child's conduct and after one year child may be finally released; child violating condltions.of parole shall be re- turned to truant school and may not be released for three months; a second violation shall entail a commitment for one year before parole may again be ^ ' ■■ ^ .... BBL&l^ TO T^LBO m>T70iATXON; . r^had. Axt laootrtgiUe inmate may .Ky tbe comtty or drralt court be committed ' to a Juvenile retomatory. In cltlee of 26^000 to 100.000 popolation. boardfl of education my eetabUttb a truant school If anthoilsed by a majority vote of ' * tile qualified electors See aleo IT (c). Juvenile oourta. * . Iiidluia: The Indiana Boys' School shilll be under thb general snpervlston and government of a board of control, consleting of three oommlsslODeTS, appolnbd by the governor, by and with the advice and consent of the senate* to serve four years; said board shall meet at least once each month; each comniis- sloner shall receive an annual salary of $000. Said board shall appoint and fix salaries of all employees ; may makq rules, regulations, and by4aw& Su- perintend^t of said school must file bmj;4aintVf pupent^^oortlaa tim o?ekr 10 and imdar 18 artfini old, a child or ward of aaid parant oi^ guardian, to habUoailr tagrant, dtooidhrly, or incorrigibly the judge of a coort of record maj conunlt said girl to the indnstrial Kitool for glrto linUl. the age of 21 to reached, but no married woman, proedtatOp or girl who preftnant-maj.be thoa committed; court niy require parent or guardian to pay^axpenaee of aald girl. Including boanL An Induatrlal school for boys to located at Eldoi^; it shaU be under the control and management of the board of control of State Institutions. When a boy betwera 10 and 18 years old and, of sound mind shall he found guilty in any court of record of auy crime except mordep tie court may commit such boy to the Indnstolal school until the age of 21 Is reached. On complaint of parent or guardian that any boy between 10 and 18 years old, a child- or ward of such parent or guardian. Is habltuaUy vagrant, dls5iderly, or Incor- riglbly the judge of a court of record may commit said boy to the Industrial school until the age of 21 Is reached, but the court may In its discretion require parent or^guardlan to pay expenses, including boy’s board. See also H (f). Ckunpulsory attendance. Kana^ A State industrial school fbr girls Is established at Beloit; controlled by 8l,te iK^prd of correcUona When a gjrl under the age of 18 la convicted of offmae pnniahable by Unpriaonmait the court or Jnatlce, aathe case may be, may aeUtenee such girl to the State Industrial school for glrla Oommlt- ment shall be until the age of 21 is reached, dnleea superintendent shall sooner report girl reformed, or girl is idaced by board In a' aoltable home, or la In- dentured on probation or released on probation. • . The State board of correcUona ahaU have the management of the ^tate Industrial school for boya. Courts of record and probate courU may commit to such Industrial school (1) any boy under 10 years old who has been con- victed of violating the law; (2) any boy under 16 who is charged with an offense punishable wMb Imp^aonment, If paredt or guardian conaenU; (3) nny boy under 16 who la Incofrlglble, vagrant, or Immoral. Commitment shaU be until the age of 21 la reached, unless superintendent aball sooner report boy reformed, or boy Is Indentured as ah apprentice, or board shall release him on probation. school Is located at Topeka. A trades school Is established In connection with the State Industrial re- formatory at Hutchinson for males between 16 and 26 years old. See also p (c), Juvenile conrts. Kentucky: In all counties where there Is a city of the.flrst class there shall be created a blpardsan commlaslon compoeed of seven persons, two of whom shall he women and three ay be so committed; commitment shall not extend beyond minority of such child. No person shall entice away or har^r an escaped inmata Equal privUeges shall be given to the several denominaUons in giving religions instruction. Said board may, at any time, discharge any inmate for good cause, inmates shall be Instructed In common- school branches and in the industries. First offenders under 21 years old shall, when convicted of certain crimes, be committed to said Institutions; inmates may be iNtroled or hired out; white and colored inmatcg shall be separated. . See also H (f), Compulsory attendance; U (c). Juvenile courts. IiOBlalans: State reform school shall be under control of board of three com^ missioners appointed by governor, by and with advice -and consent of the SMiate; commissioners shall be allowed expenses officially incurred; all male persons 18 years of age or less, convicted of crime, except that of murder manslaughter, or rape, shall be confined In said school ; white and colored Inmates shaU be separated; Inmates shall receive educational, moral, Indus- ! trial, and agricultural training; inmates may be paroled, and board may make roles for commotatlon of sentences. See also A (b2)» State officers; U (c), Jurenlle courts, BUUie: See H (f), Compuls6ry attoidance; T (e), Schools for feeble-minded, Bfaryland: .^ct of 1014 define term ** dependent and neglected child,” as any male under 20 or ftmale uncler 18 who Is destitute, homeless, abandoned, or dependent on pubUc or without proper parental care or gua^lanshlp; judges of the couhs of the third Judicial circuit, sitting as court of equity, shall have full power to deal with such cases; any person of respectable standing shall hare authority by written petition to bring such cases before the court, which shall appoint one or more probation officers; salary and expenses of same provided for; court may allow child coming under this act to remain at home under supervision of probation pfflcer and report to court; or court may re^ move child from care of parent and commit It to custody of ” the probation officer or other agency, or to some suitable Institution” or phtce it ” in the home of some suitable family”; some responsible representative shall be appointed as guardian and shall visit family once every three months; no Justice of peace ” shall commit for any reason a child under 14 years of age to a Jail or police station to be confined with other prisoners”; any i^erson who shall contribute to or encourage delinquency or dependency tnay be fined or Imprisoned; this act to be construed as conferring additional powers on , the court mrytand 8iaf^ Tra(t4nff *Bbhool for Oirls: Brtabllshed im ; made body politic and corporate; nine directors ppolhted by goverhor; nonpartisan and nonsectarian; women on board shall never be less than five; three dlr^rs AaU retire every two years; no compensation; expenses paid; shall icure rite^and erect buildings In cottage system; appoint a female superintendent f ' ■( ERIC p U (e) , BCHOOIS FOB DBPBBDBKIB AHD BSUN4DTO18. asd other officials and emtdoyees and fix duties and ecHnopenaatloiL Jostloes may commit tlU ^ and white female conyicted ot any crline or mlademeaiier or who la vlclona or Incorrigible; no girl shall >e committed because she has no home nor because of poverty ; each girl tfmll receive reUgione Instruction provided by the church of her parents; religious services, all denominatioiis represented ; girls may be released on parole when homes are found ; $1^000 for preliminary work. Name Female House of Refuge changed to Maryland Industrial ^ool fbr Girls; legacies to the former confirmed; 30 directors; 16 chosen annually by the members; 6 appointed annually by mayor of Baltimore; 10 appointed blenniapy by gov^or; directors shall have as to felnale JuvenUe delin- quents the powers and duties exercised by directors house of refuge; persons who shall pay $60 to the Institution In one year or $10 annually for six years shall be life members; persons paying $6 per year are membera Powerg: To place children at employments and “ cause them to be In* structed In such branches of useful knowledge as may be suited to their years and capacities'*; bind out children to learn trades; children received by commitment and agreement. Empowered to receive (irphan and other destitute boys and bind them out till 21 ; any court or Justice of peace shall have power to commit any desti- tute white hoy convicted before. such court or Justice of peace; managers may also receive all such white boys under 16 as shall be taken up' as street beggars or vagrants or convicted of criminal offenses; corporation may hold prop- erty up to $500,000. Governor and mayor of Baltimore shall each appoint every two years five persons to represent State and city on board of trustees; board may make by-laws, etc., and establish regulations respecting religions and moral education, training, employment, discipline; Justice of peace may commit white male minors on complaint; corporation may bind out during .minority to learn useful trades or callings. Recognized as body corporate and politic. Object: The care, reformation, and Instruction of colored female minors; persons paying $100 become honor- ary members; $60, life membera; $6, members; corporation shall be con- trolled J)y a board of 11 managers, 2 to be appolnted^for tWo years by gover- nor, 2 appointed annually by mayor of Baltimore, and 7 elected annually by the coriwratlon; five a quorum; treasurer shall give bond; managers provide suitable building, establish regulations respecting religious and moral education; managers shall receive aU colored female minors who are committed as street beggars or vagrants, or are convicted of criminal offenses ; Judges may order minors convicted in their courts removed *to the Industrial home **as a place of reform and not of punishment"; managers may bind out girls tlU they are 18 ; girls may be received by commitment or contract. City of Baltimore authorized to make such appropriation tp the home as be proper ; managers shall make reports to general assembly. See also H (f), Compulsory attendance; R (b), CorporaGons of an educa- tional character. Massachusetts; The county commissioners of each county, except the counties of Barnstable, Berkeshlr^ Franklin, Hampshire, Dukes, and Nsntucket, dtiall maintain either separately or JoinUy with the com'mlssloiiers of other counties, not at or near a penal Ingt4utlon, a school foir habitual truants, absentee or school offenders. County cbrnmlsslonerB of Norfolk* Bristol, and Plymouth counties pay to the union training school maintained said counties $100 annually from each county. The county commissioners of Barnstable, Berkshire, Franklin, Hampshire, Duhes, and Nantucket; SbaU support truants ,ii . j 4mr. . p I 8lw '* stsi[ft lAws MLAnir# to? puBtio bduoation , And school otfeodera of their counties In a legally established trbinlng school, the cost of such support to be paid to, and shall be determined by, the county eomtnlasiODers maintaining such school; the parental school of Boston ^11 be deemed the county training school of Suffolk, and commltm^ts from towns of Revere and Wlnthrop and the city of Chelsea shall be to the training school fbr the county of Middlesex. The city or town committing a child to such training school shall pay to the county maintaining snch school |1 a week toward the support of said child; reports of the condition and progress of such child shall be made monthly to the superintendent of schools of the city or town from which said child has been committed; the towns of Revere, Wlnthrop, and city of Chelsea shall pay to the county of Middlesex, for sup- port of each child committed to the training school of said county. |2.60 per week, and such additional sums as will cover the actual cost of maintenance. County truant schools shall be subject to visitation by the State board of education and State board of charity, and said boards shall report thereon annually to the legislature. A child who willfully and hnblti^^lly absents himself from school contrary to law shall be deemed an habitual truant, and. unless plac^ on probation, mn^, ui>on complaint by an attendance officer and conviction thereof, be committed to a county training school, such child found wandering about the streets, having no lawful occntMtlon, habitually not attending school, and growing up In Idleness and Ignorance may. In like manner be committed to a county training school. A child under 16 years of age who j)er8!stently violates reasonable school regulations, or otherwise mis- ) behaves In school, so as to render him a fit subject for exclusion therefronv^ ■hall he deemed to be an habitual school offender, and, unless placed on proba- tion, may, upon complaint by an attendance' officer and conviction thereof, be committed to a county training school. The court or magistrate by whom a. child has been comniltted to a county training 8Chw»l may make ay order relative to the payment by his parents to the county of the cost of his sui>- port while in said school. A court or magistrate by whom a child has been convicted of any of aforesaid offences may place such child on probation under the control of an attendance or probation officer ; If child violates condl- tJons of probation, he may he committed to a county tralnlug school. County commissioners may, for good cause, and when the sni)eiintendent or school committee of the city or town have been heard, parole or discharge any child committed to a county training school ; a i)aroIe may be revoked for cause. In case of death or serious Illness of a near relation of a child confined In a training schooL the child so confined may be released for u si>eclfied time. An inmate of a county training scbooLwlio renders himself an unfit subject for retention therein may. If under. 15 years old, be committed to the Lyman school for boys; If over 16 years old, to the Industrial school at Shirley. If a girl who is conuiiltted to the custody of the State hoard of charity proves un- manageable in a private family, she may be committed, by said board, to the State industrial school for girls. Police, district, and municipal courts and trail Justices shall have Jurisdiction over truancy cases; npon a complaint against a child for such offence, parents, guardian, or custodian of the child B^ll notified; a child against whom complaint as an habitual absent^ Is hrot^^t by any person other than an attendance officer shall not be com- to a training school until the State board of charity has been given an Opporti^ty, to he heard. The school conunlttee of every city or toTO shall appoint’ and to the compensation of one or more attendance offlcers,^ho may he male or female, and shall make regulations for their government : attendance officers shall receive no fees for their services; the school com- u (e). teHOOLS FOB DBPEKDBNtS AKD fiBLtKQtT^KTB. 841 mltl^eea of two or more cities or towns mny employ the Bame attendance offleera. Attendance offleers shall liKlijire Into all cases arising from pro- visions herein, and may make complaints and serve legal processesi nnder such provisions Said oflJeers shall have oversight of children placed on pro- bation, of children suffering wnnt. of minors licensed for employment and of children attending shows or entertainments contrary to law. An attendance officer may apprehend and take to school without warrant any truant wan- dering about the streets or public placea The governor, with the advice and consent of the council, shall appoint five persons to serve as trustees of the Massachusetts Hospital School ; said trustees shall be apiwlnted In rotation to serve five years, and shall ci>n8tl- tute a body coriiorate. Trustees shall have same i>owers and duties In man- agement and control of said institution as are vested In the trustees of the various Insane hospitals. Trustees shall receive no compensation, but shall be reimbursed for necessary expenses; shall appoint offleers and other em- ployees of said school and fix their compensation. subjAt to the approval of governor and council; shall visit school monthly and make annual report to governor and council. The State shall i)rovlde for suptwrt of indigent In- mates, but other inmates shall pay for their support Said school slwu be under the general supervision of the State board of charity. The government of the State Industrial school for girls shall be vested In a board of seven trustees, two of whom shall tw> women ; trustees shall be appointed by governor. advice anrted by the State for the custody, care, and reformation of Juvenile offenders shall be vested In a board of nine trustt'es, two of whom shall be women, to be appointed by gov- ernor. with advice and consent of the conncll ; two appointed ench year to serve five years. Said board shall be known as Trnfftees of Magsachus^tts Training Schools. Trustees shall appoint a secretary, who Miall not be a member of board, but sball be Its executive officer; salary of secretary shall be fixed by trustees with consent of gt)vernor and conncll, and his necessary expenses sball be allowetl. No Inmate of a Juvenile reformatory shall be ' l>laced in solitary* condneinent. * . * • * * The govenior, with advice and consent of council, aball app Schools for the feeble-minded. BQohlcaii: Bvery^boy between 10 and 16 years old, and ev^ girl between lo and It years old who aball frequent or reside in a disreputable place or who runs away from school or lawful employment against the will of the parent ehall be a Juvenile disorderly person; upon complaint before a Justice of the ^Mace, police magistrate, or other criminal magistrate by parent guardian, or other i^erson knowing the facts, such Justice or piaglstrate shall issue a war- rant for the arrest of such minor, and on conviction a boy may be committed to the industrial school for boys at Lansing until 16 years old ; a girl, to the fndUBtrial home for girls at Adrian until 21 years old ; but such commitment must have the approval of the recorder’s court of Detroit or Judge of the superior court of Grand Rapids, or any circuit Judge or probate Judge of the county where such conviction Is had. Any iierson contributing to the d^ln- qnen(^ of a child shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. The industrial school for boys at Lansing shall be under the co'ntrol of a board of three trustees appointed by the governor; term, six years, one being appointed every two yeara Every male person between 10 anh 16 years old who al\aU be convicted of any offense punishable by law with fine or Imprls- onmmit or both, ntay be committed by n court, of competent jurisdiction to said school until the age of 21 Is reached. Dependent, neglected, and delin- quent boys between the ages of 7 and 18 may be-commltted to Said school or ^placed on probation by the court. The Ind aerial Home for Girls at Adrian shall be under the management atkl control of three trustees, at least one of. whom shall be n woman. Such board shall be appointed by the governor, term, six years, one being a^lnteit every two yeai^ The object of said borne shall t>e the care and instruction of dependent, neglected, and delinquent girls between 7 and 17 yw»r^ old who may be committed thereto by a court of competent Jurisdiction. Any girl betwemi 10 and 17 yen s old who Is convicted of any offense not punisb- ■'able by imprisonment ^for life shall, except In qises deemed Incorrigible, be sentenced to said house until the age of 21 Is renche<| Girls found Incor- rigible or Improper persons may be transferred to a State reformatory or penal Institiitlon. See also H (f), Compulsory ottendance. Mlmaeifota: Purpose of State public school shall be to furnish a temporary home for dependent and heglected children, and to provide them with proi»or permanent homes, proper care and instruction, while In said home, In branches usually taught In common schools, and with Aornl, physical, and Jndustrinl training. Board of control shall, const sP of three members, appointed by governor; term six years; each shall be paid |3 per day for time of actmil services, and allowed necesa^irjr expenses. Board shall elect from members a president and secretary; appoint a superintendent who shall appoint n«- ' siatanta ond employees; determine salary of superintendent, assistants, and employees; iheet once in every three months. To be admitted, children shall be under 15 years old, of sound mind and free from disease. Preference shall be given In admission to younger children and those In grea^st need ; children ^received shall be divided among the several counties cm a Just basis; children ^ of deeeased soldiers ^11 be givea preference In admission ; before any child under 1 year old shall be releived,M written statement shall be received from the sap^ntendent that child qiA be cared for. i.It shall be the duty of V (e). SCHOOLS FOB DBPBKWIHTS AHI!^ DBUKQtJBHTB. g4S connfy boaril, or any two of them, to make a complaint In writing to probate Judge when any child la dependent upon the public for anpport. In a irtate of habitual vagrancy. Ill treated. likely to auflter from Intemperance or mlacon- duct of parents or guardians. Parents or gnanllans shall be cited to appear In court to show pause why such child shall not be committed.; If child be committed, he shall first be examined by a reputable physician; a child so committed to said school shall remain subject to said school until a home Is found for him ; such children may be adopted In homes, or apprenticed for purpose of learning useftil vocations; when child becomes self-supporting, or parents have become able to properly support him, said child may be dis- charged by hoard. Sulteble persons shall be appointed agents of the school. Board shall make biennial reports to the governorr u every county of more than 60,000 Inhabitants a pw*atlon ofllcer shaU t>e appointed by the State board of control, subject to approval of district judges of such county ; such offlcer may appoint deputies. Such officer or hU deputy shall be present In every session of municipal court. In district court where any jwrson under 21 years old is on trial,- and In probate court where commitment proceedings are being held.- Snch officer shaU be responsible for conveyance of all children committed to State pnbllc school, without com- Iiensatlon, except expenses actually incurred; shall represent the Interests of minors In court, and shall have charge of minors during any time that sentence Is stayed; shall make reports to court; shall have police powers. Probation officers In counties of 60.000 to 100,000 Inhabitants shall receive annual com]>en8ntlon of $000; In counties over 100,000 Inhabitants, $1,200. and deputy $000. No minor charged with any offense shall be placed with grown-up prisoners ; no minor under 14 years shall be confined In any Jail, l^kup, or police station pending trial. Every minor while In confinement shall be supplied with good reading matter, and bis friends shall be allowed the right to visit him. At trial of any minor under 10 years old, the coart room shall be cleared of all persons not directly Interested In the case. County commissioners shall have authority to purchase, erect, equip,- and maintain a detention home for Juvenile offenders; Juvenile court may commit minors to such*home for not longer than six months under any order. School boards may provide homes and teachers, books and supplies In counties of 200,000 to 300.000 Inhabitants. In counties of over 60,000 population the Ju.lges of the district court shall designate one of their number as Juvmilo court Judfce. • State kidustrial school for girls shall be under management of State board of control. All officers of said school shall be w6men. Governor shall ap- point advlsorj- board of five women ; said advisory board shall visit school at least twice a year and make complete examination of buildings and Inquire Into affairs of school ; board of advisors shall make report to board of contnd ; - sold board of advisors shall receive no compensation,- but shall be allowed * actual expenses In porformauce pf duty. Puriwse of said school Is to so train Inmates that upon their release they will live honorable lives. Home schools for wayward girls may bo established by county boards In counties ‘ , having not less than 150,000 nor more than 200,000 inhabitants. State training school shall be undqr the general management of the State board of control. Whenever any boy over 10 and under,. 16 years old shall have been convicted of any offense punishable by Imprisonmont, except that ' of murder, or abali be a vagrant or Incorrigibly vicious, the court or magis- trate may commit such boy to the said school. Such boys may be kept In school during their minority, or until homes or employment hare been found 844 BI/TB LAWB BBLATINO TO PUBLIC BDUOATION. — for tbem; boys shall be taught branches of useful’ knowledge and trades; aOch boys abnll be clothed, Instructed, and maintained at exi>ense of State, l^ys committed by any court of the Doited states may be admitted ff the United States shall pay tSO cents dally for the support of each such child. Board may appoint school agent nt no more than $100 per month and ex- pensea Inmates may be transferred to State reformatory when their preseuo4^ is detrimental to the school. y The State reformatory ahnll be under management ot^uue board of con trol. Any person not less than 10 nor more than 30 years old, convicted of a crime punlsbahle by Imprlsoument In State prison, may be, for the first of fense, sentenced to the State reformatory. Ejich prisoner shall be credlttnl with good personal demeanor, diligence In labor and study, and shall Iw charged with offenses; such prlsouera mtiy be restored. uiH>n release, to full clUsensbtp upon evidence of good behavior while Imprisoned. Inmates shall be Instructed in trades or empioymeuU for which they seem t>e8t fitted. See also H (f), Compulsory atteudauee. Uissonric The Missouri Training School for Boys Is established nt Boonvllle. Board of managers shall consist of five members appointed by the gavernor: ' said board shall elect a superinteDdout and other necessary officers nud em^ ployees. Any poy under 18 years old who may have been comicted of i\ felony punishable by death or Imprisonment for 10 years or longer may by n court of cftroi>etent jurisdiction be committed to siild school; any l>oy of snhl age convicted of any other felony or of a misdemeanor shall l»e committed to said school; comhiPment shiiH not be for a longer t>erloter to neglect duties preecrlbed. Mtiyors, JustJce* 'of the peace, |K)lIee Judges, and district courts shall have Jurisdiction to Ity offenses under this chapter. See also A (hi). Statei>oards; H (f), Compulsory attendance. Nebraska; ^ There Is established a State public school for de}>radent children, to be locatCHl at the Home for the Frieiulless. There shall l>e received those who are dei*endent for supiKUt. neglected, or ill treated, who are under 10 .years of ape. sound of mind, iiml free from disease. Object riiall he to provide tcmpornr.v home in said school until homos can l»e provided for cbtldx^n In good fa mil lea. Whenever there sljall l)e suftlclmit rtxmi for such children In said luKtltiitions it shall not l>e lawful to place them lu any A)unty poorhouse ; iu admitting children to said school preference shall l»e gl\'en first to de- I>em1ent ami indigent oriilians or half un>hau8 of deceaa^l soldiers of the State. The children admitted to such sci^>l shall he prorated as nearly as lK>8sible auiong the several counties; exi)en8e of transiMriation shall be paid by counties where children reside; lionrd may receive cblldten either volun- tiiiily conmiitted to It by parents or guardian or by county commissioners of nny county, or by probate oi* Juvenile court Board may api>oint an agent for the school ; agent is autlioiised to consent to adoption of Ifimutes by suitable ^-^i^ratms. A record shall be kept of all children. Biennial reports shuU be made to governor. Said school ahitll l)e (x>utrolled by board of commissioners of State institutlona There Is created a board of control for de (indent and neglected children. Care of such children shall be under direction of a <*omnilasIouer ; governor la made such commissioner and shall npiK>lDt three deputy commlssioDers, who shall constitute the boanl of control ; oue member to be apiK>inted every two years; term, six years. Board sUjill meet at letist once a month; shall elect from own number a president and secretary; State treasurer shall be treas- urer of l)oanl : board shall provide for the care and training of such children a ml for r>laclug them In private homes at the earliest j)rncticable date. Those children under 10 .vears old and of sound mind, commlttetl by any court as dej>eudent, neglected, or 111 treated, shall be under control of said board. I'arents or guardians shall pay for care of such children, but In cases of In- digency county commissioners shall \Miy sum of $2 per week for each child coinmlttee mulutiduetl In any private home under the suporvlslou of probation officer. » The Boys’ Industrial Scliool shall l>e a school fpr the retention, education, discipline, Industrial training, and reformation of male Juvenile offenders; Inmates shall be InstructHl In morals and In mechanical arts and tradesi When a sane 'boy under IS years old shall be found guilty of any crime by any court of record, except for murder or manslaughter, or who for w^ant of proper parental cnre ts growing up In mendicancy or crime, the court may commit said boy to the Stite Industrial school Instead of to the State penitentiary. Any boy under 10 years old convicted of crime by a justice of peace or other Inferior court may be committed to said institution if crime is not murder or manslaughter. Boys so committed slmll r^aln In sold institution until 21 y^rs old, unless paroled or legally discharged. It shall be unlawful for any person to assist any boy or girl to escape from the State Industrial schools or to harbor or conceal such boy of girl. Said school aball be under control of boi^d of eommlsslouers of State iustltutiona 846 STATE LAWS BELATISG TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. The purpoae of the Girls’ Industrial School shiiU be the retention, educa- tion. discipline. Industrial training, and reformation of female Juvebllc delin- quents; girls committed to the school shall be Instructed In principles of morality, self-government and domestic duties, and such other bniuchcH of knowledge as are taught In public schools; sulUble practical industries may also be taught Said school shaU be under conUol of board of conunlssloners of state ina^tutlone. - In the N'/braska Iteforniatory InstrucUon shall be In the eJemenUiry sch.K.l courses and in pursuits by which prisoners may supiiort themselves when rBlensed; said InstrucUons shall chiefly be given m agriculture and horticul- ture. ShaU be under control of board of commissioners of State lustltuUouH. See also A (bl), State boards; U (c). Juvenile courta Nevada: There is estabiished the Nevada School of Industry. .Said School shall provide a suitable home for delinquent bo.Vs, where they slinll rec<>lv.‘ moral. Industrial, and general education, but the penuanent' boaid of gov- ernment of such liistItuUon shall be anthorlied to provide for the care of anch children of either sex. or by sending female liellnquents to other Inwl tutlons of like kind. Permanent board shall .consist of governor and four peraons appointed by him. one each year; term, four years; hy a mnjorliy vote of board any member may be removed; no board member aball receive compenaatlon except actual ext>ense8 Incident to business of said «-berly supix>rt and eendent and neglectel children ns may be committed to said home by any district court of this State. See also H (f)» Compulsory attendance. New Hampshire: The governor and council shall apiwint five persons, one each year, term five years, to serve as n State board of charities and correction; it shall be the duty of said board to see that dependent minor children re- cel>e suitable education, training, and support; the reasonable expenses of aald board shall be paid by the State, Depeuueiit or neglected children shall be sent to the New Hampshire Orphans' Home or some similar Institution. The State industrial school ahnil be under the supervision and administra- tion of the State board of control. The superintendent and treasurer of said school tiiall each give bond and shall keep complete record of affairs of school; superintendent shall annually file with the secretary of state a full rc^rt of the institution; books and accounts shall be open to examination of governor and conncil or of a committee of the legislature; board of control shall at least onc»e In every six mobths examine books and accounts of In- I atitotlon. Said Institution may receive juvenile convicts sent by United V (e). SCHOOLS FOB DBPBNDBKTB AKD DBUKQUSKTS. 847 States authorities upon^i^yment of reasonabie compeosatlon for same. The superintendent and his aesistaiiu shall have charge of papfla of said loati- tution. shall discipline, govern,' instruct, and employ them, and shall use their best en^avors lo' preserve their health, promote their Improvement in Kuch studies, ^des, and employments as may be suited to their ages and raimciUes. and to secure the formation of moral, religioua, and industrial habits: shall Wp complete register of puplla Board may bind out any pupil of industrial school as an apprentice or servant Any pupil dlstlnguiah- lug himself by obedience, diligence, and good conduct may be discharged by the board. Whenever any |>er»on is comuiltted to the industrial school the Mtale treasurer shall pay to board of control for board ahd instruction of such perst>n a sum not exceeding fl.tso per week. The sum of $16,000 is appropriated for years of 1018 and 1914 for the sop- |Nirt and education of revent their taking part in any concm or musical exhibition. No i>erson shnll sell or give away toy , firearm.'. If any person shall furnish tobacco In any form to a minor, be ' sliall be fiiuHl not eXceeh shall print or publish, V)r Sell, \ tend, give, or show to any other person obscene literature of any nature whatever, and uo i^erson shall advertise snch literature, and no I>er8uu shall In any manner employ any minor to distribute such- literature. No minor between the ages of 3 and 16 years shall be supported at any aluis- liouse In the State for more than 60 daya uuless consent of board of charities sliall have obtained, except such as are under serious physical dlsa- liility or are mentally Incapacitated for eduoaUon, or are under sentence for (Time; and It aliall be the duty of commissioners of the various counties to find homes for such minor children within said period of 60 days; If suitable homes have not been found for such children within 00 days then gtate hoard of charities shall hove control over such children and find a home for same at the expense of county, it shall be the duty of the overseers of the towns and cities to procure hoipes for indigent minor children. The over- seers of the poor may send indigent minor children to the New Han^pabire Orphans* Home or to «ny other suitable like Institution in the Stole. » Minor children” shall mean here o^dren uner 10 years old and also such children over 16 years and under 21 years old as by reason of physical or mental In- firmity are Incapable of i^pporUng themselves. Ourts shall designate salt- able times for the hearing of cases of Juvenife offenders, and dependent or d^fllnquent children, which sbaU be called the session for children, for which a separate defcket shall be kept; said session shall he separate from that for trim of criminal cases, and when practl<»ble shaU be In rooms not used for anch trials; no minor sbalt be present at any such hearing unless bis presence Is necessary;, no newspaper shall publish proceedings of any Jovenlle court. 'V':. 848 satATS LAWS bslatthg to public bducahon. Any npotab^ peraoiL knowlon of a ^pendent or negtectnd child, may (lie with clerk of the court a petltlou aeCtlnf^rth such facta; a summons or wammt may he Issued for the appearance of the person having cnttody of such child, together wUh the child, to appear lu court; jieudiug final decisioii of cam?, child may be left In posaeaalou of i^erson having charge of saute or lu possi^m slou of the probation officer, or In some suitable place prttvlded by city, couut.v, or State authorities. The Justic^v of each poIU?e court shall apt^tolnt a proba tlon officer who shall not be a member of iH>lice force but shall luue iHiliiv powers; probation officer shall Inoulro iuto crimiual teases In courts uuder whoae Jurladictlon bo acts, and may recxuumcnd placlux convicted (teratins oil probation; aald officer shall keep a record of all i>eraou8 placed on proki tlon. Clerk of I’ourt, or In absem^ thereof the Justlw, klutll notify StiUc board of charities and correcUou of apitolnuiaont of probatiuu otUixir; pmUt tlon officer sbaU make monthly report to said Sute bwird ; comiHinaatlou of said officer shall be determined by Justice of ctmrt and jitild by city or town Court may commit a deitendent or ui^giivtinl child under 17 years old -to tin* care of aouio reputable cltiscn or to sitme nssiHititiou wiUlnK to nn^dve It for the puriiose of placing it lu some home; court may cause such child, when health of child demands it, to be treated lu some hospital wheat same Is dime without, charga l>ellnqueut children may Ik? p uied under care (»f probation officer or In some suitable home; such chlldmi, for certsln offt>nseH. may W brought before superior I'ourt, and naty be i>oiumittiKl to the Suite ludusiri.il school pending decision of su|»erior i.\>urt. No t'lrnrt shall wmmilt a child under 17 years old to a jail or jiollce station, but child may instead lie pland In care of probation ortk'er; no child shall Ih^ wMiieiu'cd to cYiutlneinent wiiti adult convicts. The cnmrt in conmiliting chiidnm siiull place them ns fur ;i< practicable In homes or institutions of s;ime rtdlglous Indlefs ps parents .if children. The prolmte Judge ujwu application may chmuilt any feel)Ie-m^IuK^1 child or any feehle-mimUM female of child bearing age, when not already cored for by a proi>er institution, to the New* Uamjisliire S.Ik*o1 for Feeble mlndod Children. FeeI>le-inlod(?d j>ersrteil as aforesaid; third, those of Bute not In any public institution who have no jiarents, klusmen. or guardian ^ ' able to provide for them, or liersous c'omnj^twl by a judge of jirobate; fourth, those whose psrents, kinsmen, or guanlisn are able to sup|>ort them; fifth, children of other Statee whose ]>a rents or gUiirdJuna on* able and willing to pay. Whenever a minor under age of 17 shall be convicted of an offensi* , punishable by Imprisonment, otherwise than for life and sentenced accord ^ Ingiy, upon application by the prot>er iwrson, the court may. order such cblM aent to the Industrial school -Instead of to prison, term at Industrial school not to extend beyond the age of 21 years. Governor and conncll authorUid to appoint three milUble persons to investigate nil matters relating to tiie welfare of dependent, defective, and delinquent children, and all instltutloim for the care of such children In the State, it ahull be tiie duty of county commissioners to provide partial support for w^omen who are of good repute and dependent on their own efforts for aui^port, and are mothers of children under 10 years old; the allowance to each of such women shall not be more thgn HO per month for first child, and $6 for each of the other children under 10 years. Suet) allowance fiiall be made, by county commlaatoners upon tlie recommendation of school hoard and only upon the following conditions: First, child or children must be IMog with mother; second, such allownmo must enable mother to be at borne with children ; third, mother must be a X7 (*j. SCHOOLS rOB vDSPSKDBlTTB AlTD OBUKQXJBITTS. 849 proper per«on for brlacUic op tier ctiUdren; fourttL mch allowuiee rnnet br *‘**'®^ = been a realdent of tbe couotj for at leaat two yoara. See also A (bl), State boerda; A (f), Admlnlatratlro anlta— district^ etc. New Board of education of any echool dlafrlct may eatabllah and ^taln a epecUl achool for. reetralnln*. Inatnictlng. and oaring for de- p^ent and dellnuueilt children under 16 yeara old, committed by the Jove- ™!e^“«ch ^ ■"'*> «bool ahall be a pert of the puhltc-acbool a^t^. aoch achwl may have complete control of aocb child at dlacroOon of the court; aoch child may be returned to paranta antf to regular public ■“•r » diroct; an, child under 16 r«ro old “•“‘“'Wbter. and pupila habitually m«i ?• “**’• «>“«• be held In anoh «J,oo' Inf h^i '“doitrlal training, and !^h r «>“ductcd ua^mee; (here ahall be a auperlntendent, tMcbetJ and oth^ ^.loyeea: teachers ahall-hold such certlOca^ea as are requl^ by ^chera In the public achoola School board In a district not maln- alnlng such rohool ahall provide expenses of such children in such achool u nnotter dli^ct Parents of such child shall. If able, support such child In su^ school, ^ru shall be made of such schools to State boaid of educations prescribed by It; superintendent of an, such school ahall. when so required, make reports to Juvenile court. Moneys for lands, buildings, and equipment for such schools ahall be a^roprlated in aa.no manner asTr r^ar public ach^la Rules for government of such schools and courses f 1 f approval of State board of education, be preecribed e<1ucatlon; board of edncaUon may locate snch school oijUide the school district; location and establishment of such schooU must meet approval of aaki State board. " *''!.“** of » board of sU ttmateea K oonaent of the Sen.le; two aiv antd boaro shall be a body corporate. Pou>ert osd dutict of board; To enact ’"d, Kovernment; prescribe rules and orders relaUve S care. dlKlplIne, and government of Inmatea; provide Instruction and em- ployment for Inmates and dlacharge, parole, or remand them; appoint, pre- * superintendent, steward, teachers, and W " “? Inrtructlon shall be given In branclm. pr useful knowledge and in some regular course of labor, and also In mo^ I y; n clergyman or clergymen may be employed to give such moral Inatroc- institution at Irost once ever, ^ nioJority shall make such vlait once In every throe months; “",!!! ““““ ’^bo shall present snch report o legislature, ^uateea ahall elect one of their number treasnror. nid t^aurer to flle bond In aom of $10,000; ahall elect aeerotsry. who ahall keep Sum'^of tnia^: shall make quarterly report to governor. annnall, appropriated by State for each Inmate In «id ^tuUoiL Superintendent of said Insatntlbn ahall have charge fnd Inmates without warrant Every coMl^t to Bald home Aall be nntll boy attains age of 21 years, and no HbKbsrged. or may be transferred to State rotormatory when deemed nd^ashle. Any boy under 16 years old t: •r 860 STiiTB lAWS BBLATDro TO FtTBUO BDUOATIOR. conrlcted of any crlx&e (except murder or i^jianelanshter), or wUo 1b dls- arderljr, yagrant, or taabltoally tmant, may be ^mmltted by the proper court to said borne. Every Inmate shall be liable for his expenses; ^e legal cus- todian of any Inmate shall be liable^ for , such expenses; trustees may' remit aoch liability. No boy under 8 years of age shall be committed to aald home. Inmates may be bound out » The State home for girls shall be under control of a board df five tmsjges, three of whom shall be women, appointed by governor, one each year, to serve five ybars; said trustees shall elect officers from their own number; secretary shall keep a record of business of board ; trustees shall receive no compensation, but shall be allowed official expenses. Trustees shall enact ' by-laws and rules for said home ; shall provide Instruction and employment for inmates, and may bind them out, discharge, parole, and remand them; shall appoint a superintendent, woman physician, teachers, and other em- ployees and fix their salaries. Said board shall be a body corporate. In- mates shall be instructed In branches of useful knowledge. In morality, religion, and the trails. One or more trustees shall visit said home at least once in every two weeks; trustees shall visit and Inspect said homer once every three months; trustees shall make annual report to governor, who shall lay tlve same before the legislature, and ahall also make quarterly re- ports to governor. Superintendent shall have charge and custody of Inmates; ahall file bond In sum of $2, (XX); shall make quarterly report to Judges of the State; may arrest escaped Inmates without warrant Qirls under 19 years and over 10 years old may be committed to said home by the proper court if convicted of any crime (^cept murder or manslaughter) or of vagrancy or habitual truancy. Inmates and their legal custodians shall be liable for expenses of said inmates.' ' C!ommltment shall be for period until inmate at- tains age of 21 years, unless saM inmate Is paroled or discharged before attaining such age. > Governor shall appoint sevra persons, two to be women, to compose State board of childrens' guaxillans; members shaU be appointed In groups of two, two and three, one group every two years, to serve six years; members shall receive no compensation, but shall be allowed official expenses. and duties of said hoard: To adopt rules and regulations; have care of and ;malntaln ^neral supervUlon over Indigent, helpless, dependent, abandoned, friendless, and poor chlldi^ who are or may become public charges; ap];)oint and fix salaries of agentsi, one such agent to be a woman ; place each child in care of some family of same religious faith as parents of such child; place such child In a sultat>le Institution until home may be found, but this provision shall not Interfefe with placing of such child by any board of chosen freebplders; visit families and Institutions where such children are placed; make annual report to govbntor and legislature. County board of c^iosen freeholders shall provide funds for objects of this act, to be not less than fl.60 per week for each child ; proi>er officers in any county, township, bor- ough, city, or other municipality shall provide in their budget for such ex- pense. Overseers ot the poor shall report facts relative to such children to sold State board of childrens’ guardians ; such children shall become wards of SDCh board; said board may return children to the parent, parents, or other ■relative agreeing to assume dare and maintenance of sut^h chilli,. Board of in^»ectors of the State prison shall establlAkln said prison a school for InstmctloQ of Inmates; prMon school board shall consist of prin- cipal keeper of the^ prison, two members of board of Inspectors, and the ^naoral Instruetofs in ii£kl prison. Duties of said school board: To make rules; • U (e). BCHOOLB- FOB DBPBKDBiqTB AlTD DBUNQUaiTTB. 861 to appoint and fix temu and aalarietf of tea<*el»j porcbaae textbooks and suppUes; prescribe course of study. Course of Btifdy diaU be equlvalmt to that of public schools, and must be approved by State board of edocatlao • teacUers most possess certlflcateb Issued under rules of State board; bead teacher shaU not be an Inmate of said prison, but Inmates may be appointed as assistants; no Inmate of prison shaU be admitted as a pupU In said school except upon consent of principal keeper. Prison school board shaU onnn.iiy make report to board of Inspectors and to State board of educaUoa See also H (f), Compulsory attendance; U (c). Juvwille courts. New Mexico: The tnannge&ent of State reform school shall be vested In a board of five regents appolntetl by the governor, by and with the advice of the senate; term, four years; not more than three of regents shall bd a body corporate; majority, a quorum; secretary and treasurer shaU give bond In the sum of $10,000; the governor shall be ex officio an advisory member of said board. Dutiet of boord;.To pass and enforce by-laws, rules, ^ and regulations for said satiool ; provide books, apparatus. Instruments, medicines, clothing, food, and supplies, and other necessery material; employ teachers, physicians, and other employees, and fix their salaries. Said Is for purpose of confinement. Instruction, and reformation' of Juvwille offenders, and of any persons of idle, vicious, or vagitot habits, of both seiee, under age of 18 years, who may be convicted of any offense less ‘ than a felony punishable by Imprisonment' for life. ' Physiology and hygiene, with special reference to the effects of alcohol and narcoUcs, shall be taught ' In said school The Asylum of the Sisters of Charity of Santa Fe Is constituted an orphan^ hoiM'and industrial school for the care, support, and education of the ' orphan and Indigent children of the State, the same to b6 known as the Orphans’ Home and Industrial School of New Mexico. The board of super- ' 'iMrs shall consist of the governor and two persons appointed by the legla- loture; term, two years; said Institution shall be under the care, charge control, and custody of the Sisters of Charity of Santa Fe, subject to the supervision pf the board of supervlsore; such InsUtuOon sbaU be allowed the sum of $10 per month for each child cared for therein, to be paid out of the State treasury. It shall be the duty of probate Judges to place orphan and Imligent children In proper private homes; It shall be the duty of the , Sisters of Charity to likewise place such ch^dren In suitable bomea. No more ^nn $5,000 shall be expended In any one year by the State for the Orphans’ Home and Industrial School, New York: The schools of the Incorporated orphan asylum sodeUea, othe? than those In city of New York, shall receive school moneys. In same man- ner and to same extent as the common schools; sold schools «h«n be sub- ject to the rules and regulations of the common schools; person In charge of each such schodi shall make annual report to commissioner of educaUon. The New York State Training School for Girls shah be under control of board of .seven managers, appointed by governor, with advice and consent -Of senate, one each year, to serve seven years; two of managers shall be women, Md one a physician of 10 years’ practice. Said board sbaU have chaigo of all matters relating to the government, dioclpliiie, contniots and fl^l ^cems of oald s1^1 iw>t¥Fnii appolnt'a chief matron for said school ; snch matron shall direct of school farm, appoint employees, keep acoounts, and divide pro rata the proflt* of Hchool among inmates when honorably discharged, imndtes shall lecelve in> stmction In the castomary branches — Indnstry, morality* and physical train- ing. Chief matron, snbject to approval of tmstees, shall appoint a womw physician for said school, salary not less than $1,200 nor myre $1*800 j)er ywr, A girl tindeir 18 years old sentenced to any penal Instltotton may* under certain conditions* be transferred to said school Inmateh shall fezxmln in said school until age of 21 years unless r^ormed, discharged, bound out* or paroled; chief matron may, with consent of trust^ appoint fbur womW ' as parole offlcera In case an Inmate is bound out* one-third of her, wages ' shall be deposited by the chief matron in a saving bant* to be field inMrast for such inmate. Discharged inmates may, under certain condltious, be re* cAved back Into said school Any girl between *ages of 8 and 18 years gnUty of an oftenw punishable by fine or Impriscmmeht* other than life kuprison- roent, and a proper snbject for commitment to said school, shlall be brought ' before Juvenile judge of the county, whereupon she rahy be committed, to said sdhooK ' \ . , County commissioners may receive any gift" of property for pnAdiase of site, to erect thereon and maintain pn orphans* asylum, to be approved by t>oanl of State charities. Sald.^mmissioners may, upon petition of 200 tax- payers, submit question of county cbildren*s homq to voters, (ionnty com- missioners of any county having no county children's borne may aid an ’in- corporated children’s home, the same to be known as\a semipublic home. The director of public' safety may place children committed to his care in private homes. Counties may unite *f6r purpose of estahlisbing^ and maintaining children’s homes. ^ TheDhio State Reformatory shall be under control of board of six members, appointed one each year by governor, with advice* And consent of the senate', to serve six years; not xnora than three such members shall belong to same IK)lttlcal party. Board shall receive all male criminals between ages of 16 .. , and 80 years if qot peevloualy sentenced to a State prison; male persons be- tween ageq of 16 and 21 years, convicted of felony, shall be sentencei^ to said reformatory ; no person convicted of murder in first or second degree VhaU be sentenced or ^nsferred to said refonuatoiy. See also A (f)* Administrative unlte-^stricts, etc.; H (f), Compulsory attendance; U (c), Jnvenlle conrta * Oklahoma: Oklahoma State Home is hereby created and et8ablished*'4| 2m ' - of white children of sound mind and body under age of 16 years* yril6 pendent on the public fbr support ; shall be under control bf State"'b^t^ of 4 education; said board ^y admit dependent and neglected chUdren legaid- lew of pbyidcal condition. Said board shall make rules and reg^tlons for ^id borne ; shall appoint a sttperintenden^ who shall appoint other employees of institution ; khaU prescribe duties bf employe vind flx^their salaries* Said home shall be a temporal^ hme fox; children until they can be placed In fam- ily homes* hut inmates'inay be detained until 18 yeafs old'or until stf-dutiport- Ihg aMr'16 years of a$e, . Bald board shall bo guardian of chfidren cmnmitted to said ihfine. Bald cl^reD shall be placed Ih private ho^ only *imd^ „ wfi.^’dhhirakaidQn.a- :> V (e). fiosoou won viKBmsnms^ ajtd jmtJsqomBTB. 866 chUdrai for Umlted periods A d^;»eiideiit cliUd oiidtf
,Qhll- dxen; parents or gnardiana khall be heard in micb cases. Board keep a record of all children co^|Mtted to said scfa^l and shall an I 866 StktB UIW8 ImJliTma to vmut BDtJOAltON. /Rm Stftto reform w^ioal ibanjb*’‘lSi^talned for Uie inentrac-* turn, an^ formation of oftenders and of young persona of Idle. ▼WojM. or vagrant hablts^/u shall be divided Into two. departments, one for boys and of their minority. Commitment to '^aald sdtool may be by any court Board may bind out Inmatea as servants or apprentices.. Instruction sball Ik In principles of virtue and morality and In the branches of useful labor. See also A. fbl), State boards; H (f), Compnleoiy attendance; U (c), ' Juvenile courts, Wouth Osrolins: ^The South Carolina Industrial Sc^l Is established; It Is a body corporate. Board of trustees: Qovemor, superintendent of education, and attorney general, ex officio, and seven members appointed by the gov- ernor; term o^appolntlve*nembers, six years, two or tbr^ as case requires, being appointed every two years; compensation, $3 per day and 4 cents per mile travded for attending meetings, but total expendltftre for this purpose shall not exceed $600 per gnnum, Said board may make ruleq for the gov- ' emment of the Institution imd appoint necessary employees. White boya between 8 and 17 years old may be yolnntarily committed to said school by parents or guardians with the approval of a Judge of the circuit court, pro- bate conrtt.or county court, but trustees may require reasonable sums to pay ‘for maint^mnce and tuition of boys voluntarily committed; boy having no one In control of him may commit hlmsM. Commitments shall be during . minority, unless boy Is sooner discharged by trustees or released by order of supreme court or circuit court; 'Court may comn^t to said school any boy convicted of an offense j^almble by imprisonment or hard labor. Board m&S pifrole an Inmate. ^ reformatory for colored boys Is estabUsbed^ DakoU: The South Dakota Training School shall be under the control " of the State boaVd of charities and corrections. Said» school shall be located at or near Planklnton and shall be for the reformation and instruction of such ' ,boys and girls under 18 years old as may be lawfully committed thereto. JSoard with consent of parents or guardians, or If there ma^ be none, may 'bind out anrinmate dqring his or her Minority oy for a shorter period. The snperintradent and such subordinate officers as the board* may appoint shall have immediate contrbl of inmatea When a bdy or girl under 18 years old In any county court or court -of record be convicted of any crime except murder, said coffrt may commit the accused to the training Bcbopr; upon complaint ot parent or guardian that 'any boy- or girl (child yrard) is Incorrigible, conrt may commit such boy or girl to si^Vd school. Com- ddthients Shall not extend beytmd the minority of the dim ; board may dls- 44ttrgs an rnmate as a rewaM for^good conduct Any inmate found to be '^ei^siiric or lesb]^ by a County couft or ciredt court be trans- ' to the Npirihem Hospital for the Insane. Board may pafole an ininate. $les AM H (f), Compids^ ’^bwtisssses ^ttie iMnessee B^drmatory for Boys la^ established In I>avidson dvo^^Alnfted by the governor; term, years, two being appointed every two yeara. Bald board fnay adiqlt aU orphan chll^r^ of the State, snbject to snch restrlctiona as Mild hoard may de«n reqalslte. ■ - '■ ••: ■■■■ ■ 868 STAX9 XAWB BBLAHKG TO PUBUO B0UOATION. I Ctali: The State indiwtrtal school shaU be under control of n board of truetees, ' conalsUng of the attorney general, euperlifcndeut of public InstrucUon. and five residents of the State, not more than three of -whom shall belong to same _ _ appointed by the gpvemor; term, four years; each appolnUve trustee shah file boml in sum of $1,000. Said school shall be for confinement. dlsclpUne, educaUon, employment, and reformation of Juvenile offenders com- mitted to It according to law. PoiXer of board: Xo euact bydaws, rules, and regulations; provide employment aud Instruction for Inmates; appoint, pre- scribe duUes, and fix salaries of a steward, teachers, aud other.employees. Trustees shall serve without pay. but shall be allowed official expenses;* treas-- urer of school shall be one of trustees and he shaU file bond In sum of $20,000 ; board shaU appoint a ^retary and a superintendent, not to be mem- bers of the board, and such officers ^all file bond ; one or ndre trustees shall visit said school once each month and entire board shall mifie such vlslt.s when deemed necessary. Instruction shall be given In morality, branches of useful knowledge, and In the ^des; Inmates may be bound out, wltb consent of parents or guardla^ or of such inmates tbemselv^ 'as apprentices.- Anv ' person under 18 yean old convicted. In any district court' of any crime except murder may be committed by said court to said school ; Incorrigible or vicious perrons under 18. years old may, uixai appllcaUon of parents, guardians, or ^other persons, be committed to said school ; persons between ages of S and 1(! who are habitual truants from school or are vicious. Immoral, or ungovern- able In conduct may.be committal to said industrial school. Parents or guaH|lans sliall, when able, pay expenses of children so committed to sahi school. Inmates of sal^hool shall remain until 21 years old unless parolcl or discharged. Femal^nmates may, with consent of industrial school board, be placed In other InftltuUons ; funds of se course of Instruction, and shall have such other powers as are prescribed by law for management of public schools. No religious Instmc- Uon shall be given In such school, but religious services may be held therein. , Commitment shall be by ^he court upon petition of truant ofllcer or of any reputable citizen of the community^ no child shall be committed to such school who ho 8 been convicted of an offense punishable by confinement In any penal Institution. Uiwn receipt of petition Clerk of court sbnU order sheriff of county to bring such child before the court; court 'ftay commit child to Bucli schoeruntli he or she arrives at age of 14 years unless sooner discharged. Parent or* guardian shall furiilsh clothing for ‘Children committed to >uch schwl; If parent of guardian shall fall to Ornish clothing, directors'may furnish saipe^nd may take action against such parent or guardian to re- cover cost of same. Board of directors may parole Inmates of such school, ' but no chlld'sl^all be paroled within four weeks from time of commitment. 1 Principal or ^acher shall make monthly reports to superintendent of said ! ‘ school relative to such children wfio are pardled. The court may transfer ^ apy lucofriglble child In such school to some reformatory Institution. Reform school at Cbehalls shall be known as the Washington State Trato- i Ing School.^ State board of control shall have management of said school; said board shall appoint a superintendent for sold school, to bold office dur- ing pleasure of board. Said superintendent shall appoint assistants and «n- ployew of said school, the numbef of same to be determined by said board. Punwses of said school ,shall be the keeping and reformation of all youtJis between ages of^8 and 18 years, residents of State, committed thereto by the ^ •proper court^ All branches tjinght In first eight grades of ^^bllc schools shall be' taught in said school;, inmates shall be taught and tmlned In moraUty» temperance, frugality, and instructed In sultabld trades. Wh#i a boy of ^ sane mind between ages of 8 and 16 year^ or a girl of sane mind between ages, of 8 and 18 years, jahall be found ^Uty of any crime ekcept ffioider, manslaughter, oir highway robbery, or is neglected or incorrigible, or has been exp$Ued from a public schooli the court may commit such child to acbooL STATS LAWS BSUITIKQ TO FUBUO Bl^UOATIOK, fme State training acbpol shall bo nnder control of the State boartl of con* troL Parpoae of said school shall be the keeping and reformation of boys between ages of 8 and 18 years, residents of the State,' committed thereto by the court Said board shair appoint a superintaident, who shall have Imme- diate control of said school, and who s^all, with consent of said board, ap- point i(pbordlnate« ; said superintendent sWll give bond in sum of $5,000. Public-school branches shall be tan^t In said school ; also morality, temper- ance, and frugality, and instruction in trades and vocations shall be given. Said superintendent shall make annual report to said boaid. The control and management of the State school for girU shall be vested In the State board of control; said board ahall, with approval of the gov- ernor, appoint and 0x splaries of a superintendent and subordinates and make and enforce rules and regulations; the superintendent and all subordi- nate olBcera shall be women; If a married woman be aiH>olnted to any posi- tion In said school, h^r husband may, with consent of the board, reside at the institution and may be assigned such duties ns board may determine. Super- intendent shall give bond. Said superintendent shall have Immediate con- trol and management of sa(d school. Any girl more than 10 and under 18 years old. If found delinquent, may be committed to said school by the court, to remain until 21 years old unless paroled or discharged. Board of control, acting with superintendent of school, shall arrange a system of marks whereby an Inmate may be paroled or discharged, Kvery^glrl shall be en- titled to a parole of at least one year before reaching the age of 21 years. No girl BbaU be received into said school who Is not of sound mind or who Is physically unfit for discipline of said schobl. Board of control shall arrange for transportation of girls to and from school. Only teacheys shall be em- ployed in said school who have been certified by fittate board of education; instruction ahall be In common-school brancbea and in trades and vocational occupations. Inmates may be apprenticed under certain conditions and may receive part of th^ eornlngs. .r ' « ^ See also B (e), State aid for elementary education; H (f), Compulsory attendance ; U; ( c ), J u vejdlle courts. Wert Vir*lllls^ West Virginia Industrial School for Boys shall be under control of State board of control governor shall, by and with advice and con- sent of the.senate, appoint a superintendent for said school, who shall npiwlnt officers, teachers, and einployees for same; salaries of ail persons employed In •said school shall be fixed by said board. Any boy under 18 years old and not under 10 years ild may be committed to said school by a justice of the peace upon complalDt of the person In parental relation to such boy or of some other person to effect that said boy Is delinquent; any such boy convicted of a felony or misdemeanor punishable by Imprisoniuent may be committed by the court to sold school; -any such boy likewise convicted In the courts of the United States for district of West Virginia may be received Into said school ; boys so committed shall remain until 21 years old unless sooner discharged or bound out us apprentices. In ah proceedings before JusUces of the peace for oommltment of minors to said school justice shall appoint some person guardian ad htem for said minor. White and colored Inmates of said school' ■ba^be 4tept separate. With the consult^ an Inmate, the board of control . may bind him out as an appi^tlce to learn some trade; Any inmate com- ( mltted for an. offense punishable by imprisonment may, when his presence Is drtriniental to .sald school, be transferred to the penitentiary. Any .person who Interfares with the control of Inmates in aaid i^ool be guilty of ^ ,ralsJ«neaiw, punishable by fine of not less-tban $10 nor more than $100 lOTriUt w Uupdnmnmit, or both* County shall pay trans- U (e). BOHOOLS FOB DKFKKH«HT8 AXV DEUKQtTBim. 