UNITED STATES BUREAU OF EDUCATION BULLETIN. 1914. NO. 2 WHOLE NUMBER 573 COMPULSORY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE I. Compulwry Attendance Laws in the United States, by W. S. Deffenbaugh II. Compulsoiy Attendance in Foreign Countries, hy Anna Tolman Smitb III. Compulsory E-ducation m Germany, by W. Carson Ryan, Jr, !V. The Need of Compulsoiy Education in the South, by WiUiam H. Hand V. Laws of Ohio and of Massachusetts Relating to Compulsory Attendance and Child Labor VI. Bibliography WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING omCE 1914 Monograph UNITED STATES BUREAU OF EDUCATION BULLETIN. 1914, NO. 2 WHOLE NUMBER 573 COMPULSORY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE I. Compulsory Attendance Laws in the United States, by W. S. Deffenbaugh * ' / II. Compulsory Attendance in Foreign Countries, by Anna Tolman Smith III. Compulsory Education in Germany, by W. Carson Ryan, Jr. J IV. The Need of Compulsory Education in the South, by William H. Hand 1 V. Laws of Ohio and of Massachusetts Relating to Compulsory Attendance and Child Labor VI. Bibliography WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1914 V • ADDITIONAL, COPIES of this publication -Ou may be procured froni the Sxjpeeintend- KNT OP DoCTXMENTS, Govermnent Printing Office, Waaiiington, D .C, at 15 cents per copy D. OF D. m 4- J^ CONTENTS Page. Letter of transmittal 5 I. Compulsory-attendance laws in the United States 7 Opposition to compulsory-education laws 10 Enrollment 12 School census 12 The immigrant 14 Children with employment certificates 15 Transferring to and from private schools 15 Poverty 16 Securing regular attendance 17 Reporting absentees 18 Truants 19 Officers 20 Age 23 Penalties 23 Annual period of attendance 23 Child labor — conclusion 24 Table showing proportion of children 6 to 14 years of age attending school 25 Table showing school attendance in 1910-11 26 Table showing compulsory attendance in the United States — Ages, period required, exemptions, etc 28 Table showing compulsory attendance — Officers, parental schools, pen- alties, etc 38 Table showing child labor — Employments prohibited, hours of labor, certificates, penalties, etc 56 II. Compulsory attendance in foreign countries 78 Influences leading to compulsory school-attendance laws 78 Attendance laws in England 78 Scotland — Ireland 80 France ' 81 Switzerland 82 Action of local committees in other countries 83 Results of compulsion 84 Table showing population and em'oUment in elementary schools in certain European countries 85 Table showing illiteracy in certain countries, grouped according to percentages 85 Tabular view of attendance laws in foreign countries 87 Table showing compulsory education in foreign countries 91 III. Compulsory education in Germany 94 IV. The need of compulsory education in the South 99 Tables showing illiteracy 99 3 CONTENTS. V. Laws of Ohio and of Massachusetts relating to compulsory education and child labor HI Ohio Ill Compulsory education HI Offenses against minors and females between 18 and 21 years 115 Employing minors and females between 18 and 21 in factory, etc. . . 116 Massachusetts •- 121 School attendance 121 Truants and truant schools 121 Employment of women and children 125 VI. Bibliography of compulsory education in the United States 131 Index 135 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL Department of the Interior, Bureau of Education, Washington, October 7, 1913. Sir: A half dozen States are still without laws requiring parents and guardians to give their children and wards an opportunity to profit by the provisions made by these States for their education, and thousands of children are growing up without that education and trainmg necessary for life, for making a living, for membership in society, and for the duties and responsibilities of citizenship. The individual, society, and State suffer as the result, despite the fact that the citizens and the property of the State are taxed for the support of schools. A general knowledge of the fact that more than four-fifths of the States and Nations accounted civilized and pro- gressive have attendance laws on their statute books, and an under- standing of the principle of such legislation and that it is necessary for democratic freedom, will hasten the needed legislation on this subject in these States. In other States attendance laws are less effective than they should be, and education officers and legislators want information as to the most effective laws of other States. Every- where school officers and students of education want information that mil enable them to make comparative studies of the relative value pf various forms of attendance laws and of their adminis- tration. For these reasons I recommend that the accompanying manu- script, prepared by W. H. Hand, professor of secondary education in the University of South Carolina, and members of this bureau, be published as a bulletin of the Bureau of Education. Respectfully submitted. P. P. Claxton, Commissioner. The Secretary of the Interior. COMPULSORY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. I. COMPULSORY ATTENDANCE LAWS IN THE UNITED STATES. By W. S. Deffenbaugh, Specialist in School Administration, Bureau of Education. The formulation of effective compulsory attendance laws has been one of the problems confrontmg legislators and school officials for the past 70 years. The most marked advance in enacting such laws has been made since 1890. Prior to that date only 27 States and the District of Columbia had compulsory laws, and many of these were inoperative. Now 43 States have them; How effectively the laws of the several States are enforced it is not possible to determine, as statistics of enforcement are lacking in most of the States and in many of the city reports, but that many essential factors are wanting in some of the laws will be evident when a careful study is made of the tabular digest presented in this bulletm. In the following pages the writer has attempted to call to the atten- tion of the reader a few of the arguments for such laws and some of the factors necessary in their enforcement. The reports of city and State superintendents and articles prepared by practical school men are quoted freely. To introduce the subject, and to help the reader recall the early history of compulsory education in this country, a brief historical sketch of the early Massachusetts laws is presented. In 1642 the General Court of the Massachusetts colony issued the following order: ^ TMs court, taking into consideration the great neglect of many parents and masters in training up their children in learning and labor; and other employments which may be profitable to the Commonwealth, do hereupon order and decree that iu every town the chosen men appointed for managing the prudential affairs of the same shall henceforth stand charged with the care of the redress of this evil, so as they shall be sufficiently punished by fines for the neglect thereof, upon presentment of the grand jury, or other information or complaint in any court within this jurisdiction ; and for this end they, or the greater number of them, shall have power to take account from time to time of all parents and masters, and of their children, concerning their calling 1 Records Mass. Colony, Vol. II. p. <«. 8 COMPULSORY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. and employment of tlieir children, especially of their ability to read and understand the principles of religion and the capital laws of their country, and to impose fines upon such as shall refuse to render such accounts to them when they shall be required. This law did not prescribe where the children should be taught. All it demanded was that they be given instruction in certain sub- jects; but five years later, in 1647, this was remedied by the following order : * It being one chiefe project of that old deluder, Satan, to keep men from the knowl- edge of the scriptures, as in former times, keeping them in an unknowne tongue, so in these latter times, by perswading them from the use of tongues, so that at least, the true sence and meaning of the originall might bee clouded with glosses of saint seeming deceivers; and that learning may not bee buried in the grave of our forefathers in church and commonwealth, the Lord assisting our indeavors; It is therefore ordered by this courte and authority thereof, That every towneshipp within this jurisdiction, after that the Lord hath increased them to the number of fifty howsholders, shall then forth- with appointe one T\dthin theire towne to teach all such children as shall resorte to him, to write and read ; whose wages shall be paid either by the parents or masters of such children, or by the inhabitants in generall, by way of supplye, as the major parte of those who order the prudentials of the towne shall appointe; provided, that those who send theire children, bee not oppressed by paying much more than they can have them taught for in other townes. And it is further ordered, that where any towne shall increase to the number of one hundred families or howsholders, they shall sett up a grammar schoole, the masters thereof being able to instruct youths so far as they may bee fitted for the university; and if any town neglect the performance hereof above one yeare, then every such towne shall pay five pounds per annum to the next such schoole, till they shall perform this order. These two laws embodied the principles upon which modern com- pulsory education rests in declaring that all children should be edu- cated, that the parent or the community must provide suitable education, and that the State may compel the establishment and mamtenance of schools and determine what these schools shall teach. When the development of the factory system began in Massachu- setts in the early part of the nineteenth century and the population began to concentrate in villages and cities, it was found that children could do much of the work in the factories and they were taken away from school for that purpose. It then became evident that further legislation was needed, and a "factory law" was enacted in 1842; but this was practically a dead letter, at least in its relation to school attendance. So great had the evils of nonattendance and truancy become that Horace Mann gave especial attention to it in his reports, and by 1850 public sentiment had become sufiiciently aroused to pass a truancy law. A compulsory attendance act followed in 1852, and that was amended m 1859 to read as follows: Section 1. Every person haAdng under liis control a child between the ages of 8 and 14 years shall annually during tlie continuance of his control send such child to I- Records Mass. Coiony, Voi. II, p. 203. ATTENDANCE LAWS. ' 9 some public school in the city or town in which he resides at least 12 weeks, if the public schools of such city or town so long continue, 0 weeks of which time shall be consecutive, and for every neglect of such duty the party offending shall forfeit to the use of such city or town a sum not exceeding .f 20; but if it appears upon the inquiry of the truant officers or school committee of ^ny city or town, or upon the trial of any prosecution, that the party so neglecting was not able, bj^ reason of poverty to send such child to school, or to furnish him with the means of education, or that such child has been otherwise furnished with the means of education for a like period of time, or has already acquired the branches of learning taught in the public schools, or that his bodily or mental condition has been such as to prevent his attendance at school or application to study for the period required, the penalty before mentioned shall not be incurred. Sec. 2. The truant officers and the school committees of the several cities and towns shall inquire into all cases of neglect of the duty prescribed in the preceding section and ascertain from the persons neglecting the reasons, if any, therefor; and shall forthwith give notice of all violations, with the reasons, to the treasurer of the city or town, and if such treasurer willfully neglects or refuses to prosecute any person liable to the penalty provided for in the preceding section he shall forfeit the sum of $20. ^ The failure of these esu'ly laws to secure attendance was apparent, and Siipt. White took up the subject in 1870, saying:- I am fully convinced, after many years of observation and inquiry, that the several enactments relating to this matter (absenteeism) are ill-adapted to their purpose, discordant, and incajDable of execution, and therefore need a careful and thorough revision, to which ample time and thought should be given. I therefore respectfully recommend that the present legislature be requested to pass a resolve directing the board of education or such other competent body as may be deemed proper to take into consideration all existing laws relating to school attendance, truancy, absenteeism, and the emi^loyment of children in manufactming establishments, and inquire what alterations and amendments are needed to combine said enactments into a uniform, consistent, and efficient code adapted to the present views and wants of the jDublic. By 1890 the law had been so amended that it was well enforced, according to Supt. J. W. Dickinson, who at that time reported to the United States Bureau of Education that "the compulsory law oper- ates well and is generally obeyed." ^ The obedience which seemed to satisfy Mr. Dicldnson would probably fail to meet the approval of the officers of the present day; but constant improvement has been made since then both in the laws and in the machinery for their enforcement. The Massachusetts compulsory education laws have been the model for imitation in other States of the Union, and all of them now have such laws except Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, South Caro- lina,^ and Texas. The laws of Maryland, Louisiana, Virginia, and Arkansas, however, do not apply to the entire State. 1 U. S. Commis. of Ed., Rep., 1888-89, p. 472. = Ibid., pp. 473-7-1. 3 Ibid., p. 486. < A compulsory law applying to the cities of Charleston and Columbia was enacted in South Carolina In 1876, but it was never enforced and was repealed soon afterwards. 10 COMPULSORY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. IV] assachii setts 1852 Wyoming..'. ... 1876 District of Columbia. 1864 Ohio ... 1877 A'ermont 1867 Wisconsin .... 1879 New Hampshire 1871 Rhode Island ... 1883 Michigan 1871 Illinois ... 1883 Washington 1871 Dakota ... 1883 Connecticut 1872 Montana ... 1883 New Mexico 1872 Minnesota ... 1885 Nevada 1873 Nebraska ... 1887 New York... 1874 Idaho ... 1887 Kansas 1874 Colorado .... 1889 California 1874 Oregon ... 1889 Maine 1875 Utah ... 1890 New Jersey -, 1875 Pennsylvania ... 1895 The following table gives the date of the enactment of the first compulsory attendance law in each State: Date of enactment of compulsory attendance laws. Kentucky 1896 West Virginia 1897 Indiana 1897 Arizona 1899 Iowa 1902 Maryland 1902 Missouri 1905 Tennessee 1905 Delaware 1907 North Carolina 1907 Oklahoma 1907 Virginia 1908 Arkansas 1909 Louisiana 1910 OPPOSITION TO COMPULSORY EDUCATION LAWS. Though nearly all the States in the Union have enacted compul- sory attendance laws, each State has had to overcome much opposi- tion on the part of those who argued that such laws are un-American in principle, in that they interfere with the personal liberty of the parent. In 1891 and 1893 Gov. Pattison, of Pennsylvania, vetoed compulsory education bills on that ground. In 1895, when Gov. Hastings signed a similar bill, he did so only because he did not wish to obtrude his judgment in the matter, which was against the bill. The plea that such laws interfere with personal liberty has, how- ever, never been recognized by the courts, and all such laws now on the statutes of the several States are considered constitutional. Among the arguments offered by those opposed to the enactment of compulsory attendance laws are these: (1) A new crime is created; (2) it interferes with the liberty of parents; (3) new powers are arrogated by the Government; (4) it is un-American and not adapted to our free institutions; (5) compulsory education is monarchical in its origin and history; (6) attendance is just as great without the law. These points of opposition were met in 1872 by B. G. Northrop, secretary of the Connecticut State Board of Education, as follows : ^ Such a law Avould create a new crime. I reply, it ought to. To bring up children in ignorance is a crime and should be treated as such. As the most prolific so\irce of criminality it should be imder the ban of legal condemnation and the restraint of legal punishment. A_ll modern civilization and legislation has made new crimes. Barbarism recognizes but few. To employ children in factories who are under 10 years of age or who have not attended school, or to employ minors under 18 years of age more than 12 hours a day, is each a new crime. It interferes with the liberty of parents. I reply again, it ought to, when they are iiicapacitated by vice or other causes for the performance of essential duties as parents. 1 An. Rep. Conn. Bd. of Ed., 1872, p. 32. ATTENDANCE LAWS. 11 Many other laws limit personal liberty. The requisition to serve on juries, or to aid the sheriff in arresting criminals, or the exactions of military seryice in the hour of the country's need — these and many other laws do this. If the law may prohibit the owner from practicing cruelty upon his horse or ox, it may restrain the parent from dwarfing the mind and debasing the character of his child. If the State may imprison and punish juvenile criminals, it may remove the causes of their crime and its con- sequences of loss, injury, and shame. The child has rights which not even a parent may violate. He may not rob his child of the sacred right of a good education. The law would justly punish a parent for starving his child, and more mischief is done by starving the mind than by famishing the body. The right of a parent to his children is founded on his ability and disposition to supply their wants of body and mind. When a parent is disqualified by intemperance, cruelty, or insanity, society justly assumes the control of the children. In ancient Greece the law gave almost unlimited authority to the father over his offspring. The same is true in some semibarbaroua nations now. In all Christian lands the rights of the parents are held to imply cer- tain correlative duties, and the duty to educate is as positive as to feed and clothe. Neglected children, when not orphans in fact, are virtually such, their parents ignoring their duties, and thus forfeiting their rights as parents. The State should protect the helpless, and especially these, its defenseless wards, who otherwise will be vicious as well as weak. It arrogates new power by the Government. So do all quarantine and hygienic regulations and laws for the abatement of nuisances. Now, ignorance is as noxious as the most offensive nuisance, and more destructive than bodily contagions. Self- protection is a fundamental law of society. It is un-American and unadapted to our free institutions. To put the question in the most offensive form, it may be asked, "Would you have policemen drag your children to school?" I answer, "Yes, if it will prevent his dragging them to jail a few years hence." But this law in our land would invoke no "dragging" and no police espionage or inquisitorial searches. With the annual enumeration and the school registers in hand, and the aid of the teachers and others most conversant with each district, school officers could easily learn who are the absentees. * * * Compulsory education is monarchical in its origin and history. Common as is this impression it is erroneous. Connecticut may justly claim to be one of the first States in the world to establish the principle of compulsory education. On this point our earliest laws were most rigid. They need but slight modification to adapt them to the changed circumstances of the present. Before the peace of Westphalia, before Prussia existed as a kindgom, and while Frederick William was only "elector of Brandenburg," Connecticut adopted coercive education. * * * Attendance would be just as large without the law as it is now. It may be so. But so far fi-om being an objection, this fact is strong proof of the efficiency of that law which has itself helped create so healthful a public sentiment. Were the law to be abrogated to-morrow the individual and general interest in public education would remain. The same might have been said of Connecticut for more than 170 years after the adoption of compulsory education. During all that period a native of this State of mature age unable to read the English language would have been looked upon as a prodigy. Still, in Connecticut as well as in Germany, it was the law itself which greatly aided in awakening public interest and in fixing the liabits, associations, and traditions of the people. To the argument that modern compulsory education laws are monarchical in their origin and history, J. W. Perrin replies : ^ Common as the idea is that obligatory laws originated in Prussia, it is wholly erro- neous. Nearly two centuries had elapsed from Luther's famous address in 1524, 1 Compulsory Education in New England, p. 29. 12 COMPULSORY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. before Frederick William I issued those mandatory orders that developed into com- pulsory attendance laws. These orders were issued October 24, 1713, and nearly' four years later, September 28, 1717, the King issued the first law. Then such laws had been tried by the State of Geneva, the Estates of Navarre, and the Duchy of Wurttemberg. Such a law had been in successful operation in Massachusetts for 75 years and in Connecticut for nearly the same time. ENROLLMENT. Notwithstanding the fact that most States have enacted compul- sory attendance laws, many of them fail to enroll all the children coming within the provision of the law and to secure regular attend- ance on the part of those enrolled. This, however, does not mean that compulsory attendance is a failure, as those States that have such laws enroll a greater percentage of children and have a higher average of attendance than those States that have no such laws. Cities that have recently made trial for the first time of compelling attendance report excellent results. During the first year of the enforcement of the compulsory law in New Orleans 1,361 cases were investigated with most satisfactory results. A very large number of children were placed in school and nearly 400 pupils became more regular in attendance. The superintendent of schools of Raleigh, N. C, wrote to this office in February, 1913: For the first time the schools of Raleigh have compulsory attendance. As a result 729 more children are in school this year than last, and half of them are colored. The sentiment of the community is overwhelmingly in favor of the law. SCHOOL CENSUS. To secure the enrollment of pupils several factors are necessary, the most important of which is a complete census of all children of compulsory school age. Some otherwise well-written laws neglect this very important factor in execution, the school census being taken merely to secure State appropriations based upon the number of children in the district. That an annual census is necessary to secure enrollment is obvious. Every year children move from one district to another, and others have reached the compulsory age of 7, 8, or 9 years as the law may be ; many immigrant children may have arrived who would not be discovered by the truant officer without a census list. If a school census has been taken, the teachers of the public, private, and parochial schools can promptly check off those not enrolled during the first few weeks of the school term. The truant officers can then easily locate them and secure their attendance. As early as 1873, Supt. John D. Philbrick, of Boston, called atten- tion to the need of a school census, thus : ^ J Rep. of rommis. of Ed., 1S88-89, vol. 1, p. 474. ATTENDANCE LAWS. 13 111 a large city it is extremely difficult to execute tlie law respecting tlie attendance of cliildren between 8 and 14 years of age without the aid of sonae new instrumentality. The truant officers have no means of knowing the whereabouts of those nonattendants who are not found wandering about the streets and public squares. What is needed is a register of the names, ages, and residences of all children of the prescribed school age. Such register is found necessary wherever compulsory education is fully carried out. James D. Sullivan, chief attendance officer of the State of New York, says: ^ Our annual school census at present forms the basis of tlie inforcement of child labor and attendance laws, and serves this end only; yet the purpose sought is so important and far-reaching as to make the taking of the census one of the most impor- tant duties devolving upon the school authorities, because a thorough enforcement of these laws is necessarily dependent upon accurate and reliable census information. In 1909 a permanent census bureau created in cities of the first class in New York revealed 518 children in the city of Rochester unlawfully out of school; 6,318 in Buffalo; and 23,241 in New York City. Though the machinery of the compulsorj?^ attendance and child-labor laws had been in operation over 16 years and with much success, yet over 30,000 children were unlawfully out of school.- As further evidence of the value of a school census, the following extract is taken from the leport of the commissioner of education of Massachusetts : In more populous centers school attendance officers are greatly handicapped by the absence of reliable information regarding the children on whom school attendance is obligatory. An annual census is required in the towns and cities of Massachusetts, but this census is not taken in such a way as to furnish information which attendance officers can use. Students of school administration are agreed that in more populous areas some form of pennanent registration of all children who come under the school attendance law (and it is to be remembered that in some cases this extends to the age ' of 18 in Massachusetts) should be provided. In connection with the taking of the annual school census, it would be possible to provide a card record which could, after comparison with the registration of the school, become the basis on which attendance officers could investigate illegal absence.^ Similar testimony is presented by the commissioner of education of New York, who states: The organization of permanent census boards in cities of the first class under the l^rovisions of the education law has become an efficient agency in the proper enforce- ment of the compulsory attendance law. The work of tliese boards in the cities of the first class has demonstrated that compulsory attendance laws can not be satisfactorily enforced without a complete up-to-date census available to the school authorities at all times. The law gives all cities not of the first class the discretion to organize census boards on the same conditions on which such boards are operated in the first- class cities. Thus far no city has voluntarily adopted the plan of a census board and carried out the work as it is done in the cities of the first class. However, some 1 Rep. of Commis. of Ed., New York, 1912, p. 324. 2 Ibid., p. 325. 3 T-lth An. Rep. of Mass. Bd. of Ed., 1909-10, p. 85. 14 COMPULSOEY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. of tlie other cities liave done very much along this line. The law requires all cities which do not establish census boards to take a census of the children in such cities once eveiy four years. The last census taken in these cities was in 1909, and another will not be taken until 1913. A census of the children of a city taken three years ago is of no material service to school authorities in the enforcement of the compul- sory attendance law at the present time.^ Even with a yearly census many children of prescribed school age may be unlawfully out of school for an entire school year. If children move into a district after the census has been taken, the attendance officer may not discover them. Who shall take the school census is a problem that needs careful consideration in framing compulsory education laws." If the enumera- tion is not made by the school board or its agent, it is a question of how complete a census will be taken. In Pennsylvania until 1911 it was the duty of the assessors to register the school children. In 1910 John W. Anthony, who made a study of the school census in Pennsylvania, said: ^ The farcical character of this census in most Pennsylvania districts has long been recognized. Sixty-two cities condemn the method and ten find it satisfactory. In twenty cities the enrollment exceeds the number on the census list. Leonard P. Ajrres, commenting on the school census, says : In 1900 the authorities of the United States Census made a study of the school cen- suses taken during that year and compared the results with the actual enumeration of children made by the Federal agents during the same year. In 26 States and Territories the number of children reported in the school censuses was less than the number found by the Federal agents. The local authorities failed to report more than a third of a million children of school age, the error in some cases being as high as 25 per cent. In 17 States the local agents reported a quarter of a million children more than there actually were, the error of over statement running as high as 15 per cent.^ THE IMMIGRANT. Immigrant children in the large cities are difficult to locate. Miss Julia Richman says : * Notwithstanding all our compulsory education laws and all our child-labor laws, notwithstanding the fact that the welfare of the Nation depends upon the control of illiteracy, no attempt has ever been made by school authorities, whether municipal, State,' or Federal, to secure a census of immigrants of legal school age. Were such records carefully made at ports of entry and duplicates thereof immediately sent to the proper school authorities, not one child under the age limit of the laws of the State could escape attendance at school. Thousands of such aliens have arrived, and are still continuing to arrive, drifting into delinquency and crime, with little or no interference on the part of the school. Somewhere and somehow at every port of entry there must be established a bureau in which most careful entries should be made — entries that will show a list of immigrants of school age, tabulated according to destination. Carefully classified duplicate lists must be immediately forwarded 1 Rep. of Commis. of Ed., New York, 1912, p. 62. 2 Compulsory Education in Pennsylvania, p. 4. 3 Laggards in Our Schools, Ayres, p. 191. ' i Proc. of the Nat. Ed. Asso., 1905, p. 113. ATTENDANCE LAWS. 15 to the municipal school authorities in the respective towns or cities to which the aliens are bound. With these lists in hand, the school authorities could enroll immediately all who belong under their control. CHILDREN AVITH EMPLOYMENT CERTIFICATES. Another class of pupils often lost to the schools are those who have received employment certificates but have failed to find work, or who, after working a few weeks, have quit and not returned to school. Supt. W. H. Maxwell, of New York City, says: ^ Principals and teachers who have paid some attention to the causes of truancy inform me that one of the most patent is the issuance of employment certificates to boys and girls who have not seciured employment. The law requires that they shall be in school unless legally employed ; but most young people who obtain the certifi- cates, their parents, and, I am sorry to say, some principals and teachers look upon these official documents as licenses to remain away from school and to roam the streets until employment is obtained. If perchance one of these delinquents is arrested by an attendance officer, his excuse is that he is looking for work. This excuse is generally accepted by the courts as a sufficient defense against the charge of truancy. There is no question that the placing of employment certificates in the hands of children who have no trade and who are not employed is a partial cause of truancy. This weakness in most compulsory laws can be remedied only by having the employment certificate made directly to the employer after the child has found employment and by having the employer return this certificate to the school authorities when the child leaves his employ. This plan effectually prevents children with employ- ment certificates from wandering the streets before they have secured employment or after they have quit a position. This is much more effective than having the employer report every three months the names of all children in his employ, as by that plan a child may be unlawfully out of school several months before the school authorities learn of the fact, while if the certificate is returned at once the child can be easily located. TRANSFERRING TO AND FROM PRIVATE SCHOOLS, Other children are lost when transferrmg to and from private schools if there is not the closest cooperation between the public school and the private school. A pupil may receive a transfer to attend a private school. This child may be lost to the school unless iaquiries are made of the private school whether such child is enrolled. A child may leave a private school and not enroll hi a public school unless the pubhc school has been notified of the child's withdrawal from the private school. This defect can not be remedied until pre- cisely the same reports to attendance officers as to absentees are required of private schools as of public schools. A few States require 1 An. Rep. New York City, 1912, p. 241. 16 COMPULSOEY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. the register of private schools to be kept open for inspection by public-school officials, but this is not sufficient to enforce the attend- ance laws properly. POVERTY. One of the most difficult problems to solve in enforcing the com- pulsory attendance laws is that of compelling children from poverty- stricken homes to attend school. Some States provide that such children may be excused. The question may be raised, If it is neces- sary for the perpetuity of the State to compel the attendance of children belonging to the wealthier class of people, does it f oUow that the education of the poorer classes is not necessary ? To compel the attendance of children of parents who are too poor to keep them in school, some States have taken decided steps. In Michigan if a parent can not support a child of compulsory school age, the board of education may grant such relief as will enable the child to attend school during the entire school year, not more than $3 a week to be paid a family for one child, nor more than $6 a week for the children of any one family. The law of Oklahoma provides that if a widowed mother needs the support of her child under 10 years of age the county commissioners, on certificate of the county superintendent, may pay the child such sum as may be necessary in lieu of wages. All cases must necessarily be thoroughly mvestigated. In Cin- cinnati the board of education has made arrangements with the local associated charities to have all cases reported by truant officers investigated by the trained social workers of that organization. Relief is afforded only when recommended by them.^ An argument offered for such relief is that the benefit arising from the labor of a child under 14 years of age is short-lived, as his earning capacity is small; and if he is allowed to work during his immature years, his earning capacity will never be great, for he will always be an unskilled laborer; he may even become a burden upon society, since it is not likely that he can ever earn much more than a child. If, on the other hand, relief is afforded and the child is permitted to attend school and complete the elementary course of study, his earn- ing capacity and his ability to advance are increased, thus taking him out of the ranks of a class verging upon pauperism. Franklin H. Giddings, professor of sociology, Columbia Univer- sity, discussing the social aspect of compulsory education and child- labor laws, says ^ that — a very special difficulty, and, one that puts all our theories and our de\dce8 to a severe test, is that which is presented by destitute families, and that the practical question, 1 Annals of Am. Acad., vol. 33, sup., p. 79. 2 Proc. of Nat. Ed. Assoc, 1905, p. 112. ATTENDAITOE LAWS. 17 which, has to be answered over and over is : Is it right to take a strong overgrown boy 13 years of age from money-earning employment and force him to attend school, when, by so doing, we compel a widowed mother to apply to private or public relief agencies for help, thereby making her, and perhaps the boy also, a pauper? Prof. Giddings concludes that the only answer, consistent with the policy of compulsory education itself, is the proposition that in such cases adequate public assistance should be given, not as charity, but as a right. * * * A final and deeper difficulty exists which has received, cmiously, little attention. We hear a great deal lately about "race suicide." Large families are no longer seen, especially in the so-called middle class. It is strange that no one has pointed out the connection between the increased demand upon parents to maintain their children in school, foregoing the earnings that children might add to the family income, and the diminishing size of the average family. * * * The question therefore that we shall have to face and to answer is this : Shall the State pay parents for keeping their children in school between the ages of 10 and 14? SECUEING REGULAR ATTENDANCE. To enroll children of compulsory school age is but the first step in enforcing compulsory-attendance laws; the next step is to secure regular attendance. By referring to the tables, page 25, it will be seen that the percentage of attendance is so low in many States that the eflS-ciency of the schools is only two-thirds as great as it should be when measured m terms of attendance as compared with enroll- ment. The average effective school year in the United States is only 111.8 days out of an average of 166.8 days the schools are m session. Granting the time necessary for the average child to complete a grade is 156.8 days, the child attending the average time of 111.8 days would need 11.2 years m which to complete an eight-year course. In other words, the child would lose three years, which in most cases would mean the elimination of that child before the eighth grade was reached. If 180 days are necessary to complete a grade, a child attending 111.8 days each year would be 12.9 years completing eight grades. The following extracts from school reports at once make it evident that if pupils are to be promoted promptly and regularly, and if the schools are to reach theu* full measure of efficiency, the school officials must not only enroll all the children of compulsory age, but must also secure regular attendance for the whole term. In New York City the highest rate of promotion at the end of the term June, 1911, was among children absent 10 days and less, the rate of promotion bemg 93.16 per cent. The rate of promotion was lower for pupils absent 11 to 20 days than for pupils absent 10 days by 5.56 per cent; for pupils absent from 21 to 30 days, by 17.85 per cent; for pupils absent from 31 to 40 days, by 18.62 per cent; and lower for pupils absent 41 days and above, by 40.34 per cent.