801 < portation of boys to and trom said scbool.r Oonnty coart of sach county shall pay into State treasury $60 per year for each boy committed to said BChool fitMn sach county; when par^ts or gTiardianB voluntarily request com- mitment of boys, they shall, if able, pay expenses of such boys at said schooK Superintendent of said school shall annually report list of Inmates to State auditor. Inmates may be paroled. The West Virginia Home for Girls shall be under control of State boaid of control; said board shall appoint a superintendent for aatd home; who shall oppoint all ‘Officers and employees; salaries of such officers and employees shall be fixed by said board; all officers and employees shall be women. Girls shall be received in said home who arjs committed (hereto by justices of the peace or by any court of the State, !f between ages of 7 and 18 years; any such girl convicted of a misdemeanor or felony punishable by Imprisonment may be, In discretion of the judge, committed to said home; every girl com- mitted to said school shall remain there until 21 years old unless sooner dl^ charged. A gunrdlnu ad litem sbiill be appointed for each such girl during action for commitment Said home shall ^ primarily for care and reforma- tion of girls; white and colored Inmates shall be held seimrate as far as practicable. Inmates may be hound out as apprentice to reputablb persons for purposes of learning some trade; masters shall send such apprentices to fre schools at least five mouths each year; any wages earned by auch appren- tices shall be kept by board and turned over to such girls upon reaching age of 21 years, or 80<)ner If they marry. For cruelty or Inhuman treatment of such apprentice tbe*master abnll be fined not less, than $10 nor more than $100 and may In addition be confln^ In jull not to exceed 90 days. Any person who Interferes with the control of such girls shall be fined not less than $6 nor more than $25. See also A (bl), State boards. Wisconsin: State public school shall be under control of the^Kate board of control ; object of said school shall to care for and educate physically, mental1y;^and morally (dependent or neglected children i^aeed In said school. St Dependent child ” and y negle^^ted child** are defined In the law ; said terma apply to certain minors under 16 years old. Delinquent child *' Is defined In ; the law ; said term applies to certain boys under age of 17 years and to certain girls under 18 years old. Judges of the courts of record in each county*Bhall designate one of their number to act as judge of juvenile court; juvenile court shall be a separate branch of the court. Judges of courts of record in 1 counties having-over 150,000 population shaU^rblenDlally appoint four or more I probatiofi officers of the juvenile court, one sueb officer to be a woman ; In I ' other counties one or more probation officers shall be appointed ; county board ! shall fix compensation of predmUon officers; probation officers may be re- i moved from office for cause.' Any person Interested may demand a Jury of six In trial ^f any juvenile cape. Court 'may appoint special probation offi- i cers. Tbe probation officer spail become conversant with conditions surround- ' ibg the child; shall report to chief probation officer. Chief probation ofiUcer shall attend juvenile court and assist at session thereof. Probation officers }; shall have police powers. Any reputable cltlxea being a resident in the county may petition the clerk of the court relative to minora ai^rqntly neg- lect^, dependent, or delinquent; upon receipt of sneh petition the permit, • guardian, or custodian of such child shall be summoned to appear In court j' with such child ; court may commit such child to some suitable Institution or to care of a suitable association, jierson, or probation ofllcer ; such, child when needing medical attention may be placed In a public hospital or* Institution when no charge Is made against the public treasury, from jdadffifin 86® fl[!An lawb bblatiho to fobuo mmoAnoH, . ^ ef javdiUle court ni«y be made to the eupme court. OasM coming ond^ ttUs act may be tranaferred from the juatlce court to the Jurenlle court. No Child under 14 years old ^all be condned la any jail or police station, but be given Into the charge of the proper officer; no child, under 16 years > old aball be conflned with nduU criminals. Judge of juvenile court may appoint a board of six inhabUmitai who ahsll serve without compensation/ to constitute. a boanl of visitation; said hoard shall, at least once eecli year, * Flslt Institutions, Bssoclatloiis, and BoclPtU«s receiving such children. Chil- dren under 14 years old of sound body and mind may be received into the State public school ; preference shall be given to children under V2 years old and to dependent and indigent oriAan children of deceased soldiers and asUors of the State; children so recelved^all remain until 16 years old, and . for longer time if advisable; such children may be discharged from such school for good cause ; such children may he placed In suitable homes ; crip- pled or deformed children capable of receiving Instruction may be received Into said school. The wishes of parents or guardians siiall be considered In selecting the Institution to which dej-iendent or neglected children are com- mlttMl Children in the 8tat6 public school shall be educated In the branches usually taught in common schoola ' State board of control is made legal guardian of children contmitted to said school. Tender certain conditions de- pendent children may l>e, gl^*en Stare aid; under certnln conditions parents, guardians, or custodians may he given State aid for such children. Superin- tendent of said school shall make a biennial reiwrt to State board of control. State board of control may consent to the adoption of any Inmate of said school by a suitable person. Wisconsin IndustrJiil School for Boys aliall be place of wnflnement and Instruction of all mule children between ages of 8 and 16 years committed thereto as vagrants, or on conviction df any criminal offense, or for Incor* ^rigible or ridous conduct. &ild school s^ll be under control of State board of control; Inmates may be discharged by s^ild board when dwmed advl&tble. The county of residence of each Inmote shall pay cost of malnlenauce of such Inmate at rate of |1 per week each. Said board shall make-bei'essary • rules and regulations; shall cause luniates to be instructed la bninc^ •f useful knowledge; may bind Inmates out with their consent or coi^jefit of jMrents or guardiana Keliglous opinions of Inmates shall not be luterfered with. Board shall appoint officers, teachers, and employees^^r said Hcbool. Under certain conditions boys between jiges of 16 iS years may be celved in said school. Commitment shall be for period until 21 years old ; child must be given a hearing before being eox^mltt^ See alM A (bl), .State boards. " Wyoming: The district court may cpafmit to the custody and guardianship of the house of refuge or r€tform"or industrial school bf any State where provlaioD is made for suc^^raons any child or children under 16 years old who may have been^jjoiJvIcted of ^y offense except homicide. State board of ebarittes .and reform may contract with a^house of refuge or correction tot caring for delinquent children ; State shall pay expenses not to exceed $4 per week. When a child under 14 years old Is brought before a court of competent Jurisdiction for commitment to the refoftn school, such court shall give notice to fncoiiporated or other society doing active work In placing chlldfen In family homj^ and, if society is willing to accept such child, court may commit child to custody of such society. If society dedines to accept child or it society becomes unable to exercise proper restraint, court may commit dbIM to refbm MbooL APPENDIX A. STATE CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISION^ RELATING TO PUBUC EDUCATION. ALAHAMA. Abt. IV. Skc. T3, No Rbnli uuu\q to nnj ohnrItAble or eductt* tioiiHl iiiKtitutJon not unilcr the ul>0olutc of the State, other than normal HcliooJs eKtal>ll8heiuil training of teachers for the pulOlc f»i'h(H)lH of the State, except by a vote of •iwiviljirtls of nil members electenj sudj cities or Unvna, to the extent ef ^ acres, with the bulldltxK* tbeieoij, when some are used exclusively for rellftlous worship, for schools, or for pur- IHtat's purely oliarlLalde. Sec. UM .The loRlriature shall nbt a special, private or local law In any of (he following cases : • • * ^ tl7>. Authorising any county, city. town, vllloge, district, or other political sulkli vision of a wunt)*, to Issue tK>m!s or other securities unless the Issuance of wild l>ond*! or other seiuritles shall hmo Ikhmi authorlEed before the enactment of such IchS\I or siHH'liil law, by a veto of the duly qc -ill fled electors of such c-onnty, township, city, touai, vlUago, district, or other politicn! subdivision of a tonnty, at nu election held for such purts^se. In the imuioer that may be pre- scrllHHl by law : /'rot idcd. The legHdature'njay without such election pass apedal Taws to refund l»onds If^sued before the date of the ratification of this const! ta*r tion : • • * (22), Kstablishing separate school districts * • • • ^ Abt, V, Sec, il2. The executive department shall conalst of a governor, lieu- tenant governor, altoniey genenU, SUte auditor, secretary of state. ,'?tate treas- urer, eui>erlntendent of iMucatlon, commissioner of agriculture and induatrles, and n sheriff for each county. Sfx:, IH. The * • • sui>er1ntendent of education • ♦ shall ’be elected by the quallfle. The returns of every election for • • ♦ guperlntendent of edu- cation • • • giinll be sealed up and tftniamlttetl by the returning officers to the seat of govemnaent. directed to the 8i>eaker of the bouse of representative^, who shall, during the first wcjok of the session to whlOh such returns shall be made, open |ind publish them/ln the presence of both houses of the legislature In Joint convention ; but the speaker’s duty and the duty of,the joint convention shall be purely ministerial. The result of the election shall be ascertained and declared by the speaker from the face of the returns without delay. The person having the highest numl»er of votes for any one of said offices shall be declared duly elected; but if two or more persons shall have an equal and the highest number of votes for the same offlt'e, the legislature by Joint vote, without delay, Shull choose one of said persons for said office. Contest^ elections for • ♦ ♦ superintendent of education • ♦ ♦ gbaU be determined by both houses of the legislature In such manner as may be prescribed by law. Seo, lift. The • b • superintendent of education ' • • ^ected after the ratification of this constitution, shall hold their M^pectlve offices for the term of four years from the first Monday after the second Tuesday In January next succeeding their election, and until their successors shall be elected and qualified. After the first election under this constitution no one of said officers shall be eligible as his own successor. * • • . BTATB LAWS BELATIKO TO PXTBLIO BDTrOATIOir. 864 SsaUS. The ♦ * ♦ superintendent of education * ♦ ♦ shall receive compensation to be fixed by law, which shhll not be increase or diminished dur- ing the term for which' they shall have been jelected, and shall ♦ ♦ ♦ reside At the State capital during the time they continue in office, except during epi- demics. ♦ ♦ ♦ Sko. 121. The governor may require information in writing, under oath, from the ofllcers of the executive department, named In this article, or created by statute, on any subject relating to the duties of tlielr resi>ectlve offices; and he may at any time require information In writing, under oath, from nil officers and managers of State institutions, upon any subject relating to the condition, mim- ugement. and expenses of their respective offices and institutions. Any such officer or manager who makes a willfully false report or falls without sufficient excuse to make the Required report on demand, is guilty of an impeachable offense. ^ SxG. 132. No person shall be eligible' to the office of • ♦ ♦ supbriutendeut of education ♦ ♦ ♦ unless be shall have been a citizen of the United States at least seven years, and shall have resided in this State at least five years next preceding his election, and shall be at least 26 y^rs old when elected. ' Skc. 136. Should the office of ♦ • ♦ superintendent ot education ♦ • • become vacant from any cause the governor Ihall fill such vacancy until the disability U removed or a successor elected and qualified. In case any of said / officers shall become of unsound mind, such unsounduess shall be ascertained by the supreme court upon the suggestion of the governor. 137. The ♦ • ♦ superintendent of education ♦ ♦ ♦ shall perform such duties ns may be prescribed by law. ♦ ♦ ♦ Abt. VII, Seo. 173. The ♦ ♦ • sm>erintendent of education * ♦ ♦ niay be removed from office for willful neglect of duty, corruption In office, Incompe- terfcy, or intemperance in the use of intoxicating liquors or narcotics to such an extent, in view of the dignity of the office and Importance of Its duties, as unllts the ofilcer for the discharge of such duties, or for any offense involving moral turpitude while In'ofilce, or committed under color thereof, or connected there- with, by the senate sitting as a court of Impeachment, under oath or affirmation, on articles or charges preferred by the house of representatives. ♦ ♦ ♦ Skc. 176. The ♦ ♦ ♦ county superintendents of education * f • may be removed from office for any of the causes specified in section 173 of this constitution, by the cironit or other courts of like Jurtsdiction or a criftilnal court of the county In which such officers hold their office, under such regula- tions as may be prescribed by law : Provided, that the right of trial by Jury and appeal in such cases shall be secured. Seo. 176. The penalties iu cases arising under the three preceding sections ^all not extend beyond removal from office, and disquallflcatious from holding office, under the authority of this State, for the term for which the officer was elected or appointed; but the accused shall be liable to Indictment and punish- ment as prescribed by law. Abt. VIII, Sec. 198. Returns of elections, ♦ ♦ •, except the • • • su[>erintendeDt of education ♦ • • ghall be made 'to the secretary of State. Sec. 194. The poll tax mentioned In this article shall be $1.00 upon each male inhabitant of the State over the age of 21 years and under the age of 45 years who would not now be exempt by law ; but the legislature Is authorized to in- crease the maximum age fixed In this section to not more than 60 years. Such poll tax shall become due and payable on the 1st day of October in each year, and become delinquent on the first day of the next succeeding February, but no legal process, nor any fee or commission shall be allowed for. the collection thereof. The tax collector shall make returns of poll-tax collections separate from other collections. Abt. XI, Sec, 216. No city, town, village, or other municipal corporation, other than os provided In this article, shall levwor collect a higher rate of taxa- tion In any one year on the property sltuateStherein than one-half of 1 per oentum of the value of such property as assessed^Hi^ State taxation during the preceding year; * / * this section shall not apply to the city of Mobile, which city may, fron and after the ^ratification of this constitution, Jevy a tax not to exceed the rate of three-fourths of *'1 per ceUtum to pay the expenses of the city government, and * ♦ ♦ this section shall not apply to the cities qf Binnlngbam» Huntsville, and Bessemer, and the town of Andalusia, which cities and town may levy and collect a tax not to exceed one-haif 1 per centum, in addition to'^tbe tax of one-half of 1 per centum as hereinbefore allowed to be OOHSTITOTIOnIl PB0VI8I0K8 A8 TO' EOtTOATIOK. 865 1 j levied and collected, pticfii epeclal tax to be applied exclttslv^y to the payment of interest on bonds of said cities of Birmingham, Huntsville, and Beesoner, and town of Andalusia, respectively, heretofore Issued In pursuance of Ihw, or now authorized by law to be issued, and fOr a sinking fund to pay off said bonds nt malurity thereof: And provided furiher. That this section ^all not iu>ply to the city of Montgomeryv which city shall have the right to levy and collect a tar of not exceeding one-hnlf of 1 per centum per annum upon the value of taxable property therein, as fixed for State taxation, for general purposes, and an addi- tional tax of not exceeding three-fourths of 1 per centum per aunum upon the value of the property therein, as fixed for State taxation, to be devoted exclu- sively to the payment df Its public debt, interest thereon, and rcne^ls thereof, and to the maintenance of its public schools, and public convonWces: And provided furiher. That 'this section shall not apply to Troy, Attala, Gadsden, Woodlawn, Brewton, Pratt City, Ensley, Wylam, and Avondale, which cities and towns may, from and after the ratification of this constitution, levy and collect an additional tax of not exceeding one-half of 1 t>er centum : And provided fur- ther, That this section shall not apply to the cities of Decatur, New Decatur, and Cullman, which cities may, from and after the ratification of this constitu- tion, levy and collect an additional tax of not exceeding three-tenths S 1 per centum per apnum; such special tax of said city of Decatur to be applied exclusively for the public schools, public-school -buildings, and public Im- provements ; and such special tax of New Decatur and Cullman to be applied exclusively for educational purposes, and to be expended under their respective boards of g^lloschool trustees; but this additional tax shall not be levied by Troy, Attalla, Gadsden, UVodlnwn, Brewton, Pratt City, Ensley, Wylam, Avon- dale, Dwatur, New Decatur, or Cullman unless authorized by a ^majority vote of the qualified electors voting at a special election held for the purpose of as- certaining whether or not said tax shall be levled: And provided further. That the purposes for which such special tax is sought to be levied shall be stated In suo^electlon call, and. If authorized, the revenue derived from such specail tax shnl^be used for no other purpose than that stated : And provided further. That the additional tax authorized to be levied by the city of Troy, when so levied and collected, shall be used exclusively In the payment of the bonds and interest coupons thereon, hereafter Issued in the adjustment of the present bonded iudebtedness of said city : And provided further. That the additional tax au- thorized to be levied and collected by the city of Attalla shall, when so levied and collected, be used exclusively In the payment of bonds to thenmount of not exceeding $25,000, and the Interest coupons thereon, hereafter to be issued hi the adjustment of the present indebtedness of said city: Provided further. That the governing boards of said cities, which are authorized to levy an additional tax, after the holding of an election as aforesaid, are hereby authorized to pro- , vide by ordinance the necessary machinery for the holdiqg of said election hnd declaring thd result thereof. * Sec. 217. The property of private conwratlons, associations, and Individuals of this State shall forever be taxed at the same rate: Provided, This section shall not apply \o institutions devoted exclusively to religious, educational, or charitable purposes • Abt. XII, Sec. 222. The legislature, after the ratification of this constitution, shall have autJiorlty to pass general laws authorizing me counties, cities, towns, villages, districts, or other political subdivisions of counties to issue bonds, but no bonds shall be Issued under authority of a general law unless such Issue of bonds be first authorized by a majority* vote by ballot of the qualified voters of'such county, city, town, village, district, or other iwlitical subdivision of a county voting upon such proposition. The ballot us^ at such election ?:hall contain the words “For boncl issue” and “Against bond Issue” ‘ (the character of the bond to be shown In the blank space), and the voter shall indicate his choice by placing a cross mark before or after the one or the other. This section khall not apply to the renewal, refunding, or reissue of bonds law- ^ fully issued, nor to the Issuance of bonds in cases where the same have been authorized by laws enacted prior to the ratification of this constitution. • * Seo. 224. No county shall become* Indebted In an amount. Including present indebtedness, greater than 8i per centum of the assess value of the property thereli^: Provided, This limitation shall not affect any existing Indebtedness In excess of such per centum, which has already been created or authorized by existing law to be created: Provided, That any county which has already Irf- curred a debt exceeding per centum of the assessed-value of the property 8906®— 16 66 866 BTATB LAWS BBLAip^G fO PUBUO KDTJOATIOK* tlierein sball be authorized to Incur an Indebtedness of li {^r cen]:i]in of the assessed value of such property In addition to the dbbt already ezlstiug. Nothing herein contained shall prevent any county from issuing bonds, or other obligations, to fund or refund any Indebtedness now* existing or antborlzed by existing laws to be created^ Seo. 226- No city, town, or other municipal corporation having a population of less than 6,000, except as hereinafter provid^, shall become Indebted In \ an anmunt, including present indebtedness, exceeding 5 per* centum of the ^assessed value of the property .therein, except for tlie construction or purchase S waterworks, gas or electric lighting plants, or sewerage, or for the improve- of streets, for w’hich purposes an additional Indebtedness not exceeding ^ per centum may be created: Provided, Tills limitatiou slmll not affect any - debt now authorized by law to be created, nor any temporary loaus to be paid within one year, made in anticipation of the collection of taxes, not exceeding one^fourfii of the annual revenues of such* city or. town. 'All towns and cities having a population of 6,000 or moire, also Gadsden, Eusley, Decatur, and New Decatur, are hereby autoorlzed to become indebted in an, amount, Includiug present indebtedness, not exceeding 7 per centum of* the assessed valuation of the property therein, provided that there shall not be included' In the limitation of the Indebtedness of such last-described cities and towns the following classes of indebtedness, to wit : Temporary loans, to be paid within one year, made In anticipation, of the collection of taxes, and not exceeding one- fourth of the general revenues, bon^s, or other obligations already Issued, or which' nwy hereafter be Issued for the purpose of acquiring, providing, or constructing schoolhouses, waterworks, and sewers; and obligations incurred and bonds Issued for street or sidewalk Improvements, where the cost of tlie same, in whole or in part. Is to be assessed against the proj>erty abutting said Im- provements: Provided, That the pweeds of all obligations issued as herein provided in excess of ijald 7 per centum shall not be use^l for any purpose oti.'.i than that for which said obligations were issued. Nothing contained In this artfcle ’’shall prevent the funding or refunding of existing Indebtedness. Tills Sutton shall not apply to the cities of Sheffield and Tuscumbla, Sec. 226, No city, town, or village, whose present Indebtedness exceeds the limitation imposed by this constitution, shall be allowed to become indebted In any further amount, except as otherwise provfded in this constitution, until such Indebtedness shall be reduced within sucH limit: ProvidQd, however, That . nothing herein contained shall prevent any municipality, e«^t the city «*f Gadsden, from Issuing bonds already authorized by law : Provided further. That this section shall not apply to the cities of Sheffield and Tuscumbla. Art XIV, Seo. 256. The legislature shall .establish, organize, and maintain a liber^ system of public schools throughout the State for the ben<*fft of the children thereof between the ages of 7 and 21 years. The public-school fund shall be apportioned- to the several counties In proportion to the number of school children of school age therein, and shall be so apportioned to the schools In the districts pr townshiiis in the county as to provide, as nearly as prnc- tlcahle, school terms of equal duration In such school districts or townships. Separate schools shall he provided for white and colored children, and no child of either race shall be permitted to attend a school of the other race. Seo. 267. The principal of all funds arising from the sale or otlier disposition of lands or other property, which has been or may hereafter be granted or . intrusted to this State or given by the United States for educational purposes Shall be preserved inviolate and undimipished ; and the income arising there- from shall be faithfully applied to the specific object of the original grants or appropriations. - " * . Seo. 258, All lands or other property gl^^n by individuals, or appropriated by the State for educational purposes, and all estates of deceased persons whof die without leaving a wUl or heir shall be faithfully applied to the maintenance of the public schools. Seo. 269. All poll taxes collected in this State shall be applied to the support of the public schools In the respective counties where collected. Sra 200. ITie Income arising from the slxteenth-sebtion trust fund, the sur- plus-revenue fund, untH it Is called for by the United States Government, and the funds enumerated in sections 267 and 26s of this constitution, together with a specie) annual tax of 30 cents on each $100 of taxable property in this State, which the legislate shall levy, shall be applied .to the support and mainte- nance of the public schools, and It shall be the duty of the legislature to. In- crease the public-school fund-fropi time to time, as the necessity therefor and . qpKSTrrCTtOKAL !PB0TI8I0VS as to BDUOATIOK. 867 ' I the , condition of the td^eury and the r^urces* of the State may jnstify: Vrot^ed, Tlat nothing herein contained shall be so construed as to antborfee th§ leglslatuiv to^evy In any one year a greater rate of Starte taxation, for all* purposes, IncUidlng schools, than 65 cents of each $100 worth of taxable property: AnA provided further, That nothing herein contained shall prevent the legislature from first providing for the payment of the bonded Ind^tednesa of the State and Interest thereon out of all the revenues of the State, 'tSEC. 2C1. Kot more than 4 i>er cent of sll moneys nilsed. or which may here- after' be appropriated for the support of public schools, shall be used or ex- pended othorjvlse than for^ the payment of teachers employed In such*Bchoo1s: Provided, That the legislature may, by a vote of two-thirds of each house, sus{>end the oi>eration of this section. Sec. 262. The supervision of th& public schools shall be vested In a superin- tendent of education, whosf powers,^^^HfteBr^d compensation shall be fixed by Sec. 208. No money . raised for the mipport of the public' schools hhall be appropriated to- or used for the support of any sectarian or denominational school. * „ , Sfcc. 264. The Stftte uulverslty shall be under the management and control of a board of -trustees which shall consist of two members from the congres- sional dlstrlcfln which the , university is located, one from each of the other , •congresslonTnalatrfct-s In the State, the ^ni>erlntendent of education, and the governor, wiio shall be ex officio president of the board, ^he members of the board of trustees as 4ow constituted shall hold otflee until their respective terms expire iinder existinl law, and until their successors shall be elected and con- / firmwl as hcrelnafterfreqiilred. Successors to those trustees whose terms expire In 1002 shall hold ofllde until 1907; successors to those tnistees whose terms expire In 1904 shall hold office until 1911; successors to those trustees whose terms expire 4n 1906 shall hold oflice until 1915; and thereafter their succes- sors shall hold office for a terra of 12 years. When tlie term of any member of such board shall explfe. the remaining members of the board shall by secret ballot elect his successor: Provided, That any trustee so elected shall hold office /mm the date of his election until his confirmation 6r rejection b^pthe senate, aud. If confirmed, 'until tlm expiration of the term for whlcti he was elected, and until his successor is elected. At every meeting of the legislature tlte snperlutendent of education shall certify to the senate the names of^Jl yrho have been so elected since the last session of the legislature, and the senate shall confirm or reject them, as it shall determine Is for the best in- terest of the university. If It reject the names, of any members. It rtiall thereupon elect trustees In the stead, of those rejected. In case of a vacancy on said board by death or resignation oT a member, or from any cause other than the expiration of his term of office, the board shall elect .his successor, who shall hold office uutll the next session of the legislature. No trustee shall receive any pay or emolument other than his actual expenses Incurred In tlie discharge of his. duties as such. Skc. 265. After the ratification of this constitution there shall be paid out *nf the treasury of this State, at tlie time and In tlie manner provided by law, the sum of not less than $36,000 per annum as Interest on the funds of the University of Alabama, heretofore covered Into Treasury, for the malnte-, nance and support of said Institution: Provided, That the leglslnture shall \ have the power at any time they deem proper for the best Intesesc of said | university to abolish the military system at said Institution, or reduce the said . ] system to a iflepartment of Instruction, and that such action on the part of the legislature shall not cause any diminution of the amount of the annual inter- est payable out of the treasury for the support and maintenance of said university. ' ' 8eo. 266. The Alabama Polytechnic Institute, formerly 'called the Agri- cultural and Mechanical College, shall be under the management and control of a board of trustees, whlcfl shall consist of two member^ from the congres- sional district in which the Instltnfe Is located, and one from each of the other congressional districts in the State, the State stjperlntendent of educatll, as now estal> llshdd by In^ except ujKin a vote of two-yiirds of the legislature taken by yeas and nays laud entered ui>on the Journos, Sec. 268. The feglslature shall provide for taking a school c*eusu8 by town- c ships and districts throughout the State not oftener than once in two years, ♦ and shall provide for the punislmieut of nil iiersons or officers making, false or fraudulent enumerations and returns: ProiHilcd, The State smieriiiiendont of education may order and suiiervise the taking of a new census in any township, district, or county, whenever he may have reasonable cause to believe that falso or fraudulent returns have been ma(je. 8ec. 269. The several counties in this State shall have power to levy and collect a special tax not exceetllng 10 cents on each $100 of taxable proi>erty in such counties for the supjmrt of public schools: Provulrd, Thaf Uie rate of such tax, the time it Is to cojitinue, and the punx>se thereof shall have been first submitted to a vote of tlie qualified electors of the county, and voted for by three»flfths of those voting at such election; but the rate of such special tax shall not Increase the rate of taxation. State and county combined. In any one year, to more than $125 on each $100 of laxable proi>erty; excluding, however, , all special county taxes for public buildings, road.s, l»ridgC!S and the imyiueat of debts existing at the ratlflcntlon of the constitution of 3875, Tlie funds arising from such special school tax shall be so apportioned and paid through the proi>er school officials to the stweral schools in the townships and districts Jn the county Umt the school terms of the respective schools shall be extended by such supplement , as nearly the sj»me length of time as practicable: Provided^ That this section lehall not apply to the cities of Decatur, New Decatur, aud Cullman. 8eo. 270. The ^provisions of«this article and of any act of the legislnture passed In pursuance thereof to establish, organize, and maintain a system cf public schools throughout the SUite, shall apply to Mobile County only so far as to a'utJiorlze and r^ulre tbe authorities designated by law to draw the portions of the i^imls to', which said county shall he entitled for school purposes and to make rqiwrts to the superintendent of education as may he prescrlluMl by law; and all special Incomes and powers of taxation as now authorized by law for the benefit of mibllc schools In said county shall remain undisturbed until otherwise provided\y the legislature: ProiHded, That sepayate schools for each race shall always, be maintained by 8^dd school authorities., \ V ' ARIZONA. " Art. II, 8ec. 12. ♦ ♦ * No public money or property shall be appropri- ated for or applied to any religious worship, exercise, or instruction, or to the support of any religious establishment. • ♦ A^t. IV, Sec. 20. The general appropriation bill shall embrace imthing but appropriations for the different departments of the State, for State institutions, for public schools, and for Interest on the public debt ♦ ♦ ♦ Art. V, Seo. 1. The executive dei»rtment of the State shall consist of gover- nor ♦ • • and superintendent or public instruction, each of whom shn]l hold his office for two years beginning on the first Monday of January next after his election, except that the terms of office of those elected at the election ptUnlted States, and for five years next preceding bis election a oittpen of Arizona. Sec. 9. The powers and duties of ♦ * • superlntend^t of public instruc- tion shall be as prescribed by law. Sec. 13. Until otherwise provided by law the salaries of the^ State officers shall be as fpllows: ♦ * ♦ Superintendent of public instruction, $2,500 per annum. , Abt. VI, Sec. 6. * • * The superior court shall have exclusive original Jurisdiction in all proceedings and matters affecting dep^dent, neglected. In- corrigible, or delinquent children, pr children accusSl of crime, under yie age, of 18 yeura The Judges of said courts must* hold examinations In chambers of nil such children concerning whom proceedings are brought. In advance of any criniluul prosecution of such children, and 11 have the power. In their dla- | cretion. to suspend criminal prosecutiM for any offenses that may have be€fn committed by such children. The powdrs of said Judges to control such children aba 11 be ns prescribed by law. ♦ • * AST. VII, Sec. 8. Qunllflcatlons for voters at school elections shall be as are now, or as may hereafter he, provided, by law. Sec. 13. Questions ui>on bond Issues or special assessments shall be submitted to tlie vote of proi>erty tuxiwyers, who shall also In all rei>e<’ts !>e qimllfled electors of the SUite, and of Uy? political subdivision thereof affected by sn6h question. Art. IX, ^ Sec. 2. • • Proi>erty of educatlonfW. charitable, and religious associations or Inatltutlohs not used or held for profit may be exempted from taxation by law. • * • 'Skc. 8. >vo county, city, town, school district, or other municipal corporation shall for nny'i)urpose become Indebted In any manner to an amount exceeding 4 per centum of tlie taxable proi>erty In such county, city, town, school district, or otlrer niunleliml corix)ration, wlUiout the assent of a majority of the property taxpayers, who must also In all resjiects be qua 11 fled elwtors, therein voting at nn election provided by law to be held for that purpose, the value of the taxable ' proi>erty therein to be ascertained by the lust assessnient for State and county punwses, previous to Incurring finch Iiulebtednf'ss; except, that In luforporated cities and towns assessments shall be taken from the last assessment for city or town puriK)ses : Proritit d. That under no clrcinnstanoes shall any county or school distcict l^ecome Indebted to nn amount exceeding 10 per centum of Bu^ taxable proiterty, as shown by the last assessment roll thereof; * * *. SeC. 10. No tax shall l>e laid or appropriation of public money made irf aid of t^ny church, or private or sectarian school, or ou^ public service corporation., Art. X, Sec, 1. All lands expressly transferretl and confirmed tq the State i>y the provisions of the enabling act approved June 20, 1910, lAcludlng all lands grantetl to the State and all lands heretofore granted to the Territory of Arizona, and all lands otherwise acquired by the State, shall be by the State accepted anA held In trust to be disposed of In whole or jn part, only In manner as lu the said enabling act and In this Constitution provided, and for the several objects specified In the respective granting and confirmatory provisions, llie natural products and money proceeds of any of said lauds shall be subject to the same trusts as the lands producL.g the same. * Sec. 2. Disposition of any of said lands, or of any money or thing of v/ilue directly or Indirectly derived therefrom, for any object other than that for which such particular lands (or the lands from which such money or thing of value shall have been drived) were granted or confirmed, or In any manner , contrary to the provisions of the said enabling act, shall be.deenaed a breach of trust . Seo, 8, No mortgage or other Incumbrance of the said lands, or any thereof, j shall be valid In favor of any person or for any puiDOse or under any circum- stances whatsoever. Said lands shall not be sold or leased, In whole or in part except to the highest and b^t bidder at a public auction to ^ held at the STAM LAWfi ftELAtlNQ TQ t»TTBUO BDUCATIOK. 8Y0 county seat of the county wherein the lands to be affected, or the major portion thereof, shall He, notice of whfch public auction shall first hare been duly given by advertisement, which shall set forth the nature, time, and place of the transaction to be had, with a full description of Uie lands to be offered, and be published once each week for not less than 10 successive weeks In n news- paper of general circulation published regularly at the State capital, nud in that newspaper of like circulation which sliail tlien be roRularly published nearest - Ao the location of such lands so offerenl; nor shall any sale or contract for U»e sale of any timber or oUier natural proiluct of such lands l>e niade^ save at the /place, In the manner,' and after the notice by publication thus pn)vlded for sales and leases of the Innds themselves: ProtHn cretllt unless accompanied by ample security, and the legal tide shall not be deemed to have passed ondl the consideration shall have been paid. 8i;f; 6, Na lands shall be sold for less than $3 per acre, nntf no lands which are or shall be susceptible of Iriigntion under any proJiH’ts now or hereafter completed or adojrted by Uie United. States under leg! slut lou for the reclama- tion of lands, or under any other project for the- reclamation of lands, shall l>e sold at 1^88 than $2fS per acre; Provided, That the State, at the request of the Secretary of the lifter lor, shall frcmi time to time relinquish such of Its laud's to the United States as at any time are needeil for Irrigation works* In conneo- Alon with any such Guvernment project, and other lauds In lieu Uiereof shall bo selected from lauds of the chanicter nametl andMn the manner prescrlbinl In section 24 of the said enabling act Sec. 0. No lands reservinl ami' exceptinl qf the lands granted to this State by the Unltenient of water i>owers or power for hydroelectric us8llIou whatsoever by the 8late or by any otllcer of the State, and any conveynuce^or ’transfer 6f such lands ^jiude within said five years shall be null and void. Sec. 7. A separate fund shall be estobllshed for each of the several obJ(j‘ts for which the said grants are made and conlirmeil by tl^e wild enabling aerto the State, nud whenever any moneys shall be In any manner derlvetl from any of said lands, the same shall l)e deiwsitetl by the State treasurer In the fund cor- resfiondlng to the grant under which the particular land protludug such moneys was, by said enabling act, conveyed or coufirmetl. No uumeys shall ever be ' taken from one fund for deiwslt in any other, or for any obJt*ct other than that for which the laud producing the same wns granttnl or oonllrmed. The State treasurer ^all keep all such moneys invested in wife, Interest-lieariug se<‘ur)tics. I which securities shall be approved by the governor and secretary of state, and ' ^sball at all times be under a good and sufficient bond or bonds conditioned for the faithful performance of his duties In regard tliereto. Sec. 8. F *ery sale, lease, couveyance» or contract of or concerning any of the la Esls granted or confirmed, or the use thereof or the natural products thereof made to this State by the said enabling ac^, not made In substantial conformity with the provisions thereof, shall be null and void. Seo. 9. AJl lands expressly transferred and confirmed to the State by the pro- visions of^e enabling act approved June 20, 1910, Including all lauds grant (m1 to the State, and all lauds heretofore granted to the Territory of Arizona and all lands otherwise acquired by the State, may be sold or leased by tbe State In the manner and on the conditions and with the limitations prescribed by tbe said enabling act and this constitution, and as may be furthef pre^rlbed by law; Provided, That the legislature shall provide for the separate appraise- ment of the lands and of the improvements on schooUind university lands which have been held under lease prior to the adoption of this constitution, and for reimbursement to the actual bona fide residents or lessees of such lands upon which such Improvements are situated, as prescribed by Title 65, Civil Code of Arizona, 1901,, and In sUcb cases only as permit reimbursements to lessees In * said TlUe 65, 871 OOKSTmmONAL PBOViaiONS AS TO EDUCATION. Sec. 10. Tbe le^slature ahall provide by proper laws for the wile of all State lands or the lease of such lands for terms not lonfrer than fire years, end shall further provide bf said laws for the protection of the actual bonaifide reeldenta and lessees of said lands, whereby such residents and lessees shall be protected in their rights to their Improvements, Including: water lifihta. In such manner , that In case of lease to other parties the former lessee shall be paid by the suo deeuuHl advisable to establish sejiarate state Institutions of such character). Tlfe legislature shall also enact such laws as shall provide for the e^lucatlon and care of the deaf, dumb, and blind. Sue. 2. '^'he general comluct and 8U|H»rvlsion of 4lie publlc-schiwl system shall Ih‘ vested in a State board of eilucatlou, a State suiiorlntendont of public In- struction, county school superintendents, and such governing boards for th^ State institutions as may be pnividetl by inw. Sec. 3. The State board of education shall l>e composed of the following mem- lH*rs: The governor, the sui>erlntendent of )>ubllc instruction, the president of the university, aud prlncliails of the State normal schools, as ex otftcli) members, ami a city suiierlntemlcnt of schtmls, a principal of a high school, and a county HUI>erintemIent of Si^*hcK»ls, to l>e api>o!nted by the governttr. The powers and diitU*» of the twaird shall Ive Hiich as may be pnn*cril>eil by law. The memt>or8 of the board shall serve w*lth(tut jniy, hut all their ne(*essary exiienses incurred In attending the nifH.*tIngs of the IwanI, and for printing, shall be provided for by law. b Sec. 4, The Sta^ sui>erlntendent of public instruction shall be a momt>er and SiK’retiiry of the State board of tNlucatlop ami, ex otticlo, n member of any other board having ciuitrol of public instruction in any State institution. His lowers and duties shall be prescrll>ed by law. Sec. 5. The regents of the unlversltv and the governing boards of other State eiUicational Institutions shall he apjwmteil by the governor, except that the gov- ernor shall be, ex olliclo. a lucmltcr of the !>onrd of regents of the university. ^ Sf.c. 0, The university and all other State ee established and inalutaiuiHl In every school district for at least six months in each year, which school shall l*e oi>eu to all pupils between the ages of 0 aud 21 years. - Sec. 7. No sectarian instruction shall be lmimrtee so construed as to justify practli^s or conduct luevasistent with the good order. Injure, morality, or siiftity of the State, or with the rigljts of others. Sec. 8. A iiennnnent ,State school fund for the use of the common schools shall be derived from the side of public-school lands or other public lands specified In. the euubllng act apiiroved June 20, 1910; from all estates or dis- tributive shares of estates that may escheat to the State; from all unclaimed shares and dlvldemjs of any Cf*n>oratlon Incoriiorated under the laws of Ari- zona ; and from all gifts, devises, or bequests made to the State for general educational purposes. The Incofne derived from the Investment of the permanent State school fund and from the rental derived from school lands, with such other funds as may be provided by law shall be apportion^ annually to the various counties of the State In proportion to the number of pupils of school age residing therein. 872 STATE LAWS BELATXKG TO PUBUO EDUCATION, 8x0. d. The amount of this apportionment ab&ll become a part of the countj achool fond» and the legislature shall enact such laws as will provide for In- creasing the county fund sufhciently to inaintnin all the public schools of the county for a minimum term of six months in every school year The laws of the State shall enable cities und towns to maintain free high schools. Industrial schoc s, and commercial schools ‘ Sxc. 10. The revenue for the maintenance of the resi>ective State educntlonal Institutions shall be derived from the Investment of the proixxNis of the sale, and from the reuUil of such lands as have Iveen set aside by tlie enabling act approved June 20, 1910, or other legislative enactment of the lhit(\l States, for the use and benetU of the resiHJCtlve ^Ute educational institutions. In addi- tion to such Income the legl slat are slmll make such uppropriaLIoiis, to be met by taxation, as shall Insure the proj)er' mnluteimuoo of all |ftate eiluciKlonal insti- tutions, and shall make such sp^dal ai>proprla(lous as shall pnnide for their development and improvement * . Ast. XII, Skc. 3. Subject to change by law, there are hereby creatctl hj and for each organized cinmty of the SUte the following orthH^rs, who Himll be elccttM by the qualified ehvtors thereof: • • • school HUi)erlu(endent • ♦ ♦ elected for a term of two years. • • • StC. 4. The duties, ixjwers, und quail hcatlons of such offla»rs ‘shall be as pre- acrlbed by law. • • ♦ Akt. XVI li, Sbc. 2. No child under the age of 14 y(*«irH slmll 1m» eniployed In any guinfiil occuiwtlou at any time durlug the hours In which the p\ibUo schools of the district in whlqh the child resides are In session; nor sliall any child under 10 years of age be employeortiHl by the State In such manner us uuiy be pres^'rlbed by law. ^ Sec. 10. It shall be unlawful to coniine any udiior under the age of 18 years, accused or convicted of crime. In the sjinie stvtlon l fund of the county. • • ♦ Abt. XI I, Sec. 2. The general assembly shall pass up s]KH ial art conferring CorjK>mte lowers, J^oept for charltiilile, edncaiiunul, j>eunl, or reformatory purposes, where Jfe corporations yreateil are to l>e and remain under (he patronage and ^intro) of the State. Sbo. 4. No mtmicipal corporation shall be authorized to jmss any laws contrary to the general law's of the State, nor levy any tax on real or personal proj>erty to a greater extent. In one year, than 6 mllls-on the dollar of tJie assessed vulne of the Slime. • • • Abt. XIV, Sec. 1. InteJllgence and virtue belug the safeguartls of liberty aiul the bulwark of a free and good govemuiont, the State shall ever maintain u generul, suitable, and efficient system of free schools whereby all jiersona in the State between the ages of 6 oud 21 years may receive gratuitous Instruction. Sec. 2. No money or proi>erty belonging to the public-school fund or to this State, for the benertt of schools or unlverslUes, shall ever be used for any other than for the respective purposes to which it belongs. , ♦ Sec. 8. The general assemblv shall provide by general laws fot the support of common schools by taxeA wtilch shall never exceed In any one year 8 mills on the dollar on the taxable property of the State, and by on annual per capita tax of $1, to be assessed on every male inhabitant of this State over the age of 21 years: Provided, The general assembly may, by general law. anthorlxe school districts to levy by a vote of the qualified electors of such district a tax not to exceed 7 mills on the dollar in any one year for school purposes; Provided CONSmUTIONAL PBOV18IONB AB TO EDUCATION. 878 /i^rtAer, That do auch tax ahall be appropriated to other purpose nor to any other district thnn that for which it was levied ^ Bbc. 4. The HUt>orviaioD uf public schools, and the execution of the laws reflating the same, shall be vested in and contlded to, such oflicens as mav be provitled K>r by the genentl assembly. / Aal* XIX, Sec. lU, It ahull l>e U»e duty of the general assembly to provide by law for the support of Inatitutious for the educiilioD of the dyaf and dumb, and of the blind. • • • CALIFXIUXIA. Art. IV, Sec. 2T». The legislature shall not pass local or s|)eclal laws In any of the following euumeratW! aisos; that is to siiy ; * • * , ^ Twenty-wneiiib—Provldlng for the luanagement of eomuiou schools. ♦ ♦ ♦ Skc. Neither the legislature nor auj' ivmnty. diy and county, township. St'hool district, or other nninUlpal Ct>riX)rntlon shall ever make an npproprintlon or pay frt»m any i)ublio fund whatever or grant anything to • • • snpiwrt or sustain any school, college, university, hospital, or other Institution controllecl by any nMlgluUs erthni. church, or scvtaiian denomination whatever: • • ^ Art. IX, Sj-X'. 1. A general ilItTiislim of knowUsige am! lntelligtH)ee l^etng esseatlul to the preservation of the rights rind llU'rties of the i>eoi>Ie, the legis- lature shall encourage by nil bu liable in wins the promotion of intellectual, scien- Ulic, moral, and agrlculturai ImprovemenU Sec, 2. A suTwrlutendenl of ]>nbllc Instruotion sliall, at each gubernatorial eU>rilon after the adoption of this constlUitUm, Im? ele^'UHl by the qualified elec- tors of the Slate, lie siiiill nxvlve a salary tHjual to that of the txs'retary of Kialei and fthall enter uinm the duties of his otllce on the first Momlay after the first day of January next suectMxlIng his election. Sec, H. A suiX'Hnlendent of schools for each county shall he elwte^l l>y the' qualifitHl elw'tors thereof at each gulK'rnatorial eits'flou ; Proviiicd, Thai the legislature may nuthoriae two or more comities to unfle and elect one suiierln- tendent for the t*ountit‘s so uniting. Sec. 4, The pnnH'e^Is of nil lands that have lietui or may lie granted by the Uniteti Stales to this Slate for the supixirt of common st'hools, which may be, or may have Ihxui, si>ld or dlspownl of. and ilic WK).0(K) acres of 1am! granlixl to the new States under an act of Oongre,ss distributing the pixKWxla of the public lands /among the several Slates of the I'ulon. approvtHi A, O, and all e«tat<^ of dtx'eawN! persons who may have dleeiual fund, the Interest of which, together with all the rents hf the unsold lands, and such otlier means as the legislature may iirtnide, sliall l>e liniolably appro- priated to the supiKirt of wminon sohoofs throughout the Slate, Sec, r>, I’he legislature shall provide for a sy.stwm of c(mimon schoois hy which a free school shall kept up urift snpiH>rttM in each dl.strict at least six months in every year, after the first year lu which a seoIal State school tax for the supix)rt of day and evening so<^onorfurm mirbr other dutlow as may he |m*Acrlbed hy law. The leirln- hitiire shall prttvhle for a bounl of eiluriulon hi ('?u*h (x>untv In the State Tho county aurierlntemltHita and the i\mnty boards tif wliK^tlon shall hove wntrol of ue eiauilHHtion of teachers and the ftmatliig of teachers’ certlflcatea within thidr pwpeotlve jurisillctiona Skc H. No public iiit.iiey kIuiII ever In* appro* rlai1 or any aohtHd not under the exclusive remind of ilie omet*r« of the pnhtfc HcluMds; iiitr fUiall any Mvi.irlnu or deittimluoilomi] ain't rlne be tuuKht, or lust nirt ion thrna»u 1h» permit it'd, dimtlv or Imllnvtlvi in any of the common scluxds of this state. SEt\ 0. The X niveniiiy of ('nllfomla shall couKtitnte n public trust, and Its orgnniuitlon am! {toverumeitt atkatl In* i>en>etintlly otnilmii'il In the form ami ^^ctor j.n*m‘rlln*il by the orpinlc net' ci>‘atink the Kjinie, passtal Murcli :ni, j8u» (ttiiii the si‘veral acta amemlaiojy thenv.>f), Kibjivt only to suih leiilKla tive co(ntn>l us may !m* iieee?i,sury to’hisiin* comidlano* wIili the kenas of its endowmenta ond the pro)K‘r inv**stiiient ami mviirity of Us fumls. It Hhal) U‘ e^lrely Imlejvndeiit of all ]>olliiciil t>r siN'tnrhin intlneiu't*, and keja fn»<* th(*re In the apisdutmeut of Ita rejr»‘nt.s and In the adiniuisiuition of Us affiilrs: /'roWtIed, that all the moneys ilrrlvi^l froiu f^ie sale of the luihlle hiiuls donutisl to Uihs Slate by act -of (.\m»:ress, uppnntM July 2, ISOi oiiul the seveni! lu i ^ - nmtmilutory Uierintf), shal) U> imesiiHl aa provlth\l by Kild iicta of (V*ni;ress. .and Uio Interest of said moneys Rball l>e luvlolaldy api>rtn)rhiteil tif the embutw D)ejil, 8upi>ort. am! mnintenamv of utTleuM one of aRrlcuitiire. when* the leadiiXK objei'la shiill In* (without exeitullnp other K»*Ientitlc and elassroal i«tndles niul IncludinK miliiary tactics) to teach such bnmehes of leandnn «s are rehUiNl to at'lentlrto ami practlciil aKrlcullutt* nod the nas haldc aria, in aei'orliUuv with the n»qu)n*meuts and i‘t»mliih'ms of said an.H of tN-n^Tess: iiud the lekdslaiiin- ahall provide iJiat If. throui;h iie*:]»s‘l» luisattproprlatloi/, or any oUit-r I'ontiu gency, any isirtlou of IIh- funds si* n*i aiam shall be dimhdslitsi or lost, tlie State Khali U*place sorb jsirtion a*) lost or misjippropriatisl So that tbe principal thereof shall rvaimln fon*ver umlliidfilsln'il. No istssui shall be debarns! admis- sion to any of the cnlli*«iate departim^ntH of tin* mdvershy on invoimt of Si*x, Hec, 10, The trusts and i*st:iteH laeatiM for the foundUigt endowment, and mnlntenaiu'e of the Udand St an ford Junior Iniverslty, under i»oord- ance with "An art to iidvame l«*aridnir. ete.."- approviM March 0. IV'C*. by the eudowmeni grant exts-uteil by Udaml Stanford ami Jane Uilhrop Stanford on Ok* lith day of Novehiber. A. lb 1KS5 arid nvordi*rds of Santa (Mara ('onnly» ami l>y tlie aineYidmeni.s itf such grant, and hy gifts, grants, iMsjnests. and devises KUpid«*meulury iherePt, and by ooudriimlory grant ^ an* |K‘rm‘uu*tl. apitroMsl, and nmtirimsf. Tl»ei>oord of- trustei*H of the U*luntl St^iiifonl Junior I iitverslty. as «uch, or In il»w name of the Instliutlon, or by otlior Intelitgible ih'.sigiijiUou of ‘the lnisttM*s or of tin* lUHl lint ion, may n*-cive propiTty, rj*al or js*rsoimI, nud wlierevcf sltmUisl l>y gift, grant, devisi*, or laspiest. for the benetit of the Instiiulion. or of any deiwirt mem t]u*ri*of. and Ruch projs'rty. unlesa otJierwisi* proviihnl. shall be held by the trOHtiHM of the I-eland Stanford Junior rnlversliy iiinm the trusts jtrovbled for in Uie gronr foumllnff Ihi* university, and amendments tbcriMf, and grants, la*- queats. and tlevlHes snpftleinrntary Iheretu, The legdsluture. bv H(K.*ohiI net, may grant to the trustees of the lelami SUinford Junior Vnlverslty corjiorale i>o\y- ers and i)rlvl leges, hut it shall not thendiy alter their tenure or lindl (lielr intw- era or obllgntJoiis as trustiH's, All proiM>rty now or hereafter held in trust for the founding, nmlnteuaiuY. or iMUJOflt of the U»Iaml Stanford Junior rnlversltv, or of any department therintf. may lie exeuii>ied by sjieeial act from State taxa- tion, and all j>eraonal i)roiK*rty eo held, the I’alo Alio farm ns described lii the endowment grant to the tr\istef*H of the university, and oil other real proi»erly fto held and u»eTAL PROVISrOKS a6 to TOVCATION. 876 nml flnanctal acoounta to tbo goveraor. The legislature may niodlfy, auq;)en(S, anti revive at wtU the exemption from taxation herein given. Ret. 12, All prt»perty now or lierenfter holonging to the ralifomin Academy or S<*lenceK. an Jitmiiutlon for the ailvanoemeni of st'lenre and inalnlehance of a free muaenin. aud chiefly em1owt\l by the late Jaint^ l.lrk, and incorpomted muler the iaWa of the Rfate of ('ii]lft>mtH^ January Id, is71, having ita hnlldlTuni lot'Htet! In the city and county of San Knincleco. rIuiII W exenitd from taxation. The trtiHieea of wiM iontitulion imint annunlly report their pn^eedlnjca and tlnam'lal Honnt« to the govenior. The leglnlature may nunllfy, suapciid, and revive Ht will the exemption fixun taxation herein given, S^v. 13, All proi'erly now <»r hereafter hehmglng to the Ogwwell Poly* (tM-hnlral ('oJlege. an lUHtUitilon for the advmuvinent of learning, lnt'orpt>mfed. undeK (he Imwh of (he Stale of t'aliPtnila. and luivliig Ita InilldlngH located tn* (he city and (\>iint^’ of San Kranolat'o. ahall he exempt ffttm taxation. The tnis((M*H of Raid Insdtnllon nniKt annually rep«'rt their pnxHHHiInga and financial io-oonnlR to the gi>vernor, 'Hie )(%'lslalnn* may mollify, HiiRpend* and revive at will the exi'Miption from taxation heixdn ijIvtMi. .\»iT. X. Svr. 2. Tlie Nianl of dlK-»‘t<»ra shall have the charge and anperlntend* em'e of the State iirlH»mt*, and shall i>os;ioillty In any manner or for any pur* IKtsi* cxv1f*hin shall I»e niflde for the ct>tlcc!lon of ao, annual tax snfllrlent to pay tlie Int^n^t on such indehttMlness asjl fulls du prtuislon (o ('OMKittnte a Kinking fnntV for (he payment <»f the principal thereof «'U or he fort* tlie mniurlty, which shall not ex<'«*<»d -10 years from the time of (Hmfniciing the same: Provided: hfurreer. That ttie city and county 'of San lYancisi-o may iw nntr tlmei^ay the unpaid olalnis. with Interest thereon at the rate of 5 per cent (ww niinmn • ♦ ♦ for unpaid fCHchers’ wilnrles for the fiftieth fiw’itl year, out of the int'ame and revenue of any sm'ceedlng year or >t*:irR, the amount to he p;ild In full (»f said ohitiuH not to excetnl In the aggre* t'Mte the sum of nu«i tlmf no statute of limitations shiill apply In any niiuiner on»tion, or district (including school, re<*lan)atlon, and Irrigation dlslrlcts) within sjild State, shall In* free and exempt from taxation, S>r. 12. The legislature sliall provide foi^the levy and collection of an annual poll tax. of not less than $2, on every male inhabitant of this State mer 21 and under BO years of age. except paui>ers. Idiots. Insane persona, and Indiana not taxed. Raid tax (shall be paid Into the State school fund. OOIX)RAI>o: Abt. IV, Src, 1. The executive detmrtment shall consist of a governor • • • and superintendent of public ftstnictloiu each of whom shall hoM his office for the term of two years, beginning on the second Tuesday of January next after bis election. • • • They shall fierforra such duties as are^ prescribe^ by this constitution or hy law. ^ 876 • STATE LAWS BBLATINQ TO PUBUO BDUOATIOK. 8. Tbe officers named in section 1 of this article shall be chosen on the day of the general election by the qualified electors of the State. The returns ^ every election for said officers shall be seal^ up and transmitted to the secretary of state, directed to the speaker of the house of representatives, who shall Immediately, upon the organization ^f the housoi and before proceeding to other business, open and publish the same In the presence of a majority of the members of both houses of the general assembly, who shall for that purpose assemble in the hou^ of representatives. The pe^n having the highest num- ber. of votes for either of said offices shallA)>e declared duly elected, but If two or more have an equal and the highest number of votes for the same office^ one of them shall be cbos^ thereto by the two houses, on joint ballot. Contested elections for the said offices shall be deiennined by the two houses, on joint ballot, in snch manner os may be prescribed by law. Sec. 4, No person shall be eligible to the office of * * * superintendent ol< public instruction, nnlees be should have attained the age of 30 years. • • • At the first election under this constitution, any i>er8ou being n quali- fied elector at the time of tlie adoption of this omstitutlon, and having the qualifications above herein prescribed for any one of said officers, sball l>e eligible thereto; but thereafter no pers^m shall be- eligible to any one of said offices, unless, in addition to the qualifications above prescribed therefor, he shall be a citizen of the United States, and hftve resided within the limits of the State two years next preceding his election. Sza 17. The officers of the executive department, and of all public institutions of the State, shall at least 20 days preceding each regular sesslA of the general assembly, make full and complete report of their actions to the governor, who shall transmit the same to the general assembly. Sec. 20. The superintendent of public instruction shall be ex officio State librarian. ^ Aar. V, Sec. 25. The general assembly shall not pass local or 8i>eclnl laws in, any of the following enumerated coses, that Is to say: ♦ ♦ ♦ providing for the management of coinnitm schools. • ♦ ♦ Sec, 34. No appropriation shall be made for churltnble. Industrial, educational, or benevolent purposes to any person, corporation, or community not under the absolute control of the State, nor to any denominational or sectarian institution or association. ' Abt. vni, Sbo. 1. Educational, reformatory, and penal Institutions, and those for the benefit of the Insane, blind, deaf, and mute, and such other Institutions as the public good may require, shall be established and supported by the State, in snch manner as may tfe prescribed law. SEa 5. The following educational institutions, to wit, the university at Boulder, the agricultural college at Fort^oIIlns, the school of mines at Golden, and the institute for the edncntlon of mutes (which shall hereafter be known os Colorado School for Deaf and Blind) at Colorado Springs, are hereby de- clared to be institutions of the State of Colorado, and the management thereof subject to the control of the State, under the provisions of the constitution, and such laws and regulations as the general assembly'may provide, and the loca- tion of said institutions, as well as all gifts, grants and appropriations of money and property, real and personal, heretofore made to said several instltutlous, are hereby confirmed to the use and benefit of the same respectively: Provided, This section shall not apply to any Institution, the property, real or personal, of which is now vested In the trustees thereof, until such property be tnina- fbrred by proper conveyance, together with the control thereof, to the officers provided for the management pf said institution by this constitution or by law: And provided further, That the regents of the university may, whenever in their judgment the needs of the institution demand such action, establish, main- tain. and conduct all but the first two years of the departments of medicine, dentistry, and pharmacy of the university at Denver: And provided further, That nothing In this section shall be construed to prevent State educational In- stitutions from giving temporary lecture courses, commonly called University extension work,'* and, ^ Farmers' Institute and short courses," in any part of the State, or conducting class exenrsions for the purpose of investigation and study. Abt. IX, Seo. 1. The general supervision of the public schools of the State shall be vested in a board of education, whose powers and duties sball be prescribed by law; the saperlntendent of public instruction, the secretary of state, and attorney general ahall constitute the bpar^ of Which the superin- tendent of public Iqstructlon shall be president CONBTITtmONAI^ PBOVlffilONB AS TO BDUOATION. 877 Sec. 2. The general assembly shall, as soon as practicable, provide for the establishment and maintenance of E thorough and uniform system of free public schools throughout the ^te wherein aU residents of the Bute between the ages of 6 and 21 years may be educated gratuitously. One or moro public schools shall be malnUiued in each school district within the SUte at least three mouths in each year; any school district fnillug to have such school ahull not be entitled to receive any portion of the school fund for that year. Sec. 3, The public-school fund of the SUte shuli forever remain Inviolate ami intact; the Interest thereon only shall be exi>eudod In the maintenance of the schools of the State, and shall be distributed among the several counties and school districts of the SUte In sifch manner as may be prescribed by law. No i)urt of this fund, principal or interest, shall ever be transferred to any other fund, or used or 'appropriated except as herein provided. The Bute treasurer shall be the custodian of this fund, and the same shall be securely and protiUbly Invested as may be by law directed. The BUte shall supply all losses thereof that may in any manner occur. S^c. 4. Each county treasurer shall collect all school funds belonging to his county, and the several school districts therein, and disburse the same to the i>roi>er districts ui>on warrants drawn by the county superintendent, or by the proper district authorities, as may be provided by law. Sec. 6. The public-school fund of the State shall consist of the proceeds of such lands as have heretofore been, or may hereafter be, granted to the BUte by the General Government for educational purposes; all esUtes that may (Reheat to the State; also all other grants, gifts, or devises that may be made to tills SUte for educational purposes. Sec. 6. There shall be a county sui>erlntendent of schools In each county whose term of office shall be two years, and whose duties, qualifications, and comiiensation shuIl be prescribed by law. He shall be ex officio commissioner of lands within his county, and shall discharge the duties of said office under the direction of the State board of laud commissioners, as directed by. law. Hec. 7. Neither the general assembly, nor any county, city, town, township, school district, or other public corporation shall ever make any appropriation, or pay from any public fund or moneys whatever, anything In aid of any church or securlan society, or for any sectarian purpose, or to help support or sustain any school, academy, seminary, college, university, or other literary or scientific institution controlled by any church or sectarian denomination whatsoever; nor shall any grnn^ or donation of land, money, or other per* ftonal property ever be made by the State, or any such public corporation, to any church or for any sectarian purpose. Sec. 8. No religious test or qualification shall ever be required of any per- son as a condition of' admission Into any public educational Institution of the State, either as teacher or student; and no teacher or student of any such institution shall ever be required to attend or participate In any religious service whatever. No sectarian tenets or doctrines shall ever be taught In the public schools, nor shall any distinction or dasslfication of pupils be made on account of race or color. «EC. 9. The governor, superintendent of public instruction, secretary' of state, and attorney general shall constitute the State board of land commis- sioners, who shall have the direction, control, and disposition of the public lands of the State, under such regulations ns may be prescribed by law. Sec. 10. It shall be the duty of the State board of land commissioners to provide for the locaUon. protection, sale, or other disposition of all the lands heretofore, or which may hereafter be. granted to the Stqte by the General Government, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law, and in such manner us will secure the maximum possible amount therefor. No law shall ever be passed by the general assembly granting any privileges to persons who may have settled upon any such public lands subsequent to the survey thereof by the General Government, by which the amount to be derived by the sale, or other disposition of such lands, shall* be diminished, directly or Indirectly! The general assembly shall, at the earliest practicable period, provide by law that the several grants of land made by Congress to the State shall be Judi- ciously located and carefufiy preserved and held In trust subject to disposal for the use and benefit of the respective objects for which said grants of land were made, and the general assembly shall provide for the sale of said lands from time to time, and for the faithful application of the proceeds thereof In accordance with the terms of sold grants. 878 8TATB XJlWB BSLATXKG TO TtJBUd BDXTOAIIOK ' 5®^ 11* The g«nml assembly may TeQUlre, by law, that every child of . smctat mental and physical ability ahall attend the public school during the period between the ages of 6 and 18 years, for a time equivalent to three years, jmlees educated by other meana 8*0, 12, There shall tie elected by the quallded electors of the State, at the Im graeral election under this constitution, six reaents of the university, who “all, tame^tely after their election, be so clamlfled, by lot, thiit two shall bold their office for the term of two years, two for four years, and' two for six years; and every two years after the first election there shall be electwl two regents of me university, whose term of ofllce shall be six years. The regents thus elected, and their successors, shafi constitute n body corporate, to bo known by the name and style of “The Uegeuts of the Tnlverslty of Colorado.*' Bwj.^ The regents of the University shall, at their first meeting, or as soon mreafter as practicable, elect a president of the university, who shall hold ' his offlra until removed by the boni^ of regents for cause; he shall be ex officio a member of the board with the privilege of speaking, but not of voting, ucept in casM of a tie; he shall preside at the meetings of the bonnl, and bo the principal executive officer of the university, and a member of the faculty thereof. Sue. 14. The board of regents shall have the general suiiervlslou of the university, and the exclusive control and direction of all the funds of, and appropriations to, the university. 8*0. 15. The genoml assembly shall, by law, provide for organisation of school districts of convenient slse, in each of- which shall be established a board of education, to consist of three or more directors, to be elected by the qualified Sectors of the district.. Said directors shall have control of Instruc* tion In the public schools of their respet^ve districts. 8*0. 10, Neither the general assembly nor the State board of education shall have power to prescribe textbooks to be used In the public echools. Abt. XI. S*a 1. Neither the State, nor any county, city, town, township, or school district shall lend or pledge the cref school districts Nos. 2, 7, 17 and 21 at the time this ammdment talc^ effect, shall act as such board of eerform.a11 the acts and duties required to be i>erforined for sold district by the^Kcneral laws of tho State. .Except ^aa Inconalstont with this ainemlment. the Kcncral school laws of the State shall, unless the context evinces a contrary Intent, be held to extend and apply to the said District No. 1."* Upon the annexation of any conttmioiis municipality which shall include a' school district or districts, or any part of a district,* said school district or districts or part shall be nierimd In a*Hd “I.>lstrlct No. 1.” which shall then own all the property thereof, real and jH^rsoual. located within the boundaries of such annexed municipality, and shall assume and pay all the bonds, obliga- tions^ and IndehhHlnesH of etich of the said included school districts, and a proper proportion of those partially included districts. OONNKCTTIOUT. Art. VIIT, Sxc. 1. The charter of Yale College, as modified by agreement with the corporation thereof. In pursuance of an act of the general assembly, passed In May, 1702, Is hereby confirmed. Skc. 2. The fund, called the school fund, shall remain a i>erpettTal fund, the Intent of which shall be Inviolably appropriated to the support and en- couragement of the public, or common schools tlironghout the Rttite, and for the equal benefit of nil the people thereof. The value and amount of said fund shall, ns soon ns practlcahle, be ascortalnetl In snob manner as the general assembly may prescribe, published, and recorded In the controUeris ofiDce; and im law shall ever be made, authorixlug said fund to be diverted to any other use than the encouragetnent and Bupix>rt of public, or f^mon schools, among the several school societies, as justice and equity shall nmlre. Art. XXIV, Neither the' general asat»mhly, nor any ^unty, city, borough, town, or school district, shall have power to pay or grant any extra comp^sa- tlon to any public officer, employee, agent or servant, or Increase the compen- sjttton of any public offleaT or employee, to take effect daring tho contlminnce In office of any ix^rson whose salary might be Increased thereby, or Increase the pay or comi)ciiButiou of any public contractor above the amount specified In the contract. ‘ DELAWAKE. Art. X, Sic. 1. The general assembly shall provide for the establishment and maintenance of n general and efilcteiit system of free public schools, and may require by law that every child, not physically or mentally disabled, shall attend the public si'bool. unless educnteFtloDment no distinction shall be made on account of race or color, and separate schools for white and colored children shall be maintained. All other expenses connected with the maintenance of free public schools, and all expenses connected with the erection or repair of free public-school buildings shall be defrayed In such manner ns shall bo provided by law. Sec. 8. No porttoivof any fund now. existing, or which may hereafter be ap- propriated, or raised by tax, for educational purposes, shall be appropriated to, , V-iUi* 'Jir ,VM » * I ■ 'I^|i-"»,* f 980 8IAIX LAiWB SEtATINO TO PT7BUO BDUOATION. ^ or vmH^bjt or In aid of any sectarian, church, or denominational school : Pro- vide4t That all real or personal property usM for school purposes, where the * tuition la free, shall be exempt from taxation and assessment for public purposea 6^ 4. No port of the principal or Income of the public-school fund, now or hereafter existing, shall be used for any other puritose than the support of free public schools. ' c:^ FLORIDA.' Aar. Ill, Sec. 26. The leglRlature shall provhle by geuerul law for Incorporat- ing such ^ucatlonal, agricultural, mechanical, mlulng, and other useful com- • panles or associations ns may be deemed necessjiry. Aar. IV, Sec. 20. The governor shall, he assisted by ndmlulstmtlve officers ns follows: * ♦ ♦ euperlutendent of public Instructlpv, • * • who shall be elected at the same time as the governor, and shall hold their offices for the same term; * ♦ Sec. 25. The sui)eriDtendent of public Instruction shall* have supervision of all matters pertaining to i)»l)llc Instruction: the supervision of State bulUllugs de- voted to educational purposes, and' perform such other duties as the legislature may provide by law. Sec. 29. The salary of the governor of the State shall be ^,600 a year: of t * * the 8ui>erintendent of public Instruction $1,600 a year;, * * • : Provided, further. That the legislature may, after eight years from the adoi>- tion of this constitution, Incrfease or decrease any or nil of said .salaries. Art. VI, Sec. 8. The legislature shall have power to make the payment of the capitation tax a prerequisite for voting, and all such tnxes^recelved shall go into the school fund. Art. Seo. 6. The legislature shall provide for tlie election by the quail- fled electors lu each couuty of • * * a superintendent of publlb Instruc- tion and a county surveyor. The term of office of all county officers mentioned in, this section shall be for four years, * * *. Their powers, duties and compenwtlon shall l>e prescribed by law. The legislature shall provide by law for the care and custo«ly of all county funds and shall provide the method of reporting and paying out all such funds. * * ♦ Art. IX, Sec. 1. The legislature shall provide for a uniform and equal rate of taxation, and shall prescribe such regulations ns shall secure a just valua- tion of nil property, both real and i>er8onnl, excepting Suefi property ns may be exempted by law for municipal, educational, literary, scientific, religious or charitable puiposes. " i Ajit. XII. Section 1. The legislature shall provide for a uniform system of public free schools, and shall provide for the liberal maintenance of «e same. ' Sec. 2. There shall be a superintendent of public instruction, whose duties shall be prescribetl by law and whose term of office shall be four years and uutjil the election and .quallflcatlou of his successor. Sec. 3. The governor, secretary of state, attorney general, ^itate treasurer, and State suiierlntendent of public Instruction shall constitute a body -corporate, to bo known as the State Board of Education of Florida, of which the governor shall be president, and the superintendent of public Instruction secretary. This board shall have power to remove any subordinate school officer for cause, upon notice to the Incumbent; and shall have the*management and Investment of all Statq school funds under such regulations as may be prescribed by law. and such supervision of schools of higher grades as the law shall provide. Sec. 4. Tb® State school fund, the Interest of which shall be exclusively ap- plied to the support and maintenance of public free schools, shall be derived from the following sources; The proceeds of all lands that have been or may hereafter be grunted to the State by the tJnlted States for public-school purposes. Donations to the State when the purpose is not specified. Appropriations by the State. The proceeds of escheated property or forfelturea ... Twenty-five per cent of the sales of public lands which are now or may here- after be owned J>y the State. Seo. 6. The principal of the State school fund shall remain sacred and Invio- late. . I 881 COKsrixUTIONAr PROVIBIONS AS TO BDUCATTOK. Ssa 0. A special* tax of 1 mill on the dollar of all taxable property In the State, In addition to the other means provided, 'shall be levied and apportioned annually for. the sugjprt and maintenance of public free schools. Sko, 7, Provisio^^nll be made by law for the nppordonmmit and diidriba- tlon of the intere^on the State school fund and all other means provided, in- cluding the special\ax, for the support and maintenance of public fr^ schools, . among tjie several coWities of the State in proportion to the average attendance uix)U ^hools in the said counties, respectively. Ssci 8. Each county shall he required to assess and collect annually for the , support of public free schools therein, a tax of not less than 3 mills nor more' than 5 mills on the dollar of all taxable proi>erty in the same. ^ Sec. 9. The county school fund shall consist. In addition to the tax provided for In section 8 of this article, of the proportion of the Interest of the fetate school fund and of the d-mlll State tax apportioned to the county; the net proceeds, of all fines collected under the penal laws of the State within the county; all capitation taxes collected within the county; and^all be disbursed by the county board of public Instruction solely for the maintenance and sup- l>ort of public free schools. Sec. 10. The legislature may provide for the division of any county or counties Into convenient school districts; and for the electlon'^biennlnlly of three (school trustees, who shall hold their ofllce for two years, and who shall have the supervision of all the schools within the district ; and for the levying and col- lection of a district school mx, for the exclusive use of public fw schools ‘ within the district, whenever a majority of the qualified electors thereof that iwy a tax on real, or personal property dhall vote In favor of such levy> Pro- W(/e4, That any tax authorized by this section shall not exceed 3 mllis on the dollar In any one year on the taxable property of the district Sec. 11. Any incorpor'ntcil town or city may constitute a school district The fund ralseective counties, and all othet county officers receiving stated salaries shall be paid from the general funds ofVheir resi)ectlve counties. Sec. 17. The legislature may provide for special-tax school districts, to Issue bonds for the exclusive use of public free schools within any such special-tax school district, whenever a majority of the qualified electors thereof, who are freeholders, shall vote In favor of the Issuance of such bonds. I Whenever any such special-tax school district has voted In favor of the Issu- I a nee of such bonds, a tax not to exceed 6 mills on the dollar. In any one year on the taxable property within the district voting- for the Issue of bonds shall be levied in accordance with law providing fqr the levying of taxes, to become a I fund for the payment of the Interest and redemption of such bonda Art. XIII, Sec. 1. Institutions for the benefit of the insane, blind, and deaf, and such other benevolent Institutions as the public good may require, shall be fostered and supported by the State, subject to such regulations as may be i prescribed by law. Art. XVI, SEa 16, The property of all corporations, except the property' of a I corporation which shall construct a ship or bfldke canaj across the peninsula ' I of Florida,, if the legislature should so enact, whether heretofore or hereafter incorporated, shall be subject to taxation unless such property be held and used exclusively for religious, scientific, municipal, educational, literary, or charitable ^ purposes, ^ ^ 8966*— 16 66 * - . - 882 ST^TB LAWS RELATING TO PXTBUC EDUCATION. GKOROIA. Abt. I, Sec. I, Par. ^V. No uiouey shall ever be taken from the public trensnry, directly or Indirectly, lu aid of any • • • sectarian Institution. V/ Abt. VII, Seo. I. Par. I. The powers of taxation over the whole State shall be exercised by the general assembly for the following puri>oses only : * * • For educational purpo»ea,In Instnictlng children Ii> ^e elementary branches ' of an English education ouly. • • ♦ Skc. II, Par. II. The general assembly may, by law, exempt from taxation * * • all buildings erected for and used as a college, lucon>orated academy, or other seminary of learning;. • • * Provided, the property so exempted be not used for puri>ose8 of i)rlvate or corporate profit or Income. Pab. III. No IK)11 tax shall be levied except for educational punwtes, and such tal shall not exceed $t aunuallv upon each poll. Sec. VI, Par. IK, The general assembly shall not have iwwer to delegate to any county the right to levy a tax for any purpose, except for educational pur- poses, to build nod repair the public buildings and bridges; * * *. Sec. VU. Par. I. The debt hereafter Incumnl by auy county, municipal cor- ^ pomtion, or i>bl^!cal division of this State, except ns In this constitution provided for, shall never exceed 7 per centum of the assossetl value of all the taxable proi)erty therein ; and no such county, municipality, or division shall Incur any new debt, except for a teuijHjrary loan or loans to supi>ly casual deficiencies of revenue, not to exceed one-fifth of 1 i>er centum of the assessed value of taxable property therein, without the, assent of two-thirds of the qualified evotera thereof, at an election for that purpose, to be held as may be prescribed by law ; but any city, the debt of which does not cxceetl 7 i>er ctnituui of the assessed value of the taxable proi>erty at the time of the adoption of this constitution, may be authorlEOtl by law to Increase, at any time, the amount of said debt, 3 per centum uix>n such assessed valuation. • “ Abt. VIII, Sec. I. Pjvt. I. There shall be' a thorough system of common schopls for the education of the children, as nearly uniform ns practicable, tho exi>ensti of which shall be provided for by taxation, or otherwise. The schools shall be free to all children of the State, but separate schools Bhull be provided for the white aud colored race& Sec. I- There shall be a State school commissioner, appointed by. the governor, firmed by tiie senate, whose term of olllce shall be two years, aud until his suecessor U appointed aud qualified. His office shall ho at the seat of government, and he shall be i»ald a salary not to exceed $2,001) in^r annum. The general assembly may substitute for the State school cojlliissloner such officer, or officers, as may be deemed necessjtry to i>erfect the Astern of public education. Sec. Ill, Par. I. The polKtax, any educational fund now l>el«iigiug to the • State' (ejfoept the endowment of, and debt due to, UieXInlverslty of Georgia), a special tax on shows and exhibitions, and of the sale of spirituous aud malt liquors, which the general assembly la hereby authorized to assesei, and the process of any commutation tax for military service, and all taxes that may be assessed on such domestic animals ns, from their naturo and habits, are de- structive to other property, are hereby set apart and devoted for the support of conunon ^hools. Sec. IV, ^ar. I. Authority maybe granted to counties, ui>on the recommenda- Uon of two grand Juries, and to municipal cori)onitlons, uix>n the recomihenda- tlon of the corporate aythorlty. to establish and maintain public schools In their rei^>ectlve limits by local fixation;' but no such locad laws shall take effect ' until the same shall have been submitted to a voto of the qualified voters in each counfy or municipal corporation, and approved by a tvvo-thirds vote of persqns qualffied to vote at auch electlqn;. and the general assembly may pre- Bcril^ who shall vote on such question. Skc. V, Par. I. j^lstlng local school systems shall not be affected by this coji- stitution. Nothing ‘containedoln section first of this article shall be construed to deprive aohools In this State, not common schools, from participation In the educational fund of the State, as t9 gU pupila therein taught in the elementary branches of an English edocatlou. 8*0. VI, Par, I. The trustees of the University of Georgia may accept be- quests, donatlones and grants of laud, or other property, for the use of said - university. In addition to the xmymcnt of the annual interest on the debt due by the State to the university, the general assembly may^ from time to time, make such donations thereto as the condition of the treasury will authorUe. CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AS TO RDUCATION. 888 P And the general assembly may also, from time to Ume. make each appropria- tions of money as tbe condition of the treasury will authorize to any college or university (not exceeding one In numlwr) now established, or hereafter to be established in this State for the education of persons of color. IDAHO. Art. I, Sbc. 20. Np i>roi>erty qualiftcution shaH ever Iw required for any per- son to vote or bold otlico except In school elections or elections creating ludebt- tvine^ Art. hi, Seo. 19. The legislature ahull not iwss local or si)eclul laws in any of the following enumerateil cases, that is to say: • • • I’nivUlliig for the management of common soiioolsw Crxmtiug odices or prescribing the powers and duties of officers in counties, cities, townshijfs, election districts, or school districts, except as In this couati- tut ion otherwise provided. • • • . Art. IV, Sec. 1. The executive department shall consist of a governor, • • • and superintendent of public Instruction, each of whom shall hold his office for two years, begluuiug on the llrst Monday In January next after his election, except us otherwise provided In this constitution. • ♦ • They shall per- furu* such duties us are prescribed by this constitution and as may be prescribed by law. Sec. 3. No i>ersou shall be eligible to the • • • office of secretary of state. State auditor, sinwrintendent of public Instruction, or State treasurer unless -he shall, have attalnel the age of 25 years; • ♦ • In addltl m to the qunll- floutious above tlescrlbtHl each of the officers named shall be a citizen of the Vnlted States and alnill have resided within the State or Territory two years next preceding his ele<’tlou. . Sec.O. • • • If the o^ce of • • * sui>orlntendent of public Instruc- tion shall be vacated by death, resignation, or otherwise. It shall be the duty of the governor to fill the same by api>ointmont, and the apitolutee shall hold Ms otiiee until his successor shall be elected and qualified in such nnmner as may be provided by law. Sec. 19. The governor, seoretJiry of state. Stiite auditor, State treasurer, attorney general, and superintendent of public lust ruction shall, quarterly as due. during their coutinuauce In office, rev'eive for their services compensation, which for the term next ensuing after the adoption of this conslltutlou is fixed as follows: • • • Sui>erinteuilent of public Instruction, $1,500 i>er annum. * * ^ The legislature may pmvlde for the payment of actual and neces«iry e.\i»ensea to the superlutendent of public Instruction while traveling within the suite lu the performance of official duty. . ARY, V, Sec. 27. The legislature may by law diminish or Increase the compen- Btition of any or all the following ottici*rs, to wit : • • • Suj.ioriutendeiit of imblic instruction, ♦ • • but no dlmlnuatlou or Increase shall affect the compensation of the officer then In office during his term : • ♦ • Art. VI, Sec. 2. ♦ ♦ until otherwise provided by the legislature, women who have the qualifications i)fe»cni>ed lu this article may continue to hold such school offices and vote at such school ele.:tions as provided by the’laws of Idaho Territory. Sec. 6. For the purpose of voting, no person shall be deemed to have gained or lost a residence by reason his presence or absence • ♦ • while a stu- dent of any institution of learning. ♦ • ♦ Art. Vll. Sec. 8. The iwwer to tax corporations or corporate property^ both real and personal, shall never be relinquished or suspended, and ail corpora- tions in this State, or doing business therein, shall be subject to taxatlou for suite, county, school, municipal, and other purposes, on real and personal prop- erty owned or used by them, and not by this consUtutlon exempted from taxa- tion within the territorial limits of the authority levying the tax. Seo. 9. The rate of taxation of real and personal property for State purposes shall never exceed 10 mills on each dollar of assessed valuation ; and if the tax- able property in the State shall ampunt to $50,000,000 the rate shall not exceed 6 mills on each dollar of valuation ; and whenever the taxable property in the State shall amount to $100,000,000 the rat§ shall not exceed 3 mills on each dollar of valuation; and whenever the taxable property in the SUte shall omoupt to $300,000,000 the rate shall never thereafter exceed IJ on each 884 BTiTS LAWS BELATINO TO PUBUO EOUOATIOK. dollar of valuation, unless a proposition to Increase such rate, specifying the n^te proposed and^e time during which the same shall be levied, ^hall have been submitted to the people at a general election and shall have received a majority of alt the votes cast for and against It at stich election. Ski, 10. The making of ptoflt, directly or Indirectly, out of State, county, city, town, township, or school district money, or using the same for any piir)>ose Dpt authorised by law, by auy public othcer, shall be deemetl a felony, and shall be punished as provided by law, Sna Ifil The legislature shall provide by law such a system of county finance ns shall cause the business of the several counties to l>e ooiiducteil oii a cnali basis. It shall also provide that whenever any county shall have any warrants ouUtamilng and un(>ald, for the payment of which there are no funds In the county tnmsury, the county comnils^ouera, In addition to other taxes provldeil by law, ahull levy a s|>eclal tax, not to exceed 10 milts on the dollar of taxable property, as sliown by the last preceding assessment, for the creation of a sjav clul fund for the re<1euiptlon of arild warrants; and after the levy of such spe- cial tax all warrants Issued. be^tre such levy shall be paid exclusively out of said fund. All moneys In the wunty tn'asiiry at the end of each fiscal your, noi needed for current ejfitensea, Eihall he transferred to said redemption fund. Art. VllI, Sec. 3. No county, city, town, township, board of wlucntlon, or school district, or other aulHlivlsion of the State, aluill Incur any Indebtetlness. or liability In any uiamier, or for any, puria>»e, excetMIng in that year the In- come «nd revenue provideil for It for such year, without the assent of two-lhirtls of the qualified eUiefora Uienaif, voting at an eltx'tiou to be held for that pur- ixjae, nor imleas, before or at thfe time of Incurring such ltMM|teoard of education, or school dis- trict, or other snlaJivIsUm. shall lend, or pleose wlmtcver. or become n*s]>on8l- ble for any debt, ctmtract or Unblllty of any individual, nsso(.'lntlon or coriwra- tlon In or out of this Sbite. Art. IX, Sec. 1. The stability of a republican form of^governoient dej)endlng mainly upon the Intel iigence^f the p«H>ple, it shall Ik* the duty of the liCgis- iQture of Idaho to establish and nmlntiiln a general, imiform, and thorough sys- tem of public free common schools. ' ^ Sec. 2. The gimemi sni^ervlsion of the State educational Institutions and pul)Uc*8cbool system, of the State* of Idaho shall be vestotl In a State board of education, the member.-ihli*. 4X)wers, and duties of which shall be pn*scrlheee the custodian of this fund, and the same shalf t>e securely and profitably invested as may be by law directed. The State* shall supply alt losses thereof that may la any taianner octMir. Sec. 4. The public-school fund of the State shall coHsIst oC the proceeds of 'SUch lands ng have heretofore been grnntoanl of land coinmisHlonera! ^vho Bhall have the diction, contml, and dls|H)8ltlon of the public lauds of the Stiiie, uuder such reRulaiious as umy Ik* prvscrllKHl by law. Sec. R. It shall be the duty of the State Nxird of Infid coniDilssloners to pror vide for the location, protetniou, sate, or rental of all the lands heretofoi^ or which may be hereafter be, granted to the State by the General Government under such regulations as-niiiy t>e prescribetl by law, and In such manner as will MHMire the innilmum possible amotmt therefor: Provided, That no wdiind land^ slmll be 8^>Id for less than $10 iier acre. No law shall ever 1m* im«s**d by the h'gislature granting any i>rlvnegi*s to iH*r8n anv such public lands, subsequent to the survey tlien*of b^^ the <;encral tJoveriinient e liy which the amount to be derived by the sale, or idher dl8|H>siti.>n of s*icb iHuds, shall bo diminished, dln*otly or Indirectly. The leglslatnrt* shtil] at the earliest practicable is*ritHl, provide by law that the general grants of land made by ('ongress tt) the State shall be Judiciously lot'uted and carefully preservetl mid held in trust, subject to disiwtuil at public auction for the use and benefit tif the resiHH'tlve object.** for which said grants of laud were made, and the legls- Ititure shall provide for the sale of said lands from time to time, n“iuj for the sule of tlinl>er on all State lands, and for the faithftil applU*atlon of the pro- ctHHls thereof In accordnn<'e with the terms of, said grants: Provided Thai not to ex('oed 2n .stations of stdiool U\tuU shall be sold In any one year, ’and to be sold in subdivisions of not to exceed Irto acres to any one 'Individual, company, or coriwratloii. Sko, a The legislature may requlre by law that every child of sufflcleiit mental mid physical nbllity shall attend fhe public stdiool throughout the i>erUHl Ih*- twotui the ages of 0 and IS yetirs, for a Ome equivalent to years, unless eilui‘iiteca turn of the Vuiverslty of Idaho, ns estnbIlshoy the Territory of Idaho are hereby per- ItetuattHl unto the said university. The regents shall have the general super- vision of the unlveralty. and the control and dlreoUon of nil the fimds of. and . appropriations to. the university, under such regulaflons as may In* prescrll>^ bv law. No university lauds" slmll sold for less than $10 iH*r iicre, and In sub- ^ divisions not to exceetl ItlO acres, to any one pt'rsoii, epmpony, or corrwratlon Sko. 11. Tlie permanent wluciitlonal funds, otlier than funds arising from the disposition of university lauds belonging to the State, shall be loaned on first mortgage on Improved farm lands within the State, or on State or Pnlted States jKUuls, under such regulations as the legislature may provide: Provided, That no loan shall be made of any amount of money ex(*eeut the jjkglalature aball prorlde by l^eral law for the orgaDijui* tloQ of corponitloaa hereafter to be created : Provided, That nuy such geuernl law shall be subject to future repeal or alteration by the legislature. A*t. XII, Sec. 4, • • • That cities and toN^'ua may contract indebtednemi for school^ water, sanitary, and illuminating pur|x>t»es: TrrM'ldcd, That any city or town contnictliig such ludebtoilnesa shall owu Its juat proi)ortion of the pro|v erty thus created, and receive from any Income arising therefrom its proiwrtUm to the whole amount so invested. AitT, XVIl-I, Skc, 0, The legislature, by general and uniform laws, shall pro- vide fpr the ele^.'tloD bleuniiilly lu each of the aevcrul wunties of the State, of • • • u county suiwrintondeut of public instruction. • • • The salary and guallllctUlouH of the county auKTintiMuient shall bo IUchI by law. ILUXOlH. Art. IV. Src. 22. The general assembly shall not tmss local or si>eclal laws In any of the fullttwlng emniienitoil cases; that Is to wiy. for — • • • rrovUilng for the management of common »i’h4.Hjls, • • • \XT, V, Skc, 1. The executive department shall coiistst of n governor, • • ♦ 8Ui»ertntcndent of public lustructlon. and attorney general, who sliall each • • • hold hi a otllco for the term of four years fmm the stHanid M fled. • • • Sbc, 3. An election • • • aimll bo held • • • for sui’^erlntendent of public lustructlou on thc^Tueeilay uext after the first Monday of November In the yeiir 1S70, and every four years theiyiifter. ♦ • • Sec, 5. • • * Neither the governor, • • • su|>e^^nteiident of pubUc Instruction, nor attorney generiil shall |>e eligible to any otlicr oillce during the I»eritHl for which he shall have Ikhui elet'tei!. Skc. 20, If the 01111*0 of • * • snijprintendent of pulilic instruction shall l>e vacatn! by deatl). rt>sl gnat Ion. or otlierwlstv It shall. 1h» the dtjty of the gov emor to fill the same by apiwlntmem, and the a(>ix>lntee shall bold his office until his successor shall be elected and guaililed lu such manuer us may bo provldt^l by law, • • • Sec. 21, The officers of the executive deivartment. and of all the public In- stitutions of the Ktjtte, shall, at least ui days precedlag each regular session of the general assembly, severally nM>ort to the governor, who ahull transmit such reiwrts to the general assemlily. • • • Art, VI II, Sec. 1. The general assembly shall provide a thorough and of* flclent system of fn?c schools whereby all children of this State may rei'elve a good common*scb(M>l o<1ucntion. Skc. 2. Ail lands, moneys, or other property, donated, granted, or received for school, college, somluary, or university pnr|K»ses, aud the prot'tHHls thereiif. shall l>e faithfully ai>plleort or sustain any school, academy, seuilnury. college, university, or oi .or literary or scientific Institution controlled by any church or sectarian denominntiou whatever; nor Bhali nuy grant or donation of land, money, or other personal proi^erty ever be made by the State or any such public c*ori>oratiou to any church or for any sectarlau purpose. Sec, 4. No teacher. State, county, township, or district school officer bIuHI be interested in Uie sale, proceeds, or profits of any book, ap))arntns, or furni- ture. used or to be used in any school in this SUte, wltlt which such officer or teacher may be connected, under, such penalties as may he provided by the general asaembly. Sec. 5. There may be a county superintendent of schools In each county, whose qualiflcatlona, powers, duties, bompeusatlon, and time and manuer of election aud term of office shall be prescribe by law. Art. IX, Sec» 8, * * * Bueh other property' as may be used exclusively for agricultural and horticultural societies, for school, religious, cemetery, and corporate purposes all municipal corporations may be vested with authority to be only by general law. • • • SBC. 8. Oouhty authorities shall never assess taxes the aggregate of which shall exceed 76 cents per flOO valuation, except for the payment of Indebtedness OOKSTTTtmONAL PBOVTStOKS AS TO EDUCATION. 887 ozlatliuf at Oia adoption of this constitution, auloas authorised by a vote of the people of the county. Sec. 9. The general assembly may vest Uie coriwrute nutboiitlefi of cities, towns, and villages with iv>wer to make local linprv>vementa by special asseM* ment or by spt'olnl taxation of contiguous property, or otherwise*. Kor other ioriH)rate puriHtses all municipiil conxirutlons may be vested with auihrity to assess ami <\>llect taxes. • • * Sec. 12. No (N>unty, city, tuwnslilp. stdiool district, or other municipal cor- IHiratfon ahnl) be allowed to b«HN»me Indelitetl in any manuer or for any ptiria)Se to an amount, liK'ludlnK oxlstlug IndebteilneKA, In the aggrt*gnte exceeding 6 P«'r centum on the value of the taxable pn>|x*rty therein, to be sseenalned by the last a.WKHment for State and county taxes previous to the tncurrlug of such Imlet)tiMlnesR. Any county, city, school disiriet, or other municipal cor- ivimtion lucurrlng any ludehtrtln^sa as aforesaid, shall before, or at the time of doing sii. provide for the oolltM tlon of a direct auiiuiU tax sufl^lent to pay -tlie Interest on such debt ns It falls due, .ami also to pay ami dlsidmrge the prineitxil thereof within years from the time of I'on tract lag the same. This fMM'tlon shall not he oiuistriiet! lo prevent any county, city, township, school district, or other mnnlclpil t'oriH^ratlon from issnlug tiielr bt>mla in compllauce with any vote of the i>eopIe which may have 1mm*u had prior to the ndoptloif of tills constitution In juirsuarn'e of'niiy law j^rovidlng thereror. IXIUANA." Abt. I, Kec. (I No moiu‘y slmll 1h> drawn from the treasury for the b<*nef)t of any religious or theolitglcal hisUtiiiion. Abt. 1\ . Sec. 22. Tlie general asmmihly shall not pass hH'itl or s|>eclal laws In any of the following enimienittMl cases, that Is to say : • • • l*rrting cotnnuin s<.'h(>olA, aud for the |nv^»ervailou of achool funds; • • • ABT. VIII. Sfx. 1. KnowUxlge and lea ml ng generally dlfTinHHl throughout a comm uni (3*, being esixuitial to the |)res4*rvntlon of n fnv git vern ment, it shall be the duty of Uie giMieral assembly to encourage, by all suitable meana, moral. Intellectual, adeiitltlc, ami ugricultunil lutprovemen!, and to provide by law for I) general and uniform system of common school s. wherein tuition shall be without charge, am] eiiually oj>en to all. Sec. 2, The coimuon-ecimol fund fshall consist of the congressional township fund, and the lands belonging Uiereto; The surplus revenue fund ; The saline fund, ami the lauds belonging thereto; The bank-tux fund, and the funtl arisiitg from the one hundred and fotir- tt*entli swtion of the charter of the State Hank of Indiana ; The fund to Ik* deriveil from the sale of <'t>imty tiemlmlrles. and the moneys and proi^erty heretofore held for such stunltmries ; from the fines assessed for hreaclK*s of the iKuiai laws of the State; aud from all forfeitures which may accrue; All lauds ami other estate wldch shall escheat to the State for want of heirs or kindred eirtltled to the Inlioritange; All lands that have been or iimy hereafter Iw* granted to the state, where no Hpecial puriK>Ke Is e.vjiressiMl in the grant, luul the proo<»e. after deduct- ing the expense of selecting ami draining the same; Taxes on the proiwrty of corporations that may be assessed by the general assembly for common-school puri»o»ea. Sec. 3. The principal of the common-school fund shall remain a perpetual fund. Nhlch may be IncreaBed, but shall never be diminished ; and the Income thereof shall be Inviolably appropriated to the support of common schools, ami to no other purpose whatever. Sbo. 4. The general assembly shall Invest; In some safe and profitable mann^, all such portions of the com mon-school fund ns have not heretofore been In- trusted to the several counties; and shall make provisions, by law. for the dis- tribution. among the several counties, of the interest thereof Sec. 5. If any county shall fail to demand Its proportion of such lnt&^ for common-school purposes, the same shall be reinvested for the benefit of such county. 888 STATE LAWS BBLATINO TO PUBUO EDUCATION. 8rc, ft. The st^venil countled ttball be beid liable for the iiroeerratlon of eo much of the said fund na may be lufrusteit to them, aud for the jAymeiit of the aunoal Interest thereoa fisc. 7. All trust fuudit held by the State shall muHin Inviolate, and N' falUifuiiy and exclusively applied to the purvH>s^»s for which the truat was created. Six', ft The genertil ns.sombly shall provide for the elect lou. by the voiera of the l^ate« of a State sujioriiiteiuleut of public hintructlon, who ahall hoM ‘ his offline for two years* and whose duties nud conuHMisallon sUall be prescrU^etl by law. Aari IX, Sic. 1. It shall be the duty of the (0»nen»l assi'iiibly to ]>rorlde by law for the support of Inailtu lions for the eiluontlon of the diNif nud dumb. an*l of the blind; atHl. also, for the treatment of the hiKiine. Skc. 2. ®ie Keuerul osstMuhly sliall provide houtH^i of rt'fuge for the i'orrecllou and refornfntlou of juvenile offenders. AsT. X, Sec. 1. The irenenil asmunhly shall pru\ Ide. by law. for a miifcrm nud scrUM» such reKulai1oii!i as slinll secure ft just valuniloii for inxHilon ot nil pro(M‘r(y. Istih ix»ni niul |a*r sonal, exiX‘})4init mich only for utimlcl}wl, csiocatlonal. liieniry. s^'letitltlc, ndliclous* or charitable puriH>st*H, as may U* sjavlnlly exenipUnl by law. low A. riBST — inrcAnoN. A*T. IX. Rrc. 1. Tl>e educational Interest of the State. Inehidinp common srbon- stitutloii, the bonrd shall t>e divldesd, as nearly as practlcuble. into two tspiMl classes, and the seats of the first class shall l»e vncatiHl after the expiration of two years: and one-half of the (xiard slmll be chosen every two years thereafter. Sec. 4, Tlie first w*H.sie held at the wMt of government on the first Momlay of nts'emlier nftt*r their election; after which the general aasenibly may fix the time ami pbico of meeting. Sec. ?i. The session of the lw>ard shall l*e llmitiHl to 20 days, ifufi but one sentcdoD shall l>e hold In any one year, exix^pt uivm extraordinary tx't'nslons. when, uiMtn the roard, and iverfonn such duties ns may lie ImtHiwvI iiivon him by the board, and the laws of tbe Stale. They shall k<*ep a journal of their proceedingB. which shall be published and dlstrlbutwl In the sanio man- ner ns tbe journals of the general aasembly. Sec. 7. All rules and regiilatlona made by the hoard shall l>e puldlsbeil and distributed to the several counties, towmshlps, and school districts, ns may ln> provided for by the boanl. ami when so made, published and dlstrlbutiHl. they shall have the force and effect of law. Sec. 8. The board of education shall have full power and authority to legis- late end make all needful rules and regulations in relation to common school.^, and other edncatlonal institutions, that are instituted to receive aid from the Bcbool or onlTeralty fund of this State; but all acta, rules, and regulatlona of aald board may be altered, amended, or repealed by the general assembly: and when 40 altered, amended, or repealed they aball not be reenacted by the board of education. Sbo. 9, Tbe governor of the State shall be ex officio a m^nber of said board. Skc. 10. The board shall have no power to levy taxes, or make appropriations of money. Their contingent expenses shall be provided for by the general aaaembly. COKSirrUTlONAL PBOVTBIONS AS TO 889 Rkc. 11. The State unlrerfUty ahaU U* eaiahltahed at one ptace wlUioat hruiK'hes at any other place, aud the untreralty fund ahall be applied to Institution and no other. Sko. 12. The lni«nl of education ^hII proilde for ihe e»liicat(on of all the >tMiths of the State, thnuiph h system of (>umnon N'hoola, and iroch wchoola simll l>e orKniiir.4Nl and kept in e:irh sl district at least three inontha In e;it h yenr. Any distrlii falllnK- for two conwvutive yi'tirs. to ontnnlxe and ktM'p up n (H‘hiH>I. i;k nfopesald. may W deprlvetl of Iheir i^ortlon of Ihe school fund. Skc. in. The meml>ertt of Ihe Inuird of e^Iuc«tion slmll k>nch recvlve the same per diem during; the time of their Nvslon. and mileage ftoluK to and retumlua Tlicn'fnnu, tja memlHTS ot the pone ml atwiMtiMy. Skc. 14. A majority of Ihe ts^tnl whall tviiMliuie a Quonmi for Ihe tranaac- l]en of busim'as: hut no rule, rejrulailon, or law for the (pivemment of common Mdnsds or other ethical ionol Institutions tOiall p.iKs wlilioni the ortnctirrence of u majority of all the members of the iHmrd, which nhall be expn»^'*(Hl by the >c:is and nays on Ihe Anal iKissupe, The alyle of all acts of the i>oard shall be* *’ He It oniicttsl by the Hoard of ICtlucathm tif the Rtnte of Iowa.” ' Sic, l^. At ony time after the ytuir the (leneral nasembly Khali have I*<'wer to alwih^h or ns»nrnnlw* said Ixnird (»f etliuntlon, and provide for the iNlucationnl Interest of the State in any other manner that to them shall aeem iH'st and pn»ivr, ^ / 8EC0?I0. — ftCIIOOl- Kt'NDS AND SCHOOL lJk5t)S. # ' Sfo, 1. The etlueatlomil and acbivil funds am! lands shall be under the con- trol and mrtnapetmmt of the penenil assiunbly of this State. Sr.c. *2. The nnlversliy hinds, and the pnsve a iMvrmanenl fund for the Bole u»e of the Slate nuiversliy. The Interest arUlnp friun the K.iim» shall l>e Hiimially appropriated b*r the support and tsMielll of »wiid university. Sic. The peneral aKaembly ahalt eii(‘after may U*. praultHl by the I nittHl Stall's to ihU StAle, (he supivrt of uchbols, which may have been, or shall hereafter Ih». sold or d\iH)sed of. and the rsH>,000 ncrt*s of land (rranfed to (he new Stales, under an act of romrresH disirlbullnp Ihe prooewls of the pnhlle lands among the aeveml States of Ihe riilon, approved In the year of our Ixird l>jl, and all esfates of dwvawNl (wraons who may have dleprint«Hl to the supi>ort of common schools ihrouphont (he State. Src. 4. The money which may have h(»on or shall Ik* i^ild by |H*rsoim as an Hjulvaleiit from exemption fnmi military duly, and the clear procc^nJa of all tme.s 8ltlon of such lands as have bt'cn, or may hereafter be, reaerved or graiiltal by the rnitwl Stales, or atiy person or iieraons, to thU State, for the use of the imlversliy, and the fumls nc'cmlng fnun the rents or sale of such lands, or from any other sou ret* for the iiuri»o«e aforesaid, shall be. and remain, a permanent, fund, the lntert*st of which shall l>e applied to the support of said university, for the promotion of literature, the arts and Hctences, as may be authorlaed by the terms of such grant. And It shall be the duty of the general assembly as soon as may be to provide effectual meanif for the Improvement and permanent security of the funds of yld aniverslty. Bbc. G. ihe finandnl agents of the school funds shall be ue same that, by law, receive and control the Slate and county revenue for other civil purposes, under such regulations as may be provided by law. Sec. 7. The money subject to the support and maintenance of conunon schools ahali be distributed to the districts In proportion to the nuntber of youths. filAT* LAWS BBUlTIira TO PtTBUq BDVOAnOlf. •??• 0* ® **“* 21 y«w> In nich manaer aa may ba provided by the SBaeroi anwuDJj. - • ■ Aar, UI. Bsa 4. All fines, penalties, or forfeitures due. or to become due county therein, or to the school fund, shali Inure to the State, county, or school fund, In the xnauner prescribed by law. KAXSAS. Abt, I, Sic. 1. The erecntivo department-shnll consist of a aovemor. ♦ ♦ • ? Instructhm, who shall be chosen by the elector*. of voting for members of the legislature. Sf second Monday aun^fl^^ election, and until their successors nre elected ami firo. 2. pntU o^erwlse provided by law, an abstract of the returns of everv nam^ In the foregoing section shall be sealed up and clerks of tlio boards of canvassers of the several countloH to ^e swretary of state, who with the llteu tenant governor and attorney gen- Sr* state canvosser*. wh^ duty It ^a“ 1 b?t« V state capital on the second Ttiosday of December succeoiling each ejeo^ Uon for State offleera and canvas the vote for such officers and proclaim 4fiP^ ^ ^ f®*®® the highest number of by Joint ballot choose one of said persons so having an equal and the highest number of votes for said office. Should either the secretary of state, ♦ ♦ • or superintendent of public Instruction, bmmo incnpoble of performing the duties of his office thirteenth section of Uils article, the (mvemor shall fill Ure vacancy until the disability 1m removed, or a snccessoT Is elected and qmiliaed. Every such vacancy shatl l>e flllod by election at the It shall have hnp pened , and the l^i*Kn chosen shall bold the office for tlm uuexpirod term, f In providing fpr tlie formation and regnla- »chool8, shall make no dlsUnctlon betwdSn the rights df males and y* ^® voting, no person shall be deemed to hove guinea or lost a residence by reason of his presence or absence while • * • a student, of any seminary of learning. ♦ • “Ul’ertetendent of public Instruction shall have Uu- fmor^ supervision of the common-school funds and educational Intcresta of the State, and ^form such other duties as may be prescribed by law A Instruction shall be elected In each county, whose term •crlted*by^?Bw^ *'^**®*® duUes and compensation shall be pre- Wlslatnre encourage the promotion of Intellectual, monil scientific, and agrlcoltural Improvement, by establiabing a uniform svstem of common schools, and schools of a higher grade, embracing normal nrenaretorv collegiate, and ufUversIty departments. u«*.iuk norma i. prepnratorj, ^ The proceeds of all lands that have been or may be granted hv ti.n United Sta^ to ^e State for the support of schools, and the OOO.OOOshcres of J**®.®*^ States under an act of Congress distributing the pro- ceeds of public lands among the several States of the Union annroved ^i>- temter 4, A, D, 1841, and all estates of persons dying without helr^or will and “• "te granted by Congress on tt^le of lands in thU Stete^ Bhall be the common property of the State, and shall be a periwtual whool hind Which shall not be diminished, but the Interest of whlct toSr wltTall U?o rents of the lands and such other means as the legislature m^y provide by tax tevlolably appropriated to the support of Mmmra seCs ^ ^ State school funds shall be dl Aursed annually by f treasurers, and thenw to *^'*2' district In equitable proportion to the i’ aahodl dlatrict In which a common school has not beeK Stt ^®"' ^ *® receive My OOHBTITnnOKAL FBOVISIOKS AS TO m>UOATION. 891 j ♦ I Baa tv. The tchool lands shall not be sold anlesa such sale shall be anthorlied by a Tote of the people at a seneral election ; but, subject to revaluation every 5 years, they may be leased for any number of years^ not exceeding 25, at a rate established by law. Bxo. 6. All money* which shall be paid by persons as an eQUlvalent for exemp- tion from mllltury duty ; the clear proceeds of estrays, ownership of which shall vest in the taker-up; ai^d the proce^ of fines for auy breach of the peual laws, shaU be exclusively applied In the several counties In which the money is paid or fines collected to the support of common schools. Baa 7. Provision shall be made by law for the establishment, at some eligible and central point, of a State university, for the promotion of literature and the arts and sciences, Including a normal and an agricultural department All funds arising from the sale or rents of lauds granted by the United States to the State for the support of a State university, and all other grants, donations, or bequests, either by the State or by Individuals, for such purpose shall renmln a perpetual fund, to be called the ‘*uni>'erslty fund/' the interest of which shall be appropriated to the support of the State university. Sxo. 8, Ko religious sect or sects shall ever control auy part of the common- school or university funds of the Stata Skg. 9. The State sui>erintendent of public Insttuctlon, secretary of state, and attorney generhl shall constitute a board of commissioners for the management and Investment of the school funds. Any two of said commissioners shall be a quorum. Abt. VII, Sbo. 1. Instltutions.for the benefit of the Insane, blind, and deaf and dumb, and such other benevolent Institutions as the public good may require, shall be^fostered and supported by the State, subject to such regulations as may be prescribed by law. Trustees of such beuevolent institutions as may be here- after creatiid shall be appointed by the governor, by and with the advice and consent of the senate ; ♦ • Abt. XI, Sec. 1. * All property' appropriated and useon the approval of any other authority than the general assembly, unless otherwise expressly provided . In this constitqtion. ^ ^ ^ Sec. 91. A treasurer • • • and superintendent of public Instruction shall be elected by the qualified voters of the State at the same time the governor ts elected, for the term of four years, each of whom shall be at least 80 years of oge at the time of his election and shall have been a resldont cltlsen of the State at leost two years next befoire his election. The duties of all these oflleers shall be such as may be prescribed by law, • • •. I Sec. 98. The treasurer, ^ • superlntaident of public luHtructlon and ' register of the land office shall bo Ineligible, to reelectloi) for the succeeding i four years after the expiration of the term for which they shall have been elected* The duties and respc^slblUtlos of these officers shall be prescribed by i 1bw« and all fees collected by any of said officers, shall be covered into' the ] treasury. • • • Beo. 95. The election under this constitution for * ^ * * superintendent of public Instruction, • * * shall be held on the first Tuesday after the first I Monday In November, 1895, and the same day every four years thereafter. -I Sia 167. The tax rate of cities, towns, counties, taxing districts, and other municipalities, for other than school purposes, shall not, at any time, exceed the following rates upon the value of the taxable property therein, vis; For all towns or cities having a population of Ib.OOO or more, 11.50 on the $100; for all -1. ?s. . r', 5' 892 STATS LAWS BBLATINQ TO PUBUO EDTTOATION. towns or cities baring less than 16,000 and not less than 10,000, |1 on the SlOO* for all toWM or cities having less than 10,000, 76 cents on the $100: and for counties and taxing districts, 60 cents on the $100; unless It should be neoes- sarx to eimble such city, town, county, or taxing district to pay the Interest on, provide a dnklng fundior th^ extinction of, Indebtedness contracted before the adoptl(m of this constitution. No county, city, town, taxing district, or other municipality shall be authorised or permitted to become Indebted, in any manner any purpose, to an ampunt exceeding, In any year, the Income and revenue provided for such year, without the assent of two-thirds of the voters thereof, election to be held for that purpose; and any indebtedness con- tracted in violation of this section shall be yold. Nor shall such contract be enforcMble by the person with whom made; nor shall su($i municipality ever be authorised to assume the same. ^ Sw,16a The respective cities, .towns, counties, taxing districts, and muni- cipalities shall nOt be anOiorlaed or permitted to Incur Indebtedness to an amount Including existing Indebtedness, in the aggregate exceeding the fol- lowlng-nam^ maximum percentages on the value of the taxable property t^reln, to be estimated by the assessment next before the lost assesameut pre- Tlons to the Incurring of the Indebtedness, rU: Cities of the first and second Classes, and of the third class having a populotlon exceeding 16,000 10 per cMtum ; cities of the third class having a population of less than 16,000, and ciuw and towns of the fourth class, 6 per centpm ; cities and towns of the fifth and rixth classes, 3 per centum; and counties, taxing districts, and other munidpalltles, 2 per cmitum: Provided, Any city, town, county, taxing district; or other municipality may contract an Indebtedness In excess of such limita- tions when the same has been authorized under laws in force prior to the adop- tion of this constitution, or when necessary for the completion of and payment for a public Improvement undertaken and not completed and paid for at the of the adoption of this constitution: And provided further. If, at the time of the adopUon of this constitution the aggregate Indebtedness, bonded or float- county, taxing district, or other municipality, Including which It has been or may be authorized to contract ns herein provided Shan exc^ tlie limit herein prescribed, tlien no such city or town shall be authorized or permitted to Increase Its Indebtedness In an amount exceeding 2 per centum, and no such county, taxing district, or other municipality, In an amount exceeding 1 per centum. In the aggregate ujwn the value of the taxable property therein, to be ascertained ns herein provided, until the aggregate of ite indebtedness shall have been reduced below the limit herein fixed, and it shall not exceed the limit, unless In cose of emergency, the public health, or safety should so require. Nothing herein shall prevent the Issue of renewal bonds or bonds. to fund the floating Indebtedness of any citv town county, taxing district, or other municipality. ^ SEO.m Whenever any county, city, town, taxing district, or other muni- cipality Is authorized to contract on Indebtedness, It shall be required at tl Mme time, to provide for the collection of an annual tux sufficient to pay the interest on said Indebtedness, and to create a sinking fund for the payment of the principal thereof, within not more than 40 years from the time of con- tracting the same. Sbo. 170. There shall be exempt from taxation • ♦ • institutions of educa- tton not us^ or employed for gain by any person or corporation, and the income of which is devoted solely to the cause of education ; ♦ ♦ • S^, 183. The general assembly shall, by appropriate legislation, provide for an efliclent system of common schools throughout the State. 8x0.184. The bond of the Conimonwenlth Issued In favor of the board of eduwtton for the sum of $1,327,000 shall constitute one bond of the Common- wealth In favor of the board of education, and this bond and the $78,600 of the stwk In the Bank of Kentucky, held by the board of education, and Its proceeds, shall ^beld inviolate for the purpdse of sustaining the system of epmmon whoola The interest and dividends of said fund, together with any sum wbmh xMy be produced by taxation or otherwise for purposes of Common- school education, shall be appropriated to.the common schools, and to no other purpose* No sum i^ll be raised or collected for education other than In com- mon jibools nntn the question of taxation is submitted to the legal voters, and tte majority of the.votcs cast at said election shall be in favor of such uunonr Provided, The tax now Imposed for edocatlonal purposes, and for the endowment and maintenance of the agricultural and mechanical college, shall remain until changed by law. CONSTITUTIONAL PBOVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. 898 Sic. 185. The general aeaembly shall make provision, by law. for the pay- ment of the Interest of said school fund, and may provide for the sale df the stock In the Bank of Kentucky; and in case of a sale of all or any part of said stock, the proceeds of «ale shall be Invested by the slnklngrfund commls* sioners in other good interest-bearing stocks or bonds, which shall be subject to sale and reinvestment, from time to time, in like manner, and with the same restrictious, as provided%\#|^ reference to the sale of the said stock In the Bank of Kentucky. Sec. 180. Each county. In the Commonwealth shall be entitled to its pro- I>ortion of the school fund on Its census of pupil children for each school yeiir; and if the. pro rata share of any school district be not called for after the second school year. It shall be covered Into the t;«asury and be placed to the credit of the school fund for general apportionment the following school year. The* surplus now due the seyeral counties shall remain n perpetual obligation against the Commonwealth for the benefit of said respective coun- ties, for which the Commonwealth Rhull execute its bond, bearing Interest at the rite of 6 per centum per annum, payable annually to the (^unties respectively entitled to the same, and in the proportion to which they are entitl^ to ba usetl exclusively in aid of common schools. Sec. 187. In distributing the school , fund no distinction shall be made on acouunt of race or color, and separate Khools for white and colored children Khali be maintained. Sec. 188. So much of any moneys os may be received by the Commonwealth from the United States under the recent act of Congress refunding the direct tax shall become a part of the school fund, and be held as-provided in section 1S4; but the general assembly may authorize the use by the Commonwealth Of liie moneys so received or any t>art thereof, in which event n bond shall executed to the board of education for* the amount so used which bond shall be held on the same terms and cnnditionH. and subject to the provisions of Sec- tion 184 concerning the bond therein referred to. ^ Skc. ISP. No porilon of any fund or tax now existing or that may hereafter be raised or levied for educational purimses, shall be appropriated to or used by or in aid of any church, sectarian, or denominational school. 1X>U1SIANA. Art. 48. The general assembly shall not pass any local or special law on the following Bi)eclfled subjects; • • • ' liogulating the management of public schools, the building or repaliing of schoolhouses. and the raising of money for such purposea • • * Art. 53. No money shall ever be taken from the public treasury, directly or Indirectly. In aid of any church, sect, or denomination of religion, or In aid of any priest, preacher, minister, or teacher thereof, as ftuch. and no preference shall ever be given to nor any discrimination made against any church, sect or creed of religion or any form of religious faith or worship; nor shall any appro- priation be made for private, charitable, or benevolent purposes to any person pr community: Provided^ This shall not apply to the State asylum for the Insane and State institution tor the deaf and dumb, and State Institution for the In- structlon of the blind, and the charity hospitals and public charitable Institu- tions conducted under State authority. Art. 56. The general appropriation bill shall embrace nothing but appropria- tions for the ordinary expenses of the Government, Interest on the public debt, public schools, and public charities. ♦ ♦ ♦ ' ^ Art. 00. No edncatioual or charitable institution, other than the State Institn- tions now existing, or expressly pn^vlded for In this constitution. akaU be estab- lished by the State, except upon a vote of two-tnirds of \be m^lwrs elected to each house of the general assembly. Art. 198. No person less than ^ years of age shall be permitted to vote at any election In this State who shall not. in addition to the qualiflcatlons above prescribed, have paid on or before the ^st day of December of each year, for tbe two years preceding the year in which he offers to vote, a poll tax of fl per annum, to be Used exclusively In aid of the public schools of Uie parish In which such tax shall have been collected;. which tax is hereby Imposed on every male resident of this ^tate between the age of 21 and 60 years. * * * 894 STA^ra LAWS helathto to pubuo BotrcAxioir. Srr^u'^le lie ^ ^.^280 The following shall be exetopt from taxation, and no other vl»- nnKH^^ Charitable Institntioiia, all buildings and property used exoluflivpiv for pnbllc monuments or hlatorlcal collections colleees and the real and personal estate of any pubi c and S^nfof «n^ mle Inhabitant m the RtatS '{h'rn^g^s^fT and°W for“tte m V public debt and Wrest hereon rhSlTnn.’ isIliiaSlis Svine adtir"" w «8SC8^ vahmtloS Trotfwed Tlmt^ giving additional support to public schocls and for ♦>>« I d bulling*, public schoolhonsel bV^ »rp^v“eWnrtr5L^^^ »> municipal corporation, ward or school dlstr ct miy ^y a sr^inMnx"^'.’!^ ’ I? .rtrra rnr»p,-‘W' Iv^llfciXTax'^ been submitted to a vote of the pi^)erty taxpayers of such iMrish^ ward, or school district, entltl^ to vote u Z n.e laws o7tte Sh, 're ' “<■ ™-C' ”'.u“'.svs.,'i, Question of oil the children of the State betwW the ac.Ia’^nV^n ProvMed, That where kindergarten schools exist, chlldrei between uie nc®^'^; 4 and 6 my.be admitted into said schools, all funds ralsf^l bv tire si»^re e™ .k ^ support of public schools, except the poll tax. shall be distributed. re^in!.v, in proportion to the number of children therein betw^' thr^eL e **r'®l* years. The general assembly, at its next sesion ^adVwde Ct.re In"" tlon of edncable children. P ov ae for the enumeru- - ABTa249. There shall be elected by the qualified elfWorn nt ca-a ' Intendent of public education, who shull hold his office for ?he^term years, and until his successor is qualified His duties o>mn M ■» ■“'■ “• «.ry .vvw £ .4jiS ' superintendent of public educaOon for their resnectl^ n« ,iaSoL k * Pnrlsh cations ,shaH be fixed by the lef^slaVure and whTsh^ of the parish board. The salary of the parish superIntWent sh^i Of rhrpiThr^-hi^i'zrs « thenag^sUi*n\^a^“te^^^^^ -^Vt 1" OoMUiSSw Z S^the*!-^^”® language predominates. If no*addi“ A». 262. -me funds derived from the Collection of the noil tar ah.11 k appUed exclaslvely to the maintenance of the public spools a^oriMW^nnHon this cohrttntlon, and shall be applied excIuslW to ttrsuZrt^f Thire acho^ to the parish to which the same shall L cohreKnd shaH C A«. 268. No tonds raised for the support oi the' public schools of the fire re a^ appropriated to or need foi-the mipport of any or ‘JJ^tariVn tr'.. rJ'-- COKATlUmONAL PBOVISIONS AB TO SDUOAHOK, 895 Ast. 254. The school funds of the State shall consist of : First Not lees than , 11 mills of the 0 mills tax levied and collected hy the State. Second. The pro- ceeds of taxation for school purposes as provided by this constitution. Tided. The interest on the proceeds of all public lands heretofore granted or to he granted by the United States for the support of the public schools^ and the revenue derived from such lands as may still remain unsold. Fourth. Of lands and other property heretofore or hereafter bequeathed, granted, or 'donated to the State for school purposes. Fifth. All funds and property, other'than unim- proved lands, bequeathed or grunted to the State, not ^lesignated fbr,any other puri>08e. Sixth, The proceeds of vacant estates falling under the Law to the State of Louisiana. Seventh, The legislature may appropriate to the same fund the proceeds of public lands not designated or set apart for any other purpose; and shall provide that every parish may levy a tax for the public schools therein, which shnll not exceed the entire State tax : Pr^dvided, That with such a tax tX\e whole amount of parish taxes shall not exceed the limits of parish taxation fixed by this constitution. The city of New jOrleaus shall make such appropriation for the support, maintenunce, and repair of the public schools of said city as it may deem proper, but not less than~eigbt-tenths of 1 mill fbr any one year; and said schools shall continue to receive from the board of liquidation of the city debt the amounts to which they are now entitled under the constitutional amendment adopted in the ybar 18U2. That the police Juries of the several parishes and boards of trustees and municipal councils of incorporated cities and tovCns (the piflfish of Orleans except^) shall levy, collect, and turn over to the parish school boards of their respective parishes for the support of the public schools of their, respective parishes, cities, or towns, the proceeds of at least 3 mills of the annual tax which they are empowered to levy on each dollar of the assessed valuation of tlte property thereof: Provided^ That cities and towns that are not exempted by the terms of their charters from the payment of parish taxes and which are subjected to the similar burdens of taxation as are the parishes shall not pay this tax, us same Is included in the tuxes im^wsed palish in which the town is silunted, unless the parish boards of sc*ho<^Hrectors of that parish certify that the needs of the schools can be met by a s^^kr ^evy of such taxes,*^ Abt. 255. The Louisiana State University and AgrlH™ral and Mechanical College, founded upon the land grants of the United States to endow a seminary^ of learning, and a college for t^e ben'eflt of agriculture and the mechanic arts now established and located in the city of Baton Uouge, is hereby recognised; and all revenues derived and to be derived from the seminary fund, the agri- cultural nud mechanical college fund, and other funds or lands donated or to be donated by the United States to the State of liouislana for the use of a ’ Hcmlnnry of learning or of n college for the benefit of agriculture or the mechanic arts, shnll be appropriated exclusively to the maintenance and sup- port of said liOulslnna State University and Agrtcultural 'and Mechanical C^i- lege; and the general nHsenihiy shall make such additional appropriations as may be necessary for its imilntenanoe and support and improvement, and for the establishment, in connection with said institution, of such additional scientific or literary departments ns the public necessities and the well-being of the people of Louisiana may require. \ The Tulnne University, located in New Orleans, is hereby t^guized as created and to be develop^ In accordance with the provisions of legislative act No. 43, approved July 6, 1884, 4ind, by approval of, the electors, made mrt of the constitution of the State, ' \ Abt. 256, Sec. 1. Be it resolved by the General Assembly of the Biateof Loui- siana, two-thirds of all members elected to each house doncurring, That the legislature may appropriate to the same funds the proceeds of public lauds nbt desiguated or set apart for any other purpose, and 'shall provide that each parish may levy a tax for the public schools therein, which Shall not exceed the entire State tax: Provided, That with such tax the whole amount of iwrish taxes shall not exceed the limits of p&rlsb taxation fixed by this constitution. The city of New Orleans shall make such appropriation for the support, maintenance, and repair of the public schools of said city as it may deem proper, but not less than eight-tenths of 1 mill for| any one year? and said schools shall also continue to receive frotn the board of liquidation of the city debt the amounts to which they are now entitled under the constitution amendment adopted in the year 1802: Provided, 'That tfiis shall not apply, to cities that under legislative authority now nduct, maintain, and support BTATB LAWS BELATIKQ ffO P0BUO BDUOATIOK. \ public tdioolA open and free tp the youth^of the pariah in which said city is located, and levy, collect, and expend annually for the conduct, maintenance, and Bupport of aaid Bchcjota the proceeds of ht least S mills of annual tax which they are empowered to levy on each dollar of the aascaaed raluatlon of property; and snch cities ahali not pay and turn over to the pariah school board the proceeds of nt tbast 3 mills of the ^nnnal tax. or any part thereof, os herein provided, and shall be exempted from the same so lon^ as such cities con- tlnne to conduct, maintain, and support free schools as herein provided, under the supervision and control of the State board of education and Independent of parochial school authorities: Provided further. That such city shall not be entitled to membership ot the parish l>oard*of school directors and that the electors of such city shall not be eligible to vote at the elections for such directors for the parish In which such city ts situated. * « * Aar. 256. The Louisiana Smte Normal School; established and located nt Natchitoches; the Industrial Institute and Collefn? of Louisiana, whose name Is hereby changed to the Louislusn Industrial Institute, established and locntet^ at Rustqp. and the Southern University, now establlslied In the city of New Orleans, for the eiiucntlon ofi)ef8on8 of color, are hereby recoguleoil; and the general assembly is directed to make such npnroprlatlons from time to time as may be necessary for the Dinlntonnnce, support and Inu^rovenient of these Insti- tutions; Provided, That the appropriation for the maintenance and support of the Southern Unlveralty shall not exceed |10,(k)0 iH*r anmim. Aar. 257. The debt due by the Istate to the free-s(‘hool fund Is herel^ declartnl 10 be the sum of f 1,130.807.51 In principal, and shall be kept on the books of the auditor and treasurer to the creillt of the several townships entitled to the same; the said principal being the proceeds of the sales of lands heretofore granted by the United States for the u^ and sdvii)ort of free public schools, which amount shall be held by the State ns ii loan, and shall be mid remain a perpetual fuud, on. which the State shall pay an anmiul Interest of 4 per cent, and that said interest shall be imld to the sevenal townships In the State en- titled to the same. In accordance with the act of Congress, No. 08. approved February 16, 1843. ’ ^ Art. 258, The debt due by the State to £he s^ilnary fund Ic hereby declared to be $136,000, being the proceeds of the sale of laflds heretofore granted by the United States to this State for the use of a seminary of learning, and said amount shall be kept to the credit of sffld fund on tne books of the auditor and treasurer of the State ns a perpetual loan, and the State shall pay nn annuol Interest of 4 per cent on said amount Art. 250. The debt dn^ by the State to the ngricnfturtfl and mechanical col- lege fund Is hereby declared to be the sum of being the proceeds of the sale of lands and laud scrip heretofore gruuteil by the United' States to this State for the use of a college for the benefit of agricultural and me<^haaical arts; and said amount shall be kept to the credit of said fund on the books of the auditor and treosurer of the State as a peri>etual loan, and the State ahull X>ay an annual Interest of 5 per cent on said amount Art. 200. The Interest due on the free-school fund, the seminary fund, and the agricultural and mechanical college fund shall be paid out of any tax that haay be levied and collected for the payment of the interest on the State debt. A«T. 261. All pupils In the primary grades In the public schools throughout the parish of Orleans, unable to provide themselves with the requisite books, an afflcUiTit to that effect having been made by one of the parents of such pupils, or if such parents be dead, then by the tutor or other person In charge of such pupils, shall be furnished with the necessary books, free of expense, to be paid for out of the school fund of said parish ; and the school board of the imiish of Orleans is hereby directed to appropriate annually not b>ss thuu ^,000 for. the purpose nam^ provld^ such amount be needed. Art. 317. ♦ ♦ ♦ The city of New‘ Orleans shall have power and It shall be US’ duty to issue $200,000 of bonds, known as " School-teachers' sulary^bonds," for the purposes and under the provisions an^ conditions set forth In the special act of the legislature adopted to that end and for that purpose, at the re^ar session of 1906, which said act is hereby ratified and approved, t * * [Amendment] The act adopted by the legislattire at the regular session be^ and held on May ll, 1908, regulath;(^e care, treatment, and control of neglected and delinquent children, 17 years oif age and under, and for the trial of adultk charged with any violation of the laws for protecting the physical, jki^ral, and mental well-being of children or with desertion or failure to support C0K8TITTTTX0NAL FBOVISIOKB A6 TO . BDUCAnOlT. 