^ 1 Report Committee on School Inquiry, New York City, p. 66. 14426°— 14 2 18 COMPULSORY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. Effect of irregular attendance upon promotion. ' Number of days present. Promoted more than twice. Promoted twice. Promoted once. Not pro- moted at all. 180 or more 160 and less than 180. 140 and less than 160 . 120 and less than 140 - 100 and less than 120. 80 and less than 100. 60 and less than 80 . . 40 and less than 60. . 20 and less than 40. . Less than 20 190 162 58 16 5 8 3 1 2 1 7,484 5,064 1,138 434 217 169 78 65 30 17 1,871 2,027 934 496 373 767 298 224 150 57 124 204 161 154 144 352 379 399 438 309 Total - 14, 696 7,197 1 An. rep. of public schools of Columbus, Ohio, 1911, p. 188. REPORTING ABSENTEES. Superintendents of schools often complain that parents, once having enrolled their children, assume that they have met the re- quirements of the compulsory-attendance law; that they then feel at liberty to keep their children out of school for the most trivial reasons, and it is not uncommon for a teacher to receive notes from parents saying simply that the child ''was needed at home." Whenever such excuses are accepted, the compulsory-attendance law at once becomes a dead letter so far as that case is concerned. Some laws are obviously weak in that no provision is made for reporting absentees to the attendance officer. To secure regular attendance, it is evident that teachers should report at once all ab- sentees who are not legally excused. Some States require teachers to report absentees but once a month, when the monthly report is sent to the superintendent or secretary of the board; some require such reports only once or twice a year. Clearly, if absentees are reported but once a month a parent may keep hio child out of school for 20 or more days before he is called to account. Some States do not even specifically rec|uire teachers to report absentees to the at- tendance officer or superintendent. The effectiveness of compulsory-attendance laws depends to a great extent upon how promptly teachers report unexcus^l absences, and excuse only those whom the law exempts. Several of the laws recently enacted require reports to be made daily. In cities of the first, second, and third classes in Kentucky the principal of each school must report each day to the city superintendent or truant officer all children absent without lawful excuse. Several States require reports after an absence of three days. In a well-adminis- tered school no child should be out of school even for that length of 4;ime without the teacher's knowing where such child is, either by a personal visit or by a visit from the attendance officer to discover ATTENDANCE LAWS. 19 the cause of absence. A close and rigid investigation of all excuses reduces truancy and irregular attendance to a minimum. An experiment was conducted by the truancy department of the Indianapolis schools several years ago by having the truant officer visit the school daily and obtain the names of aU absentees. AU cases of absence were visited, even though a good excuse, such as sickness, was known to exist. Although many children were excluded at that time, as medical inspection had been recently intro- duced, the absentees during the four months' period was 20 per cent ess than for the corresponding period of the preceding year. The method was discontinued, as it imposed too much work upon the officer, whose duties were already heavy. Money so expended would, however, bear dividends far beyond those accruing to the more or less haphazard method under present conditions.^ TRUANTS. Many parents think that compulsory attendance laws are aimed directly at truancy, and that it is the chief duty of the attendance officer to be on the lookout for truants. It is a question, however, whether a truant officer should arrest a boy on the street for playing tniant or whether the parent should be arrested. Some truant officers make information agamst the parent, and if the parent proves that he can not control his child the officer takes charge of the child. In California and other States if a parent presents proof by affidavit that he is unable to compel his child to attend school the parent shaU be exempt from penalties, and the child may, in the discretion of the board of education, be deemed a truant and subject to assignment to the parental school. W. I. Bodine, superintendent of compulsory education in Chicago, says : - It is the policy of the Chicago compulsory education department to minimize truancy by checking the temporary absentee in the first lapse of attendance at school by prosecuting indifferent parents in instances where they are responsible for truancy and nonattendance and by sending to the parental school those habitual truants who are beyond the control of parents. The latter class is relatively very small. Of 56,450 cases of non- attendance in St. Louis, 1911-12, there were only 1,709 cases of truancy; 196 were brought to juvenile court, and 27 taken to the home of detention.^ Of 63,855 cases in Chicago, 3,801 were truant, only 1,352 reporting the offense after the case had been put into the hands of the truant officer.^ Of 162,124 cases referred to the attend- ance officers in New York City for investigation, 11,064 were found to be truants. Of this number 5,848 relapsed mto truancy and were 1 Educational review, Indianapolis. 43: p. 80. s An. Eep. St. Louis, 1911-12, p. 296. a Charities, vol. 17, p. 535. ■« An. Rep. Chicago, 1912, p. 86. 20 COMPULSORY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. again returned to school or were committed to a truant school; 151 were committed to a truant school by the city superintendent, and 705 by the children's court.^ Of the 8,983 cases investigated in the State of Connecticut in. 1910-11, there were but 71 truants.^ In the small cities and in rural districts where there are only a few truants, it is a problem to know what to do with them, as school boards in cities under twenty-five or thirty thousand population are seldom inclined to establish separate schools for truants. The prob- lem is solved in some States by the establishment of county industrial schools for habitual truants. Many States, however, make no other provision than the State reform school. When there is no other school for truants than a reform school, habitual truants and incor- rigible children are often not committed for fear that, bad though they are, to send them there would make them worse. Experience has shown that effective enforcement or compulsory laws requires two kinds of special schools: One for chUclren who, because of irregular attendance or other causes, are not keeping up with their classss; and the other kind for truants. In each case the work should be adapted to the conditions, and teachers of special skill should be provided. OFFICERS. It is obvious that no law can be enforced without proper officials charged with its enforcement. Dr. Andrew S. Draper, writing of the necessity of such officers, says:^ Attendance officers are a vital factor in the proper enforcement of the compulsory- attendance law. This statement is true in relation to the enforcement of this law in any part of the State, but it is particularly true in relation to its enforcement in the rural regions. In the populous centers of the State better school organizations gener- ally exist than in the country, and there is permanent work for truant officers. The attendance officers in the country districts are generally engaged in pursuits which demand most of their time, and they do not give sufficient attention to looking after violations of the compulsory attendance law. The fact that men must be chosen for this work who are generally required to engage in some regular business to gain a liveli- hood renders the selection of such men all the more important. Much of the failure properly to enforce this law grows out of the selection of inefficient attendance officers. It is believed that a better class of such officers would be provided if the authority to appoint them should be transferred from town boards to the new supervisory school officers known as the district superintendents. Indiana has undoubtedly taken an advance step in the matter of securing a better class of men for attendance officers by enacting that a person to be eligible for appointment as county or other attendance officer shall have completed the eighth grade of the State's common schools or have an education equivalent thereto. One of the chief reasons why inefficient men are often employed, especially in rural 1 An. Rep. New York City, 1912, pp. 236-239. 2 An. Rep. of Conn., 1911, p. 111. 8 An. Rep. of New York State, 1913, p. 61. ATTENDANCE LAWS. 21 districts and in small cities, is that the salary is usually so low that no capable man will accept the position unless he has some other occupation. Another oflB.cer, the ''school visitor" or ''visiting teacher," has become one of the efficient means in some cities for securing regular attendance. Miss Mary Flexner, who has made a recent study of the work of these officers, writes:^ The visiting teacher was created to bridge a gap in the existing school machinery. Her province lies outside that of the regular teacher, the attendance officer, and the school nurse, though, like the attendance officer and the school nurse, she goes into the child's home. To her is assigned the group called the "difficult" children, and it is her aim to discover, if possible, the cause of the difficulty which manifests itself in poor scholai'ship, annoying conduct, irregular attendance, or the need of or desire for advice on some important phase of life. It is too much to expect the regular teacher, handicapped as she is by her large class, to cope with such situations. Nor Js it to be expected that those qualified to act as attendance officer or school niu'se, were they not already bradened, should do the work of the \-isiting teacher. In lier is united the training that makes a teacher and a social service worker, and it is because of this combination that she is able to mden the regular teacher's reacli and help her to interpret and solve the problems as they present them^selves. From the school she learns that the cliild is appai'entiy making little effort, that his work is "C" or worse, or that he is perpetually maldng trouble in the classroom and is never attentive, or that he seems lifeless, unable to keep pace with the class, or that he attends so iri'egularly it is impossible to teach him anji;liing, or that he has not time to study, and the situation at home is such that he must leave school and go to work. With these facts as clues, she sets to work; it is impossible to define her methods, for they vary -mih her tact, her resom'cefulness, as with the specific character of the problem before her. Briefly, they are the methods that spring from a friendly interest, an intimate personal relation. Between the home and the school the "visiting teacher vibrates, carrying to the former the school's picture of the child and returning to the school to reenforce that impression or to shed new light upon the problem. ' There is no fixed number of times that she travels this path, as there is no fixed hour of the day. The urgency and complexity of the situation alone determine her movements. Nor is there any regular routine of action that she follows. "V^'liatever in her judgment seems imperative she endeavors to effect, using to tlus end everything that tlie ingenuity of man has devised to make smooth the rough places in life. It is a focusing of interests that she demands. The child is the pivotal point on which she hopes to bring all her knowledge and experience to bear. Sometimes it is the expert teacher's training that she invokes; sometimes the psycliologist or the physician, general or special, that she consults, or, again, it is the social worker to whom she appeals. Before these she lays the facts, the reasons why her serAdces have been sought, and from them she asks cooperation. The results achieved do not always show a complete cure. In some cases there has been a marked improvement in scholarship, conduct, or attendance. At least a good start in the right direction has been made. In others the child has been transferred to a regular class — regular, special, or ungi-aded— or to a trade school, Avhere his chances at succeeding in making a place for himself ai-e increased. In others the information that the visiting teacher shares with the child's teacher has resulted in a change of attitude on her part or an expansion or contraction of the course of study or in gi'sdng the child extra instruction in study periods or out of school hoiu-s. Finally, he has been lielped to promotion, even to graduation. 1 Sch. Bd. Jour., July, 1913, p. 35. 22 COMPULSOEY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. In 1904 Mrs. Dorcas E. Hiser, then director of the truancy depart- ment of Indianapolis, Ind., made a special study of the coloied schools in that city to determine the causes of the poor attendance at these schools and the best methods of removing those causes. As a result of her investigation, Mrs. Hiser recommended that a trained charity worker be employed as attendance officer for the colored schools and as a friendly visitor for the homes. A visit was made each day to a different school and a list of absen- tees was taken from the teacher's register. Then followed a visit to the homes, where each case was handled according to its individual needs. The chief truant officer, writing of these visits, says in his report for 1909:^ The gain that can be expressed by figures, encouraging though it is, does not compare in importance to the social gain. The former hostility to colored schools and colored teachers has been almost entirely replaced by an increasing race pride in the schools and by a growing consciousness that the school is working with the home for the best interest of the child. The encoiu'aging attitude of colored parents toward their schools is well illustrated by the active parents' club, which is connected with each school. State agents are undoubtedly of great assistance in the proper enforcement of the attendance law. At present in^most States the State department has no direct way of knowing whether more than a perfunctory attempt has been made to carry out the provisions of the law. The commissioner of education of Massachusetts, recog- nizing the value of such agents, says in his report for 1911-12 that it would be an advantage to education in that State if a specially trained agent were employed to give his services to communities in the enforcement of the laws on compulsory education, on the census, and on the oversight and custody of truants. In an address before the Pennsylvania State Teachers Association in 1910, John W. Anthony, who had had much experience in small city schools and in the schools of Pittsburgh, said:^ The State department needs one thing more before a thorough enforcement of compulsory education becomes general in our State. Two or three traveling inspec- tors should be appointed, similar to the high-school inspectors already at work. On the basis of theii" reports the department wo.uld be able — as it is not able at pres- ent, although the law allows it — ^to withhold one-fourth of any district's appropriation for failure to enforce the law. New York State has 12 such traveling agents. As a result of their reports the State appropriations were withheld last year from 13 school districts. Unless there is some such inspection it is impossible for the State department to know whether each district in the State has fuUy com- plied with the law, and, again, such officers would make it possible to collect the data necessary to determine what legislative changes are needed and how the law could be most effectively administered. 1 An. Rep. Indianapolis, 1909, p. 219. 2 Compulsory Education in Pennsylvania, p. 7. ATTENDANCE LAWS. 23 AGE. One other problem difficult to solve in the enactment of com- pulsory attendance laws is that of determining the proper age limits. The tendency at present is to make 14 or 15 years the age at which a child may withdraw from school, provided he has certain educa- tional attainments. The standard is low in most States, only a few requiring so much as the completion of the fifth grade. The tend- ency, however, is to strengthen the required educational qualifications regardless of age limit. A committee representing the division of special education of the National Education Association took a very advanced position in 1910 by recommending that ^ the compulsory education laws recognize the difference between the chronological and the physiological age of a child, that the school age limit of each individual child be determined by maturity tests only, no matter whether the child is, in years, above or below the age standard; in other words, that a child's actual age be determined by physio- psychological data corresponding to the normal standard of the age limit required by law, and that all children or persons failing to meet such maturity tests shall be permanently under public supervision and control. This, viewed in the light of present conditions in most States and cities, would seem ideal rather than practicable, though an ideal, no doubt, worth attempting to realize. PENALTIES. No law can be properly enforced unless proper penalties are pro- vided. In most States fines upon parents are, no doubt, sufficiently great to secure a proper enforcement of the law, but in only a few instances are penalties provided for school boards and attendance officers for neglect of duty. In many mstances the laws are not enforced because officers and school officials are negligent. In 1909 J. D. Erdliff , who made a report to the State Teacher' Asssociation of Missouri regarding compulsory education in that State, found that 26 cities failed to enforce the law, not because of any serious defect in it, but because of the indifference and neglect of the school au- thorities in these cities. ANNUAL PERIOD OF ATTENDANCE. Many of the early laws did not prescribe a de&iite time for attend- ance each year, but, instead, specified so many consecutive weeks, without stating when the period was to begin. This led to con- fusion, and it was often difficult to determme when a child had at- tended the prescribed time. Those laws that permit children to I Proc. Nat. Ed. Assoc, 1910, p. 1034. 24 COMPULSORY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. attend a certain j3roportion of the time are also difficult to enforce so as to secure regular attendance. To be effective a definite annual period should be prescribed. Most States, however, now require attendance for the full period school is in session in the district. CHILD LABOR. It is not the purpose to discuss the child-labor laws and their enforcement, but rather to call the attention of the reader to some questions regarding child labor that need solution. Owen R. Love- joy, general secretary of the National Child Labor Committee, says that the following questions are still unsettled and need careful consideration : ^ 1. What classes of children should be entirely eliminated aa a factor in the indus- trial problem? 2. From what industries should all children be eliminated? 3. What regulations should govern the conditions of the children who may wisely be employed? 4. What is to be done with those excluded from industry? CONCLUSION. In closing this paper, the following summary is given of the most important factors in their enforcement : 1. An annual school census taken by the school authorities of the city or district. 2. Prompt reports by teachers of public and private schools of ail absentees not legally excused. 3. Properly qualified attendance officers who give all their time and attention to the enforcement of the law, and also school visitors in cities having a large foreign or negro population. 4. State agents to see that the laws are enforced. 5. Special schools for truants and pupils irregular in attendance. 6. Relief for indigent parents having children of compulsory age. 7. A definite annual period of attendance. 8. Well-enforced child-labor laws. 9. Employment certificate made to employer and not to be used by child when seeking a new position. 10. Proper penalties on all concerned in the enforcement of the law. 1 Annals of Am. Acad., vol. 33, sup., p. 50. ATTENPAN-CE LAWS. 25 Proportion of children 6 to 14 years of age attending school.^ States. Alabama Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana.., Iowa Kansas Kentucky liouisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts.. Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New nampshiie New Jersey...'.. New Mexico New York North Carolina. North Dakota.. Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania. . . Rhode Island... South Cai-olina . . South Dakota.. Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia . . Wisconsin Wyoming All classes. Per cent. 61.1 67.2 86.9 86.7 92.3 81.9 66.0 65.6 82.1 87.8 88.2 90.7 88.2 76.0 54.6 89.2 80.2 92.9 90.7 88.8 72.2 85.2 82.7 90.2 83.2 91.2 88.6 72.9 90.0 71.7 80.7 89.8 81.3 85.5 86.5 88.8 62.6 83.3 72.1 70.2 85.6 92.9 68.3 85.7 82.5 89.9 84.5 Native white. Native parent- Pcr cent. 70.0 80.4 87.4 86.4 92.6 83.4 72.1 74.8 82.0 88.2 88.4 90.8 88.3 76.3 68.4 90.3 83.3 93 Q 9i.3 88.8 84.2 85. S 83.6 90.1 86.3 92.2 89.6 76.9 89.9 75.7 82.7 90.3 82.2 85.1 88.1 91.2 72.1 84.1 75.2 74.3 85.4 93.1 73.2 85.9 83.0 90.8 84.9 Foreign or mixed parent- age. Per cent. 78.1 72.1 88.1 88.4 92.6 83.4 76.1 84.5 84.1 88.0 87.6 90.8 89.1 87. 1 69.7 88.4 80.0 93.1 90.6 89.2 82.9 86.7 88.8 91.3 88.7 75.1 90.6 84.0 81.5 89.2 85.5 87.3 84.8 89.0 81.4 84.6 83.6 60.3 87.9 93.3 80.0 86.9 82.9 89.7 85. 9 Toreign- born white. Per cent. 70.2 61.6 82.3 81.7 89.2 75.9 63.5 76.0 76.2 83.8 80.6 82.0 76.7 83.8 50.7 Si.O 75.5 88.1 86. S 86.0 44.0 80.7 76.1 85.1 76.7 85.5 83.8 56.5 88.3 64. 8 70.0 84.0 75.8 82.7 79.6 82.4 72.2 72.9 78.9 38.4 83.5 89.3 71.3 83.9 66.1 84.1 76.4 Negro. Per cent. 49.3 81.5 88.4 85.4 90.5 76.0 57.1 55.4 83.0 87.7 89.3 84.6 70.3 S7.4 90.7 70.7 92.0 S9.4 90.0 63.7 75.9 83.1 87.9 85.7 73.8 87.1 64.0 87.2 76.5 77.5 82. 9 87.7 56.1 86.4 60.1 64.5 81.1 87.6 58. 7 81.3 72.2 88.9 84.7 1 Census Bulletin: Reprint of chap. 7, abstract of the Thirteenth Census, 1910, p. 228. School attendance according to percentages. High- -90 and over.^ — Connecticut, Iowa, Massachusetts, Micliigan, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New York, and Vermont. Medium — 80 to 90. — California, Colorado, Delaware, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Jersey, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming. Low — 70 to 80.^ — Kentucky, Mississippi, New Mexico, North Carolina, Texas. Very low^ — Below 70. — Alabama, Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, South Caro- lina, Virginia. 26 COMPULSORY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. School attendance in 1910-11. Divisions and States. Average number of days the schools were kept. Average number of days at- tended by each pupil enrolled. Per cent. Rank. 156.8 111.8 71.3 179.8 159.3 164.3 130.6 127.8 142.4 119.8 121.3 85.1 79.1 79.2 75.2 73.8 65.2 61.9 1 Western Division . . 2 3 4 South Central Di^rision. . . 5 138.0 185.0 159.0 180.5 170.4 147.0 186.9 168.5 171.0 160.0 173.6 184.9 183.0 170.0 194.0 163.8 140.9 156.0 161.3 172.3 172.0 165.5 145.3 140.0 156.9 179.6 155.4 168.6 116.2 135.0 156.0 133.0 151.0 92.8 135.1 104.1 135.2 115.0 152.0 131.5 135.5 172.5 113.9 151.4 115.2 185.0 130.0 120.0 131.8 120.7 153.3 131.6 144.5 136.2 116.4 147.6 132.1 134.0 124.5 134.0 142.7 140.2 127.5 145.5 122.7 105.3 115.7 118.7 127.4 126.1 120.8 105.4 101.5 113.1 128.5 109.0 118.0 80.7 92.8 106.5 90.4 101.5 61.6 89.6 67.8 87.1 74.1 97.3 84.6 87.0 108.2 71.9 94.4 71.2 113.4 76.3 66.9 72.1 87.5 82.9 82.8 80.0 79.9 79.2 78.9 78.5 78.3 77.8 77.19 77.17 76.6 75.0 75.0 74.9 74.7 74.2 73.6 73.4 73.3 73.0 72.54 72.5 72.1 71.6 70.1 70.0 69.5 68.7 68.3 67.9 67.2 66.4 ' 66.3 65.2 64.5 64.4 64.0 64.3 64.2 62.7 63.1 62.4 61.8 61.3 58.7 55.8 54.7 1 Massachusetts 2 Utah 3 District of Columbia ... 4 5 6 New York . . - 7 8 9 Vermont . 10 11 12 New Jersey . . 13 14 Rhode Island . 15 16 17 Kansas 18 19 20 Iowa . 21 Ohio . . . 22 Nevada ^ 23 Idaho 24 25 26 27 28 Florida . . 29 30 31 32 33 34 Texas . 35 36 Louisiana . 37 38 South Dakota ' 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 1 statistics, 1909-10. 2 Approximate. 28 COMPULSORY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. I. Compulsory attendance in the United states. Com pulsory Annual iDeriod of reauired attendance. Reasons for exemption. Alabama. Arizona Seh. Laws, 1912, Arkansas Seh. Laws, 1911. 18-16 California Seh. Laws, 1911. Colorado Seh. Laws, 1912. Connecticut Seh. Laws, 1912. Delaware Seh. Laws, 1909. Dist. Columbia U. S. Stat. L., vol. 34, Pt. J, 1905-1907. Florida Georgia Hawaii Seh. Laws, 1911 Idaho Seh. Laws, 1911 Illinois Seh. Laws, 1912. 8-16 7-16 0 0 6-16 7-16 No compulsory law Full time public school is in session. Not less than one-half the time public school is in session. Full time public schoois are m session. Entire time public schools are m ses- Full time the public school is in session. 5 months each year; may be reduced to 3 at the annual meet- During entire term. No compulsory law. do Entire school year. Entire time school is in session; not less than 6 months. (1) Physical or mental incapacity as declared by a competent physician approved by the board; (2) completion of grammar-school course; (3) employment certificate issued to a chUd 14 years of age who can read and write. (1 ) If parent is not able to provide proper cloth- ing; (2) if child is physically or rrientally in- capacitated; (3) if there is no public school within 2h miles; (4) if the labor of the ehUd is absolutely necessary for the support of the family; (5) if the child has completed a com- mon-school course. Lav7 does not apply to 41 counties. (1) If child is physically or mentally incapaci- tated; (2) if child is between 12 and 15 and holds a work certificate; (3) if no public school IS withm 2 miles cf cliili'c rssidence; (4) it the chi'd has completed the grammar- school course; (5) if circumstances render attendance impracticable or dangerous xo health. (1) If child is over 14 and has completed the eighth grade; (2) if his help is necessary for his own or nis parents' support; (3) if for the best interests oi the child; (4) bodily or men- tal incapacity. (1) If child is lawfully employed at labor at home or elsewhere; (2; If parent is unable to provide suitable clothiag; (3) if the child's mental or physical condition is such as to render its instruction inexpedient or im- practicable. (1) Mental, physical, or other urgent reasons approved by the county superintendent; (2) if there be no public school in session within 2 miles. (1) Has acquired common-school branches; (2) physical or mental incapacity. (1; >Jo school within 4 miles and no suitable transportation; (2) physical or mental inca- pacity; (3; completion of grammar grades and 13 years old; (4) 15 years old and em- ployed." (1) If child is over 14 years of age and has com- pleted the eignth grade, and its heip is neces- sary for its own or its parents' support, and it can be shown that it is for the best interest of the chEd; (2) if the child's health does not permit attendance. (1) If cnild's physical or mental condition ren- ders attendance impracticable; (2) if child is excused lor cause temporarily; (3) if be- tween 14 and 16 and necessarily employed. 1 16-20. if not regularly employed. ATTENDANCE LAWS. States — Ages, period required, exemptions, etc. 29 Relief to children un- able to attend on account of poverty. Part-time instruction for children employed. Instruction authorized in lieu of public schools. Compulsory education for deaf, dumb, and blind children . School board shall fiu'- nish books. Traant officers shall report such cases to authorities charged with relief of the poor vfho snail af- ford suitable reiief. Where there is no public or parochial evening school, an age and school certificate for a child under 16 shall uoc De approved un- less said child can read at sight and write legi- bly simple sentences. No person between 14 and IG who can not read and write shall be employed in any town where public evening schools are established unless he attends evening school. Private and parochial schools regularly organ- ized and taught by com- petent teachers. Home instniction under com- petent teacher in com- mon-school branches. Private, parochial, or par- ish schools not less than one-half the time the public schools are in session. Private schools giving in- struction in branches usually taught in pri- mary and grammar schools; home instruc- tion in common-school branches. Privats or parochial ?chool for the entu-e time dur- ing which the public schools are in session. Instniction in the studies taught in the public schools. Teacher shall keep a register of attend- ance, open to inspection, and shall make reports to the State board of education. Private school for the com- pulsory period, legally qualified private teach- er, or other means ap- proved by county su- perintendent. Instruction in same branches for a like pe- riod of time as ia the public schools. A cerl i- flcate of attendance signed by the person in charge of such schools is requu'cd. Private school . Private or parochial school; the same period as the public-school ses- sion. Private school, at least C months; instruction for a like period in the ele- mentary branches by a competent person. Parents of deaf, dumb, or blind children must send them to suitable school for a term of 5 years, unless excused by the board of trus- tees for physical incar pacity. The board of education may estab- lish separate classes ia the primary and gi'am- mar grades for deaf children between 3 and 21 if there are 5 or more in the oistriet. 30 COMPULSORY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. I. Compulsory attendance in the United States — ■ states. Com- pulsory age. Annual period of required attendance. Reasons for exemption. 17-14 7-16 8-15 {') 8-16 7-15 3 8-14 4 7-14 For a term not less than that of public school. At least 24 consecu- tive weeks, com- mencing with the first week of school after the 1st day of September. Full period school is in session. Full period pubUc schools are in session. ■Rnll timfl Physically or mentally incompetent, upon certifleate of a reputable physician. (1) If child lives more than 2 miles from any school, unless transported free; (2) if excused for sufflcient reasons by any court of record; (3) if attending religious service or receiving religious instruction. (1) Any child 14 years of age able to read and write and regularly employed is not required to attend for more than 8 consecutive weeks in one year; (2) if child has graduated from the common schools; (3) if physically or mentally incapacitated. (1) Unfit mentally and physically to attend school, upon certificate of health officer; (2) over 14 and lawfully employed. (1) If bodily or mental condition of child is such as to render attendance inadvisable; (2) com- pletion of the prescribed elementary course; (3) no pubUc school within 20 blocks of cnild's home; (4) over 14 and regularly employed for 6 hours a day. (1) Necessary absence may be excused by the superintendent of schools or the superintend- ing school committee; (2) physical or mental unfitness for school work. (1) Cases of necessary absence may be excused by superintendent or principal; (2) mentally and physically mcompetent; (3) shall apply only to those counties where the board of coimty commissioners shall approve the same and appoint an attendance ofticer; (4) law is mandTatory in Baltimore city only; 6 coun- ties are exempt; other counties may adopt law. (1) School authorities may excuse necessary absences; (2) if child has already acquired branches required by law; (3) physically or mentally incompetent. Sess. Laws, 19i;i Sess. Laws, 1913. Sell. Laws, 1911. Kansas Sch. Laws, 1911. Kentucky Sch. Laws, 1912. Louisiana (Parish of Orleans only.) Sch. Laws, 1912. Maine Time school is in ses- sion. Not less than 4 months ; entire school session in Baltimore. Entire time public day schools are in session. Sell. Laws, 1913. Sch. Laws, 1912. Sch. Laws, 1911. lAnd 14-16, If not employed. 2 7-16 in cities; 7-12 in country districts. ATTENDANCE LAWS. Ages, period required, exemptions, etc. — Contiiuied. 31 Relief to children un- able to attend on account of poverty. The school trustees of the district shall hrr- nish temporary aid. Truant officers in cit- ies and overseers of the poor in towns shall provide for the temporary care of in- digent children un- der 16. Such chil- dren may be placed in the care of a suita- ble person or com- mitted to the custo- dy of the State board of charitv. Part-time instruction for children employed. If vocational schools are established for chil- dren over 14 who are engaged in regular em- ployment, the board of education may re- quire attendance not less than 5 hours per week. White pubUc evening school is maLntained, any minor over 14 who can not read and write shall not be employed unless he is a regular attendant at such evening school, unless physical condition wiU not permit such at- tendance m addition to daily labor. Instruction authorized in lieu of public schools. Private or parochial school for a period equal to that of the public school. Private or parochial school where the common- school branches are taught for at least 24 con- secutive weeks. Equiva- lent instruction by a competent teacher. Private, denominational, or paiochial school taught by a competent instructor. Private or parochial school for no shorter period than that of the citj- in which the child resides. Home instruction sub- ject to the same exam- inations as other pupils of the city. Private or parochial school during the time the pub- lic schools of the city are in session. Instruction at home in the common branches. An approved private school; certificate of at- tendance must be filed with the school officials of the town. Equiva- lent instruction else- where. Schools other than public, during term of compul- sory attendance. School committees shall approve a private school only when the instruc- tion in all the studies re- quii'ed by law is m the English "language, and when such instruction equals the public schools in the same city or town. Compulsory education for deaf, dumb, and blind children. Any blind or deaf child between 8 and 16 who can not secuie au edu- cation in the public schools of the district must attend the Indi- ana School for the Bliad or the Indiana School for the Deaf. Every person having con- trol of any deaf, dumb, or blind child between the ages of 7 and 21 years, inclusive, shall send such child to some suitable school. Everv deaf and blind child between 6 and 16 is required to attend some school for the deaf or blind for 8 months, unless receiving in- struction elsewhere. No physical or mental condition which is cap- able of correction, or which renders tbe child a fit subject for special instruction at public charge in institutions other than public day schools, shall avail as a defense. 3 14-16 if not employed. * And 14-16 if not at)le to read and write. 32 COMPULSORY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. I. Compulsory attendance in the United States — ■ States. Com- pulsory age. Annual period of required attendance. Reasons for exemption. Micliigan 7-16 During the entire school term. (1) If child has received an eighth-grade diploma from the public schools; (2)if child is physi- cally unable to attend school; if over 14 and services are essential to the support of parents ; (4) if child is under 9 and does not reside within 2J miles of some public school; (.5) childrea from 12 to 14 while in attendance at confirmation classes for a period not to ex- ceed 5 months in either of said years. Sell. Laws, 1911. Minnesota...,.,... Sch. Laws, 1911. Mississippi Missouri 8-16 0 '8-14 Entire time public schools are in session. None. (1) Bodily or mental condition such as to pre- vent attendance or application to study; (2) completion of the eighth grade; (3) no pub- lic school withm reasonable distance, or con- ditions of the weather make impossible for child to attend; (4) if child is over 14 whose help may be required at home, he may be excused from Apr. 1 to Nov. 1 ; this does not apply to cities of the first or second class ; (5) may be absent on such days as child attends upon instruction according to the ordinances of some church. Not less than three- foiirths of the entire time school which the child attends is (1) Extreme destitution of parent; (2) child mentally or physically incapacitated; (3) no public school within 2J miles; (4) comple- tion of comm.on-school course. Sch. Laws, 1911. m session. Montana 18-14 Pull time of school session (not less than 16 weeks). (11 J f bodily or mental condition of child does not permit its attendance; (2) if in opinion of county superintendent the distance is too great. Sch. Laws, 1913. Nebraska 7-15; 7- 16 in cities Not less than two- thirds of entire time school is in session; not less than 12 weeks. (1) If 14 and regularly employed to support himself or family; (2) incapacitated bodily and mentally; (3) if there is no school within 2 miles, unless free transportation is provided. Sch. Laws, 1911. 8-16... 8-14 2.. During time public school is in session. Full time public school is in session. (1) PhysicaUy or mentally incompetent; (2) completed the eighth grade; (3 ) if the child's labor is necessary for its own or its parents' support; (4) if child's residence is atsueh dis- tance from the public school as to render at- tendance unpracticable. (1) PhysicaUy or mentally incompetent; (2) completion of the common English branches. Sch. Laws, 1911. New Hampshire Sch. Laws, 1911. 1 And 14-16 if not regularly employed. 2 14-16 if not able to read and write. ATTENDANCE LAWS. Ages, period required, exemptions, etc. — ^Continued. 33 Relief to children un- able to attend on account of poverty. Part-time instruction for children employed. Instruction authorized in lieu of public schools. Compulsory education for deaf, dumb, and blind children. If parents can not sup- port a child of com- pulsory age, the board of education may grant such re- lief as will enable the chUd to attend school. Not more than $3 a week shall be paid a family for one child nor more than $6 a week for the children of any one family. Private or parochial school in which the common- school branches are taught. Private school for the en- tii-e time the public schools are in session. Parents having control of deaf children be- tween 7 and 18 must send them to some school for the deaf. Any children lietween 7 and 19 with defective vision must be sent to the Michigan School for the Blind unless the child is educated in a private or paro- chial school, or is phys- ically or mentally in- competent, or if over 17 is being taught a trade, or if over 18 is employed at the Michi- gan School for the Blind. Private, parochial, or pas- ish school for not less than three-fom'ths of the time the school which the child attends is in session. Private or parochial school for time said school is in session; not less than 16 weeks; instruction at home by qualified teacher. Private or parochial school, the authorities of which shall keep records. In- struction at home by qualified person. Private school; home in- struction in public school branches. Private school approved by the scliool board for a number of weeks equal to that in which the pub- lic scliools are in session. Record of attendance shall be kept. The poor authorities shall furnish mdi- gent children neces- saries to attend school. If parent re- fuses aid, the child may be committed to the industrial school. All deaf and bluid chil- A child 14 years of age employed may be re- quired to attend a pub- lic evening school for not less than 2 hours a day, 3 days a week, for 20 weeks. dren of lawful school age shall be sent to the Institute for Deaf and Blind 6 months of each school year for a period of S years or until exempt by law, unless taught in same branches at some place. AU blind, deaf and dumb persons between the ages of 7 and 18 years are required to attend the institute for the blind or the scliool for the deaf, unless re- ceiving instruction else- where. ~ 14426°— 14- 34 COMPULSOEY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. I. Compulsory attendance in the United States- States. Com- pulsory age. Annual period of required attendance. Reasons for exemption. 