8W wife or children ; organUlng the Jarentle court In the parteh of Orleans, prorid- Ing n Judge nnd oflicere therefor; providing for separate sessions, as Jurenlte courts, of the district court outside of said parish; defining the Jurisdiction of sold courts; and providing them with probation officers of either sex. for Inde- terminate seutences by said courts nnd for appeals therefroir and making other provisions cognate thereto, Is hereby ratified nnd approved, . id all provisions of the present constitution In confilct witl^ the provisions of s. d act and this nmendmeit are to that exent and for that purpose ouly repealed. Act Ko. 83, adopted June 30, lOOS, as nmeuded by the net nd- .’ted by the legislature at the regular session begun and held on May 9, 1010, re ulating the care, treatment, and control of neglected nnd delinquent children, ^7 years of age and under, and fur the trial of adults charged with any violation of the lows for protecting the physical, morr.l. end mental well-being of children, or with desertion or failure to support wife or children; organising the Juvenile court In the parish of Orleans, providing a Judge and officers therefor; pro- viding for separate sessions, as Juvenile courts, of the district courts outside of said parish; defining the Jurisdiction of sMd courts; and providing them with probation officers of either sex for indeterminate sentences by said courts, and for appeals therefrom, nnd making . other provisions cognate thereto, and sus- pending the same In so far rs It affects all parishes outside of the parish of Orl^ns, except parishes which contain an Incorporated town of more than 7,000 inhabitants, and providing therein formalities by which the effect and operation of the net No. 83 of. 1008, os amended by the act of the legislature of 1910, herein referred to, may be extended to other parishes, and more ful^ deClorlng and defining the jurisdiction of the Juvenile courts In regard to chll- dron and other ix?rsons who may be charged before sail courts, providing said amendment, If adopted, shall go Into effect on and after Jnnunry 1, 1911, is hereby rnllfletl and Approved: And further provided. That all provisions of the present constitution in confilct with the provisions of said act as amended, and this amendment, are to that extent, and for that purpose only, repealed. Section 1. Sc it enacted hp the Oeneral Aasembty of the State of Louisiana^ itco-ihirds o/ (ty the members elected to each house concurring, That, subject to the ratification of the people of the State of Louisiana, by an amendment to tlie constitution of the State, hereinafter submitted to them, the hoard of directors of the public schools for tlie parish of Orleans, of the State of Louisiana, Is her^y authorized and empowered to Ip .e bonds not to exceed $?.000,000 in amount,^ to be dated January 1, 1915, bearing 5 per cent per an- num interest, payable semiannually, the principal of which shall he payable In 40 annual instnllments of $50,000 each, payable on the 1st day of January In each of the years 1910 to and Ucluding 1955, re^>ectlvely, as hereinafter set forth. * * * ' MAINE. I Abt. 1, Sec. 3. • • * all religious societies In this State, whether Incor- porate or unincorpqynte, shall at all times have the exclusive right of electing their public teachers, and contracting with them for their support and main- tenance. \ Abt. VIII. A general diffusion of the advantages of education being essential to” the preservation of the rights and liberties of the people; to promote Jbls Im- portant object, the legislature are authorized, and It shall be their duty to re- quire, the several towns to make suitable provision, at Lheir own expense, for the support nnd maintenance of public schools; and It-slmll further be their duty to encourage aud suitably endow, from time to time, as the circumstances of the people may authorize, all academies, colleges, and seminaries of learn- ing within the St^ite: Provided, That no donation, grant, or endownient shall at any time he made by the Iwlslature to any literary Institution now established, or which may hereafter beWnbllshed, unless, at the time of making shhh en- dowment. the legislature of Ue State shall Jiiave the right to grant any further powers to alter, limit, or res^gjp any of the powers vested In any such literary institution, as shall be Judged necessary to promote the best Interests thereof. Ariu XXII. No city or town having less than 40.000 inhabitants, ac^rdlog to the^last census taken by the United States, shall hereafter create any debt or liability, which single or in the aggregate, with previous debts or UabUltles, 8966“— 16 67 / 8d8 GTATB LAWS iqtLATmo TO PTTBUO BDtTOATtON. diall «xr««J 5 per eentnm of the last regouf raluatlon of nid city or town; Frat?i4ed, however. That cltlee bovine a population of 40,000 or more* acoortUug . to the laat codbub taken by the United Statea, mny create a debt or llabiMty which alngle or in the aggregate, with previous debts or llabilltlea, shall equal T) per cent of the last regular valuation of said city, that cities of 40,000 In- habitants, or over, may, by a majority vote of their city government, increase the present rate of 5 per centum of one-fourth of 1 per cent In any one municipal year, until, In not less than 10 years, the mnxlmum''ntte of 7} per cent la reached, that any city failing to take the Increase In any one municipal year then the Increase for that year Is lost and no Increase can be mode until the next year aa provided above. ♦ ♦ ♦ 'ft #; ' MARYIiAJO). Abt. VIII, 8bc. .1. The general assembly, at Its first session** after the adoption of this constitution, shall, by law. establish througbouWtbe State a thorough and efficient system of free public schools; and shall provide by taxation, or otherwise, for their malDtenance. Seo. Z The system of public schools, as now constituted, shall remnMkjlD force ontll the end of the said first session of the general assembly, and shall then expire, except so far as adopted or contlc4ted by the general assembly. Sxo, 9L The school fund of the State ihall be kept inviolate, and appropriated only to the purposes of education. MASSACHUSETTS. Crap. V, Sxc. 1. Whereoa our wise and pious ancestors, so early as the year 168(1, laid the foundation of Harvard College, In which ttulverslty many i>or- aons of great eminence have, by the blesalng of God, been Initiated In thow' arts and sciences which qualified them for public employments, both In church and state; and whereas the encouragement of arts and sciences, and all good literature, tends to the honor of God, the advantages of the Christian religion, and the great benefit of this and the other United States of America, it Is declared, that the president and fellows of Harvard College, in their corporate capacity, and their successors In thot capacity, their officers and servants, shall have. hold, use, exercise, and enjoy, all the powers, authorities, rights, liberties, privileges; Immunities, ond franchises, which they now have, or are entitled to have, hold, use, exercise, and enjoy; and the same are hereby ratified ami confirmed unto them, the sold president and fellows of Harvard College, and to their successors, and to thetr ofllcers and servants, respectively, forever. And whereas there have been at sundry times, by divers persons, gifts, devises of houses, lands, tenements, goods, chattels, legacies, and conveyances, here- tofore made, either to Harvard College In Cambridge, In New England, or to the preald^t and fellows of Harvard College, or to the said college by some other description, under several charters, successively. It Is declared, that nil the said gifts, grants, devises, legacies, and conveyances, -are hereby forever confirmed unto tbe prestdent and fellowa of Harvard College, and to tbelr suc- cessors in the capacity aforesaid, according to the true Intent and meaning of the donor or donors, grantor or grantors, devisor or devisors. And whAeas, by an oct of the General Court of the Colony of Massachnsetts Bay, passed In the year 1642, the governor and deputy governor, for the time being, and aU the magistrate^ of that Jurisdiction, were, with the president, and a number of the clergy In the said act ^escribed, coD.itituted the over- •sert of Harvard College; and It being necessary, In this now cofisUtutlon of fOTenunent to ascertain who shall be deeme^ succesaors to the aatd governor, d^Dty goremor. and magistrates, It Is declared, that the governor, lieutenant gossmor, council, and senote of this O>nunonwealtb, are, and shall be deemed, their successors, who, with the president of Harvard College, for tbe time being, together with the ministers ot the congregational churches In the towns of Cambridge. Watertown, Charlestown, Boston, Boxbury, and Dorchester, mentioned In the said act, shall bv. and hereby are. vested with all the powers and authority belonging, or In any way appertaining to the overseers of Harvard CoUege: ProviM, That nothing herein 4hdU constructed to pre- r 899 OOfl BllTU TIOKAX. FBOVtSIOKB AS TO EDT70ATT0K. neat the lecteleture of this Oommonwealth from maUns inicb elteratlona In the fovemment of the said unlveralty as aball be conducive to Ua advantage HDd the Interest of the republic of letters. In as full a manner as might have . been done by the legislature of the late Province of the Massachuaetts Bay. Saa Z Wisdom and knowledge, as i;t*eU as virtue, diffused generally among the body of the people, being necessary for the preseiA-atlon of their tights and liberties; and as these depend on spreading the opportunities and advantages of . evlucatlon In the vnrious parts of the country, 4»nd among the different orders of the people. It shall be the duty of legislatures aud^mafdBtrntea, in all future I^riods of this Common wt»n 1th, to cherUli the Interests of literature and* the stiences. and all seminaries of them. esi>eclBlly the university at Cambridge, public scjioolB and grammar schools In the towns; to encourage prlyate societies ntfd public Institutions, rewanis nnd InmUmlUes. for the promotion of agri- culture, arts, sciences, commerce, trades, manufactures, and a natural history of the country; to countenance and Inculcate the principles of humanity and Kcneml benevolence, public nud private charity. Industry and frugality, honesty and punctuality lu their dealings; sincerity, good humor, and all social aflfec- ' tions, and generous sentiments, among the i^eoide. ‘ Abt. XVI 1 1. All nitmeys ralseil by taxation lu the towns and cities for the support of publl • flcbools, and. a 11 moneys which may be appropriated by the State for the support of common schools, uhall be applied to, and expended In, no other schools than those which are conducted according to law, under the order and superintendence of the authorities of the town or city in which the moi^y Is to be exi>ended; and such moneys ahull never be appropriated to any religious sect for the maintenance, exclusively, of Its own school. MICHIGAN. AST. II, Sea 8. • . • • No money shall be appropriated or drawn from the treasury for the benefit of any religious s*vt or serty ns shall be assessed by n ^*nte board of assessors, and the rate of taxation ou such property shall be the niie which the State board of assessors shall ascertain and detemilne Is the arernge n.te levied upon other property upon which ad valorem taxes are assessed for State, county, township, school, and nmulcli»al purposes. Art. XI. Sec. 1. Religion, morality, nnd knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of jeilucatlon shall forever be encouraged. Sec. 2. A superintendent of public Instruction ehnll be elected at the regular election to be held on the first Monday In April, 1009, nnd every second year thereafter. He shall bold office for a period of two years from the first day of July following his election and until his successor la elected and qualified. He shall have general supervision of public Instruction in the State. He shall he a member and secretary of the State toard of education* He sbull be ex officio a member of all other boards having control of 'public Instruction in any State institution, with the right to speak but not to vote. His duties and compensa- tion shall be prescribed by law. Sec. .8. There shall be a board of regents of the university, consisting of eight members, who shall hold the office for eight yeara There shall be elected at 900 / 8XATB lAWS BXLAXnrO TO ^^LIO SDUOATtOV. Mch regular biennial spring Section two members of sueb board When a ra- cancy shall occur In the olDce of regent It shall be filled by appointment of the governor. Sic. 4. The regents of the university and their successors In office shall con- tinue to constitute the body corporate known as The Regents of the Vnlverslty of Michigan. 8ec. 6. The regehts of the university shall, as often aa- necessary, elect n president of the university*. The president of the/un^i;efslty ami the suiwrln-' tendent of public instruction shall be ex officio memWfs of the booni of regents, with the privilege of speaking but not of voting. The prealdent shall preside at the meetings of the boa nl and be the principal executive officer of the uni- versity. The board of regi»uts shall have the general supervision of the univer- sity and the dlri^tiou and control of all expenditures from the university fumla Sec. 6. The State boord of education shall consist of four members. On the first Monday In April, 1900. and at each succeeding biennial spring election, there shall be elov'tcd one member of sueb board, who aliall bold bla office for six years from the first d.iy of July following bis election. The Stuie board of education shall have general sui>ervl8lou of the State normal coliege and the State normal schools, and- the duties of said board shall be prescrltMHl by law. Sec. 7. There shall be elected ou the first Monday In April, IIKIO. n State board of agrlcultuns to consist of six members, two of whom sholl hold (he office for two years, two for four years, and two for six years. At every regular biennial spring election thereafter there shall be elected two meml>or8. whose term of office shall he six years. The members th^s elected and tbetr successors In office shall be a hotly corporate to be known as the State Board of Agriculture. Set. 8. Tlie State Bontxl of Agriculture shall, ns often ns necessary, elect a president of the agricultural ct>llege. who shall be ex officio a member of the boanl. with the [irhllcge of Ri>eakliig but not of voting. He shall preside at the meetings of the boanl and he the prlncliwl extvutlve uffloer of the college, Tlie board shall have the general 8tiiH*rvIsiou of the coHege, and the direction and control of all agricultural college funds, and shall perform such other duties as may, be prescribed by law. Sec. 0, The legislature shall continue a system of primary schools, when^by every school district In the State shall provide for the education of Itfl pupils without charge for tuition; and all Instruction In such schools shall be con- ducted In the English language. If any s^’hool district shall neglect, to maintain a school within Its borders as prescribeil by law for nt least five months In each year, or to provide for the edticntlon of its pupils In another district or districts for an equal perltxl. It slinll be deprived for tlie ensuing rear of Its proportion of the primary -school Inter^^t fund. If any school district shall, on the settmd Monday In July of any year, have on hand a sufficient amount of money In the primary-school interest fund to pay its teachers for the next ensuing two years *<18 determined from the jiay roll of said district for the last school year, and In case of a primary district, nil tuition for the next ensuinj.' two years, bnsetl upm the then enrollment in the seventh and eighth grades iu said wdiool district, the children In wild district shall not Ik» counted in making the ne\t apitortlon- ment of primary-school money by the suiierlntendeut of ptiblic Instruction; nor Bhall such children be couutee fostered am! supported. Abt. XIII. Sec. 4. The regents of the Vnlverslty of MIebipnn shall have power to take private property for the use nf rho university. In the manner prescribed by law. ART. IV. Src. S3. * • • The legislature shall pass no locnl or special law regulating the affairs of, or lncorj)oratlng. envtlng. or chnnglng the lines of, any county, city. vITage, township, ward or school dlatrlct. or creating the (trtUos, or prescribing tlie powers and duties of the ofik'ers of. or fixing or re- 'itlng to the comptMistitlon, (uilary or ft*es of the same, or of the motle of el«S (Um or appointment thereto. ♦ • • rejmUitlng the nmhairement of public choosing any officer of schools or any members of library boards, or ui>on any HUch purposes. ♦ ♦ ♦ Art. VII, Sec. 7. Every person who hy the provisions of this article sbnll be entitled to vote at any election sha i be eligible u- any office which now la, or hereafter slmll be. elective by the people In the didrlet wherein he shall bgve resldee granted hy the Vnlted States for the use of scluvols within each townslilp of this State shall re- main a pen>etunl scduxtl fund to the State; and not more than oni^thlnd of said lands may be sold In 2 years, one-third In 5 years, and one-third In 10 years; but the lauds of the gre.itest valuation shall he s(»ld fir.'tt ; Provided, That no IxtrUon of said lands shall bo sold otherwise than at public sale. The principal of all funds arising from enles or other dlsiKisltlon (»f lands or other property, granted or Intrusted to this State In each to^mshlp for educntlonnl purposea, shall forever be preservtMl Inviolate and undiiiilnlshod ; and the income arising from the lease or sale of sold school land shall be distributed to tlie dlffei^t townships throughout the State, in proix>rtion to the number of scholars In each township, l>etweon the ages of 5 and 21 years; and shall be faithfully applied to the sjx^lflc objects of the original grants or appropriations, s Suitable laws shall be euactiHl by the legislature for the safe Investment of the principal of all funds which have heretofore arisen or which may hereafter nrlse from the sale or other dis[K>BltioD of such lands, or the Income from such lands accruing In any way before the sale or disposition thereof, in interest<> hearing bonds of the United States, or of the State of Minnesota, issued after the year I860, of of such other State as the leglalatui,e may, by law, from time to time direct All swamp lands now held by the State, or that may hereafter Accrue to the State, abali be appraised and sold In the same manner and by the, same officers, and the minimum price shall be the same leas one-third, as is provided by law for the appraisement and sale of the school iSnds under the provisions of Utle 1 of chapter 88 of the general statutes. The principal of ai^funds derived from 6ales of swamp lands, as afbresald, shall forever be preserved inviolate and un- dlffllnlahed. One-half of the proceeds of said principal shall be appropriated to MIKXKSOTA. / 90S aXATB LkWS BELATIKq TO PUBUO RD0OATXOV. the coDinw>D-Khool fxxiul of Uie 8tat«. Tbe reouiialag oae-half abAl) bo at^nv prlatcd (o the educatiooal and cbarluble institutions of (he State in the reU* tire ratio of cost to support said Instltutloua Saa S. The legislature shall make such provisions, bj taxation or otherwise, as, with the Incuuie arising from tbe acbool fund, will secure a thorough and edkleut ar^eni of public schools In each township lu the Suite. But In no case shall tbe moneys derived as aforesaid, or any tiortion tbereitf, or any public moneys or properly, be approprltuod or used tor the supt^ort of schools wherein the distinctive doctrines, cree^ls. or tenets of any particular Christian or other religious sect are promulgated or taught. fijtc. 4. Tbe location of the Culversity of Miunesotn. as established by exist- ing laws, U hereby couflnned. and stild Institution 1^ heretty declared to be the University of the State of MlDDesots. All the rlghtn, Immunities, franchises, end endowments heretofore grauU^ l or conferrM im^'tierehy pen»etuated unto tbe said university; and all lands which may be granted hereafter by Oongresa. or other donations for auld university purfiosesk ahull v^est In iheanstltutlon re- ferred to In this section. Bix. b. Tbe permanent acbool funds of tbe State may be loaned upon* Interest at the rate of 6 per cent per annum to the m*veral counties or school districts of the State, to be used la tbe orxvtlou of county or fniiool buildings. No such loan shall be made until approved by a IxMinl ixtnwl sting of the governor, the State auditor, and the State treasurer, who are hereby constituted an Invest- ment boord for tbe purpose of the loans hereby authorised ; nor shall any such loan be for an amount exceeding 3 per cent of the Inst preceding nssesaod valu- etloD of tbe real estate of the county or school diatrlct receiving tbe same. The Srato auditor shall annually, at the time of cerilt>iug Uie State tux to tho‘ several county nuditora, also cerilf; to each auditor to whose county, or to any of the school dUtiicts of whose county, any such loan aliall have been mndo. the tax nci'esaury to be levied to meet the ttccniing Interest or principal of any such loan, and It Bhall be the duty of every sui h c^ount.v audltOLfonhwlih to leiT and extend such lax U|K>n all the ia\uble prot>orty of his comity, or of the several schiHil districts. resix»ctlvely, liable for surh b>an« — ns the ease may be — and In all such cases the tux so assessed ahull be 50 jier cent lu ciLi>e8a of tbe amount actually necessary to be rnlsod on account of such accrult^ principal or Interest, It shall be levied, colkH ttMl, and p; Id into the county and Slate treasuries In tbe same manner us State taxes, and any excess collected over the amount of such prlucii>nl or Interest atvrulng In any given year shall be credited to the general funds of the n^siieclive couuiles or school districts; No change of tbe boundaries of any school district after the making of any such loan shull operate to withdraw any proi>erty from the taxation herein provided for; nor shall any law be passed extending the time of |>ayiuent of any such prluolpnl or Interest, or reducing the rate of such Interest, or In nuy manner waiving or Impairing any rights of the State In cimneciion with any such loan. Suitable laws, not inconsistent with this amendment, may be passed by tbe leglslaturo for the pur|x)se of carrying the same into effect. Sec. 6. The pemianeut school and university fund of this Stable may be In- vested In the bonds of any county, school district, city, town, or village of this State, but no such Investment shall be mm^e until approved by the board of commissioners designated by law to regulate the Investment of tbe permanent school fund and Uie permanent university fund of this State; tior ahall such loan or Investment be made when the bonds to be Issued or purchased would make the entire bonded Indebtedness exceed 15 per cent of tbe assessed valua- tion of the tniuhle real property of the county, school district, city, town, or VlUage Issuing such bonds; nor shell such loans or Indebtedness be made at a lower rote of Interest than 3 per cent per annum, nor for a shorter period than b years, nor for a longer period than 20 years, and no change of the town, acbool district, city, Tillage, or of county lines shall relieve tbe real property In Bucb town, school district, county, vlllnge, or city In this State at the time of the issuing of such bonds from any llablHty for taxation to pay such bonds. Aar. IX. Sec. 1. ♦ ♦ • Taxes shall be uniform upon the same class of aubjecU, and shall be levied and collected for public pun>oae8, but public bury^ ing grounda, public achoolbbuses. public hospitals, academies, colleges, universi- ties, and all semlnades of learning * * *. . SCO. 12. Suitable laws shall be passed by the legislature for the' safe-keeping, traoate, and dlabareemenU of tbe State and school funds * * *. OOHBUTXmOH4L paOVtSTOKB AB 10 SDOOAHOH« 1K)8 MIBSKSIPPL # Axt. IV, Ssa 60. Ko law gnctliiis a doDatlon, or srttnity, In fiTor of any peraon or object ahall 6e enacted, except by ctmcurreoce of two-thlrda of each br&Dcb of the legliUature, nor by any voteior a sectarian purpose oroas. Sac. 60. General appropriailon bills shall contain only the appfX}pHaUon to defray the ordinary eipeuaea of the executive; leclalatlve, and judicial depart* menta of the governmenu to pay Interest on Stale bond^ and to support the common schools • • • Sec. 00. The leslsluiure ahall not pass local, private, or apeclal laws In any of the following enumerated casea, but such matters shall be provided for only by general laws, vis; • • • (p) Providing for the management or support of any private or common school. IflcorporaUug the same or granting such school any privileges, • • • Aar. Vlll, Saa 201. It ahall be the duty of the leglaloture to encourage by all suitable nicnna the promotion of Intellectunl, scientific, moral, and agrlcul* tural Improvement, by eeiabhahlng n uniform system of free public schools, by taxation, or ulberwlte, for all children between the ages of 5 and 21 years, and, 118 soon ra practicable, to establish schools of blgber grnda 8x0. 202. There shall be a sui)erluteDdeut of public education elected at the saiue time and In the same manner as the gorenior, who shall have the quallfl* c;. lions required of the Secretary of state, and hold his office for four yean and uutll bis successor shall be elected and qualified who ahull have the general cuiiorvlslon of the common schoola, and of the educational Interests of the 8UtA, and who shall i>erforui cuch other duties and receive such compensation, as fhall be prescribed by law. ’Swx 2(il. There shall be a board of education, consisting of the secretary of state, the r.ttoruey gencr;.!, cud the Buiwrlntendocl of public education, tor the management and Investment of the school funds, according to law, and for the performance of such other dnilea as may be pretcrlbed. The au|)ei1nteadent end one other of said board tdiull const liiite a quorum. 8x0. 2iM. There eliall be a sui>erlntendeul of public education In each county, who ahull be npiH)ln|t\l by the board of eowor to make the office of county school super- intendent of the revernl counties elective, or may otherwise pro\lde for the dis- charge of the duties of county superintendent, or abolish said office. Stc. 2i<5. A public school shall be maintained In each school district in the . ronnty nt least four nionths during each st'holusllc year. A school district ^neglect lug to maintain Its school four months, shall be entitled to only such part h of the free ek'LooI fund as may be required to pay the teacher for the time actually taught Sec, 206. ihore shall be a cohinaon-scho*)! fund which shall consist of the fxtll tax (to be retained In the c^)unlles where the same la collected) and an iiddlllonnl sum from the general fund In the Slate treasury which together shall be sufficient to maintain the common schopis for* the term of four months In each scholaBtlc year. ' But any county or separate school district may levy an additional tax to maintain Its schools for a longer tlm'e than the term of lour months. The commou-sebool fund ahall be distributed among the several | counties and separate school districts, In proportion to the number of educable | children In each, to be determined fmm data collected through the office of I the Stole superintendent of education, In the manner to be prescribed by law. Sec. 207. Separate schools shall be maintained for children of the white and ' colored rncea Sec. 208. No' religious or other sect, or sects, shall ever control any part of i the school or other educational fuuda of this State; nor shall any funds be j appropriated toward the supiKirt of any sectarian school; or to any school that at the time receiving such appropriation Is not conducted as a free school. i Sec. 209. It shall be the duty of the legislature to provide by law for the ■ support of Institutions for the education of the deaf, dumb, and blind. 1 Sec. 210. No public officer of this State, or any district, county, city, or I town thereof, nor any teacher or trustee of any public school, shall be Inter- | ested In the sale, proceeds or profits of uny books, apparatus, or furniture to be used In any public school In this State, Penalties shall be provided by law fur the violation of this section. /; V '..rrv,!. - *^W' - r. 11 j ■>■ ;; * • - ' ^ ^ . n m r?;: ;-;''lP«| ' ' ' Sfc& 211.. Tb0 legislfttiire tball eiuL^^tiiiCh'liiws as may be necessary to as* certain, the true condition of the tiUe to the sixteenth sections of land In this Bwe,'-ur land franted la lieu thereof, in the Choctaw parchase. and shall pro- the 8lxteenth*eectlon lands reserved for the support of township school^shall not be sold, nor shall they be leased for a longer- term than 10 year* for a gross som; but the legislature may provide for the lease of any of exceeding 25 years fbr a ground rental payable annu- ally, an^ in case of uncleared lands, may lease ^them for such short term as may be deemed proper In consideration of the Improvement thereof, with right thereafter to lease for a term or to hold on payment of ground rent 2L2. The, rate of toterest on the fund known as the Chickasaw school fund, and other trust funds for educational purt^aes, for which the State Is riwiKmalble, shall be fixed and remain as long as said funds are held by the Sta^ *jL? ^ centum per annum., from and after the close of the fiscal year A. D. 1891, and the dlatribution of said Interest shall be made semiannually on the 1st of May and November of each year. S*o. 213, The State having received and appropriated the land donated to It Tor the support of agricultural and mechanical colleges, by the United States, and having; In furtherance of the' beneficent design of Congress In granting saw land, esUbllahed the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Mississippi, and the Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College, It Is the duty of the State to sacredly carry out the conditions of the act of Congress, upon the subject, ^proved July 2, A. D. 1832, and the legislature shall preserve intact the en- dowments tOf and support, said college* Aot. XII, Sxa 248, A uniform poll of |2, to be used In aid of the com- nwm schools, and for no other purpose, is hereby Imposed on every male In- habitant of this State between the ages of 21 and 30 years, except persons wbo ore deaf and dumb or blind, or who are maimed by loss of hand or foof^ said tax to be a lien only ux)on taxable proper^. The board of supervisors of any county may, for the purpose of aiding the common schools In that county, In- ' crease the poll tax in said county, but In no case shall the entire poll tax ex- ceed in any one year $3 on e?ch poll. No criminal proceedings shall be allowed to enforce the collection of the poll tax. MISSOUKI. n, Sxo. 7. That no money shall ever be taken from the public treasurv mreetly or Indirectly, In cld of cny church, sect, or denomination of religion, or In aid of any priest, preacher, minister, or teacher thereof as ecch. .• • • 4*^* 43. ♦ • ♦ All appropriations of money by the successive cen- eral assemblies shall be made in the following order: ♦ • ♦ Third. For free public school purposes. • ♦ • t general assembly shall have no power to authorize any county, * Sy* township, or other political corporation or subdivision of the State now existing, or that may be hereafter estabMshed. to lend its credit or to grant public money or thing of value In aid of or to pay individual, assocla- tion, or torpomtlon whatsoever, or to become a stockholder In such corpora- tfon,^aelK>datlon, or company: Provided further. That this shaU not be ‘so con-^ BtnM as to prohibit* the general, assembly from authorizing by law school board* or boards of education In this State In cities which now contain or may hereafter contain, a population of 100,000 or more, to create, maintain, and manage a fund'out of the school moneys under their control, for pensioning pnblic-Bchool teachers who have become mentally or physically Incapacitated idr further service! And provided further. That no part of the said pension fund shalTbe taken out of the general revenue fund of the State apportioned to the ^ or cities for school purposes, but must be paid out of the district fond . ^ the district seeking to enforce this prorislcn of the constitution relating to . teachmf penrionav'; ■ ■' - ... . - . ' §*^ general Sssembly shall not pass any local or special law : • • • ^alrs of counties, cities, townships, wards, or school dls- . tricts^ ^ . I- towpshlps. or changing township UneSi or the lines of school p'r'i 'dlitnCDi; ' * - fi-. ■ Bciioolnouflee, and the railing of money for roch purposes; .• • • ' Art, V, Sbo. 1; The executive d^>artm^t shaJl consist of a governor, ♦ • • attorney general, and superintendent of public schools, all of whom • • • shall reride at the sent of govemmwit during their term of office, and keep the public records, books, and papers there, and shall perform^och duties as may be prescrtbckl by law. Skx 2. The term of office of the governor, • • • attorney general, and superintendent of public schools shall be four years from the second kfonday of January next after their election, and until their successors are elected and quallfl^ • • • At the general elecUon to be held in the yeat» 1876, and every four years thereafter, all of such officers, except the superintendent of public schoolsi shall be elected, and the superintendent of public schools shall be elected at the general election in the year 1878, and every four years thereafter. Sko. 19. No person shall be eligible to the office of * • • superintendent of public schools unless be be a mule citizen of the United States and at least 25 years, old and shall have resided In this State at least five years next before his electloa Art. VIII, Sxc. 7. For the purpose ef vbtlng, no person shall be deemed to have gained a residence by reason of his presence or lost It by reason of his absence • • • while a student of any Instltutloir of learning. • • • Art, IX, Sxo. 6. No county, township, city, or other municipality shall here- after • • • loan Its credit to or In aid of any such corporation or associa- tion, or to or In aid of any college or institution of learning or other InstltutlOD, whether created for or to be controlled by the State or others, a • • Art X, Sec. 6. All railroad corporations in thlq State, -or doing buslnesB therein, shall be subject to taxation for State, county, school, munlclpel, and other purposes, on the real and personal property owned or used by them, and on their gross earnings, their net earnings, their franchises, and their capital * Sec. 6. • • • Lots In Incorporated cities or towns, or within 1 mile of the limits of any such city or town, to the exjtent of 1 acre, and lots 1 mile or more distant from such cities or towns, to the extent of 6 acres, with the buildings thereon, may be exempted from taxation when the Same are used exclurively for religious worships for schools, or for purposes purely charitable. • • • Sec. 8. The State tax on property, exclnrive of the tax necessary to pay the bonded debt of the State, shall not exceed 20 cents on the |100 valuation ; and whenever the taxable property of the State shall amount to 1^,000,000 the rate shall not exceed 16 cents. Sec. 11. Taxes for county, city, town, and school purposes may be levied on all subjects and objects of taxation; but the valuation oif property therefor shall not exceed the valuation of the same property In such town, city, or school district for State and county purposes. For county purposes* the annual rate on property In counties having f6,000,000 or less shall not, In the aggregate, exceed 60 cents on the $100 valuation ; In counties having $6,000,000 and under $10,000,000, said rate shall not exceed 40 cepts on the $100 valuation; In coun- ties having $10,000,000 and under $30,000,000, said rate shall not exceed 60 cents on the $100 valuation; and In counties having $30,000,000 or more said rate shall not exceed 86 cents on the $100 valuation. For city and town pur- poses the annual rate on property in cities and towns having 30,000 inhabitants or more shall not, in the aggregate, exceed 100 cents on the $100 valuation- In cities and towns having less than 80,000 and over 10,000 inhabitants said rate shall not exceed 60 cents on the $100 valuation; In cities and towns having than 10,000 and more than l/XK) inhabitants said rate shall not exceed 60 cents on the $100 valuation; apd in towns having 1,000 inhabitants or less wld rate ahaU not exceed 26 cents on the $100 valuation. For school purposes In districts composed, of cities which have 100,000 inhabitants or more the < annual rate on property riiall not exceed 00 cents on the $100 valuation, and In other districts 40 cents on the $100 valuation: ProrHded, The, aforesaid an- nual rates for school purposes may be increased in districts formed of cities 'ii to an amount not to exceed $1 on the $100 valuation, and in other I districts to an amount not to exceed 66 cents on, the $100 valuation, on the stock. .1 ■&. - - '40% |»UX9 XAWS BSUT^ f^yn^itVm a ntajoHty of the Toten who are tazpayeni voting at an election held to decide the question, vote for said Increase. For the purpose of erecUng public buildings in comnUea, cltleh, or school districts^ the rates of taxaUon herein limited may be increased when the rate of such increase and the pur- pose for which it is Intended diall have been submitted 'io a vote of the people and two-thirds of the qualified voters of such county, city, or school district, votli^ at such election, shall vote therefor. The rate herein allowed to each county shall be ascertained by the amount of taxable property therein, accord- ing to the last assessment for State and county purposes, and the rate allowed to each city or town by the number of Inhabitants, according to the last census under the anthorlty of the State or of the United States; aald restricUon as to rates diall apply to taxes of every kind and description, whether general or special, except taxes to pay valid Indebtedness now existing or bonds which may bo Issued In renewal of such Indebtedness: Provided^ That the city of St. Lo^s may levy for municipal purposes, In addition to the municipal rate of taxation above provided, a rate not exceeding the rate which would be allowed for county purposes If said dty were part of a county. si^ 22. The general asseiubly shall separate the sources of State and local (that la, county, school, and municipal) revenue and ^tabllsh local option for the counties and municipalities of the State In the selection of the subject of taxation. Bia 24. * * * The taxation for school purposes within such county or dty, by whatever authority levied, shall be made according to the plan of taxa- tion adopted in the county wherein such school district Is located, or In the city if the district Is located whoUy In an Incorporated city. Sso. 2b. The taxing power In counties shall be exercised by the county courts thereof, except In counties where the township organisation has been, or may be, effected, and tiiere the taxing power shall he exercised by the township board of directors, and the taxation for school purposes In such townships In the counties under township organisation- shall conform to the taxation adopted in such townships. In cities, the taxing power shall her exercised by the municl- assembly or other b^ wherein the legislative power thereof is vested by low. subject to the limitations of their respective charters. sic. 2d. The Interest on the certificates of indebtedness of the State for the ** public-school fund ” and the “ seminary fund shall be paid by the State out of the general revenue of the State, In lieu of the general tax now levied for such purposes: And provided further. That nothing herein contained shall be construed as impairing the obligat’on of the general assembly to set apart the revenues for the support of the public schools as now provided. All certificates of Indebtedness of the State to the “ public-school fund and to the ** seminary fund** are hereby confirmed as sacred obligations of the State to said funds, and they shall be renewed as they mature for such period of time and at such rate of Interest as may be provided for by law. The gen- eral assembly phAil have the power to provide by law for the Iss Jng certificates to the public-school fund and seminary fund as the money belonging to said funds accumulates In the State treasury : Provided, That after the outstand- ing bonded Indebtedness has been extinguished, all money accumulating la the State treasury for the above-named purposes shall be Invested In registered county; municipal, or school-district bonds of this State of not less than par value. Whenever the State bonded debt is extinguished, or a sum sufficient therefor has b«n received, there shall be levied and collected, In lieu of the 10 c«its on thq $100 valuation now provided for by the statutes, an annual tax not to exceed 8 cents on the $100 valuation to pay the accruing Interest on aU the certificates of Indebtedness, the proceeds of which tax shall be paid Into the State treasury and appropriated and paid out for the specific purpose herein mentioned. ' Aw. XI, SCO. 1. A general diffusion of knowledge and Inttillgence being essen- tial to the t^eservatlon of the rights and liberties of the people, the general assembly sbaU establish and maintain free public schools for the gratuitous Instrocubn of aU persons In this State between the ages 6 and 20 years, and may establish and maintain free public , schools for the gratuitous instruction bf/all psmns in this State between 0 and 6 years of age and over 20 years of Ska 2. Tbs income of all the funds provided by the State for the support of free public schools shall be iMid annually to the several county treasurers, to be disbatMd according to law ; but no school, district in which a free public OOVSimmOITAL PSOVISIOm as to BDUOATIOK. 907 school has not been maintained at least three months daring the year for which the distribution Is made shall be entitled to receive any portion of aach funds. Ssa 8. Separate free public scboola shall be estabUahed for the education of children of African descent Sbo. 4. The superyialon of Instruction In the public schools shall be Tested tn * a ** board of education," whose powers and duties shell be prescribed by law. The superintendent of public schools shall be president of the board. The goT- embr, secretary of state, and attorney general shall be ex officio members, and, with the superintendent, compose said board of education. Sbo. 6. The general assembly shall, whenever the pnbllCHScbobl fund will per- . mlt, and the actual necessity of the same may require, aid and maintain the State university, now establiahed, with Its present departments. The govern- ment of the State university shall be vested la a boa^ of curators, to consist of nine members, to be appointed by the governor, by ^d with the advlpe and consent of the senate. Seo. 6. The proceeds of all lands that have been or hereafter maybe granted by the United States to this State, and not otherwise appropriated by this State or the United States ; also all moneys, stocks, bonds, lands, and other property DOW belonging to any State fund for purposes of education; also the net pro- ceeds of all sales of lands and other property and effects that may accrue to the State by escheat, from unclaimed dividends and distributive sharbs of the^ estates of deceased persons ; also any proceeds of the sales of the pnbUc lands which may have been or hereafter may be paid over to this State (If Oongr^ will consent to such appropriation) ; also all other gjtints, glfts,^ or devises that have been or hereafter may be made to this State, and not otherwise appro- « printed by the State or the terms of the grant, gift, or devise, shall be pi|M into the State treasury, and securely Invested and sacredly preserv<^ asC a public-school fond ; the annual Income of which fund, together vrlth so mtfcb of the ordinary revenue of the State as may be by law set apart for that pur- pose, shall be faithfully appropriated for establishing and maintaining the free public schools and the State nnlver^ty In this article provided for, and for no other uses or purposes whatsoever. Skc. 7. In case the publie-scbool fund now provided and set apart by law for the support of free public schools shall be Insufficient to sustain a free school at least four months In every year In each school district In this Stafe, the general assembly may proylde for snch deficiency in accordance with section 11 of the article on revenue and taxation; but ih ho case shall there be4et apart less than 25 per cent of the State revenue, exclusive of the Interest and slnklgg fund, to be applied annually to the support of the public schools. Sro. 8. All moneys, stocks, bonds, lands, and other property belonging to a county school fund; also the net proceeds from the sale of estraya; also the cleaF' proceeds of all penalties and forfeitures, and of all fines collected In the several counties for any breach of the penal or military laws of the State, and all moneys which shall be paid by persoi^ as an equivalent for exemption from * military duty, shall belong to and be* sgcuroly Invested and sacredly pre- served In the several counties, as a county public-school fond ; Ihe Income of which fund shall be faithfully appropriated for establlsbing and mali)talnlng free public schools In the several counties of this 8tate. Seo. 9. No part of the public-school fund of the St^ shall ever be invested tn the stock or bonds or other obligations of any othswState, or of any county^ ■ city, town, or corporation ; and the proceeds of the sales of any lands or other ' proi^rty which now belong, or may hereafter belong, to said school fund^ aball be Invested In the bonds of the State of Missouri or of the United States. ' Sbc. 10. All county school funds shall be loaned only upop unencumbered real estate security, of doable the value of the loan, with personal security In addi- tion thereto. . . Sbo. 11. Neither the general assembly, nor any county, city, town, township, school district, or other municipal corporation, shall ever make an appropriation • or pay from any public fund whatever anything In aid of any reUi^oua creed, church, or sectarian purpose ; or to help to supporUor, sustain any private or public school, academy, seminary, college, university, or other institution of learning, ccntrolled by any religious cased, church, or sectarian denomlna.tlon , whatever ; nor Shall any grant or donation of personal property or real estate ever be made by the State, or any county, city, town, or other municipal corpo- ration, for any religious cmd, ehurch, or sectarian purpose whatever^ V aiATB LAWS RBLATTN’O TO PTTBUO BDUOATIOV: MONTANA. - aitI y. 8vo. 26. The legttiatiTe assembly shall not pass local or special laws In any of the following enumerated cases, that Ip to say: ♦ ♦ ♦ 'providing for the management of common schools; * * creating offices, or pre- scribing the powers or duties of officers In counties, cities, township, or school districts; ♦ ♦ ♦. 8xa 8^ The general appropriation bills shall e;nbrace nothing but appro- priations for the -ordinary expenses of the legislative, executive and Judicial departments of the State, Interest on the public debt and' for public schools. ♦ ♦ ♦ Sxa 85. No appropriation shall be made for charitable, industrial, educa- tional, or benevolent purposes to any person, con^ratlon, or codamunlty not under the absolute control of the State, nor to any denominational or sectarian institution or association. . Aar. Vll, Sec. 1. The executive department shall consist of a governor, ♦ ♦ ♦ and suiwrintendent of public Instruction, each of whom shall hold his office for four years, or until his successor's elected and qualified, begin- ning on the first Monday of January next sncceedlng his election, * * *. They shall perform such duties as are prescribed In this constitution and by the laws of the State. ♦ ♦ * • * Sb(x 8. No person shall be eligible to the office of governor, lieutenant gov- ernor, or suneriptendent of public instruction, unless ho shall have attained the age of 80. years at the time of his election. * * *. In addition to the qualiflcatlozis above prescribed, each of tlie officers named shall be a citizen of the United States, and have resided within the State or Territory two years next preceding his election. Sko. 4. Until otherwl^ provided by l^w, the ♦ ♦ ♦ superintendent of public Instruction, shall quarterly as due, during tbelr coutinuance In office, receive for their services compensation, which Is fixed as follows: ♦ ♦ • superintendent of public instructloh, $2,500 per annum. * * « Sko. t. • * • If the office of ♦ ♦ ♦ superintendent of public Instruc-' ,tlon shall be vacated by death, resignation, or otherwise. It shall be the duty of the governor to fill the same h^lTpp&latment, and the appointee shall hold his office until his succcssoV shall m elected wd qualified. Aar. IX, Seo. 8. For the purpse of votmg no person shall be deemed to hare gained or lost a residence by rbson of his presence or absence ♦ ♦ ♦ while a student at any institution ofYeamlng, ♦ ♦ ♦ 8x0. 10. Women shall bo ellghde to hold the office of county superintendent of schools or any school-district -Wee and shall have the right to vote at any school-district election , . Akt. X, Sec. 1; Educational, reformatory, and penal Institutions, and those Ibr the benefit. of the Insane, blind, deaf and mute, soldiers* home, and such other Institutions as the public good may require, shall be established and sup- ported by the State; In such manner as may be prescribed by law. Aar. IQ, Seo. 1. It shall be the duty of the Legislative Assembly of Montana i;o establish and maintain a general, uniform, and thorough system of public, free common schools. Sec. 2, The public-school fund of the State shall consist of the proems of such lands as have heretofore been granted, or may hereafter be granted, to the State by the General Government, knoum as school lands ; and those granted In lien of such ; lands acquired by gift or grant from any person or corporation under any law or grant of the General Government; and* all other grants of land or money, made to the State from the General Government for general educa- tional pnrpo^ or where no other special purpose Is Indicated In sneh grant; all estates, or distributive shares of estates that may escheat to the State; all unclaimed shares and dividends of any corporation Incorporated under the laws Of the State, and all other grants, gifts, devises, or bequests made to the State for general educational purposes. i Sxc* 8. Snbh public school fund shall forever remain invidlate, guaranteed by tfib State against loss or diversion, to be Invested, so far as possible, In public se^riti^ within the State, iuclqdlng schbol bonds, issued for the erec- tion of school hnjldlngB, under the restrlcdons to be provided by law. *0X0. 4' The governor, superintendent of public Instruction, secretary of state, ahd arttomey ^eral shall constitute the State board of land com- missioners, vrbich sh^i have the direction, control, leasing, and sale of the •rilool lands of the State, and the lands granted or which may hereafter be OOWSTITOTtOKAL PBOViHIOirB AS TO EOtJOATIOK. \ 009 granted for the rapport and braeflt of the various State educational Instttatlons, as may be prescribed by law. Ssc, 5.>l%e Interest on all invested school funds of the State, and all rents accruing from the leasing of any school lands, shall be apportioned to the sev- eral school districts of the State In proportion to the number of children and youths between the ages of 6 and 21 years, residing therein respectively, but no district shall be entitled to such distributive share that does not maintain a public free schdol for at least three months during the year for which dis- tribution shall be made. Sec. 6. It shall be the duty of the legislative assembly to provide by taxation, or otherwise, sufficient means, In connection with the amount received from the general school fund, to maintain a public, free, common school in each organised district in tlie State, for at least three months In each year. Sec. 7, The public free schools of the State shall be open to all children and youth between the ages of 6 and 21 years. Sec. 6, Neither the legislative assembly, nor any county, city, town, or school district^ or other public corporations, shall ever make directly or Indirectly, any appropriation, orway from any public fund or moneys whatever^:or make any grant of lands or o(her property In aid of any church, or for any sectarian purpose, or to aid In tne support of any school, academy, seminary, college, university, or other literary, scientific institution, controlled in whole or in part by any church, sect, or denomination whatever. Sec. 9. No religious or partisan test or qualification shall ever be required of any person as a condition of admission Into any public educational Institution of the State, either as teacher or student; nor shall attendance be r^ulred at any religious service whatever, nor shall any sectarian tenets be taught In any public educational Institution of the State; nor shall any person be debarred admission to any of the collegiate departments of the university on accoimt of sex. Sec. 10. The legislative assembly shall provide that all elections 4for school district officers shall be separate from those elections at whieh State or county officers are voted for, Sbo, 11. The general control and supervision of the State university and the various other State educational Institutions shall be vested in a State board of education, whose powers and duties shall be prescribed and regulated by law. The said board^shall consist of n members, the governor, State superintendent of public Instruction, and attorney general, being members ex ofiSolo, the other 8 members thereof shall be appointed by the governor, subject to the confirma- tion of the senate, under the regulations and restrictions to be provided by law. Sec. 12. The funds of the State university and of all other State Institutions of learning, from whatever source accruing, shall forever remain Inviolate and sacred to the purpose for which they were dedlcated\ The various funds shall be respectively^ Invested under such regulations as n^ay be prescribed by law, and shall guaranteed by the State against loss or diversion. The Interest of said Invested funds, together with the rents frbn^l^ased lands or proi^rtles, shall be devoted to the maintenance and perpetuatmn of these respectLv?^lnstl- tutlODS. Y Abt..XTI, Sec. 2. The property of * ♦ ♦ sc^iool districts, * • • gball be exempt from taxation; and such other property as may be used exclusively for agricultural and horticultural societies, for educational purposes, * * * may be exempt from taxation. Seo. 5. Taxes for city, town, and school purposes may be levied on all sub- jects and objects of taxation, but the assessed valuation of any property shall not exceed the valuation -of the same property for State and county purpose Abt. XTir, Sec. 6. No city, to.wn, township, or seffiool district shall be allowed V to become Indebted In any manner or for any purpose to an amount, Inelnding existing Indebtedness, In the aggregate exceeding 8 per centum of the value of the taxable property therein, to be ascertained by tte last assessment for the State and county taxes previous to the Incurring of such Indebtedness, • • • Akt. XYII, Seo. 1. All lands of the State that have been, or that may here- after be granted to the State by Co,;grM, and all lands acquired by gift or grant or devise, from any person or corporation, shall be public lan^ of the State, and shall be held In trust for the people, to be disposed of as hereafter provided, for the respective purposes for 'which they have been or may be granted, donated, or devised ; and none of sitch lahd, nor any estate or Interest therein, shall ever be disposed of except In pnrsuance of general laws providing for ioeb dlraosltlont nor unless the full hiarket value ot the estate or intereet «10 fiTATB Lk^B BKlATtKQ TO PUBLIO EOnOAtlOK^ dlvpoMd to be aorertalned In meh manner as may be provided by law, be pald^r B^ely eeenred to the State; nor ahall any lands which the State holds **by grant from the tlnlt^ States (In any case In which the manner of dlAporal and mlntmnm price are so pr^ribed) be disposed of, except in the manner and for at l^st the p^ce prescribed in the girant thereof, without the consent of the United Sthtes. Said lands shall be classified by the board of land commissioners, as follows; First, lands which are valuable only for graining purposes. Secoud, those which are principally valuable for the timber that is on .them. Thira, agricultural lands. Fourth, Tands within the limits of any town or city or within 8 miles of such limits : Frovtded, Tbnt any of said lands-mny be reclassi- fied whenever, by reason of Increased facilities for irrigation <»^^rwE6e, they shall be subject to different classification. JOB Seo. Z The lands of the first of said classes may bb sold or fettp finder such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by law. The lands^f the second class may be sold, or the timber thereon may be sold, under such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by law. The agricultural lands may be either sold or leased, under such rules and regulations as may be prescribe by law. The lend of the fourth class shall be sold In alternate lots of not more^hnn 5 acres each, and not more than one-half of any one tract of such lands wall be sold prior to the year 1910. ^ Sec. 8. All other public lands may dlsx>08ed of In such manner as may be provided by law. « NEBRASKA. Aet. ni, Seo. 15. The legislature shall not pass lo^l or special laws I4 any of the following cases; that Is to say : - • ♦ ♦ Providing for the management of public schools. * Abt. V, Seo.' 1. The executive department shall consist of a governor, lieuten- ant governor, ♦ * ‘-superlnteodent of public Instruction, attorney general, and commissioner of public lands and building^, who shall each hold his office for the term of two years from tie first Thursday and the first Tuesday In January next after his election, and until bis successor is elected and quali- fied. * ♦ ♦ Seo. 19. The governor shill; prior to the adjournment of the thirty-third ses- sion of tba 'legislature, nominate and, with the consent of two-thirds of the members of the senate in executive session, appoint three electors of the State, not more than two of whom shall belong to the same political party and no two of whom ^all reside at the time of their appointment in the same con- gressional distnet, as members of a board to be known as a " board of commis- sioners of State Institutions.'* Said members shall hold office as designated by the governor for two, four, and six years respectively. Subsequent appoint- ments shall be made as provided and, except to fill vacancies, shall be for a period of six yeara* The board shall at all times be subject to the above restric- tions and llcoitatlons. The beard *of commissioners shall have full power to manage, cofitroU and govern, subject only to suchMlmltatlons as shall be estab- lished by law, the State soldiers* home, hospitals for the insane, institute for the deaf, In^ltute for the blind, hidustrlal schools, Institute for feeble-minded children, Nebraska Industrial Home, orthopedic hospital, the State penltentlhry, and all charitable, reformatory, and penal Institutions that shall be by law estab- Uahed &nd maintained by the State of Nebraska. They shall each give bonds, receive compensation for service, perform all duties, and comply with all regu- lations that shall be established by law. * ♦ ♦ 8Ea 24. The salaries of * the secretary of state, attorney general, superlntendwt of public Instruction, and commissioner of public lands and buildings ahall be $2,000 each per annum. * * ^ There shall be no allow- ance for clerk hire in the offices of the superintendent of public instruction and attorney general. ■ AST. VIII, Seo. 1. The governor, secrets 17 of fliAte, treasurer, attorney general, and commissioner of public lands and buildings s^ll, under *the direction of the legi$lattire, constitute a board of commlssioneh, for the sale, leasing, and gen- eral mana^ment of aH lands and funds set apart for educational purposes, and for the investment of school funds in such manner as may be prescribed by All lands, money, or other property granted or bequeathed or In any mahtt^ conveyed to this State for educational purposes shall be used and In accordance with the terms of sneh grant, beqi^ or c^onveyanoe. OOJnmTUTlOKAL^FBOVlSloyS AS TO ronOATIOK. 911 Seo. S. The foUowlDg are hereby declared to be perpetual funds for common- school purposeA of which the annual interest or Income only can be appro- priated, to wit: First Such per centum as has been, or may hereafter be, granted by Oon- gress on the sale of lands In this State. Second All moneys arising from the sale or leasing of sections Kos. 16 and 86 in each township in this State, and the lands selected, or that may be selected, In lleh thereof. Third The proceeds of all lands that "have been, or may hereafter be, granted to this State, where, by the terms and conditions ^f sndi grant, the Bame are not to be otherwise appropriated ‘ Fourth. The net proceeds of lands and other property and Effects that may come to this State, by escheat or forfeUure or frofo unclaimed dividends or dis- tributive shares of the estates of deceased persons. Fifth. All moneys, stocks, bonds, lands, and other property now belonging to the common-school fund Seo. 4. All other grants, gifts, and devises that have been, or may hereafter be, made to this State, and not otherwise appropriated by the terms of the grant, gift, or devise, the interest arising from all the funds mentioned in the preceding section, together with all the rents of the unsold s^^hool lands, and such other means as the legislature may provide, shall be exclusively applied to the support and maintenance of common schools in each school district in the State. Sco. 5. All fines, penalties, and license moneys arising under the general laws of the State shall belong and be pild over to the counties respectively, where the same may be levied or imposed, and all fines, penalties, and license moneys aris- ing under the rules, by-laws, or ordinances of cities, villages, towns, precincts, or other municipal subdivision less than a county shall belong and be paid over to the same, respectively. All such fines, penilties, and license moneys shall be appropriated exclusively to the use and support of the conunon schools In the respective subdivisions where the same may accrue. Sec. 6. The legislature shall provide for the free Instructton In the common schools of this State of all persons between the ages of 5 and 21 years. Seo. 7. Provision shall be made by general law for an equitable distribution of the income of the fund set apart for the support of the common schools, among the several school districts of the State, and no appropriation shall be made from said fund to any district for the year in which school is not main- tained at least three months. Sec. 8. University, agricultural college, common-school, or other lands which are now held or may hereafter be acquired by the State for educational pur- shall not be sold for less than $7 per acre, nor less than the appraised value. Sec. 9, All funds belonging to tbe State for educational purt>08es, the inter- est nndincome whereof only are to be used, shall be deemed trust funds held by the^tate, and the State shall supply all losses thereof, that may In finy manner accrue, so that the same shall remain forever Inviolate and undlminisbed ; and shall not be invested or loaned except on United States or State securities, or registered county bonds of tbis^ State, or registered school-district bonds of this State, and such other s^urities as the legislature may from time to time direct. And si^ funds wlth^the interest and Income thereof are hereby solemnly pledgdWo the purposes for which they are granted and set apart, and shall not be transferred to any other fund for other usea Sec. au. The general government of the University of Neb^ska shall, under direction of the legislature,' be vested in a board of six regents to be styled the Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska, who ^oll be elected by the electors of the State at large, and their term of office, except those chosen at the first election as hereinafter provided, shall' be six yeara Their duties an4 powers Shall be prescribed by law; and they shall receive no compensatlon« but may be reimbursed their actual expenses Incurred In the discharge of their duties, 8jto. 11. No sectarian Instruction shall be allowed in any, school or Institu- tion supported In whole or in part by the public funds set apart for educational purpoBee;.nor shall the State accept any grant, conveyance, or bequest of money, lands, or other property to be used for sectarian purposes. Seo. 12. Tbe legislature may provide by law for the establishment of a school 9r schools for the safe-keeping, education, employment, and reformation of all ^lldren under the age of 16 3^ro. who for want of proper parental care, or other cause, ate growing uji in mendicancy or crime; , OT.2 SXATS LAWS TO PUBLIC BJ^JOAUDST. N£?teA. Ait, V, Sec. 22. The secretory of stnte, • • • siiperlntendeat of public Instruction shall perfora such other duties as may be prescribed by law. Aar. VIII, Sec. 2. All real property and possessory rights lo the same, as wall as personal property In this State, belonging to corporations now existing or hereafter created, shall be subject to taxation the same as property of in- dividuals: Provided, That the property of corporaUons formed for municipal, chsrltable, religious, or educntionni purposes may be exempted by law. Sxa ^ TbeState shall not donate or loan money or Its credit, subscribe to. or be Interest^ In the stock of any company, association, or corporation, except corporations formed for educational or charitable purposes. Aar. XI, Seo. 1. The legislature shall encourage by all suitable means the promotion of Intellectual, literary, scientific, mining, roccilffnieSY, agrtcultural, and moral improvements, and also provide for the el^oon by the p>eople, at the general Section, of a superintendent of public instruction, whose term of oflice shall be two years from the first Monday of January, A. D. 1865, 'and until the election and the qualification of his successor, and whose duties shall be prescribed by law. Sec. 2. The l^sinture shall provide for a .:niform s^tem of common schools, by which a school shall be established and malutainM In each school district at least six months in every year; and any school district neglecting to estab* llsh and maintain such a school, or which shall allow instructions of a sec- tarian character therein, may be deprived of its proportion of the Interest of the public-school fund during such neglect or Infraction ; and the legislature may pass such laws as will tend to secure n general attendance of the children in each school district upon said public school. Sxa 8. All lands, including the sixteenth and thirty-sixth sections in any township donated for the benefit of public schools In the act of the Thirty- eight}! Congress, to enable the people of Nevada Territory to form a State government, the 30.000 acres of public lands granted by an act of Congress, ap- proved July 2, A. D. 1862, for each Senator and Representative In Congress, and ' all proceeds of lands that have been or may hereafter be granted or appro- priated by the United States to this State, and also the 500.000 acres of laud granted to the hew States under the act of Congress distributing the proceeds ' of the public lands among the several States of the Union, approved A. D. 1841 * Provided, That Congress may provision for or authorize such diversion to be made for the purpose herein contained; all estates that may escheat to the State; all of such per centum as may be granted by .Congress on the sale of lands; all fines collected under the penal laws of the State; all property given or bequeathed to the State for educational purposes, and all pro- ceeds derived from any or all of said sources shall be and the spme ore hereby solemnly pledged for educational purposes and shall not be transferred to any other fund for other nees; and the Interest thereon shall, from time to time, be apportioned among the several counties as the legislature may provide ' by law; and the legislature shall provide for the sale of floating land warnmts to cover the aforesaid lands, and for the Investment of all proceeds derived from any of the above-mentioned sources. In United States bonds, or the bonds of this State, or the bonds of other. States of the Union: Provided, That the interest only of the aforesaid proceeds shall be used for educational purposes, and any surplus interest shall be added to the principal sum; And provided further. That such portions of said Interest as may be necessary may be appro-' priated for the support of the State uiliverslty. Sk. 4. The legislature shall provide for the establishment of a State uni- versity, which shall embrace departments for agriculture, mechanic arts, and mining, to be controlled by a board of regents, whose duties shall be prescribed by law. Sio. 5. The legislature shall have power to establish normal schools, and such different grades of schools, froip the primary department to the university, as in their discretion they may deem necessary, and all' professors In said unl- Teralty* or taichers in said schools, of whatever grade, 'shall be required to take and subscribe to the oath ns prescribed In Article XV of this constitution. No. professor or teacher who falls to comply with the provisions of any law framed m outdance with the provisions of this section shall be entitled to receive any . portion of the public moneys set apart for school purposes. Sec. 6. The legislature shall provide a special tax, which shall not exceed s mills on the dollar of all taxable property In the BtatOt la addlUortunitles and advantages of education through the various parts of the country being highly conducive to promote this end, it shall be the duty of the legislators upd magistrates, in all future periods of this government to cherish the interest of literature and the sciences, and all seminaries ond public* I schools; to encourage private ond public institutions, rewards, and Immunities for the promotion of agriculture^ arts, sciences, commerce, trades, manufac-' turos, and natural history, of the country; to countenance and Inculcate the principles of humanity and general benevolence, public and private charity, indu^^try nod economy, honesty and punctuality, sincerity, sobriety, and all social affections and generous sentiments, among the people: Provided, never- thdcfia, That no money raised by taxation shall ever be granted or applied for the use of the sahoois or Institutions of any religious sect or denomination, * * • Art. IV, Seo. VTT (6). The fund for. the support, of free schools, and all money, stock, and other property which may hereafteP be appropriated for that purpose, or received Into the treasury under the provision of any law heretofore passed to augment'the said fund, shall be securely Invested ana remain a perpetual fund; and the Income thereof, except so much as It may be judged expedient to ajpply to an Increase of the capital, shall be annuaUy appropriated to the support of public free schools, for the equal benefit of aU Uie people of the State; and It shall not be competent for the legislature to borrow, appropriate, or use the said fund, or any part thereof, for any other purpose, under nny pretense whatever, Th^ legislature shall provide for U&0 NBW HAMPSHIRE, NEW JERSEY, Ifi 68 914 8TAn LAWS ntLATmo io fttbuo nmoATiov. mftinteaance and atipport of a tboroncfa and efficient nsvtem of free public •cboola for tbe Inatroctioii of &U the children In this State between the acea of S and 18 Saa VII (11). The legtalatnre ahall not paaa private, local, or special laws in anj of the foilowinc enamerated caaea; that is to aaj: • • • Provldina for the manafement jand support of free public achoola • • • NEW BfKXlOO. Aar. rv. 6so. 1. * * * The people reaerre.the power to diaapproTe. suspend, and annul anj law enacted by the lealalature, except general appropriation laws • • • for the maintenance of the public echoola or State inaUtuUona and local or special lawa * • • Sio. 34. The legislature ahall not pass local or special laws In any of the fol- lowing caaee : * * * the management of public schools ; * * * Sac. 81. No appropriation shall be made for charitable, educational, or other beneTOlent purposes to any person, corporation, association, institutton. or com- munity, not under the abulute control of the State, but the legislature mny, In Its dlscfetlon, moke appropriations for the charitable Inatltutione and hospltalB. • • ♦ Aar. V, Sna 1. The execudye department ahall consist of a Myemor. • • • guperlntendent of public InttrbcUon • • * wlio ahall be mected for a term Oif t*o years begi^n^ ou the 1st day of January next after their election. Such officers shaU. after having served two consecutive terms, be Ineligible to hold any State office for two years thereafter. The officers of the executive department, except the lieutenant governor, ahall during their terns of office reside and keep the public records, books; papers, and seala of office at the BMt of goyemment Sso. 8. No person shall be eligible to any office specified In senion 1 hereof, unleea be be a ddsen of the United States, at least 80 years of age. nor unleas be ahall have resided contlnuonaly In New Mexico for five years next precedlug hla election; * * * nor to the office of superlnt^ident of public instruction tmlem be be a trained and experienced educator. Sbo. 12. The annual compensation to bo paid to the officers mentioned in sec- tioh 1 of this article shall be as follows: • • • superintendent of public Instruction, ^,000. • • • Aar. Vn. Sco. 1. * * * All school elections shall be held at different times from other electlonii^ Women possessing the qualifications prescribed In this section for male electors shall be qualified electors at all such school elections; /Provided, That If a majority of the qualified voters of any school ci strict shall, not lees than 80 days before any school election, present a petition to the board of county commlaalonera against woman suffrage In such district, tba proviaiona of this section relating to woman suffrage shall be suspended therein, and such provision shall become again operative only upon the filing with said board of a petition signed by a majority of the qualified voters favoring the r^oradoh hereof. The board of county commissioners sholl certllTy the sus- pension or restoration of such suffrage to the proper school district • • * Ssa 2l * * * women possessing the qualifications of mole electors pre- scribed in paragrsph 1 of this article shall be qualified to bold the office of county school superintendent szul shall also be eligible for election to the office of school director or members of a'board of education. 8x0. 4.. No peraon shall be deemed to have acquired or lost residence by reason of bis pH^ience or absence while employed In the service of the Ui^^ted States or of the State, nor while a student at any echooL An V^I• Bxa 2. Taxes levied upon real or personal property for State revenue shall not exceed 4 mllla annually on each dollar of the assessed value- don therebf except for the support of the educational, penal, and char^uble Snadthrioha of the StatOi payment of the State debt and Interest tbeteo^; and the tdtal sohnal tfa levy upon such property for all State purposes exdxulve of ftficesiaTy levies for the State d^t shall not exceed 10 mllla / 8. *The property of the United States, the State and all cotmtln towns. dUeSr aafi school district and other municipal corporations, public Utraries. ednUDQiMty' ditches and all laterals thereof, all church property, an esed for edpeatloaal or charitable purposea. all cemeteries not used oinMd foriMvafb Of corporate profit, and all bonds of the State of Kev Mexico, and OOirSTITTmOVAL PBOVISIOire AB TO XDtTOATIOK. 915 of tho ooantleo, mtmlclpoUtlM, and districts theroof sbsU be exempt from tax- aUon. ' Sna 7. No exocatloD sIibU issue upon any Jad^meut rendered afslnst' the board of coontx commiaaloDere of any county, or against any Incorporated city, town, or village, school district, or board of education ; or a^nst any oIBcer it any county. Incorporated city, town, or village, school district, or board of educa- * Uon. upon any Judgment recovered agalnat him In his ofllclal capacity and fbf ^ which the county. Incorporated city, town, or village, school district, or board of education. Is liable, but the same shall be paid out of the proceeds of a tax levy as other llabllltlM of counties, incorporated cltlea towns, or villages, school dis- tricts.'or boards of education, and when so ^llected shall be paid by the county treasurer to the Judgment creditor AST. IX, 8sa 11. No school district shall borrow money, except for the pur- pose of erecting and fumlihlng school buildings or purchasing school grounds, and In such cases only when the proposition to create the debt shall have been submitted to the quallOed electors of the district, sod approved by a majority of those voting thereon. No school district shall ever become Indited In an amount exceeding 0 per centum on the assessed valuation of the taxable prop- erty within such school district, as shown by the preceding general assesamait Sxa 14. Neither the State, nor any county, school district, or municipality, except as otherwise t^vlded' In this constitution, shall directly or Indirectly lend or pledge its ciwt, or make any donation to or in aid of any person, association or public or private corporation, or in aid of any private enter- prise for the construction of any railroad; * > • AST. XII, Bbc. 1. A uniform system of free public schools suffldctot for the education of. and open to. all the children of school age In the State, shall be ee- ^ tabllshed and maintained. Sec. 2. The permanent school fund of the State khall consist of the proceeds of sales of sections 2. 16, 32. and 30 in each township of the Stote. or the lands selected In lieu thereof; the proceeds of sales of all lands that have been or - may hereafter be granted to the State not otherwise appropriated by the terms and conditions of the grant; such portion of the proce^ of sales of lands of the United States within the State as has been or may be granted by Congress; also all other grants SiftA and devises made to the Sute, the purpose of^hich Is not otherwise specified. Sna 3. The schools, colleges, universities, and other educational Institutions provided for by this constiiotlon shall forever remain under the exclualvs control of the State, and no port of the proceeds arising from the sale or dis- posal of any lands granted to the State by Congress, or any other funds appro- priated, levied. or collected for educational purposes, shall be used for the sup- port of any sectarian, denominational, or private school, college, or unlveaslty. Sec. 4. All fines and forfeitures collected under general laws; the net pro- ceeds of property that may come to the State by escheat; the rentals of all school lands and other lands granted to the State, the dls];x>8itioD of which la not otherwise provided for by the terms of the grant or by act of Congress; and the Income derived from the permanent school fund, shall constitute the ca^ rent school fund of the State. The legislature shall provide for the levy and collection of an annual tax upon all the taxable property in the State for the maintenance of the public schools, the proceeds of such tax levy to be added to ^tbe curr^t school funds above provided for. current school fund shall be distributed among the school lUstricts of the State In the proportion that the number of children of school age lu each district bears to the total number of such children In the State, and shall provide for the levy and collection of addi- tional local taxes for school purposes A public school shall be maintained for at least five months In each year in every school district In the State. Before making the distribution above provided for. there shall be taken from the current school fond as above created, a sufflclent reserve to be distributed among school districts In which the proceeds of the anaual local tax. when levied to the limit allowed by law, plus the regular quota of current school funds allotted to said district, shall not be sufllcieiit for the maintaining of a school for the full period of five montha and this reserve fund shall be so dis- tributed among such districts as to enable each district to hold school for the said p»1ooard. Stc, 7. The principal of the i>ermoueut school fund shall be Inveeted In the bonds of the State or Territory of New Mexico, or of any county, city, town, board of education, or school illstrut therein. Tbe legislature' mny by three- fourths vote of the membi^rB elected (o each house provMe that said funds may be invested in other Intereet bearlDg aecurttloSL All bonds of other securities In which any, portion of tbe school fund shall bo Invested must be approved by the governor. attomey general, and secretary of state. All losses from auch funds, however ocouirlng. shall be reimbursed by the State. Sue. S, The legislature shall provide for the training of teachers Ih the noi^ . ,mal schools or olherwlse so that they tuny become profleieut In both tho }glish and Siianisb lauguagea to qualify them to (each Spaulsb-speaklng pupils end students In the public schools ond educational Institutions of the State; aud shall provide projier nietiua and methods to facilitate (he teaching of the English lauguage and other bmnehes of learning to such pupils and students. Sioa 9. No reUgtous test a^U ever be required as a coudltlou of odmlaslon into the public schools or any educational iiistUuUpu of this State, either as a teacher or student^ and no U^acher nr student of 'such school or Institution shall ever be required to attend or |«rt!clpate In any religious service whatso* ever. Sec. 10. (?hlldren of Spatileh descent In tbe State of New Mexico shall never be denied the right and privilege of admission aud attendance In the public achools or other public oducationnl institutions of the State, and they aluii never be classed In separate schools, but shall forever enjoy perfect equality with other children In all public schoo's and educational institutions bf the State, aud (he legislature shall provide ttenaltlcs for the violation of this sec- tion. This section shull never l»e amended except ujK>n a vote of the t>eopIe of this State, Jd an election at which at least three-fourths of tbe electors voting lA'Cbe whole StateT and at least two-thirds of those voting In each county in tbe State shall vole for such amendment Beo. 11. The University of New Mexico at Albuquerque, the New’ Mexico College of Agriculture and ^Mechanic Arts near Las Cruces, tho New Mexico . School of Mines at Socorro, the New Mexico Military Institute at Roswell, the New Mexk‘0 Normal University at Las Vegas, tho New Mexico Normal School at Sliver City, the SpanlalJ-Amerlcan School at El RUo. the New. Mexico Asy- lum for the and Dumb at Santa Fe. and the New Mexico Institute for tbe Blind at Alamogordo, are hereby confirmed as State educntional iustitutloua The appropriations nmde nnd that may hereafter bo made to the State by the United States for agriculture and mechanical colleges and experiment stations In connection therewith, shall be paid to the New Mexico Col ege of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. Sec. 12. Ail lands granted under the provialons of the act of Congress, eotlUed^ **An act to enable the people of New klcxico to form a conoUtution and State gpremment and be odmitted Into the Uuion on an equal footing with tbe orlgliial States; and to enable the people of Arizona to form a constitution and State government and be admitted into lhe Union on un equal footing with the original States," for the purposes of said several Institutions are hereby accepted ond confirmed to said institutions, and shell be exclusively used for the pur- poaes for which they were granted ; Provided, Tluit 170,000 acres of tbe land granted by said act for normal-school purposes are hereby equally apportioned between said three normal Institutlnna, and the remaining 80,000 acres thereof Is reserved for a normal school which ahall be estab'lshed by the legislature and located In one of the counties of Union, Quay, Curry, Roosevelt, Ohavea, or Eddy, Beo, IS. .The leglalatiire shall provide for tbe control and management of each of said institutions by a board of regents, for each Institution, consisting of five mmnhers to be appointed by tbe governor, by and with the advice and ooDEoat of tbe eeOhte, for a term of four years, and not more than three of «)K8TITUTrONAL PBOVIBIONB AS^TO BDTTCATtOH. 9l7 whom shAll belong to the same political party at the time of appolntnietit. Tbe dudes of said board* shall be preocrlbed by law. A»T.^ Xm, Src. 1. ♦ • ♦ That such of school sections 2. B2, and 3d as are not contlgnoua to other State lands shall not be sold within the period of 10 years next after the admlSKlon of New Mexico as a State for leM than $10 per acre, Arr. XIV. S»c, 1. The penltratlnry at Santa Fe, the Miners’ Hospital of New Mexico at Uaton, the Now )iexBN:i Insane Asylum at Las Vegaa* and the New Mexico Reform School at Springer, are hereby confirmed as State In* illtUtlODS. Src. 2, All Innda which have been or which may be granted to the State by Congress for the puriJoee of said seveml Instyutlons are hereby accepted for said several Institutions with all other granfA donations, or devim fbr the benefit of the Kime. end shall bo exclusively used for the purpose for which they were or may be granted ated. or devlaed.' Sre, 3. Kncb of said InstU is shall be under the contrid and management of n board whose title, duties, and powers shall be na may bo provided by law. Each of said bon nis shall be composed of five members who shall hold office for the term of four years; and shall be appointed by the governor by and with the consent of the senate, and not more than three of whom shall belong to the same iwlltlcal party at the time of their appointment Art. XV, Src. 1. There shall be a department of agrlcolture which shall be under the control of the board of regents of the College of Agriculture and Mechanic Aria; ond the legislature shall provide lands and funds necesssiT for eit^erlmental farming and demonstrating by said dcp.artmenta Art. XX, Sec. 10. The legislature shall enact suitable laws for the regulation of the employment of children. Sec. 15. The penitentiary U a reformatory and an Industrial school, and all liersohs confined therein shall, so far ns cousUtent with diacipllne and the public Interest, be employed In some beneficial Industry: ♦ • Rro. 17. There shall be a uniform system of textbooks for the public schools which shell not bo chonged more than once In six years. Art. XXI. Sec. 4. Provlalon slmll bo made for lhe,e*labllshment and malnto- nance of a system of public schools which shall be oi>ea to all the children of the State and free from aectarlan control, and said schoola shall always be conducted In English. Art, TI, Rrc. 3. For the purpose of voting, no poraon shull be -deemed to have pained or lost n residence, by reason of his presence or abaenceAwblle • • • a student of any aemlna^ of learning. * • ♦ J ART. VII, Sec. 4. Except the debts specified In sections 2 and/ of this article, no d(»bt8 shall be hereafter contracted by or In behalf of tills #Qte. unless auch debt shall be authorlxed by n law. for some single work or bbject, to be dis- tinctly specified therein; nud such law shall lmix>ee and provide for coUetv lion of a direct annual tux to pay. and sufficient to pay, the interest on such debt as It falls due, and also to pay and discharge the prindpai of such debt within 50 years from the time of thex-ontractlng thereof. No such law shall take effect until It shall, nt a general election have been submitted to the people- and have received a majority of ell the votes cast for and against It at such election. • ♦ • Sec. 6. The sinking funds provided for the payment of Interest and the extlngulahment of ihe principal of the debts of the State shall be separately kept and safely invested, and neither of them shall bte appropriated or used In any manner other than for the specific purpose for which it shall have been provided. Art. vm. Sea 0. Neither the credit nor the money of the State shall be pven or loaned to or In aid of any association, corporation, or private under* taking. This section shall not. however, prevent the legislature from making such provision for the education ond support of the blind, the deaf and dunB> and Juvenile delinquents, as to It may seem proper. Nor ahnll It apply to any lund or property now held, or wliich may hereafter be held, by the State for educational purposes. NEW YORK. ;l|i.^^M1|rfe:.qn^ .trotiup rl^OA^OH. , SlEC. 10. ^ ‘ t CQ^tity or;citar 9baU be allowed to become Ind^ebted titt - lutf pOfpoelb ib any matiiier. to aii amoimt whi^ Inclnding existing i^. dabtodneMk aban exce^ 10 per centom of the awcaeod yalnation of Uie real of aacb'twniity or city iubject to taxation, as it appean^ by the aaaess- tolls *bf. said county or dty bn the last .assessment for State or county takes prior to tbe IncunlEig of sbch Indebtedness * * *. Tbe'smotmt here- after to be raised by tax for county or city purposes, In any county containing ;a of OTer 100,000 Inhabitants, or any such dty of this State, in addition to providing for the principal and Interest of existing debt, shall not In the aggre- gate exceed in any one year 2 per centum of the assessed valuation of the real and personal estate of such county or city, to be ascertained as prescribed In this section In refiq[)ect to county or city ddit Sic. 11 The leglslatnre shall provide for a State board of charities, which /Shall visit and Ipapect aU Institutions, whether State, county, nmnlclpsd. Incor- porated, or not incorporated, whidi are of a charitable, eleemosynary, correc- tional, or reformatory character, excepting only such Institutions as gee hereby niade dibj.eet to the vtsltation of either of the commissions hereinafter mentioned, but IndudJng all reformatories except those In which adult males convicted of felony shall be conflned. * * * ,1^.14* Nothing in this constitution contained shall pment the legislature from making such provision and support. of the blind, the deaf and dumb, and fovenile deUuQuents, as to 1| may seem proper; or prevent any county, city; town, or village from providing for the care, support, maintenance, and secular education of Inmates of orphan asylums, homes for dependent children, or cor- rectional instltptloiis, whether under public or private control. Payments by counties, cities, towns, and villages to diarltable, eleemosynary, correctional, and reformatory Institutions, wholly or partly under private control, for care, sup- port, and maintenance, may be authorised, but shall not be required by tbe legis- lature. No such payments shall be made for any inmate of such Institutiona who Is not received and retained therein pursuant to rules established by the State board of charities. Such rules shall be sublet to tbe control of the legis- lature by general lawa AST. 12^ Sso. 1. The legislature shall provide for the maintenance and sup- port of a system of free common schools, wherein all the children of this State may be educated. Sec. 2: The corporation created in the year 1784, under the name of the regents of tbe University of the State of New Tork, Is hereby continued under the name of the University of the State of New York. It shall be governed, and its co^rate powers, which may be increased, modified, or diminished by the legidatare, shall be exercised by not less than nine regents. 1^. 8. The capital of tbeJ|Mmon-school fund, tbe capital of the Uteratum fund, and the capital of the^unlted States deposit fund shall be respectively preserved inviolate. The revenue of the stpld common-school fund shall be applied to. the support of the common schools; tbe revenue of the literature fund shall bp applied to tbe support of academies ; and the sum of $25,000 of the revenues of tiie United States deposit fund shall each year be appropriated to and made part of the capital of tbe said common-school fund. 8x0. 4. Neither the State nor any subdivision thereof shall use Its property or credit or any public money, or authoiise or permit either to be used, directly or Indirectly, In aid or maintenance, Other than for examination or inspection, of any sch^ of institution of learning wholly or In ikart undq^ tbe control or dlre^ tfbn of ahy rellftious denomination or In which any denominational tenet or doctrine Is tau^t NORTH CAROUVA. Air. If 6xdt27. Tbe people bav« the right to the privilege of education, and It Is the duty of the State to guard and maintain that right AiT« III, SCO. 1. The executive department shall couqigt of a governor, * * * n soperintendmit of imbiip jnstrttction; and .an attotnet gaaerat who $haU be elected for a term of four years by the qndUb^ electors of the State, at Om Muhe;^ time and places and in 'the same manner as membera of the generri ansmbty are elected. Their term of of^ shall commence on the 1st day of lannafy^next their election and eontiniie until tiaelr succeesofs are elected unalifled. ♦ ♦ ♦ . , - : 816.18. Tbe respective C .ties of the ■emtary of state, auditor, treasury ; jSttpsrihtwdint of;piii^ instruction, gnti. atioindf go&otal tiiall ^ prescribed ^ Mlii'ii jjlia of fheimlT^rsHy, ;i#tii^M Mietfcab^i to the yontb of the Btete frm of exp«ute for Ihldeii^ ftlio fiml Jdl the 'propettT which hae heretofore accrde^ to the State et ihill^hemfter aoertM tstam eedieata, imclaimed dividends, or dfatrihntlve ihhkee'’of^titi» faUtee of deceaeed pefeoma, abaU be appropriated to the im of t^^vae^i^y The governor, Ueotenant governor, secretary of state, treasarer, andl- toft aopMntaident of public Ihatructlon, and attorney general shall constitute hastate mrd of education. Bicc. ,0. ^e governor shall be president and the superintendent of public In- i^hietioh.shaU be aecretary of the board of education. 'Bn. 10. The boatd of education shall succeed to all the powers and trusts of i^ pf^dent and directors of the literary fond, of North Carolina, and shall 1^1^ fall power to legislate and .inake all needful rulea and regulattons In rela- tiOtt to fm public schools and educational fund of the State; but an acts, and regulations of said board may be altered, amended, or repealed by 0m gsheml assembly, and when so altered, amended, or repealed they shall not by. the hoard. IL The first session of the board of education shall held at the cap!- tu of the Bthte within 16 days after the organization of the State government ot^r this constitution; the time of future meetings may be determined by the .Bad' 12. A maJbVlty of the board shall constitute a quffum for the transac- *|h^;Ofhoalne|Uk Ifi. The .contingent expOMes of the board shall be provided bf general amembly. Bso. 14, As soon ss practicable after the adoption of this constitution the gen- end. assembly shall establish and maintain In connection with the university a detriment it agriculture, of mecbaaics, of mining, and of n^mal Instruction. -Bsa 15.. The general assembly is hereby empowered to enact that every child of .sufitolent mental and physical ability shall attend the public schools during tl^ •period between the ages of 0 and 18 years for a term of not less than 16 months, unless educated by other means. ' Astr. XI, Sso. 8l, There shall also, as soon as practicable, be measures devised by^the Btate for the establishment of oue or more orphan bouses, where desti- orphans may be cared for, educated, and taught some business or trade IfORTH DAKOTA. . n. Sito. 62. The general appropriation bill shall embrace nothing bnt apJ^priatiODB for the expenses of the executive, legislative, and Judicial de- pUfttuen^of the State, Interest on the pubilc^ebt, and for public scboola All Other appropriations shall be made by separate bills, each embracing but one sidUuct ^0. 69. The legldative assembly shall not pass local or special laws In any flowing enumerated cases, that Is to soy : * * * "12. Providing for the management of common acbools. * * * Anfi 111* Bra 82. There shall be chosen by the qualified electors of the State kt.'m ttosf hpd places ,of choosing inembers of the legislative assembly, a sec- auditor, treasurer, superintendent of public Instruction * • * iAo[S)tw,hsy^ attalnkl the age of 25 years, shall be citizens of the United shall hare the qualifications of Btate electors.. They shall severally mdrt^iC.pih<^ at the^eeat of government, for the term of two years and until tifMi JhiccesaDra sre.eiected and duly qnai^ * * *. The powers Shd duties of the secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, '"'-"Utendent of, public instruction * * * shall be as prescribed by law. 8^, Until ctherwipe jurovided by law, , the • ♦ • superintendent of ^ . ♦ . "j, ^ ' fec^ye afi opn^rsalary of |2,000. 12& Apy womau leaving enumerated in sec- ^,421 df/V* h^de as. to age, r^dence;' and cltl^ralp, and including those -_^^49aliW by ,uiet ,lawS,;6f the Terri tbrir, hi«y vote for all school o^ers. aud iiljm pertaining solely to^ school matters, and be legible to any state ;• / Air. Vin. fiiDO. 147. A degree of intelligence, patdntiani, Integrity, moralliy-on the part of every voter In a goveriunent ^ tie. people bel^ heoee- * sary Id order to Insore the continuance of that govenuneht and the' proaperity and happiness of the people, the leglslatlTe assembly shall make provision for the establishment and maintenance of a system of public ecbools which shall, be open to' all children of the State of North Dakota and free from sectarian oba- trol This legislative requirement shall be Irrevocable without the consent of the United States and the people of North Dakota* Sea 148. The legislative assembly provide, at its first aesslon after ibe adoption of this constitution, for. a uniform system for free imbUc sebo^i throutdiout the State, beginning with the primary and extending through all grades up to and Indudlng the normal and collegiate course. Seo. 148. In all schools instmction ehall be pven as far as practicable in those branches of knowledge that tend to Impress upon the mind the vital Im- portance of trothfulneas, temperance, purity, public spirit, and rei^ect for hon- est labor of every kind. Ssc. 150. A superintendent of schools for each county ahall be elected every two years, whose qualifications, duties^ powers, and compensation khall be fixed by law. Seo. ItU. legislative assemUy sihall take such other steps as may be essary to prevent Illiteracy, secure a reasonable degree of uniformity in course of study, and to promote industrial, sclentlflc, and agricultural Improvemofts. Sec. 152. AH colleges, universities, and other educational institutions, for the support of which lands have been granted to this Stats, or which are supported by a public tax, shall remain under the absolute and exclusive control of the State. No money raised for the support of the public schools of the State ■Hail be appropriated to or used for the support of any sectarian school. Abt. IX. Seo. 153. All proceeds of the public lands that have heretofore been, or may hereafter be granted by the United States for ttie support of the common schools In this State; all ^ch per centum as may be granted by the United States on the sale of public lands; the proceeda of property that ahall fall to the State by escheat ; the proceeds of all gifts and donations to the State for common schools, or not otherwise appropriated by the terms of the gift, and all othegjroperty otherwise acquired for common schools, shall be and remain a perpenRfl fund for the maintenance of the common sidiools of the State. Tt* shall be deemed a trust x>ind, the principh} of which shall forever , remain in- violate and may be increasi;a but never dimtiisbed. The State «haii make good all losses thereof. Sec. 154. The interest and income of this fund, together with the net proceeds of all fines for violation of State laws, and all other sums which may be added thereto by law, shall be faithfully used and applied each year for the benefit of the common schools of the State, and shall be for this purpose apportldned among and between all the several common-school corporations of the State In proportion ^o the number of children in each of school age, as may be fixed by law, and no part of the fund shall ever be diverted even t^porarlly from this purpose or used for any other purpose whatever than the maintenance of com- mon schools for the equal benefit of all the people of the State : Provided, how- ever, That If any portion of the interest or Income aforesaid be not expei^ed during any year, said portion shall be added to and become a part of the school fund. ' Seo. 155. After one year from the assembling of the first legiriatlve assembly the lands granted to the State from the UnlM States for the support of the common Schools may be sold upon the foUo^ring conditions and no other; No more than one-fourth of all such lands shall be sold within the first 6 after the same become salable by virtue of this section. No more than one- half , of, the. r^na^^ within 10 years after the seme become salable ss afsre- Sald. ; The residue may be sold at any time after the exidration of said 10 yearn JEbe. legislative assembly shall provide for the sale of all school lands subject to ttm provisions of this artide. coal lands ot the State shall never be soldi but the legislative assdDQbly may by general laws provide for leasing ^ aamn l^e>orda “ coal iands shaU Inclade lands beax^ 1^ ■Vi mS‘^tJS!L^ iJ^ction, lOfemor, attorn^ gen- Snlhi^SSS? andlCor shall constitute a board of conamali- l^n^whlch be denominated the Board of Unlyerslty and School Lands, and to- tiie nrorlslons of this article and any low that may be na^ by the l^^attve awmbly; said board riiall hare control of the aimralsemcnt dl^)osal of all school and nnlverslty lands, and shall direct the Inyestment of the fonds arising therefrom In the hands^ the State treas- nier, under the limitations In^s^on 160 of this article. w superintendent of common schoola the chairman of the eow^ ^rd, and the county auditor shall constitute boards of appraisal, and the authority of t]te Stete Board of University and School Lands shall appraise^ school lands within their respective counties which they may from iline recommend for sale at th^ actual value under the prescribed 5S? designate fbr sale the most valuable lands. ^ appraised value, and in no case for leM than |10 acre. The pnrchasw^ shall pay one-flfth of the price in ash and ^e i^alnlng fbur-flfths as foUows: One-llfth in 6 years, one- dm &a or before the expiration of 10 years, one-flfth on or before the explra- t lo yrars, and one-flfth on or l^ore the explratloh of 20 years, with - ® P®' P®*^ annum, payable annually in 'Mvance: rwoyidea^ That when payments are made before due they shall he : mde at M interebt-paying date, and one year’s Interest In advance shall be ^ ^®® ^ county seat of the ^d Is-rituate^and shaU be.at public auction. aM to tte hlgh^ bidder, after 00 dayO* adveraaement of the same In a news- paper of g^eral circulation in the vicinity of the land to be sold, and one at lands ns shall not hove been especially sub- one-quarter section, and those subdivided to the small^ subdivision. AU lands designated for sale and not sold within two yMis after appraisal shall be reappraised before they are sold. No grant for such lands shall Issue until payment is made for the same • Pro- wWsdjThat the land contracted to be sold by the State shall be subject to taia- non from the dnte of such contract In case the taxes assessed against any of Md lands for any year remain unpaid until the flrst Monday In October of the foUowlng y^^ toen and thereupon the contract of sale for such Iqnds shaU if top Board of University and School Lands so determine, become null and void. ^® provision of section 158 of the constitution of the State of North Dakota that have heretofore been sold may be paid for, except as to interest as provided herein : Provided fvriher. That any school or Institution lands that may bo required for town-site purposes, schoolhouse sites, church mtes, cemete^ sites, sites for other educational or charitable. Institutions, pub- lic parki^ fair grounds, public highways, railroad right of way or for other and purposes, reservoirs for the storage of water for Irrigation, torn ditches or Irrigation ditches, and lands that may be required for any of toe purposes^ over which the right of eminent domain may be exercised under ^ constltotlon and the laws of the Stote of North Dakota, may be sold under toe provlslona of this section, and shall be paid for, principal and Interest, In to advance, at the time of sale, or at any time thereafter, and patent Issued therefor when principal and Interest are paid. A ®A®*“ property donated, granted, or received TOm toe United States or any other source for a nnlverrilty, school of mines, rtform ^h® deemed a tiW f^ h€dd by toe State, and toe State shall make good all losses thereot ^1?' AlUand0 mention to the preceding ssetjoh toall be appraise and to toe same and und^ the same limitations and subject to all the to K^(»itoid sale as provided above for toe appraisal and sale of schwls; but a distinct and separate account inajl ^ by ^ ^per oflJeers of each of said funds: Provided, That the limitations as to toe time in which school land may be sold, itoall apply only to granted for the sox^rt of common yh^ig oomim^ nhrjsiosB ^ , to vaiupA^^ Ssa 16:L Tb» lediUtiTe tawmblj rtiall bare totbority to prorlde bj law tot tbe teaalxkg of lanu granted to the State for edacational and charitable pnr- poaea, but no, each law shall aathbriae the leasing of csiid lands for a longer . period than five yearn Said lands diall only be leased for pasturage iaA, meadow purposes and at apnbllc auctfon after notice as beretofofe pcovfded in case of sale : Pmttided, That all of said school lands now under cultivation niay be leased, at the dlcKu^tion and under the control of the Board of Tlnl- Terslty and School Lands, for other than pasturage and meadow purposes until sold. All rents shall be paid In advance. Qeo. 102. The moneys of the permanent school fund and other educational funds pdiflii be invested only In bonds of school corporations or of counties, or of townships, or of municipalities within the State, bonds issued for the con- struction ot drains under authoril^ of law within the State, bonds of the United States, bonds of the State of North Dakota, bonds of other States pnh vided 8u6b States have never repudiated any of their indebtedness, or on first mortgages on farm lands In this State, not exceeding In amount one-third of the actual value of any subditlslon on which the same may be loaned, such value to be determined by the board of appraisal of school lands;. Sbo. Ids. No law shall ever be passed by the legislative assembly granting to any person, corporatioD, or association any privileges by reason of the occnpatlon, cultivation, or improvement of any public lands by said person, corporation, or association subsequent to the survey thereof by the Q^eral Government No claim for the occupatfon, cultivation, or improvement of any public lands ghall ever be recognised, nor shall such occupation, cultivation, or Improvement of any public lands ever be used to dlmlniaC ^tber directly or indirectly, the ; purchase price of said landa Sbo. 164. The legislative assembly shall have authority to provide by law for the sale or disposal of all public ladda that have be^ heretofore or may hereafter be granted by the United States to the State for purposes other than Bet forth and named in secUoos 103 and 109 of this article. And the legislative assembly, in providing for the appraisement, sale, rental, and disposal -of the same, shall not be subject to the provislona and Umltatioite of this article. ' Sec. 160. The legislative assambly shall pass suitable laws for Qie safe-ke^ log, transfer, and dlaboraement of the State school funds; and shall require all ofilcers char^ with the same or the safe-keeping thereof to give ample bonds for all moneys and funds received by them, and if any of said officers shall convert to his own use in any manner or form, or shall loan with or without Interest or shall .deposit In bis own name, or otherwise than in the name of the State of Noru Dakota, or shall deposit In -any banks or with any person or persons, or exchange for other funds or property any portion of. the school funds aforesaid, or purposely allow any portion 6f the same to remain In hU . j own bands uninvested, except in the manner prescribed by law, every such act shall constitute an embezzlement of . so much of the aforesaid school fonds as ' shall be thus taken or loaned, or deposited, or exchanged, or withheld, and shall ‘ be a felony; and any failure to pay over, produce, or account for the State school funds or any part of the same intrusted to any such officer, as by law ^ required or demanded, shall be held and be taken to be prlma facie evidence of such embexzlemwt I Abt. XI, Sxc. 176. * * V The legislative assembly shall by a general law exempt from taxation property used exclusively for school, religious; fraternal, i cemetery, or charitable pnrposea • • • Abt. XII, Sbo. 183. The d^t of any county, township, city, town, Ocbool dis- trict, or any other political snbdlvlslon, shall hever exceed 6 per cent upon the assessed value of the taxable property therein: Provided, Tliat ai^ m- corporated dty may, by a two-tbirds vote, increase such indebtedness 8 i>er cent on such asses^ value beyond said 6 per cent limit In estimating the Indebtedness which a city, county, township, school district, or any other political subdivision may Incnr, the entire amount of existing IndebtedneM, whether contracted prior or subsequent to the adoption of this constitution shall be iBclnded. • • • - J Sbo. 184. Any dt^, county, township, town, school district, or any other po|i* J tical. subdivision Incurring indebtedness shall at or before the time ot so Mat ' provide for the collection of an annual tax suffldent to pay the Interest ara i also the principal thereof when due, and all laws or ordinances providing for the payment of the interest or prindpal of any debt shall be irrepealable nn^ ■odi debt be paid. ik'jL^i^^ Ebuitu X9ly NtfOier the State nor anj conntT, dts, townwp. town, acbool dia- any other poBtl^ sobdlTlaion ebaU loan or gl^ its credit or make 46a|atloaB tOi pT l&iaul 'ot any lodiyldnal, aesodatlon, or corporation* except for nrrofjgprj inpport of Qie poor. * * ^ ifiial XVtl, 1^' ^e labor of children under 12 yeara of age titail be piPV^tted.ln mlnea, Ihctorlea, and workshops in this Stare. Ayr. XIX Sxo. 21b. The following public InstitutioDs of the State ore penao- himtly located at the places he^nafter named, each to have the lands spedfl- ally granted to It bj the Uplted States,, in the act of Congress, approved imr^ry 22, 1889, to be disposed of and u»^ in such manner as the leftislative asKiObly may prescribe, subject to the limitations provided In the article on achocd and public lands contained In this constitution: • • • Second. The State university and the school of mines at the city of Grand SVtrka, in the county of Grand Forks. . IJhlrd. The agrlci^tnral college at the city of Forgo, In the county of Casa Fourth. A State normal school at the city of Valley City, in the county of Barnes r'and the legislative assembly in apportioning the grant of 80.000 acres of land for noipal schools mode In the act of Congress referred to shall grant to the said norma} school at Valley City as aforementioned 60.000 acres, and gild lands are hereby appropriated to sold Institution for that puxpose. Fifth. The deaf and dumb asylum at the city of I)evll8 Lake, In the county df.Bainsey. . A State reform, school at the city of Mandan, In the county of Morton. : Seventh* A State normal school at the city of Mayville, ip the county of and the legislative ossCmbly In apportioning the grant of lands made by 'Ckmgrm,ln the act aforesaid for State normal schools shall assign 80,000 acres to the institution hereby located at Mayville, and said lands are hereby appro- priated for said purpose. . Blgbth. A State hospital for the Insane and institution for the feeble-minded, in connection therewith at the city of Jamestown, In the county of Stutsman. And the legislative assembly shall appropriate 20.000 acres of the grant of lands made by act of Congress aforesaid for *'other educational end charitable fnstitotlons ’* to the benefit and for the endowment of said Institution. .8X0. 21^ The following named public lustltutious are hereby permanently located as hereinafter provided, each to have so much of the rem; Inlug grant of 170,000 acres of land made by the United States for “ other educational and charitable Institutions ” as is allotted by law, namely ; • • * Second. A blind asylum, or such other Institution as the legislative assembly msy dj^ermine, at such place In the county of Pembina as the qualified electors of the said county may determine at an election to be held as prescribed by the le^lative assembly. With a grant of 80,000 acrea lltird. An Indnstrlal. school and school for manual training, or sual of all funds arising from the sale or other dls* iwsltitm ^ Umds or otm property granted or intrusted to this State for educa- tlMiy|U.:itiid rallgiouS'pu^ shall forever be preserved Inviolate and undl- miniihed^ aud'^&e Income arising therefrom shall be faithfully applied to the apw^ obieets of the original grants or appropriationa .The general asMmbly shall make such provisions, by taxation or other- wi^ aSf .wlth the inoome arisihg from the school trust fund, will secure a .tiMronih and effidedt extern of common schools throukhout the State; but no Mini'''* 'i' im- ti " Ji ’TT® OOHBXITUllOirAl. FBOViaiOirS A$ to EDT70AH0N, 926 rellgiotu or other sect or sects shall ever have any exclaaive right to or control of any part of the school fands of this State. Sec. 8. Provision aliaU he made by law for the organization, administration, and control of the pobllc-scbool system of the State supported by public fnnda: FroMed, That each school district embraced wholly or In part within any city ahail have the power by referendum vote to determine for Itself the number of members and the organization of the district board of education, and provlslan shall be made by law for the exercise of this power by such school districts. Sec. 4. A superlntendynt of public Instruction to replace the State commla* sloner of common schools shall be Included as one of the officers of the executive department to be appointed by the governor, for the term of four yeara, vi4th the powers and duties now exercised by the State commissioner of common schools until otherwise provided by law, and with such other powers as may be provided by law. Aar. VII, Sec. 1. Institutions for the benefit of the Insane, blind, and deaf and dumb shall always be fostered and supported by the State and be subject to such regulations as may be prescribed by the general assen^y. ' . Sec. 2. The directors of the penitentiary shall be appointed or elected In suCh manner as the general assembly may direct ; and the trustees of the benevolmit and other Stote instttutlonB, noW elected by the general assembly, and of such other State Institutions as may be hereafter created, shall be appointed by the governor, by and with the advice and consent of the senate; and upon all noml* nations made by the governor the question shall be taken by yeas and nays and entered upon the journals of the senate. Sec. S. The governor sholl have power to fill T&cancles that may occur In the* offices aforesaid until the next session of the general assembly and until a suc- cessor to his appointee snail be confirmed and qualified. Abt. XII, Sec. 2. * ♦ * oil bonds at present outstanding of the State of - Ohio or of any city, village, hamlet, county, or township In this State or which have been Issued In bebalf of the public schools In Ohio and the means of In- struction in connection therewith, which bonds so at present outstanding sball be exempt from taxation: but burying grounds, public schoolbouses * * * may, by general laws, be exempted from taxation. ♦ ♦ • Abt. XVII, Sec. 2. * ♦ * The term of office of all elective county, town- ship, municipal, and school officers shall be such even number of years, not exceeding four years, as may be so prescribed. OKIiAHOMA. Abt. I, Sec. 5. Pro visions shall be made for the establishment and maintenance of a system of public schools, which shaU be open to all the children of the State and free from sectarian control; and said schools shall always be con- ducted In English : Provided, That nothing herein sball preclude the teaching of other languages In said public schools: And provided /urtfter. That this shall not be constru^ to prevent the establishment and maintenance of separate schools for white and colored children. Abt. II, 8eo. 6. No public money or property sball ever be approprlafod, applied, donated, or uded, directly or Indirectly, for the use. benefit, or sup- port of any ♦ • ♦ rellglouB teacher or dignitary, or sectarian institution as such. Abt. V, Sec. 46. The legislature shall not, except as otherwise provided in this constitution, pass any local or special law ♦ ♦ ♦ regulating the affairs of counties, cities, towns, wards, or schopl districts; * * * creating offices, or prescribing the powers and dutl^ of officers, In counties, cities, towns, election or school districts; * * * regulating the management of public schools, the building or repairing of schoolbouses, and the raising of money for such ptlr- poses ♦ ♦ ♦. Abt, VI, 8eo. 1. The exacutlye authority, of the State shall J>e vested In a governor, ♦ ♦ ♦ superintendent of pgbllc Instruction, ♦ • ♦ each of wbODB shall keep hts office end public records, books, and papers at the seat of government, ahd shall perform such duties as may be designated in this cob- ■tltutloh or prescribed by law. Sec. ^ No person shall be eligible to the office of * * * superintendent of public Instruction, * * * except a male cltl^ of the United Stat^ of thU m BTArt LAWS BBIATIKQ TO PCBUO EDTJOATIOW. il age of not Iom than 80 yeara, and who shall have been three yean next pre- ceding his election a Quallfled elector of this State. * * * Sxa 4. The term of office of the ♦ • ♦ superintendent of public Instmo tlon i»b»ii be four years from the aecond Monday of January next after their election. • • • A»r, X 8*0. All property used for free public libraries, free musetuna public cemeteries, property used exclusively for schoola coUegea and all prop- erty used exclusively for religious and charitable purposea • ♦ ♦ shall be exempt from taxation. * • * , 8*0. 0. Except gs herein otherwise provided, the total taxea bn an ad valorem basta for all puriMsea State, county, township, city, or tovrn, and school district shall not exceed In any one year 81J mills on the dollar, to be divided as follows : « « State levy, not more- than Si mills ; county levy, not more than 8 mills: Pro- videdt That any county may levy not exceeding 2 mills addlUcinal for county high school and aid to the common schools of the county, not over 1 mill, of which shall be for such high school, and the aid to said common schools shall he apportioned as provided hy law ; township levy, not more than 5 mills; city or town levy, not more than 10 mills; school district levy, not more than 6 mills on the dollar for school district purposes, for support of common school : Provided, That the aforeeald annual rate for school purposes may be Increased by any school district by an amount not to exceed 10 mills on the dollar valua- tion, on condition that a majority of the voters thereof voUng at an election vote for said increase. ^ J . Sxc. 10. For the purpose of erecting public bulldiugs In counties, cities, or school districts, the rates of taxation herein limited may be Increased, when the rate of such Increase and the purpose for which It Is Intended shall have been submitted to a vote of the people, and a majority of the qualifled .Vot^ of such county, city, or school district, voting at such election, shall vote therefor: Provided, That such Increase shall not exceed 5 mills on the dollar, of the assessed value of the taxable property In such county, city, or school district. S«a 12a. All taxes collected for the maintenance of Uie common schools of this State, and which are levied upon the property of any railroad company, pipe-line company, telegraph company, or upon the property of any Publlc- service corporation which operates In more than one county »In this State, shall be paid into the common-school fund and distributed as are other common- school funds of this State. 8*0. 26. No county, city, town, township, school district, or other political conoratlon, or subdivision of the State, shall be allowed to become Indebt^, in any manner, for any purpose, to an amount expeedlng, in any year, the in- come and revenue provided for such year, without the assent of three-fourths of the voters thereof, voting at an election, to he held for that purpose, nor In cases reauiring such assent, shall any Indebtedness be allowed to be Incurred to an amount Including existing Indebtedness. In the aggregate exceeding per centum of the valuntlon of«the taxable property therein, to be ascertained from the last assessment for State and county purposes previous to the in- curring of such Indebtedness : Provided, That any county, city, town, township, school district, or other poUUcal corporation, or subdivision of the State, in- curring any indebtedness, requiring the assent of the voters as aforesaid, shall, before or at the time of doing so, provide for the collection of an annual tax sufficient to pay the Interest on such Indebtedness as it falls due, and also to constitute a sinking fund for the payment of the principal thereof within 25 years from the time of contracUng the same. ' Saa 28. Counties, townships, school districts; cities, and towns shan levy sufficient additional revenue to create a sinking fund to be used, first, for the payment of Interest coupons as they fall due; second, for the payment of bonds as they fall due; third, for the payments of such parts of judgments ns such munldpaUty may, by law, be required to ptf/. , 8*c< 81. The legislature shall have power to levy taxea. In the aid of the common schools of the State and to provide for the apportionment and dlrtri bution tbeteot , Whenever the amount reallaed from 10-mlll ad valor^ levy a^ all other sources shall be insufficient to maintain the common schools In any dlstrld five months In any year, the remaining sum necessary to so main* tUn such aohools shall be apportioned and paid out. of such State levy. Axr XL S»a 2. All proce^ of Ibe tale of public lands that have heretofore bm or may be hereafter given by the TJnJted States ;ror the use knd b^^t of the eoinmoii schools of this State, aU such per centum as may be granted by the coiTBTmmoiSrAL pBovisioirB as to wuos^noif. 947 United Btatee on tlie sales of public lands, tlie snm of |S,000.000 appropriated to tbe State for the use and bweflt of the common schools In lien of secdona 16 and 36, and other lands of the Indian Territory, the proceeds of all property that shall fall to the State by escheat, the proceeda of all gljPta or donations to the State Tor common schools not odterwlae appropriated by the terms of the gifts, and such other appropriation^ gifts, or donations as shall be made by the legislature for the benefit of the common schools, shall com stitute the permanent school fund, the Income from which ^11 be used for the maintenance of the common schools In the State. The principal shall be deemed a trust fund held by the State, and shall forever remain Invlolata It moy be Increased, but shall never be diminished. The State shall reimburse BRid permanent school -fond for all losses thweof which may In sny manner occur, and no portion of said fund shall be diverted for any other use or purpose. Sec. 3.^The interest and Income of the permanent school fund, the net In- come from tbe leasing of public tonds which have been or may be granted by the United Ststes to the State for the use and benefit of the coiimon schools, together with any revenues derived from taxes authoiixed to be levied for such purposes, and any other sums which may be added thereto by law, shall be used and applied each year for the benefit of the common schools of the State, and shall be, for this purpose, apportioned among and between all the several common-school districts of the Stale In proportion to the school popu- lation of the several districts, and no part of the fund shall ever be diverted from this purpose, or used for any other pnrpose than the support and mainte- nance of common schools for the equal benefit of all the people of the State. Sec. 4. All public lands set apart to the State by Congress for charitable, penal, educational, and publle-butldtng purposes, and nil lands taken In lieu thereof, may be sold by the State under such rules and regulations as the legislature may prescribe, In conformity with the regnUftions of the enabling act Sec. 6. Section 13 In every portion of the State which has been granted to the State shall be preserved for the use and benefit of the University of Okla- homa and the University Breparatory School, one-third ; of the normal schools now established, or hereafter to be established, one-third; and of the Agrl-' cultural and Mechanical Ccllege and Colored Agricultural and Normal Uni- versity, one-third. The said lands or the proceeds thereof as above appo^ tioned to divided between the institutions aa the legislature may pr^crlbe- Provided, That the said lands so reserved, or tjhe proems of the sale thereot or of any Indemnity lands granted In lieu of section 18 shnU be sately kept or Invested and preserved by Uie State as a trust, which ahall never be dlmln- Ibhed. but may be added to, and the Ineome thereof, Interest, rentals, or other- wise, only shall be used exclusively for the benefit of said educational Inatltu- tlons. Such educational Instltntlons shall remain under the exclusive control of the State and no part of the proceeds arising from the sale or disposal of any lands granted for educational purposes, or the Income or rentals thereof, shall be used for the support of any religions or sectarian school, college, or university, and no portion of the funds arising from the sale of sections 18 or any Indemnity lands selected In lieu thereof, either principal or Interest shall ever be diverted, either temporarily or permanently, from the purpose for which said lauds were granted to tbe State. Sec. 6. The permanent common-school and other educational funds ahall be Invested In first mortgages upon good and Improved farm lands within the State , (and In no case shall mpre than 60 per centum of the reasonable valuation of the lands without Improvements be loaned on any tract), Oklahoma State bonds, connty bonds of the' counties of Oklahoma, school-district bonds of tha school districts of Okrohoma, United States bonds; preference to be given to the securities In the otder named. The legl^ture shall provide the manner of selecting the securities aforesaid, prescribe the rules, regulations, restrictions, and conditions upon which the funds aforesaid shall be loaned or Invested, and do all things necessary for the safety of the tends and permanency of the IpTeetmrat , . ^ . Aar. XIII, Sec. 1. Tbe legislature shall establish and maintain a aystqm of free public schools wherein all the children of the State may be* educated. \ Sxo. 2. Tbe legislature shall provide for the estabUshment and support of institutions for the care and education of the deaf. domb. and blind of the State. SCO. 8. Separate, schools ter white and colored children with like .acoommo* datton shall be provided by the leglaalture and ImpartlaHy tniiintatned, Hi. .1 ■ 1 L. 928 SXAXB XJkWB BZUiTOirQ TO FUBUO BOl70AXI(ttr. term “colored children*** as need In this aectiom shall he construed to meaa children of African deacent The term ** white children** shall Include all other children. Sic. 4. The leglslatare shall prorlde for the ooxnpuleorr attendonce at some public Of other school, unless other zneone of education are provided, of nil the children In the State who ore sound In mind and body, between the ages of 8 and Id Tears, for at least three months In each year. Sic. b. The supervision of Instruction In the public schools shall be vested In a board of education, whose |>ower8 and duties shall be prescribed by luw. The superintendent of public Instruction aball be president of the board. UntU otherwise provided by law, the governor, secretary of state, and attorney general shall be ex officio members, and with the superintendent compose sold board of education. ^ Sia6. The legislature shall provide for a uniform system of textbooks for the common schools of the State. Sic. 7. The legislature shall provide for the teaching of the elements of ngri- culture, horticulture, stock feeding, and domestic science In the common schools of the State Arr. XXI, Sic. 1. Educational, reformatory, and penal Institutions, snd those for the benefit of the Insane, blind, de.af, and mute, and snob other institutions as the public good may require, shall be established and shpiwrted by the State In such manner as may be prescribed by law. Abt.‘ XXIII, Sic. 3. The employment of children under the age of lb years In any occupation injurious to health or morals or especially hasardous to life or limb Is hereby prohibited. Sic. 4. Boys under the age pf 10 years andjwomen and girls shall not bo employed underpound In the operation of mlue^nnd. oxt'opt In c.asea of emer- gency, eight hours shgU constitute n day’s work underground lu all mines of the SUta. OREGOX. Abt. I, Sic. 5. No money shall be dra^^m from the treaerary for'the benefit of any rrilglous.or theoloKtcul Institution, nor shall any money be nnproprlated for the payment of any religious service. In either house of *he legislative assembly. Ait. II, Sic. 4. For the purpose Of voting, no i)erson shall bo deemed to Imve gained or lost n residence by reason of his presence er absence while • ♦ • B student of any seminary of learning. ♦ ♦ ♦ ' Ait. IV. Sec. 23. The legislative ns^mbly sholl not pass special or local laws In an^ of the following enumerated cases; that Is to say — • ♦ • Providing for supporting common schools, and for the preservation of school fundA ♦ ♦ ♦ Ait. VIII, Sec. 1. The governor shall be superintendent of public Instruction, and his powers and duties In that capacity shall be such as may be prescrU>ed by law; but after the term of five years from the adoption of this constitution It shall be competent for the Icglslntlve assembly to provide by lew for the election of a superintendent, to provide for hts compensation, and prescribe his powers and duties. Bec. 2. The proceeds of all the lands which have been, or hereafter may be, granted to this State for educational purposes (excepting the lands heretofore granted to aid In the establishment of a university), nil the moneys-and clear proceeds of all property which may accrue to the State by escheat or forfeiture; all moneys whlhh may be paid as exemption from military duty; the proceeds of all gifts, devices, and beque^s made by any person to the State for common- school purposes; the proceeds of all property granted tq the State, when the purposes of such grant sluill not be stated ; all the proceeds of the 500, 0(X) acres of land to which the State Is entitled by the provisions of on act of Congress, entitled **An act to aiH>roprtate the proceeds of the sales of the public lon^ and to grant preemption rights,*' approved the 4th of September, 1S41 ; and also the 6 per centum of the net proceeds of the sales of the public lands to which this State sholl become entitled on hey admlssloh Into the Union (if Congress ihaU assent to such appropriation of the two grants last mentioned) shall set apart as a separate and irreducible fund* to be called the commonHMihool fund, the interest of which, together ^th all bther revenues derived from the school lands meatioiied lu this ssctlon, shall be exdlnslTely applied to the support and ooirsTTroTioiirA^, pbovbjohs ab to bdocahoih. 929 malnteiuac« of common achools in eocli odiool district, ami parchaae of anltable libraries and apparatya therefor. 8bc. 8. The legislative assembly shall provide by law for the establishment of a miiforxu aud regular system of common sehoola Skc. 4. Provision shall be made by law for the distribution of the Income of the common-school fund among the several counties of the State, In pro|x>rtlon to the number of children resident thei^ln between the ages of 4 and 20 years. - Sra 6, The gdvemor, secretary of state, and State treasurer shtUl constitute u board of commissioners for the sale of school aud university landa nud for the luvestment of the funds urfslng therefrom, and their powers and duties shall le such as may be |)roscrH>C4l by law : Provided^ That no part of the university funds, or of the Interest arising therefrom, shall be expended until the i»eriod of 10 years from the adoption of thla constitution, unless the same shall be other* wise disposed of, by the consent of Congress, for common-school pur^K>ses. Abt. IX, Skc. 1. The legislative assembly shall provide by law for a anlform and equal rate of assessmeut aud taxation, aud shall prescribe such regulations as Hhall secure a Just valuation for bixatlon of all proi>erty, both real nud per- sonal. excepting such only for munIcI|joI. educaUoual, literary, sclentlllc, rellgr lous, or charitable purposes ns may be specially exempted by law. ^ B£\N8VLVAN1A, Akt. III. Skc. 7. The general assembly shall not pase any local or special law: • • * Iteguliitlng the aflfuirs of counties, cities, townships, wards, boroughs, or school districts: • • • Erecting new townshi|w or boroughn, changing township lines, borough limits, or school districts: • • • Hegu- latiiig the umnageuient of public schools, the building or repairing of school- houses, and the raising of money for such purposes; • • • - • Skc. 15. The general ap|>n>prl:ulon bill sbnll embrace nothing but appropria- tions for the ordinary exi^enses of the executive. legislative, nnd judicial depart- ments of the Commouwealth, interest on the public debt, and for public schools; Sec. 17. No appropriation shall be made to any cnarl table or educational In- stitution not under the obsohite control of the CommonweSlth. other than normal sclnxds e«tnbli«hed by law for the professional training of teachers for the public schools of the State, except by a tote of two-thirds of all the membera elected to each bouse. AKT. IV. Sec. 1. The executive department of this Commonw^lth shall con- sist of n governor, • • and a suivrintehdent of public instrnctloii. SEt\ S. He I the governor] shall nominate and, by and with the advice and • consent of two-tlilrds of all the memlters of the senate, appoint a serliUeudeut of public iustruetton shall exercise nil the ix>wera and i>erform all the er centum upon such aenessed valuation of pro])erty, without the assent of the electors thereof at ^^ublic election in such manner as shall be provided by law; but hny city* theMebt of which now exceeds 7 per centum of such asses^ valuation, may aa|hortced by law to increase .the same 3 per centum, in the aggregate, at any one time upon such valuation * * * . Sec. 10, Any county, township, school district, or* other munlcipnlUy in- curring any Indebtedness ahull, at or before the time af so doing, provide for the collection of an annual tax sufficient to pay the Interest and also the prin- cipal thereof within 30 years. 8866*— 10 09 Am. X. The geaeral anembly provide for tlie tuRtntenance and support of ft thorough and efllclent aystem of public acbopla, wherein all the children .1. of this OommoD wealth above the age of 6 years may be edut^led, and ahull appropriate at least $1 *000,000 each year for that pun>ose. Ssa 2. No ntoPey raisMl fOr the support of the public achooU of the Common - anMlth ehall be appropriated to or used for Uie support of any seohirUu school. 8kg. 3. Women 21 yeers of aga and upwanl Hhall Ih> eligible to any Office of control or management under the school lavra of this State. RUOOE ISLAND. Ait. IX; Stc, 1- No person shall bo eligible to any dvll office (except the office of school committee) unless he In* a qualltltNl oUvtor for sm h offit'e. Art. XU, Stc. 1. Tlie diffusion of kmnvledgc. ns %voIl as of virtue, among (la* peopla being essentia! to the preM»rvntion or their rights and !U>ertleSv It shall be the duty of the general nsstuubly to prmnoie public svlustla, and to rnltud nU meana which they may deem mwastiry n;id proisT to s»vure to the ixHiple the advantages and op]>ortunlttef? of eropriiit4si by law fbr the estubllKlmient of a ix^rmanent fund for tho.MiiiiHlrt of public HcIhH>;K, ahall be securely Invest wl. and rtaualn n |H»n»etual fund for that purpoix*. Sec. 3. All douationa for the sn|*|H>rt of i>uhllc tkhixils, or ftir other pur|»om*.'< of education, which may be reoeivei! by the uonersl aswunbly, shall Iw aj^tVb'il according to the terms jtrx*scril>ed hy tlje donors. Sbp, 4. rn»e general sssembly shall maKe all lUNessjiry provisions |iy law^for carrying this article Into efftx't. They shall iitd divert s.*tid money t»r fund from the aforesaid . usee, nor l>orrow, appropriate, or uw tht* same, or atiy )uirt tliereof for any otljcr purtxtse under any pretense whatmH»ver. Art. VII. 8kc, 2 {nmeudmentj. The asNt*sw*rs of each town and rity shall «ii* bually asReaa uixm every pt*fSttn, who, If n*gtsfensl, \veclo1 laws concerning pt»y bf tho following .subjt^ ta <»r for any of the fell ow- ing purposes, to wit; • ' * ^ i IV. To ,liicon>omie’ etlucatlonal, religions, charitable. fkx*I»1, manufacturing or banking Institutions not under the control of the State, or amend or extend the chjirlers therwf. V. To iucoriKjnite schiMd districts. * • • Art. IV, 8ec. 24. There nhali be electetl bv tlie (piallflt'd voiers of the State a secretary'of state. • * • ami a 8tUH*rlulemlont of tvlucatloii, who (diall Imld their resi)es(*s, Bftid taxes to be uniform In resiXK-t to jK'raons and proj»erty within the jurlstllc- tlon of the body composing the same; • • •, Sro. 7, No city or town lii this Slate shall hereafter Incur tiny bondcerty thOyfeln. and nq such debt shell be created without Bubmitting the question as the creation thereof to the quali- fied electors of such city or town, as provided in this constitution for such spe- cial ele^ons; and unless a majority of such electors voting on the question shall ^ be In fisTor of creating such further bonde debt, none Bhall be* created: Pro* videdf a .* * That such cities and towns shall on the Issuing of such bonds create a sinking fund for the redemption thereof at maturity. • » • Sbo. .8. Cities and towns may exempt from taxation, by general or special ordinance, exocfpt for school purposes, mauafacturles established within their f 931 I CONSTITtmOKAL PBOVIBTONB Afi TO BDUOATtOW, limits for five sacoeflstve yeans from the dme of the esbibll«biD«at of «Kh DiAnufMctorfes; • • Abt. IX. 8fx*. 2. No charter of Incorporntlon Rh«ll be (tvanted, changed, or amended by siHVlnl law, except In the case of mich tbaritable, educatlcmal, ivnni. or n*form(itory ottri>ttr«tlouH ns may N? tinder the control of the Stat^ or may t>e provided for in tills constitution. . • * - , .\RT. X. 8i:c. There Hhalt Ih^ e\enii>teI‘c^y therein. • • • Sir, V2. Suitable laws ahall N* jMissesl by the general asaembly for the safe- k(s*iiing. transfer, and dlsburHcment of (he State, county, and arhool funds; • • *. Aar. X!. Skc. 1. The sui>er vision of public Instruction shall bo vested in a Stale Kii|H»rln(enden( of o lie apiHiiiiUsl kIuiII beprovUU'd for by the general asaenibly. Six. The pMieml assembly Kbit 1 1 make ]u*ovinlon for the election or apindut- luent of all other netM^smry js-iiotir olfiaTS. and shall define their qualifications, powers, (kitles, c'omiKmsatbm. am! terms of olHce. St;c. 4. The salaries of the State nnd county jm'IiOoI otBcprs and comi>ensa- li'iii (if cxuuly irenHurcra for col Its ling and dtsburslng school moneys shall not Im‘ pifld mit of tlio stiaxtl ftimlR. but shall be otherwise provldcnl for by ths Kciicnd aM.Kc*mb]y. Si(\ r>. Tlte peiioral aKat'nibly .ui(ahle KchcNd districts, as (Nunpart in form ns practicable, Imviug regard to natural bnuudarii's. and not to cx^iH^l *19 nor !