7-141.. 7-14 .. Entire time public school is in session. do ( 1 ) If above 15 and has completed the grammar- school course and is regularly employed. If child be under 17 and has completed the grammar-school course and is not regularly employed such child shall attend high school or manual-training school; (2) bodily or mental incapacity; (3) if above 14 and it is necessary for the child to be employed. (1) Physical unfitness, certified by a regular practicing physician; (2) if child lives more than 3 miles from a public school. (1) If over 14 and an employment certificate has been granted; (2) physical or mental in- capacity. (1) Physically or mentally incompetent as at- tested by a legally quaUfled physician; (2) if child resides 2J miles from a public school; (3) if, because of extreme poverty, the serv- ices of the child are necessary; (4) if the pa- rent is not able to provide books or clothing. (1) If necessary for the child to support the family; (2) completion of branches taught in the public schools; (3) physical or mental condition such as to render attendance im- practicable; (4) if there is no school within 2i miles, except where transportation is fur- nished for pupils residing within 5 miles. Physically or mentally incompetent Seh. Laws, 1911; Sess. Laws, 1913. Sch. Laws, 1909. 7-14 2. . 8-12... 8-15... 8-15 3. . In cities at least 160 actual days. In other districts time school is in session from Oct. 1 to June 1. 4 months Sch. Laws, 1912; Sess. Laws, 1913. Sess. Laws, 1913. North Dakota Entire time public schools are in session. Full time; in no ease less than 28 weeks. Sch. Laws, 1911. Ohio Sess. Laws, 1913; Gen- eral Statutes, 1910. lAnd 14-16 unless child attended 130 days during preceding year and has completed 5 five grades. 2 And 14-16 if not regularly employed. ATTENDANCE LAWS. Ages, period required, exemptions, etc. — Continued. 35 Relief to children un- able to attend on account of poverty. Part-time instruction for children employed. Every boy between 14 and 16 in a city of the fust or second class having an employment certificate but not hav- ing completed the course of study for the elementary schools, shall attend public or other evening schools for not less than 6 hours each week for at least 16 weeks, or upon a trade school for 8 hours a week for 16 weeks. School board must fm-- nish such relief as may be necessary. Instruction authorized in lieu of public schools. Any school in which at least the common school branches are taught May attend private or de- nominational school if the teaching is equal to that of the public school of the district. Instruction elsewhere equivalent to that given in the public schools; attendance must be for a like period. Continuous attendance upon any private or church school taught by conipetent teachers. Said schools must keep records. Private or parochial school approved by the county superintendent , teaching common-school branches. If the board of education Private or parochial school establishes part-time for the fuU. time school is day school for the in- in session : in no case for struction of employed for less than 2S weeks youths over 15, sucli Instruction at home by youths who have not a qualified person, completed the eighth grade must continue their schooling until 16. If regularly em- ployed they are re- quired to attend not more than 8 hours a week between 8 a. m. and .5 p. m during the school term. 8 Females, 8-16; males, S-IS; and 8-16 it not employed Compulsory education for deaf, dumb, and blind children. In each school district where there are 10 or more blind or deaf children who are not now cared for or who can not be cared for m any institution a special class or classes shall be organized for their edu- cation. Attendance is required at New Mexico asylum of all deaf and dumb children between 8 and 21. County superin- tendent shall report all such children to the su- perintendent of the asylum. Every parent or other person having control of any deal, blind, or feeble-minded child be- tween 7 and 21 is re- quired to send for school year such deaf child to the school for the deaf at Devils Lake; and such bUnd child to the school for the blind at Bathgate, and such feeble-mind- ed child to the institu- tion at Grafton 36 COMPULSOKY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. I. Compulsory attendance in the United 8 tates- States. Com pulsory Annual period of required attendance. Reasons for exemption. Oklahoma Sch. Laws, 1912. Oregon Sch. Laws, 1911. 8-16. . . 9-15.. Pennsylvania Sch. Laws, 1911. Porto Rico Sch. Laws, 1911. Rhode Island Sch. Laws, 1910. South CaroUna South Dakota Sch. Laws, 1911. 8-14.. 7-15.. 8-14 Tennessee Sess. Laws, 1913. 18-14 Texas Utah Sch. Laws, 1911; Sess. Laws, 1907. 8-16 From 3 to 6 months in the discretion of the board. Term of district. Entire public school term. May be re- duced by the board of school dii-ectors to not less than 70 per cent of school term. Fulltime. Entire time public schools are in session. No compulsory law . . . Entire term pubUe schools are in ses- sion; district board may decrease to 16 weeks, 12 consecu- tive. 80 consecutive days, or full term if term is less than 80 days. Full term in sepa- rate school systems having a population of 5,000. No compulsory law. At least 20 weeks, 10 consecutive. In cit- ies of first and sec- ond class 30 weeks, 10 consecutive. (1) Mental or physical disability; (2) proficient in the standard studies; (3) employment upon certificate. (1) Physically or mentally incompetent; (2) children between 9 and 10 Uvtng 1 J mUes and children over 10 living more than 3 miles from a public school; (3) completion of com- mon-school branches. (1) Mental, physical, or other urgent reasons; (2) if child between 14 and 16 can read and write intelligently and is regularly employed. (1) Completionofeoui-se of study; (2)no school within reasonable distance. (1) Completion of studies taught in the first 8 years in public schools; (2) 14 years of age and lawfully employed; (3) physically or men- tally incompetent. CI) Completion of common school branches; (2) physically or mentally incompetent. (1) Extreme destitution of parents; (2) men- tally or physically incapacitated; (3) no school within 2 miles of child's residence and pubhc transportation not provided; (4) completion of elementary school course. (1) Completion of branches taught in the dis- trict schools; (2) physically or mentally in- competent; (3) no school within 2J miles of child's residence; (4) services necessary to support a mother or an invalid father. 1 And 14-16 if not employed and unable to read and write. ATTENDANCE LAWS. Ages, jjeriod required, exemptions, etc. — Continued. 37 Relief to children un- able to attend on account of poverty. Part-time instruction for children employed. Instruction authorized in lieu of public schools. Compulsory education for deaf, dumb, and blind children. If any widowed mother needs the support of her child under 16, on certificate of the county superintend- ent the county com- missioners may pay to child such sum as may be necessary in lieu of wages. Private or other schools for same term as public schools. • Private or parochial school for same period as public school. Instruc- tion from parent or pri- vate teacher, with per- mission from county su- perintendent. Private school, whose work is in corsipliance with the provisions of the com- pulsory attendance act. Instruction by properly qualified private teacher. Any school of recognized standing. A private school or private mstruction, if school com- mittee are satisfied that such instruction is sub- stantially equal to that requhed by law. Deaf, dumb, and blind children between 8 and 16 are required to at- tend one of the State institutions, unless taught elsewhere. If anychild is unable to attend school on ac- count of lack of cloth- ing or food , such case shall be reported to any suitable relief agency or to the proper directors of the poor for investi- gation and relief. dumb children between 7 and 18 at Rhode Island Institute for the Deaf is compulsory un- less the child is receiv- ing instruction else- where. . Instruction by a compe- tent person "at a private day school for the period the public schools are in session. Private or parochial school. Whenever any deaf or blind child of proper age is being deprived of proper education, the coimty judge shall order such child sent to some public or pri- vate school for the education of the deaf or blind. Every county superintend- ent or city superin- tendent shall send the names of all deaf and blind children to the superintendent of such schools. Private school for time fixed by law. Home in- struction in branches and for period fixed by law. Parents having control of deaf, dumb, and blind children between 8 and 18 shall send them to the Utah School for the Deaf and the Utah School for the Blind for at least 6 months in each year imless taught at home or unless they have acquired the legal branches or are physi- cally or mentally "in- competent. 38 COMPULSORY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. I. Compulsory attendance in the United States — ■ States. Com- pulsory age. Amiual period of required attendance. Reasons for exemption. Vermont 8-16 8-12 1 8-15 8-15 2 7-14 7-14 At least 150 days; for entire term if longer than 150 days. If child over 16 is en- rolled in a public scfiool, it must at- tend regularly. At least 12 weeks, 0 consecutive. Full time pubhc school is in session. 24 weeks, beginning with the opening of school. In cities of first class, full period; in all other cities not less than 8 months; in towns and villages, not less than 6 months. Entire time public school is in session. (1) Physically or mentally incompetent; (2) completion of branches taught in the elemen- tary schools; (3) if legally excused. (1) District school trustees may excuse for cause; (2) weak in body and mind; (3) can read and write; (4) Uves more than 2 miles from the nearest public school or more than 1 mile from line of school wagon route; (5) act does not apply to any county, city, or town until quahfied voters avail themselves of the pro\dsions thereof. (1) Physically and mentally incompetent; (2) reasonable proficiency in branches taught in the first S grades of the public schools. (1) Sickness or death in pupil's family; (2) other reasonable cause; (3) no school within 2 miles. (1) Physically or mentally incompetent; (2) no schoolhouse within 2 miles, unless trans- portation is provided; (3) completion of course of study for first 8 grades. (1) Invalids or others to whom the schoolroom might be injurious; (2) pupils to whom the provisions of this act might work a hardship, excuse to be granted by district board; (3) pupils excluded for legal reasons. Sch. Laws, 1912. Virginia Sch. Laws, 1911. Washington Sch. Laws, 1909; Sess. Laws, 1909. West Virginia Sch. Laws, 1911. Sch. Laws, 1911. Sch. Laws, 1913. 1 And 15-16 if not regularly employed. II. Compulsory attendance — Officers, States. • Ofiicers charged with enforcement. Powers and duties of truant officers. By whom officers are appointed. Truant and parental schools— Establishment. Deputy sheriff, constable, city marshal, or at- tendance ofiicer. Attendance offi- cers. Inquire into all cases of neglect of duties; secure prosecution. Serve notice upon par- ents; arrest without warrant; serve sub- poenas. Sch. Laws, 1912. Arkansas Sch. Laws, 1911. Board of edu- cation. In any city or district having 10,000 or more population the board may establish truant schools. ATTENDANCE LAWS. Ages, period required, exemptions, etc. — -Continued. 39 Relief to children un- able to attend on account of poverty. Part-time instruction for children employed. Two weeks' attendance at half-time or night school shaU be consid- ered equivalent to an attendance of one week at a day school. Whenever any evening school or continuation school is established in any town for minors between 14 and 16 . working under permit, every such chUd shall attend not less than 5 hours per week for 6 months in each year. Every employer is re- quired to make a re- duction in hours of not less than the number of hours the minor is required to attend school. Instruction authorized in lieu of public schools. Otherwise furnished the instruction required by law. Private school . Private school for time public schools are in ses- sion. Instructed elsewhere if thoroughly and system- atically for legal pe- riod of time. Approved private or paro- chial schools, keeping a record of attendance open to the inspection of the truant officer. Private or parochial school for period public schools are in session. Compulsory education for deaf, dumb, and blind children. - And 14-16 if not regularly employed. parental schools, penalties, etc. Board of civil authority of towns must return the number of deaf, dumb, and blind be- tween 5 and 14 to the county clerk and he report to the governor, who designates bene- ficiaries to be sent to institutions for the deaf, dumb, and blind. Parents of the deaf or blind are required to send them each year to the State school for the deaf and the blind. Upon application by the board of education of any village or city to the State superintend- ent he may grant per- mission to establish and maintain one or more schools for the deaf and blind. Any parent having a child between 6 and 16 in- capacitated for attend- ing a common school shall send such child to some special school for at least 8 months during any school year. Period of com- mitment of child. Penalties for violations. Parent, $5 to $25; offi- cers not more than Parent, $10 to $25 . Census. Census marshal shall take census of all children, showing numbers attending public school, pri- vate school, and no school. Required to visit each house. Teachers reports of absence. 40 OOMPULSOEY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. II. Compulsory attendance — Officers, Officers charged with enforcement. Pov/ers and duties of truant officers. By whom officers are appointed. Truant and parental schools — Establishment. California Sch. Laws, 1911. Colorado Sch. Laws 1912. Attendance officer, board of educa- tion, or board of trustees; 1 at- tendance officer required for each 20,000 census children in any- city. Truant officer Connecticut Sch. Laws, 1912. Delaware Sch. Laws, 1909. Dist. Columbia. . U. S. Stat. L., vol. 34, Part 1, 1905-1907. Florida. Georgia. Hawaii Sch. Laws, 1911. Idaho Sch. Laws, 1911. Truant officers, the police in cities, and bailiffs, con- stables, and sheriffs. Attendance officer. Truant officers . None do Deputy sheriff. Illinois Sch. Laws, 1912. Probation officer . . Truant officers . . . "Vested with police powers, authority to enter factories, etc.,. where children are employed; shall in- stitute proceedings against violators; shall keep a record of his transactions; shall petition the county; court to in- quhe into cases of habitual truancy. Police, bailiffs, con- stables, and sheriffs shall arrest all boys between 7 and IG who habitually wan- der about the streets or loiter in public g laces during school ours and may ques- tion any boy under 10 during such hours. Arrest without war- rant those who fail to attend school; proceed against of- fending parents. Carry out provision of this act; visit places where minor child- ren are employed; demand as often as twice a year from all employers a list of children employed, with their ages. No compulsory law Board of edu- cation. Board of school directors. By every town and the mayor and alderman of every city. Board of edu- cation and school com- mittees. Board of edu- cation. Board of education of any school district having 600 census children may establish paren- tal schools; two or more districts may unite. Shall be established in each city having 100,000 inhabitants or more; may be estab- lished in cities having a population between 25,000 and 100,000. Parent and guardian must bear cost of maintenance. Any habitual truant may be committed to any institution of in- struction or correction in the city, borough, or town, or if the child be not less than 10, to a State institution. Truant and incorrigible pupils may be sen- tenced for a definite time to proper State institution. Board of education may establish ungraded schools for habitual truants or for incorri- gibles. .do. Visit not less than once each week each public school to se- cure the names of children absenting themselves. Serve notice upon par- ents to place such children in school as been reported by the county superintend- ent. Report all violations to the board of edu- cation, enter com- plaint against and prosecute all persons who appear guilty of such violation, arrest truants and any child of school age that habitually haimts public places. Probate courts Board of edu- cation. In cities having 100,000 population or more, one or more truant schools shall be estab- lished; may be estab- lished in cities having 25,000 to 100,000 popu- lation. ATTENDANCE LAWS. •parental schools, penalties, He. — Continued. 41 Period of com- mitment of child. Paroles. Penalties for violations. Census. Teachers' reports of absence. Not to exceed remain d e r of current year. Parent may give bond that child will attend regularly. Parent, not more than $10 for first offense or imprisonment not more than 5 days; not less than $10 for each subsequent of- fense, or imprison- ment 5 to 25 days. Until 14 years of age un- less sooner discharged. Board of edu- cation shall e s t a b 1 i sh rules, but no child may be paroled in less than 4 weeks of commit- ment. Secretary of board of directors shall take a census of all persons over 6 and under 21. Notmorethan 3 years. Parent, fine not to ex- ceed $5; each week's failure is a distinct offense. Committee of each school district shall ascertain the name and age of every person over 4 and under 16, and whether attending school or employed. Parent, not more than $2 for first offense, nor more than $5 for each subsequent of- fense. Parent, not more than $20. Assessors make a list of all children be- tween 7 and 14. Each teacher at the Until satisfac- tory evi- dence of im- provement. close of each school month shall report to the attendance officer and the county su- perintendent the names of all absen- tees. Parent, $5 to $50 or Imprisonment not more than 2 months. Parent, fine not to ex- ceed $300 or impris- onment not exceed- ing 6 months. Parents, $5 to $20, with cost of suit. Clerk of board of trus- tees required to enu- merate all children 8-lS; teachers shall check enrollment list against census list. At the beginning of May be com- mitted un- till4. No child shall be paroled in less than 4 weeks of date of com- mitment. each month teachers shall report to the county superintend- ent all unlawful ab- sentees of the pre- vious month. 42 COMPULSORY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. II. Compulsory attendance — Officers, states. Officers charged Powers and duties of By whom officers are appointed. Truant and parental with enforcement. truant officers. schools— Establishment. Indiana Truant officers May enter any place where children are County school board or All common school cor- porations are empow- Sch. Laws, 1913. employed to deter- boards of ered to maintain a mine whether they separate separate school for in- are employed in vio- districts corrigible and truant lation of the child- and cities. children. Any habit- labor law; enforce ual truant may be the provisions of the sentenced to one of compulsory school the State institutions act. for boys or girls. Iowa Truant officers; board of direc- Enforce the compul- sory school law, sue. Board of di- rectors. Board of directors of any school c 0 r p 0 ration Sch. Laws, 1911; Sess. tors. In school and institute crimi- may establish truant Laws, 1913. corporations of nal proceedings schools or set apart 20,000 or more against violators. separate rooms for ha- the board of di- bitual truants. If rectors shall ap- child is habitually va- point one or grant or incorrigible. more truant offi- he may be committed cers, and in to one of the State other school industrial schools. corporations they may ap- point truant officers. Kansas Truant officers Shall see that the pro- visions of compul- Boards of ed- ucation La Sch. Laws, 1911. sory attendance act are observed; serve notices upon delin- quent parents and make complaints, if necessary, in juve- nile court. cities of first and second class. Coun- ty superin- tendents shall divide coimtiesinto truant dis- tricts, and the board of county com- mission ers shall, upon the nomina- tion of the county su- p e r intend- ent, appoint a truant offi- cer for each district. Kentucky Truant officers. In cities of the- first Board of edu- The school officials of Sch. Laws, In each city of class, must not en- cation. any city of the first or 1912; Sess. the first, second, gage in any other second class may es- Laws, 1912. third, andfourth occupation during tablish one or more class at least time school is in ses- parental schools. 1 for 10,000 cen- sion each year; sus children; 1 shall examine into in each city with cases of truancy. less than 10,000 serve notices on par- school census ents, proceed against children. delinquent children and parents, report all violations of the child-labor law. Louisiana Truant officers Have fuU police pow- Board of (For parish ers, authority to school direc- of Orleans.) serve warrants and tors. Sch. Laws, to enter factories 1912. and other places where children may be employed; serve notice on parents, make complaint against parents in proper court. ATTENDANCE LAWS. parental schools, penalties, etc. — Continued. 43 Period of com- mitment of Paroles. Penalties for violations. Census. Teachers' reports of child. absence. Parent, $1 to $25 or imprisonment 2 to An annual school cen- sus is required; the 90 days; attendance enumerators shall officers, S5 for each record place and failure. date of birth of every child enu- merated. « Parent, $3 to $20; any officer, $10 to $20. Officers taking school census shall ascer- taia the number of children of ages 7 to 16, inclusive in their respective districts, the number of such children not attend- ing school, and if possible the cause of failure to attend school. Parent, $5 to $25 The enumerator of the school census shall Every teacher is re- quired, before receiv- record the name, ing each month's place, and date of salary, to make a birth of every child report to the county enumerated superintendent or to the city superintend- ent of all pupils who have been truant or habitually absent • during the month Child may be Parent, $5 to $20 for Truant officers in cities of first, second, third, The principal of each school in cities of paroled sub- the first oflense, $10 ject to the to $50 for every sub- and fourth class first, second, third, visitation of sequent offense, and shall furnish the or fourth class snail a probation cost of suit. principal of each report each day to officer; n o school a list of all the city superinten- child shall children between 7 dent or a truant offi- be released and 17. cer all children ab- in less than sent without la\vful 4 weeks nor excuse, Teac hers unless the shall report to sub- court is sat- district trustees and isfied that it to county board the will attend names of all parents school regu- larly. faiUng to comply with compulsory school law. Parent, not more than $5 for first oflense nor more than $10 for each subsequent oflense; in default of payment of fines. imprisonment not exceeding 5 days. 44 COMPTJLSOKY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. TI. Compulsory attendance — Officers, states. Officers charged Powers and duties of By whom officers are appointed. Truant and parental with enforcement. truant officers. schools— E stablishment . Maine Truant oflcers Inquire into all cases Each city and On complaint of truant Sch. Laws, - of neglect of duty town shall officer an habitual tru- 1911. on part of parents a n n u a lly ant, if a boy, may be in not keeping their elect one or conmaitted to the State children in school; more truaLt school for boys, or if a report result to the officers. girl, to the State indus- superintending trial school for girls. school committee; prosecute any per- son neglectiag to send his children to school, if so ordered by the school com- mittee or superin- tendent; arrest and take pupils irregular in attendance to , school, when di- rected by the school committee; may visit factories, etc., to ascertain whether minors under 15 are employed; may ex- ecute warrants. Maryland do To arrest without war- Boards of Parental schools may be Sch. Laws, rant any truant and school com- established for habit- 1912. deliver truant to parent or teacher; visit all establish- ments where minors are employed. missioners. ual truants; 2 or more counties may jointly establish a parental school. Massachusetts do Inquhe into all cases arising imder the School com- mittees. Coimty commissioners of each county, with Sch. Laws, 1911. compulsory attend- ance act; make com- plaints and serve legal processes re- lating to compul- sory school attend- ance; have oversight of children placed on probation; appre- hend and take to school, without war- rant, any truant or absentee. exception, are required either separately or jointly with the com- missioners of other counties to maintain a truant school. Michigan Truant officers; Have all the powers County com- May be established in Sch. Laws, police. of a deputy sheriff missioners graded or city district 1911. and perform the du- of schools; by school board. Ev- ties of truant officer city boards ery boy between 10 in all districts of the of education; and 16 and every girl county; coimty tru- boards in between 10 and 17 ant officer, when di- graded convicted of habitual rected by the county school dis- truancy or of frequent- commissioner to do tricts. In ing disreputable places so, shall inspect the cities having may be committed to outhouses in pri- organized a State institution. mary districts and police force, order repairs. the police a u thorities shall detail one or more members at the request of school board as truant offi- cers. ATTENDANCE .LAWS. parental schools, penalties, etc. — Continued. 45 Period of com- mitment of child. Paroles. Penalties for violations. Census. Teachers' reports of absence. Parent, fine not to ex- Superintendent o f ceed S25, imprison- every town must ment not to exceed malie returns annu- 30 days; any city or ally to the State town neglecting to superintendent of elect a truant officer number of persons and truant officer between 5 and 21. neglecting required duties, fine not less than SIO nor more than S50. For such pe- r i 0 d as Parent, fine not ex- ceeding $5 for each PoUce commissioners of Baltimore City The head teacher of every school shall re- board may offense. shall make a record port immediately to prescribe. of name, age, color, and sex of every child between 6 and 16, and the place and year and month when such child last attended school. the school commis- sioners or to an at- tendance officer the names of aU children who have been un- lawfully absent 3 days. Until 16 years A court by Parent, fine not more A school census shall of age. whom a child has been con- victed may place such than $20. be made of aU chil- dren between 5 and 15 years of age and of all minors over 14 who can not read at child on pro- bation. Parent, 35 to $50 or imprisonment 2 to sight and write. The last school census shall be compared 90 days, or both. with the enrollment, and the names of children not in at- tendance must be re- ported to city truant officer or county com- missioner. 46 OOMPULSOEY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. II. Compulsory attendance — Officers, OfQicers charged Powers and duties of By whom officers are appointed. Truant and parental states. with enforcement. truant officers. schools — Establishment. Minnesota Truant officers Investigate all cases Board of edu- School boards may main- Sch. Laws, of truancy or non- cation. tain imgraded schools 1911. attendance, make complaints, serve notices, and attend to the enforcement of all laws and regu- lations respecting for truants, etc., be- tween 8 and 18. If such school is inade- quate to secure attend- dance the child may be committed to the « truant, incorrigible, and disorderly chil- dren and school at- tendance; may ar- rest without war- rant; make reports to State superin- tendent. State training school. Mississippi Missouri None .■...■• No compulsory law Truant officer To serve notices upon parents; visit any School boards in cities or May be established in cities or districts hav- Sch. Laws, 1911. establishment em- districts of ing 10,000 or more ploying children; 1,000 or more population. For arrest without war- population. every child committed rant all truants; re- SIO per month shall quire properly at- be paid the board of tested birth certifi- education out of city cates or affidavits or county treasury, when in doubt for support of the about child's age. child. Montana Truant officers in cities, or con- Vested with police powers, the author- Board of trustees. In districts having pop- ulation of 25,000 or Sch. Laws, 1913. stable may be ity to serve warrants more there shall be, appointed i n and to enter places and in districts hav- villages and where children may ing population of township d i s - be employed; take less than 25,000 there tricts. into custody anyone between 8 and 14 or between 14 and 16 unable to read and write, who is not at- tending school; in- stitute proceedings against parents; keep a record of his transactions; report daily to superin- tendent of schools or clerk of school board. may be, established Industrial schools for habitual truants or incorrigible children. Nebraska Truant officers Shall qualify as police Board of edu- Boards of education in Sch. Laws, officers; shall enforce cation. cities may establish 1911. the compulsory at- tendance law; may apprehend and take to his home or to some school any child who should be in school. special schools for tru- ants and incorrigibles. Nevada Attendance officer. Duty of attendance of&cer, or any peace Board of trustees. Boards of trustees are authorized to establish Sch. Laws, 1911. officer, or any other school officer to ar- rest during school hours, without war- rant, any child be- tween 8 and 16 re- ported absent from instruction, who shall be delivered to the teacher or parent. To enforce the laws special schools for ha- bitual truants or for insubordinate pupils. New Hampshire. Sch. Laws, Truant officer School boards. relating to truants 1911. and children be- tween 8 and 16 not attending school, and the laws pro- hibiting the em- ployment of chil- dren; may visit manufacturing and ATTENDANCE LAWS. parental schools, penalties, etc. Continued. 47 I'eriod of com- mitment of child. Penalties for violations. Census. Teachers' reports of absence. Parent, fine not less than S50 or imprison- ment not more than 30 days; any school officer, truant offi- cer, teacher, princi- pal, or superintend- ent, fine not to ex- ceed $10 or imprison- ment not over 10 days. A complete census of all children between 6 and 16 shall be taken by the clerk of the school board or by some one ap- pointed by the board. Copies of the census must be sent to the county super- intendent, and if a city district to the city superintendent , before the first day of school. No child shall be released upon parole in less than 4 weeks, nor until the su- p e r intend- ent of such industrial school is sat- isfied that t he child will attend school reg- ularly. Not to exceed the remain- der of the school year. Parent, $10 to $25 or imprisonment 2 to 10 days, or both. Parent, $5 to $20; any officer or principal, $25 to $50 for each Parent, $5 to $25 . Parent, fine of not more than SIO or im- prisonment for not more than 5 days for first offense, and $10 to $50 or imprison- ment 5 to 25 days for each subsequent onense. Parent, $10 for each Teachers must be fur- nished a copy of the last enumeration list at the beguming of the term. District clerk shall make annually a census of all persons between 6 and 21 and a separate cen- sus of all children under 6. In taking the annual census, enumerators shall record place and date of birth of each child enume- rated, together with the school attended. Board of trustees shall appoint some one to make a census of all children. Truant officers or an- other agent are re- quired to take a cen - sus of children be- tween 5 and 16. Teachers, upon receipt of list of pupils of school age and those excused, shall report names of those not excused who are not attending school. The secretary of board in city, town, or vil- lage schools, and clerks in other dis- tricts, shall file with county superintend- ent the names of parents not comply- ing with provisions of compulsory at- tendance act. Principals and teachers shall report all cases of truancy or incor- rigibility as soon as possible. Teachers, principals, or superintendent shall report any one vio- lating compulsory at- tendance act as soon as possible. 48 COMPULSORY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. II. Compulsory attendance — Officers, States. Officers charged with enforcement. Powers and duties of truant officers. By whom officers are Appointed. Truant and parental schools — E stablishment. New Hampshire (continued). New Jersey Sch. Laws, 1911. Truant officers; police authori- ties. New Mexico Sch. Laws, 1909. New York Sch. Laws, 1912. County superin- tendent shall require directors to enforce the law. Truant officers North Carolina.. Sch. Laws, 1913. Attendance officer. North Dakota.. Sch. Laws, 1911. Truant officer in cities or school districts of over 500. other establish- ments to ascertain whether children are unlawfully em- ployed; may de- mand evidence of age of child. Board shall prescribe their duties and make rules and regu- lations regarding same. Board of edu- cation; po- lice authori- ties in any municip a 1 - ity shall, upon writ- ten request of the board of education, detail one or more mem- bers of the police force as truant officers. Board of education of any school district may maintain a school for children between 7 and 14 who are ha- bitual truants or who are habitually insu- bordinate. May arrest without warrant any child between 7 and 16 who is a truant, and shall deliver the child to a teacher or if an habitual truant or incorrigible to a police magistrate. May enter any place of business to ex- amine employment certificates. An attendance officer shall be appointed for each township to enforce the compul- sory school laws and to serve a taker of school census. He shall serve notices upon parents; may visit places of em- ployment; may re- quire birth certifi- cates or affidavit stating child's age; shall keep a record of all notices served, all cases prosecuted, and make an annual report to the county board. Clerk or secretary of the board of educa- tion shall notify the county superintend- ent, who shall lay the case before the State's attorney. School author- ities in cities, etc.; in all other dis- tricts, the town board with ap- proval of district su- p e rintend- ent. School authorities of any city or school district may establish truant schools for habitual truants or disorderly children between 7 and 16; or such au- thorities may order such children to be committed to a pri- vate institution con- trolled by persons of the same religious faith as the parent. County board of education. Board of edu- cation in cities or dis- tricts of over 600 may em- ploy. ATTENDANCE LAWS. parental scJiools, penalties, etc. — Continued. 49 Period of com- mitment of child. Paroles. Penalties for violations. Census. Teachers' reports of absence. T^nr such time Paicnts punishable as disorderly persons. Board cf education ?.s board may cause to be may pre- taken an exact cen- scribe. Parent, $5 to $25 or miprisonment not sus of all chikli-en between .5 and 18, not more often than once in 5 years. An enumeration of all unmarried persons more than 10 days. between 5 and 21. Not to exceed The authori- Parent, not more than In cities of the first 2 years. ties com- $0 or 6 days' Im- class a permanent mitting any prisonment for first census board con- such child, and school offense, and for eaoli slstiQg of the mayor, subsequent offense the superintendent superin- tendent in not over USD or mi- of schools, and noUc^ commissioner shall prisonment not over cities and 30 days, or both; ascertain through the pohce force the residence and em- districts the State commis- having sioner of education such, may may withheld one- ployment 01 all per- parole tru- half of all public sons between 4 and ant. moneys for nonen- forcement. 18; census shall be amended day by day as changes in residence occur; tne school authorities In school districts shall cause a census of all children between 6 and 18. Parent, $5 to ?25 or imprisonment not The attendance officer shall take an annual Shall render weekly re- ports of absences dur- to exceed 30 days; census and lurnish iQg compulsory pe- riod to attendance any teacher wlUtully eacn superintendent neglecting to report principal, or teacher officer and to county absences shall have m charge a copy of Ml perlntendent. $5 deducted irom the school census. his salary for the current month. Parent, $5 to $20 Tor for first offense and The school board shall cause an enumera- !$iO to 850 for eacn tion of all unmarried subsequent offsase^ persons l>eiween (> with cost in each and 21. ease. 14426°— 14- 60 COMPULSORY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. II. Compulsory attendance — Officers, states. Officers charged Powers and duties of By whom officers are appointed. Truant and parental with enforcement. truant officers. schools— Establishment. Ohio Truant officers Vested with police Board of edu- Truants under 10 years Sess. Laws, power; may serve cation. of age may be sent to a 1913; Sch. warrants; may enter children's home; a de- Laws, 1912. • workshops and all other places where children are em- ployed; may take into custody any youth between 8 and 15, or between 15 and 16 if not em- ployed and not at- tending school; shall institute proceed- ings against any offi- cer, parent, or cor- poration violating compulsory attend- ance laws; shall keep on file names of all children between 15 and 16 to whom age and schooling cer- tificates have been granted who desire employment; shall make daily reports to the superintend- ent or the clerk of the board. linquent chUd under 17 may be committed, if a boy to a training school for boys, or if a girl to an industrial school for girls. Oklahoma Truant officers in cities, etc. Enforcement of com- pulsory attendance Board of edu- cation. Sch. Laws, 1912. • act. Oregon Truant officer; one Shall notify parents, investigate all cases District boun- Sch. Laws, appointed for dary board. 