>e less than 9 s«inare miles In area; /Vori-bv/. That hi cities of 10.000 inlmbitants nnd over this Hmilati('in of urea slmil not apply* VTortded further, That wIh?u nny school district laid out under this serilou shall embrace cities or towns nlrendy oVgun- Iml into si»e(*lnl school districts in which graded w.*hool bulldhiga have been ms-iiHl by tJie Issue of bouds or by sjxiclnl taxation, or by donation, all the ter- ritory inclmb'd in wild school district shall hear Its just proportion of any tax that icny |m* levied to liquidate such bonds or sup|Mirt the public schools therein: iVorub’d further, TTiat nothing iu this article coalaiiKMl sluill l>e construed as a rp|H‘al of the laws juider which the several gnidtH) school districts of this Slate are organ 1z(h1, The pfi'seut division of thu wuntles into school dlstiicts and the provisions of law now governing the same siiall remain until changed by the general n.sseinbly. 8rx'. 6. The existing county boards of commissioners of the several counties, or such oflScer or ofllcers as may hereafter he vest(*d with the same or similar powers and duties, ^hall levy an nnminl tax of 3 "mills on the dollar upon all taxable proiMjrty in Uieir resi>octIve counties, which tax shall be collected at the same time and by the same officers us the other tuxes for the same year, and shall be held In the county treasury of the respective counties; nnd the wild fund slinll be apportioned among the school districts of the county In pro- portion to the number of pupils enroll^l In the public ^ools of the respective districts, and the officer or officers charged by law vidth making said appor- fiomnent shall notify the trustees of the respective school districts thereof stATi i^wa-iii^jiTiiro to>ijbuo B^voAisoir. m mw^kU wtio tfukU exp^ and dliAitirse tbe «une aa the general aaBenbly may iireacrtbe. Tha genml aaaembly idiall define ** enrollment'* Not 1^ than three trastees tor achool district bbaU be selected ;from the Qualified yotera and tax> paym therein in iraeh . manner and tor eoch terms as the g^eral assemblr may determine, «^pt in cases of gpecdal school districts now existing, where the pro^slons of law now governing the same shell remain unchanged by the general assembly; f^rided, The manner of the selection of said trustees need not be tmifonn throughout the State. There shall be assessed on all taxable polls In the State between the ages of 21 and 00 years (excepting. Confederate soldiers above the age of 50 years) an annual tax of $1 on each i>oU, the pro- ceeds of which tax &all be expended for school purposes in the several school dlrtricts In which It Is collected. Whenever during the three next ensuing .flsc^ years the tax levied by the said county boards of commissioner^ or similar officers and the poll tax idian not yldd an amount equal to $3 per capita of the number of children enrolled In the public schools of each county tor the seholastle year ending the Slst day of October In the year 18^ asjt appears In the report of the State superintendent of education for said scno- lai^c year, the comptroller general shall, for the aforesaid three next ensuing fiscal years, on the first day of each of said years, levy such an annual tax on the taxable property of the State as he may determine to be necessary to make op such defldency, to be collected as other State taxes, and apportion the same among the counties of the State in proportion to the re8i>ectlve defi* dendes therein. The sum so apportioned shall be paid by the State treasurer to the county treasurers of the respective counties, In proportion to the reei>ec- tire deficiencies therein, on warrant of the comptroller general, and shall be apportioned among the school districts of the counties and disbursed as other school funds; and from and after the 31st day of December, In the year 1898, the general ammbly shall cause to be levied annually on all the taxable property of the State such a tax, In addition to the said tax levied by the- said county boards of commladoners or similar officers, and poll tax above provided, as may be necessary to keep the schools open throughout the State for smh length of time In each scholastic year as the general assembly may prescribe; and said tax shall be apportioned among the counties In proportion to the deflclencieB therein and disbursed as other school funds. Any school district may by the authority of the general assembly levy an additional tax for the support of Its schools. Seo. 7. Separate schools shall be provided for children of the white and colored races, and no child of either race shall ever be permitted to attend a school provided for children of the other race. Sxa 8. general assembly may provide for the maintenance of Glemflon Agricultural College, the University of South OroUna, anV the Wlnthrop • Normal and Industrial College, a branch thereof, as now est^illlshed by luw, and may create scholarships therein; the proceeds realized from the land scHp given by the act of Congress, pasi^ the second day of July, 1802, for the support of an agricultural college, and any lands or flinds which have hereto- fore been or may hereafter be given or dijfproprlated for educational purposes by the Congress of the United States, shall be applied as directed In the acts appropriating the same; Provided^ That the general Assembly shall, as soon as pra<^cable, wholly separate Claflln College from the Claflln University, and provide for a separate corps of professors and instruotora therein, representa- tion jto- be glv^ to men and women of the negro raoe ; and It shall be th^ GoloW Normsif industrial. Agricultural, and Mechanical Ck)U^ of this 8tate« , * ■ ■ Ssa 0. The property or credit' of the State of Sooth Carolina, or of any county^ cityf town, township, school district, or other subdivision of the said State, or any public money, from whatever source derived, shall not, by gift, donation, loan, contract, appropriation, or otherwise, be used, directly or Iii41rectly, in aid or maintenance of any collet school, hospital, orphan, house, or other , Institution, society, or organization of whatever kind, which Is wholly or in pa It direction, or control of any clhurch or of any rellgloas or iCCthriJin‘4enbmliiaUon,b«dot3^^ ^ 10L All giiti of ^ every kind for educational purposes, if accepted by the mimeinil aneffibly^ kball be applied and- .used for the porposes designated by the iiv^, unless the same be in conflict with the provislona of this constltuHon gso. ji. All gifts to the State where the purpose Is not designated, all bicheat^ proper^, the net assets or funds of aU estates or copartnerships la courts of, the Where there have been i» claimants -I i\'f - i ^ i/ r I ;'.v I "yn\i " • >7 T "J! WT7- r^ p*" ' "I'j 17 t ' ’ '," -V ' " v ^ ' OOKtiTltvnORAt'l>^T»aOH8 AS TO BDUOAROK. m the same within the last 70 ^eara, and other money eomlng into the treasury of the State hy^reaaon of the twelfth section of an act entitled ^An dct to proTlde a miode of diatrlbntion of the moneys as direct tax from the dtlsens of this State by the IJnfted States In trust to the State of South ^roUna^ approved the 24th day of December, 18S2, together with such dther jneans as the general assembly may provide, shall be purely invested as the State school fnnd, knd the annual Income thereof shall be apportioned by the general assembly for the f>nrpo8e of maintaining the public schools. , Se(;l 12. All the net Income to be derived by the State from the sale or license for the sale of spirituous, malf; vinous, and Intoxicating liquors and beverages, not inclnding so much thereof as Is now or may hereafter be allowed by law to go to the counties and municipal corporations of the State, shall be applied annually In aid of the supplementary taxes provided fbr In the sixth section of this article; and if after said appllcaSon there should be a surplus. It shall be devoted to public-school portx>se8, and apportioned as the general assembly may determine : I^rovided, however, That the said suigilementary taxes sbilll only be levied when the«net Income aforesaid from the aale or Urense for the sale of alcoholic liquors or beverages are not sufficient to meet aud equalise the deficiencies for which the said supplementary taxes are pro- vided. Abt. XII, Sec. 1. Institutions for the care of the Insane, blind, deaf and dumb, ^ud the poor shall always be fostered and suported by this State, and shall be subject to such regulations ns the general assembly may enact !9eo. 7. Provision may be made by the general assembly for the establU^- meat and maintenance by the State of a reformatory for Juvenile offenders separate and apart from hardened crlmtnala SOUTH DAKOTA. Art. tit. Sec. 23. The legislature Is prohibited from enacting any private or special laws In the following cases: * * * * « 10. Providing Cor the management of common schools. « * « Art. IV, Sec. 12. There shall be chosen by the qualified electors of the State at the times and places of loosing members of the legislature, n secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, superintendent of public Instructloq. commissioner of school and public lands, and attorney general, who shall severally htrtd their offices for the term of two years. • ♦ • Sec. 13. The ppwers and duties of the secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, superintendent, of public Instruction, commissioner of school and, public lands, and attorney general shall be as prescribed by law. Art. VII, Sec. 9. Any woman having the qualifications enumerated In section 1 of this article as to age, residence and cltlsenshlp, and Including those now qualified by the laws of the Territory, may vote at any election held solely for school purposes, and may hold any office In this State except as otherwise pro- vided in this oonstitutton. Abt. VIII, Sbo. 3. The stability of a republican form of government depend- ing on the morality and Intelligence of the people. It shall bei the duty of the legislature* to establish and maintain -a getreral and uniform system of public schools wherein tuition shall be without charge, and equally open to all; and to adopt all suitable means to secure to the people the advantages and oppor- tunities of education. Sec. 2. The moneys of the permanent school and other educational funds shall be Invested, only In first mortgages upon good Improved farm lands within this State, as hereinafter prdvtded dr in bonds of school corporations within this State, or Indmdds of the United States or of the State of South Dakota, or of any organised county, township, or Incorporated city In said State. The l^s- lature shall provide by law the method of determining the amount of said funds, which shall be invested from Urns time In such classes of securities tespe^vely, taking care to secure continuous Investments as far as possible. All moneys of said funds which may from time to time be designated tor Investment in farm mortgages and in the bonds of sdmol corporations, or in bonds of organised counties, townships, or Incorporated cities within this State, shall for such purpose^ be divided among the organised counties of the State in proportion to populnt^oi) as nearly as proviaions- hy law to secute continuous investment may permit Ttfe several counties shall bold and manage the 1 1 ■ ♦ ^ K ’ 1 - lilATB .LAWS SEIATINQ TO PVBUO BDUCikinOK. Muxie as tmBt funds, and they shall be and remain responsible and accountable for the principal and toterest of all such moneys received by them from the date of receipt until returned because not. loaned; and in case of loss of any money so apportioned to any county, such county s^U make the same eood out of ' its common revenue. Counties shall invest said money in bonds of school corporations, counties, townships, or cities, or in first mortgages upon good improved form lands within their limits respectively. The amount of each loan shall not exceed one-third of the actual value of the lands covered by the mortgage given to secure the same, such value to be determined by the board of county commissioners of U»e county In which the land is situated, and in no case shall more than ^,000 be loaned to any one |>er8on, firm or corporation, and the rate of interest shall not be less than 5 per cent per annnm, and shall be such other and higher rate as the legislature may provid^ and shall be payable seminnnuully on the first day of January and July: Provided, That whenever there are moneys of said fund in any cdunty amount- ing to $1,000 that can not be loaned according to tlie provisions of this section, and any law pursuant thereto, the said sum may be returned to the State treasurer to be Intimated to some other county or counties, or otherwise In- vested under the provisions of this section. ESach county shall semlannunlly, on the first day of January and July, render an account of the condition of the funds intrusted to it to U»e auditor of State, and at the same time pay to or account to the State treasurer for the interest due on all funds Intrusted tp it The legislature may provide by general law that counties may retain from Interest collected in excess of 5 per centum per anuum u]H>n all said funds In- trusted to them, not to exceed 1 per centum per annum. But no county shall be exempted from the obligation to make semiaununl payments to the State treasurer of interest at the rate provided by law for such loans, except only said 1 per centum, and in no case shall the interest, so to be paid, be less than 5 per centum per annum. The legislature shall provide by law for the safe investment of tl»e permanent school and other educational funds and for the prompt collection of Interest and income thereof, and to carry out the objects and ]>rovl8lons of this section. Sec. 8. The Interest and Income of this fund, together with the net proceeds of all.«fine8 for ylolation of State laws and nil other sums which may be added thereto by law, shall be faithfully used and applied each year for the, benefit ^f the public schools of the State, and shall be for this purpose apportIoue(i among and betwieen all the several public-school corporations of the State In proportion to the numl>er of children in each of school age, ns may be fixed by law; and na part of the fund, either principal or Interest, shall, ever be diverted, even temporarily, from this purpose or used for any other purpose whatever than tlie maintenance of public schools for the equal benefit of all the people of the State. Seo. 4. After one year from the assembling of the first legislature, the lands granted to the State by the United States for the use of public schools may be sold upon the following conditions and no other: Not more than one-third of all such Innds-shnll be sold within the first 5 years, and no more than two-tblrds within the first 16 years after the title thereto is vested In the State and the legislature shall, subject to the provisions of. this article, provide for the sale of the same. The commissioner of school and public lands, the; State auditor and the county superintendent of- schools of the counties Beverally, shall constitute boards of appraisal and shall appraise all school lands within the several counties which they may from time to tljne select and designate for sale, at their actual value under the terms of sale. They shall take cure to first select and designate for sale the most valuable lands; and they shall ascertain all such lands us may be of special and peculiar value, other than agricultural, and cause the proper sub- division of the same In order that the largest price may be obtained thereof, Seo. 5. No Janer annum, payable annually; and all such snbidirided lai^s may be sold for cash: Provided further. That the pur- chaser or purchasers shall have the right and option of paying the balance of the purchase price or any Installment thereof at any time. All sales sl^ll he at ooNsiiinrtiONAL rtibvisioirs A8 BMJOArrrbi?. public anction to the hlgh^ bidder, after 00 daysT adverUaement of the aaine In at least two newspapers 6t general drcnlatlon In the vidnlty of the lands to be sold, and one at the sent of government Such lands as shall not have been specially subdivided shall .be offered in tracts of not more than 80 acres, and these subdivided in the smallest subdivision of lands designated for sale and not sold within two years after their appraisal shall be reappraised by the board of appraisal as hereinbefore provided l^fore they are aold. Sec. 0. All soles shall be conducted through the office of the coimnissloner of school and public lands os may be prescribed by law, and returns of all ap> prnisals and sales shall he made to said office. No sale shall operate to convey any right or title to any lands for 60 days after the date thereof, nor until the same shall have recelv^ the approval of the governor in such form as may' be provided by law. No grant or pateut for any such lands shall Issue until final payment be made. Skc. 7. All lands, money, or other property donated, granted, or received from the Ignited States or any other source for a university, agricultninl college, normal schools, or other educational or charitable institution or purpose, and the proceeds of all such lands and other property so received from any Source, aball he and remain wrj>etual funds, the Interest ami income of which, together with the rents of all siich lands as may remain unsold, shall be lnvlolabl5^ ap- propriated and applied to the Ri>eciflc objects of the original grants oi* The principal of every such fund may be Increased, but shall never be dlnd^ ished, and the Interest and income only shall be used. Every such fund 'shall be deemed trust fund held by the State, and the State shall make good aH losses therefrom that shall In any*manner occur. Sec. 8. All lands njentioued in the preceding section shall he appraised and sold in the same manner and by the same officers and hoards under the same limitations and subject to all the conditions as to price, sale, and apiuroyal provided above for the appraisal and sale of lauds for the benefit of public schools, but a distinct and separate account shall be kept by the proper officers of each of such funds. Sec. 9. The lands mentioned In this article shall he leased for pasturage^ meadow, farming, the growing of crops of grain,, and general agricultural pur[)ose8, and'at public auction after notice as hereinbefore provide in cf^se of sale and shall be offered in tracts not greater than, one section. XU rents shall , be payable annuaUy In advance, and no term of lease shall exceed five years, nor shall any lease be void until It receives tlie approval of the governor. Sec. 10. No claim to any public lands by any trespasser thereon by reason of occupancy, cultivation^ or Improvement thereof, shall ever be recognised; nor shall compensation ever be mirde on acccAint of any Improvements made by such trespasser. Sec. 11. The moneys of the permanent school and other educational funds shall he Invested only in first mortgages upon good improved farm lands within this ^tate as hereinafter provided, or lu bonds, of school corporations within the State, or In bonds of the United States, or of the State of South Dakota. The legislature shall provide by law the method of determining the amounts of said funds which shall be Invested from time to time In such classes of securities, respectively, taking care to secure continuous Investments as far as possible. All moneys of said funds which may from time to time be designated for In- vestment in farm mortgages and in the bonds, of school corporations sliaU for such purpose be divided among the organized counties of State In pro- lK)rtion to population as nearly as provisions by law to secure continuous In- vestments may permit. The several counties shall hold and manage the same ns trust funds, and they shall be and remain resiwnglble and accountable for the principal and Interest of all such moneys received by them from the date of receipt until returned because not loaned ; and In case of loss to any money so apportioned to any county, such county shall make the same good out of its common revenue. Counties shall invest said money In bonds of school corpora- tions, or in first mortgages upon good improved form lands within their Umita respectively; but no, farm loan shall exceed,. |500 to any one person, nor shall it exc^ one-half the valuation of the lan^s as assessed for taxation, and the rate of Interest shall not be less than 5 pbr centum per annum, and shall be such other and higher rate as the legislature may provide, and shall be payable semiannually on the first days of January and July; Provided^ Tluat whomever there are moneys of said funds In any county aumuntlg to fl,000 that can not ' ^I4aOi;pi^(U!|^QV* loaj^ accotdlnf to the pnjt^ljilona of thla section 'and. any law pursnant hereto, the said som may be returned to the State treaBhrer to be tntrosted to SQipa othj^ cotmly Or counties, or otherwise inyested under the'proTlalons of this sedtfofL I ' ' . ' ' ][ JSSach^ county shall seiniannnaUyt on the 1st day of Jonuaiy and July, render 4il awuht of the condition of the funds Intrusted to it to the auditor of State, and at the same time pay to or account to the State treasurer for the Interest 4ue.pn aU funds Intrusted to It , legislature may provide by general law that counties may retain from inters collected in excess of 0 per centum per annum upon all said funds intrusted to them not to exceed 1 per centum per annum. But no county shall exempted from the obligation to make semiannual payments to the State treasury of interest at the rate provided by law for such loans, except only said 1 4>er centum, and tn no case shall the hiterest so to be paid be less than 5 pw centum per iinnnm, “ .^Die legislature shall provide by. law for the safe Investment of the perma* xtrat school and other educational funds, and for the prompt collection of Inter- op, and Income thereof, and to carry out the objects and provisions of this SMtlOD. Sac. 12. The governor may disapprove any sale, Ibase, or investment other tlian such as are Intnisted to the counties. Baa 13. All losses to the permanent school or other educational funds of this State which, shall have b^n occasioned by the defalcation, negligence, mlsman- agem^t, or fraud of the agents or ofllcers controlling and managing the same, Sthall be andlted by the proper authorities of the State. The amount so audited ■hall be a permanent funded debt against the State In fhvor of the fund sus- taining the loss upon which not less than 6 per centum of annual interest shall be paid. The amount of Indebtedness so created shall not be counted as a part of the indebtedness mentioned in Article XIII, section 2. Sea 14. The legislature shall provide by law for the protection of the school lands from trespass or unlawful , appropriation, and for thetr defense against uU nnauthoris^ claims or efforts to divert: them from the school fund. Sac. 15. The legislature shall make such provlslonB by general taxation, nnd by authorising the school corporations to levy such additional taxes, as with the h^me from the permanent school fund shall secure a thorough and efficient system of common schools ^ronghont the State, Sec, Id. No appropriation of lands, money, or other property or credits to aid s^ sectarian school shall ever be made by the State, or any county or munici- pality within the State, nor shall the State or any county or municipality within the State accept any grant, conveyance, gift, or bCquest of lands, money, or other property to be used for s^orlan purposes, and no sectarian Instruction shall be allowed In any school or Institution aided or supported by the State, Sec. 17, No teacher. State, county, township, or district school officer shall be interested In the sale, proceeds, or profits of any book, apparatus, or furni- ture used or to be used in any school In this State, under such penalties as shnlt be provided by law. •Abt. IX, SEa 5. In each organised county at the first general election held after the admission of the State of South Dakota into the Union, and every two years thereafter, there shall be elected a • • • superintendent of schools, whose terms of office respectively shall be two years. ♦ ♦ • . Bsa 7; All laws exempting property from taxation, other than that enu- merated lil sections 5 and 6 of this, article, shall be void. Sio. U. The making of profit, directly or Indirectly, out of State, county, city, town, or school-district money, or using the same for any purpose not. authorize by law, shall be deemed a felony and. shall be punished as provided by law. Sbo. 12. An acenrate statement of the receipts and expenditures of the public aaoneys duiU be pnbllsbed annually In such manner as the legislature may provide. ^ Airf. Xn, Seo. 2. The general appropriation bill shall embrace nothing bnt an^prlatlons for ordinary expenses of the executive, legfalatlve, and judicial d^rtments of tlm State, the entrant expenses of State Instltntlons, Interest on ^ imWc debt and for common seb^ * * * s l!hb debt of ahy Cbnhty, city, town, school dlamct, dvH. townsblp, or (Wif Mdaltvlslon shall nev^ exceed 5 per c^tnm upon the assessed valuation of taxable property therein for the year preening that tn which said Uidabtadiiass Is fncnrrea OOMSX^OXION^ novmO^B AB to fiOdOAtlON*. In estimating the amount of the Indebtedness which a municipality or anb- divislon may incur, the iunbunt of indebtedness contracted prior to the adoptloii, of this constitution shall be included: Provided, That any conntyi munlcUMil corporatloiL dvll* township, district, or other subdivision ibay incur an addi- tional indebtedness not exceeding 10 per centom upon the assessed valuation of the taxable property therein for the year preceding that In which said in- debtedness Is incurred for the purpose of providing water and sewerage for irrigation, domestic uses, sewerage, and other purposes: And provided, T^t in a city where the population is 8,000 or more, such city may incur an indebted- ness not exceeding 8 per centum upon the assessed valuation of the taxable property therein for the year next preceding that in which said indebtedness is incurred for the purpose of constructing street railways, electric lights, or other lighting plants: Provided further, That no county, muoiclpnl corpora- tion, civil townahlp, district, or subdivision shall be included within such dis- trict or subdivision without a majority vote in favor thereof of the electors of the county, municipal corporation, civil township, district, or other subdivision as the case may be, which is purposed to be included therein, and no such debt shall ever be incurred for any of the purposes in this section provided, unless authorised by a vote in favor thereof by a majority of the electors of such county, municipal corporiition, civil township, district, or subdivision incurring the same. Sao. 5. Any *clty, county, town, school district, or any other subdivision in- curring indebtedness shall, at or before the time of so doing, provide for the • collection of an annual tai^ sufOclent to pay the Interest and also the principal thereof when due, and ail laws or ordinances providing for the payment of the interest or principal of any debt shall be Irrepealable until such debt be paid. Aar. XIV, Sec. I. The charitable ^nd penal institutions of the State of South Dakota shall consist of a penitentiary, InsAne hospital, a school for the deaf and dumb, a school for the blind, and n reform school. Seo. 2. The State institutions provided for in the preceding section shall be under the control of a State board of charities and corrections, under such rules and restrictions as the legislature shall provide; such board to consist of not to exceed five members, to be appointed by the governor and confirmed by- the senate, and whose compensation shall be fixed by law. Sec. 3. The State university, the agricultural college, the normal schools, and other educational institutions that mar be sustained either wholly or in part hy the State shall be duder the control of a board of five members appointed by the governor and confirmed by the senate under such rules and restrictiobs ns the legislature shall provide. The le^ifiature may increase the numt^ of members to nine. Sec. 4. The regents shall appoint a board of five members for each institu- tion under their control, to be designated the board of trustees." They shall hold office for five years, one member retiring annually. The trustees of each institution shall appoint the faculty of the same, and shall provide for the cUi> rent management of the institution, but all appointments and removals must have the approval of the hegents to he valltl. The trustees of the several In- stitutions shall receive no comfiensntion for their services, but they shall be reimbursed for all expenses Incurred iu the discharge of their duties, upon presenting an itemized account of the same to the proper officer. Each boafd of trustees at its first meeting shall decide by lot the order in Which its mem- bers shall retire from office. Seo. 5. The legislature shall provide that the science of mining and metal- lurgy be taught in at least one institution of learning under the patronage of the State. * Sec. 6. The Legislature of the State of South, Dakota* shall not have the power to establish any charitable, penal, ^ncatlonal, or other institution as a State institution until the same has been duly authorized by a majority vote of the people of the State,, voting to ^tablish siild Institution, at any regular election In the^S^nte; and the legislature shall not make any appropriation to any institution except those now established by law unless expressly authorized so to do by a majority' vbte of the people of this State at a regular general election upon a proposition duly submitted to the electors of the State as provided by law. Abt. XXI, Seo. 2. * * * The commissioner of school and public lands shall receive/in annual salary of $1,800; the superintendent ofpublic instruction shall receive an annual salary of $1,800 ♦ • * i I I \ i I 1 $3i8' arm tAWs rdlahno to public educatiok. Ak. XXU* The following articles shall be Irrevocable without the consent OT the United States and the people of the State of South Dakota expressed by their legliUtlye assembly: • • • t' j yonrth. That provision ahi^ be made for the e^bllshment and maintenance g systems of public schools, which shall be opened to all the children of Uila State, and free from sectarian control TENNKSSBB, * Aar. II, Sm 28. ToiraHon^ merchant* 8 and privileges. —AM property, real, pewnal or mixed, shall be taxed; but the legislature may except such as mny he held by the State, by counties, cities, or towns, and used exclusively for public or corpotnUon purposes, and such as may be held and used for purposes purely rellgloua, charitable, scientific, literary, or edncatlonal • • • Aar. XI, Sto. 12. Education to be cherished; common-school fund; poll tax; whitee and negroes; colleges, etc., rights o/.— Knowledge, learning, and*v1rtue, being essential to the preservation of republican jnstltutlons, and the dlffuslou of the opportunities and advantages of education* throughout the different por- tions of the State being highly conducive to the promotion of this end, it shall , be the duty of the general assembly, in all future periods *of this government, to cherish literature and science. And the fund called the common-school fund, and all the lands and proceeds thereof, dividends, stocks, and other property of every description whatever, heretofore by law appropriated, by the general , assembly of this state for the of common schools, and all such as shall here- after be appropriated, shall remain a perpetual fund, the principal of which shall never be^dlmlnlshed by legislative approprlatloos; and the interest thereof shall be Inviolably appropriated to the support and enoouragement of common echools thronghont the State, and for the equal benefit of all the people thereof; and no law shall be made authorizing said fund or any part thereof to be diverted to. any other use than the support and encouragement of common 0chool& The State taxes derived hereafter from polls shall be appropriated to ^ncatlonal purposes, In such manner as the general assembly shall, from time to time, ^rect by law. No school ^tnbllshed^r aided under this gectlon shall allow negro children to be received, as scholars together In the same school. The above provisions shall not prevent the legislature from carrying Inb effect any laws that hove been passed In favor of the colleges, *unlverRUIes, or aend- mnles, or from authorizing ^lelrs or distributees to receive and enjoy escheated property under such laws as shall be passed from time td time. TEXAS. Aar. nr, Sicc. 48. The legislature slmll not have the right to levy taxes or Im- pose burdens upon the people, except to raise revenue sufficient for the economl. cel administration of the government, in which mny be included the following purposes: • • The support of public schools, fn which shall be Included colleges and unlver- slties established by the State; and the maintenance and support of the Agricul- tural and Mechanical College of Texatf; ♦ ♦ 8*0. 4fi. No debt shall be created>y or on behalf of the State, except to supply caraal deficiencies of revenue, repel InHsIon, suppress insurrection, defend the State In war, or pay exiting debt : and the debt created to supply j^eflclencles In the^venne shall never exceed In the aggregate at any one time $200,000. Sec. C8, The legislature shall not, except as otherwise provided in this constl- tutloDf pass any local or special law, authorizing-:- • • * Begulating the management of public schools, the building or repairing of schoolhonses, and the raising of money for such purposes ; ♦ ♦ ♦. * . A general diffusion of knowledge being essential to the prMsrvation of. the liberties and rights of the people, It shall be the du^ of the of the State to establish and make suitable provision for the jbu jWl and maintehanqe of an efficient system of public free schools. 2, All ftmdSjlandB, and other property heretofore set apart and ^pro- pitted. for the snpimrt of public schools; all the. alternate sections of bmd fe- serred by the State out of grants heretofore made, or that may her^ter be mad^ to railroads or other corporations of any natute whatsoever of OONSmUTIONAL PBOVIBIOI^S AS TO BIHJCATIOK. 989 the pobllc domain of the State; and all Boms of money that may come to the State from the sale of any portion of the samei shall constitute a perpetual public-school fund* Sea 8. One-fourth of the revenue derived from the State occupation taxes and a poll tax of $1 on every male inhabitant of this State between the ages of 21 and 60 years shall be set opart annually for the benefit of the public free school, and in addition thereto there shall be levied, and collected an annual ad valorcisi State tax of such an amount, not to exceed 20 cents on the $100 valuation, as with the available school fund arl^ng from all other sources, will be sufflclept to maintain and support the public free schools of this State for a period of not less than six months in each year, and the legislature may also provide for the formation of school districts by general or 8])ecla1 law. without the local notice required In other cases of special • legislation, and nil such school districts, whether created by general or si^al law. may embrace parts of two or mere counties: And the legislature shall be autnorlxed to pass laws for the asa^»- nt and collection of taxes in all said districts and for the management and control of the public school or schools of such districts, whether such districts are^ composed of territory wholly within a county or In parts of two or more couutlea And the legislature may authorize iin additional ad valorem tax to be levied and collected within nil school districts, heretofore formed or hereafter formed, for the further mnlntenniice of public freeechools, and the erection and equipment of school buildings therein, provided that a mojorlty of the qualified property-tox-paying voters of the district, voting at an election to be held for that purpose, shall vote such tax, not to exceed in any one year 50 cents on the $100 vnluntlou of the property subject to taxation In such district, but the llnil- - tatlon upon the amount of school-district tax herein authorized shall not apply to Incorporated cities pr towns, constituting separate and Independent school districts. Seo. 3a. Every school district heretofore formed, whether formed under thp general law or by ai^eclal act, and whether the territory embraced within Its l)ouiHlarle8 lies wholly within a single county or partly In two oi* niqre counties. Is hereby declared to be. and from Its formation to have been, a valid and Inwhil (listrict All bonds heretofore Issued by any such districts which have been approved by the attorney general and registered by the comptroller are l\pr€by declared to 1)G, and at the time of their Issuance to have been, Is^ed In conformity with the Constitution and laws of this State, and any and all such bonds ore hereby In all things validated and declared to be valid and binding obligations upon the distrlot or districts Issuing the same. ^ Ejieh such district Is liereby authorized to. and shall, annually levy and col- lect an nd valorem tax sufflclent to pay the Interest on all such bonds and to provide a sinking fund sufficleut to redeem the same at maturity, not to exceed such a rate as may be provided by law under other provisions of this constltu-^ tion. And all trustees heretofore elected In districts made up from more than* one county are hereby declared to have been duly elected, gnd shall be and are hereby named as trustees of their respective d!.strlcts, with power to levy tlie taxes herein authorized until their successor shall be duly elected and qualified as Is or may be provldey the board of educotfon herein " ^ provided for, In the bonds of the United States, the State of Texas, or counties I In said State, or In snob other seonrlUes. and under such restrictions as may be J prescribed by law; and the State shall be responsible for all investmqnta , ] Sec. 5. The principal of all bonds and other funds, and the pripclpnl arising from the sale of the lands hereinbefore set apart to said school fbnd, shall be i the permanent school fund; and all the. Interest derivable therefrom and the ] taxes herein authorized and levied shall be the available school fund, to which ! the legislature may odd not exceeding 1 per cent annually of the total value of ! the permanent school fqnd; such value to be ascertained by the board of edh- | cation until otherwise provided by law; and the available school fund shall be j applied annually to the support' of the public free scboola And no law shall ever be enacted appropriating any part of the permanent available school fund to any other purposes whatever; nor shall the same or any part thereof ever be appropriated to or psed for the support of any sectarian school; and the m aXAta LAWS BBLATINS TO PUBUO ■BTOAtlOH, ivalUblo aebool ftmd hvnia proykM shaU be distributed to the sevemt counties sccordlnc to tbelr schoUsUo population and apidled In such manner as may be prorlded by law. 8kl d. AU lands heretofore or hereafter granted to the several counties of this State for educational pnrpoaes, are of right the property of said counticR reepectively to which they, were granted, and title thereto Is vested in saUl counties, and no adverse ponession or limitation shall ever be aMillable against the title of any county. £ach county may sell or dispoee of Its lands in whole or in part. In manner to be provided by the commissioners' court of the bounty. Actual settlers residlag on said landvshalt be protected in the prior right of purchasing the same to the extent of their settlement, not to exceetl 100 acres, at the price fixed by anld court, which price shall no Include the value of existing Improvements made thereon by such settlers. Said lands, and the proceeds thereof, when sold, ahall be held by said counties alone ns n tmst for the ben^t of public schools therein; said proceeds to be Invested In bonds of the United States, the State of Texas, or counties in Mid State, or lit such other eecurtUea, and under such restrfctlons as may be p)Wribee Invested In bonds of the State of Texas, If the same can be obtained ; If not. then In United States bonds, and the interest accruing thereon shall be subje<'t to appropriation by the' legislature to accomplish the purpose declared In the foregoing aectlon; Provtded, That one-tenth of the alternate sectlona of the lands granted to rallronda, reserved by Ififi which were set apart and ap- propriated to the establishment of the Unl\*€rslty of Texas, by an act of the legislature of February 11. 18fS8. entitled “An act to Mtabllsh 'the University of Tejfas,"* ahall not be Inclnded In or constitute a part of the permanent unlveralty, fund. SBC. 12. The land her^ set apart to the university fund shall be soid under guch regultitiona. at such times, and on such terms as may be provided bv law; and the legislature shall provide for the prompt collection, at maturity, of all debts due on account of university lands heretofore sold or that may bert^- after be sold, and ahall in neither ^vent have the power to grant relief to Uie purchasers. Skc, 12. The Agrlculttiral and Mechanical OoUege of Texaa, established by an act of the leitisUtura, passed April 17, 1871. located in the county of Braios, la hereby made and constituted a branch of the University of Texas, for Instruc tion in agrlcnltore, the mechanic arts, and the natural aclencea connected there- with. And the legislature shall at its next session make an appropriation, not to exceed $40,000, for the construction and ccnnpletion of the buildings and im- {gtnrementi and for providing the fundture pecessary to put said college In .ImiMlite and sacoesafol operation. Baa 14. The legiMature ahall also, when deemed practicable, establish and provide for the malntenande^of a collet or branch onlversity for the Instruc- tion of tilie.. colored youth of the State, to he located by a vote of the people: PfovUMt That no tax shall be levied and no money aKWOp^ted pot of the A. 'TMfflWl OOmnttmOVAL PB0TIBI0K8 AS TO BDXTOATION. 94l gonerfll t«T»ud eltlier for this purpose or fOr the eeUblltbiueDr end erection of the buildings of the UnlTerslty of Texas. Sexx lb. In addltloa to the lands heretofore granted to the Cnlrereltr of IVxaSi, there la hereby set apart and appropriated for the etldowm«it. mainte* imnce, and support, of said uni^*er8it7 and its branches 1.000,000 acres of the miapimpriated p'ubUc domain of the State, to be designated and surveyed as luay be provided by law; and said lands iduU be sold under the same regula* tions axid the proce^ Invested In the same manner as Is provided for the sale and Investment of the permanent university fund; and the leglalature shall not have power to grant any relief to the purchasers of said lands. Abt. Vin, 8ec. ^ The State tax on property, exclnslre of tho tax necessary to i>ay the pobUc debt, shall never exceed 60 cents on the hundred dollars valu- ation, and no Ooimty, city, or town shall levy more than one-half of said State tax, except for the payment of debts alread^r Incnryed and for the erection of imblic buildings, not to exceed 00 cents on the hundred dollars In any one year, aud exCei>t as In this constitution Is otherwise provided. Art. XI, Saa 4. Cities and towns having a population of 10.000 Inhabitants or less may be charted alone by general law. Tb^ may levy, assess, and collect an annual tax to defray thb current exiiensee or their local government, hut such tax riiall never exceed, for any one year, on^fourtii of 1 per cent, and Hhall be collectlhle only In current money. And all license and occupation tax lovted, aud all fines, forfeitures, penalties, and other does aocmlng to cities and towns, shall be collectible only In current money. Ssa fi. Cities having more than 10.000 inhabltapts may have their charters ^'Hinted or amended by special act of the leglslatarB. and may levy, aasesa, and otdlect such taxes as may be authorised by law; but no tax for any purpose shiili ever be lawful, for any one year, which shall exceed 2^ per c^t of the tuxnble property of such city; and no debt shall ever be created by any city niUesB at the same time provision be made to assess and collect annually a Mittlclent sum to pay the Interest thereon and create a sinking fund of at least •J per cent thereon. Sec. 0. Counties, cities, and towns are authorised. In such mode as may now or may hereafter be provided by law, to levy, assesa, and collect the taxes ueoeKsary to pay the interest and provide a sinking fund to satisfy any indebt- (Hluess heretofore legally made and undertaken but all such taxes shall be assessed and collected sef>arately from that levied, assessed, axul collected for ourreut exitenses of muntcliml government, and shall when levied specify in the act of levying the purpose therefor, and such taxes may be paid In the (H)ui>onB. bouda, or other indebtedness for the payment of yvhlch such tax may have been levi^ ' * Airr. XVI, Sso. 90a. The legislature may provide by law that the members of (he board of regents of the State untverBlty and boards of trustees or managers of the educational, eleemosynary, and i)enal Institutions of the State, and such hoards as have been or may hereafter be established by law, may hold their resi>ective offices for the term of six years, one-third of the mem^rs of suiii hoards to be elected Or appointed every two years In such manner as the legis- lature may determine; vnoamies In Hiich office to be filUd as may be i>rovldeerty shall be approprlateil for dr applied to any religious worship, exercise, or Instruction, or for the support of any ecclesiastical establishment * * *. Abti III. The following ordinance shall be Irrevocable without the consent of the United States and the people of this State: * * * Fourth, The legislature shall make laws for the estatbllshment and main- tenance of a aystem of public schools, which shall be open to all the children of t the State and be free from sectarian control.* Abt. IV, Sxa 0. * * * Municipal and school officers shall be elected at such time as may be provided by law. . Abt. Vt, Sbx}. ^ The lei^ature Is prohibited from enacting any private or Kliecial laws In the following cases; * ' * • Seventeenth. Providing for the management of common schools. • • • MS 8T&TB lA^S BKLATnrO TO PITBUO SD0CATIOK> Amr, VII. 6bo. 1, The exeeatiTe deperttnent shall consist of 'Kovemor, • • snperintoideDt of pnblic InstracUon, each of #hom shall hold his office for four years, beginning on the first Monday of January next a ft ex his election* * • • They shall perform such duties as are prescribed by this constitution and ns may be prescribed by law. , ^0. 10. ♦ • ♦ If the office of • • ♦ sui)erlntendent of imblic Instruo don be vacated by death, resignation, or otherwise. It shall be the duty of the fovemor to fill the same by appoiutiuent. and the api>ointee abnll hold his olliiv Until his successor shall be elected and qualified, ns may be by law provided. yBsc. 15. Until otherwise provided by law, the governor, attorney general, and aaperintendent of public inatrucdon shall constitute a tK>nrd of reform achmM commiaaloners. Bald board aball have such sutiervlKlon of all matters connecteil with the State reform school ns may bo provided by law. Skc. 19. The auperint^dent of public lustractlon shall perfonu such duties bk may be provided by law, Saa 20. The governor, • • • supertutendent of public instmction, and such other State end district officers as may l>c provided for by law shall re- ceive for their services quarterly a compensation as fixed by law, which shall not be diminished or Increased so as to affect the salary of any officer durln;: hla term. ♦ • ♦ The compensation of tlie officers provldeer annum. ♦ • « Abt. X,. Sxa 1. The legislature shall provide for the eshibllsbment and mali^ tenance of a uniform system of public schools, which shall be open to oil the children of the 6Ute and free from sectarian control. Bko. 2. “The public-school system sbnll include kindergarten schools. mon schools, consisting of primary and grammar grades, high sclunds. nu ngvl cnltnral college, a university, and such other seboois as fhe U*gialature nm.v establish. The common scliools shall be free. The other de{>artmonts of tlic system shall be 8up)x>rted as providetl by law : Pren iM, That high schools ina.v be zuHiutalnet! free in all cities of the first anti stx'omi class now lamstlttitlng school districts, and in stich other cities and districts as may t>o designated t»y the legislature. But where the proportion of school moneyb apiHWtioncHl or accruing to any city or district shall not be sufficient to maintain all the frci' achools in such city or district, the high schools shall be flupiwrted by local taxation: ProrWed, That when any cities or districts shall establish high scboela the legislature may authorise the use of Stvito school funds to assist In supporting such schools, said funds tndng apportioned to the cities or districts concerned by the State board of education." Ssa 3. The proceetls of all lands that have been or may be grantetl by the United States to this State for the support of the common schools, the proceeil.'; of all property that may accrue to the State by escheat or forfeiture, a«d all unclaimed shares and dividends of any oonwratlon liK*on>omttHl under the laws of this State, the proceeds of the sale of fIml»or. mlnends, or other proin^rty from school and State lands other than those grantwl for si>eolflc purrwses. and the 6 per centum of the net proceeds of the Siiles of pnblic lands lying within the State, which shall be sold by the Ignited States subsequent to -the admlsslim of this State Into the Union, shall be and remain a pen>eti.nl fund, to be coIUmI the State school fund, the Interest of which only, together with such other means as the legislature may provide, shall be distributed among the several school districts according to the school population residing therein. Sxo, 4. The bxration and establishment by existing laws of the University of Utah and agrlcuUuntl college are hereby oonfinnej{>erty beloun^ug to the Hchool for the deaf and dumb, bcretofore connected with the VnlverfdO’ of l-tah, shall be transferred to soli inatltutloa for the deaf and dumb. All the proceeds of tho> lands granted by the • 1'nlt<^ States for the suin>ort of a deaf aud dumb asylum and for an Institution for the blind ahaU be a perix^tuul fund for the malnl^auce of said tnsdtut^iia It shall be a trust fuud. the prlncUial of which shall remain Inriolata, gpar* auteed by the State against loss or diversion. t Skc. U. The metric ajsteui shall be taught In the public schools of the State. * Sra 12. Neither ndlglous uo^ partisan test or (pialtflcatloii shall be required of any person as a comHtiou of admission, as teacher or student, luto any public eilucationul institution of tbc State.. * . \ Skc. 13. Neither the legislature nor any county, city, town, school district, lor other public cort>oniUou slmll make nuy api>rt>prlatluu to aid lu the support V>f im,v school. ^*mlnury. academy, college. uiilverHlty, or other Institution controllM in whole or lu jwrt by any (hurch^ f#ect, or denomination whatever. Abt. XI. Sec. 1. The fteveral counties of the Territory of Ttah existing at the time of the adoption of this cimstltutlon are hereby recognised ns legal sub- divisions of Ibis State, and the precincts and school districts now exlstlng ln the said counties as legal suIkIIvIsIous thereof, and they shall so continue until clmngeil by law In pursuance of this article. Art. XIII. Src. 3. • • * I*nnit1ni further^' That the pt\>i>erty of the Vnlted States, of the state. couutleA cities, whi>ol districts. muntcliMil t'orponttions. aud public libraries, lots with, the buildings thereon used exclu- sively for either religious worship or charitable puriwses, • • • shnU be exempt from taxation. Sec. 7. The rite of titxaiiou ou prt>i^rty for State pnrp»>«ea shall never ex- reeti 8 mills ou each dollar of valuation; and whenever the taxable property within the State shall umbunt to $2(XUH)0.(X)0 the rtite shiill not exceed b mills on each dollar of valuallon, and whenever the taxable pn)is»rty within the Stale fhall amount to ^lOO.OiK\OtK> the rate shall never thereafter eice^ 4 mills on each dollar of valuation; unless a pro|x>sUlon Ut Increase such rate.' speclti^ng the ratei>rof¥>8eii and the time during which the sauio shall be levibd. be first submittee providwl by law. Art. XIV. Skc. 3. No debt in excess of the taxi^ f(>r the current year shall be m'attHl by any county or snlxllvlsion ther»M>f. or by nay scbtx>l district thendu.. or by any city. town, or vlliage. or any sulHllvIsIon thereof In this Stale, unless ihe pro|K»sitIou to create such debt sball have l>een Rubmltteecome ludeMed to an amount, inoludlng existing Indebtedness. eic<^Hllng 2 i ^r centum. No city. town, sc-bool district, or other niunicliMil cons>ratIoD sball^become Indebted to on amount, lucluding existing lndebteer centum of the value of the bixable property therein, the value to bp nscerpilaed by the last assessment for State and county puri>08e8 previous to the Incurring of such lndebteess; except that In Inoor- I>ornted cities the assessment shall l»e taken from the last assessment for city puipe>ses: Provided, That no part of the indebtedness allowed In this section shall be Incurred! ior other than strictly county, city, town, or pchool-distrlct purposes: PrvHded further. That any city or town, when authorised as pro- vided in section 3 of this article, may be allowed to Incur a larger indebtedness, not exceeding 4 per centum additieual for supplying such city or town with water, artificial light, or sewers, when the works for supplying such water, ll^t, and sewers shall be owned fjad c^tiolled by the municipality. Beo. 6. The State sball not assume the debt, or any part thereof, of any I'ounty, ci^» town, or school district. *944 0TATE LAWS HKLATINO TO PUBLIC EDUCAtlOK, A*r, XIX. Sac. Z Haformatoiy and pem\ Inatltmioaa, and those for tho benefit of the Inaane. blind, deaf and dumb, and such other IneUtutlotui as the pabllc good may require, shall be eetabltabed and supfxirted bj the Elate In anch manner and under aueh boanla of control aa may be prescribed by law. Sec. a The public Jnatltutlona of the State are hereby permanently located nt ^e pla^ hereinafter named, each to have the lamia Mi»ec1flcnllv gninted to It by the United States In the not of Congress apprimM ^July 16, isiM. to be dis- posed of and used In such manner aa the legisinture may provide : • • • Second. The loatltntions for Uie deaf and dumb and the blind and the State reform school, at Ogdon City, in the county of Weiner. • • • ^ Aar. XXL Sac. l. All State, district, city. (X)uuty, town, and school offlcera, excepting notaries public, boanls of ertiltratUm, court (Hmimlmloueni, JusUccm of the i>eace. and coustnblee, shtill U*- i»uid flxotl and definite salarlea. • • • VKRMO.VT, CuAP. ILSec.41. • • • a atmi>eleut numU^r of st hooU ought to In* main- tained In each town for the cmm uleiit Instruction of youth, and one or mon* gramunir at'hoo^ h? lm\)n)oratcd and proi>erly eu4)ix>rted in each county In this State, And all religious soclcdea or IkhIIcs of men that may be hereafter uni nil or Incorporated for the advancement of religion and learning, or for other pious and charitable pun>osea, sturir be eumunigtHl and pnutvtetj In tl^e enjoyment of the privileges, Immunities, and esutes, which they lu Justice ought to enjov, under such regulations as the general asmmbly of this State shall direct, Arr. 30. No charter t»f lucon>oratlon ehull l>e granted; extemhsl, clumgetl, or amended by siKSial law, exiVjit for siich nmnlHi»aI. churl table. wlucHtioiml. penal, or reformatory c'oriH>riitlous an are to Ih> and remuin uutler the patronage or control of the State. • • • VIHCIMA. Aar. II, Sbo.2-1. N'ose or In any uuuiner to tin amount \vhl(b. Including existing Indebtedness, phall at any lime ex(*eed |K»r i*eii!nin of the assessed valuation of the real estate In the city or town subjeet to taxation, an shown by the last precetliag assessment fof taxes: ProvUIcU, however. That nothing above contained In this set'tlou shall apply to those cities and t<»wiis whose charters existing at the adoption of tills conatllution nuUjorlxe a larger percentage of Indebtedness than la authorised by this section : * * * Snc. 12S. In cities and tow*ns the assessment of real estate and i>ersoual prop- erty for the purpose of munlcli>al taxation sIuVll lie Uie same as the HasesKmeut thereof for the pun>0M of State tnyatlon, whenever there slmll l>e a sutte aasess ment of such ji^perfy. Aar. IX. Sec?120. Tlie general asaembly shall establish and maintain an efficient system of public free schools throughout the State. 8eo. 130. The general supervision of the school system shall be vested IP a State board of education, comi>osed of the governor, attorney general, su^r- Intefiffent of public instruction, and thi:fe experienced educators to be elmed qaadrennlally by senate, from a list of eligtbles, conslstlDg of one from tech of the Acuities, and nominated by the reflective boards of visitors or tms&s, of the University of Virginia, the Virginia Military Institute, the Virginia poly- technic Institute, the State Female Normal School, at Farmvllle, the School for the Deaf and Blind, and also of the College of William and Mary, so long as (he State continue Us annual ai^ropnatlon to the last-named Institution. OONStTTDTrOHAL PBOVIBlOKfi AS TO BDUCATIOK. 946 Itte board tbu« couftlltmod the^oUTer from a city, wbo shall bold oOlce for two years, and whose jKtwers and duties shall be Uleiitictil with those of other memlH?ra. cjtcept that they shall not (lartlcitiate In the ai»i>olutujeDt of any jmbIlc*?H*liool otnolal. AU.V vacancy ocvurrlnfl: dnrtug the term of any meml>er of the board shall be for the unexpIrtHl term by said board. Sk<\ l.’ll. The aiir»i'rluteudi*ut of pubilc InatructUtn. who shnll l>e an exiiert* ouced wlucator. Khali l>e eUvtiHl hy the quaimeouMty or city each, but no coouty or cKy i^hal) bi^ divided In the foruutiiun of such dlrlsloUK. It shall, subject to the ('t»nrtrm;itIou of the seonte. apinfint. for each of such divisions, one sui»erln- tiMulent of si'UtHfis. who hUuII iKild olllci* for flmr yt'ars. and shall preHcrllie bis duties, and may remove him for cuiim* aiul ni am mu US*. I ^'ond. It Mlmll have, retthlatinl by law^ the tnauaKemeut and Investment of the school fund. I ThinL It slutll have authority to make all needful rules and regulatioha foi I Uie uuma icemen t and ix>mhict of the schools, which, wb(*o puhllahtM and dla rributCHl. shall liat'e the fonv and eflfccl of law. subjevt to the authority of ; tiu* j^'ueral asm*mbly to rtolae. anieud. or rei»eal Uio same. • I Fourth. It Hhull w*Uvi texilKmkK and iHlucatioiuiI appliances for use In the ■ ‘ Hk'hools of tlie Ftate. exendsln^ such discretion as it may siv fit In the selec* tiou of btH>ks suitable for the r**Iuh>1s In the cltlcii and couutli^ resi»e<*ilvoly. Fifth. It sliall niHMiim a board. of dlrtvtors. t'onNi.stlng of five members, to serve wUlinut comiitMiKatlon. which shall have the niuua^emeiit of the Btate library, and the apiK'lntment of a librarian ami other empl«)yw*8 thereof, sub- h j ject to such rules ami reguiatUaiK as the t^eiieml assembly shall prescribe; bu* I die supreme court of ai»|K*als shall have the mauaKemeut of the law library and jUie apixilutment of the Hbrarlan and other employt*es thereof 8eo. 13^i. Kach magisterial district shall constitute a sejuirate school dla* Irlct, unless otherwise provided by law. In each school district there shall be three trustees Belected, In the manner and for the term of office proscribed by ' law. Sec. 134. The general nsatmibly' shall m apart a^ a iH*rmaiieut and i>eri>etual liicrarj- fund, the present literary fund of the State; the proceeds of all public hinds donated by Congress for {tubllc free-sclu>$)l pun>oaes; of all escheated proi>erty : of all w*nste and uuaitproprlated lands; of ‘all proi>erty itocrulng to the State by forfeiture, mid all fines txillected for offeimea <.*0101111 tUxl against the Stale, uml such other sums as the general assembly may appropriate. Stc\ 135. The general as.s<*mbly shall apidy the annual Interest on the literary fund; that |)ortlon of the cai>itatlou tax provldwt for In the constitution to Im* l«ald Into the State treasury, and not returnable to the counties and cities; and nil annual tax ou proiH*rty of uot less than 1 nor m*^re than 5 mills on the dollar to tlie schools of the primary and grammar grades, for the equal benefit nf all of the iK*ople of Uie" State, to be ai»i>t>rtloiied on n basis of school jK>pu lation; the number of children between Uie ages of 7 and 20 years In each srbool district to Ik* the basis of such np|>ortionment ; but if at auy time the Several kinds or classes of proiwrty ahull be segregateil for the puri>o»ocify and determine uiion what subjects. State htxes and ui>ou what subject local taxes may bo levied, then the general a^mbly may otherwise provide for h fixed apitroprlatlou of State revenue to the supi)ort of the schools not less than that provided In this section. I Ssa 13^. Each county, city, toivn. If the same he q separate school, district, and school district Is authortxed to raise additional sums by a tax on property, uot to exceed in the. aggregate 5 mills on the tiollar in any one year, to be apportioned and exi tended by the lroi^aUon of public funds shall be made to any school or Institution of learning not owned or exclusively controlled by the State or some political subdivision tiiereof : Provided, Flrst^Uiat the gener^ assembly may, in its discretion, continue the appropriations to the College of william and -Mary; second, fliat this section shall not be construe^ ns requiring or prohibiting the cpntlnuance or discontinuance by the general assembly of the payment of inter- est oh certain bonds held by certain schools and college^ as provided by an act of the general assembly approved F^ruary *23, 1892, relating to bonds held by schools and colleges; third, that counties, cities, towns, and districts may make , appropriations-to nonsectrlan schools of manual. Industrial, or technical trpin- ^ Ing, and also to any school or institution of learning owned or exclusively con- trolled by such county, city, town, or school district Seo. 142. Members of the boards of visitors or trustees of educational instltu- tions shall be appointed as may be provided by law and sl\all hold for the term of four /ears: Provided, ^hnt at the first appointment. If the board be of an ev^ number, one-half of . them, or, if of an odd number, the least majority of them, shall be appointed for two yeara k Axr. X Seo. 146. The president of the board of agriculture and Immigration shall be ex officio a member of the board of visitors of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute. Abt xni, SEd. 173. The general assembly, shall levy a State capitation tax of,' and not exceeding, $1.B0 per annum on every male resident of the State not less than 21 years of age, except those pensioned by this State for military services, $X of which shall be applied exclusively in aid of the public free ' school. • * - • The general assembly may authorize the board of super- visors of any county or the council of any city or town to levy an additional capitation tax not exceeding $1 per annum on every such resident within Its limits, which shall be applied In aid of the public schools of such county, dlty, 01* town, or for such other county, city, or town purposes as they shall determine. :w WASmNOTON. IK Awr. It Sbo. 88. Every elective public officer in the State of Washington except Judges of courts of record is subject to recall and discharge by the legal voters of the State or of the political subdlvfslon of the State from which he wa^ ^ected whenever a petition demanding his recall, reciting that such officer baii commits some act or acts of malfeasance or misfeasance while in office, or who has violated his oaUi of office, stating the matters complained of, signed by the pemutages of the qualified electors thereof, hereinafter provided. • ^ • - '8B0t'84. * ** l^e pei^ntages required shall be. State officers; other than Judges, senators, and reptesentattves, city o^erevof cities of the first class, ahbool'.die^ct boards lu cities of tbe first county officers of counties of .qm ||imtt^0Sob&d,ian classes, 25 per cent. Officers of all. other political <'iadi*dlTlffions, dties; tovniA^^^ and school districts not herein and Staj^ senators and representatives, 85 per cent ' ABfi 11, filob; 1^ l%e l^slature.ls prohibited from enacting any private or speeAti law 'In following^ cases: « * « For authorizing the apportion- 'nient of a^/part of the- school fond« • * • ^Providing for the management - of cbmxnon bwobU. • • • * ■ ' ' — :■ " -'''T CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AS TO EDUCATION. ^7 Abt. in. Sec 1. The executive department shall Muslst of n governor, ♦ ♦ • BuperliUendeut of public Instruction, and a commissioner of public lands, who shall be severally chosen by the quaUfled electors of the State at the same time and plgce of voting as for the members of the legislature. Sec.- 8. The ♦ ^ ♦ superintendent of public Instruction and commissioner of public lands shall hold their ot&^ for four years, respectively, and until their successors are elected and qualified. Sec. 4. The returns of every election for the oflSces named In the first section of this article shall be sealed up and transmitted to the seat of government by the returning ofllcers, directed to the secretary of state, who* shall deliver the ' same to the speaker of the house of representatives at the- first meeting of the house thereafter,' who shall open, publish, and declare the result thereof In the presence of a majority of the members of both houses.- The person having the highest number of votes shall be declared duly elected, and a certificate thereof shall be given to such person, slgn^ by the presiding officers of both houses; but If any two or more shall be highest and equal In votes for the same' offlc& one of them shall be chosen by the joint vote of both houses. Contested eled^ tions for such officers shall be decided by the legislature In such manner as shall be decided by law. The terms of all officers named In section 1 of this article shall commence on the second Monday In January after their election until otherwise provided by law. Sec. 22. The sui^rlntendent of public Instruction shpU have supervision oVer, all matters pertaining to public schools, and shall i>crform such si)eclfic duties as may be prescribed by law. He shall receive an annual salary of |2,500, which may be increased by law, but shall never exo^d fl.OOO per annum. Sec. 24, The ♦ ♦ ♦ superintendent o/ public Instruction, commissioner of public lands, and attorney general shall severally keep the luibllc reconls, books, and papers relating to their resj>ectlve offices at the seat of government ♦ • ♦ Abt. VI, Sec. 4, For the purijose of voting and eligibility to office no person shall be deemed to have gained a residence by reason of his presence, or lost It by reason of bis absence, ♦ ♦ ♦ .jwblle u student at any institution of learning. ♦ ♦ ♦ Art. VII, Seo. 2. ♦ ♦ ♦ The property of ♦ ♦ ♦ school dIstricU ♦ ♦ ♦ shall be exempt from taxation. Art. VIII, Seo, 6. No county, city, town, school district, or other municipal corporation shall for any pui-pose b^'ome Indebted In any manner to an amount e.xceedlng per cent of the taxable property In such county, city, town, school district, or other municipal corporation without the assent of three- fifths of the voters therein at an election to be held for that purpose, nor In cases requiring such assent shall the total Indebtedness at any time exceed 5 per cent on the value of the taxable property therein, to be ascertained by the ' last assessment for State and county purposes previous to the Incurring of such Indebtedness. * * ♦ ♦ Art. IX, Sec. 1. It Is the jmramount duty of the State to make ample pro- vision for the education of alMchlldren residing within Its borders without distinction or preference on account of race, color, caste, or sex. ^ Sec. 2. The legislature shall provide for a general and uniform system qf public schools. - The public-school system shall Include comiuoi# schools and such high schools, normal schools, and technical schools as may hereafter be estubllshed. But the entire revenue derived from the common-school fund and the State tax for common schools shall be exclusively applied to the suiv ! port of the common schools. *. , Seo. 3. The principal of the common-school fund shall remain permanent and I ■ Irreducible, The said fund shall be derived .from 'the following-named soufms, • I to wit : Appropriations and donations by the State to this fund ; donations and bequests by Individuals to the State or public for common schools ; the proceeds .of lands and other property which yevert to the State by escheat and forfeiture: ^ the proceeds of gll property granted to the State when the purpose of the , grant is not specified ior is uncertain ; funds acr>nmulated In the treasury of the j , State ^or tbe.4isbur8ement of 'which provision has not been made by law; the * ’ I proceeds of the sole of Umber, stone, minerals, or other property from school and suite lands, other than those granted for apeclfic purposes; all moneyH received from persons appropriating* timber, stone, mlnemls, or other property from school and Stato landa other Uian those granted for specific purposes, and ' all moneys oUier than rental recovered from persons trespassing oil sal4 lands; • Q pet' cent of the proceeds of the sale^of public lands l^ng within the Btfite. ; l^vhl^ shall t»e sold by .the IlnlCbd States subseq;ueat to the admlstfon of Uie ms 8TAXB lAWS vBSLATINO TO FCBLIO EDUCATION. State iHto the Union as approved by section 13 of the act Oongress enabling tlM admission of the State into the Union; the principal of all funds arising from the sale of lands and* other property which have been« and hereafter may be» granted to the State fOr the support of comrdbn schools The legislature may make further provisions for enlar^ng said fond. The Interest accruing on said fund, together with ah rentals and other revenues derived therefrom, ‘ and freon lands and other property devoted to the common*scbool fund, shall be (xclnslveiy applied to the current use of the common schools. Sieo.4. All schools maintained or supported wholly or In part by the public funds shall be forever free from sectarian control or Influence. 