1911. districts of the of truancy or nonat- In districts second and tendance; in coun- of the first third class for ties of less than class police each county. 100,000 inhabitants he shall act as pro- bation officer and see that the child- labor law is en- forced. a u thorities are required, at request of school board, to de- tail one or more mem- bers as tru- ant officers, but board may ap- point any citizen not a police offi- cer. Pennsylvania. . . . Attendance offi- Shall have full police Board of May be established by Sch. Laws, cers shall be power; without war- school direc- board of school direc- 1911. elected in dis- rant, notify parents; tors. tors. Habitual tru- tricts of the first, second, or third have power and au- ants or incorrigibles thority to enter any may be sent to reform- class, and may place where children atory schools or com- be in districts of are employed and to mitted to the care of a the fourth class. inspect employment probation officer by Any 2 or more certificates. juvenile court. districts may join in the ap- pointment of an attendance offi- . cer. 1 ATTENDANCE LAWS. parental schools, penalties, etc. — Continued. 51 Period of com- mitment of chUd. Paroles. Penalties for violations. Census. Teachers' reports of absence. Discharged, Judge may- Parent, S5 to S20 or im- Census of all unmar- rJid youth between on recom- commit dc- prisonment 10 to 30 m e ndation linquent days. 6 and 21 shall be of trustees. child to a probat ion officer, and may allow the child to remaui at home, sub- ject to the V i s i tation officer. taken aimually, des- ignating the num- ber between 6 and 8, between 8 and 14, be- tween 14 and 16, and between 16 and 21. Parent, $10 to $50 Board of education shall furnish to su- A. report required to the board of educa- perintendent of all tion not less than 14 public or other nor more than 26 schools in cities, or weeks before close of to the teachers in last term of school other districts, the for the year, which names of all children report shall contain between 8 and 16. the names of all children between 8 and 16 who have at- tended school and the period of attend- ance. Parent, 85 to $25, or imprisonment not Every district clerk shall enroll annually Every month the cen- sus list and the en- less than 2 to 10 days, all persons over 4 rollment list must be or both; board, offi- cer, principal, or teacher, $5 to $20. and under 20. A compared and absen- copy of the census shall be forwarded tees reported to sec- retary of the district the county superin- boundary board, or tendent. if a district of the first class to the truant - officer. • Parent, fine of not more than $2 for first Board of school direc- tors shall cause to be Principal or teacher shall report at once offense and not more made an enumera- to attendance officer than $5 for each suc- ation of all children the names of all chil- ceeding offense; in .between agesof 6 and dren who have not default, not more 16, and the name of appeared for enroll- than 5 days in jail. the school the child attends, and the name of the em- ployer, if employed; census list shall be sent to county or district superintend- ent. ment and from time to time all children who have been ab- sent .3 days. 52 COMPULSORY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. II. Compulsory attendance — Officers, States. Officers charged Powers and duties of By whom officers are appointed. Truant and parental with enforcement. truant officers. schools— Establishment. Porto Rico Municipal author- ities. Sch. Laws, * 1911. Rhode Island.... Truant officers Clothed with power of School com- Children convicted of Sch. Laws, special constables; mittee. truancy shall be com- 1910. ^ may make com- plaint of any viola- tion of compulsory attendance act; serve legal processes; visit places where minor children are employed: demand twice a year from all employers a report containing names of all children under 16 employed by them; may make com- plaint against ha- bitual truants. mitted to the Socka- nosset School lor Boys or to the Oaklawn School for Girls. Soutti CaroliBa . . None No compulsory law Soutn Dakota... Truant officer in Enforce the provisions Board of edu- Board of education may Sch. Laws, cities and inde- of compulsory at- cation of set aside a room or 1911. pendent dis- tendance act; arrest city or town building for the deten- tion and instruction of tricts; county truants and children independent superintend e n t who habitually districts. habitual truants or in- for all other dis- haunt pubUe places and have no lawful occupation. The secretary or clerk shall report to the subordinate children. tricts. Tennessee. Truant officers The board of education Sch. Laws, may be elected in any city or town 1911. in any city or board at each regu- having an indepen- town having an lar meeting all Usts dent school system independent of absences and aU may establish truant school system; excuses and shall schools. clerk of board in bring suit for the other districts. board in any case in which said board may order suit to be brought. No compulsory law ... Texas None Utah Truant officer Make complaints and arrest; serve legal Board of ed- ucation of Board of education of any city of the first or Sch. Laws, 1913. process. County county dis- second class, or board truant officer shall trict of the of education of any 2 be made a deputy first class, or or more such cities, or sheriff, and city tru- board oi ed- of any county district ant officer shaU be ucation of of the first class, may made a special po- any two or provide for parental liceman. more such districts. City boards of education may ap- nomt. school and for the sup- port and education of the inmate thereof. Vermont Truant r when employed. ing any freight or passenger ele- vator. Under 16; In any occu- pation where life and health are endangered. ■ ATTENDANCE LAWS. of labor, certificates, penalties, etc. — Continued. 61 By whom certificate is issued "r ap- proved. Proof of age required for certificate. Miaimum educational qualifications required for certitcate. Physical ex- amination for certificate. "Vacation certificate." liaw enforced by whom. Penalty for vioiatiou. 1 n struoiioii not exceed- in spellmg, E n e 1 ) s h ing 6 months or both. grammar, B-nri 33Gf;Ta- phy, and is familiar with the funda- mental oper- a t i 0 n s of a r i thmetic up to and including fractions or hq, work- shop, mercantile establishment, or mine, unless child is 12 years of age and is an orphan, or parents are dependent upon chUd. Child may work in any factory, workshop, mercantile establishment, mine, or other place owned and operated by parent. Under 14: In any factory, mill, workshop, or store at any time. Under 15: For any purpose during school hoiKs unless child presents a certificate. Under 19: PubUc messenger in any city of the first class. Under 14: In any factory, mill, workshop, or manufacturing es- tablishment, or in any business whatever during puV)lic school hours, without written permis- sion from the State commis- sioner of labor or county super- tendent. Boys under 14 ajid girls un- der 16: Not more than 54 hours a week, except do- mestic service, fruit or veg- etable packing, or farm work. Under 21 : In cities of first or second class as messengers between 9 p. m. and 5 a. m. Under 16: Not more than 9 hom-s a day, nor more than 50 hours a week, nor between 8 p. m. and 7 a. m. Under 14: Not more than 10 hours a day. Certificate required for employment. Age and school- ing, if 14. Under 16: Age and schooling. Between 12 and 14: If dependent or if parents are dependent, a cer- tificate to that effect. Under 15: Age and schooling. Lge and school- ing for children under 16. ATTENDANCE LAWS. 75 of labor, certificates, penalties, etc. — Continued. By whom certificate is issued or ap- proved. Proof of age required for certificate. Minuniun educational qualifications required for certificate. Physical ex- amination for certificate. "Vacation certificate." Law enforced by whom. Penalty for violation. Superlntend- School rec- Read and leg- Inspect 0 r s. Employer or e n t of ord. ibly write truant offi- parent, $25 to schools or, simple sen- cers. $200 or im- ifnone,bya tences in Eng- prisoned 10 to person au- lish and 30 days, or thorized by school at- both. the school tendance not board. less than 100 days the year previous to arriving at the age of 14, or during the year previous to applying for certificate. Town or union su- County and munici- Any violator, $.5 to Sf200, perintend- pal courts and upon a ent. and jus- tices. Tru- a n t offi- cers and aU inform- i u g offl- cers au- t ho rized to make complaint. second con- viction may be so fined or impris- oned for not more than 6 months. Circuit court, cor- Commis- sioner 0 f Employer o r parent, $25 p oration labor. to $100; any court of violator of city, judge clauses regu- thereof, lating hours mayor. of labor, $5 justice of to $20. the peace. Superin- Reason- Attendance Employer or tendent of able pro- off icer parent, not schools, or ficiency i n makes more than county su- branches complaint. $25. p e r i n - taught in tendent. first eight grades. Sup erin- tendent of School rec- Read and In cases of Prosecuting Any violator, ord, pass- ^VTite legibly doubt. attorney. $10 to $50. schools or. port. simple sen- a certifi- if none, by school tences in cate from a person census. English and a medical authorized affidavit. i n s t r u c - officer of by the lo- tion equiva- the board cal school lent to that of health board. of the first four grades. or by a physician appointed by the board. 76 COMPULSORY SCHOOL ATTENDAIfCB. III. Child Labor. — Employments prohibited, hours States. Employments prohibited. Hours of labor. Certificate required for employment. Wisconsin. Wyoming Compiled Stat., 1910, sees. 3101-5-7. Under 14: In any factory, manu- facturing establishment or work- shop, store, hotel, restaurant, or bakery, mercantile establish- ment, laundry, telegraph, tele- phone, or pubUc messenger serv- ice, delivery of merchandise or any gainful occupation or em- ployment directly or indirectly. Between 14 and 16: In any fac- tory, or workshop, store, hotel, restaurant, bakery, mercantile establishment, laundry, tele- graph, telephone, or public mes- senger service, or the delivery of any merchandise, or any gain- ful occupation or employment directly or indirectly without a permit. Under 16: Employ- ments dangerous to life or Qmb, injurious to the health or de- praving to the morals of the child. Under 18: Blastfurnaces, running elevators, oiling ma- chinery, etc. Boys under 14 or girls of any age: In or about any mine, except for clerical work. Under 14: In pubUe exhibitions; in any im- moral place; in any business in- jurious to health or dangerous to life or limb. Under 16: Not more than 48 hours a week, nor more than 8 hours a day, or be- tween 6 p. m. and 7 a. m. Lge and school- ing, 14-16. ATTENDANCE LAWS. of labor, certificates, penalties, etc. — Continued. 77 By whom certificate is issued or ap- proved. Proof of age required for cert ideate. Minimum educational qualifications required for certificate. Physical ex- amination for certificate "Vacation certificate." Law enforced by whom. Penalty for violation. C o m m is - sioner o f labor, fac- tory in- spector, judge of the county or munici- pal court, judge of juvenile court. Birth cer- tificate, school rec- ord, pass- port, or such other proof as may be satis- factory. Read and write simple sentences in the English language, is familiar with the fundamen- tal opera- tions in arithme- tic, instruct- ed in spell- in g, read- i n g , writ- iug, English grammar, and geogra- phy, or else has passed the fifth grade and has attend- ed school within 12 months pre- ceding date of certificate. Child be- tween 1 2 and 14 may be given a permit for certain employ- ments. C omm is- sioner of labor, or any fac- tory in- spector. Parent, S5 to $25; em- ployer, $25 to $100, or im- prison- ment for not more than 30 days. Employer (in mine), $25 to $100; impris- onment for not more than 6 months may be added. Employer (in immoral or dangerous occupation), not more than $100 or imprison- ment 3 months, o r both; subse- quent of- fenses, not more than $200, or im- prisonment not more than 6 months. II. COMPULSORY ATTENDANCE IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES. By Anna Tolman Smith, Specialist in Foreign Educational Systems, Bureau of Education. INFLUENCES LEADING TO COMPULSORY SCHOOL-ATTENDANCE LAWS. The original purpose of compulsory school laws was to save nations from the dangers of illiteracy, and further, in Protestant nations, to enable everyone to read the Bible in his native tongue. Child-labor laws were at first distinct from compulsory school laws, but the tendency is everywhere noticeable to bring the two classes of legisla- tion into close relation. The child-labor laws generally precede the compulsory school legislation. The reasons are obvious. The former appeal strongly to the humane instincts of a people, and the sentiment thus aroused overcomes opposition; the latter appear more as matters of expediency, and there are often difficulties in the way of their enforcement, especially in agricultural regions and in pioneer communities. In general, compulsory school laws mark a somewhat more advanced stage of social organization — the stage at which public opinion is easily formed and concentrated upon rational plans looking to the common welfare. In a sense, it may be said that modern society is based upon organized industry, and hence everything that tends to increase the intelligence and efficiency of the great body of the citizens is seen to be essential to its progress. As States pass from the agricultural stage to that of manufactures, requiring large capital and the concentration of labor, child-labor laws are passed, and these are soon followed by compulsory school laws. This process is now going on in the States of southern Europe and in the Russian Empire. ATTENDANCE LAWS IN ENGLAND. In England the compulsory principle has been wrought into the education law step by step, and the successive measures which have established it throughout the Kingdom give striking proof of its necessity. The education act of 1876, which went into effect January 1, 1877, seven years after the passage of the fundamental school law, was the first to declare it the duty of parents to cause their children to obtain "efficient elementary instruction," with penalty for neglect of the 78 COMPULSORY ATTENDANCE IN FOEEIGN COUNTEIES. 79 duty. The same act rendered employers liable to penalty for employing children under 10 years of age, or children above 10 years and not provided with the required certificate of proficiency in reading, writing, and arithmetic, or of previous due attendance at school. (Education Act, 1876, Part I, clauses 4-10.) The moderate requu-ements of the act of 1876 have been extended by subsequent legislation, of which the act of 1881 was specially important. This measure required all school districts to make by-laws defining the age limits and other conditions for partial and total exemption from school attendance, and further empowered the Education Department to make such by-laws for all districts neglect- ing this duty. Subsequent legislation on the subject aimed (1) to fix a minimum standard for exemption from school attendance, below which local by-laws shall not fall; (2) to raise the minimum standard. The act of 1900, the latest dealing with the subject, empowers school- attendance officers to extend their by-laws so as to include children up to the age of 14 years, raises the penalties on parents for violations of the law from 5 to 20 shillings, and increases the number of attend- ances required for exemption at 13 years of age from 250 to 350 for each of five years previous, and for partial exemption for children between 12 and 14 years of age to 300 attendances. Special pro- visions are made for the exemption of children between the ages of 11 and 13 years engaged in agriculture, and also for the attendance of half-timers who come under the factory acts applicable to children between the ages of 12 and 13. The Government itseK, it will be seen, has attempted only to fix minimum standards for exemption, which local authorities must meet. The conditions of school attendance as determined by local by-laws throughout the Kingdom, according to the latest report on the subject (1910), were as follows: Of 327 local authorities, all but 7 have fixed the ages of 5 to 14 as the limits of compulsory attendance. The limits in the seven exceptional cases are 5 to 13. Of the total number of authorities, 87 provide for the exemption of children employed in agriculture, as empowered by the laws. The greater number (47) require examination in the fourth standard or grade for this privilege; 37 requhe the fifth standard, and 3 the sixth. The advance in this matter and the close approach to a uniform standard have been brought about by the persistent efforts of liberal- minded statesmen and educational leaders, and, what is more signifi- cant, it has been accompanied by a growing disposition on the part of the labor unions to support the effort. The last step in this pro- gressive movement is represented by the bill introduced into Parlia- ment in 1912, providing for the entire Kingdom one uniform condition for exemption from school attendance under 14 years of age, namely, that the child "has attained the age of 13 years," and "is about to 80 COMPULSORY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. enter some employment wliich will, in the opinion of the authority, be beneficial to him." This measure had strong support but failed of passage. Within the limits of the statutory law compulsory school attendance in England is regulated by the by-laws made by local authorities, and the enforcement of these, as of by-laws in general, is the duty of the local civil authority. In respect to school attendance, the education act of 1876 is explicit on this point (sees. 28-39). Naturally, teachers and ofiicers of education employ every means in their power to induce and to help parents to obey the law in regard to school attendance. Failing in this effort the case is turned over to the magistrates, who inflict the penalties for truancy, collect the fines, and make commitment orders against parents and others respon- sible for violations of the law. The federation of education commit- tees in their annual meeting in 1912 urged that this duty should be transferred to the education authorities, on the ground that the magis- trates are too lenient or too indifferent in the matter. Statistics were presented showing that some 720,000 children m England and Wales are daily absent from schools. It was also stated in this connection that there are from 50,000 to 60,000 children mentally deficient on the school rolls, and of these only 12,000 are provided for in schools or classes suitable for them. Agriculture was declared to be the only subject from which the children hopelessly deficient derived any last- ing benefits. SCOTLAND. The education act for Scotland, 1872, made it obligatory upon every parent to secure the instruction of his children between the ages of 5 and 13, or until a certificate of exemption should be secured. The compulsory provision extends to blind children. A subsequent act (1878) fixed the standard (grade) of exemption at the fifth, which pupils should complete at 11 years of age. In 1883 the upper limit of compulsory attendance was raised to 14 years. The enforcement of this act rests upon the magistrates, as in England, and all parents failing in the obligation are subject to prosecution and penalty by fine or imprisonment. The education act of 1908 authorized school boards to make attendance at continuation schools compulsory. IRELAND. The education act for Ireland, 1892, included compulsory attend- ance provisions, in accordance with which children over 6 years of age and under 14, with certain exceptions, are required to attend school for at least 75 sessions in each half year, ending, respectively, the 30th of June and the 31st of December. In its original form the law is extremely vague with reference to the means for its enforce- ment. This defect was partially remedied by the local government act of 1897, which established county and rural district councUs that COMPULSORY ATTENDAITCE IlsT FOREIGN" COUNTRIES. 81 were empowered to take measures for enforcing the school-attendance act. According to the official report for 1912, two-thirds of the pupils enrolled in the schools are in districts in which school-attendance committees have been appointed. In these the percentage of daUy average attendance is 74.2 per cent of the enrollment, as compared with 69.5 per cent for the districts not having school-attendance committees. FRANCE. The education law of March 28, 1882, making primary education obligatory for all children between the ages of 6 and 13, required the appointment of a local school committee (commission municipale scolaire) in each commune to look after the matter of school attend- ance. The mayor of the commune, who is the head of the committee, is required to draw up, every year, a list of the children of school age in his commune and publicly to announce the date on which the schools open. Parents and guardians must notify the mayor of the arrangements they incend to make for the instruction of their children, whether by public or private agencies, and in cases of neglect of this duty the names of the children not reported are inscribed by the mayor on a school list, and the persons responsible are notified of the fact. The mayor also sends to the director of each school a list of the children who should attend the same, and thus a complete record of the school population and the school attendance in each commune is secured. At the end of every month the school director must send to the mayor's office an abstract of the school register, showing the number of absences and the reasons for the same. For neglect of this duty school directors are subject to penalties inflicted by the civil authori- ties. The school committees may summon delinquent parents before them for warning and censure, but in case of renewed violation of the law the responsible parties are brought before the courts and sen- tenced to fine or imprisonment. This system is intended to establish a sort of paternal watch over the children, a purpose which is promoted by the fund (caisse des ecoles) that every commune is expected to maintain for the aid of poor children. In practical operation the machinery for enforcing compulsory school attendance in France has proved valuable as a means of keep- ing a complete record of the school population, but it ha3 failed to overcome the evils of nonattendance. This fact is fully recognized, and the Chamber of Deputies, in deliberation over a pending biU relative to this subject, has voted to abolish the communal-school committees and to transfer their duties in respect to school attend- ance to the justice of the peace. The bill has not yet become law. 14426°— 14 6 82 COMPULSORY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. SWITZERLAND. In accordance witli the constitution of the Federal Republic, adopted May 29, 1874, every one of the 25 Cantons of Switzerland is required to provide sufficient elementary education free to all children without prejudice to freedom of "faith and conscience." With this restriction, every Canton has entire management of its schools. The obligation imposed by the Federal constitution is enforced in all the Cantons by a compulsory school law and in 17 Cantons the compulsion extends to continuation schools.^ The duration of the period of compulsory attendance at regular primary schools varies, ranging from six to nine years. The annual term also varies, falling as low as 38 weeks in some Cantons and rising to 44 in others. The length of the school day varies also, and is different for different ages. Thus, although the compulsory principle is rig- idly enforced, there is an evident disposition to adapt its provisions to age and other conditions affecting the school attendance of indi- viduals. The following particulars as to the compulsory require- ments in two Cantons illustrate prevailing conditions in Switzerland : Zurich. — Every chUd in the Canton who attains the age of 6 years before the end of April in a given year must enter school at the be- ginning of the corresponding school year. The pupils must continue at school for 8 years ; that is to say, until the end of the school year in which he completes his fourteenth year of age. The individual communes are authorized to reduce the number of school hours a week in the seventh and eighth classes (that is, the two highest classes) to eight during the summer semester. These hours should be comprised hi two forenoons. In such cases the winter semester should comprise at least 23 weeks. The primary school is divided into eight classes, corresponding to the ages of the pupils, each class representing a year. The usual duration of the school year is 43 weeks, beginning with the 1st of May; vacations cover altogether 9 weeks. The number of weekly lessons is from 15 to 20 for children in the first class; 18 to 22 for the second; 20 to 23 for the third; 24 to 30 for the fourth and sixth; and 27 to 33 for the seventh and eighth. No lesson can be given Saturday afternoon, excepting lessons in needlework. The school week, then, is 5| days. This would give for the year 236^ school days as the maximum, which for the 8 years of the course amounts to 2,092 days. In communes in which the summer attendance for the seventh and eighth classes is reduced to 8 hours, or two half days, the entire school period would be reduced to 1,712 days, Vri. — In the Canton of Uri a child enters school the year in which his seventh year of age is completed, and he is obliged to attend I See table, p. 83. COMPULSORY ATTENDANCE IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 83 school until his thii-teenth year of age is completed; that is, until he has six years of compulsory attendance at the primary school. Fol- lowing this, he must attend a continuation course for two years. The six years of the primary school comprise a minimum of 30 weeks a year. The length of the school week varies, but on an average is 5 days. This gives 900 days for the 6-year course. To this must be added 120 days for the two years in the continuation school, making a total of 1,020 days. Local authorities, i. e., school boards, prefects of the district, and municipal authorities, are charged with the enforcement of the com- pulsory laws; if need be, the superior officers of State intervene. As a rule, however, no endeavor is made by parents to evade the obli- gation to secure the instruction of their children. Organization of general continuation schools and of preparatory course for recruits in Sivitzerland} Cantons. Zurich Bern Luzem Uri Seh%vyz .- Obwalden Nidwalden Glarus Zug Fribourg Solothum Basel City Basel Province. - . Schaflhausen Appenzell A. Rh. Appenzelll. Rh.. St. Gallon Graubunden Aargau Thurgau Tessin Waadt "Wallis Neuenberg Geneva Continuation schools. Obligatory or voluntary.2 Voluntary Obligatory Obligatory Voluntary Voluntary Obligatory do do Voluntary Obligatory do do do do do do do do do do..... do A'oluntary Num- ber of years or winter courses. 2 2-3 3 2-3 2-3 3 3 3-4 3-4 4 2 Minimum number of hours per course. 40 Age of pupil. Above 15 15-18 16-19 Above L4 About 80 About 60 70 SO About 70 About 50 60 90 80 50-60 60 60 120 64 17-19 16-19 15-18 17-18 17-18 16-18 15-16 16-19 16-18 16-19 15-18 15-18 15-19 15-19 17-18 Recruits, preparatory course. Obligatory or voluntary. Voluntary Obligatory do do do do Obligatory do do Voluntary do Obligatory Obligatory do do do do Number of courses and hours. 2 courses of 4 hours. 1 course of 20 hours. 2 courses of 40 hours. 1 course of 40 hours. 1 course of 90 hours. 3 days. About 20 hours. 1 course of 36 hours. 12 hours. 80 hours. 12 days of 4 hours. 24 hours. 50 hours. 24 hours. 36 hours. 1 Guex, Frangois, annuaire de I'instruction publique en Suisse, 1910, p. 227. 2 The obligation is imposed upon boys only, excepting in the canton of St. Gallen. ACTION OF LOCAL COMMITTEES IN OTHER COUNTRIES. In the Scandinavian countries the matter of school attendance is under the close surveillance of the local school boards and the dio- cesan boards. These bodies summon the delinquent parents before them for mvestigation and warning; cases of contumacy are reported to the central authorities, but it is seldom necessary to resort to these extreme measures. It should be noted that in all Lutheran 84 COMPULSOEY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. countries the pastors are members of the local school committees and the ecclesiastical authorities are included ia the central admin- istration of school affairs; clerical influences in fact have even greater effect than the law in preventing neglect of school attendance. Italy. — The education law of 1877 provided for the formation of local school attendance committees, similar to those of France; but in the past this law was seldom carried into effect. The success of more recent legislation on the subject will depend necessarily upon the supply of school buildings, for which special appropriations have been made. The Netherlands. — ^The agents for enforcing the compulsory law in the Netherlands, as in France, are local committees; but in the latter country these committees are made up from the communal and cantonal authorities; in the Netherlands the local clergy, the parents, and the teaching corps are all represented in the committees, the members of which are appointed by the communal councils. Infringements of the law are brought to the attention of the school inspectors, and parents or guardians who persist in its willful neglect are summoned before the district judge, who takes final action in the matter. Japan is the only country of Asia having a compulsory school attendance law. Children are admitted to school at 6 years of age and may continue till 14. The obligatory period covers the ages 6 to 12 by ordinance of 1908. The Government appears to have been influenced by the example of France in respect to the means for enforcing the law. The mayors make out the register of the school children in their respective districts, which is furnished to the school directors. If a child fails to report when the school opens, notice is sent to the parent or guardian, and if the absence continues, at the end of seven days the case is reported to the mayor, who summons the responsible party for further inquiry. If the neglect stiU continues, the matter is referred to the prefect of the district, who can pronounce sentence upon the guilty person. As a rule it is not necessary to resort to this extreme measure. In the countries here grouped care is taken to exercise paternal watchfulness over the children, and to excite the witling cooperation of parents in the public effort for the child's welfare. In other words, the paternal spirit prevails over the penal in the course pursued. RESULTS OF COMPULSION. Illiteracy is generally taken as a measure of the efficiency of a school system, but in this respect it must be considered with con- ditions which affect materially the enforcement of school laws, COMPULSORY ATTENDANCE IN FOEEIGN COUNTEIES. 85 including that of compulsory attendance. Chief among these con- ditions are the extent, racial character, and density of the popula- tion. Comparison of great nations with small nations in respect to education carries little weight; for example, Denmark, with its compact population of two and one-half millions, would be able to maintain school attendance even without a compulsory law; there is evidently no basis of comparison between such a country and an empire like Russia, with a population in the European division of 135,860,000, and a density of only 68 per square mile. Under all conditions, however, a compulsory school law properly enforced has proved to be an effective means for eliminating illiteracy. The following statistics, which bring into comparison selected countries of Europe in respect to school attendance and illiteracy according to the latest official information, are conviacing on this point. For more effective presentation, the countries are arranged in two groups in the table pertaining to illiteracy; the first group com- prises the States of Europe in which the percentage of illiteracy on the basis considered falls below 10 per cent, and the second group States in which it is in excess of this ratio. Fopulation and enrollment in elementary schools in certain European countries. Countries. Population. Ratio of enroll- ment in ele- mentary schools to population. Year. Per cent. Austria-Hungary : Austria Hungary (including Croatia and Slavonia) Belgium Denmark France German Empire Great Britain , Italy Netherlands Spain Sweden , Switzerland , Russia 2S, 567, 896 20, 840, 678 7,423,784 2, 775, 076 39,601,509 64,903,423 40, 834, 714 34,269,764 5, 945, 155 19, 588, 685 5,521,943 3,741,971 163,778,000 1909 1910 1910 1910 1910 1910 1911 1908 1911 1910 1910 1910 1910 15.60 14.00 12.50 13.57 14.24 16.00 16.87 8.75 15.42 10.40 14.31 14.38 2.56 Illiteracy in certain countries, grouped according to percentages. GROUP I.— COUNTRIES HAVING FEW ILLITERATES. Countries. Year. Per cent ofilUt- erates. Basis of estimate. 1907 1910 1904 1905 1908 1907 1905 0.2 2.97 1.5 .03 1.4 .3 .5 Army recruits. France . Do. Great Britain Marriage register. Armj' recruits. Netherlands Do. Sweden Do. Switzerland Do. 86 COMPULSOEY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. Illiteracy in certain countries, grouped according to percentage — Continued, GROUP II.— COUNTRIES HAVING LARGE PROPORTION OF ILLITERATES. Countries. Austria'. Hungary 2. Belgium 3.. Italy 1 Spaini Russia 3 . . . Per cent Year. ofilUt- erates. 1900 26.2 1900 40.0 1900 18.6 1901 48.0 1900 58.7 1897 70.0 Basis of estimate. Population above 10 years of age. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. 1 Compulsory law not well enforced. 2 Including Croatia and Slavonia, in which compulsory law is not enforced. 3 No compulsory school attendance law. The benefits of a compulsory law are also illustrated by the de- crease of illiteracy even in countries where the full enforcement of the law is not yet possible. This is strikingly shown in the case of Italy. In this Kingdom a compulsory attendance clause was in- cluded in the education law of 1877, but it remained for many years a dead letter. In 1904 a law was passed greatly strengthening the compulsory provisions. As a result of the earnest efforts made to carry this law into effect, the ratio of illiteracy, which in 1901 was 42.5 per cent for males above 6 years of age, was greatly reduced. In 1905 only 30.6 per cent of the recruits were illiterate, and those from several districts (circondari) were all able to read and write. Roumania has a compulsory school law dating from 1896, and to its enforcement is attributed the marked decrease in the ratio of illiterates, which fell from 78 per cent, as shown by the census of 1899, to 60.6 per cent in 1909. For the rural population only, the decrease was from 84.8 per cent to 66.3 per cent. In respect to countries in which there is practically no illiteracy it must be admitted that there are other causes conducing to this result. Chief among these is the military system, which obliges all men to serve for a period m. the army, and on entering the service to pass an examination in the elementary studies. Those who fail in this test must attend special classes or schools for recruits. The passage in 1900 of a compulsory school law for the Netherlands is a very significant fact in the progress of the principle. On account of the various agencies carrying on primary education, their equal recognition before the law, and the reluctance to rouse denominational antipathies, the compulsory provisions included in previous education bills had been dropped. School attendance, however, has been pro- moted in the Netherlands by prizes and rewards offered by local school committees, and by the examination in elementary subjects required for admission to the numerous subsidized trade and indus- trial schools. Therefore, without compulsion, school attendance has COMPULSORY ATTENDANCE IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 87 been high in this small Kingdom and the percentage of illiteracy low; nevertheless the general concurrence of opinion finally carried a com- pulsory provision in the school law. Undoubtedly the census of 1889 conduced to this result. The enumeration showed 1.4 per cent of illiterates in the number of army recruits in the Netherlands, which was contrasted with the conditions in Denmark and Germany, from which countries illiteracy has been practically eliminated. It is noticeable that statistics for the Netherlands, based upon the census of 1909, show a reduction in the ratio of illiterate recruits from 1.4 to 1 per cent. Among other evidences of the importance of compulsory school attendance laws is the movement for extending the compulsion to continuation schools. The subject is agitated at the present time in all the principal countries, although comparatively few have yet taken positive action in this matter. In Switzerland attendance upon continuation schools is compulsory in 17 out of 25 cantons. Five States of the German Empire have extended the compulsory provisions, either wholly or partially, to continuation schools. Wurt- temberg makes attendance at continuation schools compulsory for boys aged 14 to 18, and for girls aged 14 to 15 (law of Aug. 17, 1909); in Baden attendance upon continuation schools is compulsory for boys for two years, for girls one year; in Saxony such attendance is compulsory for boys ; Bavaria, by school regulations of June 4, 1903, requires attendance at a Sunday school to the completion of the sixteenth year, or attendance at vocational school may be substituted. The Scotch education act of 1908 authorized the school boards to make attendance upon continuation schools compulsory. Ontario, by law of 1912, authorized local authorities to make at- tendance at continuation schools compulsory. Compulsory school laws carry with them the sense of additional responsibility on the part of the public for the welfare of children; hence, in their train follow provisions for supplying the pressing wants of the poorest children and of ministering to their physical ailments; there follows also discrimination as to the moral responsi- bility of juvenile offenders; hence, juvenile courts and reform schools conducted on humane and rational principles grow naturally out of the endeavor to provide for the instruction of every child. TABULAR VIEW OF ATTENDANCE LAWS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES. The following table (p. 91) comprises the foreign countries in which a compulsory school attendance law is well established, and the principle of compulsion supported by custom and opinion. The presentation gives in epitome the general conditions covered by all laws on the subject, and also the particulars in which they vary most. 88 COMPULSOKY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. In foreign countries the compulsory period begins, as a rule, at an earlier age than in the United States, The tendency to postpone school attendance in the United States is due to different causes; in several States this course is necessary on account of the sparse popula- tion and the poor roads; in more densely populated regions there is a willingness to prolong the period of the free activity of chUdhood; in European countries, on the contrary, there is a disposition to hasten the entrance of children into industrial life. In all the countries included in the table, allowance is made for absence on account of sickness, the want of an accessible school, and other circumstances which are beyond the control of parents. There are, however, additional causes for exemption from school attendance, arising from conditions special to the respective countries, which are named in the laws. Such causes are indicated in a measure in the table (col. 5). In order to complete the survey with respect to compulsory attendance upon the ordinary primary schools, reference should be made to countries in which legislation on the subject is of very recent date or, if of long standing, has recently been the subject of new and more stringent provisions. Russia. — The subject of universal popular education in the Russian Empire engaged the attention of the first and of the second Duma, but without definite results. The third Duma proceeded upon the principle that the necessary conditions must be supplied by a better organization and more liberal support of the existing schools, and by systematic provision for increasing the number of schools up to the full requirement of the vast population of the Empire. In accordance with this purpose a measure was adopted by the third Duma pro- viding for an annual appropriation for the successive years 1909 to 1912, inclusive, to form a fund for supplementing local appropria- tions for school buildings. The appropriation demanded for the four years would amount to 25,000,000 rubles ($12,875,000). The leaders of the legislative body favor the adoption of a compulsory law as soon as the supply of school accommodation makes its enforce- ment possible. The recommendations of the Duma on the subject, however, were not approved by the imperial council. In Finland and in the Baltic Provinces of Russia, in accordance with the prevailing custom in Lutheran countries, the parish clergy are required to see that the children of their charge are instructed in the elements of reading and writing, and in the catechism, as a pre- requisite to confirmation. By the Finnish school law of 1866 the civil authorities were made responsible for secular education, and towns were required to establish schools for the elementary education of all children within their limits; the law provided for the election of local school committees who are charged with its enforcement. COMPULSORY ATTENDAISTCE IN FOEEIGN COUNTRIES. 89 The town schools are of two classes: Lower prunary, or infant schools, and primary schools proper. The elementary secular instruction, which was formerly under the direction of the clergy, is now given in the infant schools, together with religious instruction, but children who receive this elementary instruction at home are not obliged to attend the infant school. The course of the regular pri- mary school covers four years and is compulsory for all children, ages 9 to 12 (or 10 to 13, inclusive), who are not otherwise instructed. If continuation or repetition classes exist, attendance may be required in those for a year after the primary school period. By an ordinance of 1898 the obligation to establish schools was extended to the rural communes. In the three Baltic Provinces of Russia — Esthonia, Livonia, and Courland — elementary education is compulsory in accordance with the ecclesiastical requirements. Southern Europe. — The recent political movements in southern Europe have been marked by new educational demands, and the compulsory principle is securing recognition in all the countries that may properly be mcluded in a discussion of this section of the continent. In the kingdoms occupying the three southern peninsulas of Europe, prunary education is compulsory under existing laws, and notwith- standing the many obstacles to the enforcement of this principle, it has been carried into practical effect in many of the chief cities. Current discussions of education in these countries emphasize the importance of more stringent measures for insuring the elementary education of all the people. In Italy a compulsory provision applica- ble to children 6 to 9 years of age was comprised in the education law of 1877; by a law of 1904 the upper limit was extended to 12 years of age in communities maintaining a higher primary school. The kingdoms that were formerly parts of Turkey in Europe, namely, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Roumania, and Servia, have all declared primary education compulsory, either by constitutional provision or by law. The enforcement of the provision has been hindered by internal disturbances and by the want of sufficient school accommodation; the war with Turkey has prevented present progress in education and in internal improvements in the nations involved in the conflict. Em'pire of Turlcey. — The law of 1869 regulatmg public instruction in the Turkish Empire declared education obligatory for boys from 6 to 11 years of age, inclusive; for girls from 6 to 10. The exemp- tions were numerous and the law has seldom been enforced. Since the Young Turk party came into power, education has been a subject of earnest consideration by the Government, and an educa- tion bill which reaffii'ms the principle of compulsion was presented 90 COMPULSORY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. to the legislature in 1910 by the minister of public instruction. The measure was still pending when the war broke out. In the Latin States of North and South America compulsory pro- visions are a feature of the school laws, but little progress has been made in their enforcement. At the present time the matter is one of serious consideration in several of these countries, particularly in Peru, Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay, which are attempting the reorganization of their educational systems. As industrial and civil conditions improve, the apathy of the people diminishes, a change which is shown by the recent rapid growth of a diffused public-school sentiment in Argentina and Uruguay. The significant omissions from the list of countries having com- pulsory school attendance laws are Belgium, Quebec, and Manitoba. COMPULSORY ATTENDANCE IN" FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 91 ^ I> fl n i a i B< ft ft o o fl P "" .£. 03 .2 P ."3 » ® 03r ■ ^S3 i? c| 03 g .9 3 !2 S 03-M o+^ , © » m S, '- (^. S ■ „ S 1 u 03 S 5fi ft rt as fl PI S (M CO 3 3 CO 3^ o C" el 9 co'J^S'Sv,. n3 1- CO ■*■* _C-*00-*-^COIMCO ' (C to >, >0 CO "5 'V 1* T ti t- r- 60 >-? .a & ■ a.s «^ § s am IB o ^e ^ O) to 03 .y > a >< o ^ '2 -J2 ca t» a S u ■d S . B S " ine,40c ment 30 ach offe impriso 'arnings to $3. enalties .g ^^ § 1^ -2 "3 .g fin H ?^ Ph P Ph ph Ph .g.l .s& .a fi( ^ ■^ s "^.2 89 ?5 ?i S OJ CO Oi -. o Ph o eg -CI 05^ C3 S I^i ci J> f^3 gs ft a fl s (N (M »0 Ol t^ 00 CO lO 00 00 GO 00 o H > SI t> •.3 5 w S o .S2 < ..02 ? ^ a> 3 ca « S js;? Q' m fi :? COMPULSORY ATTENDANCE IN FOEEIGN COUNTRIES. 93 ^1 .gs .g M . s -el m o o 's C3-S P< w 9i3 H c3 o ?-* QJ (D (SCO . d 0^ fe § > M MS 1=1 C3 g O s2S.g fl-^ o S.SV D< o o tH n o;S o fi fl bd ^ M cj l-( C3 r3 •O d o s 3£ (M(N ■* M(N I I I I I t^ t^ 00 00 t^ El > §■3 JPhcc III. COMPULSORY EDUCATION IN GERMANY. By W. Carson Ryan, Jr., Editorial Division, Bureau of Education. The successful enforcement of compulsory education has long been an enviable feature of the German school system. Although the ages and periods of attendance vary, there are practically no children in the German Empire who evade the laws. The occasional excep- tions are in the case of families of strolling actors, acrobats, etc., and the shifting population engaged in river navigation. Some of the figures will show the almost perfect conditions: Out of 5,754,728 children of school age in Prussia in 1901, only 548 evaded attend- ance. In 1895 the evasions were 487 out of 5,317,037 children. Both of these figures represent a betterment since 1871, when there were 20,783 evasions out of a school population of 4,464,906. Al- though Purssian conditions are better standardized than those in other parts of the empire, and it is important jiot to consider Prussia as Germany, the following table of Prussian school enrollment, as compared with population, wUl serve to indicate the consistency with which the record of schooling is maintained. Table showing ratio of public elementary-school children to total population in Prussia since 1822. 1822. 1825. 1828. 1831, 1834, 1837, 1840 1843 1846 1849 1852 1855 1858 1861 1864 1867 1871 1878 1882 1886 1891 1896 1901 1911 Children in school. 427,045 577,999 791, 703 917,934 102, 271 169,247 224, 239 328, 146 433,333 453,062 583,565 615, 382 719, 072 778, 208 825, 322 035, 275 900, 655 200, 160 339, 729 838, 247 916, 476 236, 826 670, 870 572, 140 Population. 11,664,133 12,256,725 12,726,110 13,038,960 13,507,999 14,098,125 14,928,501 15,471,084 16,112,938 16,331,187 16,935,420 17,202,831 17,739,913 18,491,220 19, 255, 139 19,672,237 24, 639, 706 26, 664, 427 27, 694, 854 28, 645, 832 29,955,281 31,855,123 34, 472, 509 40,165,219 Per cent. 12.2 12.9 14.8 14.7 15.6 15.4 14.9 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.2 15.2 15.3 15.0 14.7 15.4 15.8 15.8 15.7 16.9 16.4 16.4 16.5 16.4 94 IN GERMANY. 95 Figures of a niimber of German municipalities for 1910 reveal how consistently the ideal in attendance is carried out to the very end of the system. In certain cities having an eight-year course the percentage of children finishing the eighth grade was as follows Wiesbaden, 99.46; Frankfort on the Main, 99.2; Flensburg, 99.77 Leipzig, 99.58; Dresden, 99.67; Zwickau, 99.93; Plauen, 98.91 Chemnitz, 99,62; Mainz, 99.4; Bremen, 98.62. These cities are above the normal, to be sure, yet that so many communities can show such a record is sufficiently noteworthy. The agencies in this admirable enforcement of compulsory educa- tion may be summed up as follows: (1) Strict compulsory laws long on the statute books; (2) an imperial child-labor law which is en- forced; (3) a thorough system of official inspection by school, church, and civil authorities; (4) careful registration methods, which make sure that the child is not lost sight of in a change ot residence. (1) Legislation. — Compulsory education laws have been on the statute books in German countries for considerably more than a century. They go back at least to Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia (Sept. 28, 1717): Hereafter in those places where schools exist the parents are required on pain of heavy punishment to send their children to school every day in winter; and in summer, when the children are needed for farm work, at least once or twice a week, in order that they may not entirely forget what they have learned during the winter. The principle is more definitely enunciated in Frederick the Great's general law of 1763: First of all, we decree that all our subjects, whether parents, guardians, or em- ployers, upon whom the education of youth devolves, shall send to school their own children, boys and girls, as well as those intrusted to their care, not later than the fifth year, in order that they may continue there into their thirteenth and fourteenth year; and they shall keep them at school until they have not only obtained the essen- tials of Christianity and know how to read and write readily but can also make satis- factory answer witli regard to those matters which are taught them in reading books ordained and approved by our consistories. The general law of 1794 provides: Section 43. Every inhabitant who can not or will not provide the necessary in- struction for his children in his own household is required to send them to school after the completion of the fifth year. Sec. 46. The school instruction must be continued until a child, in the discretion of his spiritual guide, has obtained the knowledge necessary for an intelligent person of his station in Hfe. The Code of 1850 declares: "Parents and their representatives shall not leave their children or wards without the instruction which is prescribed for the public schools." Compulsory education is also covered by legislation of 1872, 1878, and 1891. The 1872 law changes "spiritual guide" in the law to "school inspector." The 1891 law says: "The compulsory educa- 96 COMPULSORY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. tion period of a child ends with the close of the child's completed fourteenth year." The enforcement of the law is left to the police authorities. In case of infraction the school inspector invokes the aid of the police, and legal proceedings are instituted against the parents, who are at first fined, and in case of repeated offense may be imprisoned, usually for eight days. In Saxony the punishment provided by law for nonattendance is a fine, or imprisonment from one day to six weeks ; but the testimony is that legal proceedings are seldom undertaken. In Bavaria there is no compulsory education law; the subject is covered by regulations. In Wurttemberg parents who fail to send their children to school regularly are first warned, then fined, and, if need be, imprisoned. As in most countries, the laws allow certain exemptions. Entrance into school at the lower age may be deferred in the case of illness or constitutional weakness, especially where the distance from school is considerable, and at the other end of the compulsory period likewise children may for sound reasons be freed from the action of the law. In the year 1901 of all children of school age in Prussia 10,672 were unable to attend on account of mental or bodily defects; 16,109 could not be received immediately after the completion of the sixth year; and 53,794 were released from attendance before the end of their fourteenth year. Education of the deaf and dumb is not compulsory in most of the German States. In Prussia it is compulsory in only one Province, Schleswig-Holstein. The question of compulsory or optional attendance in continuation schools has heretofore been left to the respective municipalities.^ The Prussian State Government, however, by conditioning its annual appropriations upon the establishment of compulsory attendance, has succeeded in iaiducing most of the communities to make the attendance compulsory. In 1910 Prussia had 1,818 industrial con- tinuation schools (gewerbliche Fortbildungsschulen) , with 321,226 students; 59 association schools (Vereinsschulen) , with 5,831 stu- dents; and 285 guild schools (Innungsschulen) , with 11,952 students. Of the industrial continuation *schools, 1,749 (including 61 work schools) had compulsory attendance and 69 optional attendance. In the 59 association schools, which are maintained by apprentices, mechanics, manufacturers, etc., the attendance is optional. After agitation for a number of years a draft of a national law has recently been submitted to the Prussian Landtag, or Legislature, 1 This and the following paragraph are taken from a statement by Ralph C. Busser, United States consul at Erfurt. See Bulletin, 1913, No. 54, U. S. Bu. of Ed., p. 15. IN GERMANY. 97 which makes three years' attendance at efn. industrial or commercial continuation school obligatory on the part of aU boys under 18 years of age who are employed iii industrial or commercial work in the particular community. The boys usually finish in the common schools at the age of 14 or 15, and, according to the new State law, their compulsory attendance at the continuation school will continue for thjee years or until the end of their apprenticeship, but not beyond the eighteenth year. It is also provided in this new law that one can be released by the school authorities from the obligation to attend the public mdustrial continuation school by attendance during the required legal period and for an equal number of hours at a guild or other continuation school or trade school, provided that the instruc- tion at such school has been recognized by the president of. the respective government district (Regierungs-Prasident) as an adequate substitute. (2) Ohild-labor law. — The imperial child-labor law of 1869 forbade without exception the employment of children under 12 years of age, and its rigorous enforcement has aided materially in carrying out compulsory education laws. (3) Inspection. — Church and civil authorities cooperate in the work of insuring attendance. The local school authorities have their own regulations whereby they take action to compel attendance. In Prussia and in most other parts of the German Empire, however, the almost perfect attendance is largely due to the pastors, who are especially authorized to see that the children go to school. (4) Registration methods. — Prussia early took the lead in instituting careful registration methods and in the compilation of dependable school statistics — the first steps in educational progress; and the other German States have in the main followed Prussia's example. Thus, although educational administration is not under centralized imperial control, there is practical unanimity in enrollment and regis- tration methods throughout the German Empu"e. The work of the direct agencies thus outlined is made effective by the following facts of German civilization which need always to be borne ui mind in considering compulsory education in Germany: Relative density of population, allowhig stricter surveillance than in less thickly settled countries; a people more nearly homogeneous than that of the United States ; an innate love of education produced by generations of men with cultural ideas, apt to be lacking in a new nation where action and personality tend to be treasured above bookish attainments; strongly centralized government, wliich makes of the school a system in a sense in which om-s seldom is ; close inter- relation of church and state in public education, involving vigilance on the part of both agencies to see that the child is in school; and, 14426°— 14 7 98 COMPULSORY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. above all, a strongly deraloped public sentiment on the subject of school attendance which makes truancy practically impossible. The effects of successful compulsory education show themselves in a number of ways not easily susceptible of statistical analysis. Van- ishing illiteracy is one indication that can be measured; 1910 figures give the German Empire the lowest illiteracy record among the nations— 3 in 10,000. But it is not merely in the external phenomena of literacy or illit- eracy that long-contiQued compulsory education shows its effects — the disciplinary value to the national mind of generation after genera- tion of educated citizens is iucalculable. IV. THE NEED OF COMPULSORY EDUCATION IN THE SOUTH. By William H. Hand, State High-School Inspector, Columbia, S. C. Thirty-nine States of the Union have State- wide compulsory school- attendance laws of varying degrees of compulsion and enforcement. The remaining nine States all belong to the Southern group. Four of the Southern States, viz, Maryland, Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisiana, have laws making attendance compulsory in parts of these States. These laws are generally known as local-option laws. Of the laws of these four States, perhaps that of Arkansas actually reaches the greatest number of children; in none of the four has compulsory attendance been in force long enough to make any marked decrease in the State's illiteracy. South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Texas are yet without any kind of compulsory- attendance law. Many people are still debating in a purely academic way the need, the wisdom, and the feasibility of something which has been tested and accepted by the majority of peoples speaking English, German, and French. Nevertheless, the mere fact that other sections of the Union and other countries have enacted such laws is of itself not conclusive evidence that the Southern States should enact them. Any logical argument for or against compulsory attendance must be based on conditions as they actually exist. Confining the study to the native white population of native parentage, the following tables show the conditions in the Southern States, and the relative illiteracy in the South and other parts of the United States and in four foreign countries. The figures for the United States are from the Census Report of 1910, These figures are not the guesswork of some partisan statistician, but the cold facts given to the census taker by the fathers and mothers of the children. Exhibit A. — Native white illiterates 10 years of age and over. Per ct. New England States— 6 (all under compulsory laws) Middle Atlantic — 3 (all under compulsory laws) East North Central — 5 (all under compulsory laws) West North Central— 7 (all under compulsory laws) South Atlantic— 9 (3 without compulsory laws; 3 with local option) East South Central— 4 (2 without compulsory laws; 1 with local option).. West South Central — 4 (1 without compulsoiy laws; 2 with local option). Mo'intain— 8 (all under compulsory laws) Pacific — 2 (both under compulsory laws) 0.7 1.2 1.7 1.7 8.0 9.6 5.6 3.6 0.4 99 100 COMPULSORY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. Exhibit B. — Native white illiterate males of voting age. Per et. New England States Middle Atlantic East North Central West North Central South Atlantic East South Central West South Central Mountain Pacific France, male adults England, male and female adults Scotland, male and female adults German Empire, male adults 1.0 1.5 2.3 2.3 9.0 11.1 6.0 2.8 0.5 4.7 3.0 2.4 0.5 Exhibit C. — Showing rank of the 12 States without State-wide compulsory laws in per- centage of illiteracy of native whites 10 years of age and over. States. 1910 1900 Maryland . 32d. 33d. 37th. 38th. 40th. 41st. 42d. 43d. 44th. 45th. 47th. 48th. 32d. 35th. Florida 38th. Mississippi . . . 37th. 41st. 42d. Virginia ^ . 40th. 46th. Alabama 47th. South Carolina . . 44th. 49th. 48th. 1 Virginia and North Carolina passed their State- wide compulsory laws after the census of 1910. Ill Exhibit D following are first shown the six States without compulsory-attendance laws. Next are shown the six States with local-option compulsory laws. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut are taken as representative of New England, each with a compulsory-attendance law enacted years ago and requiring long terms of attendance enforced by rather heavy penalties. Wisconsin and Minnesota are taken as a type of the newer West, with a compul- sory attendance rather rigidly enforced. West Virginia and Ken- tucky are taken as specimens of recent compulsory-attendance laws at first mild in form and not very rigidly enforced. Exhibit D. — Native white illiterates 10 years of age and over. States. imter- ates. Per cent. South Carolina. Georgia Florida Alabama Mississippi Texas Maryland Virginia North CaroUna Tennessee Arkansas Louisiana , 50, 112 79, 875 14, 331 84, 204 28, 344 60,881 17, 464 81, 105 131, 992 120, 384 54, 221 82, 100 10.5 8.0 5.2 10.1 5.3 3.3 3.0 8.2 12.3 9.9 7.1 15.0 NEED OF COMPULSORY EDUCATION IN THE SOUTH. 101 Exhibit D. — Native tuhite illiterates 10 years of age and over — Continued. States. Massachusetts Rhode Island . Connecticut. . . Wisconsin Minnesota West Virginia. Kentucky Illiter- Per ates. cent. 3,428 0.4 944 .7 1,707 .5 3,223 .6 1,536 .4 50, 580 6.7 145,156 10.7 Exhibit E. — Native white male illiterates of voting age. States. Illiter- imter- ates in ates in 1900. 1910. 15, 643 17, 535 31,914 29, 936 5,470 5,026 30, 680 30, 389 11,613 11,129 24, 180 23, 642 10, 191 8,097 35, 057 33,488 54,208 49, 619 51,247 47, 479 22, 546 20, 343 24, 681 28,091 1,927 1,700 550 466 1,040 893 1,754 1,514 737 732 23,024 20, 666 62, 182 59,314 Per cent in 1910. South Carolina Georgia Florida Alabama Mississippi Texas Maryland Virginia North Carolina Tennessee Arkansas Louisiana Massachusetts . Rhode Island. Connecticut... Wisconsin Minnesota West Vii'ginia. Kentucky 11.0 8.9 5.1 10.9 6.1 3.7 4.0 9.9 14.1 11.5 7.7 15.6, .5 1.0 .7 1.0 .5 7.8 12.8 These figures can have but one meaning — that compulsory educa- tion reduces illiteracy and that the South sorely needs to have hers reduced. In a monarchy the primary object in educating its citizens has been to make good, intelligent, loyal subjects. In a democracy, such as ours, the primary object in educating the people is to make good, intelligent, loyal, and prosperous citizen-sovereigns. Admit- tedly we are making ''the most stupendous experiment in Govern- ment" that the world has ever seen. We are taking our native-born stock and fusing with them foreigners from all quarters of the globe. We are makmg of practically every one of these an American citizen, clothing each with the power to make and to administer the laws of a great nation and to direct and control all the forces and resources of our institutional life. To meet successfully such tremendous respon- sibilities requires intelligence and training of the highest constructive order. If our Government is to achieve and maintam that eminence among the powers of the earth to which we pledge our faith, it must secure for itself an intelligent, efficient, and orderly citizenship. Intelli- gence and efficiency lie at the very foundation of any people's great- ness. Intelligent and efficient citizens are a State's fundamental 102 COMPULSOEY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. asset, and the State which has the largest percentage of illiteracy has the smallest percentage of effective citizens. Ambassador Bryce has repeatedly emphasized the fact that America has put unlimited power into the hands of the people, and if the people are to enjoy that power without abusing it they must be educated; or, as a recent writer expresses it, ''If the people are to govern, they must know how to govern." By the people is meant all the people. The South could once boast of an administrative aristocracy capable and highly trained — m the language of Henry W. Grady, "almost feudal in its grandeur." The conditions conducive to such a society have been swept away, and the South to-day is preeminently the land where training and fitness of the masses are indispensable. It must edu- cate aU. No sound-thinking man would for a moment contend that educa- tion, in the common acceptation of that word, is a panacea for political and social ills, nor would he claim that an illiterate man is necessarily not a good citizen. But in a democracy where manhood suffrage practically prevails institutional life is exposed to tremendous dan- gers when in 12 States 304,774 (Exhibit E) native white males of voting age, or 10 per cent of the white voting population, are unable to read the names printed on the ballots they are supposed to cast intelligently for the government of the State. Please note the insig- nificantly small decennial decrease in native white male illiterates of the voting age in Alabama and Mississippi, while in South Carolina and Louisiana there is a material increase. The revelations of the Thirteenth Census are highly gratifying in the main. The decrease in illiteracy in the Southern States, as in the entire Union, between 1900 and 1910 is highly encouraging. The following exhibit as a whole is at once one of victory and of promise : Exhibit F. — Showing the actual decrease ofttative white illiterates 10 years of age and over, between 1900 and 1910. States. In 1900. In 1910. 54,177 50, 112 99, 948 79, 875 16, 470 14, 331 102, 779 84, 204 35, 432 28, 344 70, 006 60, 881 23, 837 17, 464 95, 583 81, 105 175, 325 131, 992 156, 342 120, 384 74, 828 54,221 78,889 82, 100 Decrease. South Carolina Georgia Florida Alabama Mississippi Texas Maryland Virginia North Caroliaa Tennessee Arkansas Louisiana 1 Increase. 4,065 20, 073 2,139 18, 575 7,088 9,125 6,373 14, 478 43, 333 35, 958 20, 607 13,201 The decrease in illiteracy in North Carolina and Tennessee is almost incredible. Nothing short of a general educational awakening could have produced such results. On the surface the figures of this exhibit NEED OE COMPULSORY EDUCATIOlsr IN". THE SOUTH. 103 seem to promise universal literacy without attendance compelled by law. But let these figures be interpreted in the light of cold facts. Taking the total number of illiterates in these 12 States m 1910 as the basis, according to the actual decrease between 1900 and 1910, it would require 30 years for Maryland and Arkansas to banish white illiteracy from their borders with their present educational machinery and efforts. It would require 40 years for Georgia, Mississippi, and Ten- nessee. At the same rate for Virginia and Texas it would require 60 years, while South Carolma would have white illiteracy in her borders at the end of a century. Without some relief from her present condi- tion, when can Louisiana hope to banish her white illiteracy ? But the interpretation is not finished. For every 1,000 persons 10 years of age and over classed as illiterates there are several hundred other persons who can mechanically scrawl their names in such way as to be legible and who can spell out sentences with diffi- culty. These persons are unable to write well enough for either business or social correspondence. Their ability to read is less than that necessary to get an intelligent meaning from an ordinary news- paper article. We get only a partial view of the situation when we see iUiteracy as reported in the census tables. To the census tables must be added that army of near-illiterates who are without even the rudiments of an education and who are thus handicapped as creative forces in the State. The opponents of compulsory attendance insist that the people will send their children to school without being compelled to do so, if only they are shown their duty and their obligation to their chil- dren. These opponents declare that the younger generation of white children are already in school. Neither contention is true. For 20 years the ablest and safest leaders, men and women whose names stand high in the Nation, have been tireless in their efforts to get the children into the schools without compulsion, yet approximately 25 per cent of the native white children between the ages of 6 and 14 are not in school at all. In 1910 the 12 Southern States under discussion had 788,699 native white children between the ages of 6 and 14 not in school. Here are the figures: Exhibit G. — Native white children between 6 and 14 years of age not in school. states. Maryland Virginia North Carolina. Tennessee Arkansas Louisiana South Carolina. Georgia Florida Alabama Mis?issippi Texas Children. Per cent, 25, 157 74,605 79, 261 97,071 60, 231 58, 197 39, 977 76, 342 21, 854 78, 142 26, 730 151,232 16.7 26.8 24.3 24.8 25.3 31.6 27.9 25.2 27.9 30.0 15.8 25. 7 104 GOMPULSOEY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. In this exhibit no account is taken of the children of either foreign or mixed white parentage or the foreign-born whites. The figures are confined to the native white stock. In some States one hears the perennial explanation of the rela- tively small per capita expenditure for schools — that the earning capacity of the people is small. WiU the per capita earning capacity ever be what it might so long as thousands of wage earners are so fettered by ignorance as to be fitted for only the most ill-paid occu- pations ? Intelhgence and training are the means whereby men are transfornjed from menials into artisans at a living wage. Poverty and stress of war can no longer be offered as a palliative lor the iUiteracy of the children who ought to be in school. Who are these illiterate white children and why are they not in school ? Some of them are the sons and daughters of parents them- selves ignorant and unable to appreciate or to understand what an education means to their children and to the State. Some are the children of sordid fathers and mothers who are more than wUMng to make wage earners and bread winners of their untaught offspring at the expense of their future manhood and womanhood. Many are at work on the farms, sacrificed to the monotonous round of planting crops, cultivating crops, harvesting crops, and again planting crops; some are at work in stores and shops or engaged as messenger boys, all at a small wage; many are employed in the nerve-dulling and blood-sapping environment of the miUs, receiving good wages as children in exchange for vigor of body and training of mmd as men and women, while thousands of others are roaming the streets and country lanes, the training grounds for idlers, vagrants, and enemies to law, order, and decency. Many of these children are the descend- ants of Tlie forgotten man, so well portrayed by Ambassador Page in his "The Kebuilding of Old Commonwealths." They became the neglected mass, and the neglected mass has become the indifferent mass. When any considerable number of people in a State become indiffer- ent to the intellectual, moral, and social conditions of themselves and their offspring, the situation becomes alarming, for illiteracy, Hke every other evil, tends to perpetuate itself. The iUiterate parent and the near-illiterate citizen are usually content with short school term.s, small and irregular attendance, ill-equipped and iU-paid teachers, inferior schoolhouses, rude furniture, and antiquated text- books. The bhghting blackness of ignorance obscures the light of knowledge and too often leaves the ignorant man wholly satisfied with his dismal lot. And one of the most unpromising features of this already gloomy prospect is that in many of the States the illiterate females outnumber the ilfiterate males. An ilhterate mother does not promise much for the child of to-morrow. NEED OF COMrULSORY EDUCATION IN THE SOUTH. 105 Has the State the right to compel a parent to send his child to school? Many object to the word "compulsory." They are exceed- ingly anxious lest we should introduce into our government machinery something practiced by some ancient aristocracy or suggested by some modern monarchy. They fail to see that compulsory education is in its spirit and purpose both modern and democratic, in that it is destructive of all artificial class distinctions and aims to give all as nearly an even start in hfe as possible. Years ago we accepted without much serious question the doctrine that popular education is necessary to the growth and permanence of our republican institu- tions. Since all classes of our heterogeneous society are active factors therein, the State maintains schools for all the children of all the people in order to render its citizenship homogeneous in spirit and purpose. The public schools exist primarily for the benefit of the State rather than for the benefit of the individual. The State seeks to make every citizen intelligent and serviceable. The State compels the rich man to pay taxes to help support the schools, not because it owes the poor man's child an education, but because the State needs the intelHgent services of that child. The schools are democratized by compeUing the rich and poor alike to pay taxes according to their ability for something necessary to all. When the State has provided schools for all its children, it has performed only a part of its duty. If a universal school tax is justi- fiable on the ground that popular education is a necessity, compul- sory attendance by the State is also justifiable. The State has no right to levy and collect taxes for a specific purpose, then permit that purpose to be defeated at the hands of indifferent or selfish parents. For the State, under the mandates of law, to collect taxes for the education of its children and fail to give the education to the legal beneficiaries is a moral crime, if not a statutory one. In this connec- tion one hears much about the sacred rights and personal privileges of the parent who neglects or refuses to send his child to school. Has the helpless child no sacred rights ? Has the State not some privileges ? The tendency to shift from the homo those functions which properly belong there is regrettable. One of those functions is to train the children for their duties and responsibilities in the social organism. Society itself is imperiled whenever its members are unfit. One of the essentials of fitness is what we call education. Therefore, whenever the home refuses or neglects to prepare the child for society, it is not only the privilege but the duty of the State to see that the child is fitted for its part. Argument against the right of the State to send the child to school seems specious, superficial, and obsolete. Those who make such argument would not tor one moment deny the right of the State to compel the parent to feed and clothe 106 COMPULSOEY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. his child, to compel him to vaccinate his child, or to compel him to fight for his country and to shoot him if he should deserto No one questions the right of the State to carry the law-breaking child to the reformatory or to jail to protect society. Has not the State as much right to carry the child to the schoolhouse to save him from the reformatory or the jail, and to train him to benefit society? When the State compels the parent to send his child to school, it is simply compelling the parent to put the child in possession of his own rightful inheritance. In a narrow sense that inheritance is his right to the benefit of what the State has collected and set apart for him; in a wider and truer sense it means his opportunity to make of himself all that his God-given abilities will permit him to become; in the broadest sense it is his becoming fitted to take his place in the State to perform the sacred duties of an intelligent and patriotic citizen. Objection is often made that compulsory attendance would work hardships in the homes of the poor. Is it not a fact that the poor child is the very one who most needs the aid of the State to bring him into possession of his own? He it is who must soon face the com- plexities of modern life and the insistent demands of citizenship with none of the advantages common to birth or wealth. The poor child is the very one whom the State ought to help, because he himself is helpless. The child of the poor must work, but is it either right or humane that he should be forever denied his share of his inheritance in order to be a breadwinner for a selfish, unfeeling father? If it be true that the American home can not be supported by the adult members of the normal family, we are confronted with one of the gravest problems ever met in any country. No State on a sound economic and social basis can afford to permit its children to be employed as breadwinners when they should be in school equipping themselves for productive citizenship. Besides, it ought not to require much economic sagacity to understand that every child put into any gainful occupation contributes to the lowering of the wage or income of every adult in the same establishment. Child labor is ruinous to the wages of the parents. Over and over we are assured that compulsory attendance laws could not be enforced, that such laws would be ignored or defied. That is begging the question. Why not the same skepticism about the enforcement of any other law ? The opponents insist that a com- pulsory law could not be enforced, because the people are not ready for such a law. Would there be any use for this law or any other law, if all the people were ready and waiting to obey it ? Laws are enacted to compel men to do that which they ought to do, but will not do voluntarily. Tens of thousands of people in America are not NEED OF COMPULSORY EDUCATION IN THE SOUTH. 