8*c. 6. All losses to the permanent common school or any omer State eduot- tlonal fund, which shall be occasioned by defalcation, mismanagement, or fraud of the agmits or officers controlling or managing the same, shall^ audited by the proper anthorltles of the State. -Thb amount so audited shall be a permanent funded debt against the State in favor of the particular fund sus- taining such loss, upon which not less lhan 0 per cent annual inteiest shall be paid. The amount of liability so created shall not be counted as a part of the Ind^tedness anthorlBed and limited elsewhere In this constitution. Abt. XIll, Sec. 1. Educational, reformatory, and penal Institutions ; thc^ for the benefit of blind, deaf, dumb, or otherwise defective youth, for the Insane or Idiotic, and such other Institutions as. the public good may require, shall be fostered and supported by the State, subject to snob regulations as may be provljfled by law.'* The regents, trustees, or commissioners of all sneb Institu- tions exlstmg at the time of the adoption of -this constitution, and of such ns shall thereafter be established by law, shall he appointed by tha governor, by and with the advice and consent of the senate. * « * Abt. XVI, Seo. 2* None of the lands granted to the State fob educational purposes i$hall be sold otherwise than at public auction to the highest bidder. The value thereof, less the improvements, shall, before any* sale, be appraised by a board of appraisers, te be provided by the law, the terms of payment also to be prescribed by law, and no sale shall be valid unless the sum bid be equal to the appraised value of said land. In estimating the value of such lands for disposal, the value of the improvements thereon 'shall be excluded*., provided, T^t the sale of all school and university land heretofore made by the com- missioners of any county or the university comm^loners, when tbe.pnrchase price has been paid In good faith, may be conflhuea by the legislature. Rsa 8, No more than r acre, shall, before the some be sold, t>e platted into lots and l>lockB of not more than 5 acres In a block, and not more than one block shall be offered for sale ^n literary, sclentlflc, ^ilglous, or charitable pnrposes ; all cemeteries and pnMlc property may, by Itiw, be exempted taxation, t legislature shall levy ori annual capitation tax of $1 upon each male Inhabitant of the State who has attained the age of 21 years, whlclr shall be annually appropriated to the support of free schools. Persons afflicted with bodily Infirmity may be exempted trom this tax. 6, The power of taxation of the legislature phall extend to provisions for the "payment of the State debt and interest thereon, the support of free schools, and the payment of the annual estimated expenses of the State, ♦ ♦ • Sec. 7. County authorities shall never assess' taxes. In any one year, 'the aggregate of which, shall exceed 98^ cents per $100 valuation, except for the support of fr^ schools, payment of Indebt^ess existing at the time of the adoption of^thls constitution, and for the payment of any Indebtedness wlUi tne Interest thereon, created under the succeeding section, unless such assess- Hient, with all questions Involving the increase of such aggregate shall have people of the rt of the free schools of the State.) Sac. 6. The legislature shall provide for the supi)ort of free schools by appro- priating thereto the Interest of the Invested “school fund,'* the net proceotls of all forfeitures and fines accruing to tlds State un^er the laws thereof ; the State capitation tax, and by general taxation of persons and property or other- wise. It shall also provide for ralid||| In each county or district, by the au- thority of the people thereof, such a iwoportlou of the amount requir<^ for the support of free schools therein as shall be prescribed by general laws. Sec. 6. The school districts into which any county is now divided sholl con- tinue until changed In pursuance of law. Sec. 7. All levies that may be laid by any cdunty or district for the purpose of free schools shall be reported to the clerk of the^unty Court ; and shuli, imder such regulations as may be prescribed by colleoted by the sheriff or other collector, who shall make annual settjgment with tlie coun^' court; which settlement shall be made a matter of timrd by the derk thereof. In a book to i>e kept for that 4)urpose, ' „ Sec. & White and colored persons shnllimt be taught in the same school. ' Sko. 9. No person connected with the fra school system of the State, or with any edncatlonnl institntlon of any nam or grade under State control, shall be Interested In the sale, proceeds, or ^fits of any book or other thing used, or to be used therein, under such pejfflties as may be prescribed by law : Pro- vided, That nothing herein shall be construed to apply to any work written, or thing invented, by such person. Sbo. 10. No independent free-school district or organization 'Shall hereafter be created, except with tife consent of the school district or districts out of which the same Is to be created, expressed*by a majority of the voters voting on the question. Sbo. 1\ No appropriation shall hereafter be made to any State normal school, or branch thereof, except to those already establl^ed and In operation, or now chartered. . ^ \ Sbo. 12. The legislature shall foster and encourage moral, Intellectual, scien- tific, and agricultural improvement; It shall, whenever It may be practicable, make suitable provision for the blind, inute, and insane, and for the organiza- tion of such institutions of learning as the best interests of general education In , the State may demand. ^ ^ ' WISOONSIN. Abt. IV, SE0.>^^he lefdslature is prohibited from enacting any gpeclai or private laws In the^lowln? cases : ♦ ♦ ♦ Eighth. For authorizing the appor- tionment of any parN>f the school fund. ♦ ♦ * - H ' Abt. X, Seca 1 [Amendment]. The sunervtslon of public instruction shall be vested in* a State 8ui>erintendent and such oilier officers as the legislature slmll direct; and /heir qualifications, powers, duties, and compensation siiall bq pre- scribe^by law. The State snperintendenjt shall be chosen by the qualified eloc^ tors of the State at the same time and in the same manner as members of* the supreme oqurt, and shall hold his office for four y^ars from the succeeding first Jtfoi^yC^nly* ** • * - > Sbo. 2. proceeds of all lands that have been or hereafter may be gf^snted by the United SUrtes to this State for educational pnrposes (except the lands heretofore granted for the purposes of a nniverslty) and all' moneys, and the clmr pfocijflB of all jpropeity*' that may Uccrue to the State by forfeiture or escheaL moneys which may be paid as an equivalent for exemptlqp from mdltery duty i and the clear proceeds o% alt fines collected, In the severaV coun- . tl# ibf any btwach of the penal lawsTand all moxteys arising ffom any grant to: . ii‘r H'li ■ ^ " erson, corporation, or community not under the absolute control of the State, nor to any denominational or sectarian institution or association. • ^ Abt. IV, Sxo. 11. There shall be chosen by the qualified electors of the State at the tlme^hnd places of chooalng meili^bers of the legislature, a sc4!retary of state, Vudltor,, treasurer, and superintendent of public Instruction, who shall have attained the age of* 25 years respectively, shall be citizens of the tJnlte. and the salaries of any of the said officers shall not be increased or diminished during the period for which they were elected. ♦ ♦ ♦ • . ' ectlvely to the several school districts mnbraced therein. But no appropriation shnli be made from' said fund to any district for the year In which a school has not been maintain^ ' for at least three months; nor shall* any portion of any publto-school funds ever be used to support or assist any private school, or any school, Hcademy, seminary, college, or other institution of learning controlled by any church or sectarian organization or religions denomination whatsoever. Ssa 9, The legislature shall make kich further provision,' by taxation or otherwise, as with the Income arising from the genervlslon of the public schools shall be Intrusted to the State superintendent of public instructign. whose powers and duties shall be prescribed by \mr, t I Sbo. 15. Tljp establishment of the University, of W.vomlng Is^ereby con- firmed, and said ' instnutton, wIiJi its sevej^l departments, is hereby declared to be the University of the State of Wyoming. Ad lands which have been heretofore granted or which may be granted hereafter by Congress unto ^ the university as such, or in aid of the instruction to be given In any of Its departments, with all othef grants, donations, or devises for said university, or for any of Its departments, shall ^vest In said university, and be exclusively used for the purposes for which they were granted, donated, or devised. The said UiiHls may be leased oil terms approved by the land commissioners, but may not be sold on terms not approved by Congress^ Sbo. 16. The university shall be equally open to students of bdth eexbs Irrespective of race or color; and, In order, that the Instnctttn funlshed may be as nearly free as pos^Hjle, any amount In addition to the Income from Ito Brants of l^ids and other sources above mentioned, necessary to Its support and .maintenance In a condition of full efficiency shall be raised ty taxation or otherwise, under provisions of the leglslatare. ‘-f - ■i‘.. II [ ... ..rti, 954 8TATB LAWS BELATUIQ TO PXJBUO BDUCAHON. , 8*Of 17. The legidature shall provide by law ^or the manasemeot of the unireralty. its lands and other pjbperty by a boart ot trustees, consisting of not leas than seven members, to be appointed by the goTernor by and with the adrlM and consent ot the senatet, and the piesident ot the university, and snperintendeiit ot public instruction, as members ex offlclo, as such having the right to speak but not to vote. The duties and powers ot the trustees shall he prescribed by law. Saa 18. Such charlUbl^ reformatory, and penal Institutions as the claims of humanity and the public good may require shall be established and sui>- ported by the State lb such manner as the leglslt^turo may- prescribe. They shall be under the general supervision of a State board of charities and reform, whose duties and powers shall be prescribed by law, Sco. 23. The legislature shall have po power to change or to locale tiie seat of government, the State university, insane asylum, or State penitentiary, but may, after the expiration of 10 years after the adoption of this constitution, provide by law for submitting the question of the permanent location thereof, respectively, to the qualified el^tors of the Stafe, At some j^eraf election, and a majority of all votes upon said question cast at said election shall be necessary to determine the location thereof. * * * Abt. IX, Sec. 3, No boy under the age of 14 years and flo woman-or girl of ' any age shall be employed or permitted to be In or about any coal,* iron, or other dangerous mines for the purpose of employment therein : Provided, Ao«v cuer, This provision shall not affect the employment of qboyorfemaleofBuitable age in an dfilce or In the performance of clerical work at such mine or odlllery. Abt, Saa 1. All State, * * • and school officers, * • • shall be paid fixed and definite salarlea The legislature shall, frdtt time to time, fix the amount of such salaries as are hot already flXoti by this constitution, which shall in all cases be In proportion to the value of the services rendered and the duty- performed. Sec. 2. • * • State, county, city, town, and school officers hhall be re- quired to keep A true and correct account of all fees collected by them, and to pay the same mto the pro])er treasury when collected, and the officer whose duty it Is to coil^ such fees shall be held responslbk, under his bond, for neglect to collect the same. * * * Sec. a The salaries of county officers shall be fixed by law within the fol- lowing limits, to wit: In counUes having an assessed valuation not exceeding two mlUlohs of dollars, * >* * the county superintendent shall not be paid more than *$S00 per year. * * ^ In counties having an ' assessed valu- ation of more than twq*millions of doUars and not exceeding five milHons^f dollars, • * * the county superintendent of schools shall not be paid more than $760 per year. • * • In counties having ^oiv than ^,000,000 asaessM valuation, * * *• county superintendent of schoolr ^all- not be paid more than $1,000 per year. • * * ^ Abt. XV, Seo. 4. For state revenue there shall he levieratIon. ♦ * * Abt. XVI II, Sta 1. The State of Wyoming hereby agrees to accept the grants Of lauds heretofore made, or that may be hereafter jnade by the United States to the SUte. for educational purposes, for public bui)dings and institutions and for other objects, and donations of money with the conditions and limitations that may 1^ imposed by the net or acts of Congress, making such ^nnts or dona- tions. Such lands shall be disposed of only at public, auction to the highest . resnousible bidder, after having been duly appraised by the land commlsalofiar& , at not less than three-fourths of the apprais^ value thereof, and for not less than $10 per acre. • • • . \ Sec. >3. The governor, superlnten^n^ of public Instmctldn, and secretary of state shall constitute a board of land commissioners who, *hnder such r«gula<^ tions as may be provided by law. shad have the direction, control, disposition, and care of all lands that have been heretofore or may hereafter be granted to the* State. ' & 'a a i I S 4 V APPENDIX B. PBDBRAL LEGISLATION AFFECTING AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES AND / EXPERIMENT STATIONS. ' ' A** 186S DonatliiE Linds for AKiicoltnral Collegps. ' [First Morrill Act.] AN ACT DonstiDK public laods to the MTerel SUtM end Terrltoriee which may prtiyldr colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts. ii enacted by Senate and Bouee of Repreeentaiirei of th^ Vniicd Statvn of America, in ConffreeM tuiembied. That there be granted to the eevenil Sialei* for the purpoa^ hereinafter mentioned an amount of publlcMHiih, to Iks opfk>r- ttonod to e^h State a quaaUty equal to 80.0QO acres for each Senntor and Repreaentatlre In^ Congress to which the States are respectively entitled bv the apportionment under the census of 1800: Provided, That no mineral laods shall be selected or purchased under the provislooB of this act Bkc. Z And be it /a fiber enacted. That the lands aforesaid, after being snr veyed. shall be apportioned to the several States <4n sections or snbdlvlalouR of sections, not less than one^uurter of a section; and wlrenever there are puhlU- lands In a State subject to sale at private entry at 11.25 per acre, the qiiuutltv to which paid State shall be entltfed shall be selected' from such lands wiihlii the Ilmls of such State, and the Secretary of the Interior. Is hereby dlrct^tMl to Issue to each of the^ States In which there Is not the quantity of public lands subject to sale at private entry at |1Z5 per acre to which said Slate mav entitled under the provisions of this act land scrip to the amount In ac^ fof the deficiency of its distributive shaip^ said scrip to be sold by said States and the proceeds thereof applied to the iftes and purposes pr^rlbed In this mi and for no other use or purpose whatsoever: Provided, That In ne case slndl any State to which land scrip may thift be Issued be allowed to Ideate the san)e within the lltnlta of any other State or of any Territory of the United StnicH. but ^elr assignees may thus locate said land scrip ui>on any of the unappro- priated lands of the United States subject to sale at private entry at |l 2r». or less, per acre: And protided /arfber. That not more tlmn 1,000.000 acres shall be located by such nsBigpees in any one of the States: And provided further. That no such location shall be made before one year from the passage of this act * ^ Sco. 8. And be it further encoted, That all the expenses of managemeut. super^itttidence, and taxes from date of ejection of said lands, previous o. their hales, and all expenses incurred in the management and disbursement if the moneys which may be received therefrom, shall be paid by the States io which they may belong, out of the treasury of said States, so that the entl^* proceeds of the sale of said lanfis shall be applied without any diminution wba ' ever to the purposes hereinafter mentioned. 8*0.4 (original). And be iP further enacted. That all moneys derived fro u the sale of the lands aforesaid by the States to which the landa are apportloneill. and from the sales of land scrip hereinbefore provided for, shall be Invested ilti stocks of the United States or of the dtates, or some other safe stoc^ yiehUug not less than 6 per centum upon the par value of said stocks: and that tlio moQ^ so Invested shall constitute a perpetual fund, the capital of which rsbajl remain forever nndlmlnished (except so far as may be provided in sectfou 5 of thla tctK the Interest of which shall be Inviolably appropriated by east, It shall l^e replaced by the State to which It Mongs. m ilmi the capital of Uje fund shall remain forever muilmlntsheil ; and Uie aimiial interest stuill be rt*giilnrly applied without dimlmittiHi ti) the purposes nH*ntipned in the fourth sertlori of this act, ex^vpt that a sum, nor ext'eeiling 10 i>er eentuoi niKJU the iimouiit rmdveil by any State uude'r the provisions of this act, may be c.\I>emU\l for the p’irchiist* of ‘lauds for sites or exi>erlmenttil farms whenever authorlted by the re«pt*ctlve legislatures of said States. StHtind. No portion of said fund, nor the Interest thereon, shall be applied, dlnx'tly or indirectly, under any pretense whatever, to the purchase, ert*ctlon, preservation, or repair of any building or buildings. Third. Any State which may take and claim the bendfft of the iJrovlsIons of this act shall provide, within ^ years, atdeast not less than one college, aa descrlbod in the fourth section of this act, or jthe grant to such SUle shall ccsse; and said -State shall be hound to i>ay the United States the amount received of any lands previously sold and that the title to purchasers under the State shall be valid. Fourth. An annual report shall be made regarding tlie progress of each col- lege, recording any dniprovoments and experiments made, wlfli -their cost and n*8ult8, and such other matters, Including State Industrial and economical sta- lUtlca, as may be supiwsed useful, one copy of which shall be transmitted by mall free, by each, to all the other colleges which may be endowed under the provisions of this act, and also one cow to the Secretary of the Interior. Fifth. When lands shall be selects fifom those which have been raised to dituble the minimum price, in consoQueDce of railroad grants, they shall be com- puted to the States at the maximum price and 'the number of acres' proportion- ately diminished. Sixth. No State while In a condition of rebellion or Insurrection against the (lOverament of the Unltetl States shall bo entitled to the benefit of this act !3eventh. No State shall be entitled to the benefits of this act unless It shall express Its acoeptance/thereof by Its legislature within two years from the date of Its approval by the President, , Sec.O. And be it further enacted, Th^t land scrip Issued under the provlsloiw of this act shall not be subject to location until after the 1st day of January, 1863. . . ‘ Sec. 7. And be it further enacted. That the land officers diaU receive the same ' fees for locating land scrip Issued under the provisions of this act as Is now allowed for the location of military bounty land warrants under existing laws : VrmHded, That their maximum compensation sfcrall not be thereby Increased. Sec. 8. And be U further enacted. That the governors of the several States to which scrip shall be Issued under this act shall be reeclnl reference to their applications In the industries of life and to thp^facillUes for such Instruction: Provided, That no money shall be |)ald ootfunder this act to any State or Territory for the suplwrt and malDtenapeeof a college where a di^nctlon of race or color la made In the admlsetbn of atndenta, but the estAbllshmeut and maintenance of such colleges ^ue^rately for white and colored^ atudenta shall be held to be a' comnllnnce with . the provisions of this act If the funds received In such State or Territory be X'nbly divided as berethafter set forth: Provided, That In any State In h there has been one collegA established In pursuance of the act of July 2i 1$68, and also In which an educational institution of nice character bos l^n established, or may be hereafter established, and is now aided by such Stale from its own revenue, for the education, of colored students in agriculture 01^ the mechan^ arts, however named or styled, or whether or not it has Kcelved money heretofore under the act to which this act Is an amendment, the legislature of such State may propose and report to the Secretary of the Inte- FEDERAL LAWS AS TO AORICCLTUBAL COLLEGES. 959 rtor A just and equitable division of the fund to be received under this act. between one colleire fur white studeu^and pne Institution for colored atudentiv established as afuresnUl, which shA be divided Into two parts, ai^ paid nccordlnRly. aud thercui^m such li4PRitlcD for colored siudcnta shall be entllled to the benefits of this act and su^ect to Us provisions, as much as It would have been If It had been Included under the act of 18GS!, and the fulflllment of the forcfcoluft pi\>vlKlonH shall taken as a compllai>oe with the pi^vlaloa In n»fercnce to separate colleges for while and colored studenta Sec. 2. That the sums hereby appropriated to the Stales and Territories fOr the further endowment ami snpi'^>rt of colleftes shall bo annually paid on or lK*fore the Sltrt day of July of each year, by the Secretary of tlie Treasury, upon ilrt* warrant of the Secretary of thO Interior, out of the Vrensury of the United States, to the Stale or Territorial trcaHun*r, or to such ofllt'er as'shall be dealjr- nnted by the laws of such Slate or Territory to receive the same, who shall, . upon the onler of the tmateeti of the ooUejce or the Institution for ‘colored students, Immediately iiny over wild sums to the treasurers of the respedUro colleices or other InsUtuiUms entltUNl to receive the same, and such treesurers shall be required to re|>ort to the S<'cretary of Airrlculture and to the Secretary of the Interior on or lH*forc the Int day of September of each year a detailed Btatement of the amount so recolvwl and of Its dinbursement. TTie grants of moneys authorlseti by tills act are made subject to the leglsUUre aasent of the several States aud Territories to the pur|>ose of said granta: ProviML^ That payments of such Installuienta of the appropriation herein made as shall liecoroe due to any State before the adjournment of the reifular session of l^s- lature m<»etlng next after the swipe of this act shall be made upon the assent of the povenior thereof, duly, ivnlflinl (o the 8(vn»t« ry of Uie Treasury. 8ec. i That if any pnrUou of the m;( nxylved by the designated ol&cer of the Slate or Territory for the further tjiid more complete eiidowment, sup* |tort. and. mHlntenance of collept»«, or of InstltnMous for colored studeota, as provldod hi tills act. shall, by any aotUm or contlnKency. be dismissed or lost, or be njIsappHed, It shall be rtqihit'eil by the Slate or Territory to which It be- longs, and until so replaynd no subsequent appropriation shall be apportioned,^ or paid to such Slate or TV»rrllory; and no portion of said moneys shall be" applied, dfrenomlcal statistics ns may be regarded as use- ful. one cony of which shall be traasmltted by mall free to all other colleges further endowed uuder this acL ' Sec, 4. That on or before the 1st day of July In each year, after the passage of ! tills act. the Secretary of the Interior shall ascertain and certify to the S«ro- 1 tary of the Treasury as to each State and Territory, whether It is entitled to | receive Us share of the annual appropriation for collegefl^ or of Institutions for i colored students, under this act and the amount which thereupon each Is en- i titled, respectively, to receive. If the Secretary ‘of the Interior shall withhold a certificate fron^ any SUte or Territory of Its appropriation, the facts and ' 'reasons therefor shall be reported to ihe President, and the Amount Involved shall be kept separate tn the Treasury until the close of the next Congress, In ' order that the State or Territory may. If It should so desire, appeal to Congre« j from the determination of the Secretary of the Interior. If the next Congress shall not direct such sum to be paid ft shall be covered Into the Treasury. And, the Secretary of the Interior Is hereby charged with the proper adminis- tration of this iaw. SEci 5. That the Secretary of the Interior shall annually report to Oongrepa the dlsbursementa which have been made In all the States and Territories, and ' ‘ also whfether the appropriation of any State or Territory has wlthh^d. and. if so, the reasons therefor. Sbc. 0. Congress may at any time amend, hospend., or repeal any or all of the provlsloas of this act Approved, August 80, 1800 (26 StaL L., 417). ^ T 960 STATE LAWS BELATING TO PUBLIC EDUOATIOlf. Clause In Act Making Appropriations for the United* States Department of Anricultare for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, lOOS, for the > Farther Endowment of Agricultural Colleges. [Kelson amendment.] ^ • • ♦ That there shall be, and hereby Is, annually appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury not ^otherwise appropriated, to be paid us lierelnafift provided to eiich State and Territory for the more complete endowment ai»- maintenance of agricultural colleges now established, or wliich may hereafter bJP established, in accordance with the act of Congress approved July 2, 1^2, any the act of Congress approved August 30, 1890, the sum of $5,000, In addition to the sums named In the said act, for the fiscal year ending Juhe 80, 1908, and an aimual Increase of the a mount .of such appropriation tUereafier for four years by an additional sum of $5,000 over the pr&c^ing year, ajid^e annual sum to be paid thereafter to each State and Territory shall be $5p,000, to be applied only for the purposes of the agricultural colleges as defined and limited in the act of Congress approved July 2, 1802, am the act of Congress aDoroved August 30, 1890. i That the sum hereby appropriated to the States, and Territories for the fur- ther endovtment and 8upi>ort of the colleges shall be paid by, to, and in the ^ manner prescribed by the act of Congress approved August 30, 1890, entitled **An act to apply a portion of the proceeds of the public lands to the more complete endowment ajid support of the colleges for the benefit of agriculture und the mechanic arts established under the provisions of an act of Congress approved July 2, 1802,” and the exr)«^dlture of the said money shall be gov- erued In all resi)ect8 by the provisions of tlie said act of Congress approved July 2, 1802, and the said act of Congress approved August 30, 1890: Provided, That said colleges may use a portion of this money for providing courses for the special preparation of instructors for teaching the elements of agrlculturt and the fiiechauic arts. ^ Approved, March 4. 1907 ( 84 Stat. L., 1256, 1281). A^ of 1888 and 1891 Providing for Detail of United States Army and Navy Officers to the Land-Grant Colleges. # of AN ACT To amend section 1225 of the Revised Statutes, concerning details of otDeers of the Army and Navy to educational Institutions, etc. V ' Be it enacted hy the Benate and ITonse of Tlepreitentatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That section 1225 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, as amende] by an act of Congress approval July 5, 1884, be, and the same is hereby, further amended so as to read as follows : ** 8kc. 1225. The President may, upon the application of any*^ established military inrtltute, seminary or academy, college or university, within the United States having capacity to educate at the same time not less than 150 male students, detail an officer of the Army or Navy to act as superintendent or professor * thereof; but the number of officers so detailed shall not exceed 60 from the Army and 10 from the Navy, being a maximum of 60, at any time, and they shall be apportioned throughout the United States, first, to those State Institu- tions applying for such detail that are required to provide instruction In mili- tary tactics under the provisions of the act of Congress of July 2, 1862, donating lands for the establishment of colleges whereLthe leading object shall be the practical instruction of the Industrial classes m agriculture and the mechanic arts, Including military tactics; and after thw* said details to be distributed, as nearly as may be practicable, according to jj^ulatlon. The Secretary ot War Is authorize ta Issue, at hi.s discretion and under proper regulations to be prescribed by him, out of ordnance and ordnance stores belonging to tlie . CtoYemment,' ana which can be spared for that purpose, such number of the same as may appear to be required for military Instruction and practice by tlje Bthdents of aqy college or university under the provisions of this section, and the Secretary shall require a bond In each case, In double the value of the property, for the care and safe-keeping thereof and for the return of the same when r^ulred; Provided, That nothing Jn this act shall be so construed as to N FBDBBAI. LAWS A8 TO AOItlOXJLTUKAL OOLLBOSS. 961 prevMit the detail of officers of the Engineer Coriw of the Navy as professors In acienafic schools or collies as now provided by act of Oongrpas approved February 26, 1879, entitled ‘An act to promote a knowledge of steam engineering n,nd Iron-ship building among, the students of scientific ^schools or coU^^es lu the United States'; and the Secretary of War Is heret5y authorised to \asqe ordnance and ordnance stores belonging to the Government on the t*^rnrm and conditions hereinbefore provided to any college or university at which a retired officer of the Army may be assigned as provided by section 1260 of the Revised Statutes. “ Sm 2- That the said section 1226 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, as amended by tbe said act of Congress approved July 6. 1884, and all acts apd parts -of acts. Inconsistent or in conflict with the pro\'isldns of this act be, and the same are hereby, repealed, saving always, boweveir, all acts and things done under the said amended section heretofore existing.** Approved, September 28, 1888 ( 26 Stat Uy 491). [Act of 1891.] * . ' * AN ACT To amend eection 122# of the ReTieed SUtofee. concerning detalle of ^officers of the Army and Navy to educational Imtltutiona. Be it enacted bp the Senate and lloute of Repreeentativee of the United Sfafea of Arnett in Conprese asaembled, That section 1225 of the Revised Statutes, concerning details of bffloers of the Army, and Navy to educational institutions, be, and the same is hereby, nmended so as to permit the President to detail under the provisions of. aH, not, to exceed 76 officers of the Army of the United States.; and the maximum number of officers of the Army and-Navy to be de- tailed at any one time under the provisions of the act passed Septwnber 26, 1888, amending said section 1225 of the Revised Statutes, is her^y Increased to 86; Proridedf That no officer shall be detailed to or maintained at any o^he educational Institutions mentioned In said act where instruction and dim In military tactics is not given ; Provided further. That nothing In this act shall be so construed as to prevent the detail of officers of the Engineer Corps of the Navy as professors In scientific schools or colleges as now provided by act of Congress approved February 26, 1879, entitled “An act to promote a knowledge of steam engineering and iron-ship building among the students of scientific schools or colleges in the United States.** ' Approved, January 13, 1891 (26 Stat. L, 710). Extract from Act of 1014 Permitting gales by the Supply DepartmenU of the Army to Oertain Military Schools and Collies. Under such regulations as the Secretary of War may prescribe, educational institutionsUo which an officer of the Army Is detailed as professor of military science and tactics may purchase from the War Department for cash, for the use of their military students, such stores, suppllea matftrleb of war. and mili- tary publications as ore furnished to the Army, such sales to be at the price listed to the Army, with the cost of transportation added. * Approve proved July 2, 1862, entitled **An act donating public lands to the several Stat^ and Territories which may provide colleges for thC benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts,** or any of the supplemedts to said act, a department to be known and designated as an “agricultural experiment station^* : Provided, That in any State or Territory in which two such colleges have been or may be so established the appropriation hereinafter made to such State or Territory shall be equally divided between such colleges, unless the legislature of such State or Territory shal^ otherwise direct Sb(v 2. That It shall be the object andulnty of said experiment stations to conduct original researches or verify e^gperlments on the physiology of plants and animals; the diseases to which they are severally subject with Uie remedies of the same; the chemical composition of useful plants at their different stjiges of growth; the Qomparative advantages of rotative cropping its pursued under the varying series of crops; the capacity of new plants or trees for acclimation ; the analysis of soils and water; the chemical composition of manures, natural or artificial, with experiments designed tg test the comparative effects on erbps of different kinds; the adaptation and value of grasses and forage plauts; the \ composition and digestibility of the different kinds of food for domestic ani- mals; the scientific and economic questions Involved In tlie production of butter and cheese; and such other researches or experiments bearing directly on the ^ agricultural Industry of the United States as may In each case be deemed ad- vlBable, having due regard to the varying conditions and needs ^f the resi>ectlve States or Territories. Skc. 3. That In order to secure, ns far as practicable, uniformity of methods and rekblts In tlie work of said stations. It shall-be the duty of U»e United States Oommissloner [now Secretary] of Agriculture to nirnish forms, ns far as pmc* ticnble, for the tabulation of results of Investigation or experiments; to indicate from time to time such lines of Inquiry as to him- shall seem most Imiwrtant, and, In general, to furnish such advfce and nasistance as will best promote the purpose of this act. It shall be the duty of each of said stations annually; on or ^ before the 1st of February, to make to the governor of the 8tat\or Territory in which It is looted a full and detailed report of Its operations, Including a state- ment of receipts and expenditures, a copy of which rei>ort shall be sent to each of said stations, to the said CommlssLener [now Secretary] of Agriculture, and to the Secretary of the Treasury of the Unlt^ Statea * Sxa 4, That bulletins or reiwrts of progress shall be pitldished at s;ild stations at least once In three months, one copy of which snail be sent to each new8pni>er in the States or Territories In which they are respectively located, and to such Individuals actually engaged in farming as may request the mime and as far as the means of theTstatlon will permit. Such bulletins or reports and the annual reports of said stations shall be transmitted in the mails of the United States free of^charge for postage, under such regulations as the Tostmaster General may from time to time prescribe. - SiDO, 5, That for the purpose of paying the necessary ex[>ense8 of conducting Investigations and experiments and printing and distributing the results as hereinbefore prescribed, the sum of |16,000 per annum Is hereby appropriated to each State, to be specially provided for by Congress In the appropriations from year to year, and to each Territory entitled *under the provisions of section 8 of this act, out of any money fti the Treasury proceeding from the sales of public lands, to be paid In equal quarterly payments on the 1st day of January, April, July, and October In each year, to the treasurer or other officer duly appointed by the governing boards of said colleges to receive the same, the first payment to be made on the 1st day of October, 1887 : Provided, however. That out of the first annual appropriation so received by any station an amount not exceeding one-fifth may be expended In the erection, Enlargement, or repair of a building or buildings* necessary for carrying on the work of such station ; and tliereafter an amount not eiceedlng 6 per centum of queb annual appropri- ation may be so expended. Soj. 6, That whenever It shall appear to the Seci:etary of the Treasury from the annual s^temefit of receipts and expenditures of any of said stations that w FEDERAL LAWR AS TO AGBIOULTtJRAL OOLLEOBS. 668* a portion of tte preceding annual appropriation remalpa unexptoded, gnch' amount i^nll be denoted from the next eucceeding annual appropriation to such station, In oMer that the amount of money appropriated to any station shall not exceed the amount actually and necessarily required for Its mainte- nance. and support ^ ^ uwuilit- 1 T* nothing In this act shall be construed to Impair or modify the ^**^***^ ^ colleges and the government of the States or Territories In which they are respectively located. States having colleges entitled under this section to the bene- ate of this act and having also agricultural exi>erlment stations established by law wparate from said colleges, such^tes shall be authorised to apply roch beneats to experiments ^ stations ^e^bMahed by such States; and In case any State shall have eetablishedriinder th^ provlslonrf of said act of July 2 . .^aforesfvld, an agricultural department or experimental 'station In connection wljh any university, college, or Institution not distinctly an agriculturkl college or school, and" such State shall have established or shall hereafter establish a aerate agricultural college or school, which shall have connected therewith ad experimental farm or station, the legislature of such State may apply In whole or in part tlie appropriation by this act made to such separate agncul- turai colleger school, and.no legislature shall by contract^ express or Implied, • disable itBrif'fnoiji so doing. k S^. 9. That the.grants of moneys authorixed by this a^t are made subject to the legislative assmt of the several States and Territories to the purposes of wid grants : Proiwd, That payment of such installments of the appropriation herein made ns shail^become due to any State before the adjournment of the r^Uar seeslon of Its legislature meeting next after the passage of this act Mall be made ui>on the assent of the governor thereof duly certified to the Secretary of the Treasury. Skc. 10- Nothing In this act shall he held or construed as binding the Lnited States to continue nny payments from the Treasury to any or all the States or Institutions mentioned In this act, but Congroes may at any time amend, busihuuI, or re[>eal any or all the provisions of this act * Approved, March 2, 18S7 (24 Stat U, 440^. .j Act of"l888 ^mending (Hatch) Act of 1887. •AN ACT To amend an act entitled ‘‘An act to eatabllah.aKrlcuitural atatlona In connec- tion vrita ta® collcgofl efttabllsbed In the several States under the proylslona of an act approved July 2, 1862, and the acts supplementary thereto.” Bo it enacted hy the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Conpress assembled. That the grant of money authorised by the act of Coiytress entitled “An act to efitabllsh agricultural exi)eriment stations In connection with the colleges established in the several States under the provt- sions of au act approved July 2, 1802, and of acts supplementary thereto.” are ^ subject as therein provided to the legislative assent of the States or Territories to !>e ulTected thereby; but ns to such Installments of the appropriations as may be now due or may hereafter become due, wb^n the legislature may not be In governor of m\d State or Territory may make the assent therein provlaea, and U[K>n n duly certified copy thereof to the Secretary of the Treas- he shall ca.use the same to be paid in the manner provided In the act of which this If amendatory, until the termination of the next regular session of the legislature of such, State or Territory. Approved, June 7, 1888 ( 25 Stat. U, 176.) Proviso In Act Making Appropriations for the United States Department of Agrlcnltore for the Fiscal Year Ending June 80, 1800, Farther Defining Work of Stations Established Under Act of March 2. 1887 (Hatch Act) * That, as far as practicable, all sneh stations Shdll devote a portion of their work to the examination and clasalflcatlon of soils of their respective 'States and Territories, with a view to securing more extended knowledge and better de- velopment of th^r agricultural capabilities. Approved* March 2, 1880 (2G Stat 1^, 8il.) 964 8TATB LAWS BBLATIKQ TO PUBUO BDUCATIOK. ' Aot of .1006 for ibe Fmthor Badowmont of AgrlcitltiirAl Bxperlmeni Btatlotofl. [AdamB Act] ‘ AN ACT To proTide for an increased annunl appropiiailon for agricultural experiment' . stations and regulating ibe expenditure tbereot Bt it enacted hy the Senate and House of Bepresentntires of the Vnited States of America In Congress assembled, That there shall be, and hereby Is, annually appropriated, otit of any money in the Treasur;/ not otherwise appropriated, to be' paid aa^erelnafter provided, to each State and Territory, for the more ooni- ^ plete endowment and maintenance of agricultural experiment stations now e»- | . * tabllahed or which may hereafter be established In accordance with the act o| Ooi^ss approved March 2, 1887, the sum of 15.000 in addition \o Ihe sum named In said act for the year ending June 80, 1900. and an annual ln<:re}iBe i>f the amount of such appropriation thereafter for five years by an additional sum of $2,000 over the preceding year, and the annual amount to be paid thereafter to each State or Territory shall^ be $^0,000, to be applied only to paying the necessary expanses" of conducting original researchea or exi>er!- ments bearing directly on the agricultural Industry of the United States, hav- ing due regard to the varying conditions and needs of the respective States or Territories. ' Sec. 2. That the sums hereby appropriated to the States and Tetritorles for the further endowment and support of agricultural experiment stations shall be annually paid in equal quarterly payments on the 1st day of January, April, July, and October of each year by the Secretary of the Treasures upon the war- rant of the Secretary of Agriculture, out of the Treasury of the United States, to the treasurer or other otfleer duly apiwlnted by tl\e governing boards of saW experiment stations to receive the same, and such offic'ers shall be rcquirert to the Secretary of Agriculture on or l)efore the 1st day of September of each year a detailed statement of the amount so received and of Its disburse- ment, on 8chertIon of the moneys received by the designated officer of any State or Territory for the further and more complete .endowment, supjwrt. and maintenance of agricultural experiment stations as provided in this act shall by any action or contingency be diminished or lost or be misapplied. It , shall be replaced^ by said State or Territory to which It belongs, and until so replaced uo^lmbaequent appropriation shall be apportioned or paid to such State or Territory; and no portion of said moneys exceeding 6 f>er cent of 'each annual appropriation shall be applied, directly or indirectly, under any pretense whatever, tq the purchase, erection, preservation, or repair of any building or building^ or to the purchase or rental of land. It shall be the duty of each of said stations annually, on or before the 1st day of Fel>ruary, to make to the gov- ernor of the State or Territory in which: It is located a full and detailed report of Its oi^ratloDS, including a statement of receipts and expenditures, a copy of which 'report shall be sent to each of said stations, to the Secretary of Agrlcul- tefre, and to the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States. S - Sec. 4. 7'^^at on or before the 1st day of July In each year after the passage of this act the Secretary of Agriculture shall ascertain and certify to the Secretary of the Tifeasnry as to each State and Territory whether it Is complying with the provisions of this act and Is entitled to receive Its share of, the annual appropria- tion for agricultural experiment stations under this act and the amount which thereupon each is entitled, respectively, to receive. If the Secretary of Agrlcul- y tons shall withhold a certificate from any State or Territory of Its appropria- tion, the facts and reasons therefor ^all be reported to the Preeddent, and the amount Involved shall be kept separate in the Treasury until the close of the next Congress, in og^er t^at the State or Territory may, if It shall so desire, appeal to Congress from the determlnotlon of the Secretary of Agriculture. If ^ ^the fiext-CoDgress shall not direct suc|^, sum to be paid, it sbaU be covered into FBDEBAL LAWS AS TO AOBIOTTLTtTRAL OOLLSOES.* 966 tbe Treasun^ and the Secretary of Agriculture la hereby charged with the proper admlnlatrdtloD of this law. Sec. 5. That the Secretary of Agriculture shall make an annual report to Con- gress on the receipts and expenditures and work of the agricultural experiment stations In all of the States and Territories, and also whether the appropriation of any State or Territory has been withheld, and so, the reason therefor. Sac. 6. That Congress may at any time amend, auspend, or repeal any or all of the provisions of this act. , , Approved, March 10, 1006 (34 St\t L., 030. ^ Clause In Act Making Appropriations for tlie United States Department of Agriculture for the Fiscal year Ending Juno SO, 1007, Interpret- ing the Act of March 10, 1006 (Adams Act) . The act of Congress approved March 10, 1000, entitled '*Au act to provide for no Increased nuuuiil approprlaUon for agricultural experiment stations and regulating the expenditure thereof,” shall be construed to appropriate for ^ch station the sum of $5,000 for the’^ fiscal yeaV ending June 30, 1006, the sum of $7,000 for Ihe fiscal year ending June 30. 1007, the sum of $9,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1908, the sum of $11,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30,^ ' 1909, the sum of $13,000 for the fiscal year end>4ig June 30, 1010, and the sum of $15,000 for the flsc*al year ending Jwfe SdTIOll. The sum of $5,000 appropri- ated for the fiscal year 1900 shall be paid on or before June 30, lOOQ, and the amounts api)roprIatetl for^the subsequent years shall be pjild as provided In the said act to each State and Territory for the more complete endowment and' maintenance of agricultural experiment shitlons now established or which may fierenfter be establlKhed In accordance with tin? act of Congress api>roved March 2, 1887. . Approved, June 30, 1000 (34 StaL L., 660, 6001. . / ^ Act of 1914 IVovidlng for Cooperative bhKtensloii Work. ^ (Smlth'I.evcr Act.) AN- ACT To provide for rooporatlve aarloultural extenaion work between the agrlcultaral collegea in the aaveral Statea rooelvlng the benenu of an act of Congress approved July 2. 1862, and of acta supplementary thereto, and the United States Department of AgHcuUure. f Be it enacted by the Senate and Home of Represent aHve» of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That In order to aid In diffusing .among the people of the United States, useful and practical information on sub- jects relating to agriculture and home econo.iilcs, and to encourage tlie applica- tion of the feame, there may be Inaugurpted In connection with the college or colleges In each State now receiving, or which mpy* hereafter rectnve, the bene- fits of the net of Congress approved July 2. 1802. entitled “An net donating iSubllc lands to the scvcml States and Territories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts” (12 Stat L., p. 503), and of the act of 0)ngresa approved August 30, 1800 ( 20 Stut. !>., p. 417, chap. 841), agricultural extension w^ork which shall be carried on In cooperation with the United States Deimrtment of Agriculture: Provided, That In any State In which - two or more such colleges have been or hereafter maybe established the appro- priations hereinafter made to sucfii State shall be administered by such college or colleges as the legislature of such>State may direct: Provided further^ That, pending the Inauguration and development of the' cooperative extension w<>rk herein nu'thorized, nothing In this art shall be constitbod to discontinue either ' the farm -management worjfc or the fanners' cooperative demon st rat Ipe wo|*k as now conducted by^the Bureau of Plant Industry of the Department of Agri- culturef ' Sec. 2. That cooperative agricultural extension work shall consist df the giv- ing of InstrucUon and practical demonstrations la agriculture and home eco- nomics to persons not attending or resident In said college In the several com- munities, and Imparting to such persons information on said subjects through field demonstrations, publications, and otherwise; and this work shall be carried on In such manner as may be mutually agreed upon by the Secretary of Agriculture and ^ State agricultural college or collegek recelvliig the bene- fits of this act ^ 906 STATE lAWB B8LATIK0 tO PUBUO EDUOATION. Saak /Tbat for the purposed paying the expehsee of said cooperative agrl- cultural extension work and the necessary' printing and distributing of Informa- tion In connection with the same, there Is permanently appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise ain>roprlated, the sum of ^80,000 for each year, $10,000 of which shall be paid annually, in the hianner hereinafter provided* to each State which shall by action of its legislature assent to the provisions of this act; Provided^ That payment of such Installments of the appropriation hereinbefore made ns shall become due to< any State before the adjournment of the regular session of the legislature meeting next after the passage of this act may. In the absence of prior legislative assent, be made upon the assent of the governor thereof, duly certified to the Secretary of the Treasury: PrxnHdcd further^ Thai there Is also appropriated an additional gum of $000,000 for the -fiscal year following that In which the foregoing opproprla- tlon first becomea available,' and for each year therenl[ter for seven years a sum exceeding by $500,000 the sum appropriated for each preceding year, and for each year thereafter there Is permanently appropriated fbr each year the sum of $4,100,000 in addition to the sum of $480,000 hereinbefore provided: provided further ^ That before the funds herein appropriated shaft iH'come avail- able to any college for any fiscal year plans for the work to bC carried od under this act shall be submit by the proper officials of each college and approved by the Secretary of Agriculture. Such additional sums shall be used only for the purposes hereinbefore stated, and shall be allotted annuolly to each State by the Secretary of Agriculture and paid In the manner hendid>efore provided, In the proportion which the rural population of each State bears to tlie total mrarpopulatton df all the States as determined by the next preceding Federal census; Provided further. That no payment out of the addltlonni appropriations herein provided shall be made' In any year to riny State, until an equal sum has been ai>propr!ated for that year by the legislature of such State, or pro- vided by State, county, college, local authority, or liulhidunl contributions from within the State, for the. maintenance of the cooperatlv^ agricultural ex- tension work provided for In this net. Sec, 4, That the sum$ hereby appropriated fot extension work shall be paid In equol semiannual poyments on Uie 1st day of Jnnuory and /July of each year by the Secretary of the Treasury upon the warrant ot the/Secfetiry of Agri- culture, out of the Treasury of the United States, to. the/treasurer or other officer of the State duly authorized by the laws of the SUdeyto receive the same; and such officer shall be required to report to the Secretary of Agriculture, bn or before the 1st day of S^temb^ of each year, u detailed statemeill of the amount so received during the previous fiscal year^and of Its disbursement, on forms prescribed by the Secretary of Agriculture. Sec. 5. That If any portion of the moneys received by the designated officer of any State for the support and maintenance of cooperative agricultural extension v^ork, as provided In this act,, shall by any action or contingency be diminished or lost or be misapplied, it shall be replaced by said State to which It belongs, and until so repined no subsequent appropriation shall be np]>ortlontHl or paid to said State, and no portion of said moneys shall be applied, directly or Indi- rectly, to the purchase, erection, preservation, or f'epair of any building or buildings, or the purchase or rental of land, of in college-course teocblng. lec- 'tures In colleges, promoting agricultural trains, or any other purpose not s))^l- fled In this act, and not more than 0 per centum of each annual appropriation shall applied to the printing and distribution of publications It ahnll be tho duty of each of said colleges annually, on or before the 1st day of January, to make to the governor of the State In which It Is located a full and detailed report of 'Its operations In the dlrectfon of extension work as defined In this act. Including a detailed statement of receipts and expenditures from all sources for this purpose, h copy of which report shall be sent to the Secretary of Agrl- cultnre and to the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States. Beo. That on or before the 1st day of July In each year after thc^ passage of this act the Secretary of Agriculture shall ascertain and certify to the Secre- tarv of the Treasury ni to each State whether It Is entitled to receive Its share of the annual appropriation for cooperative agrlctHtural extension work under this act and the amount which It Is entitled to receive. If the Secretary of Agricultmre shall withhold a certificate from any State of Its appropriation, the facts and reaaons therefor shall be reported to the President and the amount Involve shall be kept separate in the Treasury until the expiration of the Con- gress next succeeding a session of the legislature of any State 'from which a .certificate has been withheld, in order ti^at the State may, If It shbuld so d^re. FEDERAL LAWS AS TO AQRICULTUBAL COLLEQRS. 9g7 appeal to Congress the determlDaOon of the Secretary of, Agriculture. If tft ^ covered Into AKTlculture shall make an annual report to ,rongreB8 of the receipts, exi>endlture8. and results of the cooperative agricul- tural exto^alon work-in all of the States receiving the benefits of this act, and iil80 wheuer the npproprlutlon of any State baa l>een withheld, and If so the rensona therefor. umx. ^ Skc. 8. That Confrress may at any time alter, amend, or rei>eal any or all of the provisions of this act ^ Approved, May 8, 1914. Franking rrlrlloge In Connection with the Smith-Leyer Act, lEitmct from net nrnkfnff nppronrlfltloi . for the rnltod SUtea Department of Aarleultar* for the tiical year ending Juno 30, 19JB.J AuncuiiurB All corres^ndence, bulletins, and reports for the furtherance of the Dumoses of the act approval May S. is»l4, entitle,! "An act to provide for coo^rnUve agrlcultura extension work between the agrloultuml colleges In the several Mates receiving the beu,*flts of nii net of ('ongreas approve,! Julv' 2 186^ and the acts supi.lementary thereto, and the United .Mates Department of Agricul- ture, may 1)o tran.suilite,! lu the malls of the United States free of charre tor postage, uinler such regulations as Uie Postmaster Genenil, from time to time, iiiay preserhiient statloim and regulating the oxinuidlture thereof.” the sums iipportlone*! to the wwernl States and Territories to be paid quarterly In ad- VRHC,., $720,000: I>ron,lrd. That not to cxch-.I $1.'i,000 shall be paid to each State nhd Territory under this act ; To enable the, Secretary of Agriculture to enforce the provialons of the above acta and the net approved May 8. 11)14, entitled “An act to provide for coopern- tlve agricultural extension work between the agricultural colleges In the States receiving the beuefits of an art of Congress approved July 2 1!^, and of acta supplementary thereto, and the Unlt*d States Department of Agriculture, relative to their ndnilnlstmtlon, Inclmflng the employment of clerkA nsslstants, and other iK-rsons In the city of Wnahlngton and elsewhere freight and express charges, official traveling expenses, office fixtures, supolles! nronratiis, telegraph and telephone aervlce, gas, electric current, and rent otiU Bide of the District of Columbia, 150,600; and the Secretary of Agriculture ahnll prescribe the form of the annual financial statement required under the above acts, ascertain whether the expenditures are In accordance with toelr nro- vlglons, and make report thereon to Congress. • • • To enable the ‘Secretary of Agriculture to establish and maintain agricultnral experiment stations In Alaakn, Hawaii, Porto Rico, and the Island of Guam including the erection of bulIdJnga, the preparation. Illustration, and dJatribu- tion of reiwrta and bulletlna, and all other necessary expenses, S120.000 as Hawaii, $36,000; Porto Rico, $30,000; and Guam, $16,000; and the Secretary of Agrlcultnre is anthorlged to sell snch producta as aro opined on the land belonging to the agrlcultui^l experiment stations in Alaaks, Hawaii* Porto Rico, and the island of Guam, and this /und be 968 8TATB LAWS BBLATINO TO PUBUO SDUCATIOK. ftTa1Ubl6 antU used ; Providedy That of the Bdm herein appropriated for the ex- periment station tn ^wall $S.OOO max he used In agricultural extension work in nawall. - Agricaltaral Edacatlon Work of the Office of Experiment SiaClotu. [Bxtrset from art makliis approprlattoDv for tho Unltod State* Hepartmant oi Agrlcul lure for the flecal ;^ear omllnx June 30, 1013 1 To enable the Secretary of AgricuUure to luvestlgnta and rei>ort ui>on the organisation and progress of farmers' Institutes aud agrrcultumbachools tn the aeveral Statew and Territories, and upon similar organizatlona in foreign countries, with special suggestions of plans and methods for making such organtsatlons more efToctlve for the dtsHemimittou of the n^ults of the work of the Department of Agriculture and the agricultural experiment stations, and of improved methtnls of agricultural praotlc'e, including the employment of lalKir in the city of Washington and elsewhere, and all other necessary* expenses, $23,000. / % APPENDIX C. PUBUC-SCHOOL SYSTEMS IN AMERICAN TERRITORIES, DISTRICTS, AND INSULAR POSSESSIONS. ALASKA. The eilucntion of EakImoR. Imllana, ami other nboHfrlnnl faces tn Alaska ts under the direction and control of the Secn^tary of the Interior, who deleftates Huch dlriH.*tlon and otmtrol to the United States CVmnilBsIoner of tMuoatlon. An annual appropriation la made by Congress for the supiwrt of this work. JThe regulations governing the Alaska school w>rvlco give to the local employees as much freedoiu of action as Is consistent with the ultimate rofq>onslbillty of the t'ommlssioner of Kducatlou. The supcrlnteudent of ediicatlou of natives of Alaska has genera 1 suitervlslon the work of the bureau of educattou' In Alaska. Each of the five school districts Is under the immediate charge of n tllstrict 6ui)erinteDdeDt. apixduted by the Secretary of the Interior upon the recommendation of the Commissioner of Bducatlou. The district su(>erlntendent delegates to the teachers large powers in local aflfalra. The OommisRloner of 1-Mncatlon annually distributes to the purchasing agent in Hoattle and to the district suKiintendcnts. from the np()ropriatlon made hy Congress for een8es District su|>erintemleut8, under nuthorizatlona from the Coniinlssloner of Education, dis- tribute to teachers, physlclana and nurses '* subuuthorizatlons ” to enable them to nmke exix'ndltun^s for Iw'al neeils. Except in grave emergency no unsu- thoristxl expenditure is jx^rmltted- The school service U for adults as well as. for children. Instruction is given in native industries, household arts, personal hygiene, /illuge sauiLattoa. morality, nature and effects of alcholtc drinks and narcotics, as well as in elementary English subjtx’U. The English language is used In teaching. Children between the ages of 8 and 10 years, unless men- tally or physically Incapacttatod. residing within X mile of a United States public Bc'hool, are con)(K»lIed to attend. The governor is ex otheio superintendent of public lust ruction of the ** Nelson ** schools, and schools lu incor|>oruted' towns. All mout^ys dertveil from liquor occuiaitlon, or trade liiX'na^s outside of lu<\)r|>or:ited towns are de- lK>slted In the Treasury of the United Stales, mid Uiere constitute the *'AJiLska fund ” : one-fourth of tills fund is devotinl to the osUibllshnieiit and maintenance of pnidic schools (known as Nelson schools) for the educatlou of white children and children of mixed blood (outside of liicor)>orated totals) who lead a civilised life. The clerk of the district court Is required, ujxm petition of not leas than 12 qualified voters who reside In any camp, village, or settlement outside of the limits of an Incorporated town, to establish a school district at such place. Each such district shall embrace not more than 40 square miles nor contiiln fewer than 20 children between 0 and 20 years old. It Is also the duty of* the clerk upon establlahlDg a district to cimse an election to be held for the selection of a school board to sen’e one year to consist of ji clerk, a tm»aun?r, and a director. The school boayd Is authorised to acquire school pro(>erty, provide supplies and equipment, employ teachers, and to do everytldiigielse necessary for the ninlntenaDce of the schools It is' the duty of the governor to npi>ortion to each district from the ^Alaska fund " not less than $800 nor more than $1,000 for the construction and equipment of a schoolhouse ; the residue of such fund must be apportioned among the several school districts for teachers' salaries^ fabl, and light for a five months' school each year. The common council of each Incorporated town is required, for the purposo of providing public-school facilities, to appropriate not less than per c^t nor more than 50 per cent of the moneys derived from the issuance of various licenses in such town. The board In each incorporated town consists of a 970 STATE LAWS RSLATTNO TO PUBLIC EDUCATION. director, a clerk, and a-treasurer, elected by the qaallfted rolera of the town for ternm of three yeaira. ooe being ejected each year. The board baa genera! Bupervlaiou ami control of the i*ubl!o achw>l, jind la authoriieoratetent to dlw'tmrge the various dutitvi connected with the compUHlon, care, malntenant'e. RanitatJou. operation, govern- ment, and protectltm of the canal and Canal Zone.” The governor of the Catiujl Z|vtrate sclutplH are malntalntHl for white and txtlqrtNl crtildren. School privileges and trantmn1*tatlnn.jjn* free to children of etiiphtyees and nofr employees reaiding in ihe'^'aiml Ztnie and to the children of mmrt'sklent em- ployees. No child tmder years of age Is admlttinl to the schools. Mers im* apixhnteil em-h year for a term of three years; three innst be women, and all rmist have l>€M*n residentB of the District for fUe yean? lmnM*dlately preceding their apr>olntment. The board of eerlnte!idpnt flnte^l, trans- ferred. promoted, or dismissed^ without the written recommendation of the anpeiintendent Schools are divided into the following clasBes: Elementary, high, normal, and manual training. Separate schools for white and colored chihlren are main- tained. The boards of examiners for the examination and cert! flea tlon of teachers consist of the stiperln ten dent and two heads of departments of the white acbools for the white teachers, and of the suiwrintendent and two heads of de- partments of the colored schools for colored tencliera. The hoard of education annually dealgnates the appointive members of these boards. Teachers In elementary schools must be graduates of a Washington normal school, or mast pass required examinations. Teachers are divided Into classes for purposes of payment and promotion. Children between the ages of 8 and 14 years are require!! to attend school, unless exensed for lawful cause. Textbooks are furnished free to pupils in the elementary sehools. Medical Inspection U provided. The board of education Is authorized to' grant the use af school property for civic and certain other immunity public osea. r BOHOOLS IN THB TKHBXT0KIE8 AND P06SR8810N8. 97l . GUAM. Public i^stTUCtlon Hi tbc IftlAn^^of Gufim 1a undw the dlrectloo of tb© con* niAUdAnt of Lh© xuval ©tntion and icmeruor, who lie commlMaloDOd bj lb© Ptosl* dent and U executive offlwr of the Nary Department In the lalaiMl The con mandant governor im\ic6 general eiecuUve ordera v?hlch have the force of law. fiuhject to the rnltcHl States atatnte© and higher executive authority. Be ap- I>oIuta the Bujicrintendeut of rnhllc InRtructlon. prlncipalm and teachera. Funda for the maintenance of the public achoola are appropriated from Inaular ro\irnijeH. with the exception of teaobera' aalariea^ which are for the moat i^rt |ViM,from naval approprluilona. A high in'hiHtl, a night uchool, claKm In tnduHirlal nrta and elementary schools are malnlalmHl. Attend a noe Is conipiila^ry between certain agea for vhi)drf>n realding within 2 mPea of a achoolhoune. Bockwanl children aro given ludustrliil training, Schoola are not.coedumtioru) ; one- ha If of the achool time ta given to lM>y», the other half to girls, Teachen* nre clasiUfied bv exam- ‘inatlon ainl a H,VKiomatto iMurae of InBintotlon; they are nHjulrfHl to* Inform theniHelvi^ and the piipHs in i¥*rtidnlng to the oVgnnlxatlon and oi^eratlon of the NnMotial Governmenl and the gtoernuieiil of Guam, luatnictlou In ngr1rultun» la given imrtUnjlar attention, r • MAVTAIU The departri>ent of public InBtructlon of the Territery of Hawnil conslsta of ft aup<>rtntendeiit of j>uhllc Inatniotlon and rI\ o<»innilaKloner«. The »iui'<*rliitend- ( titMa npiH>inttHl for a term of four yeara by the gt)^emor, by and with the ad- vice and comt<»nt of Uie IVrrliorlal senate:* the oommlaaionerfi are npi>olut«vl by the (Povernor for a term of* two yeara The deiwrtment adopt© nile© and regu- lations which, when a|v(imveo18 at Btiph place® and for such terms as may lw» detuiuMl nm'Ksary ; may opganlae claaae© ftir ape- rial Instruction; Mh HuiN'rvUlon over private schools; eKtabllsbea achOoF dis- tricts; furniKhea textbooks Id pupils at cost and loans them free of charge to Indigent children ; ai>iK))nts and prescribes duties of school omdals and sen anta * when not otuerwlse provided by law ; rtxes salartes of teachers, sut^ isora, and princi|valB according to n achwlule based on the ©Jassldcation of sdhoola. claasl- .’ flcatlon of teachers’ cerMfleates, J^gth of servlets and. In the case of supervtwvrs and i>rlnclpala, uinin the nunjlwr of t^icbers under their anpendslon; and estab- llehea and maintains UHtchera’ conventums and Institutes, The eui>eHntendent,., Is the chief adinlJd.