107 obeying the Ten Commandments. Are we to justify this disobedi- ence on the ground that the people are not quite ready for the Decalog? Or, is the Decalog a piece of unwise and premature legis- lation, because some of us do not obey it? Will any law enforce itself? Will any law be enforced until an honest effort has been made to do so? And what is meant by successful enforcement? Can the enforcement of a law be called unsuccessful so long as it is violated by the few? In every civilized land there is a law against homicide. There are many violations of that law. Shall we for that reason call the law a failure and repeal it? To argue that a compulsory attendance law could not be enforced is to argue that we are not a law-abiding people. It is further argued that a child forced to attend school would derive but little benefit from such attendance. Those who argue thus forget that the compulsion is not in bringing to the school the unwilling child, but in forcing an indifferent, mercenary, or recreant parent to let his child go to school. The average child between 8 and 14 years of age is willing enough to go to school, if he has even the opportunity. Another contention is that compulsory laws could not be enforced without truant officers, and that such officer must be paid out of the school funds. No one denies the necessity for the truant officer and that he must be paid. Any city in the land would save thousands of dollars every year in the way of salaries, if it would dismiss its policemen, its constables, and its detectives. But these officers are necessary to perform for the people services more valuable than the sum of salaries. So it would be with the truant officers. We are perfectly willing to pay an officer of the law to arrest men for the most trivial offenses, but it is out of all reason to pay an officer of the law to see that a lazy, selfish, or thriftless father sends his child to school to give him an opportunity to improve on his father. The history of compulsory attendance laws has been that after a few months' operation the violations become fewer and fewer, the en- forcement of the laws finally becoming nearly automatic. Frequently the opponents iAsist that we have not enough school- houses and teachers to take care of the thousands of children whom a compulsory law would add to the school attendance. If this be true, the situation should be alarming to even the opponents. These opponents, were they farmers, would probably oppose any increase in the yield of their cornfields, because their corncribs would not hold the crop. Such argument is puerile, unless we are prepared to admit that the people are actually unable to take care of their own children. Will the schoolhouses ever be built or the teachers em- ployed until there is need for them ? 108 ' COMPULSORY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. A few temporizing aspirants to leadership declare for compulsory education when pressed to take a stand, but add that the people are not quite ready for it. Who are the people not quite ready ? Why are they not quite ready? When shall they be quite ready? Are they not the same people who were not quite ready for any kind of education at public expense, and were not quite ready to vote for water-supply systems, for electric-light plants, and for other public utilities? These people are not quite ready to do anything which they have not always done, and some of them would not be quite ready to vote for compulsory school attendance 20 years hence, even if their children were signing their names with cross marks. These temporizers must know that by compulsion alone we shall get all the children into the schools, yet they are hindering the day which they admit ought to come. They justify their course by saying that they are leading the people instead of driving them. These men ought to know that leaders must be men of large vision, strong conviction, and faith in themselves and their cause. They mistake timidity for discretion. Parents in the bonds of ignorance, blinded by indiffer- ence, greed, and stifling cupidity, are not easily lured into educating their children. Experience teaches that compulsion is necessary. Neither bonuses nor local-option laws will put all the children into the schools. The tale of those who have tried local option in this matter is one of pitiable failure, save as a mere preface to State-wide compulsion. The argument against compulsory attendance on account of the negro has been worn threadbare; surely the time has come to drop it. Some phases of it are pathetic. Is it wise or expedient to per- mit thousands of white boys and girls to grow up in ignorance lest in forcing them into school the aspirations of the negro child should be awakened? Shall the white man remain ignorant in order to encourage or to compel the negro to remain ignorant ? Is it better for white and black to remain ignorant than for both to become intelligent? The only logical conclusion to such argument is that the ignorant white man can compete successfully with the ignorant negro, but that the trained white man can not compete with the trained negro. Then what becomes of the boasted superiority of the white man ? Has the white man so nearly reached the zenith of his possibilities that he can not keep well in advance of the ambitious negro ? The man who opposes compulsory attendance from a fear of put- ting the negro into school must be ill-informed as to the actual situation. The negro child needs no compulsory law to put him into school. He is already there wherever and whenever possible. No matter what a mian's views on negro education, his admiration is NEED OP COMPULSORY EDUCATION IE" THE SOUTH. 109 challenged by tlie zeal and eagerness of the negro child to go to school. His thirst for knowledge would be commendable in any race. Not only is the negro in school, but he is learnmg. Let any skeptic examme the following figures : Exhibit H. — Negro illiterates 10 years of age and over. Maryland Virginia North Carolina Tennessee Arkansas Louisiana South Carolina Georgia Florida Alabama Mississippi Texas 1890 1900 Per ct. Per ct. 50.1 35.1 57.2 44.6 60.1 47.6 54.2 41.6 53.6 43.0 72.1 61.1 64.1 52.8 67.3 62.4 50.6 38.4 69.1 57.4 60.9 49.1 52.5 38.2 Perct. 23.4 30.0 33.9 27.3 26.4 48.4 38.7 36.5 25.5 40.1 35.6 24.6 There are many who contend that our educational conditions are matters for congratulation. The writer yields to no one in the mat- ter of pride over what has been accomplished educationally in the past 40 years. It is a source of constant delight to see and to hear of so many tangible evidences of educational progress. For several decades the various organizations of educational workers have been coming together annually to discuss means for the betterment of the schools. They have brought together regularly much of the best thought and ripest experience of the Nation, and have laid just tribute upon foreign countries in their conferences. It is no empty boast to say that these organizations have wrought wonderfully m con- structive educational statesmanship. In addition to all these, Con- gressmen, governors, legislators, publicists, philanthropists, business men, and taxpayers have frequently come together to consider the means for educational advancement. In all these gatherings we have planned better schools, mspired the taxpayers to vote taxes for schools, encouraged the people to build model schoolhouses, to lengthen their school terms, to employ better teachers and to pay them better salaries, and to make their schools their pride. But what has been accomplished in the way of a substantial decrease in the illiteracy of the citizenship ? In these larger gatherings one State reports that it has put its university at the head as to entrance requirements; another State reports that it has doubled its school revenues within very recent years; another reports that it has doubled its secondary-school attendance within a very short time; another boasts that it has marvelously increased its common-school enrollment within the past 10 years, but over- 110 COMPULSOEY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. looks the fact that its natural decennial increase in population also has been marvelous; still another State boasts that it has built a new schoolhouse every week day in the year and two on Sundays. All these reports are inspiring, but how many have had the courage or the cause to boast of any permanent, substantial decrease in the illiteracy of their people? Of what value are all our school taxes, our elegant schoolhouses, our improved schools to the thousands of boys and girls who never enter the door of a schoolhouse ? V. LAWS OF OHIO AND OF MASSACHUSETTS EELATING TO COMPULSORY EDUCATION AND CHILD LABOR. OHIO.' AN ACT * * * relating to children and to females under 21 years of age and to organizations which, include within their objects matters relating to children. (Approved May 9, 1913.) Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Ohio: COMPULSORY EDUCATION. Sec. 7763. Every parent, guardian, or other person having charge of any child between the ages of 8 and 15 years of age, if a male, and 16 years of age if a female, must send such child to a public, private, or parochial school, for the full time that the school attended is in session, which shall in no case be for less than 28 weeks. Such attendance must begin within the first week of the school term, unless the child is excused therefrom by the superintendent of the public schools, in city or other districts having such superintendent, or by the clerk of the board of education in village, special, and township districts not having a superintendent, or by the principal of the priva,te or parochial school, upon satisfactory showing, either that the bodily or mental condition of the child does not permit of its attendance at school, or that the child is being instructed at home by a person qualified, in the opinion of such superintendent or clerk, as the case may be, to teach the branches named in the next preceding section. Sec. 7764. In case such superintendent, principal, or clerk refuses to excuse a child from attendance at school, an appeal may be taken from such decision to the judge of the juvenile court of the county, upon the giving of a bond, within 10 days thereafter, to the approval of such judge, to pay the costs of the appeal. His decision in the matter shall be final. All children between the ages of 15 and 16 years, not engaged in some regular employment, shall attend school for the full term the schools, of the district in which they reside are in session during the school year, unless excused for the reasons above named. Sec. 7765. No boy under 16 years of age and no girl under 18 years of age shall be employed or be in the employment of any person, company, or corporation unless such child presents to such person, company, or corporation an age and school certifi- cate herein provided for, as a condition of employment. Such employer shall keep the same on file in the establishment where such minor is employed for inspection by the truant officer or officers of the department of workshops and factories. Sec. 7766. An age and schooling certificate shall be approved only by the superin- tendent of schools, or by a person authorized by him, in city or other districts having such superintendent, or by the clerk of the board of education in village, special, and township districts not having such superintendent, upon satisfactory proof that such child, if a male, is over 15 years of age or, if a female, is over 16 years of age, and that such child has been examined and passed a satisfactory sixth-grade test, if a male, 1 Ohio Session Laws, 1913, pp. 864, et seq. Ill 112 COMPULSORY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. and seventh-grade test if a female, in the studies enumerated in section 7762: Provided, That residents of other States who work in Ohio must qualify as aforesaid with the proper school authority in the school district in which the establishment is located, as a condition of employment or service, and that the employment contemplated by the child is not prohibited by any law regulating the employment of such children. Every such age and schooling certificate shall be signed in the presence of the officer issuing the same by the child in whose name it is issued. In order to ascertain whether applicants for such certificates have satisfactorily completed the studies herein prescribed as a condition for the issuance of said certifi- cates, the board of education of each city school district may appoint a juvenile examiner who shall receive such compensation as may be fixed by the board of edu- cation. No such child residing in a city shall be granted such certificate unless such juvenile examiner shall have previously certified that he has examined such child and that he has passed to his satisfaction the grade test as provided by this section: Provided, further, That if a child in the opinion of said juvenile examiner is below the normal in mental development so that he can not with due industry pass such test, and if the school record shows that such child is below the normal in development, such, fact may be certified to by said examiner, and the superintendent or person authorized by him may at his discretion grant such child such age and schooling certificate : Provided, That if said examiner is satisfied that the standard of any school is sufficiently high, he may accept the records thereof as showing that such child has passed such test without fiirther examination. The age and schooling certificate must be formulated by the State commissioner of common schools, and furnished in blank by the clerk of the board of education. It shall show the date of its issue. A record giving all the facts contained on every certificate issued shall be kept on file in the office issuing the same, and also a record of the names and addresses of the children to whom certificates have been refused, together with the names of the schools which such children should attend and the reasons for refusal. The superintendent of schools or other persons authorized to issue employment certificates shall transmit between the first and tenth days of each month to the office of the chief inspector of workshops and factories, upon blanks to be furnished by him, a list of the names of the children to whom certificates have been issued, returned, or refused. Such lists shall give the name and address of the prospective employer and the nature of the occupation the child intends to engage in. Any child between 15 and 16 years of age who shall cease to work for any cause whatever shall report the fact and cause at once to the superintendent of schools, or to a person authorized by him in city or other districts having such superintendent, or to the clerk of the board of education in village, township, or special districts not having such superintendent; said child shall be required to return to school within two weeks, provided other employment is not secured within such time: Provided, That should a child in the opinion of the superintendent or person authorized by him in cities and districts having such superintendent, or the clerk of the board of educa- tion in village, township, or special districts, lose his employment by reason of per- sistent wUlful misconduct or continuous inconstancy, he may be placed in school imtil the close of the current school year. The superintendent of schools or the person authorized by him to issue age and schooling certificates shall not issue such certificates until he has received, examined, approved, and filed the following papers duly executed: (1) The written pledge or promise of the person, partnership, or corporation to legally employ the child, also the written agreement to return to the superin- tendent of schools or to the person authorized by him to issue such certificates, the age and schooliQg certificate of the child within two days from the date of the child's COMPULSORY EDUCATION AND CHILD LABOE IN OHIO. 113 withdrawal or dismissal from the service of the person, partnership, or corporation, giving the reason for such withdrawal or dismissal. (2) The school record of such child, properly filled out and signed by the prin- cipal or other person in charge of the school which such child last attended, giving the name, age, address, standing in studies enumerated in section 7762, and the num- ber of weeks attendance in school during the school year previous to applying for such school record, and general conduct. (3) As evidence of age (a) a passport or duly attested transcript of a passport, filed with a registrar of passports or other officer charged with the duty of registering pass- ports at the several ports of entry to the United States; or duly attested transcript of the certificate of birth or baptism or other religious record, showing the date and place of birth of such child; or (b) a duly attested transcript of the birth certificate, filed according to law with a registrar of vital statistics, or other officer charged with the duty of recording births, shall be conclusive evidence of the age of the child. (c) In case none of the above proofs of age can be produced, other documentary evidence of age which shall appear to be satisfactory to the officer issuing the cer- tificate (aside from the school record of such child or the affidavit of parent, guardian, or custodian), may be accepted in lieu thereof. In such case a school census or enumeration record, duly attested, may be used as proof of age in the discretion of the officer issuing the certificate, (d) In case no documentary proof of age of any kind can be produced, the officer issuing the certificate may receive and file an appli- cation signed by the parent, guardian, or custodian of the child for a physician's certificate. Such application shall contain the name, alleged age, place, and date of birth, and present residence of the child, together with such further facts as may be of assistance in determining the age of such child, and shall contain a statement certifying that the parent, guardian, or custodian signing such application is unable to produce any of the documentary proofs of age specified in the preceding subdivisions of this section. If the superintendent, or officer authorized by him to issue such certificate, is satisfied that a reasonable effort to procure such documentary proof has been made, the certificate of the school physician, or, if there be none, of a phy- sician employed for the purpose by the board of education that such physician has made a physical examination of such child and is satisfied that he is more than 15 years of age, if a male, or that she is more than 16 years of age, if a female, shall be accepted as sufficient proof of the age of such child for the purpose of this act. (4) A certificate from the school physician, or if there should be none, of the board of health, and if there be no board of health within the school district in question, from a licensed physician appointed by the board of education, showing that the child is physically fit to be employed in any of the occupations permitted by law for a child between 15 and 16 years of age: Provided, That if the records of the school physician show such child to have been previously sound in health, no further physi- cian's certificate need be required, but the officer authorized to issue such certifi- cate may at his discretion require such physician's certificate in any case, as a condi- tion to the issuing of an age and schooling certificate. The superintendent or i^erson authorized by him may issue special vacation certificates to boys under 16 years of age and girls under 18 years of age, which shall entitle the holders thereof to be employed during vacation in occupations not for- bidden by law to such children, even though such child may not have completed the sixth grade, but provided he has complied with all the other requirements for obtain- ing the certificate hereinbefore described. Sec. 7767. All minors over the age of 15 and under the age of 16 years, who have not passed a satisfactory sixth-grade test in the studies enumerated in section 7762, shall attend school as provided in section 7763, and all the provisions thereof shall apply to such minors. 14426°— 14 8 114 COMPULSOEY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. In case the board of education of any school district establishes part-time day schools for the instruction of youth over 15 years of age who are engaged in regular employment, such board of education is authorized to require all youth who have not satisfactorily completed the eighth grade of the elementary schools to continue their schooling until they are 16 years of age: Provided, however, That such youth, if they have been granted age and schooling certificates and are regularly employed, shall be required to attend school not to exceed eight hours a week, between the hours of 8 a. m. and 5 p. m. during the school term. All youth between 15 and 16 years of age, who are not employed, shall be required to attend school the full time. Sec. 7768. Every child between the ages of 8 and 15 years, if a male, or between the ages of 8 and 16, if a female, and every male child between the ages of 15 and 16 years not engaged in some regular employment, who is an habitual truant from school, or who absents itself habitually from school, or who, while in attendance at any public, private, or parochial school, is incorrigible, vicious, or immoral in conduct, or who habitually wanders about the streets and public places during scho(_;l hours, having no business or lawful occupation, or violates any of the provisions of this act, shall be deemed a delinquent child, and shall be subject to the provisions of law relating to delinquent children. Sec. 7770. The truant officer and assistants shall be vested with police powers, and the authority to serve warrants, and have authority to enter workshops, factories, stores, and all other places where children are employed, and do whatever may be necessary, in the way of investigation or otherwise, to enforce this act. He also may take into custody any youth between 8 and 15 years of age, or between 15 and 16 years of age, when not regularly employed, who is not attending school, and shall conduct such youth to the school he has been attending, or which he rightfully should attend. Sec 7771. The truant officer shall institute proceedings against any officer, parent, guardian, person, partnership, or corporation violating any provisions of this chapter, and otherwise discharge the duties described therein, and perform such other services as the superintendent of schools or the board of education may deem necessary to preserve the morals and secure the good conduct of school children, and to enforce the provisions of this chapter. The truant officer shall keep on file the name, address, and record of all children between the ages of 15 and 16 to whom age and schooling certificates have been granted who desire employment, and manufacturers, employ- ers, or other persons requiring help of legal age shall have access to such files. The truant officer shall cooperate with the department of workshops and factories in enforcing the conditions and requirements of the child -labor laws of Ohio, furnishing upon request such data as he has'coUected in his reports of children from 8 to 16 years of age and also concerning employers, to the department of workshops and factories and to the State commissioner of schools. He must keep a record of his transaction.^ for the inspection and information of the superintendent of schools and the board of education; and make daily reports to the superintendent during the school term in districts having them, and to the clerk of the board of education in districts not having superintendents as often as required by him. Suitable blanks for the use of the truant officer shall be provided by the clerk of the board of education. Sec. 7773. On the request of the superintendent of schools or the board of education or when it otherwise comes to his notice, the truant officer shall examine into any case of truancy within his district, and warn the truant and his parents, guardian, or other person in charge, in writing, of the final consequences of truancy if persisted in. ''t^Tien any child between the ages of 8 and 15 years, or between the ages of 15 and 16 years, in violation of the provisions of this chapter is not regularly employed and is not attending school, the truant officer shall notify the parent, guardian, or other person in charge of such child, of the fact, and require such parent, guardian, or other person in charge^ to cause the child to attend some recognized school within COMPULSORY EDUCATION AND CHILD LABOR IN OHIO. 115 two days from the date of the notice; and it shall be the duty of the parent, guardian, or other person in charge of the child so to cause its attendance at some recognized school. Upon failure to do so, the truant officer shall make complaint against the par- ent, guardian, or other person in charge of the child, in any court of competent juris- diction in the city, special village, or township district in which the offense occurred for such failure. Sec. 7774. If the parent, guardian, or other person in charge of any child, upon complaint for a failure to cause the child to attend a recognized school, proves inability to do so, then he or she must be discharged and thereupon the truant officer shall make complaint that the child is a juvenile disorderly person within the meaning of section 7768. If such complaint be made before a mayor, justice of the peace, or police judge, it must be certified by such magistrate to the judge of the juvenile court, who shall hear the complaint, and if he determines that the child is a juvenile disorderly person within the meaning of such section, and if under 10 years of age, and eligible for admission thereto, he shall commit the child to a children's home, or, if not eligible, then to a house of refuge, if there be one in the county, or otherwise committed as provided by law. Sec. 7779. Annually between the 1st day of July and the 1st day of August, truant officers must report to the judge of the juvenile court of their respective counties the names, ages, and residences of all such children between the ages of 8 and 18 years, with the names and post-office address of their parents, guardians, or the person in charge of them; also a statement whether the parents, guardians, or persons in charge of each child are able to educate and are educating the child, or whether the interests of the child will be promoted by sending it to one of the State institutions mentioned. Sec. 7780. Upon information thus or otherwise obtained, the judge of the juvenile court may fix a time when he will hear the question whether any such child shall be required to be sent for instruction to one of the State institutions mentioned, and thereupon issue a warrant to the proper truant officer or some other suitable person, to bring the child before him, at his office at the time fixed for the hearing. He also shall issue an order on the parents, guardian, or person in charge of the child to appear before him at such hearing, a copy of which order, in writing, must be served per- sonally on the proper person by the truant officer or other person ordered to bring the child before the judge. If, on the hearing, the judge of the juvenile court is satisfied that the child is not being properly educated at home, and wUl be benefited by attendance at one of the State institutions mentioned, and is a suitable person to receive instructions therein, he may send or commit such child as provided by law. Sec. 7782. In every case of complaint against a child, involving commitment to a children's home or juvenile reformatory, the board of county visitors may be notified, and if so notified it must attend and protect the interest of the child on the hearing, as provided by law in regard to the commitment to an industrial or reform school. The order of commitment of the child to a State reformatory may show that the county visitors were so notified and attended the hearing. OFFENSES AGAINST MINORS AND FEMALES BETWEEN 18 AND 21 YEARS. Sec. 12957. Whoever, being a minor, enters a saloon, beer garden, or other place where intoxicating liquor is sold or offered for sale except when accompanied by a parent or guardian, shall be fined not less than $1 nor more than $5, and for each subsequent offense shall be fined not less than $5 nor more than $25 or imprisoned not more than 10 days or both. Sec. 12964. Whoever entices a minor to engage in a game for money or other valuable thing, or makes a wager with a minor upon the result of a game, or permits a minor to play a slot machine or other gambling device for wares or merchandise or any other thing of value, shall be fined not less than $50 nor more than $100, or imprisoned not less than three months nor more than one year. 116 COMPULSOEY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. Sec. 12966. Whoever sells or exhibits for sale, to a minor under 16 years of age, a pistol manufactured of a metallic or hard substance, commonly known as a "toy pistol " or air gun, or any form of explosive gun, shall be fined not less than $10 nor more than $50, or imprisoned not less than 10 days nor more than 20 days, or both, and be liable in damages to any person injured by such sale. Sec. 12967. Whoever sells, barters, famishes, or gives to a minor under the age of 17 years, an air gun, musket, rifle, shotgun, revolver, pistol, or other firearm, or ammunition therefor, or, being the owner or having charge or control thereof, know- ingly permits it to be used by a minor under such age, shall be fined not more than $100 or imprisoned in jail not more than 30 days, or both. Sec. 12968. Whoever takes, receives, hires, employs, uses, exhibits, sells, appren- tices, gives away, lets out, or otherwise disposes of a child, under the age of 14 years for or in the vocation, occupation, service, or purpose of singing, playing on musical instruments, rope or wire walking, dancing, taking any part in, or appearing in con- nection with a moving picture exhibition or performance given in a theater or place of public amusement, begging or peddling, or as a gymnast, contortionist, rider, or acrobat, or for an obscene, indecent, or immoral purpose, exhibition, or practice, or for or in a business exhibition or vocation injurious to the health or dangerous to the life or limb of such child, or causes, procures, or encourages such child to engage therein, or causes or permits such child to suffer or inflicts upon it injustifiable physical pain or mental suffering, or has such child in custody for any of such purposes, shall be fined not more than $200 or imprisoned not more than six months, or both. Sec. 12970-1. When such person is convicted, sentenced, and confined in a work- house, the county from which he is so convicted, sentenced, and confined, upon the warrant of the county auditor of such county, and out of the general revenue fund thereof, shall pay monthly 50 cents for each day he is so confined, to a trustee to be appointed by the court imposing such sentence, to be expended for the maintenance o£such child or children under 16 years of age. EMPLOyiNG MINORS AND FEMALES BETWEEN 18 AND 21 IN FACTORY, ETC. Sec. 12993. No male child under 15 years or female child under 16 years of age shall be employed, permitted, or suffered to work in, about, or in connection with any (1) mill, (2) factory, (3) workshop, (4) mercantile or mechanical establishments, (5) tenement house, manufactory or workshop, (6) store, (7) ofiice, (8) office building, (9) restaurant, (10) boarding house, (11) bakery, (12) barber shop, (13) hotel, (14) apartment house, (15) bootblack stand or establishment, (16) public stable, (17) garage, (18) laundry, (19) place of amusement, (20) club, (21) or as a driver, (22) or in any brick or lumber yard, (23) or in the construction or repair of buildings, (24) or in .the distribution, transmission, or sale of merchandise, (25) nor any boy under 15 or female under 21 years in the transmission of messages. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to employ, permit, or suffer to work any child under 15 years of age in any business whatever during any of the hours when the public schools of the district in which the child resides are in session. Sec 12994. No boy under 16 years of age and no girl under 18 years of age shall be employed or permitted to work on or in connection with the establishments mentioned in section 12993 of the General Code, or in the distribution or transmission of mer- chandise or messages unless such employer first procures from the proper authority the age and schooling certificate provided by law. Sec 12995. The certificate mentioned in the section 12994 shall be filed in the ofiice of such establishment and shall be produced for inspection upon request t>herefor by COMPULSORY EDUCATION AND CHILD LABOR IN OHIO. 117 the chief or district inspector of workshops and factories or a truant officei" and shall be returned forthwith to the superintendent of schools or other persons legally issuing it, by the person in charge or manager of such establishment upon the termination of the employment of such minor. Upon failure on the part of the employer so to return said certificate within two days, the child terminating his employment shall be entitled to recover from such employer in a civil action as damages an amount equal to the wages which he would have earned had he continued in said employment for the period between such termination thereof and the time when such certificate is so returned. If such child at any time fails to appear for work without explanation, the employment shall be deemed within the purposes of this section to have termi- nated upon the expiration of two days after his so failing to appear. Sec. 12996. No boy under the age of 16 and no girl under the age of 18 years shall be employed, permitted, or suffered to work in, about, or in connection with any estab- lishment or occupation named in section 12993 (1) for more than six days in any one week, (2) nor more than 48 hours in any week, (3) nor more than eight hours in any one day, (4) or before the hours of 7 o'clock in the morning or after the hour of 6 o'clock in the evening. The presence of such child in any establishment during working hours shall be prima facie evidence of its employment therein. No boy under the age of 18 years or girl under the age of 21 years shall be employed, permitted, or suffered to work in, about, or in connection with any establishment or occupation named in section 12993 (1) for more than six days in any on« week, (2) nor more than 54 hours in any week, (3) nor more than 10 hours in any one day, (4) or before the hour of 6 o'clock in the morning or after the hour of 10 o'clock in the evening. In estimating such periods, the time spent at different employments or under different employers shall be considered as a whole and not separately. Sec. 12996-1. No person having charge or management of a telephone, telegraph, or messenger office or company shall employ a boy under the age of 18 years to work as a messenger in connection with such office or company before the hour of 6 o'clock in the morning or after the hoiu* of 9 o'clock in the evening of any day. Sec. 12997. A boy or girl employed as provided in section 12996-1, shall be entitled to not less than 30 consecutive minutes for meal time within five hours from the time of beginning work which shall not be included as a part of the work hours of the day or week. Sec. 12998. No child under 16 years of age shall be employed, permitted, or suffered to work in, about, or in connection with any establishment or occupation named in section 12993 unless the person, firm, or corporation employing such child keeps two complete lists of names together with the ages of all boys under 16 years of age and all girls under 18 years of age employed in or for such establishment or in such occupation, one on file and one conspicuously posted near the principal entrance of the place or establishment in which such children are employed. Every employer shall post and keep posted in a conspicuous place in eveiy room where any boy under the age of 18, or any girl under the age of 21 is employed, per- mitted, or suffered to work, a printed notice stating the maximum number of hours such person may be required or permitted to work on each day of the week, the hours of commencing and stopping work, and the hours allowed for dinner or for meals. The printed form of such notices shall be furnished by the chief inspector of work- shops and factories and the employment of any minor for a longer time in any day than so stated, or at any time other than as stated in said printed notice shall be deemed a violation of the provisions of this act. Sec. 12999. The notice provided in section 12998 shall he formulated by the chief inspector of workshops and factories, approved by the attorney general, and furnished by such inspector upon application therefor. 118 COMPULSORY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. Sec. 13001. No child under the age of 16 years shall be employed, permitted, or sufCered to work at any of the following occupations or any of the following positions: (1) Adjusting any belt to any machinery; (2) sewing or lacing machine belts iu any workshop or factory; (3) oiling, wiping, or cleaning machinery or assisting therein; (4) operating or assisting in operating any of the following machines: (a) circular or band saws; (b) wood shapers; (c) wood jointers; (d) planers; (e) sandpaper or wood- polishing machinery; (f) woodturmng or boring machinery; (g) picker machines or machines used in picking wool, cotton, hair, or any other material; (h) carding ma- chines; (i) paper-lace machines; (j) leather-burnishing machines; (k) job or cylinder printing presses operated by power other than foot power; (1) boring or drill presses; (m) stamping machines used in sheet-metal and tinware, or in paper and leather manufacturing, or in washer and nut factories; (n) metal or paper cutting machines; (o) corner-staying machines in paper-box factories; (p) corrugating rolls, such as are used in corrugated paper, roofing, or washboard factories; (q) steam boilers; (r) dough brakes or cracker machinery of any description; (s) wire or iron straightening or draw- ing machinery; (t) rolling-mill machinery; (u) power punches or shears; (v) washing, grinding, or mixing machinery; (w) calendar rolls in paper and rubber manufactur- ing; (x) laundering machines; (y) burring machinery; (5) or in proximity to any hazard- ous or unguarded belts, machinery, or gearing; (6) or upon any railroad, whether steam, electric, or hydraulic; (7) or upon any vessel or boat engaged in naAdgation or commerce within the jurisdiction of this State. Sec. 13002. No child under the age of 16 years shall be employed, permitted, or suffered to work in any capacity (1) in, about, or in connection with any processes in which dangerous or poisonous acids are used; (2) nor in the manufactxire or packing of paints, colors, white or red lead; (3) nor in soldering; (4) nor in occupations causing dust in injurious quantities; (5) nor in the manufacture or use of dangerous or poison- ous dyes; (6) nor in the manufacture or preparation of compositions with dangerous or poisonous gases; (7) nor in the mamifacture or use of compositions of lye in which the quantity thereof is injurious to health; (8) nor on scaffolding; (9) nor in heavy work in the building trades; (10) nor in any tunnel excavation; (11) nor in, about, or in connection with any mine, coal breaker, coke oven, or quarry; (12) nor in assorting, manufacturing, or packing tobacco; (13) nor in operating any automobile, motor car, or truck; (14) nor in a bowUng alley; (15) nor in a pool or billiard room; (16) nor in any other occupation dangerous to the life and limb, or injurious to the health or morals of such child. Sec. 13003. The State board of health may, from time to time, after a hearing duly had, determine whether or not any particular trade, process of manufacture, or occu- pation in which the employment of children under the age oi 16 years is not already forbidden by law, or any particular method of carrying on such trade, process of manu- facture, or occupation, is sufficiently dangerous to the lives or limbs or injurious to the health or morals of children under 16 years of age to justify their exclusion there- from. No child under 16 years of age shall be employed, permitted, or suffered to work in any occupation thus determined to be dangerous or injurious to such children. There shall be a right of appeal to the common pleas court from any such determina- tion. Sec. 13005. No female under the age of 21 years shall be engaged or permitted to work at any employment which compels her to remain standing constantly while on duty. Sec. 13006. No female visitor, truant officer, factory inspector, or other officer thereunto authorized by this chapter shall be prevented, as provided by law, from entering, at any time, a shop, factory, or mercantile establishment for the purpose of making a lawful inspection thereof. Sec. 13007-1. An inspector of factories, truant officer, or other officer charged with the enforcement of this act may make demand on any employer in or about whose COMPULSOEY EDUCATION AND CHILD LABOR IN OHIO. 119 place or establisliment a child apparently under the age of 16 years is employed or permitted or suffered to work, and whose employment certificate is not filed as required by this act, that such employer shall furnish him, within 10 days, satisfactory evidence that such child is in fact over 16 years of age. The inspector of factories, truant officer, or other officer charged with the enforcement of this act, shall require from sudi employer the same evidence of age of such child as is required upon the issuance of an. employment certificate, and the employer furnishing such evidence shall not be required to furnish any further evidence of the age of the child: Provided, That nothing herein contained shall be construed as permitting any of the acts prohibited by other sections of this chapter or as in any way exempting such employer from prosecution under other sections of this chapter. Sec. 13007-2. In case any employer shall fail to produce and deliver to a factory inspector, truant officer, or other officer charged with the enforcement of this act, witt-in 10 days after demand made pursuant to section 13007-1 of this act, the evidence of age therein required, proof of the making of such demand and of such failure to produce and file such evidence shall be prima facie evidence of the illegal employment of such child in any prosecution brought therefor. Sec. 13007-3. No child under the age of 18 years shall be employed, permitted, or suffered to work (1) in or about or in connection with blast furnaces, docks, or wharves; (2) in the outside erection or repair of electric wires; (3) in the running or management of elevators, lifts, or hoisting machines or dynamos; (4) in oiling or cleaning machinery in motion; (5) in the operation of emery wheels or any abrasive, polishing, or biiffiug wheel where articles of the baser metals or iridium are manufactured; (6) at switch tending; (7) gate tending; (8) track repairing; (9) or as brakeman, fireman, engineers, motormen, or conductors upon railroads; (10) or as railroad telegraph operators; (11) as pilots, firemen, or engineers upon boats and vessels; (12) or in or about establish- ments wherein nitroglycerin, dynanaite, dualin, guncotton, gunpowder, or other high or dangerous explosives are manufactured, compounded, or stored; (13) or in the manufacture of white or yellow phosphorus or phosphorous matches; (14) or in any distillery, brewery, or any other establishment where malt or alcoholic liquors are manufactured, packed, wrapped, or bottled; (15) or in any hotel, theater, concert hall, place of amusement, or any other establishment where intoxicating liquors are sold; (16) nor any boy under 16 or girl under 18 in any theater or other place of amuse- ment, except on the stage thereof when not otherwise prohibited by law. Sec. 13007-4. The State board of health may, from time to tioae, after hearing duly had, determine whether or not any particular trade, process of manufacture, or occu- pation, in which the employment of children under 18 years of age is not already forbidden by law, or any particular method of carrying on such trade, process of manu- facture, or occupation is sufficiently- dangerous to the lives or limbs or injurious to the health or morals of children under 18 years of age to justify their exclusion therefrom. No child under 18 years of age shall be employed, permitted, or suffered to work in any occupation thus determined to be dangerous or injurious to such children. There shall be a right of appeal to the common pleas court from any such determination. Sec. 13007-5. No person under 21 years of age shall be emi^loyed, permitted, or suffered to work in, about, or in connection with any saloon or barroom where intoxi- cating liquors are sold or to handle intoxicating liquors in any way. Sec. 13007-6. No female under 21 years of age shall be employed, permitted, or suffered to work in or about any (1) mine, (2) quarry, (3) or coal breaker, except in the office thereof, (4) or in oiUng or cleaning machinery while in motion. Sec. 13007-7. It shall be the duty of factory inspectors, truant officers, and other officers charged with the enforcement of laws relating to the employment of minors to make complaints against any person violating any of the provisions of this act and to prosecute the same. This shall not be construed as a limitation upon the right of other persons to make and prosecute such complaints. 120 COMPULSORY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. Sec. 13007-8. Any person who with the intent to assist a minor to procure employ- ment knowingly makes a false statement regarding the age of such minor either to an employer of labor or to an officer authorized to issue age and schooling certificates as provided by law, shall be fined not less than $25 nor more than $50. Sec. 13007-9. Any person, firm, or corporation, agent or manager of any firm or corporation, who, wliether for himself or for such firm or corporation, or by himself, or through agents, servants, or foreman, employs any child or girl under the age of 21, and whoever having under his control as parent, guardian, custodian, or otherwise any child permits or suffers such child or girl to be employed or to work in violation of any of the provisions of this chapter shall, for a first offense, be punished by a fine of not less than $5 nor more than $50; for a second offense by a fine of not less than $50 nor more than $200, or by imprisonment for not more than 30 days or by both such fine and imprisonment; for a third offense by a fine of not less than $200, or by impris- onment for not more than 60 days, or by both such fine and imprisonment. Sec. 13007-10. Whoever continues to employ any child or girl under 21 in violation of any of the provisions of this chapter, after being notified thereof in writing by a factory inspector, truant officer, or other officer charged with the enforcement of this act, shall, for every day thereafter that such employment continues, be fined not less than $5 nor more than $20. Sec. 13007-11. Every employer who fails to procure and keep on file employment certificates for all children employed under the age of 16 years, or to return the same as provided by section 12995 of the General Code, or who fails to keep and post lists or the notice, as provided in section 12998 of the General Code, shall be fined not less than $25 nor more than $100. Sec. 13007-12. Any person, firm, or corporation who (1) hinders or delays any fac- tory inspector, truant officer, or any other officer charged with the enforcement of any of the provisions of this act in the performance of his or her duties (2) or refuses to admit or locks out any such officer from any place which said inspectors or officers are authorized to inspect, shall be punished by a fine of not less than $25 nor more than $200, or by imprisonment for not less than 10 days nor more than 30 days, or by both such fine and imprisonment. Sec. 13007-13. Any person authorized to sign any certificate, affidavit, or paper called for by this act, who knowingly certifies to any materially false statement therein, shall be fined not less than $25 nor more than $100. Sec. 13007-14. Any child working in or in connection with any of the establish- ments or places or in any of the occupations mentioned in this chapter, who refuses to give to the inspector of workshops and factories or other authorized inspector or truant officer his or her name, age, and place of residence shall be forthwith conducted by the inspector, truant officer, or other officer before the juvenile court or other court having jurisdiction in the premises for examination and to be dealt with according to law. Sec. 13018. When a person is convicted, sentenced, and fined under any provision of this subdivision of this chapter, in a workhouse, the county from which he is so convicted, sentenced, and confined upon the warrant of the county auditor of such county, and out of the general revenue fund thereof, shall pay monthly 60 cents for each day he is so confined to the trustee appointed by the court under any of such pro- visions, to be expended by such trustees for the maintenance of the child or children under 16 years of age, of such person as provided in such provisions. Sec. 3. This act shall take effect in the manner provided in section Ic of Article II of the constitution of the State of Ohio, except that the amendments of section 1652 and 2084 shall not take effect until the 1st day of July, 1914. ATTENDANCE AND CHILD LABOR IN MASSACHUSETTS, 121 MASSACHUSETTS. [Revised Laws, Chapter 44, as Amended.] SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. ATTENDANCE COMPULSORY BETWEEN 7 AND 14 YEARS OF AGE AND UNDER 10 IN CERTAIN CASES. Section 1. Every child between 7 and 14 years of age and every child under 16 years of age who can not read at sight and write legibly simple sentences in the English language shall attend some public day school in the city or town in which he resides dur- ing the entire time the public day schools are in session, subject to such exceptions as to children, places of attendance, and schools as are provided for in section 3 of chapter 42 and sections 3, 5, and 6 of this chapter. The superintendent of schools, or if there is no superintendent of schools, the school committee, or teachers acting under author- ity of said superintendent or committee, may excuse cases of necessary absence. The attendance of a child upon a public day school shall not be required if he has attended for a like period of time a prh^ate day school approved by the school committee of such city or town in accordance with the provisions of the following section, or if he has been otherwise instructed for a like period of time in the branches of learning required by law to be taught in the public schools, or if he has already acquired such branches of learning, or if his physical or mental condition is such as to render such attendance inexpedient or impracticable. Every person having under his control a child as described in this section, shall cause him to attend school as herein required, and if he fails for 5 day sessions or 10 half-day sessions within any period of six months while under such control to cause such child, whose physical or metnal condition is not such as to render his attendance at school harmful or impracticable, so to attend school, he shall, upon complaint by a truant officer and conviction thereof, be punished by a fine of not more than |20: Provided, however, That no physical or mental condition which is capable of correction, or which renders the child a fit subject for special instruction at public charge in institutions other than the public day schools, shall avail as a defense under the provisions of this section unless it shall be made to appear that the defendant has employed all reasonable measures for the correction of the condition or the suitable instruction of the child. Whoever induces or attempts to induce a child to absent himself unlawfully from school, or employs or harbors a child who, while school is in session, is absent unlawfully from school shall be punished by a fine of not more than $50. WHEN private SCHOOLS MAY BE APPROVED. Sec. 2. For the purposes of the preceding section school committees shall approve a private school only when the instruction in all the studies required by law is in the English language, and when they are satisfied that such instruction equals in thor- oughness and efficiency and in the progress made therein the instruction in the public schools in the same city or town; but they shall not refuse to approve a private school on account of the religious teaching therein. [Revised Laws, Chapter 46.] TRUANTS AND TRUANT SCHOOLS. COUNTY TRUANT SCHOOLS.^ Section 1. The county commissioners of each county, except the counties of Barnstable, Berkshire, Franklin, Hampshire, Dukes, and Nantucket, shall maintain either separately or jointly with the commissioners of other counties as hereinafter 1 Name changed to County Training Schools. 122 COMPULSORY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. provided, in a suitable place, not at or near a penal institution, a truant school for the instruction and training of children committed thereto as habitual truants, absentees, or school offenders. The county commissioners of two or more counties may, at the expense of said counties, establish and maintain a union truant school which shall be organized and controlled by the chairmen of the county commissioners of said counties. The chairmen of the respective boards of county commissioners of the counties of Norfolk, Bristol, and Plymouth, having the management of the Norfolk, Bristol, and Plymouth union truant school, shall each be paid the sum of $100 annually by said counties, respectively. The county commissioners of the counties of Barn- stable, Berkshire, Franklin, Hampshire, Dukes, and Nantucket shall assign a truant school established by law as the place for the instruction and training of children committed within their respective counties as habitual truants, absentees, or school offenders, and shall pay for their support in said school such reasonable sum as the county commissioners having control of said school may determine. For the pur- poses of this chapter the parental school of the city of Boston shall be deemed the county truant school of the county of Suffolk, and commitments from the towns of Revere and Winthrop and the city of Chelsea shall be to the truant school for the county of Middlesex. The city or town from which an habitual truant, absentee, or school offender is committed to a county truant school shall pay to the county within which it is located $1 a week toward his support; but the towns of Revere and Winthrop and the city of Chelsea shall pay to the county of Middlesex, for the support of each child committed to the truant school of said county, $2.50 a week, and such additional sums for each child as shall cover the actual cost of maintenance. VISITATION BY STATE BOARD OF EDUCATION AND BY THE STATE BOARD OP CHARITY. Sec. 2. County truant schools shall be subject to visitation by the board of education and by the State board of charity, and said boards shall report thereon annually to the general court. HABITUAL TRUANTS. Sec. 3. A child between 7 and 14 years of age who willfully and habitually absents himself from school contrary to the provisions of section 1 of chapter 44 shall be deemed to be an habitual truant, and unless placed on probation as provided in section 7 of this chapter, may, upon complaint by a truant officer and conviction thereof, if a boy, be committed to a county truant school, and, if a girl, to the State industrial school for girls; but if the girl is under 12 years of age she shall be committed to the custody of the State board of charity, if they so request, for not more than two years. HABITUAL absentees. Sec. 4. A child between 7 and 16 years of age who may be found wandering about in the streets or public places of any city or town, having no lawful occupation, habitually not attending school, and growing up in idleness and ignorance, shall be deemed to be an habitual absentee, and, unless placed on probation as provided in section 7, may, upon complaint by a truant officer or any other person and conviction thereof, if a boy, be committed to a county truant school, or to the Lyman school for boys, and, if a girl, to the State industrial school for girls; but if the girl be under 12 years of age she shall be committed to the custody of the State board of charity, if they so request, for not more than two years. HABITUAL SCHOOL OFFENDERS. Sec. 5. A child under 14 years of age who persistently violates the reasonable regula- tions of the school which he attends, or otherwise persistently misbehaves therein, so as to render himself a fit subject for exclusion therefrom, shall be deemed to be an habitual school offender, and, unless placed on probation as provided in section 7, may, upon complaint by a truant officer and conviction thereof, if a boy, be committed ATTENDANCE AND CHILD LABOE IN MASSACHUSETTS. 123 to a county truant school, or to the Lyman school for boys, and, if a girl, to the State industrial school for girls; but if the girl be under 12 years of age she shall be com- mitted to the custody of the State board of charity, if they so request, for not more than two years. SUPPORT OF INMATES OF TRUANT SCHOOLS. Sec. 6. The court or magistrate by whom a child has been committed to a county truant school may make an order relative to the payment by his parents to the county of the cost of his support while in said school, and may from time to time revise and alter such order or make a new order as the circumstances of the parents may justify. TRUANTS ON PROBATION. Sec. 7. A court or magistrate by whom a child has been convicted of an offense under the provisions of this chapter may place such a child on probation under the oversight of a truant officer of the city or town in which the child resides, or of a probation officer of said court, for such period and upon such conditions as said court or magistrate may deem best; and if, within such period, the child violates the conditions of his proba- tion, such truant officer or probation officer may, without warrant or other process, take the child before the court, and the court may thereupon sentence him or may make any other lawful disposition of the case. PERMITS TO BE AT LIBERTY; ALSO RELEASES. Sec. 8. County commissioners, if they think it will be for the best interest of any child who has been committed to a county truant school under their control, after notice and an opportunity to be heard has been given to the superintendent of schools or, if there is no superintendent, to the school committee of the city or town from which such child was committed to said school, may permit him to be at liberty upon such conditions as said commissioners may deem best; or, with the approval of the court which imposed the sentence, they may discharge him from said school; and upon such parole or discharge they shall make an entry upon their records of the name of such child, the date of parole or discharge and the reason therefor; and a copy of such record shall be transmitted to the court or magistrate by whom such child was committed and to the school committee of the city or town from which he was committed. If such child, in the opinion of said commissioners, violates the conditions of Ms parole at any time previous to the expiration of the term for which he was committed to said school, such parole may be revoked. If a superintendent of schools or a school committee furnishes evidence satisfactory to said commissioners of the violation by a child of the conditions of liis parole, said commissioners shall revoke such parole, and may there- upon issue an order directed to the truant or police officers of any city or town to arrest such child wherever found and return him to said school. Such officer shall arrest such child and return him to said school, where he shall be held, subject to the provi- sions of this chapter, for the residue of the term of the original sentence. The expense of such arrest and return, so far as approved by the commissioners, shall be paid by the county or counties maintaining said school. A child who has been committed to a county truant school, whether he be confined at the county truant school or on parole as provided in this section, shall be discharged from the custody and care of such school upon his becoming 16 years of age. Releases from the parental school of the city of Boston shall be governed by the provisions of chapter 514 of the acts of the year 1896, and shall be made by the trustees for children, who shall have and exercise the powers given by said chapter to the institutions commissioner of said city. TEMPORARY RELEASE FROM TRUANT SCHOOL. Sec 9. If a near relation of a child who is confined on a sentence as an habitual truant, habitual absentee, or habitual school offender dies or is seriously ill, any member of the board of trustees or county commissioners having charge of the insti- 124 COMPULSOEY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. tution may order such child to be released for a specified time, either with or without the custody of the superintendent or other officer, and may revoke, extend, or other- wise modify such order. The expenses incurred in serving such order shall be approved and paid in the same manner as other expenses of the institution in which the child is confined. DISPOSITION OF VICIOUS INMATES. Sec. 10. An inmate of a county truant school or of the parental school of the city of Boston who persistently violates the reasonable regulations thereof,, or is guilty of indecent or immoral conduct, or otherwise grossly misbehaves, so as to render him- self an unfit subject for retention therein, may, upon complaint by the officer in control of said school and conviction thereof, if under 15 years of age, be committed to the Lyman School for Boys; if over 15 years of age, to the Massachusetts Reformatory. If a girl who is committed to the custody of the State board of charity under section 3, 4, or 5 of this chapter proves unmanageable in a private family, she may be com- mitted by the State board of charity to the State industrial school for girls. SUMMONSES, WARRANTS, JURISDICTION. Sec. 11. Police, district, and municipal courts and trial justices shall have juris- diction of offenses arising under the provisions of section 1 of chapter 44 and under the provisions of this chapter. A summons or warrant issued by such court or justice may be served, at the discretion of the court or magistrate, by a truant officer or by any officer qualified to serve criminal process. Upon complaint against a child for any such offense the parents, guardian, or custodian of the child shall be notified as is required by section 17 of chapter 86.^ A child against whom complaint as a habitual absentee is brought by any other person than a truant officer shall not be committed until notice and an opportunity to be heard have been given to the State board of charity. TRUANT OFFICERS. Sec. 12. The school committee of every city and town shall appoint and fix the compensation of one or more truant officers, who may be either male or female as the committee may decide, and shall make regulations for their government. Truant officers shall not receive fees for their services. The school committee of two or more cities or towns may employ the same truant officers. duties OF TRUANT OFFICERS. Sec. 13. Truant officers shall inquire into all cases arising under the provisions of sections 1 and 6 of chapter 44 and sections 3, 4, and 5 of this chapter, and may make complaints and servo legal processes issued under the provisions of this chapter. They shall have the oversight of children placed on probation under the provisions of section 7. A truant officer may apprehend and take to school, without a varrant, any truant or absentee found wandering about in the streets or public places thereof. commitment of habitual truants, habitual absentees, and habitual school offenders. Chapter 389, acts of 1906, provides as follows: Section 1. Habitual truants, habitual absentees, and habitual school offenders shall be committed to truant schools, however named, for the instruction and training of children, and now provided for by the several counties, and not to any other insti- tution or place. Sec. 2. This act shall not apply to the Plummer Farm School of Reform for Boys, at Winter Island, in Salem. 1 Of the Revised Laws. See also chapter 314, section 4, acts of 1906. ATTENDANCE AND CHILD LABOR IN MASSACHUSETTS. 125 EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN. [Chapter 514, Acts of 1909, as amended.] GENERAL PROVISIONS. Sec. 17. The following words and phrases, as used in all laws relative to the employ- ment of labor shall, unless a different meaning is plainly required by the context, have the following meanings: " Child " or " minor ' ' shall mean a person under 18 years of age, except that in regard to the compulsory attendance of illiterate minors at day or evening schools, the word "minor" shall mean a person under the age of 21 years. " Factory" shall qiean any premises where steam, water, or other mechanical power is used in aid of any manufacturing process there carried on. "Mercantile establishments" shall mean any premises used for the purposes of trade in the purchase or sale of any goods or merchandise, and any premises used for the purposes of a restaurant or for publicly providing and serving meals. "Public building" shall mean any building or premises used as a public or private institution, church, theater, public hall, place of public entertainment, resort, or assemblage. "Schoolhouse" shall mean any building or premises in which public or private instruction is afforded to not less than 10 pupils at one time. "Workshop" shall mean any premises, room, or place, which is not a factory as above defined, wherein manual labor is exercised by way of trade or for purposes of gain in or incidental to a process of making, altering, repairing, ornamenting, finishing, or adapting for sale any article or part of an article, and to which or over which premises, room, or place the employer of the persons working therein has the right of access or control; but the exercise of such manual labor in a private house or private room by the family dwelling therein or by any of them or if a majority of the persons therein em- ployed are members of sucL family, shall not of itself constitute such house or room a workshop within this definition. WHEN CHILDREN UNDER 14 AND CHILDREN OVER 14 AND UNDER 16 MAY NOT BE EMPLOYED. Sec. 56. No child under the age of 14 years, and no child who is over 14 and under 16 years of age who does not have a certificate as required by the four following sections certifying to the cliild's ability to read at sight and to write legibly simple sentences in the EngUsh language, shall be employed in any factory, workshop, or mercantile establishment. The a])ility to read at sight and to write legibly simple sentences in the English language shall be construed as meaning such ability to read and write as is required for admission to the fourth grade of the public schools of the city or town in which such minor lives. No child under the age of 14 years shall be employed at work performed for wages or other compensation, to whomsoever payable, during the hours when the public schools of the city or town in which he resides are in session, or be employed at work before 6 o'clock in the morning or after 7 o'clock in the evening. But minors to whom the provisions of this section apply shall be permitted to work on Saturdays between the hours of 6 in the morning and 7 in the evening in mercantile establishments. PROVISIONS RELATING TO EMPLOYMENT OP CHILDREN UNDER 16 AND MINORS. Sec. 57. No child under 16 years of age shall be employed in a factory, workshop, or mercantile establishment unless his employer procures and keeps on file, accessible to the tniant officers of the city or town, and to the district police and inspectors of factories and public buildings, an age and schooling certificate and keeps two com- plete lists of all such minors employed therein, one on file, and one conspicuously posted near the principal entrance of the building in which such diildren are em- 126 COMPULSORY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. ployed, and also keeps on file and sends to the superintendent of schools, or, if there is no superintendent, to the school committee, a complete list of the names of all minors employed therein who can not read at sight and write legibly simple sentences in the English language. AGE AND SCHOOLING CERTIFICATES OP MINORS. Sec. 58. An age and schooling certificate shall be approved only by the superintend- ent of schools or by a person authorized by him in writing, or, if there is no super- intendent of schools, by a person authorized by the school committee; but no member of a school committee or other person authorized as aforesaid shall approve such certificate for any minor then in or about to enter his own employment or the employ- ment of a firm or corporation of which he is a member, officer, or employee. The printed form of such age and schooling certificate shall be provided by the chief of the district police. No such certificate shall be approved by any person unless he is satisfied that the minor therein named is able to read at sight and to write legibly sim- ple sentences in the English language, as is required for admission to the fourth grade of the public schools of the city or town in which such minor lives, nor until such person has received a certificate signed by a physician, as provided in chapter 502 of the act of the year 1906 and acts passed in amendment thereof, or by a physician appointed by the school committee, stating that said minor has been examined by him and in his opinion is in sufficiently sound health and physically able to perform the work, which the minor intends to do: Provided, however, That the age and schooling certificate may be approved and issued without a physician's certificate if there shall be on file in connection with the public schools a written record in regard to the child's physical condition made within one year and the person authorized to approve said age and schooling certificate after having examined such record shall certify that in his opinion said minor is in sufficiently sound health and physically able to perform the work which the minor intends to do. The person who approves the certificate may ad- minister the oath provided for therein, but no fee shall be charged therefor. Sec. 59. An age or schooling certificate shall not be approved unless satisfactory evidence is furnished by a certificate of birth or baptism of such minor, or by the register of birth of such minor with a city or town clerk, that such minor is of the age stated in the certificate, except that other evidence, under oath, may be accepted in the case the superintendent or person authorized by the school committee, as provided in the preceding section, decides that neither the certificate of birth or baptism, nor the register of birth is available for the purpose. The certificate of the superintendent of the Lyman School for Boys or of the State industrial school for girls given to a child who has been an inmate of such school, shall be sufficient evidence as to the age and ability to read at sight and to write legibly simple sentences in the English language. EMPLOYMENT TICKET AND AGE AND SCHOOLING CERTIFICATE. Sec. 60. The age and schooling certificate of a minor under 16 years of age shall not be approved and signed until he presents to the person who is authorized to approve and sign it an employment ticket duly filled out and signed. A duplicate of each age and schooling certificate shall be filled out and shall be kept on file by the school committee. Any explanatory matter may, in the discretion of the school committee or superintendent of schools, be printed with such certificate. The employment ticket and the age and schooling certificate, shall be separately printed and shall be filled out, signed, and held or surrendered as indicated in the following forms: Employment Ticket, St. 1909, c. , § When [name of minor] , height [feet and inches] , complexion [fair or dark] , hair [color] , presents an age and schooling certificate duly signed, I intend to employ [him or her]. (Signature of intending employer or agent.) (Town or city and date.) ATTENDANCE AND CHILD LABOR IN MASSAC fEUSETTS. 127 vVge and Schooling Oertifioatp;, St. 1909, e. , § This certifies that I am the [father, mother, guardian, or custodian] of [name of minor] , and tliat [he or she] was born at [name of city or town] , in the county of [name of county, if known] , and State [or country] of . on the [day and year of birth] , and is now [number of years and months] old. (Signature of father, mother, guardian, or custodian.) (City or town and date.) Then personally appeared before me the above named [name of person signing] , and made oath that the foregoing certificate by [him or her] signed is true to the best of Piis or herj knowledge and beUef. I hereby approve the foregoing certificate of [name of minor] , height [feet and inches] , complexion[fair or dark] , hair [color] , having no sufficient reason to doubt that [he or she] is of the age therein certified. I hereby certify and am satisfied that [lie or she] can read at sight and can write legibly simple sentences in the English language. I further certify that in my opinion (or in the opinion of the physician by whom said minor has been examined in accordance with section 58 of the above chapter) he (or she) is in sufficiently sound health and physically able to perform the work which he (or she) intends to do. This certificate belongs to [name of minor in whose behalf it is drawn] , and is to be surrendered to [him or her] whenever [he or she] leaves the service of the cor- poration or employer holding the same; but if not claimed by said minor within 80 days after such time, it shall be returned to the superintendent of schools, or, if there is no superintendent of schools, to the school committee. (Signature of person authorized to approve and sign with ofSeial character or authority.) (City or town and date.) In the case of a minor who can not read at sight and write legibly simple sentences in the English language the certificate shall continue as follows, after the word "language": I hereby certify that [he or she] is regularly attending the [name] public evening school. This certificate shall continue in force only so long as the regular attendance of said minor at the evening school is indorsed weekly by a teacher thereof. PENALTY FOR CERTIFYING TO FALSE STATEMENT. ■^Tioever, being authorized to sign the foregoing certificate, knowingly certifies to any materially false statement therein shall be punished by a fine of not more than $50. ILLEGAL EMPLOYMENT OF MINORS AND DUTIES OF TRUANT OFFICERS. Sec. 61. Whoever employs a minor under the age of 16 years, and whoever pro- cures or, having under his control a minor under such age, permits such minor to be employed in violation of the provisions of sections 56 and 57 of this act, shall for each offense be punished by a fine of not more than $300, or by imprisonment for not more than six months, or by both such fine and imprisonment; and whoever con- tinues to employ a minor in violation of the provisions of either of said sections, after being notified thereof by a truant officer or by an inspector of factories and public buildings, shall for every day thereafter while such employment continues be pun- ished by a fine of not less than $20 nor more than $100, or by imprisonment for not more than six months; and whoever forges, or procures to be forged, or assists in forg- ing a certificate of birth of such minor, and whoever presents or assists in presenting a forged certificate of birth to a school committee or to the person authorized by law to receive certificates, for the purpose of fraudulently obtaining the school certificate mentioned in section 60, shall be punished by a fine of not less than $100 nor more than $500, or by imprisonment for not less than three months nor more than one year, or by both such fine and imprisonment. Sec. 62. Truant officers may visit the factories, workshops, and mercantile estab- lishments in their several cities and towns and ascertain whether any minors are employed therein contrary to the provisions of this act, and shall report any cases of such illegal employment to the school committee and to the chief of the district 128 COMPULSOEY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. police or to the inspector of factories and public buildings. Inspectors of factories and public buildings shall visit all factories, worksbops, and mercantile establish- ments within their respective districts and ascertain whether any minors are employed therein contrary to the provisions of this act, and shall enter complaint against who- ever is found to have violated any of said provisions. An inspector of factories and public buildings who knowingly and willfully violates any provision of this section may be punished by a fine of not more than $100. Sec. 63. A truant officer may apprehend and take to school, without a warrant, any minor under the age of 16 years who is employed in any factory, workshop, or mercantile establishment in violation of the provisions of sections 56 and 57 of this act, and such truant officer shall forthwith report to the police, district, or municipal court or trial justice within whose judicial district the illegal employment occurs, the evidence in his possession relating to the illegal employment of any child so appre- hended, and shall make complaint against whomever the court or trial justice may direct. A truant officer who knowingly and willfully violates any provision of this section may be punished by a fine of not more than |100 for each offense. TRUANT OFFICERS AND INSPECTORS OP FACTORIES. Sec. 64. Inspectors of factories and public buildings and truant officers may require that the age and schooling certificates and lists of minors who are employed in factories, workshops, or mercantile establishments shall be produced for their inspection. A failure to produce to an inspector of factories and public buildings or to a truant officer an age and schooling certificate or list required by law shall be prima facie evidence of the illegal employment of any person whose age and schooling certificate is not produced or whose name is not so listed. A corporation or other employer or any agent or officer thereof who retains an age and schooling certificate in violation of the provisions of said certificate shall be punished by a fine of not less than $10 nor more than $100. Sec. 65. Police, district, and municipal courts and trial justices shall have juris- diction of offenses arising under the provisions of the four preceding sections. A summons or warrant issued by any such court or justice may be served, at the discre- tion of the court or magistrate, by an inspector of factories and public buildings, or by a truant officer, or by any officer qualified to serve criminal process. ILLITERATE MINORS MUST ATTEND EVENING SCHOOLS. Sec. 66. While a public evening school is maintained in the city or town in which any minor ^ resides who is over 14 years of age and who does not have a certificate signed by the superintendent of schools, or by the school committee, or by some per- son acting under authority thereof, certifying to his ability to read at sight and write legibly simple sentences in the English language, no person shall employ him, and no parent, guardian, or custodian shall permit him to be employed unless he is a regular attendant at such evening school or at a day school; but upon presentation by him of a certificate signed by a registered practising physician and satisfactory to the superintendent of schools, or, if there is no such superintendent, to the school committee, showing that his physical condition would render such attendance in addition to daily labor prejudicial to his health, said superintendent or school com- mittee shall issue a permit authorizing his employment for such period as said super- intendent or school committee may determine. Said superintendent or school com- mittee, or teachers acting under authority thereof, may excuse any absence from such evening school which arises from justifiable cause. Any minor not holding such 1 For law relating to minors over 14 and under 16 years of age see sec. 1, as amended, chap. 44, R. L., p. 121 of this pamphlet, and sec. 56, chap. 514, acts of 1909, p. 125, of this pamphlet. ATTENDANCE AND CHILD LABOR IN MASSACHUSETTS. 