‘cumehta of (he department. He prepares annually and flies with th(> pro|>er otfleers a Hat of Items of 'all school property helon^ng to the Territory of Hawaii and an estimate of the cash value of the same. The InsiKHior general of achools, who Is apjKilnted by* the department of public In- • Ktructlon, when authorized by the depatlmeut, appoints and 'dismisses teachers, arranges courses of study, conducts teachers’ examlnatIona, issues certifleate®, ond performs Huoff othet duties as may be required of l\lrh. The board of county supervisors of each county Is authorised to build,- repair, equip, and maintain wchoolhousea other t^an those belonging fo certain Territorlid institutions. &choqIs are classified as folIr»wH: Normal schools, high s<'hoo]fi, kindgrgnnens, technical schools, evening schools^ and day schools. Tuition Is free In public schools, but fees may be charged at certain schools termed select” Instmc- tloD must be In the English language In all public and private schoola All children between the ages of 6 and 17 years are reqolred to attend nnleaa law- fully excused; deputy sherlfTs and police officers act as truant offleera. Indus- trial and reform schools are nmlntnlned for dependent and delinquent children who ar^ committed thereto byf (he several circuit judges. An estimate of funds needed for school purposes is bl^nlally submitted by the superintendent, of public lostmctlon to the committee of estimate This commltt^ consists of the secretary of the Territorial treasury, the superin- tendent of public Instruction, the mayor of the city and county of Honolulu, and the chairmen of the boards of supervisors of the several counties. The STATi tiWS BiSliAttWQ 1 ^tTBUO BDTJOATIOir. estlioate U mbiMtted to the goyenior ^ho lays It before the leglelatiire. Bere* nxm derived from the achool tax are used for the salaries of teachers, snper- YfflOrs, principals, and the aapport ofariiools within the connty dty where col- lected; additional funds needed for the purposes of public inaction are appro- priated ont of the treasury of the Territb^. The commissioner of public lands, npon the recommendation «f the depa[rtmiHit of public instruction and with the approval of the governor, is authorised to set apart lands for school purposes. The College of Hawaii is under the general charge of a board of regents con- sisting of five members, one appointed ea4|i yearny the governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Territorial senate. This board appoints the president and faculty of the college. «, Instruction Is given in agriculture, mechanic arts, natural sciences, mlUtagy science, and In bual schools are supported by the municipality. Rgph mtmiqpallty maintains a central school ; the principal or teacher in charge of ^ central school is named by the division superiutend^ and is responsible tu.iha supsfrislug toa^ernor to be laid beore Congress, and -performs snch other duties as are required by law, The personnel of the department, aside from the teaching force, oonslsU of an assistant commissioner of education, a secretary of the department, a chief of the division of property and accounts, general superlntmidents of schools, supervising principals, supervlsdrg of special subjects, and a secretary to the commissioner and other clerical help. The assistant commissioner Is head, of the'dlvlslon of school supervision and serves ns romml^oner during the absence of that official. The secretary Is the end teachers to await the action of the commissioner of education; they ^ annually snbmlt lists of teachers to he appointed and budgets of expenditures to be made to the commlttdoner for hla approvaL ' . ^ divided into the following classes; Rural, graded, principal mchers of English, and special. Teachers of each class are divided Into thj^ grades for the purpose of payment of salaries. Upon entering the service, teachers are pmced In the third grade and must teach for three years before beli^ Mv^^ to the second, and five years before being admitted to the mt With the approval of * the commissioner, holders , of diplomas or certlfl- from certain Institutions ofi the United States and Porto KIco, and boldera at first-class State certificates may be admitted to the second grade uraedlately upon beginning service. Rural teachers have charge of ungraded ***^^^^ found largely in rural districts ; graded teachers have charge of padM schools In the cities and smaller centers of population and are divided Into Spanish graded teachers and English graded teachers; principals have charge of school buildings containing eight or more sepprate classrooms and are responsible to the commissioner of education ; special teachers are appointed by the commissioner of ejiucatlon and are employed to teach continuation * Bch^ls, agriculture, high schools, music, drawing, and such other special subjects as may be determined by the commissioner. The legislature of Porto Rico makes provision for the following classes of s^iolarshlps : Graded, high school, college of agriculture, normal school, indus- trial, professlopal, and municipal ; some of these scholarships are available for study in Porto Rico, and others for study In the United States. Examinations throughout the islands are uniform and are conducted by au examining board, consisting of the assistant commissioner, the three gen- eral superintendents, and the chief of the division of records. The usual examinations ore for the common-school diploma, teachers' licenses, permanent diplomas, for authority to teach In the English language, and for students In continuation ischools. Rural teachers must be at least 17 years old; araded teachers, 10 years old ; principals, 21 years old. Children between the ages of 8 and 14 years are required to attend school unless lawfully excused. Employment of children is regulated by law The department of education furnishes books for use In the public schools. A teachers’ pension fund Is administered by a board consisting of five members . appointed by the governor. ' xna university or Porto Rico Is under the control of a board of trustees composed of the commissioner of education, the speaker of the house of repre- sentatives, and the treasurer of Porto Rico, ex offlclo, and four other persons appointed by the governor; the board of trustees Is a bocly corporate; It Is em- powered to adopt necessary rules and regulations for the government of the university and to ^polnt, fix salaries, and prescribe duties of professors, ^ and other employees. The course of study must be approv^ by the commissioner of educatioa The board Is directed to receive from Comrro«« SAMOA^ ERIC 1 INDEX, Acftdeml^es. See Privato achooU; Second ary edncatlon. Adams Act, further endowment of aKrl- «P2riment stations, »64-m. AdiQlnlstratlTe control, 16-270. Administrative units (districts, townships, Bee aUo C6n’ Bolldatlon of schools. Anlcultural colleges, 702-700, 741-758 • Federal aid, 768, 05^974. Bee also Col- *i2?*^^°**, universities : Universities. A^cultural education, Ml-644, 900. Agricultural emrlment stations, 900-874. A^lcultural high schools, Mississippi, 881. ^lP’*<^*fural Question, 04i, 702- iS?’ "'ti/ appnmrlatrons for schools, 270- and Indebted* ness. 326 ; child labor, 669-600, 048, 872 : consolidation of schools. 618: constltu' oflJP*‘**^‘*'*®“* relating to education, 50^08: coun^ boards. 69; county au- ®®* «>urse of study, 026, dumb, 784-785: dls- trlct o Deere, 116 ; employment of teach- ere, 430 : high schools, Sl7, 066; Juve- nUe courts, 819 ; reform schools, 829 872 : ^ool attendance, 604 ; school cen- sns, 6^: school discipline, 687-688; Mhool Mlstrlcts, 191 ; school elections, 181 ; school funds. 296, 806, 872-873 ; Bchoolhouses, 864, 867 ; school lands, 292 809-871 ; school libraries, 770 ; school school taiatlon, 889- 840, 362. 863-870; school year, 6l6; sec- torlan Instruction forbidden, 647. 867, 871 ; sei^at'on of the races, 686; Bute board of ^ucatlon, 16; Btate normal schools, 4W ; State university, 716-717 ; ' public lns1^(^on, 48, 868-8^ 869; support of ht^er educa- tion. 716 : suspension and expulsion, 689 : teachers, 873 ; teachers* examinations and certificates, 876-377, 431-482; summer schools, 492 ; technical education, 762-768: tei^ books, 607 I townshtra, 191. Ata^ma, University of, management, 867. Alabama Polytechnic Institute, manage- ment, 867-868. Alaska, public schools, 96^-970. Alcohol, 684-687. Animals, humane treatment, 687-688. Arbor Day, 644-646. agricultural education, 641, 742 : 801 ; child labor o6(M>61; compulsory attendance, 627: consolidation of schools, 618*; constltu- reUtlng to education, 868-W2 : corporal , pnmsbment. 689 ; county superintendents, 86 ; course of 3nd dumb, 786; ®*8 * , edncatlon, 76lTmlnlng Bc^ls, 768 ; muslo teaching, 688 : ri census, ko6: sAool dlsMctiL 192 ; school fond; 296 306 ; stdiopl hoI^/Sp 616 ; schoolhoui^ §M ; school lands, 292 ; school Ubiarlss. 770; school taxation, 800-801; 840: BC^l year. 610; sectarian Instruction forbidden, 647, 868; separation of the reces, 686 : Btate board of education, 16.; Bute nomml schools. 466-466 ; superin- tendent of public Instruction, 48-^4 * support of higher education. 716; sus^ pension and expulHlon, 689; teachers. . teachers* examinations and cer- tificates, 877. 481-482; teachers’ insti- tutes, 492-493 ; teachers* pensions, 447 : teaching drawing, 688 ; technical educa- to Arliona, Unlversttr of, 717-718. Agricultural education, 641, 708. ftoK i Kn 1 ^ hi *^255 indebteinew, 826 , child labor, 661 : compulsory at- tendance, 627 : consolidation of scbools 618; constitutional provisions relating to education, 872-878 ; county and loe3 nornml schools. 487 ; county boards, 69 : county superintendents. 86-87 : coum of 786; district officers. 116-117; educa- tional corporations, 767 ; employment of teachers, 4^ • free textbooks. W4 ; high ny»h^w\lA lit? Afggl AMm ^ 1 . • * of edutati^.W-ie ; school census, 605 : school dUtriefi, 192-194; school iftnance! 818 ; school fund, 271. 295, 806; fchoof boHday^ 616 ; schoolhouses, 8^4, 867, school landa 292 ; school meetings, elections, and qaallflcations of voters, 181-182 : school taxation. SOI, 840, 868 : school _y w, 610 : separation of the races, 686 : Bute noro^ spools, 466 : superintendent of public Instruction, 44 * suspension and expulsion, 689 : teachers, ® ABAodatlons, dSlS; teacb- ers ^diplomas, 433-484 ; teachers^ exam- inations and certificates, 877, 431, 432; t^chere* Institutes, 498: teachers* sal- ^es, 444 : textbooks, 60^-608. 718. Atbletlre, public schools, 684. Attendance, school. Bee School attend-, ancc. . B. Bible In the school, 647-648. Bird ^y, 644-646. wuaitlon, 801-809. Bee olso Beaf 188» 16^160, 191-192, 209- Slate, 16-4i. 916, m .. District officers, offloera, end under nemee of Boai^s ^^npen^rs, eoanty, 975, SopSs and ind^tednsM, local, 826^689, Buildings and sites. See Bcboolhoni^ C. ^•yj^F"***^*^®^^*** education, 641, 742 : Bird and Arbog^ Day, 644 : blind. 801 ; boariU of sow^sorsi, 875 : Imnds and In- debtedness, %6-a26; nded indebtednesa, 820 ; child labor, 568 : compulsory attendance, 529-580 : consolidation of schools, 518 ; constitutiofial provUlfms relating to edu- cation. 8T9i continuation schools, 710; county boards, 71 ; county suMrlntend- ents, 88 ; course of study, 627, 685 ; deaf and dnmo, 786 ; district committee, 122- 123; employment of teachers 487: even- ing schools, 661 ; feeble-mlnd^, 809; flag in schools, 872 ; health regnlations, 693- 594; hl^ schools, 817, 661; ludnstrial ednoatloD, 662-698 ; Juvenile courts, 819 ; kindergartens, 649 ; medical Inspection of schools, 697 ; music teadilng, 688 ; prohibition districts, 671 : reform seboolR, 888-834 ; school <^bub, 505 ; school dis- tricts 197-200 school finance, 810; school fund, 272-278, 295-296, 306 ; school holidays, 644 ; schoolbouses 864, 867, 869; school libraries, 771-772; school meetings, elections and qualifica- tions of voters 182; ^ool uixatlon. 841 ; school year, 510 ; State board of education. 17-18 ; State normal schools 407 ; State officers 45 ; suspension ana expulsion, 589 ; teachers 874 ; teachers' examinations and certificates 878, 481 ; teachers* institutes, 494 ; teachers' pen- sions 448 ; teachers' salaries, 444 ; text- books, 004, 608 ; town school officers 120^ 121 ; townships, 196-197; trade schools, 709; vacation schools 654; vacdnatlon, 601. Consolidation of schools 518-526. t Constitutional provisions, pnblic edncatlon. 868-055. Continuation schools, 710-711. Corporal punishment. 689. Corporations, educational, 767-770. Cobnty boarus, 09-84, 128. 8ss also tinder iKMies of Stoiee. County normal schools *487-492. County offlcers, 65-115. County schools, finance and support, 818- 353 ; taxation, 889-852. Courses of study, 626-648. See also under epeokU fosios. Crippled and deformed, education, 809. D. Deaf and dumb, education, 784-801. Deformed. See Crippled and deformed, education, DMxees Hew Jersey, 714. Delaware, sgrlcnltural education, 641 ; blind, 801 ; bonded indebtedness 326- 827 : child labor, 563-564 ; commissioner of education, 45 : compulsory attendance, 580-581 : consolidatloD of schools 518 ; conetitatietul p^rovislona./egatillag educa^ tion, fiTMlu ; comity r bevds . 123 ; . count/ schbol commlsaion, 71-73; county BUMruktendeDts 88-89 ; courae of study, 627, 685; deaf and dumb, 786; employ- ment ot teachers, 487 ; fOeble-atinded, 81C ; fiag In schools 872 ; •health regula* . Dag u tioos 504; courts, 819 hUb schools 661 ; Juvenile ; kmdetgartens 64r; medical IKDBX. 977 ImecUpp of icbooli, 697; motal odnco- tloo, 0S7 ; reform ochooli, 834 ; ochool cenfus, 506; oobool dUtrtcta. 200; ichool 182; school fn^, 273, 806, 871^80 : BchoolboascB, 854, 867, 869 ; school llbnurles, 772 ; school taxation, 841 ; school year, 010: separation of the wees, 585 ; State board of education, 18 ; State normal schools, 467-468 ; tea<^ers, 874; teachers’ diplomas, 434; teachers* examinations and certlflcates. 378. 481- 433 : teachers' Instltntes. 494 ; teachers* pensions. 448 ; teachers* salaries, 444 ; conical education, 768 ; textbooks, 604, 608; yacclnatlon, 601. Belaware College, agrlcnltural' education. 742t748. Dependents and delinquents, 817-862. Diplomas, recognition of normal school, college, or university, 488-480. Discipline, school. 800 School discipline. Dismissal of teachers. See Teachers, em- plovment.- District of Columbia, public schools, 070. District officers, 115-181. Bw aUo Boards of education ; Township officers. District schools, taxation, 339-352, Drawing, Instruction, 63^30. Drinking cups. Bee aador School hygiene. Education, schools of, 465-487. Elections, 181-190. Klerawtap- education, special State aid. Ethical education. 637. Evening schools, kindergartens 601-653. Examinations, teachers. Bee Teachers, ex- amination and certification . Experiment stations. Federal legislation re- garding, 956-074. Expulsion from school. Bee Suspension and expulsion. F. Farmers’- Institutes, 655. ' Federal aid to education. 758, 956-974. Feeble-minded, education, finance, local. 818-363: State, 270-818. Bee also under namee of Btatee. Fire day, State, 646. Fire drill, 690^91. Fire escape. Bee ^boolhouses, proTtslons against fire. Hag. United States, and schools, 872-378. Flag Day. 800 School holidays. Florida, agrlcnltural education, 641, 748 : bllud, wl : bonded indebtraness, 827'; cUld labor, 564-566; consolidation oi schools, 518; constitutional provisions re- garding education, 880-861 ; county warti. 72-78, 128 ; county superlpten- den^, 89 ; course of study, W7, 688. 686 ; deaf and dumb, 786: employment of teaches, 487: i flre drills, 690: high ^oola 662 : htyher educational Institu- riona 711-718, 719 ; kindergartens, 649 ; Mothers* Day, 644 ; prohlblflon districts, 371 ; reform schools, 884 : rural school In- spectors, 68: school attendance, 604; school census. 606 : school dtielpllne, 688 ; school districts, 200-201 ; school finance, 819; schqol fund, 296, 806, 880; school holidays, 616 ; schoolbonsea 864, 869 ; J school taxation, 801, “p»- V, 'v^***'‘*» ' t 01 V t xeacners dlplomak 484; teachers* examinations teachers’ ^J!i* enUries, 444‘; t«thooka, 604, 608-809: tral^k oi , *2 8«- O. Oeo: tn. . * wrongs TO ci raternltles, school, roi-592, Viinda, achooL Bee School ; fluids. education. 841, 708, 748 ; Bible In schools, 847 ; 801- ^2; tended Indebtedness, sW; child later, 565-580 ; consolidation of schools. 518 ; const! to tional provisions regarding education, 882-888; county and lo^ normal schools, .487 ; county hoards^ 78- 74; county superintendents, 80-80; course of study, 627, 688, 685; deai and dumb, 786; district hoards, 128; employment of teachcaw 487 ; evening schools, 651; farmers’. Institutes, 655; high schools, 662 ; higher education, 718 ; industrial education, 880, 898; Juvenile TO^ts, 819-820; reform schools, 884- stearatlon of the races, 585/ State hoM of education, 19 ; superintendent of public Instruction, 48 j^f^cbers, 874 ; teachers^ aupciatlons, iW ; teachers’ diplomas. 484; teachers’ examinations and certlfi- wte^ 880-381 : teachers' Instltatm, 494 ; salaries, 444 ; -technical ednea- tlon, 768> textbooks, 0(^809-810; trade Bcbopli, 709 ; training of; teachers; 488 : vaccination, 801. ‘ GeorgU, University of: 719-720^882-888, Guam, pubUc schooU, \m. v,. wwi, H. Harvard College, constitutional provlslona rewrding, ^8-899. Hat ter Day, 846 ; blind, 802 ; board of dis- trict trustees, 123-124; bonded Indebt- edness, 827 ; child later, 666 ; compulsory attendee. 581-632 : consolidation of sriiools, 618 ; constttutlonal provlslona regarding edncatlon, 888-886 ; county hoards, 74; county superlntendenta. 90- 91 ; course of study, 627, 6^ Wi ; deaf dumb, 786; empl^ment of te^Jiwt, ^—15^ — te 698 ; Juvenile courts. 820 : klndargartena, - 649 ; medical Inspection of sebooM, 697 : reform schools, 8(86 : school census, 505 : school districts, 202-208; school fond, 278-274, 2W, 807-808, 886; tchool- ,.?09 : «chool lands, 298, 8^; school Ubwrlea, 772-778; sefao^ taution, 841, 886; school year, 611; sectulaa Instruction forbidden, 847, Stats board of education, 19^20; State ^normal eehools, 468; superintend- ent of publlo , Instruction, 47. S84; sus^ sxpulslon, 5^ ; teachers, 874; Makers* ffiploraas. 484; teacher? ■ examinations and ctftificatea, 881-883, > 481 ; teachers* JnstltutM, 494 ; technfaU educatisn. 7M; texthoSs. 80^, ^ ' cation scfcoela, 854. ' 978 Idaho. UnlTordty of, 7S0-T21, R85. nUaoU, afrimltoiml education, 74S : Arbor and Bird Day. 640: bUnL 802; bonded indabtedneaa, 82T>-^8 : dUM labor, 066- 067 ; dty boarda, 120-128 ; compuloory atteadanco, 082 ; coiMoUdatloii of acbooU, 018 ; coniUtutloDal provUlona recardlng rduoatloD, 886o867 ; ooanly boaida, 74 ; county auperlotendenta, 81 ; county nor> mal achoola, 487 : course of study, 827. 635; crippled and deformed, deaf and dumb, 786-787 ; educational corpora Hons, 767 : employment of teachers, 487 ; OTenlnc schools, 601 ; feeble-minded, 810 ; BMM In aehools, 872 ; health rcgulatloDs, m ; hl«h school^ 817. 662-688 ; Indua* trial education, 6«0 ; klndercartena, 640 ; reform achoola, 885-636; school census, 006; school dlhtrlcta, 208-204: school finance, 810 ; school fund. 274) 2M, 807 ; school holidays, 016: scooolhouaea, 804, 860 ; school lands, 2M j school libraries, 778 ; school meetlnas, IBS ; school taxa< tlon, 801, 841, 88^87 ; school year, Oil ; State board of education, 20 ; State nor- mal schools, 468 ; suMrlntendent of public Instructloo, 47, 886; support of higher education. 710 ; suspension and expulsion. 080 ; teacbera 374 ; teachers’ examinatlonB and certificates, 882-884, 481-482; teachers' Instl^es, 495: teaehera’. pensions, 448-400 ; teachers* salaries, 4 A ; textbo<^ 604, 610; town- ship officers, 124-128. ininola, University of, 721. Illlterac/v Kentuexy, 22. Indebteaneiis. See Bonds and Indehtedness. Indiana, agricultural education, 641, 708. , 743-744 ; Arbor Day, 640 ; bonded In- uebtedneasi, 828 ; child labor, 007 ; city school boards. 120-130; compulsory at . tendance, 032-033 ; consolidation of schools, 018-010 ; constitutional pro- ▼laions regarding education, 887-688 ; 70; ceuA superlntcndenta, 02 ; course of studUlkO, 634-630, 048 ; election of school commissioners, 204—206; emptby- ment of teachers, 437-438 ; evening schools, 602: feeble-minded. 810; fire drills, 000 : fisff In scboolR, 872 ; health regulation^ 094 : high acnools, 317, « 6^ ; industrial ^ueatfon. 680, 603-604 ; juvenile courts, 821; klndernrtcno, 649 ; medical Inspection of spools, 007 ; nrustc^ ttcachlng, 688 ; reform schools, 886 ; school census, 006 ; school elec- tions, 188: school fund, 276-270. 206, 807-608, 810, 884. 887 : school lands, 203 ; ifebool libraries, 773-774 ; achoolbouaes, 304-356, 867, 860; school taxation, 801-302, 842, ^8'-684, 887-688; school year, Oil; sectarian In- ■tructlon forbidden. 647 ; separation of the lacea, 580 ; social centers In pchools, 604 ; fiUtte normal schools, 469 ; super- intendent of public Instruction. 47-48; support of higher education, 710; sus- pension and expulalbn, 060 ; teachers, 374 ; teachers' aiplo9da% 434 ; teachers* examinations and certificates, 384-660; 432 ; tochers* pensions, 400-401 ; teach- era’ aalariea. 444 ; . teaching drawing. 636; technical education, 763; texc^ books, 604, 610-611 ; township officers, 128-120; trade icbMls, 700; tubercu- lone chUdren, 810. .. Indiana, nnlvenlty of, 721-722. ' Indians, ^ucatlon. North CaroUna, 764. Xnduttml education^ 680-Ai, 602-711. IndDitvlIu reform . nenoolt. flaa ilb^nn schools. , , Inspection of schools, State, 6S-60. intmctloh, subj^ matter. 626-^8. Iowa, agricultural education, 641, 744 ^hle in schools, 647 ; blind, 8^ i b^rd of directory 130-18^ : board of education, powers and^doties. 868 i bonded Indebt* edness, 828-820; chUd labor, 067-4168; oompolsoiT Attendance. 538-684 ; consoll- datlon hr schools, 610-620; oonstltu- tlonml prorislooB regarding edneatioo, 888-600: county bmsrda, 70; county su- perintendentm, 03-98 course of study, 6^. 683, 680 ; deaf and dumb. 787 ; em- ployment of. teachers, 438 ; feeble-minded. MO; fire drill, 090; flag In schools, 872; bl^ schools, 817. 664, 602; InduatrUl education, 630: kindergartens, 640; min- ing schools, 700; music teacblug. 638; normal training In high scboola 487-488 ; reform schools 836-837 ; acbool census, 006: school districts, 206-207; bvhool elections, 183 : school fraternities, 091 ; school fund, 206. 880-800; schoolhouses, 306, 867 ; School lands, 203, 887 ; school Ubrarleo, 774; achool taxation, 842; school townships, 206-207 ; school year, Oil; State bmliided. W«h »cliooIi, 666; UliteraCj com- n^oQ. 22: iDdnstrUl education, 689. 694 ; Juvenile courts, 821-622 ; klnder- gartSDB, 649 ; prohibition districts, 871 ; Kform schools, 8S7-638 ; school census, 800; school discipline, AS8 ; school dls-' trlc^ 211~815 ; school electioos and qusUflcstlons of voters, 168; school fl- wmce, 810; school fund, 275-276, 297, 808, ^3 : i^hoolhous^ 857; school Ilbrs- • schooluiatlon, 802, 842, 858, 891-893 ; school year 511 ; sectarian instmction forbidden, 647 : separation of the raceiL 585 ; State board of education, 21-22 ; State normal schools, 470-471 ; impeiintendent of public tnstrnction, 49, 801 ; support of higher education, 715 ; suspension and expulsion, 689 ; teachers, 874; teasers* diplomas, 484; teachers^ examlnatl^ and ceitlflcates, 889-690, 433; teachers* Institute^ 495; teachers* pensions, 451—452 ; teachers' salaries, — 445 ;t«chnlcal education, 763; textbooks, 604, 613-614 ; vacation 'schools, 654. Kindergartens, 648-651. L. I^nd-grant colleges. 8ee Agricultural col- Lanxuages. modern, 048. I.antern slides. 646. I>ectures, public, M5. Leltnd Stanford J^lor University, powers of trustees. 874. Libraries, public school, 770-784. 6ae also under natues of Btaten: Lincoln’s Birthday. Bee School holidays, Louisiana, agricultural education, 6417744- ' «******“'. : bonded iDdebtedness. 380 ; Came^e fund, 741 ; child labor, 660 ; compulBory attendance, 686-636; con- solidation of schools, 621 ; constitutional provisions regarding education. 808-897 ; Mun^ Jraards, 75^76 ; course of study. 638,. 638, 635, 646; deaf andMnmb, 78s; employment of teachers, 433 ; evening schools, C52; health regulations, 584; high schools, 666, 602 ; higher education. 718* Industrial education, 639, .^4; Ju- venlle courts, 822; kindergartens, WO; medical Inspection of schools, 607 * normal training. 488 ; parish officers, 05-^ 96. 183 ; reform schools, 838, 897 ; school s(>en8a8, 506; school districts, 216; school elections. 188; school fund, 276- 277. 297. 808, 819. 894-8t»6 : school boll- dsys, 645 ; scboolbouses, 857. 867, 860 ; school lands, 203; school libraries. 776; school tkxation. 802, W3. 358, 894 ; school year. 611* sectariap Instruction forbidden, 647. 898 ; separati^ of the races, 685 ; State board of education, 22 ; Btate normal schools, 471-472; superin- tendent of public lostnictloD, 49^-60, 894 : teachers, 874 ; teasers* associations' 486 teachers' diplomas, 484 ; teachers* examinations and certificates, 800-891 ; teachers’ Institutes, 496-496: teachers* ?enslons. 452-468; teachers' salaries, 46 ; technical education, 768 ; textbooks, ^ 604, Old. Louisiana Btate University, endowment, 895. M. Maine, agrlculturaL education, 641. 708, 726, 746; Blind. 808; child lab^r. ll70; com- pnlsory attendance, 686; eonatitatlonal provlalODS regarding education, 897-898 ; consolidation of acaoola, 021 ; course oi «^y. 638, 686. 648; deaf and dumb, 788; edncattonal corporations, 767; em- ployment of teachers, 488 ; evening schools, 062 r feeble-minded, 810-611 tovenlle conrta, 822 ; medical Inspection of schools, 697; music teaebt^ 688: nonnal training, 488: reform spools. 888; sekool census, 606; school com- mittee, 188-184: school dlstricta. 216- 216 ; scbcwl dectlona, 188 : achool 819 ; school fraternities, 692 ; school ^nd. 277, 297. 808; school hoU- SSjT** * schoolhouses, 857, 8M, 869 : school lands, 293 : school librartes. 776; school .taxation, 802, 842-848, 89^ 898 ; >chMl year M 1 • sectarian Instruc- .'tira forbidden, 647; State board of edn- cation, 22: State normal schools,' 472 : superintendent of public schools, M ; sus^ pension and expulsion, 689: teachen. 874 : teachers’ associations, 486 : teacher? examinations and cerOfleatea. 891 ; trachers Ini^tutes, 496 ; teachers* pen- sl®**a» 458-454 ; teaching drawing, 6M ; textbooks, 604, 614: trade schools, 709 i vacation ,a<^ool^jm ; vacdnatloiSL 601. t'pinln*’ eSS^l, Bee olse Indus- trial edncatlOD. .. Maryland, agricultural education, 641. 708. 745; blind, 808; child Ubor, 670-57 U constitutional provisions regarding edn- cation. 898 'rauntv boards, 7W77T»urse of study, 628, 6m, 685; compulsory st- tenaance, 687 : consolidation of achoola, 621 ; Md dumb. 788 ; district offi- cers, 184 ; Vocational corporations, 767 ; of teachers, 4S6/foeble- 811 ; free scholarships, 718-714 : hirt schools, 818, 668, 692 ; higher edn- raiioD, 707 : Industrial education, 689, 696 ; Jnvenlle courts, 822 ; medical In- ocbools, 697-598 ; music teaching, 688 ; normal training, 488 ; ' ^hcmls, 888-889; school census 506* school districts, 216: school ftand 616; schMlhpu^, 867, 869: school li- braries, 776-776 ; school taxation, 802 Wl-612; secterlan In- struction forbidden, 647 ; separation of , the races 685-686 ; Sute board of edn- normal schools, . 472-^8; supertntendent of public In^ atroction, {^1; somnslon and expul- lUon. 589 ; Uaefaera. 874 ; teachers’ am- clatlons, 485; teachers' institute 496; tracbers examinations and certificates. books, 604, 614 ; vacation acfao<^ 654 : vacrlnstlon, 601. 602. Maryland, University of, 726. Ma^rh^tts, agricultural edncatlon, 641 Bible In schools, 647; blind, 803 ; child labor, 671-678; com- missioner of education, 61 ; compulsorr attendant. 637-639; conBoUdatioD%f achoola 621 ; constitutional provisions regarding edncatlon. 898-899 ; eontinna- ^SS : ««“"• ot rtSS. 628. 688-636, .648 ; deaf and dumb, 7M : educational corporations, 767; employ' 43^89; evMlng schoola 652 : feeble-minded, 811 ; flag m health regulations, &4; ^ Khools 818. 668^9. 692 : indns^ iovenlle ^spectira of schools, 698 ; moral educa- tion, 63T ; music teaching, 638: normal 808 ; school holidays, 516, 646 ; WT-8M, 268i8l»: *!SSl J sAooI (axaticn, 802, 843, 858, 899; school year, 512; aeparatlon state normal sg) 478 , nupvnaloii ni^ dzpnlaloB^ ' 980 INDBX, * 1. i tMChftrff, 8T4 ; tMch«ni* dlplomnii, 4^14 ; tMcfa^ri «xamlDatlonfl and oertlflratn, it92« 481-482 : teacbera’ dnittnitM^ 486- 497 ; t«achera penaloiia, 4M-48& ; teach- era' aatarlea, 440 ; teaching drawing, 038 ; technical education, T63 ; textbooka, 004, 614; townahip officer*, 189 ; trade achoola, 709; Tacatlon achoola, 054; rnr- dnatloD, 002 ; wronn to children, 817. UedlcaHnapectton of achoola, 890-^1, Hre aUo Bchoolhouaea, Inapectlon, and aanl- tatlon. Memorial Day. 6m School holldaya. Michigan, agrlcnltnral education, 041. 708- 704. 740, 900.; blind. 808-804: bondwl Indrhtedneaa. 380 : child labor, ft7:t-647 ; compulaory attendance. 530-540 ; con- aolfdatlon of achoola, 521 ; conatltutlonal prorlalona regartllng education. 800-901 ; county board*, 77 ;*county normal achoola, 488-480 ; county auperlntendcnta, lHM>h ; courae of atudy. 628. 63^ 086 ; deaf and dumb. 789; dlatrlct offlcera, 137-138; educational corporatlona, 707 ; employ- ment of teacher*, 439 ; farmera* Inatl- tnies, 055; feeble-mlndra, 811-812; fire drUla. 500; flag In achoola, 372; high achoola, 818, 661^70; higher education, 714 ; humane teedunent of anlmala, 087 : Industrial education. 640,-090; juTentte * courts, 822 : kindergarten a, 049-650 ; mining acbooV 769 ; reform schools, 842 ; school census, 506; school dlstiicta, 210- 221, 323-824 ; acbool elections, 183 ; school flnance, 819; school fraternities,' 592 ; school fund. 298, 308, 809 ; achool holidays, 516, 045 ; scboolbouaee, 358, 370 ; achoolbouaea for puhllo meetlngM, 654; achool Iand^*,293; achool llbrarlca, 776-777 ; achool taxation, 302, 843-344 ; school year, 612 ; sectarian Instruction forbidden. 047. 800; aoparatlou of the races, 580 ; State board of education, 24 ; State normal schools, 478'; superintendf ent of public Instruction, 51-52, 800- 900; gupport of higher edj^tlon. 715; BUBMDslon and eipulaton, 989 ; teachers, 874^; teachers* asaocUtiona, 436 ; teachers diplomas, 434 ; teachers' examinations ' oards, 77 : county superInteiidentR, 100- 101 : course of study. 62ft, 634-635: dI^^- trlct officers, 142-143 : employmeut of teachers, 430; evening schools, 652; health regulatlonR, J105; high schools. 318, 670-471, 1102 : higher education. 714 : Industrial edncatlon, 640, 606; juvenile rnurts. f^2 ; kindergartens, 650; medh^l Int^ctloD of schools,' 598 ; mining acb'oo), 769; normal tralnine In high schools. 4S9 : reform schools, 844 ; school censuH, 506 ; aebnot discipline, 588 ; achool dis- tricts. 224-227 : school elections, 184; school flnsnee, 820; school fund, 278, 311, 906-907; school holidays. 516, 645; Bcboolbouses, 858 ; school land, 907 ; school libraries, 777 ; school taxation, 844, 005-000 ; school year, 512 ; sectarian education forbidden, 004; separation of the races, 580 ; State board of education, 26-26 ; superintendent of public aohtvols;, 68-54, 904 : support of nlgber educa- tion. 716 ; BuspenMosr and expulsion, 680 ; teachers, 874; teachers’ diplomas, 434: teachers' examinations and certlflcates. 306-809 : teachers* institutes. 497 : teachers' salaries. 446: technical educa- tion, 7W tert^oks, 604, 617 ; wrongs to children, 817. • Missouri, University of, 728-729, Montana, agricultural roucatlon, 642, 704. 747; blind, 804: bonded Indebtedness. 3k ; child labor, 576 ; compuls^ atiend- ance, 542-648: consolidation 4>f schools, 522 : constitutional provisions regarding e^catlon. 908-910 ; corporal punish- ment, 589; county boards, 77 ; course of study, 6^. 684. 636; deaf and dumb, 790T district offlwrs, 148-144 ; vi-.i»loy- ment of teachers, 489-440 ; flag In schools, 872; fire drills, 590; health regulations, 595; bl^ schools. 818, 671; mdustrial edncatlon. 640, 696 ; JunveDlle courts, 822; kindergartens. 650, 652; nform schools. 844^45: :gchool census. 500; school elections, 184 ; school finance. 820 ; school fraternities, 592 ; school fund, 27fi, 298. 811, 908-909; school holidays, 516, 645; schoolhpi^ 859. 868; school . = ■ I IITDBX, 981 ma«, 434 ; tc^chprs* examlDations aod _^wrongii to rhllilreu, 8Tll. land, 909-910; acbool Ubrartoa, 7T7 ; ftchool taxation, 844; acbool year,. 512- 018; aectarian tnatructlon forbidden. 647 ; State board of eduration, 20 ; Htati* normal school, 476 ; State scbi>ul of mines, 769 ; superlntendeiit of public In- atructlon, 64-66, 90H ; support of hiRher Atucation, 716; sus^nsUm and expul- sion, 689 ; teachers, OT4 ; teachers* dlplo mas, 434 ; teachers* examinations ai ' I'ertlnt'Stcs, S08-8U9. 431,433; teachei lustimtes, 497—498; textbooks, 004,017- 018. Montana, Unlreralty of, 720. Moral and ethical eondr. 676 ; compulsory attendance, 643 ; consolidation of schools, 622 ; constitutional provisions- remirdlnR e4lucatlon, 910-011; county tmards, 77; county superintendents, 101-10*2; course of study, 029, 030, 048 ; crlppIcMl and de- formed, 809 : d(*af and dumb, 790 : district officers, 144-140; e<1ucatlou of special classes, 78-1 ; employment of teachers, 440; farmers' Institutes, 066; f(H*l)lc- mlndod, 812 ;'^re drills, 590 ; high achools, 318. 072-076, 092; higher etlucatlon, 729 730; Industrial e^lucatlon, 040: ju- venile courts, 82*2-823 ; kludermrienR, 060: moral education, 03i ; normfii train- ing ID high schools, 489 ; reform schools, 846-840 ; school census, 600 ; school dis- tricts, 228-231 ; school elections, and auallficatlonH of voters, 184-180 ; school nsnee, 321 ; school fraternttles. 602; school fuud, 311-312, 911; school holi- days, 617: schoolhouses, 860; school li- braries, 777 ; school meetings, 18.4 ; school taxation. 344 ; school year, 613: 8tate normal schools, 476-470; sectdrlan Instruction forbidden, 911 ; State board of etlucatlon. 26-^ : State Fire Da.v, 045 ; superlptendenrof public Instruction. 66, 910 ; kupport of higher education, 716 ; suspension and expulsion, 689; teachers’ diplomas, 4.34 ; teachers* examinations and certificates, 809—401, 433; teaclnTs* Institutes, 498; teachers' pensions, 466; teachers' salaries, 446 ; textbtwks, 605, G18; wrongs to childn*n, 817-818, Nevada, agricultural educatJou, 042, 747; blind, 804 ; bonded lnd(4)(ednes8. 882 ; child Labor. 676; compulsory attendance. 643-544 ; .consolidation of schools. 622 ('ODStltutlonal provisions regarding edu- cation, 012-013: county ooards, 77; course of study, 620, 634, 030, 048 ; deaf and dumb, 790-701 ; district officers, 14^ » 147 : employment of teachers, 440 ; flag In seboofs, 372 ; feeble-minded, 812 ; blgh schools, 818, 676-670; humane treat- ment of anlinals, 087 ; Industrial educa- tion, 640 ; kindergartens, 660 ; music teacblng, 638 ; normal training In high schools, 400‘: prohibition districts, 871; reform schools. 840; school census, 606- 607 ; school discipline, 588 ; school dis- tricts, 281-282; school electlcns, 186; school finance, 821 ; school fund, 278- 270. 208. 812 r school holidays, 617; scboolbouses, 860, 868 ; school lands, 206, 912 ; school UbraH^, 777 ; school taxa- tion, 808. 844 ; sectarian Instruction for- bidden, 647, 918: State board of edaca- tlon, 27-28; State normal school, 470; NOpeiintendent of public Instruction, 66- 60. 018 ; luspenslon and expulston, 600 ; support of higher education, 716 ; teach era. 878 ; tesebera* I'ertlfiiatea and ex- aminations. 401-402, 433 ; 'teachers' Instl- tutea, 498; teachers' salaries, 446: teach- ing drawing, 636; textbooks, 606, 618- 019; Virginia City school of mines, 759; iwrongs to children, 8Ts. j^'evada. University of, 730-731, New liampablre. agricultural edutatlon,' 747-748 * blind, 805 ; bonded Indebteil- nesM, 333-3.‘)4 : child labor, 676 ; com- s pulaory attendance, 644-546 ; conaollda* ^ tloD of schools, 623; course of study, 029, 636: deaf and dumb. 791 ; district offlci»r^ 147-149; eduoanonat corpora- tions, 768; employment of teachers, 440; feeble-minded. 813; flajt In srboola, 372; hialtb regulntlona, 606 ; high schools, .318, 076, 692; bomane treatment or aninuils, 637; Industrial education. 606; juvenlU^ courts. 823; kindergartens, 062; mMlcs! Inspection of srboola, 698-609; giohibltlon dtstrlcts, 371 ’.reform schools, 46-840 • arbool census, oOJ ; school dis- cipline, 588 ; school . districts. 2.32-233 * Kcbool elections and qualtflcatlons of voters, 180-187; school fund. 270-280, 312; school holidays, 617; scboolbonses, 360-.300, 370 ; schoolhouses for com- munity purposes. 054 ; school lands, 205; Fchool libraries. 777-778 ; school meet- Dgs, 186 ; school tsxstlon, 344-346, 363 ; sectarian Instruction forbidden, Q47. 013; State board of edncatlon. 28; State , normal HChools. 470-477 : superintendent of public IniitructtoD, 60; suspension and expulsion. 690; tearhers. 376; teachers' diplomas. 434 ; teachers' examinations and certificates. 403 : teachers' Institutes, 498; textbookk^ 605, 6l9 ; Taednation, 602* wrongs to children, 818, New Jersey, agricultural ended Indebt- erarles, 778 ; acbool taxation, 303-304. 3;|6 ; sectarian InstructloD forbidden, 047 ; acMratlon of the races, 680 ; State board of education, 28; State normal schools, 477; sumen- sloD and expulsion, 690 ; teachers, 876 ; teachers* aasoclatioDS, 485 ; tochers* ex- aminations and certlflcates, 408, 481, 488 ; teachers’ Institutes and summer schools, 498-490 ; teachers' pensions, 466- 467 ; teachers' aalarl^ 446-446 : techni- cal education. 704 ; texthooks, 006, 619 ; trade schools, 709: vacclnstion. 602. New Mexico, anlcultural education, 642a 749 : blind. 8^ ; board of education, 916 : bonded. Indebtedbeas, 884; city hoaxda ox 982 iNinx. «ducatloii, 150-1S2 ; oompolsorj attMid-/ uicej M7 ; cpiuolld*tioit of ochools, ; coaaUtotloul proTUiont reg&rdla< otloca* Uon, 914-01 7 ; coun tt aiiperlnteod^ntu* 108 ; coum of Btudjr, OSO-oSO* 084, 680 ; doof and dumb, 701—792 ; district ofllccra, 140-160 : emplovment of tMchers, 440 ; 0u In schools, 872 ; health rMptUtlona, 69o: hlch schools, 818. 070-677 ; Indus- trUi education. 040. 688; klndernrtma. 050 ; mllltarx schools, 701 ; pronlbltloo districts, 871 ; reform schoolsi, 851 ; school census, 507 ; school districts, 230-287 ; school elections, 187 ; school finance, 821 ; school funds, 260-281, 288, 312, 91&; Khool hoUdSf*> 517, 645; scboolbuuses, 801, 868; schoolbousea for community ^ purposes, 654; school Isnds, 295, 916- 917; school taxation, 804. 845-846, 358, 914—015 ; school yesr, 513 ; sectsrlsu education forbidden, 647, 916; sensrstlon of the races, 686 ; stste board of edura- tioo. 28-29: Bute normal scbr/ols, 477- 478 ; superintendent of publlr tnstruc- turn, 57-88, 914 ; teachers, 375 : teachers* diplomas, 434 ; teachers* examlnstton* . and certiflcatea, 403-405, 438 ; teachers* institutes and summer schools, 499 ; teachers* salaries, 446; technical eilucs- tioD, 704 ; textbooks, 605, 619 ; rscclna- tlon. 602; wrongs to children, R18. Kew Idexlco, Unteersttj of, 781-732 ; Bchool of Mines, 759-760. Now Orlcwns, public schools, 805-806. New York, agricultural education, 642. 704- 705. 749-751 ; blind, 805-4UH1 ; boards of education, city and union free-school dis- tricts, 152-156 ; bondKl Indebteilnesa, 834 ; child labor, 570-577 ; commissioner of education. 58-59; compulsory attend- ance, 547-549' consolbUtloD of schooIn, 523; constitutional provlslous regarding education, 017-018 : continuation Si'hoolfr 711; courses xf study. 630 636 ; deaf and dumb, 702-703 ; educational como- latlooa, 768 ; employment of teachers. 440; feeble-minded, 813; fire drills, 591 ; flag In schools, 872; health regulailons, 595; high schools, 318, 677, 002; higher education. 714, 732. 767; IndustrUI edu- cation, 640, 608-600 ; Juvenile courU, 624 ; Klndemrtens, ^0, 653 ; medical Inspection of schools. 500 ; normal train- ing In high schools, 400 : prohibition dis- tricts. 8T1 ; reform schools, 851-852 ; school census, 507 ; school dlstrlcU, 237 - 289 ; school elections and qualifications of TOtera, 187'-188 : school finance, 322 : school funds, 281-284. 298, 812. 017; school holidays, 517. 645 ; schoolnouses, 361-362. 370 ; seboolhouBea for commu- nity purposes, 664; school lands, 205; school libraries, 778-770 ; school meet* Inga. 187; school aavlnga* banka, 646; school Uxatiem, 340-^47, 918; school Jear, 513; t- ctanan education forbld- en. 018; separation of the races, 086; Bute board of education, 29-^1 ; State normal schools, 478-479 ; suspension and expulsion. *600 ; teachers, 875; teachers* examinations and certificates, 405, 431, 483; teachers* Institutes, 499; teachers* pensions. 457-450 ; teachers salaries, 44B ; technical education, 764-76S ; text- books, 600, 619 ; trade schools, 709 ; vse- dnation. w2. Normal Hcnools, 741 ; county and local. 467- 492 ; recognition of diplomas, 483-^36 ; State training pf teachers, 465-487. Noilh Qirollna, agricultural schools, 705- 797, 751-762 ; blind. 8091 «WId Ubor. 077 ; consolidation of sebooU 028 ; con- stitutional proTlsloos regarding rauca- tion, 918-020 ; county boe 78 : coonty superintendents, 104 ; coursee of study, 680, 636: deaf and dumb, 798; education of Indiana 784 ; employment of teachers. 441 ; fheble-mlnded,, 818 ; health regulations, 090; high moots, 818, 677-978, 992; lodusUtsl education, 699 ; medical Inspection of schools, 5M ; reform schools, 803 ; school ceotos, 507 ; school districts* 239 ; school elections. 188 : school finance, 822-328 ; school fund, 298-299, 812; school boasea. 362, 898; school lanils, 016; school llbrarie!*. 779; school Uxatlnn, 804, 847, 853; school yesr, 018-^14; separation of th** racew. 5SH ; Htate boal-d of education, 31 ; Ktate nornuil acboola, 479; superln- Undent of public Instruction, 59, 918- 019; support of blcber education. 715; su^naton and expulsion. 690; tearbere, 376; teacheni* examtoailons and certifi- cates, 405-406 : teachers* Institutes, 49P ; teachers* salaries, 446; textbooks, 019-620; township officers. 156. North. I'aroHna, Itnlverslly of, 782. North iMkoLi, agricultural education, 642, 707. 752; blind, 8iKl ; bonded lodebtetl- neam 334; child lsJ>or, 577-578; wmpul- aory attendant^, 540*950: consolidation of schools. 523 ; constitutional pro tIsIodb regmrdlug eduiatUm, 020- 024; county superintendents, 104-105 . courses of study, 630, 634, 630; deaf and dumb, 793 ; district officers, 157- 158 ; employment of teachers, 441 ; feeble minded, 813; flag In schools, 372; blgb schools, 316, 078, 692: humane tml roent of aolmala, 087 : industrial educa tlon, 000-700; kindergartens. 650; n)e4lhal ruipia.'llOtl tif schools, 590-600 ; mining schools 760; morsl. education. 637 ; music teaching, 638 ; reform sebooU, H52 : school ceL '.IS, 508; school districts, r 2.30-242 ; school elections. 188 ; scbo«d funds. 284. 299, B12-31S. 022-02.H ; school holidays. 517; scboolbouses, 362' 363. 368. 370 ; scboolhouscs for com- imintty purposes, 654 ; school land^. 296, 921-022 ; school libraries, 770 ; school taxation, 304. 847 ; school year, 514 ; sectarian Instruction fbrblddcn. 647 ; State aid to common acboola; STA- SIS; Htate normal acboola, 479-^80; su- perintendent of public Instruction, 06^60, 920; support of higher education, 715- 716 : suspension snd expulsion, 590 ; teachers, 876 ; teachers' diplomas. 435 : . teachers examinations and certificates 406-407^431; teachers* Institutes, 409 600 ; tcJcbers’ pensions, 450 ; teachers' salaries. 446; teaching drawing, CSS; technical edut'stlon, 765 ; texttmoks, fK)5- 606, 020. North Dakota, University of. .7:12-73,1, O. Ohio, agrlcnltnral eflucntlon, 642, 752 ; blind, 8t>6-897 ; boards of eitucatlon. 158-160; bonded Indebtedness, 335 ; child labor, 578 : compulsory attendance, 555-551 ; conaolidstlo^ of schools, 523 : constitutional proylBlonB regarding edii cation, 924-925; continuation scboolii. 711 ; county boards, 78-80 ; county superintendents, 105; coarse of atudv, 630, 634, 636. 648; crippled and de- formed. 809; ocaf and dumb, 793-704 ; educational corporations, 768^760; em ployment of teachers, 441 ; feeble-mlDde*l, 818 ; fire drills. 591 : flag In schools. 372 : high schools, 818, 678, 602; higher edu- canon, 714 : Industrial education, 640, 700; Juvenile courts. 824-825; kinder garfena, 650, 653 ; medical Inspection of schools* 600; moral educatfon, 637; music teaching, 038; normal training In high schools, 490; prevention of aceb dents. 646 ; reform schools, 852-85S : school census, 608 ; school districts. 242- 249 : school finance, 823 ; school fra temities, 692 ; school fund. 284-286, 269. 818, 924^25: school holidays, 617 ; kcboolhouses, 368-304. 868, 370; ochoob ' bouses for eommnnlfy porposeo, 664 ; 1 iKrax. •chool Unds. 205; ftcbool llbrarlen, 770- 7S0 ; »obool taxatJoo, 304, 347~448 ; •cbool jrr«r. 514; Htatr bourd of Hla<«- itoo, 32 ; 8talp uortiMl achoolt, 48t) : nuprrtuleotli«ot of putillr iDatnirltoo. (K>- Cl, 025; support of blfh^r f^lucotlon, i 16 : iUip^nnloD and expulaioo, 500 ; tf«cbera, 376 ; toacbera* examlnallooa and cfTtiflcatpa, <07— |I0; trarh^ra* in- cTUulea, 500 ; toarhrra* p^FUiduna. 450- 4^; t<«rbcra‘ aalarlM. 446; teaching dramtng, 630: texttmoka, tW 020* trade achoola, 7!0 ; tubfrruloua children. HIO: Tacrloatloo. 6lt2. ('hlo, rnWerslty of. 733-7.14, (ttdahoma, agrU-ultural inlucatlon. 64.1. 707, i52-75;4* blind. W)7 ; hondi't) ludrbtr»V-H)6: co(irtex>f atudy, 630, 634, 6.16 ; deaf and dumb, 794 : dlKtrlct offleem, 160-161 : employment of teacherK, 441 ; f<^le-nilndet1. 811-4114; flag In achoard of nlitrailoti, 12-33; Htate normal sebooU, 486-481 ; superintendent of public In 7'/''^'l*dn, 61 : suspension snd expulsion, oJK); teachers, .*17.1; teachers' associa- tions, 4.*i6 ; teachers' certlBratea and ex* aintnatlons, 41l>-412 ; teachers' diplomas, 4.15: teachers* Institutes, 506-501; tech- nl(^l e<1ucBtlon, 765-760 ; textlxmlia, 606, 620-621. (tkiahoma. T’nlversltv of, 734-735. 927. Oklahoma Bchool of Mines 760 Oregon. Arbor T>a,v. 645 ; blind, 807 ; boode7 ; coume of studv, 630, 636; ileaf and dumb, 794-795; dis- trict officers 101-162; educational cor- porallouH, 709 ; employment of teadiers. 441 : feeble-minded. 814; Are drtlls. 601 ; flag In achools, 873: beallb regulstlong, 595; high schools. 318, 678-680; higher fNlucatlon, 767 ; Industrial education, 640, ‘W; Juvenile courts, 826 ; kindergartens. o.»0, 663; me<11cal Inspection of achoola, JMMI ; music teaching. 638; normal train- I"/, schools. 490: reform achoola, 854-850 r school census. 508 ; school fraternities, 692; school discipline, 688; acbool dUtrlcta, 561-254 ; school elec- tions and voters' quallflcatlons. *188: school fund. 299. 8l3: school bolldaya, 517; Bchooihouses. 864, 368; school- housea for community purposes. 654 ; gchool lands, 295, 9*28: school libraries, 780 ; school meetings. 188 ; school Uxa- tipn. 348 : school year. 614 ; BUte board of education, 83; State normal schools, 481; saperlntendent of public Instruction, 61-62 : support of higher educatloD. 716 ; Bomnelon and expulsion, 590 ; teachers, 375 : teachers' associations, 430 ; teachers* certifleatea snd examinations, 412-414 ; examinations and certiflestes, 488; tenchags' tastltttUs, 601; teachers* Mslona 460-461; tfacbers’ sslartaa, 446; technical education. 766; textbooks, 60tt, 621 : trade schools, 710; university extension. 655 ; vscclnall^n, Oregon, Unlrerslty of, 735-73^1 I'atrlotlsm, tracblng. 8ee Olvt?^ rcpnsyljiinis. agricultural eddcatlon. 648. 707. 753; bltud, bol^ 871. R, Races, separation, 58.V-587. • Reading circles, itee Teachers' reading circles. Reform schools. 829-862. 872, 875, 876, agricultural education, 643, 22 ;.^* *.“**• ’ bonded indebtedness. I*'*®/*. 580-581 : commissioner of public schools, 62-63 ; oomptilsorv at* fAfirlmnjSA K^A • aj L ^ s^ tfDdaoce» M4 • rooiolldfitlpD of ftcboola^ I : constltutlonsl provisions r«i»rdlng 524 ; education. 030 ; courws of study. 6^^ ; deaf sod dumb, 795-706 ; educational poratipn^ 769 ; emploraest of teachers. 442 : feeble-minded, 815 ; fire drllU. 591 ; 55ff In schools, 878 ; free public lectnras, l fund. 286, 3l4fSschmd holidays. 517: si tHMdhouses. 3r^,^68, 37o ; school litirartva 7hl ; #t*hiM>l ta tut ton. 394, 349, .75,7. 9:i(t-9.i;i : aar, 646: Huteahtto rural *chi»oU, .714; State boaril eduiatlon, 35; Slate normal scbotds. 48,^; aupertntend- rot of r^tucattoD, 6-> , aupport of hUhiT etlmyttloii. 716' suapebtion and expul- sion. 59tt ; teachers. ,h75 : teacbera* err* ttdratca and exaiolnaltnus, 415; teach' * era* diplomas, 4,15 ; teachers' examloa tions and certlfiralea. 4:il. 4.33; tmeb era' toslltuies, 5<>2 ; teacbera* pe&slon>!. 461 ; ttH-hnICHl e^lucallon. 76q ; text- iHKiks, ttO:i, 6<»6, 622 ; racrtnatlon, 64*'2. South Itskota, aitrirultoral etiurallou. 64,'t '644. 755; blind, m»7 ; iMrndial UitebtiiHl- ne*s, 335-5.76 ; child Ul>«r. 5Hl ; r<*n»- pulMtry attendaoi'e, 554 : omsiltutlonal pruvlslona rrcmriMiid e6- 797 ; dl drht officers, 1<16-167 ; eoipluyment of teach er*. 442; farmers* Inslltutc*, 655; ft'rlib* udodetl. 815 : ds4t in a« hiHils, 373 ; htjrh s>'hty, <146; moral wliicnllnn. 637: music liscblug, 6,‘l8 ; uruhlldtltm districts, .171 ; rrforiu sihoo), 856; i>t bool rensua, 508 ; arhool dUlrlcif. 258-259 ; schi^d tde^ llonK. 289 ; st hiv*,! fund. .114, 9:i3-9.76; sebmO holidays, 517 ; schiKilhmities, 365. 370; at hi»olhouju*a fur cftminuntty purpits^^a, G54 ; achtnil of mluei^ 7WJ; achtwl land, W34-936 ; »cho«d llltrarles.' 781-782 ; school taxstton, :)49, 358: school ywir, 515; State iKMird of education, 35-36; SUIe normal scbiKtU, 4K:t ; sup^Tlntendeot of public lo»tru>'- lion. 6:t; aus^nalon and expulatou, 59U: teachers, 875; teachers' SKSOcUttonfi, 4;i6 : teachers' ciTlldcalee Mntl einnilTia- Hons, 415-416, 4:i3 ; tcschlng drawing, 6.19 ; textbooks, tltMl, 622. South Dakota. I'nlrersltv of. 716. Special rlsap«es. t'Ex. 986 qotUacAUo&ik r«<«fnlr1oD of normal arbonl an^l collrf^ ct uoUrnilty diplomaa. ; trour^ of office* ami dutlM. d56~-444. TVarhera* aaaodatlona, Tmehem’ collof^a, 741. ^ca d^jo Normal •cboola. Tfdcbcm inatltutca, 4(»2-A(V|. Trachcra' proidciiA, 44<'-4dft. 7‘Mifhcr«* rcadloK rlrclca, Tf*arhrm‘ aa.'arica, 444-447, TW'hnl^'a) tMlut«tloD, d3iMt41 092-71 1 741-70A. TempcNm>c, InatrucMoD. 034-037. ToDDcaacc, acrlculttirttl cilucratlon, 044. 707. 750 ; ttll|ittlr^^0O7-OU0 ; iHindeHl to^tebte*! neaa^MO; child UK>r, 581-5H2; <-ompul dory atlrndiuico, 555 ; rooaolldatlon of acboola. 525 ; cooKtllutloDal proTlHloDM regarding cduraOuo. OHS; counlj- lH>anN. 81MiS ; iiiunty au|»crlntcndcnlit. leOl ; courM* of atudy, 030. (VtrporailoDa 70^ employ men t of tcarhrra, 44.3; Health reg\i!ailmi»*. 600: high acfaiMiK 8In. OH2-41K3. ; iDduatrUl eilu*atlon, 040, 701 ; Jureollr t'ourta. 820-027 : nirellml Inaprs tlon uf . pchooU. reform arboola. 85<1-XS7 ; arhoul tvnaua: 50K;.arbooI dUcIpIlnc 588; »cfaoi)l dtsiricta, 250-200; achmil electlona, ISO; acbool fund, 28^288, 2W. 314, 038; ai-bool bollflaTa, 040; fti'boolhouftea. 3>wnshlM, 191 196-197. 206. schoola. 709-TU. Trutportation of puplla t® achooL SIT. 618-626. tfw also Conaotldatlon achoola Tmangr and tmant offleara, 02T-528. Tutierculou*. children. 816, Tulane rnlveraliy. derelopment. 895. Tyj*ea of schools, tWh-OOtT I’nlon illslrlrts. California, 195. I nlOD lor graded) dUirtrta, 2t>9. rnlv»p*lfles, SUIe. 7I6-74I. Hre klu- nlclpal uDtverslflea> rolTenUtlea. training of teachers 46|- I Diversity and school extension, 655. I’nlrerall.e diplomas. re<>ognltlon, 433^86. 1 tab, agricultural e^lucatWh. 758 blind, 808; txtard of cdutation. 943, mmded iD- detdodnesa, 336; child lalMr, 6h2 ; com* . pulsury allendam'r.,555 : cimsolldalion ^ of achmils, 525 ; constUutlonal pruslalons reganthig nlut^don. 941-044 ; county Utarls, n3 ; t'ounty HUperlntendent, 111; course of study. 631, 634, 687; dmf and dumb. 797-7U8: district officers, 1*18-169; employniedt uf teachers, 448; f*vbic niludwl, hI5 ; Aag to schools. 373; health regulattomt, 596; hWb 31H, 6S4, 6t*2 ; bduatHal eiTn- callun, 040, 701; Juvenll# courts, 827; kindergartens, 650; mediral Inspection uf srhiH)]*, 600; moral education,. 687; reform nchool, H5B ; achoateensus, 509; schiKn dtstrlcta, 261-264 ; acVwl electlooiL Ao ' ^**^''*l Hbrarlea, 782 ; arhool fund, 2K8, 815; school holidays. 517; school- houses, 865, 36h ; srttoolhminea for com* muully purjK»(ies, 654 ; arhool Und. 942 ; srh«*ul uf mloea 7tKl ; *oard of nlm allon. 37 ; State normal acboola, 4n3; sulwrlntend* ni <>f public Instruc- tion, 64-65, 942 ; *upyH>rt of higher edo* cstlon. TUI; tt'ftt hers,* 375; t4-arbers' diplouiHM, 435; tcyirhen)' examinations «nd cvrtlAmtcs, 419-420. 481, 488: tj^chers' liiKtltutes, 6<*2 ; teachers' pett- slons 461-462; teachers* saUrtea^ ^7; draaing, 639; textbooks, 6^ riah, Unlvemlty of, 737. V. Vacation srbools, 654. 8re oUo Play, grounds, ^ ysi'clnallon. ft*tl-602. Vermont, agrlculiurai education, 644, 707- = bondoil lndchte 829 ; kindergartens, 661, 603 ; moral ed- ncmtlon, 03t; music teaching, 038; pro- UMtlon districts, 871 ; reform school. 869^860 : school census, 009 ; school dis- tricts. 267-269 : school finance, •820 ; school fraternities, 092 ; school fund. 289^290, 800, 816-816. 947-948.: school hOlldaysL 018 ; schoolhonses, 8m, 808. 871 ; schoolbouses for community pur- poses, 664 : school lands, 296, 948 ; school librsnps, T88 ; school taxation, 804, 301 ; school year, 616 ; set^rian iDstrucldon forbidden, 648, 948 ; State board of edn- osUon, 89-40 ; State normal schools, 484- 480 jjmuertntendent of public Instruction, 66-OT, 647 ; support of hlgltor education, :716; . tooenslon and expulsion, 598; tea^rs, 876-^76 ; teachers* diplomas, 486; teachers' exsmlnstlons snd certlfl- 123-434, 483-488 ; tea<^ng draw- ii Tinlyerstty ot 788, rs Birthday. 8w School boll- ^cultnral education, 644. hoards of education, b<^ed Indetotedness, 888 ; cUld labor, 084 : compulsory sttendsncc, 667-608: consolidation of schools, 626: constitutional provlalons regarding educa- W8-900; county superintendentfi, 112-1J3; course or study, W2, 684, 687; deaf and dumb. 79EMoo : district ofllcers, 174-177 ; employment of teachers, 448 ; health cegulatloilb, 596 ; high schools. 818, 680-^7, 692 ; industrlar education, 701 ; Juvenile courts, 829 ; flag In schools, 873 : iiindergartens, 601 : medical Inspec- ticm of schools, 601 ; reform school, 8^' 861 ; school censua, 509 ; school disci- pline. 088 ; school districts, 269 ; school electioniL 189 ; school finance, 820 ; school fund, 291, 800, 816, 949-900; school bolldavB, 618; schoolbonsesr 866, 368, 871 ; scnoolhouses, for community purposes. 604 ; school libraries, 783 ; school taxation, 804, 361, 960 ; school Sear, 010 ; separation of the races, 087 ; tate board of education, 40-42 ; State normal schools, 485-486 : superintendent of free schools, 67, 948; suspension snii expulsion, 690: teachers, 876; teachers' associations, 436 ; teachers' dlplonuK, 480 ; teachers* examinations and certifl- ■ cates, 424-426, 432-438 ; teachers' Insti- tutes, 008 ; teachers' salaries, 447 ; text- bmks, 606, 624-620 ; wrongs to children. West Virginia, Dnlverslty of, 7^8-739. Wisconsin, agricultural education, 644, 708-709, 768: bUnd, 808-809; bonded Indebtedness, 838-339 ; child labor, 684- 686 ; compulBory attendance, 608-600 ; consolidation of schools, 026-626; con- stltntlonal provisions, regarding educa- tion, 950-001 ; continuation acbools, 711; county boards, 84; county superin- tendents. 113-114 ; conrse of study, 632- 634, 636, 648 ; crippled ..and deformed, 809 ; draf and dumt>, 800 ; district offl- ccrs, 177-181 ; educational corporations, 770 : employment of teachers, 444 ; feeble-minded, 816 ; flag in schools, 873 ; health regulations, 596 ; high achools, SIB, 087-^2 ; higher Vacation, 767 ; humane, treatment of atilmals, 638; In- dustrial education, 641, 701-702 ; Juvc' nlle .courts, 820: kindergartens, 601, 603 ; military education, 762 ; moral edncatlon, 637 ; normal training In high schools, . 491-492 ; prohibition dlstrlris, 871 ; reform schools, 861-862 ; school census, 609-610; school districts, 260 ; school elections and quallflcations of voters, 180-190; school extension work, 600; school fund. 201. 800, 816-317; school holidays, 618, 646; schoolhonses, 306-868, 871 ; seboolhouKes for commu- nitj purposes. 664 ; school land, 060- 961: school libraries, 783-784; school meetings. 189 ; school taxation, 804, 862; school year, 616; sectarian In- Btructlon, 648: Btate aid to common S;hoola 291, 8l6 ; Btate board of educa^ on, 42 ; Btate normal schools, 486- 487 ; superintendent of public Instruc- tion, 67-68; support of higher educa- suroension and expulsion. 690; t^acbera 876; teachers' diplomas, 436 ; teachers* examinations and certifi- cates, 4:^29 : teachers' Institutes, 608 : teasers* pensions, 464-466; teachers* ■Uaries. 447 ; technical edu(»tlon, 766 ;; tartbooks, 006, 626^6; trads schools, 710; vaccination, 602; wrongs to cfall- drea, 818. Wisconsin, University of; T89-T40. Wisconsin Mining Trade School, 760-761. Wyoming, agricultural education, 644. 768 809; bonded Indebtedness, 889; chUd labor, ^686 ; comjpulsory attendance, 4 unmx. 559 ; cooaoUdatlon of ichoolk 626 ; cou> Btitutloiial provl^ona regarding Muca- tloDt 962-955 ; coantj boards, 84 ; county ■uperlntendcDta, 114-116 ; coarse of study, 658-684. 687; deaf and dumb, 800-801 ; educanondl corporations, 770 ; employment of teachers, /444: feeble- minded, 816; flag In schools, 878; high schools, 691 ; humane treatment of ani- mals, 088 ! Industrial education, 641. 702 ; lurenlle courts, 629 ; klndergartOfl, 651 ; moral education, 637 ; reform school, 662 ; school census, 510 ; school discipline, 589 ; school districts, 270 ; school elec- tions, 190 ; school flnanco, 825 ; school fund. 291. 800, 817. 962-953; school bolldsys, 618 ; schoolhouses, 807 ; school lands, 295, 053 ; school libraries, 784 ; school year, 616 ; State board of odneir lion, 43 ; State noni^ schools, 467 1 school taxation, 804, 858, 954-065: serration of the racee, 687 ; snpertntend- ent of public. Inatmctlon, *68 ; sufd^ort of higher education, .716 ; sommslon and expulsion, 590: teachers, 878; teachers* diplomas, 485 : teachers' examtiulionB and certldcates, 429—480, 482-488 : teachers* Institutes, 608-5M: teachers' sstsiies, 447; textbooks. 60^-607, 626; raccina- «on. 602: wrongs to children. 816. Wyoming, UnlversTty of, 740-741, 958-054. Y. Tale tJnlTerslty, charter, 879. / 4 •n •BULLETIN e^HE BUREAU OF EDUCATION. [NoTE.~WUh the exceptloxu indlaatod, Um documents named bdow will be ssit'free of diarge opton appUcetion to ttw Commfewloner of Education, Waahlngtported by the SUte, 1907-8. 1900. ' ^ No. 3. Admission of Chinese students to Amerlcaa colleges. John Fryer. *No. 3. Dally meals of school children. Caroline L. Hunt. JOcts. , No. &. Statistics of public, society, and school Ubrariss hi 1908. No. 7. Index to the Reports of tiie Oommlaskmer of Ednoathm, 1887-1907. *No. 8. A teacher's professional library. Classified list of 106 titles. 5 cts. No. 10. Education for efficiency In railroad servloe. J. Shirley Eaton. *No. 11. Statistics of State universities and other institutions of higher education partially supported by the State, 1908-0. Sets. 1910. No. 3. State school systems: 111. Legtslatlon and Judicial decisions relating to public education, Oct. 1008, to Oct. 1, 1900. Edward C. Elliott. *No. 5. American schoolhouses. Fletoher B. Dresslar. 76ota. d 1911. *No. 1. BfbUogmpby of science teaching. 6 cts. *No. 3. Agencies for the Improvement of teachers in servloe. WllUam C. Ruediger. 15 cts. *No. 4. Report of the commission ^>polnted to study the system of education in the pubUo w»>mw4i of Baltimore.* 10 cts. , *No. 5. Age and grade census of schoeds and colleges. George D. Stimyer. 10 ots. ‘ *No. 6. Graduate work In mathematloa In onlveialtJes and In other institutions of like grade In the United States. 5 cts. No. 7. Undorgraduate work In matliematios In ooUeges and rniirenltles. * No. 9. Mathematics In the technological schools of collegiate grade In the United States. *No. 13. Hsthsmatios in ths elementary schools of the United States. 15 cts. *No. 14. Provision for eocoeptkmal children In the public schools^ J. H. Van Sickle, TJghtnw Wttmv, and Leonard F. Ayres. 10 ota. . *No. 15. Educational system of China as recently teoonstructed. Harry B. King. 10 ota. No. 19. Statlstlos of State universttles and other instltatlcns of hl^ier eduoatSon partiaUy snpportad by the State, 1910-11. *No. 1 . A course of study for the preparation of rural-sdhool teachers. F. Mutctiler and W. J. Qn^. I ota. *No. 3. Report of committee on uniform iwxgds and nporta. 5 ots. *No. 4. Mathematics in technical secondary schools in the United Btateif!^ 5 eta. v *No. 5; A study of expenses of city school systems. Updagiafl. 10 ota. *No. 8. Agricultural education In secondary schools. 10 ots. *No. 7. Educational status of nursing. M. Adelaide Nuttlnf. 10 ota. ♦No. 9. Country schools for city boys. WflUam 0» Myers* XO ota. No. IL Current educational topJos, No. X. . *No^ 13. Infiuenoea tending to Improve the work of the toauTwr of «*•***«»***«• 5 ete; ♦No. 14. Report of tha Arowfoen noinmlMiiiiiyii fti tlm ^ ipgttlf- matics. 10 cts. ♦N0.17. TheltonteeeorliystemoiediiiQitte Am» T, Smttlu dote. BULLBTm OF THB BUBSAU OF BDT70ATI0N. ;ar fKo. 19. rrol— fc»u4 dbtrlbatkm of ooUffo ind unlvorslty gndoot«a>. B«U«y B. Bjurttt. 10 eta. *VTa ao. RaodJoftiiMnt ot a niral high aohod to the heeds of the oomiminlty. H. A. Brown. 10 ota. *Ko. 32. PubUo and i.^^«ate hl^ scfioola. 2S ota. *Ko. 31 Special coUeettena In Ithfartos In the United States. W. D. Johnston and I. 0. Uudge. 10 ota. Na 3A Bibliography of child stndy for the years 1910-11. No. S/f. Hlrtory of publlo^hool eduoatkm in Arkansas. Stefihvi B. Weeks. *No. 38. CnltlTatlng school groonds In Wake County, N. C. Zebulon Judd. ‘ S eta. No. 30. Bibliography of the teaching of mathematics, 1000-1013. D. E. Smith and C. Qoldtlhor. No. 80. Lattn-Amerlcan unlversilieo and special bChools. Edgar E. Brandon. No. 1. Ifonthly record of current educational publlcatloiis, January, 1013. ♦No. 3. Training courses for rtiral teachers. A. C. Monahan and R. H. Wright. S cts. *No. 8. The teaching of modem languages In the United States. Charles n. Handschln. 16 cts. *No. 4. Prceent atandi^xls of higher education In the United States. .George E. HacLean. 30cts. No. ,6. Monthly record of current educational publications, Fobruary, 1913. «Ko. 8. Agricultural instruction in high schools. C. H. Robison and F. B. Jeoks. lOcta. *No. 7. College entrance reqoliwmts. Clarence D. Kingsley. 15 cts. v INC.'S. The status of rural education in the United States. A. C, Monahan. 15 cts, *!Nq. 9. Consular reports on oontlntiatloa schools in Prussia. 5 cts. « Na 11. Monthly record of onrrent edooatlonalpublkatians, AprO, 1913. *No. 13. The promotion of peace. Fannie Fern' Andrews. 10 cts.' *No. 13. Standards and teets for measuring the efllciencv of schoob or systems of sohools. 6 ota. *No.l4. Agricultural icstfuetion in seooadary schoob. ^lOots. No. 16. Monthly record of current edocatlonal pablioatkms, May, 1918. *No. 16. Bibliography of medical inspection and health supervblon. 16 ota. *Ko. 17. A trade school for gtrb. A preliminary invatlgation in a typical roanumotnrlng oJty , Worcester, . Hass. 10 cts. *No. 18. The fifteenth international oongreat on hygiene and demt^raphy. Fletcher B. Dreeslar. 10 cts; No. 19. Qernian Industrial education and Its lessons for the United Btatee. Holmes Beckwith. *No. 30. Illiteiaoy in the U nlted States. 10 cts. No. 31. Monthly record of oorrent educational patdloations, June, 1913. *No. 33. Bibliography, of industrial, vDcatlonal, and trade education. 10 cts. *No. 38. The Georgia club at the State Nonnal'School, Athens, Qa., for4he study of rural sociology. E. r. Branson. 10 cts. *No. 24. A oomparlson of public education In Oem^y and in the U nlted States. Georg Kencbeostelner. 6 eta. *No. 26. Industrial educatioh In Columbus, Oa. Roland B. D^eL 6 cts. ' «Na 96. Good roads arbor day. Susan B. Sipe. 10 ots. *No. 28. Ei^uassions on education by Amerk^ statesmen and pubUebts. 5 cts. *No. 29. Accredited secondary schools in the United States. Kendric C. Babcock. 10 cts. ♦No. 30. Education in the South. 10 cts. ♦No. 3L Special features In city school systems. 10 cts. ♦No. 34. Pension systems in Great Britain. Raymond W. Sles. 10 cts. ' ♦No. 35^ A Ust of books suited to a hlgb-echool library. 16 eta. ♦No. 86. Report on the work of the Bureau of Education for the natlTsa of Alask:a, 191t-12. 10 ots. ^0. 87. Monthly record of cuiruit eduoatlcual pubUcatioos, October, 1913. ♦No. 88. Soonomy of time in education. 10 cts. ♦No. 40L The reorganised school playground. Henry S. Curtis. 10 ots. ♦No. 41. The reorganlatimi of secondary education. 10 cts. ♦No. 42. An experimental rural school at Winthrop College. H. S. Browns. 10 c4s. ♦No. 43. Agriculturp and rural-life day; material for its obeoyanoe. Eugene C. Brooks. 10 ota. ♦No. 44. Organised health wp|^ In schools. E. B. Hoag. 10 cts. No. 46. Monthly record of currant educational publications, Novambw, 1913. ♦No. 46. Edocatlaul dlreotoiy, 1913. 16ots. •No. 47. Teaching mate^ in Oovemment pnbUcations. F. E. Noyea. 10 ots. ♦No. 48. School hygiene. W. (Wson Ryan,Jr. 16 ots. No. 49. The Farnnt School, a Tennessee oountry-llb hlidi shhooL A. C. Monihan and Adams PhlUlpe. & V eNo. 61. Eduoation of the imnugrant. lo ots. ' *Mo. 83. Sanitary schooDionsee. Legal re^airementa in Indiana and Ohio. 6 ota. 4 1 " ' Ho. 88. Monthly reoord of current educational puUioatioas, Deoember, 1918. ' ^ No. U. Oonmlar nporta on industrial eduoatlon in Oennany. 1013. O ERIC No.». No. 60. ■ '■ I iliiiiUMli H ^ !J|P,.l|i)IIIJ4i;|J]i^pi BtnXBTIK 07 THB BTTBEATT 07 B0UOAHOir. BlbUofniiihy of •duoation for 1010-lt Stattotlcs of 8tat« unlvenltlet and otbar tnsUtutlaot of higher educatfcni partlallj aapp^rtad bf the State, 1012-U. No. a. No. 3. , No. 4. No. 5. No. 6. No. 7. •No. 8. No. 0. No. 10. ♦No. 11. No. 13. No. 13. No. 14. No. 18. No. 16. No. 17. No. 18. . No. 10. No. 20. No. 21. No. 22. No. 23. No. 24. No. 28. No. 26. •No. 27. No. 28. No. 20. •No. 30. ♦No. 31. No. 32. No. 33. No. 54. No. 38. •No. 36. ♦No. 37. No. 38. •No. 30. No. 40. No. 41. No. 42. No. 43. No. 44. No. 48. No. 46. No. 47. No. 48. No. 40. No. 80. 1914. Gompulsory echool attcndackoe. Monthly record ofoorrent educational pnbUcnttoBS, FelWuary, 1014. ' • Tho school and the start In life. Meyer Bloomfltfd. . The folk h^ schools of Denmark. L. L. Friend. Kindergartens In the United States. Monthly reoord of current educatkmnl publications, March, 1014. TheMassaehUMCtshomft-pro}ectplanofTOoatloQaIagrioiiltur«ledacaUan. K. W. Stlmson. Ueta. Monthly reoord of current educetional publioatlona, Aprfl, 1014. Physical growth and school progress, B.T. Baldwin. Monthly reoord of current educallonal publications, .May, 1014. 8 ota. Rural schooIhouMS and grounds. F. B. DrMslar. Presmt status of drawing and art In the elementary and secondary schools of the United States. Royei B. Famum. Vocational guidance. Monthly record of current educational publications. Index. The tangible rewords of teaching. James C. Boykin and Roberta King. Sanitary surirey of the schools of Orange County, Va. Roy K. Flannagan. The public school system of Ojuy, Ind. William P. Burris. Unl\'erslty extension In the United 8tat«. Louis E. Reber. * The rural school and hookworm diaeaae. J. A. Ferrell. ^ « Monthly record of current educational pubticatlons, S^tember, mi. The Danish folk high schools. H. W. Fogbt. Some trade schools In Europe. Frank L. Otynn. Danish elementary rural schools. H. W. Foght. Important features In rural school Improvement. W. T. Hodges. Monthly record of current educational publications, October, 1914.' Agrknlltural teaching, 15 cts. The Montessori method and the kindergarten. EUsabeth^^^rison. The kindergarten In benevolent tnsUtuUans. , Contolldatlon of rural schools and transportatlou of pupOs^^iMUo expense. A. C, M*****fc«* 26 cts. R^rt of the work of the Bur^ of Education for the nstlvw of Alaska. 25 cts. Bibliography of the reiklon of secondary sciiools to higher education. R. L. WalkJfy. Muster in the public schools. Will Earhart. Library instruction hi universities, colleges, and normal schools. Henry R^ Evans. The training of teat^Uers In England, Scotland, and Germany. Charles H. Judd. Education for the home— Part I. General statement. B. R. Andrews. 10 eta. Education for the home— Part II. State legislation, schools, agencies. B.R.Andrews. BOots. Education tor the home— Part III, Colleges and universities. B, R, Andrews. Education for the home-rarj IV. Bibliography, list of schoob. B.R.Andrews. lOcts. Care of the health of boys In Girard College, Philadelphia, Pa. Monthly record of current educational publlcallons, November, 1914. Monthly record of current educational publlcatkms, December, 1914. Educational directory, 1914-16. \ ^ County-unit organisation for tho ^ministration of rural schoob. A. C. Curricula In mathMnatlcs. J. C. Brown. • V School savings banks. Mrs. Bare L. Oborholtser. \ City trainlDg schoob for toMhvs. Frank A. Manny. \ The educational museum of the St. Loub public schools. C. 0. Rathman. \ Efflcbney imd preparation of rural-echool teachers. H. W. Fog^, Btatbtlcs of State universities and State colleges. 1915. •No. 1. Cooking in the vocational school. Iris P, O'Leary. 5 cts. No. 2. Monthly record of current educational publications, January, 1911 No. 8. Monthly record of current educational pubUcattods, February , 1916, No. 4. The health of sdiool children. W. H. Heck. No. 8. Organisation of State departments of education. A. a Monahan. ' -o 6. A study of joUeges and hl^ schoob In the North CentnU Aisoclalkm. No. 7. Accreditea. WllUsm A. Cook. No. 93. Ststo Tsrsus loca^ bootrol of otsmsotory odocdtlaii. T..X*. UaoDoirsll. No. 33. Tho toortifaig of oommonlty olvks. Na M. Adjostsdont betwosn Undernrton ond flnt Krado. LooQa A. Pilmor. Ka9& FabUe,ooo^,OQdscAioQlllbrsrko. •> No.34. Soo(HMUryB0hool8liithsBtatM