129 certificate shall furnish to his employer a record of his school attendance each week while the evening school is in session, and when said record shows unexcused absences from the sessions his attendance shall be deemed irregular according to this act. Whoever employs a minor in violation of the provisions of this section shall forfeit not more than $100 for each offense to the use of the evening schools of such city or town. A parent, guardian, or custodian who permits a minor under hia control to be employed in violation of the provisions of this section shall forfeit not more than $20 to the use of the evening schools of such city or town. PUBLIC EXHIBITION OF CHILDREN. Sec. 76. No person shall employ, exhibit, or sell, apprentice, or give away a child under 15 years of age for the j^urpose of employing or exhibiting him in dancing on the stage, playing on musical instruments, singing, walking on a wire or rope, or riding or performing as a gymnast, contortionist, or acrobat in a circus, theatrical exhibition, or in any public place, or cause, procure, or encourage such child to engage therein; but the provisions of this section shall not prevent the education of children in vocal and instrumental music or dancing or their employment as musicians in a church, chapel, school, or school exhibition, or prevent their taking part in any festival, concert, or musical exhibition upon the special written permission of the mayor and aldermen of a city or of the selectmen of a town. Whoever violates the provisions of this section shall be punished by a fine of not more than $200 or by imprisonment for not more than six months. Sec. 77. A license shall not be granted for a theatrical exhibition or public show in which children under 15 years of age are employed as acrobats or contortionists or in any feats of gymnastics or equestrianism, or in which such children who belong to the public schools are employed or allowed to take part as performers on the stage in any capacity, or if, in the opinion of the board authorized to grant licenses, such children are employed in such a manner as to corrupt their morals or impair their health; but the provisions of this section shall not prevent the granting of special permission authorized by the preceding section. LICENSING OP MINORS, BY SCHOOL COMMITTEES, TO ENGAGE IN CERTAIN OCCUPATIONS IN CITIES. Section 17, chapter 65, Revised Laws. The mayor and aldermen or selectmen may make regulations relative to'tlie exercise of the trade of bootblacldng by minors and to the sale by minors of any goods, wares, or merchandise the sale of which is permitted by section 15, and may prohibit such sales or such trade, or may require a minor to obtain from them a license therefor to be issued on terms and conditions prescril-ed in such regulations: Provided, That in the case of persons under the age of 14 years in the cities of the Commonwealtli the foregoing powers shall be vested in and exercised by the school committees of said cities. A minor who sells such articles or exercises sucli trade without a license if one is required or who violates the conditions of his license or any of the provisions of said regulations shall be punished by a fine of not more than |10 for each offense. Any person who, having a minor under his control, knowingly permits him to \T.o]ate the provisions of this act, and any pei'son who procures or employs a minor to violate the provisions of tliis act, and any person who either for himself or as agent of any other person or of any corporation kno-\vinglj^ furnishes or sells to any minor any of the articles above referred to witli knowledge that said minor intends to sell said articles in violation of the provisions of tliis act, and after haAdng received written notice from the school committee that the minor is unlicensed, shall be punished by a fine of not more than ^200 or by imprisonment for not more than six months. Truant and police officers shall enforce the provisions of this chapter. 14426°— 14 9 130 COMPULSORY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. EMPLOYMENT OF CERTAIN MINORS IN FACTORIES, WORKSHOPS, AND MERCANTILE ESTAB- LISHMENTS. Chapter 310, Acts of 1911, provides as follows: Section 1. No illiterate minor between the age of 16 and 21 years shall be employed in a factory, workshop, mechanical or mercantile establishment unless his employer procm'es and keeps on file, accessible to the truant ofl&cers of the city or town and to the district police and inspectors of factories and public buildings, a certificate showing that such minor is 16 years of age or over. Said certificate shall give the place and date of birth of such minor and his personal description. The printed form of the certificate shall be provided by the cliief of the district police and shall be approved by the attorney general. ADDITIONAL DUTIES OP TRUANT OFFICERS RELATIVE TO CARE OF INDIGENT AND NEG- LECTED CHILDREN. Chapter 356, Acts of 1904, provides as follows: Section 1. It shall be the duty of truant officers in cities and of the overseers of the poor in towns, as often as may be deemed necessary by them, to make diligent search throughout their respective cities and towns for children under the age of 16 who are suffering want through poverty, privation, or from the neglect of their parents or guardians, or of any other persons having them in charge or from any cause whatsoever. Sec. 2. Wliere such cliildren are found without parents or guardians or in charge of such parents or guardians as in the judgment of the officers or overseers aforesaid are unfit to care for children by reason of mental incapacity, dissolute habits, or poverty, it shall be the duty of the officers and overseers aforesaid to provide for the temporary care of sucb children until proceedings may be had against them if necessary, according to the provisions of chapter 334 of the acts of the year 1903. Sec. 3. Reasonable expenses incurred by the officers and overseers aforesaid in furnishing aid as provided by this act shall be paid by the city or town wherein the persons have legal settlements, and, if they are without settlement, by the Common- wealth, after approval by the State board of charity; and notice in writing shall be sent to the place of settlement or, if such persons are unsettled, to the State board of charity as is otherwise provided by law. VI.— BIBLIOGRAPHY OF COMPULSORY EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES. Anthony, John W. Compulsory education in Pennsylvania. In Pennsylvania state educational association. Department of city and borough superintendents. Proceedings, 1910. p. 11-18. Also in Pennsylvania school journal, 58: 481-88, May 1910. Baldwin, Benjamin J., and others. Compulsory education in the South. In Con- ference for education in the South. Proceedings, 1908. Nashville, Tenn., Published by the Executive committee (1908) p. 147-77. Belts, L. W. Burden bearers of progress. Outlook, 88: 94-96, January 11, 1908. Bodine, W.L. Throwing the burden of truancy on the parent. Charities, 17: 535-36, December 22, 1906. Boone, Richard G. Compulsory school attendance. In his Education in the United States . . . New York, D. Appleton and company, 1890. p. 326-31. Bibliography: p. 330-31. Brace, C. L. Cure for truancy. Charities, 15: 699-701, February 17, 1906. Brasher, M. N. How best to enforce the compulsory education laws. New Mexico journal of education, 6:- 32-35, February 15, 1910. Burchard, H. Compulsory education and compulsory military training. Nineteenth century, 56: 20-27, June 1904. Burks, Jesse D. IV. The compulsory attendance service. In New York city. Committee on school inquiry of the board of estimate and apportionment. Interim report: Educational aspects of the public school system. New York, 1911-12. p. 5-75. (Part II. Subdiv. 1. Elementary schools. Sec. F.— Problems in elementary school organization) Compulsory education. Western journal of education, 8: 174—80, April 1903. Connecticut. Board of education. Compulsory attendance. In Report, 1911. Hartford, Published by the state, 1911. p. 111-16. (Public document no. 8) Cook, W. A. A brief survey of the development of compulsory education in the United States. Elementary school teacher, 12: 331-35, March 1912. Cooper, Oscar H. Compulsory laws and their enforcement . . . Syracuse, N. Y., C. W. Bardeen, 1890. 6 p. 8°. (Papers on school issues of the day, 12) Dorr, R. C. New method of handling school truants. Hampton, 26: 77-78, Jan- uary 1911. Dutton, Samuel Train, and Snedden, David. Compulsory education and child labor legislation. In their The Administration of public education in the United States. New York, The Macmillan company, 1908. (new ed., 1912) p. 492-510. Bibliography: p. 509-10. Elliff, J. D. Report on the enforcement of the compulsory attendance law. In Missouri state teachers' association. Proceedings and addresses, 1909. Fulton, Mo., Gazette publishing co., 1910. p. 54-58. Giddings, F. H. Compulsory education and child labor; the social and legal aspect. In National education association. Journal of proceedings and addresses, 1905. p. 111-13. Griffin, Joseph T. Causes of truancy. In New York city. Superintendent of schools. Report, 1912. p. 245. Groszmann, Maximilian P. E. Legal jjrovision for exceptional children. In Na- tional education association. Journal of proceedings and addresses, 1911. p. 1070-77. 131 132 COMPULSORY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. Hall, Bert. Truancy: a few causes and a few cures. In National education associa- tion. Journal of proceedings and addresses, 1909. p. 217-22. Hallock, Henry Galloway. Compulsory education; do we need it? Princeton, N. J., Princeton university press, 1896. Hand, W. H. The need of compulsory education in the South. In Conference for education in the South. Proceedings, 1912. p. 55-70. • Some arguments for compulsory education. In Conference for education in the South. Proceedings, 1905. [Columbia, S. C, Presses of the state com- pany] 1905. p. 77-83. Statistics of illiteracy, p. 78-81. Haney, John Dearling. Digest of the compulsory education laws of the several states. In his Registration of city school children. New York city. Teachers' college, Columbia university, 1910. p. 51-55. (Teachers' college, Columbia uni- versity. Contributions to education, no. 30) Hanus, Paul H. The compulsory attendance service. In New York city. Com- mittee on school inquiry . . . Excerpt from the Report as a whole. New York, 1911-12. p. iii, v. Harris, William T. Compulsory attendance. In his Elementary education. New York [etc.] American book company [1910] p. 21-24. (Education in the United States, ed. by N. M. Butler. Monograph 3) ■ — ■ Compulsory education in relation to crime and social morals. InV. S. Bureau of education. Report of the Commissioner for the year 1898-99. v. 2. p. 1311-18. Hays, J. G. Compulsory education law with some adverse criticism. Pennsylvania school journal, 54: 397-403, March 1906. Hervey, Henry D. Compulsory education and the child labor laws. Is additional legislation needed? American education, 15: 256-60, February 1912. Hiser, P. N. Compulsory education in relation to the charity problem. In Con- ference of charities and corrections, 1900. p. 277-85. Jacobs, Q. T. How enforce the attendance law in rural communities. Ohio teacher, 29: 540-42, July 1909. Kelley, Florence M. Laws for the children's welfare. In National education asso- ciation. Journal of proceedings and addresses, 1908. p. 1222-28. Kennedy, J. B. Compulsory education. Elementary school teacher 13: 315-56, March 1913. ' ■ — Does South Carolina need a compulsory school system? Charities, 21: 961-64. Lord, Everett W. Child labor and public schools. New York, 1900. 16 p. (Pub- lications of the National child labor committee) Lovejoy, Owen R. The function of education in abolishing child labor. In National child labor committee. Proceedings, 1908. New York, 1908. p. 80-91. McCall, Charles A. Compulsory education laws. School exchange, 3: 50-65, Octo- ber 1908. Mark, Edgar N. Compulsory school attendance. In Southern educational asso- ciation. Journal of proceedings and addresses, 1907. p. 97-108. Also in Southern educational review, 5: 119-30, June-July 1908. Martin, G. H. Compulsory education and child labor; the school aspect. In Na- tional education association. Journal of proceedings and addresses, 1905. p. 103-11. Massachusetts. Board of education. Report, upon the feasibility of, and desira- bility of increasing the age of compulsory school attendance, in accordance with a Resolve of the Legislatwe of 1904. In its Annual report, 1903-1904. Boston, Wright and Potter printing co., 1905. p. 365-74. Mengel, Mrs. Herbert W. Compulsory school attendance in the South. In National education association . Journal of proceedings and addresses, 1908 . p . 1229-31 . BIBLIOGKAPHY. 133 Milton, George F. Compulsory education. In National child labor committee. Proceedings, 1908. New York, 1908. p. 57-66. Compulsory education and the Southern states. [Sewanee, 1908] 19 p. 8°. Reprinted from the Sewanee review for January 1908. Money, G. M. Enforced attendance for country schools. In Kentucky educational association. Proceedings, 1909. p. 208-12. Moore, Ernest Carroll. Compulsory education. Report to the Council of education on the need for a compulsory education law in California. Western journal of education, 8: 65-77, February 1903. — ■ Effect of compulsory education on the poor. Western journal of education, 7: 339-i5, June 1902. National child labor committee. Child labor laws in all states. Summary. Child labor bulletin, vol. 1, no. 2, August 1912. p. 1-77. Includes education provisions. New York city. Education dept. Organizing the work of attendance officers. In 14th annual report of the city superintendent of schools, July 31, 1912. p. 254-56. New York (State) Education dept. A summary of the compulsory attendance and child labor laws of the states and territories of the United States, comp. by James D. Sullivan. Albany, New York (State) Education department, 1907. 112 p. 8°. {lis Bulletin 406) New York's parental school. Harpers weekly, 54: 13, June 18, 1910. Nudd, Howard W. A description of the Bureau of compulsory education of the city of Philadelphia, showing how its organization and administration bear upon the problems of compulsory education in the city of New York. New York, Public education association of the city of New York, 1913. 62 p. 8°. How New York registers its children. Survey, 27 : 1777-80, February 17, 1912. Ohio. Supreme court. Compulsory education in Ohio. Patrick F. Quigley vs. the state of Ohio. Brief for defendant in error. Columbus, O., The Westbote CO., state printer [1892?] 78 p. 8°. (Cover-title) Palmer, L. E. New York's truancy problem. Charities, 15: 557-61, January 27, 1906. Parker, L. W. Compulsory education the solution of the child labor problem. Annals of the American academy of political and social science, 32: sup. 57-66, July 1908. Payne, Bruce P. Educational waste. Atlantic educational journal, 2: 7-9, 13, June 1907. Perrin, John W. Beginnings in compulsory education. Educational review, 25: 240-18, March 1903. Compulsory education in New England, 1850-90. Journal of pedagogy, 17: 261-76, June 1905. The history of compulsory education in New England. Meadville, Pa., 1896. 71 p. 8°. ' Indirect compulsory education — the factory laws of Massachusetts and Con- necticut. Educational review, 31: 383-94, April 1906. Rothert, Henry W. Compulsory education and its relations to the defective classes. Council Bluffs, Iowa school for the deaf press, 1904. 14 p. 12°. Scott, Laura. Summary of laws in force 1910; child labor . . . prepared under the direction of John R. Commons. New York, 1910. 139 p. 8°. (American association for labor legislation. Legislative review, no. 5) Shaw, William B. Compulsory education in the United States. Educational re- view, 3: 444-49, May 1892; 4: 47-52, 129^1, June, September 1892. Shoop, J. D. Home and truancy. In his Child in the city. p. 169-71 . 134 COMPULSORY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE. Sirakins, J. D. Compulsory school laws. Ohio educational monthly, 59: 335-41, July 1910. Sleed, Andrew. Compulsory education. In Southern educational association. Journal of proceedings and addresses, 1904. p. 78-94. Also in Southern educational review, 2: 376-93, October 1905. Smith, D. V. H. In a truant school. Living age, 272: 420-24, February 17, 1912. Snedden, David. Compulsory attendance. In A cyclopedia of education, ed. by Paul Monroe, vol. 1. New York, the Macmillan company, 1911. p. 285-95. References: p. 295. Sullivan, James D. Compulsory school attendance. Li New York (State) Educa- tion dept. 9th annual report, 1912. Albany, N. Y., 1913. p. 291-300. Texas. University. Department of extension. Public discussion and information division. Compulsory education and child labor (bibliography) Austin, Texas, University of Texas (1910) 11 p. 8°. (Bulletin of the University of Texas . . . Extension ser.) United States. Bureau of education. Compulsory attendance laws in the United States. In Report of the Commissioner for the year 1888-89. vol. 1. Wash- ington, Government printing office, 1891. p. 470-531. Compulsory education and child labor laws. In Report of the Com- missioner for the year 1910. Washington, Government printing office, 1910. p. 148-53. Truant schools. In Report of the Commissioner for the year 1899-1900. vol. 1. Washington, Government printing office, 1901. p. 85-211. Webster, William Clarence. Compulsory education. In his Recent centralizing tendencies in State educational administration. New York, Columbia uni- versity, 1897. p. 174-90 (Columbia university. Studies in history, economics and public law. v. 8, no. 2) States with laws and dates of passage, p. 35. INDEX. Absentees, reporting, 18-19. Age, compulsory attendance laws, 23; statistifs, 28-39. Anthony, J. W., on attendance officers, 22; on school census of Pennsylvania, 14, Arizona, compulsory attendance law, 10. Arkansas, compulsory attendance law, 10. Attendance, annual period, 23-24. Ayres, L. P., on school census of the United States, 14, Baden, continuation schools, compulsory attendance, 87. Balkan States, compulsory attendance laws, 89. Bavaria, continuation schools, compulsory attendance, 87. Bibliography, 131-134. « Bodine, W. I., on truancy in Chicago, 19. Buffalo, N. Y., school census, 13. California, compulsory attendance law, 10; truancy, 19. Census, school. See School census. Certificates, employment, 15-16. ASeeaZso Child labor, statistics Chicago, truancy, 19. Child labor, statistics, 56-77. Child labor laws, 24; Massachusetts, 121-130; Ohio, 111-120; Prussia, 97; social aspect, 16-17; Southern States, 106-107. Children, employment certificates; 15-16; proportion 6 to 14 years of age attending school, 25. Claxton, P. P., letter of transmittal, 5. Colorado, compulsory attendance law, 10. Columbus, Ohio, effect of irregular attendance on promotion, 18. Compulsory attendance, foreign countries, history and statistics, 87-93; United States, statistics, 28-39, 40-55. Connecticut, compulsory attendance law, 10; truancy, 20. Continuation schools (compulsory attendance), Germany, 87; Ontario, Canada, 87; Scotland, 87; Switzerland, 83. Dakota, compulsory attendance law, 10. Deffenbaugh, W. S., compulsory attendance laws in the United States, 7-77. Delaware, compulsory attendance law, 10. Denmark, compulsory attendance law, 85. District of Columbia, compulsory education law, 7, 10. Draper, A. S., on attendance oflacers, 20. Elementary schools, population and enrollment, Europe, 85; public, Prussia, statis- tics, 94. Employment certificates, children, 15-16, 56-77. England, compulsory attendance laws, 78-80. Enrollment, children of compulsory school age, 17-18; elementary schools, Europe, 85. Erdliff, J. D., and report on compulsory education in Missouri, 23. Exemptions, statistics, 28-39. Finland. See Russia. Flexner, Mary, on attendance officers, 21. Foreign countries, compulsory attendance, 78-93. 135 136 INDEX. France, compulsory attendance laws, 81. Germany, compulsory education, history and statistics, 94-98; continuation schools, compulsory provisions, 87. Giddings, F. H., on social aspect of compulsory education and child-labor laws, 16-17. Hand, W. H., the need of compulsory education in the South, 99-110. Hiser, 3Irs. Dorcas E., and truancy in Indianapolis, Ind., 22. Idaho, compulsory attendance law, 10. Illinois, compulsory attendance law, 10. Illiteracy, as measure of efficiency of a school system, 84-85; European countries, 85-86; negroes. Southern States, 109; Southern States, 99-105; statistics, German Empire, 98. Immigrant children, and compulsory education, 14-15. Indiana, attendance officers, 20-21; compulsory attendance law, 10. Indianapolis, Ind., truancy, 22. Iowa, compulsory attendance law, 10. Ireland, compulsory attendance laws, 80-81. Italy, compulsory attendance laws, 84, 86. Japan, compulsory attendance laws, 84. Kansas, compulsory attendance law, 10. Kentucky, compulsory attendance law, 10; reporting absentees, 18. Letter of transmittal, 5. Louisiana, compulsory attendance law, 10, 12. Lovejoy, 0. B., on child-labor laws, 24. Maine, compulsory attendance law, 10. Maryland, compulsory attendance law, 10. Massachusetts, attendance officers, 22; compulsory attendance law, 10; compulsory education and child-labor ^aws, 121-130; compulsory education laws, history, 7-9; school census, 13. Maxwell, W. H., on children with employment certificates, 15-16. Michigan, compulsory attendance law, 10. Minnesota, compulsory attendance law, 10. Missouri, compulsory attendance law, 10, 20. Montana, compulsory attendance law, 10. Nebraska, compulsory attendance law, 10. Negroes, compulsory attendance, 108-109; number attending school, 25. Netherlands, compulsory attendance laws, 84, 86-87. Nevada, compulsory attendance law, 10. New Hampshire, compulsory attendance law, 10. New Jersey, compulsory attendance law, 10. New Mexico, compulsory attendance law, 10. New Orleans, compulsory attendance, 12. New York, compulsory attendance law, 10; school census, 13-14. New York City, children with employment certificates, 15; highest rate of promotion, 17; school census, 13; truancy, 19-20. North Carolina, compulsory attendance law, 10. Northrop, B. G., on compulsory education law of Connecticut, 10-11. Officers, attendance, 20-22, 40-55. Ohio, compulsory attendance law, 10; compulsory education and child-labor laws, 111-120. Oklahoma, compulsory attendance and problem of poverty, 16; compulsory attend- ance law, 10. Ontario, continuation schools, compulsory attendance, 87. ■ Oregon, compulsory attendance law, 10. Parental schools, statistics, 40-55. INDEX. 137 Penalties, compulsory attendance laws, 23, 40-55. Pennsylvania, compulsory attendance law, 10; school census, 14. Period required, statistics, 28-39. Perrin, J. W., on compulsory education laws, 11-12. Philbrick, J. D., on needs of school census, 12-13. Pittsburgh, attendance officers, 22. Population, Em'opean countries, 85. Poverty, compulsory attendance and problem of, 16-17. Private schools, children transferring to and from, 15-16. Promotion, effect of irregular attendance, Columbus, Ohio, 18; New York City, high- est rate, 17. Prussia, public elementary schools, statistics, 94. Raleigh, N. C, compulsory attendance, 12. Recruits, preparatory courses, Switzerland, 83. Rhode Island, compulsory attendance law, 10. Richman, Julia, on immigrant children, 14-15. Rochester, N. Y., school census, 13. Roumania, compulsory attendance laws, 86. Russia, compulsory attendance laws, 88-89. Ryan, W. C, jr., Compulsory education in Germany, 94-98. St. Louis, truancy, 19. Saxony, continuation schools, compulsory attendance, 87. Scandinavian countries, compulsory attendance laws, 83-84. School attendance (1901-11), statistics, 26. School census, necessary factor to secure enrollment of pupils, 12-14. School year, average effective, 17. Scotland, compulsory attendance laws, 80; continuation schools, compulsory attend- ance, 87. Smith, Anna T., Compulsory attendance in foreign countries, 78-93. South America, compulsory attendance laws, 90. Southern States, and child labor, 106-107; illiteracy, 109; need of compulsory edu- cation, 99-110; truancy, 107. Sullivan, J. D., on school census, 13. Switzerland, continuation schools, 83; preparatory courses for recruits, 83. Tennessee, compulsory attendance law, 10. Truancy, 19-20; Southern States, 107. See also Officers, attendance. Turkey, compulsory attendance laws, 89-90. United States, compulsory attendance laws, 7-77; date of enactment of compulsory attendance laws, 10; opposition to compulsory education laws, 10-12. Utah, compulsory attendance law, 10. Vermont, compulsory attendance law, 10. Virginia, compulsory attendance law, 10. Washington, compulsory attendance law, 10. West Virginia, compulsory attendance law, 10. Wisconsin, compulsory attendance law, 10. Wurttemberg, continuation schools, compulsory attendance, 87. Wyoming, compulsory attendance law, 10. BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU OF EDUCATION. [Note. — With the exceptions indicated, the documents named below -will be sent free of charge upon application to the Commissioner of Education, WasMngton, D. C. Those marked with an asterisk (*) are no longer available for free distribution, but may be had of the Superiatendent of Documents, Govern- ment Prlntiag Office, Washington, D. C, upon payment of the price stated. Remittances should be made in coin, currency, or money order. Stamps are not accepted. Documents marked with a' dagger (t) are out of print.] 1906. fNo. 1. Education bUl of 1906 for EnglandandWalesasitpassed the House ofCommons. AnnaT. Smith. *No. 2. Grerman views of American education, with particular reference to industrial development. WiUiam N. Hailmarm. 10 cts. *No. 3. State school systems: Legislation and judicial decisions relating to public education, Oct. 1, 1904> to Oct. 1, 1906. Edward C. Elliott. 15 cts. 1907. tNo. 1. The continuation school in the United States. Arthm- J. Jones. *No. 2. Agricultural education, including nature study and school gardens. James R. Jewell. 15 cts. tNo. 3. The auxiliary schools of Germany. Six lectures by B. Maennel. tNo. 4. The elimiaation of pupUs from school. Edward L. Thomdike. 1908. tNo. 1. On the training of persons to teach agriculture in the public schools. Liberty H. Bailey. *No. 2. List of publications of the United States Bm-eau of Education, 1867-1907. 10 els. *No. 3. BibUography of education for 1907. James Ingersoll Wyer, jr., and Martha L. Phelps. 10 cts. tNo. 4. Music education iu the United States schools and departments of music. Arthur L. Manchester. *No 5. Education in Formosa. Julean H. Arnold. 10 cts. *No. 6. The apprenticeship system in its relation to industrial education. Carroll D. Wright. 15 cts. *No. 7. State school systems: II. Legislation and judicial decisions relating to public education, Oct. 1, 1906, to Oct. 1, 1908. Edward C. Elliott. 30 cts. No. 8. Statistics of State imiversities and other institutions of higher education partially supported Ijy the State. 1907-8. 1909. No. 1. Facilities for study and research in the offices of the United States Government in Washington. Arthur T. Hadley. No. 2. Admission of Chinese students to American colleges. John Fryer. *No. 3. Daily meals of school children. Caroline L. Hunt. ID cts. tNo. 4. The teaching staff of secondary schools in the United States; amount of education, length of expe- rience, salaries. Edward L. Thorndike. No. 5. Statistics of pubUc, society, and school libraries in 1908. *No. 6. Instruction in the Une and manual arts in the United States. A statistical monograph. Henry T. Bailey. 15 cts. No. 7. Index to the Reports of the Commissioner of Education, 1867-1907. *No. 8. A teacher's professional library. Classified list of 100 titles. 5 cts. No. 9. BibUography of education for 1908-9. No. 10. Education for efficiency in railroad service. J. Shirley Eaton. *No. 11. Statistics of State universities and other institutions of higher education p;u-tially supported by the State. 1908-9. 5 cts. 1910. No. 1. The movement for reform in the teaching of religion in the pul)lic schools of Saxony. Arley B. Show. No. 2. State school systems: III. Legislation and judicial decisions relating to public education, Oct. 1, 1908, to Oct. 1, 1909. Edward C. ElUott. tNo. 3. List of publications of the United Stales Bureau of Education, 1867-1910. No. 4. The biological stations of Europe. Charles A. Kofoid. No. 5. American SchooLhouscs. Fletcher B. Dresslar. tNo. 6. Statistics of State imiversities and other institutions of higher education partially supported by the State, 1909-10. I II BULLETIIsr OF THE BUREAU OF EDUCATION". 1911. *]Sro. 1. Bibliography of science teaching. 5 cts. No. 2. Opportunities for graduate study in agriculture in the United States. A. C. Monahan. *No. 3. Agencies for the improvement of teachers in service. William C. Ruediger. 15 cts. *No. 4. Report of the commission appointed to study the system of education in the public schools of Baltimore. 10 cts. *No. 5. Age and grade census of schools and colleges. George D. Strayer. 10 cts. No. 6. Graduate work in mathematics in universities and in other institutions of like grade in the United States. *No. 7. Undergraduate work in mathematics in colleges and universities. 5 cts. *No. 8. Examinations in mathematics, other than those set by the teacher for his own classes. 5 cts. No. 9. Mathematics in the teclinological schools of collegiate grade in the United States. fNo. 10. Bibliogi-aphy of education for 1909-10. fNo. 11. Bibliography of child study for the years 1908-9. *No. 12." Training of teachers of elementary and secondary mathematics. 5 cts. *No. 13. Mathematics in the elementary schools of the United States. 15 cts. *No. 14. Provision for exceptional children In the public schools. J. H. Van Sickle, Lightner Witmer, and Leonard P. Ayres. 10 cts. *No. 15. Educational system of China as recently reconstructed. Harry E. King. 15 cts. No. 16. Mathematics in the public and private secondaiy schools of the United States. tNo. 17. List of publications of the United States Bureau of Education, October, 1911. *No. 18. Teachers' certificates issued under general State laws and regulations. Harlan Updegraff. 20 cts. No. 19. Statistics of State universities and other institutions of higher education partially supported by the State. 1910-11. 1913. *No. 1. A course of study for the preparation of rural-school teachers. Fred Mutchler and W. J. Craig. 5 cts. *No. 2. Mathematics at West Point and Annapolis. 5 cts. No. 3. Report of committee on uniform records and reports. No. 4. Mathematics in technical secondary schools in the United States. *No. 5. A study of expenses of city school systems. Harlan Updegraff. 10 Qts. *No. 6. Agricultural education in secondary schools. 10 cts. No. 7. Educational status of nursing. M. Adelaide Nutting. fNo. 8. Peace day. Fannie Fern Andrews. [Later publication, 1913, No. 12.] No. 9. Country schools for city boys. William S. Myers. *No. 10. Biljliography of education in agriculture and home economics. 10 cts. •j-No. 11. CmTent educational topics, No. I. fNo. 12. Dutch schools of New Netherland and colonial New York. WUliam H. KDpatriek. *No. 13. Influences tending to improve the work of the teacher of mathematics. 5 cts. *No. 14. Report of the American commissioners of the international commission on the teaching of mathe- matics. 10 cts. fNo. 15. CmTent educational topics, No. II. *No. 16. The j-eorganized school playground. Henry S. Curtis. Sets. *No. 17. The Montessori system of education. Anna T.Smith. Sets. *No. 18. Teaching language through agriculture and domestic science. M. A. Leiper. 5 cts. *No. 19. Professional distribution of college and university graduates. Bailey B. Burritt. 10 cts. *No. 20. Readjustment of a rural high school to the needs of the community. H. A. Brown. 10 cts. *No. 21. Urban and rural common-school statistics. Harlan Updegraff and William R. Hood. Sets. No. 22. Public and private high schools. No. 23. Special collections in libraries in the United States. W. Dawson Johnston and Isadore G. Mudge. No. 24. Current educational topics. No. III. fNo. 25. List of publications of the United States Bureau of Education, 1912. fNo. 26. Bibliography of child study for the years 1910-11. No. 27. History of public-school education in Arkansas. Stephen B. Weeks. *No. 28. Cultivating school grounds in AVake County, N. C. Zebulon Judd. 5 cts. *No. 29. Bibliography of the teaching of mathematics, 1900-1912. David Eugene Smith and Charles Goldziher. 10 cts. No. 30. Latin-American universities and special schools. Edgar E. Brandon. No. 31. Educational directory, 1912. No. 32. Bibliography of exceptional children and their education. Arthur MacDonald. fNo. 33. Statistics of State universities and other institutions of higher education partially supported by the State. 1912. 1913. No. 1. Monthly record of cm'rent educational publications, January, 1913. *No. 2. Training courses for rural teachers. A. C. Monahan and R. H. Wright. 5 cts. *No. 3. The teaching of modern languages in the United States. Charles H. Handschin. 15 cts. *No. 4. Present standards of higher education in the United States. George E. MacLean. 20 cts. BULLETIN OP THE BUEEAU OP EDUCATION. IH No. 5. Monthly record of ciuTent educational publications. February, 1913. *No. 6. Agricultural instruction in high schools. 0. H. Robison and F. B. Jenks. 10 cts. *No. 7. College entrance requirements. Clarence D. Kingsley. 15 cts. *No. 8. The status ofrural education in the United States. A. C. Monahan. 15 cts. No. 9. Consular reports on continuation schools in Prussia. No. 10. Monthly record of current educational publications, March, 1913. No. 11. Monthly record of current educational publications, April, 1913. *No. 12. The promotion of peace. Fannie Fern Andrews. 10 cts. *No. 13. Standards and tests for measuring the efficiency of schools or systems of schools. Report of the committee of the National Council of Education, George D. Strayer, chairman. 5 cts. No. 14. Agriculttiral instruction in secondary schools. *No. 15. Monthly record of cm'rent educational publications. May, 1913. 5 cts. *No. 16. Bibliography of medical inspection and health supervision. 15 cts. No. 17. A trade school for girls. A preliminary investigation in a typical manufacturing city, Worcester, Mass. *No. 18. The fifteenth international congress on hygiene and demography. Fletcher B. Dresslar. 10 cts. *No. 19. German industrial education and its lessons for the United States. Holmes Beckwith. IS cts. No. 20. Illiteracy in the United States. tNo. 21. Monthly record of current educational publications, June, 1913. No. 22. Bibliography of industrial, vocational, and trade education. *No, 23. The Georgia Club at the State Normal School, Athens, Ga., for the study of rural sociology. E.C.Branson. 10 cts. *No. 24. A comparison of public education in Germany and in the United States. Georg Kerschensteiner. 5 cts. *No. 25. Industrial education in Columbus, Ga. Roland B. Daniel. 5 cts. *No. 26. Good roads arbor day. Susan B.Sipe. lOcJs. *No. 27. Prison schools. A.C.Hill. 10 cts. No. 28. Expressions on education by American statesmen and publicists. No. 29. Accredited secondary schools in the United States. Kendric C. Babcock. *No. 30. Education in the South. 10 cts. *No. 31. Special features in city school systems. 10 cts. ' No. 32. Educational survey of Montgomery County, Md. fNo. 33. Monthly record of current educational publications, September, 1913. No. 34. Pension systems in Great Britain. Raymond W. Sies. *No. 35. A list of books suited to a high-school library. 15 cts. No. 36. Report on the work of the Bureau of Education for the natives of Alaska, 1911-12. No. 37. Monthly record of current educational publications, October, 1913. No. 38. Economy of time in education. No. 39. Elementary industrial school of Cleveland, Ohio. W. N. Hailmann. *No. 40. The reorganized school playground. Henry S. Curtis. 10 cts. No. 41. The reorganization of secondary education. *No. 42. An experimental rural school at Winthrop College. H.S.Browne. 10 cts. *No. 43. Agriculture and rural-life day, material for its observance. Eugene C. Braoks. 10 cts. *No. 44. Organized health work in schools. E. B. Hoag. 10 cts. No. 45. Monthly record of current educational publications, November, 1913. No. 46. Educational directory, 1913. No. 47. Teaching material in Government publications. F. K. Noyes. No. 48. School hygiene. W. Carson Ryan, jr. No. 49. The Farragut School, a Tennessee country-life high school. A. C. Monahan and Adams Phillips. No. 50. The Fitchburg plan of cooperative industrial education. M, R . McCann. No. 51. Education of the immigrant. No. 52. Sanitary schoolhouses. Legal requirements in Indiana and Ohio. No. 53. Monthly record of current educational publications, December, 1913. No. 54. Consular reports on industrial education in Germany. No. 55. Legislation and judicial decisions relating to education, October 1, 1909, to October 1, 1912, James C. Boykin and AVUliam R. Hood. No. 56. Some suggestive features of the Swiss school system. William Knox Tate. No. 57. Elementary education in England, with special reference to London, Liverpool, and Manchester. I. L. Kandel. No. 58. Educational system ofrural Denmark. Harold W. Foght. No. 59. Bibliography of education for 1910-11. No. 60. Statistics of State universities and other institutions of higher education partially supported by the State, 1912-13. 1914. No. 1. Monthly record of current educational publications, January, 1914. No. 2. Compulsory school attendance. o BJe'U ■^